^?113NV-S0l^ %0AINfl-3tf^ SAMCElfju =*3 I ^ ^WEUNIVES ^lOS-ANCi i(2 Diqil ^ttlBRARYQc, ^\HIBRARY<> , Digitized by the Internet An "^HDNVSOV^ .\WE-univei; '9 W> in ^OFCAUFOfy^ ITCHO'P ^OJITVD-JO^ CAUFOfyv 5 -— '* * £? y > ^lOS-ANGElfr^ \\ff\% fvp)t fu_f i f?>_t http://archive.org/details/sociallifeinreigOOasht_ ^ yn 'ommm^ *bmm&' %i]onvsoi^ ^/.hbainihwv* Vis .^i uro mi t^i %i3AiNn3\\v* ^omw^ ^Aavaan^ "%«sov^ t ^UIBRARYQ^ aofcaiifo%, >&Aavaaii# <\\\EI)NIVERS/a ^vlOSANGElfx* %J13DNYS0^ AWEUNIVERJ/a "^13DNVS0# "%I3AINI13WV ■I ^UIBRARYO/^ so ^lOSANCIlf% ^OFCAUF0% •^Aavaain^ ^ ^clOSANCELfjv ^aiAINllJftV* ^UIBRARYtf/ ^•UBRARYQ^ u3 i I/—' ^ 3 AWEUNIVERJ/a #> v^lOSANCElfj^ ^OFCA1IFO% ^OFCAIIFO/?^ ^AavaaiH^ ^Aavaam^ aweuniver% • o ^l-UBRARYOc. ^Aavaain^ AWEUNIVERS'/a _ O ;nc, Feb.z5. In a Military Congregation of State on him a Penfion of 6000 Crowns a-yearduringLiio that was held here, it was Refolv'd to draw a Line from Afcoli to the Borders of the Ecclefiaftical State, From the Paris Gazette, Dated Mar. 18. 1 7011 thereby to hinder the Incurfions of the Tranfalpine Tfoops. Orders arc fent to Civita Vccchia to fit out Naples, Febr. 17. 600 French Soldiers arc arrived the Galleys, and to ftrengthen the Garrifon of that here, and are expe&ed to be follow^ by 3400 more. Place. Signior Cafali is made Governor of Perugia. A Courier that came hither on the 1 4th. has brought The Marquis del Vafto, and the Prince de Caferta Letters by which we are affur'd that the King of continue ftill in the Imperial Embafiadoi 's Palace ; Spain defigns to be here towards the end of March j where his Excellency has a Guard of 50 Men every and accordingly Orders are given to make the ne- >Tigh: :ti Arms. The FJrg of Portueal has defir'd ccflary Preparations againft his Arrival. The two the Arch-Bi(hoprick of Lisbon, vacant by the Death Troops of Horfe that were Commanded 10 the A- of Cardinal Soufa, for the Infante his fecond Son, bruzzo are ported at Pefcara with a. Body of Spaniftv who is about 1 1 Years old. Foot, and others in the Fort of Mor.torio. Vienna, Mar.4. Orders jirejmttn the 4 Regiments P« r ", Mareh. 18. We have Advice from Toulon ~s£-£uoVthe ~i~ of "Cuiramers, and to that of Dra- of the 5th inftant, that the Wind having long ftood goons, which are broke up from Hungary, and are favourable, aiooo Men were already fail'd for Italy, on their way to Italy, and which confift of about that 1500 more were Embarking, and that by th* 44 or 1 500.0 Men.ro haften their March thither with « 5th it was hoped they might all get thither. The all Expedition. The 6 new Regiments of HulTars Count d' Eftrees arriv'd there on' the Third inftant, that are now railing, are in fq great a forwardnefs, and fet all hands at work to fir out the Squadron that they will be compleat, and in a Condition to of 9 Men of War and fome Fregats, that are ap- march by the middle of May. Prince Lewis of pointed 1 o carry the. King of Spain to Naples. His Baden has written to Court, to excufe himfelf from Catholick Majefty will go on Board the Thunderer, coming thither, his Prefencc being fo very neceuary, of no Guns. and'fo much defir'd on the Upper-Rhine. We have Advice by an Exprefs from Rome of die Francfort,- Mar. 12. The Marquifs d' Uxelles is 1 8th of February .That notwithstanding the preffing come to Strasburg, and is to draw together a Body Inftanccs of the Imperial EmbalTadour, the Pope of fome Regiments of Horfe and Foot from the Ga- had Condemn'd the Marquis del Vafto to lofc his rifons of Alface ; but will not leflcn thofe of Stras- Head and his Eftate to be confifcated, for not ap- burg and Landau, which arc already very weak, pearing to Anfwer the Charge againft him of Pub- On the other hand, the Troops of His Imperial Ma- hckly Scandalizing Cardinal Janfon. jefty, and his Allies, arc going to form a Body near A ^ * r -p? TTCtJAfnuiT GermefTiein in the Palatinate, of which Place, as well AD V UK 1 IbbMt N 1. as of the Lines at Spires, Prince Lewis of Baden is TT will be found from the Foreign Prints, which from expected to take a View, in three or four days. time to time, asOccafion offers, will be mention'd The Englifh and Dutch Minifters.the Count of Frife, in this Paper, that the Author has taken Care to be and the Baron Vander Meer , and likewife the Im- duly fumilh'd with all that comes fromAbroad in any perial Envoy Count Lowenftein, are gone to Nord- Language. And /or an Aflurancc that He will not, Jingen, and it is hop'd that in a fhort time we (hall under Pretence of having Private Intelligence, im- hear from thence of fome favourable Rcfolutions>/or pofe any Additions of fcign'd Circumftances to art the Security of the Empire. Action, but give his Extracts fairly and Impartially ; Liege, Mar. 14. The French have taken the Can- at the beginning of each Article ne will quote the ncn de Longie, who was Secretary to the Dean de Foreign Paper from whence 'tis taken, that the Pub- Mean, \01it of our Caftle.where he has been for fome lick, feeing from what Country a piece of News time a Prifoner, and have deliver'd him to the Pro- comes with the Allowance of that Government, may volt of Maubeuge, who has carry 'd him from hence, be better able to Judge of the Credibility and Fair- but we do not know whither. ncls of the Relation : Nor will he take upon him to Paris, Mar. 1 3. Our Letter? from Italy fay, That give any Comments or Conjectures of his own, but moft. of our Reinforcements were Landed there ; will relate only Matter of Fact ; fuppofing otha that the Imperial and Ecclefiaftical Troops feem ro People to have Scnfc enough to make Reflections live very peaceably wiih one another in the Country- for thcmfelvqs. of'Parma, and that the Dake of Vendome, as he Tim Courant (cs the Title Jhcrvs) wiU be Puhlijtid was vifiting feveral Ports, was within 100 Paces of DaHy i icing dejignd to give nil the Material New/ fallirig into the Hands of the Germans. The Duke -as form as every Poft arrives : and f cenfirid to half of Chartres, the Prince of Conti, and feveral other the Compafs, eofave tie Publicl^tt le/rft half the Im. Princes of the Blood, are to make the Campaign in pertinences, of oj dinitry News~Papert. LONDON. Sold by E. Mallet, next Door to the Km '4- Arms Tavern at Fhtt- Bridge, SOCIAL LIFE IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE TAKEN FROM ORIGINAL SOURCES JOHN ASHTON AUTHOR OF ' CHAP-BOOKS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ' ETC. A NEW EDITION WITH 84 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM CONTEMPORARY PRINTS LONDON CHATTO & WINDUS 1904 147279 IDA PREFACE. From the time of Dean Swift downwards to our own days many Political Histories of the Reign of Queen Anne have been written, but its Social Life we have been left to gather mainly from the efforts of novelists, who have been more or less conscientious, according to their knowledge, in placing it before us. No doubt the drudgery of the work, the wading through all the newspapers, and reading all the literature of the time, has deterred many from attempting what, in its execution, has proved a very pleasant task ; for in doing it, one has got to be thoroughly identified with the age — its habits and customs — which, being taken from the very words of the people, then living, writing for living people, who could contradict their state- ments, if false or exaggerated, a charm was lent to the task, which fully compensated for its labour. All history, unless it is contemporary, must necessarily, if honest, be a compilation, and my idea is, that it shoujd honestly be avowed as such, and the authorities given for all facts ; and this I have done, even at the risk of proving wearisome. In compiling it, my task has been similar to one who, having a necklace of old beads, finds it broken, and the beads scattered hither and thither. His business, naturally, is to gather them PREFACE. together, and string them so as to satisfy criticism. He may not pick them all up, and he may not please everyone's taste in his arrangement, but his course is clear — he should not add new beads of his own to supply deficiencies, but should con- fine himself to putting together all he can find in the best manner he possibly can. The almost total absence of domestic news in the news- papers has compelled me to d raw largely on the essays and de- scriptive books of the time, and in one or two instances I have ventured to transcribe (as in the case of Misson) from works published, or written, two or three years before Anne actually reigned— but the facts were precisely the same as then obtained, so that much has been gained thereby. The Illustrations might, undoubtedly, have been made more artistic and unreal— but I have carefully taken them from contemporary prints, and prefer to present them in all their uncouthness and reality. John Ashton. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION (BOVS). pag a The Duke of Gloucester — The Queen's refusal to marry again — Treatment of children after birth — Baptismal feasts — A christening — 'Daffy's Elixir' — Treatment of infantile diseases — The nursery — Toys — Chil- dren's books — Horn-books — Private tuition — Boarding and day schools — Free schools — Classical education — School-books — Penmanship — Runaway boys — College education — Charity schools . . i CHAPTER II. CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION (GIRLS). Boarding schools — Town and country educations — Pastry schools — Dancing — Toasts — ' The Little Whig ' — Madame Spanheim . . 17 CHAPTER III. MARRIAGE. Eloping with heiresses — Marriage between children — Tax on bachelors— Valentines — Marriage settlements — Pin money — Posies — Drummer- — Private marriages — Irregular marriages — Fleet parsons — Marriage Act — Facility of marriage — Liability of husbands — Public marriages — Marriage customs — Bride's garters — Throwing the stocking — The Posset — Honeymoon • • . , 22 CHAPTER IV. DEATH AND BURIAL. Longevity — Undertakers' charges — Costliness of funerals — Mourning — Burial in woollen — Burial Societies — Burial by night — A cheat — ■ Mourning rings — Funeral pomp — Monuments — Description of a funeral — A Roman Catholic funeral — Widows • , „ . . 35 CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. HOUSES, FURNITURE, ETC. PAGB 'Queen Anne' houses — Vanbrugh's house — Real 'Queen Anne' houses — Hangings and wall papers — Letting and rent — Prevention of fire — A fire — Insurance companies — Water supply — Thames Water Works — New River — Coals — Furniture — China — Bedsteads 46 CHAPTER VI. SERVANTS. Number of servants — Footmen — Wages —Liveries — 'How d'ye' — The Upper Gallery — Footmen's Parliament — Accomplishments — While slaves from Barbary — Negro slaves — Runaways — Apprentices • . 58 CHAPTER VII. DAILY LIFE (MEN). Out-of-door amusements — A holiday — Hatred of French fashions — Beaus' oaths — Kissing — Fops : their daily life 63 CHAPTER VIII. DAILY LIFE (WOMEN). Receiving in bed — A lady's life — A fine lady's diary — Walking — Visiting — Tea-table scandal — Shopping — Daily church — Pets — Danciug — Books on ditto — A dancing-master , . 68 CHAPTER IX. GAMBLING AND SPECULATION. Games at cards — Curious cards — Price — Tax on cards — Female passion for gambling — The Groom Porter's — Gaming houses — Gamesters — Noted gamesters — Debts of honour — Speculation — Life insurances — Marine and other insurances — Shopkeepers' lotteries — Government lotteries — Prizes and winners • « . • • 78 ^ CHAPTER X. SUPERSTITION. Astrologers — Their advertisements — Their tricks — Witchcraft — Cases of witchcraft • 89 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XL COSMETICS, ETC. PAGE Habit of snuff-taking — Perfumes— Charles Lillie — List of Scents — Soaps — Wash-balls — * Completions ' — Tooth powder — Hair-dye — Spec- tacles 95 CHAPTER XII. TRADE, ETC. The penny post — Dockwra's vindication of himself — Abolition of penny post — Post days and rates — Halfpenny post — Method of doing busi- ness — The Exchange — Description of frequenters — Bankers — Curious advertisement of Sir Richard Hoare's ...•••. 99 CHAPTER XIII. MEN'S dress. A beau — An inventory of him — Hats — Wigs : their price : varieties — Hair powder — Robbery of wigs — Natural hair — Neck-cloths — Shirts — Open waistcoats — Colonel Edgworth — Coats — Cheap clothiers — Stockings — Boots and shoes — Shoeblacks and blacking — Handker- chiefs — Muffs — Swords — Walking-sticks — Watches — Overcoats — Night-caps — Night-gowns 104 CHAPTER XIV. WOMEN'S DRESS. The Commode — Description of ladies' dress — The Petticoat — The Bodice — A costly wardrobe — Underlinen — Dressing like men — Scents — Patches — Patching Whig and Tory — Masks — The hood — High- crowned hats — Furs — Umbrellas — Pattens — The fan — Mobs — Shop- ping — Stuffs — List of Indian stuffs — Lace — Linens — Tallymen — Jewellery — Diamonds — Plate — Children's jewellery , . . .123 CHAPTER XV. FOOD (SOLID). English fare — Time of dining — Pontack's — Other ordinaries — Books on cookery — Receipts — Pudding — Fish — Oysters — Poultry — Assize of bread — Markets — Vegetables — Lambeth gardeners — Fruit — Dried fruit •• 141 CHAPTER XVI. FOOD (LIQUID). Beer — Hard drinking — ' Whetters ' — Wines — List of French and Spanish wines — Wines of other countries — Duties on wines — Spirits — Liqueurs — Home-made wines — Prices of tea — Adulteration — Price of coffee — Chocolate — Its price — Duty on 150 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVII. TOBACCO. PACK Hahit of smoking — Women and children smoking — Prices of tobacco — Customs duty — Origin of snuff-taking — The Vigo expedition —Snuff- rasps — Ladies taking snuff — Proper use of the snuff-box — Use of a spoon — Prices of snuffs — List of ditto — Duty on snuff . . . 156 CHAPTER XVIII. COFFEE-HOUSES AND TAVERNS. Universal use of coffee-houses — Their convenience — Company — First coffee-house — Number of them — Anecdote of Bishop Trelawney — De- scription of interior — The news — Advance in price — Chocolate-houses — Famous coffee-houses — Button's Lion — Lloyd's — Sales by candle — Jenny Man — Don Saltero's collection — Taverns — Noblemen frequent- ing them — Drinking own wine — Purl houses — List of old taverns . 161 CHAPTER XIX. CLUBS. Origin— October Club— Calves' Head Club— Kit Cat Club— Other clubs — Suggested clubs 179 CHAPTER XX. SIGHT-SEEING AND FAIRS. Royal visits to the City — Lord Mayor's show — The lions at the Tower— The Armoury — Tombs at Westminster — Bartholomew Fair — Descrip- tion — Shows — Tight-rope dancing — Natural curiosities — Theatrical performances, etc. — Abolition — May Fair — Lady Mary — Pinkethman — Shows — Visit to — Abolition — Southwark Fair — Its Shows • . 185 CHAPTER XXI. OTHER SIGHTS. r he Lincolnshire ox — The large hog — The whale — Monkeys and wild beasts — 'The Lest Man and Hors in the World' — Performing horse Dwarfs and giants — Human curiosities — Helen and Judith — Conjurers — Posture masters — Mr. Clinch — Waxwork — Mrs. Salmon, etc. — Westminster Abbey wax-figures — Powell's puppets — Moving pictures — Glass-blowing — Miraculous fountain — Winstanley — His waterworks — The four Indian chiefs 201 CHAPTER XXII. ROUGH SPORTS. Bear-baiting — Bear-gardens — Bull-baiting — Description — Extraordinary bull-bait — Cock-fighting — Cock-pits — Value of matches — Training . 223 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXIII. HORSE-RACING, HUNTING, SHOOTING, ETC. PAGE The Queen's love of racing — Visit to Newmarket — Queen's plates — Value of matches — Race meetings — Tregonwell Frampton — His horse Dragon — The Queen's love of hunting — Sir Roger de Coverley — Fox- hunting — Stag-hunting — Hare-hunting — Coursing — Packs of hounds — Fishing — Hawking — Netting — The Game Act — Shooting sitting and flying — Match shooting — Archery - 228 CHAPTER XXIV. SWORD-PLAY AND OTHER SPORTS — GARDEN, ETC. Challenges — The stakes — The combatants — Description of fights — Gene- ral combati-eness — Boxing — Cudgel -playing — Pedestrianism — Tennis — Cricket— Football — Skating — Billiards — Country wakes — Bowling — Bowling greens — Formal gardening — Clipping trees — Books on gardening — Trees and Flowers — Town and country life — Country labourers ••• •••• 237 CHAPTER XXV. THE DRAMA. The theatres — Dorset Gardens — Its demolition — Performances — Lincoln's Inn Fields — Theatre Royal, Drury Lane — Its company — Mrs. Tofts — The Queen's Theatre, Haymarket — Its foundation stone — Its operas — Pinkethman's theatre at Greenwich — The Queen and the stage — Her reforms — Strolling players — Behaviour at the theatre — Orange wenches — Stage properties — Actors — Bttterton — Verbruggen — Cave Underhill — Estcourt — Dogget — Colley Cibber — Wilks — Booth — Pinkethman — Minor Actors — Actresses — Mrs. Barry — Mrs. Bracegirdle — Mrs. Old- field — Mrs. Verbruggen — The ballet ....... 248 CHAPTER XXVI. OPERAS— CONCERTS— MUSIC. Introduction of Italian opera — Its rapid popularity — Mixture of Languages — Handel — His operas, and visit here — Singers — Abel — Hughs — Leve- ridge — Lawrence — Ramondon — Mrs. Tofts — Her madness — Foreign singers — Margherita de l'Epine — Nicolino Grimaldi — Isabella Girar- deau — Composers — Dr. Blow — Jeremiah Clarke — Dean Aldrich — Tom D'Urfey — Henry Carey — Britton, the small coalman — His concprts — His death — Concerts and concert rooms — Gasparini, the violinist — Musical instruments — Musical scores ....... 268 CHAPTER XXVII. PAINTERS AND ARCHITECTS. Wollaston — Murray — Hugh Howard — Lewis Crosse — Luke Craddock — Charles Tervas — Richardson — Sir James Thornhill — Sir God.rey CONTENTS. PAGE Kneller — Closterman — Pelegrini — Sebastian Ricci — Vander Vaart — Laguerre — Dahl — Boit — Class of pictures in vogue — Water Colours — Drawings — Engravings — Sculpture — Grinling Gibbons — Architects : Sir C. Wren — Vanbrugh 279 CHAPTER XXVIII. SCIENCE, ETC Its infancy — Virtuosi — Gre?ham College — Visit to the Royal Society's Museum — Their curiosities — Their new house — Geology — Experimen- tal philosophy — Courses of chemistry — Mathematics — List of patents — Hydraulic machinery — Savery's steam-engine — Description • • 286 CHAPTER XXIX. LITERATURE, THE PRESS, ETC. Authors — Public libraries — Their condition — George Psalmanazar — Hack writers — Poverty of authors — Their punishment — The Press — Daily Courant — List of newspapers — London Gazette — Postboy — Postman — Dawk's News Letter — Dyers — Evening papers — Dearth of domestic news — Amenities of the press — Roper and Redpath — Tutchin — His trial — Press remuneration — Mrs. Manley — ■ The Essay Papers ' — The half-penny stamp — Its effect — Advertising — Almanacs — List of them — Moore's — 'The Ladies' Diary ' — ' Poor Robin's Almanack ' — 'Merlinus Liberatus' — The Essayists and Partridge — His false death — His elegy and epitaph — An amateur magazine ... . . . 293 CHAPTER XXX, MEDICAL. List of diseases — Quackery — Bleeding, etc. — Physicians — Surgeons — Apothecaries — Dissension between the physicians and apothecaries — The Dispensary — Pharmacopoeias — Some nostrums — Prescriptions — Cupping — Treatment of lunatics — Physicians' carriages — Dr. Radcliffe — Sir Samuel Garth — Sir Hans Sloane — Dr. Mead — His duel with Woodward — Study of anatomy — Surgical instruments — Oculists — Sir William Read — Roger Grant — The Queen touching for the evil — De- scription of the ceremony — Quack remedies — Quacks' harangues . 313 CHAPTER XXXI. SPAS AND BATHING. Bath — Manners of the company there — Description of Bath — Its gaieties — Sa> of the water — Tunbridge — E| som — Hampstead — Other spas — Turkish ba hs — Controversy on hot and cold bathing— The Hum- mums — Description of a Turkish bath — Other bagnios — Cold bathing and baths • • . 329 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXXII. RELIGIONS. FAGB Inactivity of the Church — Dulness of Sunday — Contempt of the clergy — Low estimation of a chaplain — Dress of the clergy — Church furniture Traffic in benefices — Forged Orders — Dr. Sacheverell — ' The Modern Champions' — Queen Anne's Bounty — Its history — Fifty new churches — Protestant tone of Church feeling — The effigies on Queen Elizabeth's birthday — Oppression of Roman Catholics — Religious sects — Eminent Nonconformists — Daniel Burgess — Dislike to Quakers — Examples — William Penn • • • • 337 CHAPTER XXXIII. LEGAL. The different branches of the law — Briefless barristers — Green bags — Forensic wigs— Attorneys — Knights of the Post — Lord Somers — Lord Cowper — His abolition of New Year's gifts . . • • • 353 CHAPTER XXXIV. THE RIVER. Use as a highway — River slang — Rates of watermen — Description of wherries — Pleasure parties and barges — The Folly — Its frequenters — Gravesend tilt boat — Fares at the Horse Ferry — The Fleet Ditch • 356 CHAPTER XXXV. THE STREETS. Size of London — Pall Mall — London in wet weather — Early morning- Street cries — A list of them — Roguery in the streets — Orderly regula- tions — State of the roads — Rule of the road — Street signs — Description of the streets — Milkmaids on May Day — Hyde Park — Its regulations — Lighting the streets — The streets at night • . . . , 362 CHAPTER XXXVI. CARRIAGES, ETC Smithfield — Horse coursers — Waggons — Stage coaches — Travelling in them described — Bad roads — Posting — Hackney coaches — Their tares — Hackney coachmen — State coaches — Other carriages — Suburban drives — Mechanical coach — Mourning coaches — Harness — Sedan chairs — Chairmen 372 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXXVII. THE MOHOCKS. PAGE Scourers, etc. — BuUy Dawson — Two outbreaks — That in 1712 — Hawku- bites — Exploits of the Mohocks — Sir Roger de Coverley — Swift's fear of them — Emperor of the Mohocks — Gog and Magog — The Queen's proclamation — Decline of the scare — Constables and watch- men . • . 382 CHAPTER XXXVIII. DUELLING. Its prevalence — Bullying — FieMing's duels — Favourite localities — Its ille- gality — Col. Thornhill and Sir Cholmley Dering — Their quarrel and duel — Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun — Story of their duel . 390 CHAPTER XXXIX. THE ARMY AND NAVY. Sale of commissions — General practice — Its illegality — Arrears of pay — Descriptions of officers — Army chaplains — The rank and file — Descrip- tion of them — Irregularity of pay — Rations — Recruiting — Bounty — Gaol birds — Vagrants — Desertions — Story of seditious drummers — Train bands — The navy — Its deeds — Unpopularity of the service — Pressing — Desertion — Rewards for capture — Pay — Description of Admiralty — Mercantile marine • 396 CHAPTER XL. CRIME. Capital punishment — Its frequency — An execution described — Behaviour on the scaffold and way to execution — Revival after hanging — 4 Peine forte et dure ' — Hanging in chains — Highwaymen — Claude du Val lying in state — Ned Wicks and Lord Mohun — Their swearing match — A highwayman hanged — Highwaymen in society — Highway rob- beries — Footpads — Burglars — John Hall — Benefit of clergy — Coining — Pickpockets — Robbery from children — Perjury — Sharpers — Begging impostors — Gipsies — Constables — Private detectives — Commercial frauds — ' Society for the Reformation of Manners' — Statistics of their convictions — The pillory — Ducking stool . • • « • • 407 CHAPTER XLI. PRISONS. Dreadful condition of prisons — Bridewell — Description of— Flogging — Houses of Correction — Compters — Description of the Poultry Compter —'Garnish ' — Newgate — Description of — Marshalsea — Queen's Bench —Fleet and Ludgate — Poor Debtors — Kidnappers — Country prisons — Bankrupts •••••• 425 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XLII. WORKHOUSES, HOSPITALS, ETC. PAGE The London Workhouse — Life therein — Bedlam — Its building — Regula- tions — Description of interior — Governors — Bartholomew Hospital — St. Thomas's — Almshouses ........ 435 APPENDIX. Lilli-Burlero ........ 439 Hunt the Squiril • . . . . . . 439 Moll Peatley ........ 440 A List of all the Persons to whom Rings and Mourning were presented upon the occasion of Mr. Pepys's Death and Burial . . . 441 Lord Mayor's Delight ....... 444 Walsingham ......... 445 The Children in the Wood ....... 445 A List of some of the Coffee-houses in London during Queen Anne's Reign, 1702-14 ....... 446 Chocolate-houses . . . . . . . . 453 Sir Roger de Coverley ....... 453 Roger of Coverly . . . . . . . 453 Christ Church Bells in Oxen ...... 454 Cheshire Rounds ........ 455 The Nightingale ........ 455 INDEX. 459 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE The 'Daily Courant,' March ii, 1702 . . Frontispiece The Nursery (Steele's ' Ladies' Library,' ed. 1714) .... 8 Troope, every one ' (Lauron's * Habits and Cryes of the City of London,' id. 1709) 9 A Raree Show ('Cris de Paris,' 1700. Print Room, B. M.) . . 10 J Oh, Raree Show ! ' (Lauron) 10 ' Ripe Strawberryes ! ' (Lauron) 11 •Six Pence a Pound Fair Cherryes' (Lauron) 11 A Corpse (Undertaker's Bill, Harl. MSS. 5931, 129) .... 36 Invitation to a Funeral (Harl. MSS. 5931, 186) . . . . 37 Lying in State (Fletcher's 'The Tamer Tamed,' ed. 1711) . 43 A Widow ('Ladies' Library ') 45 A Fire (' Verses of John Hall, Bellman of Canterbury, ' 1708) . . 51 ' New River Water ! ' (Lauron) 52 * Small Co ale ! * (Lauron) 55 Fireplace and Utensils (Harl. MSS. 5961, 220) . . . . 56 A Bed (Harl. MSS. 5961, 180) . 58 'The Merry Fidler ' (Lauron) 65 Men Kissing (from a Contemporary View of Marlborough House — Guildhall) 67 A Tea Party (Satirical Prints, No. 1555. 1710? B. M.) . . . 72 A Lady and Footman (View of Marlborough House — Guildhall) . 74 Riding Pillion (From a View of Whitehall — 1713 — Guildhall) . . 76 A Bouree and A Contretemps (Weaver's 'Orchesography') . . 77 A Sissone (Siris* translation of Feuillet's book on Dancing) . > * 77 A Card Table (Mrs. Centlivre's * Basset Table,' ed. 1706) ... 79 A Gambling Scene (Lucas's 'Memoirs, &c, of the most famous Gamesters, &c.,' ed. 1714) 81 A Lottery (Steele's *A Good Husband for Five Shillings,' ed. 1710) 88 An Astrologer (Harl. MSS. 5931, 12) 92 '4 Paire for a Shilling, Holland Socks!' (Lauron) . , . 115 A Jack-boot 117 a LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Shoe-black ('Cris de Paris') A Watch Riband (Harl. MSS. 5961, 222) .... 1 Old Cloaks, Suits, or Coats ! ' (Lauron) .... 1 Old Satin, Old Taffety or Velvet !' (Lauron) . A Commode (Anna Sophia of Hanover — Playing Cards, 1707, B. M. ) Coiffure (Princess Royal of Prussia — Playing Cards, 1707, B. M.) Patching (Lauron) A Mask or Vizard (Harl. MSS. 5996, 3) An Umbrella (Gay's 'Trivia,' isted.) Costume of a Lady * Four for Sixpence, Mackerell ! ' (Lauron) .... •Twelve Pence a Peck, Oysters!' (Lauron) .... A Coffee House (' Vulgus Britannicus,' 17 10) The Lion at Button's (Ireland's ' Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth ') A Tavern Scene (Satirical Prints, No. 1582. B. M. 1712) . A Leopard (Harl. MSS. 5961, 327) • The Lest Man and Hors in the World ' (Harl. MSS. 5996, : Hungarian Youth (Harl. MSS. 5931, 280) .... A Posture Master (Harl. MSS. 5961, 5) Portrait of Powell (from 'A Second Tale of a Tub,' ed. 1715) Glass-blowing (Harl. MSS. 5961, 224) Wonderful Fountain (Harl. MSS. 5961, 331) The Four Indian Kings (Hand Bill, B. M. 816. m 26 ■a) 1702) Billiards (Cotton's ' Compleat Gamester,' ed. 1700) Savery's Steam Engine (from ' The Miner's Friend, A Printing Press (Harl. MSS. 5915, 215) 1 London Gazettes here ! ' (Lauron) .... A News Man ('Cris de Paris') Newspaper Stamp (Newspapers of and after 1 Aug. 1712) Partridge and Bickerstaff (Harl. MSS. 5931, 10) Sir William Read operating (Handbill B. M. 7?S ' K ; I5 ) A Quack (Harl. MSS. 5931, 147) A Clergyman's Walking Costume (Satirical Prints, B. M. No. 1546 — a.d. 1702) ...... A Bishop's Walking Costume (Satirical Prints, B. M. No. 1546 — a.d. 1702) A Prebend's Walking Costume (Satirical Prints, B. M. No. 1546— a.d. 1702) ' The Modern Champions ' (Banks' Collection, B. M. 1890 e) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE A Nonconformist Minister (Lauron) 350 A Quakers' Meeting ('The Quaker's Art of Courtship,' 1710) . 351 Ditto. (Satirical Prints, B. M. No. ±554, by Heemskirk, A.D. 1710) 35 2 • The Folly on the Thames' (View of White Hall— Guildhall) . . 360 A Street Scene (Gay's ' Trivia,' 1st ed.) 363 Milkmaid on May Day (Lauron) 369 Hackney Coach (View of Westminster Abbey — Guildhall) . . . 375 A State Coach (Thanksgiving at St. Paul's for Peace, July 7, 1713— Guildhall) 377 Ditto (Thanksgiving at St. Paul's for Peace, July 7, 1713 — Guildhall) . 378 A Sedan Chair (Vue du Palais Royall de White Hall— Guildhall) . . 381 The Watch (Bell Man's Verses, 1708) 388 A Constable (Ward's ' Nuptial Dialogues ') . . . . . . 389 A Duel (Playi'ig Cards, 1707, B. M.) 391 Duel between Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun (Historical Prints, B. M. 1712) 394 Soldiers (Historical Prints, B. M. 1709) 400 An Admiral 404 • Peine Forte et Dure' (' Newgate Chronicle' — Wm. Spigott, Pressed 1721) 411 Beating Hemp (Bell Man's Verses, 1708) 428 Flogging a Woman (ibid) 428 • Remember the Poor Prisoners I ' (Lauron) . . . . . 433 SOCIAL LIFE IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE. CHAPTER I. CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION. (Boys.) The Duke of Gloucester — The Queen's refusal to marry again — Treatment of children after birth — Baptismal feasts— A christening — 'Daffy's Elixir' — Treatment of infantile diseases — The nursery — Toys — Children's books — Horn books — Private tuition — Boarding and day schools — Free schools — Classical education — School books— Penmanship — Runaway boys — College education — Charity schools. In all climes, and in all ages, since Man's creation, he has been subject to the same conditions, modified only by circumstances. He has been born — has had to receive some education (if only taught to fish and hunt for his subsistence), which was to fit him for the position he was to occupy in this life. This was absolutely necessary, for it is scarcely possible to imagine a more helpless being than an infant. In most cases he married, and so helped to preserve his species, and most certainly he died. The scheme of existence in Queen Anne's time was no exception to the normal state of things — only, as the ways of people then were not exactly similar to ours, it will be interesting to note the differences attending childhood, education, marriage, and death. The Queen herself had more than once been a mother ; l but only one child, the Duke of Gloucester, lived any length of time, and in his infancy he was indebted for his life to a young Quakeress, who acted as his wet nurse. Poor little fellow ! his brief stay on earth was not a pleasant one. He suffered from hydrocephalus (water on the brain), and his head was so big that at five years of age his hat was large enough for an ordinary man. He could hardly toddle * Seventeen times, in fact. B QO 2 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. about, and felt himself unable to go upstairs without being led. His father and mother seemed to think that this assistance was not necessary ; and, shutting themselves in a room with the poor little boy, Prince George gave him such a severe thrashing with a birch rod, that sheer pain made him move, and from that time he managed to get up and down stairs without help. Coddled by the women, and with somewhat rough playmates of his own sex, he amused himself by drilling his company of boy soldiers, even re- newing them on his eleventh birthday, the day before he sickened with scarlet fever, of which he speedily died. His mother grieved sorely for him, but never had another child to supply his place. On her accession to the throne, the succession (failing her issue) was unsettled, and most anxious was the whole nation that she should yet be the mother of their future sovereign. In i The form of prayer with thanksgiving to Almighty God to be used in all churches and chapels within this realm, every year upon the eighth day of March (being the day upon which Her Majesty began her happy reign),' in the prayer at the Communion service, immediately before the reading of the epistle, ' for the Queen as supreme Go- vernor of this Church,' was the following petition : ' And that these Blessings maybe continued to after Ages, make the Queen, we pray thee, an happy Mother of Children, who being Educated in Thy true Faith and Fear may happily succeed Her in the Government of these Kingdoms.' Her husband, Prince George, died October 28, 1708 ; and it was not until January 13 of the next year, that the Council struck out this portion of the service, some one evidently remembering that the 8th of March was approaching. On January 28, 1709, both Houses of Parliament petitioned Her Majesty to marry again ; but her wounds were too recent and too sore. She replied that the provision she had made for the Protestant succes- sion would always be a proof of her hearty concern for the happiness of the nation ; but that the subject of their address was of such a nature that she was persuaded they did not expect a particular answer. 1 Ignorantly as the little Duke of Gloucester was treated, what was the condition of ordinary babies ? Let a contemporary tell the tale. Steele, 2 writing as if his familiar Pacolet was speaking, and giving an experience of his sensations, says : ' The first thing that ever struck my senses was a noise over my head of one shrieking ; after which, methought I took a full jump, and found myself in the hands of a sorceress, who seemed as if she had been long waking, and employed in some incantation. I was thoroughly frightened, and cried out ; but she immediately seemed to go on in some magical operation, and anointed me from head to foot. What they meant I could not imagine : for there gathered a great crowd about me, crying, " An heir ! an heir ! " upon which I grew a little still, 1 The Chronological Historian, &c, bv W\ Toone ed. 1826. 2 Tatler, No. i<;. CHILDHOOD and EDUCATION'. 3 and believed this was a ceremony only to be used to great persons, and such as made them what they called heirs. * I lay very quiet, but the witch, for no manner of reason or pro- vocation in the world, takes me, and binds my head as hard as possibly she could ; then ties up both my legs, and makes me swallow down an horrid mixture. I thought it an harsh entrance into life, to begin with taking physic ; but I was forced to it, or else must have taken down a great instrument in which she gave it to me. When I was thus dressed, I was carried to a bedside, where a fine young lady (my mother, I wot) had liked to have hugged me to death. From her they faced me about, and there was a thing with quite another look from the rest of the company, to whom they talked about my nose. He seemed wonderfully pleased to see me \ but I know since, my nose belonged to another family. 1 That into which I was born is one of the most numerous among you ; therefore crowds of relations came every day to congratulate my arrival ; amongst others, my cousin Betty, the greatest romp in nature ; she whisks me such a height over her head, that I cried out for fear of falling. She pinched me and called me squealing chit, and threw me into a girl's arms that was taken in to tend me. The girl was very proud of the womanly employment of a nurse, and took upon her to strip and dress me anew, because I made a noise, to see what ailed me ; she did so, and stuck a pin in every joint about me. I still cried ; upon which she lays me on my face in her lap ; and to quiet me, fell to a-nailing in all the pins, by clapping me on the back, and screaming a lullaby. But my pain made me exalt my voice above hers, which brought up the nurse, the witch I first saw, and my grandmother. The girl is turned downstairs, and I stripped again, as well to find what ailed me as to satisfy my granam's farther curiosity. This good woman's visit was the cause of all my troubles. You are to understand that I was hitherto bred by hand, and anybody that stood next me gave me pap if I did but open my lips ; insomuch, that I was grown so cun- ning as to pretend myself asleep when I was not, to prevent my being crammed. 4 But my grandmother began a loud lecture upon the idleness of this age, who, for fear of their shapes, forbear suckling their own offspring ; and ten nurses were immediately sent for ; one was whispered to have a wanton eye, and would soon spoil her milk ; another was in a consumption ; the third had an ill voice, and would frighten me instead of lulling me to sleep. Such exceptions were made against all but one country milch-wench, to whom I was com- mitted and put to the breast. This careless jade was perpetually romping with the footman, and downright starved me ; insomuch that I daily pined away, and should never have been relieved had it not been that on the thirtieth day of my life a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1 who had writ upon " Cold Baths," came to visit me, and 1 Probably Sir John Floyer, who wrote several books on the wonderful cures made by cold-water bathing. 4 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. solemnly protested I was utterly lost for want of that method ; upon which he soused me head and ears into a pail of water, where I had the good fortune to be drowned.' After its birth the babe was soon baptized, but there does not seem to have been a great social fuss made about the event. That most entertaining and observant traveller Henri Misson, who visited England at the very close of the seventeenth century, and whose book was translated into English in 1719, 1 says, 'The custom here is not to make great feasts at the birth of their children. They drink a glass of wine and eat a bit of a certain cake, which is seldom made but upon these occasions.' Ward, 2 however, has left us a humorous description of a private christening. He was asked by a relation to stand Godfather to his newborn Child, and ' I, wanting ill-Nature enough to resist his Importunities, submitted to his Requests \ and engag'd for once to stand as a Tom Doodle for an hour or two, to be bantered by a Tittle-Tattle Assembly of Female Gossips. The time appointed for the Solemnisation of this Ancient piece of Formality being come, after I had put on a clean Band, and bestow' d Two Penniworth of Razorridge on the most Fertile part of my Face, whose Septuary Crop required Mowing, away I Trotted towards the Joyful Habita- tion of my Friend and Kinsman, but with as aking a Heart as a Wise Man goes to be Married, or a Broken Merchant comes near the Counter. ... As soon as we came into the Room, and had bow'd our Backs to the old Cluster of Harridans, and they in return had bent their knees to us, I sneak'd up to the Parson's Elbow, and my Partner after me . . . whilst Old Mother Grope stood rocking of the Bantling in her Arms, wrap'd up in so Rich a Mantle as if both Indias had club'd their utmost Riches to furnish out a Noble covering for my little Kinsman, who came as callow into the world as a Bird out of an Eggshell. ' At last the Babe was put into my hands to deliver, tho' not as my Act and Deed, to the Parson, who having consecrated some New River water for his purpose, wash'd away Original Sin from my new Nephew, and brought him amongst us Christians into a state of Salvation. But when my froward Godson felt the Cold Water in his face, he threaten'd the Priest with such a parcel of Angry Looks, that if he had been strong enough I dare swear he would have serv'd him the same Sauce, and under the same Ignor- ance would have return'd him but little thanks for his Labour. After we had joined together in a Petition for the good of the infant Christian, the Religious part was concluded. ... As soon as the Parson had refreshed his Spirits with a bumper of Canary, dedi- cated to the Mother ; and the Clerk had said Amen to his Master's good Wishes, after the like manner, each of 'em accepted of a Paper of Sweetmeats for his Wife or his Children, and away they 1 M. Misson s Memoirs and Observations in his Travels over England, &c, translated by Ozells, 1719. 2 The London Spy, ed. 1703, CHILDHOOD and EDUCATION. 5 went, leaving the Company behind.' They then seem to have drunk a full quantity of wine, and the women having eaten, drank, and gossiped sufficiently, were each presented with ' a Service of Sweetmeats, which every Gossip carried away in her Handker- chief. . . . Having now struggled through every difficult part of these Accustomary Formalities, I had nothing to do but to Thank them for our Liberal Entertainment, Wish the Women well again, and both much Happiness in their Male Offspring, and so take my Leave, which I did accordingly ; and was as greatly overjoyed when I got out of the House as ever Convict was that had broke Gaol or Detected Pick Pocket that had Escaped a Horse Pond.' Having launched our baby thus far in life, we will see how he was treated when suffering from any of the numerous ailments which infancy is subject to. The marvel is that so many grew up. It was eminently * the survival of the fittest.' Sanitary arrange- ments were extremely rudimentary ; little care being taken either as to the purity of the water supply, or the efficiency of drainage. Fever was always in their midst, and, neither inoculation nor vaccination being known, or practised, smallpox was rampant, and spared no class, from the Queen (Mary) to the beggar. Was the child fretful, there was that cordial dear to old nurses of the Gamp school — Daffy's Elixir. This remedy, which has survived as a popular nostrum to our own time, was not new in Queen Anne's reign. It must even then have been a profitable property, for rivals could afford to quarrel over it, as the following advertisements show : — 'DAFFY'S FAMOUS ELIXIR SALUTIS, 1 PREPARED BY KATHARINE DAFFY. The Finest now expos'd to Sale, prepar'd from the best Druggs, according to Art, and the Original Receipt, which my Father Mr. Thomas Daffy, late Rector of Redmile, in the Valley of Belvoir, having experienc'd the Virtue of it, imparted to his Kinsman Mr. Anthony Daffy, who publish'd the same to the Benefit of the Community, and his own great Advantage. This Very Original Receipt is now in my possession, left to me by my Father afore- said, under his own Hand. My own Brother Mr. Daniel Daffy, formerly Apothecary in Nottingham, made this ELIXIR from the same Receipt, and Sold it there during his Life. Those who know me will believe what I Declare ; and those who do not may be con- vinc'd that I am no counterfeit, by the Colour, Tast, Smell, and just Operation of my ELIXIR. To be had at the Hand and Pen in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, London ; and many other Places in Town and Country.' Prima facie, the lady would seem to have made out her case ; but there were other aspirants to fame — as the following notice 3 will show : — 1 Harl. 5931, 336. 2 Ibid. 121. 6 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. 4 Advertisement. ' Forasmuch as Mrs. Elizabeth Daffy has lately Published an Advertisement containing Invidious Reflections upon me, in rela- tion to my Elixir Salutis, I should be wanting to my Self if I should not obviate them in the like public manner, to let the World see they are Malicious, unreasonable, and false. ' In the first place she charges me with Clandestinely taking the House in Prugeoris Court ; which, by her leave, is equally absurd and unjust ; for the House was to be Lett a long time before I took it (nor had she any lease of the House, or any Power to Lett it), so consequently any one else might have taken the same. As for my pretending to have been her Husband's Assistant in preparing the Elixir, I will only say this is just as true as the former Story ; and I challenge her to produce one single Evidence of Refutation to prove her Assertion : nor had I need of any such trifling pretence, having known the Secret some time before the Death of his Father Dr. Anthony Daffy ; which I presume was before the said Elias Daffy was privy to the preparing of the said Elixir (he being then a Cambridge scholar), and the same was communicated to me in the year 1684, at the time I was going to travel beyond Sea, where, in divers Countries, considerable Quantities of my Elixir has been taken by Persons of the greatest Rank, Quality, and Note, to their great Satisfaction. ' And whereas the said Mrs. Daffy is pleased to call my Elixir Spurious, and Insinuates as if it were hazardous to the Lives of Men ; the numerous Instances of Good it has done, both here and abroad, do manifestly evince the Contrary. And I appeal to all who have taken it in this City, or elsewhere, whether they have not found at least as much Benefit from This as from any Thing of the like Nature they have ever taken ; insomuch that I am well assured that those who have tried mine will apply themselves to nobody else for Elixir Salntis. ' John Harrison. * From my House in Prujean's Court in the Great Old Baly (The Original and famous Elixir Salutis) being wrote in Golden Characters over the Door fronting the Court Gate. March the 31st, 1709.' One doctor at least (John Pechy) made the diseases of infants and children his study, and wrote upon the subject. I have been unable to get his book, but a few remedies from the medical works then in vogue will show how these diseases were then treated. Here is a recipe for a child's cough. 1 Horehound, §ix ; Liquorice, Maidenhair, Hyssop, Wild Thyme, Coltsfoot, Penny royal, ana §iij. Aniseeds and Fennel seeds ana §iss. Raisins of the Sun §vj. Figs, Jujubes ana ^iv. Elecampane §ij, boil all in lb. vj. of water to \. Strain, and add Honey, Sugar, 1 Collectanea Medica, by Wm. Salmon, M.D. CHILDHOOD and EDUCATION. 7 ana lb. j. Boil to a Syrup ; and when almost cold add Orrice, Woodlice, both in fine powder, ana Jk This mixture might not have been bad, but why add powdered woodlice ? Worms in children were to be treated with £ Prevotius's Oyl to kill Worms. 1 Take — Wormwood, Carduus, Scordium, Tobacco, ana Mj, Roots of Sow bread Jfs, Coloquintida, §ij, Oyl, Vinegar, ana lb. j : boil to the consumption of the vinegar, then add Myrrh in powder J j ; mix, and boil to the dissolution of the Myrrh. The Title shows the Virtues, anoint it upon the Stomach and Belly.' If this was not effective, the child might be given some lozenges made as follows — * Take Rhubarb, Citron seeds husked, Worm seeds, seeds of Purslain, of Coleworts, Broom finely powdered, ana 5 n j 5 dulcis 5ijj White Sugar 5 xv j> a U being in fine pouder ; mix and incorporate with mucilage of Gum Tragacanth, made with Orange- flower water, of which Past make Lozenges each weighing 5J. They kill all Worms in the Stomach and Bowels, and you may give one or two of the lozenges at a time to a Child in the Morning fasting, but some suppose that the best time is the last three days of the Moon.' The Measles were simply treated — the patient only had a draught to soothe any cough, ' Let the sick keep their bed two days after the first coming forth of the spots.' 2 In teething, a child should be soothed every four hours with a spoonful of black cherry water, in which two, three, or four drops of Spirits of Hartshorn have been mixed. 3 There is 4 'An experimented Remedy for the Rickets. Take roots of Smallage, Parsly, Fennel, and Angelica Roots, slice and boil them in distilled water of Angelica, unset Hyssop and Coltsfoot, of each one part, till they are tender, then strain it, and boil it up to a syrup, with white Honey. Then take a stick of Liquorice, scrape it, and bruise one end of it, and give the Child with it of the syrup one spoonful in the Morning, at four of the Afternoon, and at night.' There was also advertised ' A necklace that cures all sorts of Fits in children occasioned by Teeth or any other Cause ; as also all fits in Men and Women. To be had at Mr. Larance's in Somerset Court, near Northumberland House in the Strand ; price ioj. for 8 days, though the cure will be performed immediately ; ' and there was a palatable medium for the little ones in ' the so-much approved Purging Sugar Plumbs.' Of the Nursery we know very little ; indeed children are very seldom mentioned. It is most likely that, in well-to-do families, they were relegated to the nursery, and the care of their mothers, until they were of fit age to go to school. The accompanying illustration, taken from 'The Ladies' Library,' ed. 1714, by Steele, gives us an excellent view of the nursery. 1 Collectanea Medica. 2 The Family Physitian, by Geo. Hartman. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. 8 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. The very babies were amused much as now— for Addison, Spectator^ No. i, speaking of his natural gravity, says, ' I threw away THE NURSERY. my rattle before I was two Months old, and would not make use of my Coral till they had taken away all the Bells from it.' Some of these corals were very beautiful and costly, even being made of gold. CHILDHOOD and EDUCATION. We know how, from the earliest ages, a doll has been the favourite toy with girls, and the reign of ' Good Queen Anne ' was no exception to the general rule — but they were not then called Dolls, but ' Babies ' ; so, indeed, were PowePs Marionettes — as also the milliner's models. ' On Saturday last, being the 12th instant, there arrived at my House in King Street, Covent Garden, a French Baby for the year 17 12,' &c. Some were made of wax, but these were, of course, of the expensive sort, as must also have been those in Widow Smith's raffle — ' large joynted dressed Babies/ Probably, dolls were the girls' only playthings. As to the boys, history records very little of their amusements. Give a boy in the nursery a whip, or a stick, to beat somebody, or something, he generally is content. How superlatively happy, however, must he have been in the possession of one of these wonderful horses ?— warranted chargers — troop horses, every one ! They also had card-board windmills on the end of sticks. We hear nothing of ' marbles, tops, or any other toys ; but, doubtless, children's ingenuity supplied any defects that way, then as now, and made shift to play, and amuse them- selves, until the time of enfranchisement came, and the boy could wander in the streets and see the marvels of the raree show, and buy c hot baked wardens — hot,' or some of old c Colly Molly Puffe's' pastry — or, should his tastes be simpler, there were ' Ripe Strawberryes,' or ' Six- pence a pound fair Cherryes.' These little folk, however, had their special literature. For there was com- piled and printed { A Play book for Chil- dren, to allure them to read as soon as they can speak plain ; composed of small Pages so as not to tire children ; printed with a fair and pleasing Letter, the Matter and Method plainer and easier than any yet extant.' The price of this was fourpence, and it must have been a favourite, for it is advertised as being in its second edition in 1703. Certainly, the little ones then lacked many advantages in this way that ours possess — but, on the other hand, so much was not required of them. There was no dreaded * Exam.' to prepare for — no doing lessons all day long, and then working hard at night to get ready for the next day's toil. They were not taught half a dozen lan- guages, and all the ologies, whilst still in the nursery ; but, were the suggestions and advice given to 'the Mother' in Steele's 1 Lady's Library ' thoroughly carried out, they would grow up good men and women. ' TROOPE, EVERY ONE.' 10 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE, A RAREE SHOW. The boys, however, had strong meat provided for them in such tales as 'Jack and the Giants/ &c Steele, in Tatler 95, says, speaking of a little boy of eight years old, * I per- ceived him a very great historian in "^Esop's Fa- bles," but he frankly de- clared to me his mind "that he did not delight in that learning, because he did not believe they were true/ 5 for which reason I found he had very much turned his studies for about a twelvemonth past unto the lives and adventures of Don Bel- lianis of Greece, Guy of Warwick, the Seven Champions, and other historians of that age. . . . He would tell you the mismanagements of John Hickerthrift, find fault with the passionate temper in Bevis of Southampton, and loved Saint George for being the champion of England. ... I was extolling his accomplishments, when his mother told me that the little girl who led me in this morning was in her way a better scholar than he. " Betty," says she, " deals chiefly in Fairies and Sprights ; and sometimes in a winter night will terrify the maids with her accounts, until they are afraid to go up to bed." 5 ' In all probability the child learned his letters in the first instance from a ' Hornbook, 5 such as were then commonly used and sold — as the following excerpt from an advertisement shows: 'Joseph Hazard at the Bible, in Stationers Court, near Ludgate, sells . . . Spelling books, Primers, Hornbooks, &c. 5 Hornbooks are now very scarce indeed, and the man lucky enough to possess a genuine one must feel proud of his rarity. It consisted of a small sheet of paper, generally about 4 in. x 3 in. or C 0H, RAREE SHOW. CHILDHOOD and EDUCATION. II so— sometimes smaller — on which was printed the alphabet, both in capitals and small text, the vowels, and a few simple combina- tions, such as ab, eb, ib, ob, ab, — ba, be, bi, bo, bu, &c, and the Lord's Prayer. This was laid on a flat piece of board with a roughly shaped handle, and covered with a thin plate of horn, fastened to the board by copper tacks driven through an edging of thin copper. It therefore would stand a vast amount of rough usage before it would be destroyed — a fact of great importance in elementary education. 'ripe strawberryes !' 'six pence a pound fair cherryes!' Private tuition existed then as now. l A Grave Gentlewoman of about 50 years of age desires to be Governess to any Gentleman's Children ; she can give a very good account of herself,' and ' Whereas in this degenerate Age Youth are kept for so many Years in following the Latin Tongue, and many of them are quite discourag'd, Mr. Switterda (who was formerly recommended to the late King William, and well known by their Excellences my Lord Sparkein and my Lord Methuen) offers a very easy and delightful Method, by which any Person of tolerable Capacity, who can but spare time to be twice a Week with him, and an Hour at a Time, nay, Children of ten Years of Age, may in one Year learn to speak Latin and 12 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. French fluently, according to the Grammar rules, and to understand a Classical Author ; and if they are not compleat in that time, he will teach them without any farther Charge, provided they will be manag'd.' Another gentleman, living in Abchurch Lane, offered to do the same, and, moreover, ' he offereth to be bound to every one for the performance thereof, and to give a Month's trial.' But a Day School was the normal institution for a boy, although there were Boarding Schools. Judging by the advertisements, these must have been but few in the beginning of the reign, as they gradually become more numerous towards its close. A record of one or two will suffice to show what kind of education they gave. 'At the upper end of Knights Bridge, near the Salutation, there is a Boarding School for young Gentlemen, where, besides French, are carefully taught, after the best English method, Latin, Greek, Writing, Arithmetic, Geography, &c.' And again, 'At Lady Day next will be open'd a Boarding School for young Gentlemen at Kensington Gravel Pits, by Richard Johnson, A.M., author of the Grammatical Commentaries. . . . There will be taught also French, Writing, Arithmetick, and Mathematicks ; ' whilst another takes a wider range : 'A boarding School will be open'd after Easter, at Chertsey ... for the Instruction of Youth in the English, French, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew Tongues, besides Geography, History, Mathematicks, Writing, and Accompts ; to fit 'em either for the University, Study of the Law, or other Business.' In London, too, were many free schools. There were West- minster, Merchant Taylors', Paul's, Greyfriars, Christ's Hospital, and St. Olave's, Southwark. There were three free schools in Westminster besides the Queen's School ; these were, Palmer's in Tuttlefields, Almery School, and Hill's School. Besides which were Lady Owen's School, Islington, and Bunhill School — and there were free schools in Cherrytree Alley, Castle Street (Tennyson's), Great Queen Street, Parker's Lane, Church Entry, Old Jewry, Whitechapel, Ratcliffe, Foster Lane, Hoxton, St. Saviour's, Southwark, Plough Yard, Rotherhithe, and East Smith- field — and this probably is not an exhaustive list. Although French, High Dutch, and Italian were taught, it was a Classical age, and every gentleman was bound to be a fair, if not a good, classical scholar ; indeed, other branches of education were neglected for this, as Steele complains (Spectator, No. 147) that boys at school, ' When they are got into Latin, they are looked upon as above English, the reading of which is wholly neglected, or at least read to very little purpose.' We might look a long time now-a-days for an advertisement such as the following : ( At Hogarth's 1 Coffee House in St. John's Gate, the mid-way between Smithfield Bars and Clerkenwel, there will meet every day at 4 o'clock some Learned Gentlemen who speak Latin readily, where any Gentleman that is either skilled in that Language, or desirous 1 Father of the celebrated painter. CHILDHOOD and EDUCATION. 13 to perfect himself in speaking thereof, will be welcome. The Master of the House, in the absence of others, being always ready to entertain gentlemen in the Latin Tongue.' It is much to be doubted if that literary society, the Urban Club, which till lately held its meetings at the same place, St. John's Gate, could do the same. Let us glance at a few of the school books then in vogue. First of all is one of the immortal Cocker, l according to' whom all correct calculations should be made. Although he had been long dead (since 1677), his works lived after him; and there were also other works on Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, and the use of the Globes. (By the way, a pair of 9-in. diam. globes only cost a guinea.) There were Latin Dictionaries, Lilly's Latin Grammar, and an abridgment of it for the use of Blackheath School. There was that English Grammar which ' Isaac BickerstafT' (Steele) puffed up so: 'That as grammar in general is on all hands allow'd the foundation of all arts and sciences, so it appears to me that this grammar of the English tongue has done that justice to our language which, 'till now, it never obtained;' and there was ' A Guide to the English Tongue, by Thos. Dyche, schoolmaster in London,' the second edition of which was published in 17 10, but which has been so popular that a revised edition of it was published as late as 1816 ; and there were any quantity of books on writing — notably the c Paul's Scholar's Copy Book, by John Rayner,' immortalised in Tatler 138. The writing of the age was very good — and many are the specimens of elaborate caligraphy in the ' Bagford Collection ' : for unassuming and yet good writing, perhaps, however, the best are in Harl. MS. 5995, 211, &C. 1 In the eighteenth century penmanship was held in higher estimation than now, and in 1763 W. Massey published 1 The Origin and Progress of Letters,' in which he gave the lives of the most famous writing masters during the preceding hundred years. He mentions some half-dozen or more, as living in Anne's reign, but Charles Snell seems to have been the most famous. As may be supposed, when so much pains was taken in writing, there were many curiosities of caligraphic art. Here is one : ' A piece of close Knotting, viz. 2 Boys holding Circles in their Hands, either being less than a Silver Penny, in which are perspicuously wrote the Lords Prayer in Latin and English. Invented and perform'd by John Dundas (who will shortly publish a Copy book with about 50 new Fancies). . . . N.B. Any Gentleman or Lady that desires small Writing for a Ring, Locket, or other Curiosity, may be furnished by the Author.' That pens other than quill were in use is evidenced by an advertisement re a lost pocket-book, which contained ' a Brass Pen.' Stenography was practised somewhat extensively, to judge by 1 Harl. MSS., British Museum. 14 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE the numerous advertisements ; but William Mason, living at the Hand and Pen, in the Poultry, claimed to be * the Author and Teacher of the shortest Shorthand extant' And yet, with all these scholastic advantages, some boys would not be happy ; but, as boys have done ever since boarding schools have been invented, they sometimes ran away. Vide the following advertisements : ' A Gentleman's only Child is run from School ; he is about 12 years of Age, with light Cloaths lin'd with red, a well favour'd brisk Boy, with a fair old Wig : speaks a little thro' the Scots, his Name Alex Mackdonald : he has been in Spain and Portugal, which makes his Parents fear that some Ship may entertain him.' Whoever captured this lad was to be c sufficiently rewarded,' whilst the next runaway was only valued at ' half a guinea and charges,' although he was dressed so smartly : ' A little slim, fair hair'd handsome English Boy, who speaks French very well, between 11 and 12 Years of Age, with a sad colour, coarse Kersay Coat trim'd with flat new Gilded Brass Buttons, with a whitish Calla-manca Waistcoat with round Plate Silver Buttons, and a little Silver Edging to his Hat, with fine white Worsted rowl'd Stockings, and with Silver Plate Buttons to his sad colour Sagathy Stuff Britches : went away from School on Thursday, the 6th Inst. Supposed to be gone towards Wapping, Rotherif, Greenwich, or Gravesend, he having been seen near the Thames Side asking for a Master to go to sea.' Curious how, in every century since Elizabeth's time, the runaway English boy naturally flies to the water. Always the same tale : ran away and went to sea. Here were two well-nurtured lads, more than ordinarily accomplished, yet they were bitten by this same tarantula. Let the Spectator describe the rising generation of that time after they had finished their academic career and had gone to the university. In No. 54, attributed to Steele, speaking of Cambridge, he says, * Now for their manner ot living : and here I shall have a large field to expatiate in ; but I shall reserve particulars for my intended discourse, and now only mention one or two of their principal exercises. The elder proficients employ themselves in inspecting mores hominum multomm, in getting acquainted with all the signs and windows in the town. Some have arrived to so great knowledge, that they can tell every time a butcher kills a calf, every time any old woman's cat is in the straw ; and a thousand matters as important. One ancient philosopher contemplates two or three hours every day over a sun-dial ; and is true to the dial. As the dial to the sun, Although it be not shone upon. Our younger students are content to carry their speculation as yet no further than bowling greens, billiard tables, and such like places.' Of the reading men, he says, ' They were ever looked upon as CHILDHOOD and EDUCATION. 15 a people that impaired themselves more by their strict application to the rules of their order than any other students whatever. Others seldom hurt themselves any further than to gain weak eyes, and sometimes headaches ; but these philosophers aire seized all over with a general inability, indolence, and weariness, and a certain impatience of the place they are in, with an heaviness in removing to another. 'The loungers are satisfied with being merely part of the number of mankind, without distinguishing themselves from amongst them. They may be said rather to suffer their time to pass than to spend it, without regard to the past or prospect of the future. All they know of life is only in the present instant, and do not taste even that. When one of this order happens to be a man of fortune, the expense of his time is transferred to his coach and horses, and his life is to be measured by their motion, not his own enjoyments or sufferings. The chief entertainment one of these philosophers can possibly propose to himself is to get a relish of dress. This, methinks, might diversify the person he is weary of, his own dear self, to himself. I have known these two amusements make one of these philosophers make a tolerable figure in the world ; with variety of dresses in public assemblies in town, and quick motion of his horses out of it, now to Bath, now to Tunbridge, then to Newmarket, and then to London, he has, in process of time, brought it to pass, that his coach and his horses have been mentioned in all these places.' And this description, with a little alteration, would pass as a fair reflex of modern undergraduate existence at either Oxford or Cambridge. Before closing the question of male education, we must not for- get that in Queen Anne's time was inaugurated that system of charity schools which has played so prominent a part in our na- tional system of education, and which has not yet been superseded by our Board Schools. Steele {Spectator, 380) notices this move- ment — * St. Bride's, May 15, 1712. * Sir, — 'Tis a great deal of Pleasure to me, and I dare say will be no less Satisfaction to you, that I have an Opportunity of informing you that the Gentlemen and others of the Parish of St. Brides have raised a Charity School of fifty Girls as before of fifty Boys. You were so kind to recommend the Boys to the Charitable World, and the other Sex hope you will do them the same Favour in Fridays Spectator for Sunday next, when they are to appear with their humble Airs at the Parish Church of St. Brides. Sir, the Mention of this may possibly be serviceable to the Children : and sure no one will omit a good Action attended with no expence. 4 1 am, Sir, ' Your very humble Servant, 'The Sexton.' 1 6 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE, At the public thanksgiving for peace in 1713, 1 the charity children were placed in rising rows of seats in the Strand to see the procession pass, and the Queen go to St. Paul's to return thanks — and bitter must have been the disappointment of the little ones at the Queen's absence, on account of illness. A contemporary account of this festival says : l Upon the Thanksgiving day for the Peace, about Four Thousand Charity Children (Boys and Girls), new Cloath'd, were placed upon a Machine in the Strand, which was in Length above 600 Foot, and had in Bredth Eight Ranges of seats one above another, where- by all the Children appear'd in full View of both Houses of Parlia- ment, in the solemn Procession they made to St. Paul's upon that joyful Occasion, and who, by their singing Hymns of Prayer and Praise to God for her Majesty, as well as by their Appearance, contributed very much to adorn so welcome a Festival ; and gave great Satisfaction to all the Spectators, not without some Surprize to Foreigners who never had beheld such a glorious Sight. The Trustees of the several Charity Schools in and about London and Westminster readily agreed upon Measures for placing the Children in the expected View of Her Majesty, as a Testimony of their great Duty and Humble Thankfulness to Her Majesty for the particular Countenance and Encouragement Her Majesty hath always vouch- safed to give to the Charity Schools, 2 whereby She may be truly stiled their Patron and Protector. Her Majesty not being present, the Hymns were both sung and repeated during the whole Proces- sion, which lasted near Three Hours ; and for the Satisfaction and Entertainment of the Publick they are printed as follows : — 1 Hymns to be sung by the Charity Children upon the 7th of July, 17 1 3, being the Thanksgiving Day for the PEACE. ' As Her MAJESTY goes to St. Paul's— Lord give the QUEEN Thy saving Health, Whose Hope on Thee depends : Grant Her Increase of Fame and Wealth, With Bliss that never ends ! Allelujah, Allelujah, Allelujah, Allelujah ! Allelujah, Allelujah, Allelujah, Allelujah, Allelujah ! 1 There is a very large and beautiful engraving of this scene, from which are taken the illustrations of carriages, post. 2 The Queen recommended the design of charity schools to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, in a letter dated August 20, 171 1 : ' And forasmuch as the pious Instruction and Education of Children is the surest Way of preserving and propagating the Knowledge and Practice of true Religion, it hath been very acceptable to US to hear, that for the Attaining these good Ends, many Charity Schools are now Erected throughout the Kingdom, by the liberal Contributions of OUR Good subjects ; WE do therefore earnestly recommend it to you, by all proper W T ays, to encourage and promote so excellent a Work, and to countenance and assist the Persons principally concerned in it, as they shall always be sure of Our Protection' and Favour.' CHILDHOOD and EDUCA TION. 17 For Her our fervent Vows aspire, Our Praises are Address'd ; Thou hast fulfill'd Her Heart's Desire And granted Her Request. Allelujah, &c. A Nursing Mother to Thy Fold, Long, long may She remain, And then with Joy Thy Face behold, And with Thee ever Reign. Allelujah, &c. 1 As Her MAJESTY returns from St. Paul's— Glory to GOD who Reigns on High, Whom Saints and Angels praise ; Who from His Throne above the Sky, The Sons of Men surveys. Allelujah, &c. PEACE, His best Gift, to Earth's return'd, Long may it here remain ; As we too long its Absence mourn'd, Nor sigh'd to Heav'n in vain. Allelujah, &c. Good Will, Fair Friendship (Heavenly Guest !) And Joy and Holy Love, Make all Mankind completely bless'd, Resembling Those above. Allelujah, &c. CHAPTER II. CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION. (Girls.) Boarding schools— Town and country educations — Pastry schools— Dancing — Toasts— 'The Little Whig'— Madame Spanheim. Girls were not all educated at home — though, doubtless, the majority of them were, with the exception of their dancing lessons — but had boarding schools of their own ; and the schoolmistresses seem always to have been harassed by malicious reports. For instance : ' Whereas it is reported that Mrs. Overing who keeps a Boarding School at Bethnal Green near Hackney, is leaving off; this is to give Notice that the said Report is false, if not Malicious. And that she continues to take sober young Gentlewomen to board, and teaches whatsoever is necessary to the Accomplishment of that Sex.' Take another : ' Mrs. Elizabeth Tutchin l continues to 1 She was sister of Tutchin, of the Observator. C 18 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. keep her School at Highgate, notwithstanding Reports to the con- trary. Where young Gentlewomen may be soberly Educated, and taught all sorts of Learning fit for young Gentlewomen.' Observe the stress that was then laid on the sobriety inculcated in these establishments. Read the plays — read the essays of the time — and then, if they are to be taken at all as a just standard of feminine conduct, you will, undoubtedly, come to the conclusion that sobriety of conduct was just the very quality that required instilling into the heads of the maidenhood of the time. Pert little hoydens — ogling the men, flirting their fans, their thoughts always running on a husband — the schoolmistresses of that time must have had hard work to keep them serious, and need of most dragon-like guardian* ship. They were not taught much, these girls ; * the Needle, Dancing, and the French tongue,' says one — ' a little Music, on the Harpsichord, or Spinet, to read, write, and cast accounts in a small way ' — this was the sum of their education. Essentially were they to be housekeepers. Here is the description an exceptionally ac- complished young lady gives of her own education : 1 ' You know my father was a tradesman, and lived very well by his traffick ; and I, being beautiful, he thought nature had already given me part of my portion, and therefore he would add a liberal education, that I might be a complete gentlewoman ; away he sent me to the board- ing school ; there I learned to dance and sing, to play on the bass viol, virginals, spinet, and guitar. I learned to make wax work, japan, paint upon glass, to raise paste, make sweetmeats, sauces, and everything that was genteel and fashionable.' Here we see the best obtainable education of the town-bred lady. What was a girl's education in the country like ? 2 Priscilla. Did she not bestow good breeding upon you there ? Eugenia. Breeding ! what, to learn to feed Ducklings, and cram Chickens ? Clara. To see Cows milk'd, learn to Churn, and make Cheese ? Eugen. To make Clouted cream, and whipt Sillabubs ? Clara. To make a Caraway Cake and raise Py Crust ? Eugen. And to learn the top of your skill in Syrrup, Sweetmeats, Aqua mirabilis, and Snayl water. Clara. Or your great Cunning in Cheese cakes, several Creams and Almond butter. Prise. Ay, ay, and 'twere better for all the Gentlemen in England that Wives had no other breeding, but you had Musick and Dancing. Eugen. Yes, an ignorant, illiterate, hopping Puppy, that rides his Dancing Circuit thirty Miles about, lights off his tyred Sleed, draws his Kit 5 at a poor Country Creature, and gives her a Hich in her Pace, that she shall never recover. Clara. And for Musick an old hoarse singing man riding ten miles from his Cathedral to Quaver out the Glories of our Birth and State, or it may be a Scotch Song more hideous and barbarous than an Irish Cronan. Eug. And another Musick Master from the next town to Teach one to 1 The Levellers, a dialogue between two young ladies concerning matri- mony, &c. 2 The Seowrers, by Shadwell. 5 A pocket violin. CHILDHOOD and EDUCATION. 19 twinkle out Lilly burlero 1 upon an old pair of Virginals, that sound worse than a Tinker's Kettle that he cries his work on. We saw that even the accomplished town young lady was taught how to raise paste, &c. ; indeed that was a regular branch of a girl's education, and all housewifely gifts were thoroughly appre- ciated. Niece. Good madam, don't upbraid me with my Mother Bridget, and an excellent housewife. Aunt. Yes, 1 say, she was, and spent her time in better Learning than ever you did. Not in reading of Fights and Battels of Dwarfs and Giants ; but in writing out receipts for Broths, Possets, Caudles and Surfeit Waters, as became a good Country Gentlewoman. 2 But, if girls could not learn pastry-making at home, or wanted a higher class of education therein, there were the forerunners of our ' Schools of Cookery ' in the shape of * Pastry Schools,' where the professor demonstrated. Here is one of them. ' To all Young Ladies at Edw. Kidder's Pastry School in little Lincoln's Inn Fields, are taught all Sorts of Pastry and Cookery, Dutch hollow works, and Butter Works, on Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays in the Afternoon, and on the same days, in the Morning, at his School in Norris Street in St. James's Market, and at his School in St. Martin's Le Grand, on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday in the Afternoon. And at his School at St. Mary Overies Dock, Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesday mornings from 9 to 12.' But one branch of a girl's education seems never to have been neglected — her dancing. Steele says, 3 'When a girl is safely brought from her nurse, before she is capable of forming one simple notion of anything in life, she is delivered to the hands of her dancing master, and with a collar round her neck, the pretty wild thing is taught a fantastical gravity of behaviour, and forced to a particular way of holding her head, heaving her breast, and moving with her whole body ; and all this under pain of never having a husband, if she steps, looks or moves awry.' He gives a humorous description of the dancing master : 4 'There was Colonel Jumper's Lady, a Colonel of the Train Bands, that has a great Interest in her Parish ; she recommends Mr. Trott for the prettiest Master in Town, that no Man teaches a Jigg like him, that she has seen him rise Six or Seven Capers together with the greatest Ease imaginable, and that his Scholars twist themselves more ways than the Scholars of any Master in Town ; besides there is Madam Prim, the Alderman's Lady, recommends a Master of her Own Name, but she declares he is not of their 1 See Appendix. ' Lilli burlero ' and ' Bullen a lah ' are said to have been the watchwords used by the Irish Papists in their massacre of the Protestants in 1641. The ballad to this tune was written in 1686, when James II. made the Earl of Tyrconnel, a bigoted papist, Lieutenant of Ireland. The words are nonsensical, but the tune is catching, and became very popular. This song is said to have contributed greatly in bringing about the Revolution of 1688. 2 The Tender Husbcuid (Steele). 3 Spectator, 66. 4 Ibid, 376. 20 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Family, yet a very extraordinary Man in his Way ; for, besides a very soft Air he has in Dancing, he gives them a particular Behaviour at a Tea-Table, and in presenting their Snuff Box : to twirl, flip or flirt a Fan, and how to place Patches to the best advantage, either for Fat or Lean, Long or Oval Faces.' Indeed, dancing was much thought of as an accomplishment, and more will be said of it in its place among the social habits of the time. One book alone, ' The Dancing Master' for 17 13, 15th ed., contains 358 different figures and tunes for country dances. It got to be a fine art, and books were written on ' Chorography' and ' Orchesography,' illustrated with wonderful and most perplex- ing diagrams. A contemporary sketch of a dancing academy ia interesting. It is by Budgell. 1 ' I am a Man in Years, and by an honest Industry in the World have acquired enough to give my Children a liberal Education, tho' I was an utter Stranger to it myself. My eldest Daughter, a Girl of Sixteen, has for some time past been under the Tuition of Monsieur Rigadoon, a Dancing Master in the City ; and I was prevailed upon by her and her Mother to go last Night to one of his Balls. I must own to you, Sir, that having never been at any such Place before, I was very much pleased and surprized with that Part of his Entertainment which he called French Dancing. There were several young Men and Women, whose limbs seemed to have no other Motion but purely what the Mustek gave them. After this Part was over, they began a Diversion which they call Country Dancing, and wherein there were also some things not disagreeable, and divers Emblematical Figures, compos'd, as I guess, by Wise Men for the Instruction of Youth. ' Amongst the rest, I observed one, which I think they call 2 Hunt the Squirrel, in which while the Woman flies, the Man pursues her ; but as soon as she turns, he runs away, and she is obliged to follow. ' The Moral of this Dance does, I think, very aptly recommend Modesty and Discretion to the Female Sex. ' But as the best Institutions are liable to Corruptions, so, Sir, I must acquaint you, that very great Abuses are crept into this Entertainment. I was Amazed to see my Girl handed by, and handing young Fellows with so much Familiarity ; and I could not have thought it had been in the Child. They very often made use of a most impudent and lascivious Step called Setting, which I know not how to describe to you, but by telling you that it is the very reverse of Back to Back. At last an impudent young Dog bid the Fiddlers play a Dance called Mol Pallej', 3 and after having made two or three Capers, ran to his Partner, locked his Arms in hers, and whisked her round Cleverly above Ground in such manner that I, who sat upon one of the lowest Benches, saw further above her Shoe than I can think fit to acquaint you with. I could no longer endure these Enormities ; wherefore, just as my Girl was ; Spectator, 67. 2 See Appendix. 5 See Appendix. CHILDHOOD and EDUCATION. 21 going to be made a Whirligig, I ran in, seized on the Child, and carried her home.' Poor Budgell ! what would have been his feelings could he have but seen a galop, or a valse a deux temps 1 We may now consider the girl's education complete, and, as she may be ' sweet seventeen ' or so, she naturally would be, if either pretty or witty, ' a TOAST ' among her male friends. This peculiar institution has its rise in Queen Anne's time, and is aptly described * as ' a new name found out by the Wits, to make a lady have the same effect, as burridge in the glass when a man is drinking.' Pope, even, could hardly make it out. Say why are beauties prais'd and honour' d most, The wise man's passion, and the vain man's toast ? Why deck'd with all that land and sea afford, Why angels call'd, and angel-like adored ? It was an old English custom to put a tcast, a roasted pippin or so, in a hot drink, such as a tankard of spiced ale, cr of sack ; and this is whimsically applied as the derivation of the word used to express the slavish adulation and worship of the fair sex, as embodied in this custom. 2 ' Many of the Wits of the last age will assert that the word, in its present sense, was known among them in their youth, and had its rise from an accident at the town of Bath, in the reign of Charles the Second. It happened that, on a public day, a celebrated beauty of those times was in the Cross Bath, and one of the crowd of her admirers took a glass of the water in which the fair one stood and drank her health to the Company. There was in the place a gay fellow half fuddled, who offered to jump in, and swore, though he liked not the liquor, he would have the Toast. He was opposed in his resolution ; yet this whim gave foundation to the present honour which is done to the lady we mention in our liquors, who has ever since been called a TOAST. Though this institution had so trivial a beginning, it is now elevated into a formal order ; and that happy virgin, who is received and drunk to at their meetings, has no more to do in this life but to judge and accept of the first good offer. The manner of her inauguration is much like that of the choice of a Doge in Venice : it is performed by balloting ; and when she is so chosen, she reigns indisputably for that ensuing year ; but must be re-elected anew to prolong her empire a moment beyond it. When she is regularly chosen, her name is written with a diamond on a drinking glass. The hieroglyphic of the diamond is to shew her that her value is imaginary ; and that of the glass to acquaint her, that her condition is frail, and depends on the hand which holds her.' Many of the members of the ' Kit Cat Club ' — Lords Halifax, Wharton, Lansdowne, and Carbury, Mr. Maynwaring and others — thus immortalised their Toasts. One, by Lord Lansdowne, will amply serve as an illustration — 1 Tatler, 31. 2 Ibid, 24. 22 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Love is enjoyn'd to make his favourite toast, And HARE'S the goddess that delights him most. There were two very famous toasts in Queen Anne's time ; one in particular was Lady Sunderland, a daughter of the Duke of Marlborough, who was known by the sobriquet of ' The Little Whig.' She was the toast of her party, and her nickname was so well known that it is said the first stone of Sir John Vanbrugh's theatre in the Haymarket had £ Little Whig ' cut upon it. The other was Mademoiselle Spanheim, the daughter of Baron Span - heim, Ambassador Extraordinary from the Court of Prussia. She was very lovely ; indeed, her good looks were proverbial, as the current expression, 'as beautiful as Madam Spanheim,' shows. She was married early in the year 1 710 to the Marquis de Mont- andre. Her father died here in November of the same year, aged 81 ; and the Queen presented the Marchioness de Montandre with a thousand guineas, which was the usual present then given to an ambassador on taking his leave. CHAPTER III. MARRIAGE. Eloping with heiresses — Marriage between children — Tax on bachelors — Valen- tines—Marriage settlements — Pin money — Posies — Drummers — Private marriages — Irregular marriages — Fleet parsons — Marriage Act — Facility of marriage — Liability of husbands — Public marriages — Marriage customs — Bride's garters — Throwing the stocking — The posset — Honeymoon. We will suppose our toast to escape the perils to which her position exposed her, and not forcibly carried off by some bold knight, as had been known in this reign 1 — * Same evening Sir Alexander dimming, Knight of the Shire for Aberdeen, carried off from the Ring in Hyde Park madam Dennis and married her ; she is said to be worth about ,£16,000.' Probably his position stood him in good stead, for it fared differently with one Haagen Swendsen, 2 who was, in 1702, convicted and executed for stealing Mrs. Rawlins, an heiress. Nowadays, he would have been unhesitatingly acquitted, even if he had ever been prosecuted, as there was no real case against him, and Mrs. Rawlins married him of her own free will. That people could be married young enough is rendered suffi- ciently evident by the very painful case of Sir George Downing and Mary Forester, which excited much interest in the last year of Anne's reign. It is very lucidly put as a case for counsel's opinion. 3 1 LuttrelVs Diary, Sept. 12, 1710. 2 British Museum, 515. 1. 2, 196. 8 The Counsellor s Plea for the Divorce of Sir G. D. and Mrs. F. t 1715. MARRIAGE. 23 'The Case. 1 1. G. D. without the Knowledge and Consent of his Father (then alive, but accounted not of sound Judgment) was at the Age of Fifteen, by the Procurement and Persuasion of those in whose Keeping he was, Marry'd, according to the Church form, to M. F. of the Age of Thirteen. < 2. This young Couple was put to Bed, in the Day time, accord- ing to Custom, and continu'd there a little while, but in the Presence of the Company, who all testify they touched not one the other ; and after that, they came together no more ; — the young Gentleman going immediately Abroad, the young Woman continuing with her Parents. 1 3. G. D., after Three or Four Years Travel, return'd home to England, and being sollicited to live with his lawful Wife, refus'd it, and frequently and publickly declar'd he never would compleat the Marriage. ' 4. Fourteen Years have pass'd since this Marriage Ceremony was perform'd, each Party having (as is natural to think) contracted an incurable Aversion to each the other, is very desirous to be set at liberty ; and accordingly Application is made to the Legislative power to dissolve this Marriage, and to give each Party leave, if they think fit, to Marry elsewhere. ' The Reasons against such Dissolution are : — 1 First. That each Party was Consenting to the Marriage, and was Old enough to give such Consent, according to the known Laws of the Kingdom ; the Male being Fifteen Years Old, the Female Thirteen ; whereas the Years of Consent are, by Law, Fourteen and Twelve. ' Secondly. They were actually Marry'd according to the Form prescrib'd by the Church of England ; the Minister pro- nouncing those solemn Words us'd by our Saviour, Those whom God has joyn^d let no Man put asunder. They are therefore Man and Wife both by the Laws of God and of the Land ; and, since nothing but Adultery can dissolve a Marriage, and no Adultery is pretended here, the Marriage continues indissoluble.' And, in the course of some very able pleading, the author says, 1 My Lords, the Years of Consent are not fix'd to Fourteen or Twelve either by Nature ', Reason, or any Law of God; but purely and meerly by the positive Laws of the Land, which may change them to Morrow; 1 and if they were chang'd to Day, no Man in England would, I dare affirm it, be dissatisfy' d ; it seems so sense- less and unreasonable to give our Children the Power of disposing of their Persons for ever, at an Age when we will not let them dispose of Five Shillings without Direction and Advice.' 1 But it never has been changed, and is now in force. 24 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE, £ s. d. o 4 5o However, no pleading could prevail against the actual law, and this singularly married couple remained, legally, man and wife. In 1690 there was a pamphlet issued by i A Person of Quality,' 1 advocating a tax on bachelors, and on April 22, 1695, William III. gave his assent to an Act intituled ' An Act for granting his Majesty certain Rates and Duties upon Marriages, Births, and Burials, and upon Batchelors and Widowers for the term of five years, for carry- ing on the War with Vigour.' For the Burial of every person ..... „ of a Duke (above the 4^.) „ * of a Marquess, &c. &c, in proportion. „ of every person having a real estate ^50 „ per annum or upwards, or a personal „ estate of ^600 or upwards . „ of the Wife of such person having such estate For and upon the Birth of every person and Child, except the children of those who receive Alms For and upon the birth of the eldest son of a Duke „ of a Marquess and so forth. Upon the Marriage of every person „ of a Duke „ „ Marquess „ „ Earl .... and so forth. Bachelors above 25 years old, yearly Widowers above 25 years old, yearly A Duke being Bachelor or Widower, yearly . A Marquess „ „ „ o 10 o o 3o o 5o 40 30 o o 12 IO By the Act 8 & 9 Will. III., ' For making good the Deficiencies of Several Funds therein mentioned,' these taxes were kept on, and were to be paid until Aug. 1, 1706, so that they were in force during four years of Anne's reign. In a most amusing tract 2 this Act is alluded to as a law dis- couraging marriage, and proposes to make bachelors of 24 and widowers of 50 pay 20^. per annum, and estimates that a revenue of 2 h millions sterling would accrue. There was every freedom of intercourse allowed between the young of both sexes : they visited, and we have seen that they mixed in the dancing academies. There was also the custom of valentines, now become obsolete and unmeaning. Misson describes it well, as indeed he did everything he saw in England : ' On the Eve of the 14th of Feb., St. Valentine's Day, a Time when all living Nature inclines to couple, the Young Folks in England, and Scotland too, by a very ancient Custom, celebrate a little Festival that tends Marriage Promoted, &c. 2 The Levellers. MARRIAGE. 25 to the same End. An equal Number of Maids and Batchelors get together, each writes their true or some feign'd Name upon separate Billets, which they Roll up, and draw by way of Lots, the Maids taking the Men's Billets, and the Men the Maids ; so that each of the Young Men lights upon a Girl that he calls his Valentine, and each of the Girls upon a young Man which she calls hers : By this means each has two Valentines ; but the Man sticks faster to the Valentine that is fallen to him, than to the Valentine to whom he is fallen. Fortune having thus divided the Company into so many Couples, the Valentines give Balls and Treats to their Mistresses, wear their Billets several Days upon their Bosoms or Sleeves, and this little Sport often ends in Love. There is another kind of Valentine ; which is the first young Man or Woman that Chance throws in your Way in the Street, or elsewhere, on that Day.' The whole of the literature of the day speaks of the tendency of young men to avoid the trammels of matrimony. Most probably the wild blood engendered in Charles the Second's time had not yet cooled down, and the licence then habitual, had hardly been superseded by decorum ; but there were other causes, one of which was the introduction of marriage settlements. These were com- paratively new. Steele calls attention to it : x c Honest Coupler, the Conveyancer, says " He can distinguish, upon sight of the parties before they have opened upon any point of their business, which of the two has the daughter to sell." Coupler is of our Club, and I have frequently heard him declaim upon this subject, and assert " that the Marriage Settlements, which are now used, have grown fashionable even within his memory." ? When the theatre, in some late reigns, owed its chief support to those scenes which were written to put matrimony out of coun- tenance and render that state terrible, then it was that pin money first prevailed ; and all the other articles were inserted, which create a diffidence, and intimate to the young people that they are very soon to be in a state of war with each other ; though this has seldom happened, except the fear of it had been expressed. Coupler will tell you also ' that jointures were never frequent until the age before his own ; but the women were contented with the third part of the estate the law allotted them, and scorn'd to engage with men whom they thought capable of abusing their Children.' He has also informed me ' that those who are the oldest Benchers when he came to the Temple told him, the first Marriage Settle- ment of considerable length was the invention of an old Serjeant, who took the opportunity of two testy fathers, who were ever squabbling, to bring about an alliance between their Children. These fellows knew each other to be knaves, and the Serjeant took hold of their mutual diffidence, for the benefit of the Law, to extend the Settlement to three skins of parchment.' This was undoubtedly the substance of a genuine conversation with a lawyer, and is 1 The T a tier, 199. 26 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. further referred to in a subsequent paper. Nor did Steele like pin money : he not only declaims against it in his essays, but in his dramatic works — in ' The Tender Husband,' where two fathers are squabbling over settlements. One, Sir Harry Gubbin, says — Look y' f Mr. Tipkin, the main Article with me is that Foundation of Wives Rebellion — that cursed Pin Money — Five hundred Pounds per annum Pin Money. Tipkin. The Word Pin Money, Sir Harry, is a Term Sir H. It is a Term, Brother, we never had in our Family, nor ever will. Make her Jointure in Widowhood accordingly large, but Four hundred Pounds a Year is enough to give no account of. Tipkin. Well, Sir Harry, since you can't swallow these Pins, I will abate to Four Hundred Pounds. Sir H. And to Mollifle the Article, as well as Specifie the Uses, we'll put in the Names of several Female Utensils, as Needles, Knitting Needles, Tape, Thread, Scissors, Bodkins, Fans, Playbooks, with other Toys of that Nature. Addison, too, must needs have a fling at it, and wrote a whole essay on pin money, 1 and, in a letter therein, gives a doleful case. * The education of these my Children, who, contrary to my expec- tation, are born to me every Year, straightens me so much that I have begged their Mother to free me from the Obligation of the above mentioned Pin Money, that it may go towards making a Provision for her family. This Proposal makes her Noble Blood swell in her Veins, insomuch, that finding me a little tardy in her last Quarter's Payment, she threatens every Day to arrest me : and proceeds so far as to tell me, that if I do not do her Justice, I shall die in a Jayl. To this she adds, when her Passion will let her argue calmly, that she has several Play Debts on her Hand, which must be discharged very suddenly, and that she cannot lose her Money as becomes a Woman of her Fashion, if she makes me any Abatements in this Article.' Supposing the vexed question of settlements or no settlements disposed of, a thing of primary importance before marriage was to provide the ring, and that, according to the custom of the day, must have a posy on it. 2 l He has likewise promised me to get the measure of his Mistress's marriage finger, with a design to make a posy in the fashion of a ring which shall exactly fit it.' The posy was mostly a couplet — and as not much sentiment or poetry can be compressed into two lines, the posies, as far as we can judge, are not very brilliant efforts of genius. The appended examples are all genuine of the time, as they are taken from the newspaper advertisements of things lost. Two made one God's Providence God decreed By God alone. Is our Inheritance. Our Unity. This in Love Vertuous love Join our Hearts Will never remove. To God Above. 1 Spectator, 295. 2 Ibid. 59. MARRIAGE. 27 And now a word or two as to the Marriages of those times, and one is fairly surprised at the very little fuss that was generally made about them. On the Stage, a clergyman coupled the pair pre- sently, or the young people just left the room and came back in a few minutes, duly married. And this really was somewhat like real life, and not a travesty. ' Aunt, Aunt, run for Doctor Drome- dary, and let us be Married before the Sun reposes,' 1 was a not unnatural request for a young lady to make. A custom had grown up to avoid the noise and riot of a public wedding, which, besides, was very expensive — open house being but a small part of it ; so it used to be, that the young people would get married with just sufficient legal witness, and with the full consent of the parents. Even the middle class were glad to get rid of the noise of drums, etc. (which still survives in the marrow bones and cleavers — the rough music of a lower-class wedding). Here Rows of Drummers stand in Martial File, And with their Vellom Thunder shake the Pile, To greet the new made Bride ; 2 and in one of Steele's Spectators (364) is a letter commencing { I was marry'd on Sunday last, and went peaceably to Bed ; but, to my Surprize, was awaken'd the next Morning by the Thunder of a Set of Drums.' For this noise the unfortunate bridegroom had to pay pretty smartly. These private marriages had their inconveniences, as the following advertisement 3 shows : * Whereas, for several Reasons, the Marriage of Mrs. Frances Herbert to Capt. James Price, Son to Brigadier Price of Ireland, was kept private for some time, which has occasioned some insolent People to censure her Virtue ; to prevent which Censures for the future, it is thought proper to give this Publick Notice that she was marry'd to the said Capt. James Price on the 18th Day of June last at the Parish Church of St. Bennet's, Pauls Wharf, London, by License and before Witnesses.' Misson adverts to this custom of private marriage as being very common. * In England, a Boy may marry at fourteen Years old, and a Girl at twelve, in spight of Parents and Guardians, without any Possibility of dissolving their Marriage, tho' one be the Son of a Hog-driver, and the other a Duke's Daughter. 4 This often pro- duces very whimsical Matches. There is another thing in it odd enough ; for those Children by this means not only become their own Masters, but obtain this Advantage at a very easy Rate. If to be marry'd it were necessary to be proclaim'd three Times in a full Congregation, their Friends would be inform'd of the Matter, and might find a Way to disswade a little Girl, that had taken it into her Head to have a Husband, by giving her fine Cloaths, 1 Tunbridge Walks, by Thos. Baker, 1703. 2 Trivia, by Gay. 3 Post Boy, May 24/27, 1712. 4 There was a law against marrying the heiress of a noble family before the age of twenty-one years without the consent of her guardians. 28 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. pretty Babies, and every Thing else that might amuse her ; but the Wedding is clapp'd up so privately, that People are amaz'd to see Women brought to Bed of legitimate Children, without having heard a Word of the Father. The Law, indeed, requires that the Bans should be publish'd ; but the strange Practice of a dispensing Power makes the Law of no Manner of Use. To proclaim Bans is a Thing no Body now cares to have done ; very few are willing to have their Affairs declar'd to all the World in a publick Place, when for a Guinea they may do it Snug, and without Noise ; and my good Friends the Clergy, who find their Accounts in it, are not very zealous to prevent it. Thus, then, they buy what they call a Licence, and are marry'd in their Closets, in Presence of a couple of Friends, that serve for Witnesses ; and this ties them for ever : Nay, the Abuse is yet greater, for they may be marry'd without a Licence in some Chappels, which have that Privilege. . . . Hence comes the Matches between Footmen and young Ladies of Quality, who you may be sure live no very easy Life together afterwards : Hence, too, happen Polygamies, easily conceal'd, and too much practised.' Sometimes they were married at a tavern. 1 * Whereas a Couple was marryed at the Ship Tavern without Temple Barr, London, in March, 1696. The Parson, or any other that was then Present, is desired to come or send to the Publisher of this Paper, and give an account of the said Marriage, and shall be satisfied for their charges of coming or sending, and loss of time.' The irregular marriages were a crying evil of the times — in spite of legislative efforts to stop them. There was an Act passed, 6 and 7 Wm. III. cap. 7, sec. 52, for the better levying the 5^. duty on licences, and imposing a penalty of 100/. for marrying without one — and the 7 and 8 Wm. III. cap. 35 recites this Act, and says it was ineffectual, because the penalty of 100/. was not extended to every offence of the same parson — because the parsons employed poor and indigent ministers, without benefices, or settled habitations, and because many ministers, being in prison for debt or otherwise, married persons for lucre and gain. There have been certain churches and chapels 2 exempted from the visitation of the ordinary — and the ministers of such, usually married without licence or banns— and these were called ' lawless churches.' In Anne's reign there was one famous one, St. James', Duke's Place, by Aldgate. Another was Holy Trinity, Minories, which exercised the same privilege. The Savoy had not yet been much heard of, and they did a good business. In the former case, privilege was claimed, because the Mayor, Commonalty, and Citizens of London were lords of the manor and patrons of the church, and therefore set up an exemption from the jurisdiction 1 Postman, August 28/31, 1703. 2 Judging by the 8th and 9th Wm. III. cap. 26, which took away their pretended privileges, these were White Friars, the Savoy, Salisbury Court, Ram Alley, Mitre Court, Fuller's Rents, Baldwin's Gardens, Montague Close, the Minories, Mint and Clink or Dead Man's Place ; but there were many others. MARRIAGE. 29 (in matters ecclesiastical) of the Bishop of London. In the latter, it was pleaded that the living was held direct from the Crown, in whose gift it was, and that the minister held the same by an instru- ment of dotation, under the Great Seal of England, and that it was neither a rectory nor vicarage institutive. However, the arm of the ecclesiastical law did once reach Adam Elliott, rector of St. James', and on Feb. 17, 1686, he was suspended for three years, ab officio et beneficio, for having married, or having suffered persons to be married, at the said church, without banns or licence. He was, however, reinstituted on May 28, 1687, after having peti- tioned the Ecclesiastical Commissioners ; but he began his old trade very shortly afterwards, in fact the next day, as appears in the marriage register of the church — ' There were no marriages from the tenth of March till y e 29 day of May 5 1687. People could be, and were, married without licence, both in the Fleet and Queen's Bench Prisons. It is probable that prisoners there were duly and properly married by banns in the prison chapel, long before 1674, which is the date of the earliest illicit Fleet Register in the Bishop of London's registry \ for, in a letter, Sept. 1613, we read: 1 ' Now I am to enform you that an ancyentt acquayntance of y rs and myne is yesterday maryed in the Fleette, one Mr. Georg Lestor, and hath maryed M ris Babbington, Mr. Thomas Fanshawe mother-in-lawe. It is sayed she is a woman of good wealthe so as nowe the man wylle able to lyve and mayntayn hymself in prison, for hether unto he hath byne in poor estate.' But, at all events, the law was set at nought in Anne's reign, as it was for many a long year afterwards. In 1702 the chaplain was Robert Elborough, who married but few without banns or licence, ' but under a colour doth allow his clerk Bartholomew Basset to do what he pleases,' and in 17 14 Mr. John Taylor filled the same office, but he does not seem to have solemnised matrimony at the Fleet. There was, however, a low clergyman, named John Gaynam, otherwise Doctor Gaynam, who did a large trade there in marriages, from 1709 to 1740. A little anecdote of him, though not in Queen Anne's time, may not be amiss. He was giving evidence at the Old Bailey on the trial of Robert Husseyfor bigamy, in 1733. Dr. Gainham. The 9th of September, 1733, I married a couple at the Rainbow Coffee House, the corner of Fleet Ditch, and entered the marriage in my register, as fair a register as any church in England can produce. I showed it last night to the foreman of the jury, and my Lord Mayor's Clerk, at the London Punch House. Counsel. Are you not ashamed to come and own a clandestine marriage in the face of a court of justice? Dr. Gai7iham (bowing). Video meliora, deteriora sequor. The same practice was followed by others during this reign. Wrn. Wyatt, who moved from the Two Sawyers, at the corner of Fleet Lane, to the Hand and Pen near Holborn Bridge, married from 1713 to 1750. John Floud, who was for some years a prisoner 1 Lansdowne MSS., 93-17. 30 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN' ANNE. in the Fleet, married from 1709 to 1729. John Mottram, from 1709 to 1725. He was convicted, in 17 16, in the Consistory Court, for marrying illegally, and was suspended from his ministerial functions for three years. Jerome Alley, from 168 1 to 1707, when he left off marrying ' for some other preferment.' Draper, from 1689 to 17 16. John Evans, from 1689 to 1729. Henry Gower, 1689 to 1 718. Thos. Hodgkins, 1674 to 1728. Ed. Marston, 17 13 to 1 7 14. Oswald, 1 7 12. Nehemiah Rogers, a prisoner, but rector of Ashingdon, Essex, married between 1700 and 1703. He seems to have been a specially bright specimen of the Fleet parson. ' He is a Prisoner, but goes at larg to his P. Living in Essex, and all places else ; he is a very wicked man as lives, for drinking, whoring, and swearing, he has struck and boxed y e bridegroom in y e Chappie, and damned like any com'on soldier, he marries both within and without y e Chappie like his brother Colton.' This was James Colton, who had been deprived of his living for evil prac- tices, and married from 1681 to 1721. Benj. Bynes, 1698 to 171.1. Walter Stanhope, 1 7 1 1 . Jo. Vice, 1 689 to 1 7 1 3 ; and J. Wise, in 1 709. The Queen's Bench was not behind its brother of the Fleet, but there even greater abuses existed — laymen officiating. 1 c 'Tis expected that a Bill to prevent clandestine Marriages, under a severe Corporal Penalty, will be brought in very early next Session of Parliament. For which 'tis said too just Occasion has been given by a Discovery lately made that Laymen have been suffer'd to marry at the Queen's Bench ; and that John Sarjeant, who now acts there again as Clerk, has forg'd Certificates of pretended Marriages, for which he keeps Register books, with large blanks almost in every Page, whereby very mischievous Frauds are prac- ticable. For preventing whereof, the late Chaplain labour'd hard with the most proper Person to command the said books out of the Clerk's Custody, and not prevailing, resign'd his Office, which he had discharg'd among the Prisoners, both in the House and in the Rules, above five years, charitably, having never receiv'd one Farthing of the Fees thereto annexed. — William Tipping.' This evidently refers to the Marriage Act of Queen Anne (10 Anne, c. 19), which received the royal assent on May 22, 17 12. This was a short Act smuggled in in a long money bill about duties on ' Sope ' and paper, linen, silks, calicoes, stampt vellom, &c. It renewed, from June 24, 17 12, the penalty of 100/. attaching to the performance of illegal matches, giving half the penalty to the in- former, and, ' if any gaoler or keeper of any prison shall be privy to, or knowingly permit, any marriage to be solemnised in his said prison, before publication of banns, or license obtained as afore- said, he shall for every such offence forfeit the sum of one hundred pounds to be recovered and distributed as aforesaid.' There, then, was an extra duty of $s. imposed upon every marriage licence, or certificate of marriage. 1 The Postboy, October 13/16, 1711. MARRIAGE. 31 Marriages were made easy. You could go a country walk and pop in and get married. A newly built church at Hampstead thus 1 advertises : ' As there are many weddings at Sion Chapel, Hamp- stead, five Shillings only is required for all the Church fees of any Couple that are married there, provided they bring with them a license or Certificate, according to the Act of Parliament. Two Sermons are continued to be preached in the said Chapel every Sunday, and the place will be given to any Clergyman that is willing to accept of it, to be approved of.' Early in George the First's time, in 1716, they offered 'that all persons, upon bringing a licence, and who shall have their wedding dinner in the gardens, may be married in the said Chapel, without giving any fee or reward whatsoever.' Whilst on the subject of curious marriages, the following may well be noticed, extracted from the Parish Register : 'John Brid- more and Anne Sellwood, both of Chiltern All Saints, were married October 17, 1714. 1 The aforesaid Anne Sellwood was married in her Smock, with- out any clothes or head gier on.' This is not uncommon, the object being, according to a vulgar error, to exempt the husband from the payment of any debts his wife may have contracted in her ante-nuptial condition. This error seems to have been founded on a misconception of the law, as it is laid down 2 that ' the husband is liable for the wife's debts, because he acquires an absolute interest in the personal estate of the wife,' etc. An unlearned person from this might conclude, and not un- reasonably, that if his wife had no estate whatever, he could not incur any liability. Anyhow, after marriage they were liable, as the following gen- tlemen knew : ' Whereas Elizabeth Stephenson, Wife of George Stephenson, late of Falken Court, near the Queen's Bench, in Southwark, hath Eloped from her said Husband, and since hath contracted several Debts with a design to Ruin her said Husband These are therefore to give notice to the Publick, That the said George Stephenson will not on any Account whatever Pay or allow of any Debt so Contracted by the said Elizabeth Stephenson, either before or since her elopement.' ' Whereas Isabella Goodyear, the Daughter of Rich. Cliffe of Brixhome in the County of Devon, and Wife of Aaron Goodyear of London, Merchant, about 18 months since abandon'd and forsook the Bed and since the Board of Aaron her said Husband, carrying with her in Goods, Plate, and other Goods to the value of ,£200 and upwards, and whereas the said Isabella hath as well been sollicited by the said Aaron her Husband, as also by several of his acquaintance, to return to and Cohabit with him, under all assurances of being civilly receiv'd and main- tain'd according to his quality and circumstances, which the said 1 The Postboy, April 18/20, 1710. 2 Bacons Abridgment, Tit. Baron and Feme, 32 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Isabella hath, and still doth obstinately refuse. These are therefoie to give notice to all Traders, and all other persons whatsoever, that from and after this present Notice they do not maintain, sustain, or detain the said Isabella from the said Aaron her Husband, or any of his Goods or Plate carryed off by the said Isabella, either by lending her Money or Selling her Goods, or by any other ways whatsoever, under penalty of the law, and forfeiture of the credit, if any, given to the said Isabella from the Notice hereof.' Having discussed the private hole-and-corner, and clandestine marriages, it may be well to inquire the reasons why these were preferred to the more ceremonious ones. Mainly on the score of expense, and to get rid of the uproarious and senseless festivities which accompanied them. Let Misson describe what one was like : ' One of the Reasons that they have for marrying secretly, as they generally do in England, is that thereby they avoid a great deal of Expence and Trouble. . . . Persons of Quality, and many others who imitate them, have lately taken up the Custom of being marry'd very late at Night in their Chamber, and very often at some Country House. 1 They increase their Common Bill of Fare for some Days ; they dance, they play, they give themselves up for some small Time to Pleasure ; but all this they generally do without Noise, and among very near Relations. Formerly in France they gave Livrees de Noces, which was a knot of Ribbands, to be worn by the Guests upon their Arms ; but that is practised now only among Peasants. In England it is done still among the greatest Noblemen. These Ribbands they Call Favours, 2 and give them not only to those that are at the Wedding, but to five hundred People besides ; they send them about, and distribute them at their own houses. . . . Among the Citizens and plain Gentlemen (which is what they call the Gentry) they sometimes give these Favours ; but it is very Common to avoid all Manner of Expence as much as Possible. When those of a middling Condition have a mind to be so extravagant as to marry in Publick (which very rarely happens) they invite a Number of Friends and Relations ; every one puts on new Cloaths, 3 and dresses finer than ordinary ; the Men lead the Women, they get into Coaches, and so go in Pro- cession, and are marry'd in full Day at Church. After Feasting and Dancing, and having made merry that Day and the next, they take a Trip into the Country, and there divert themselves very pleasantly. These are extraordinary Weddings. The Ordinary ones, as I said before, are generally incognito. The Bridegroom, that is to say, the Husband that is to be, and the Bride, who is the 1 Usually at the father's or guardian's of the lady. 2 This custom partially survives, and originated in a division among the guests of the ribbons worn by the bride and bridegroom. These favours were worn for some weeks in the hat, and were made of a pretty large knot of ribbons of various colours — gold, silver, carnation, and white. 3 This was absolutely necessary, and mourning was also temporarily left off, unless for a very near relation recently deceased. MARRIAGE, 33 Wife that is to be, conducted by their Father and Mother, or by those that serve them in their room, and accompany' d by two Bride men and two Bride maids, go early in the Morning with a Licence * is their Pocket and call up Mr. Curate and his Clerk, tell him their Business ; are marry'd with a low Voice, and the Doors shut ; tip the Minister a Guinea, and the Clerk a Crown ; steal softly out, one one way, and t'other another, either on Foot or in Coaches ; go different Ways to some Tavern at a Distance from their own Lodgings, or to the House of some trusty Friend, there have a good Dinner, and return Home at Night as quietly as Lambs. If the Drums and Fiddles have notice of it they will be sure to be with them by Day break, making a horrible Racket, till they have got the Pence ; and, which is worst of all, the whole Murder will come out. Before they go to bed they take t other Glass, &c., and when Bedtime is come the Bride men pull off the Bride's Garters, which she had before unty'd that they might hang down, and so prevent a Curious Hand coming too near her knee. This done, and the Garters being fastened to the Hats of the Gallants, the Bride maids carry the Bride into the Bed chamber, where they undress her, 2 and lay her in Bed. The Bridegroom, who by the Help of his Friends is undress'd in some other Room, comes in his Night-gown as soon as possible to his Spouse, who is surrounded by Mother, Aunt, Sisters, and Friends, and without any farther Ceremony gets into Bed. Some of the Women run away, others remain, and the Mo- ment afterwards they are all got together again. 3 The Bridemen Take the Bride's Stockings, and the Bridemaids the Bridegroom's ; both sit down at the Bed's Feet and fling the Stockings over their Heads, endeavouring to direct them so as that they may fall upon the marry'd Couple. If the Man's stockings, thrown by the Maids, fall upon the Bridegroom's Head, it is a Sign she will quickly be marry'd herself; and the same Prognostick holds good of the Woman's Stockings thrown by the Man. Oftentimes these young People engage with one another upon the Success of the Stockings, tho' they themselves look upon it to be nothing but Sport. While some amuse themselves agreeably with these little Follies, others are preparing a good Posset, which is a kind of Cawdle, a Potion made up of Milk, Wine, Yolk of Eggs, Sugar, Cinnamon, Nutmeg, etc. This they present to the young Couple, who swallow it down as fast as they can to get rid of so troublesome Company ; the 1 The licence was generally shown the clergyman the day before the wedding, and an appointment made for the ceremony. 2 There was then, and may be now, a curious superstition that every pin about the bride must be thrown away and lost. There would be no luck if one remained. Nor must the bridesmaid keep one, for should she do so she certainly would not be married before Whitsuntide. 3 Pepys tells of a frolic Lady Castlemaine and the beautiful Frances Terese Stuart (the original of the Britannia on the copper coinage) had : ' That they two must be married — and married they were — with ring and all other ceremo- nies of Church service, and ribbands, and a sack posset in bed, and flinging the stocking.' D 34 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Bridegroom prays, scolds, entreats them to be gone, and the Bride says ne'er a Word, but thinks the more. If they obstinately con- tinue to retard the Accomplishment of their Wishes, the Bridegroom jumps up in his Shirt, which frightens the Women, and puts them to Flight. The Men follow them, and the Bridegroom returns to the Bride. 1 They never fail to bring them another Sack Posset next Morning, which they spend in such Amusements as you may easily imagine. The young Woman, more gay and more contented than ever she was in her Life, puts on her finest Cloaths (for she was married only in a Mob ! ), the dear Husband does the same, and so do the young Guests ; they laugh, they dance, they make merry ; and these Pleasures continue a longer or shorter time, according to the several Circumstances of Things. 5 There was no going away for the honeymoon for the newly married couple. That trying season was spent at home, in a some- what stately manner — receiving company, and must have been excessively irksome, as the following amusing account of a citizen's honeymoon shows : 2 * I have lately married a very pretty body, who being somewhat younger and richer than myself, I was advised to go a wooing to her in a finer suit of clothes than ever I wore in my life : for I love to dress plain, and suitable to a man of my rank. How ever, I gained her heart by it. Upon the wedding day I put myself, according to custom, in another suit, fire new, with silver buttons to it. I am so out of Countenance among my neighbours, upon being so fine, that I heartily wish my clothes well worn out. I fancy every body observes me as I walk the street, and long to be in my own plain geer again. Besides, forsooth, they have put me in a Silk Night gown and a gaudy fool's cap, and make me now and then stand in the window with it. I am ashamed to be dandled thus, and cannot look in the glass without blushing to see myself turned into such a pretty little master. They tell me I must appear in my wedding suit for the first month at least ; after which I am resolved to come again to my every day's clothes, for at present every day is Sunday with me. ... I forgot to tell you of my white gloves, which they say, too, I must wear all the first month.' I am afraid some of these good gentlemen beat their wives sometimes ; and even the gallant Sir Richard Steele says : 3 ' I cannot deny but there are perverse Jades that fall to Men's Lots, with whom it requires more than common Proficiency in Philosophy to be able to live. When these are joined to Men of warm Spirits, without Temper or Learning, they are frequently corrected with Stripes ; but one of our famous Lawyers is of opinion, That this ought to be used sparingly.' On the other hand, we hear much of hen-pecked men — so that it is probable, so far as matrimonial jars were concerned, the world wagged then much as now — without the facility for separation and divorce which now exists. 1 A mob was a dishabille dress, scarcely ever mentioned in terms of commendation. 2 Guardian, No. 113. 3 Spectator t 479. 35 CHAPTER IV. DEATH AND BURIAL. Longevity — Undertakers' charges — Costliness of funerals— Mourning— Burial in woollen — Burial societies — Burial by night — A cheat— Mourning rings — Funeral pomp— Monuments — Description of a funeral — A Roman Catholic funeral — Widows. That some lived to a good old age there can be no doubt ; but a patriarch died in this reign at Northampton, April 5, 1706 : L ' This Day died John Bales of this Town, Button Maker Aged 130 and some Weeks ; he liv'd in the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth, King James the First, King Charles the First, Oliver, King Charles the Second, King James the Second, King William the Third, and Queen Anne.' And this brings us — Where the brass knocker, wrapt in flannel band, Forbids the thunder of the footman's hand ; Th' upholder, rueful harbinger of death, Waits with impatience for the dying breath ; As vultures o'er a camp, with hovering flight, Snuff up the future carnage of the fight. 2 Nay, if Steele is to be believed, they even feed heavily for early information of death. 3 Sadie. You don't consider the Charges I have been at already. Lord Brampton. Charges? For what? Sable. First, Twenty Guineas to my Lady's Woman for notice of your Death (a Fee I've, before now, known the Widow herself go halfs in), but no matter for that. In the next place, Ten Pounds for watching you all your long Fit of Sickness last Winter. Lord B. Watching me? Why I had none but my own Servants by Turns. Sable. I mean attending to give notice of your Death. I had all your long fit of Sickness last Winter, at Half a Crown a day, a fellow waiting at your Gate, to bring me Intelligence, but you unfortunately recovered, and I Lost all my Obliging pains for your Service. This, of course, is exaggeration, but although, as we have seen, people were sparing in expense over births or marriages, they were absolutely lavish over funerals, and the undertaker could well afford to disgorge some of his gains. Was it the funeral of a rich man, thecorpse must straightway be embalmed, roughly though it may be. ' Have you brought the Sawdust and Tar for embalming ? Have you the hangings and the Sixpenny nails for my Lord's Coat of Arms ? ' The hatchment must be put up, and mutes must be 1 Daily Courant, April 9, 1706. 2 Trivia. 3 This and the following quotations are trom The Funeral or Grief a la Mode, by Steele, ed. 1702. Da 36 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. stationed at intervals from the hall door to the top of the stairs. * Come, you that are to be Mourners in the House, put on your Sad Looks, and walk by Me that I may sort you. Ha you ! a little more upon the Dismal. This Fellow has a good Mortal look, place him near the Corps ; That Wanscoat Face must be o' top of the Stairs : That Fellow 's almost in a Fright (that looks as if he were full of some strange misery) at the Entrance of the Hall. So !— but I'll fix you all myself. Let's have no Laughing now on any Provocation ; Look Yonder, at that Hale, Well looking Puppy ! You ungrateful Scoundrel, Did not I pity you, take you out of a Great Man's Service, and show you the Pleasure of receiving Wages ? Did not I give you Ten, then Fifteen and Twenty Shillings a Week to be Sorrowful ? and the more I give you, I think the Glader you are ! ' The undertaker issued his handbills— gruesome things, with grinning skulls and shroud-clad corpses, thigh bones, mattocks and pickaxes, hearses, and what not. i These are to Notice, that Mr. John Elphick, Woollen Draper, over against St. Michael's Church in Lewes, hath a good Hearse, a Velvet Pall, Mourning Cloaks, and Black Hangings for Rooms to be Lett at Reasonable Rates. ' He also Sells all sorts of Mourning and Half Mourning, all sorts of Black Cyprus for Scarfs and Hatbands, and White Silks for Scarfs and Hoods at Funerals; Gloves of all sorts and Burying Cloaths for the Dead. 1 He sells likewise all sorts of Woollen Cloth Broad and Narrow, Silks and Half Silks, Worsted Stuffs of all Sorts, and Prices of the Newest Fashions, and all sorts of Ribbons, Bodies and Hose, very good Penny worths.' ' Eleazar Malory, Joiner at the Coffin in White Chapel, near Red Lion Street end, maketh Coffins, Shrouds, letteth Palls, Cloaks, and P^urnisheth with all other things necessary for Funerals at Reasonable Rates.' The dead were then buried in woollen, which w r as rendered compulsory by the Acts 30 Car. II. c. 3 and 36 ejusdem c. 1. The DEATH and BURIAL. 37 first Act was entitled ' An Act for the lessening the importation of Linnen from beyond the Seas, and the encouragement of the Woollen and Paper Manufactures of the Kingdome.' It prescribed that the curate of every parish shall keep a register, to be provided at the charge of the parish, wherein to enter all burials and affidavits of persons being buried in woollen ; the affidavit to be taken by any justice of the peace, mayor, or such like chief officer in the parish where the body was interred ; and if there be no officer, then by any curate within the county where the corpse was buried (except him in whose parish the corpse was buried), who must administer the oath, and set his hand gratis. i^r* REMEMBER- S 1 R ^TODIE^T YOU arc defired to Accompany the Corps of Mr- Thomas Newborougb, from his late Dwelling-Houfe in St. Paul's Church-Yard, to the Burial place of St Gre~ gov's, on WerJnefcday the 29^ of tins Inftant ]anuary y \yo\. at Five of the Clock in (he Afternoon- m INVITATION TO A FUNERAL. No affidavit to be necessary for a person dying of the plague. It imposed a fine of 5/. for every infringement, one half to go to the informer, and the other half to the poor of the parish. This Act was only repealed by 54 Geo. III. c. 108, or in the year 181 5. The material used was flannel, and such interments are frequently mentioned in the literature of the time, and Luttrell mentions in his diary (Oct. 9, 1703) that the Irish Parliament had just brought in bills ' for encouraging the linnen manufacture, and to oblige all persons to bury in woollen.' 14 7279 35 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. ' Odious ! in woollen ! 'twould a saint provoke, Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke ; 1 No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace Wrap ray cold limbs and shade my lifeless face : One would not, sure, be frightful when one's dead— And, Betty, give this cheek a little red.' l Funeral invitations were sent out — ghastly things, such as the foregoing. Elegies, laudatory of the deceased, were sometimes printed and sent to friends : these were got up in the same charnel-house style. Indeed, no pains were spared to make a funeral utterly miserable and expensive. Hatbands were costly items. ' For the encourage- ment of our English silk called Alamodes, His Royal Highness the Prince of Denmark, the Nobility, and other persons of Quality appear in Mourning Hatbands made of that Silk, to bring the same in fashion, in the place of Crapes, which are made in the Pope's Country where we send our Money for them.' Gloves, of course, had to be given to every mourner. Indeed it is refreshing among the universal spoiling of the deceased's survivors to find that one man advertises cheap mourning and funeral necessaries. 'For the good of the Publick, I Edward Evans, at the Four Coffins in the Strand, over against Somerset House ; Furnish all Necessaries for all sorts of Funerals, both great and small. And all sorts of set Mourning both Black and Gray and all other Furniture sutable to it, fit for any person of Quality. Which I promise to perform 2s. in the Pound cheaper than any of the Undertakers in Town or elsewhere.' Of course these remarks do not apply to the poor : they had already started burial clubs or societies, and very cheap they seem to have been. c This is to give Notice, that the Office of Society for Burials, by mutual Contribution of a Halfpenny or Farthing towards a Burial, erected upon Wapping Wall, is now removed into Katherine Wheel Alley in White Chappel, near Justice Smiths, where subscriptions are taken to compleat the number, as also at the Ram in Crucifix lane in Barnaby Street, Southwark ; to which places notice is to be given of the death of any Member, and where any Person m ty have the Printed Articles after Monday next. And this Thursday about 7 o'clock Evening will be Buried by the Undertakers the Corpse of J. S., a Glover over against the Sun Brewhouse, in Golden Lane ; as also a Child from the Corner of Acorn Alley in Bishopsgate Street, and another Child from the Great Maze Pond, Southwark.' We see in the invitation to Mr. Newborough's funeral that it was to take place on an evening in January. This probably was so 1 Pope's Moral Essays, Epistle i. This is said to refer to Mrs. Oldfield, the famous actress of Anne's reign, who [vide Gentlejna?i s Magazine for March 1731) 'was buried in Westminster Abby, in a Brussels lace Head dress, a Holland Shift, with Tucker and double Ruffles of the same Lace, and a Pair of new Kid Gloves.' ' Betty' was her old and faithful servant, Mrs. Saunders, herself an actress, taking widows' and old maids' parts. DEA TH and BURIAL. 39 arranged by the Undertaker (indeed, the custom was general) to increase his costs, for then the mourners were furnished with wax tapers. These were heavy, and sometimes (judging from the illustrations to undertakers' handbills) were made of four tapers twisted at the stem and then branching out. That these wax candles were expensive enough to excite the thievish cupidity of a band of roughs the following advertisement will show : < Riots and Robberies. Committed in and about Stepney Church Yard, at a Funeral Solemnity, on Wednesday the 23rd day of September ; and whereas many Persons, who being appointed to attend the same Funeral with white Wax lights of a considerable Value, were assaulted in a most violent manner, and the said white Wax lights taken from them. Whoever shall discover any of the Persons, guilty of the said Crimes, so as they may be convicted of the same, shall receive of Mr. William Prince, Wax Chandler in the Poultry, London, Ten Shillings for each Person so discover'd,' &C. 1 We get a curious glimpse of the paraphernalia of a funeral in the Life of a notorious cheat, l The German Princess/ who lived, and was hanged, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and the same funeral customs therein described obtained in Anne's time. She took a lodging at a house, in a good position, and told the landlady that a friend of hers, a stranger to London, had just died, and was lying at ' a pitiful Alehouse,' and might she, for convenience sake, bring his corpse there, ready for burial on the morrow. The landlady consented, and ' that Evening the Corps in a very hand- some Coffin was brought in a Coach, and plac'd in the Chamber, which was the Room one pair of Stairs next the street and had a Balcony. The Coffin being cover'd only with an ordinary black Cloth, our Counterfeit seems much to dislike it ; the Landlady tells her that for 10s. she might have the Use of a Velvet Pall, with which being well pleas'd, she desir'd that the Landlady would send for the Pall, and withal accommodate the Room with her best Furniture, for the next Day but one he should be bury'd ; thus the Landlady perform'd, getting the Velvet Pall, and placing on a Side- Board Table 2 Silver Candlesticks, a Silver Flaggon, 2 Standing gilt Bowls, and several other Pieces of Plate ; but the Night before the intended Burial, our counterfeit Lady and her Maid within the House, handed to their Comrades without, all the Plate, Velvet Pall, and other Furniture of the Chamber that was Portable and of Value, leaving the Coffin and the suppos'd Corps, she and her Woman descended from the Balcony by Help of a Ladder, which her Comrades had brought her.' It is needless to say that the coffin contained only brickbats and hay, and a sad sequel to this story is, that the undertaker sued the landlady for the loss of his pall, which had lately cost him 40/. Another very costly item in funerals was the giving of mourning rings. We see 2 the number of rings given at Pepys' funeral in 1 Daily Courant, Sept. 30, 1713. 2 Appendix. 40 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. 1703, and their value, 10s. and 15^., especially when we consider the extra, value of the currency at that period, must have been a sore burden to the survivors. Thoresby 1 shows to what a prodigal extent this custom might be carried. ' Afternoon, at the Funeral of my excellent and dear friend, Dr. Thomas Gale, Dean of York, who was interred with great solemnity : lay in state, 200 rings (besides scarfs to bearers and gloves to all) given in the room where I was, which yet could not contain the company.' Naturally, a great many must have come to a man in the course of his life, as we may see by the contents of a box lost out of a waggon between Stamford and London : ' 3 Hair Rings, 6 with a Death's Head, about 2 penny weight apiece the Posie (Prepared be to follow me) ; 3 other mourning rings with W. C. ob. 18 Dec. 1702 ; 1 Ennamelled Ring, 3 Pennyweight twelve grains. W. Heltey, ob. 5 July, ALL 61.' And their value may be guessed from ' Lost on Thursday, the 8th Instant one of the late Lord Huntingdon's Funeral Rings. Whoever brings it to Mr. White's at the Chocolate House in St. James's shall have two Guineas reward.' Besides the rings, hatbands, scarves, and gloves, there was another tax ; for Evelyn, 2 noting Pepys' death and burial, says, ' Mr. Pepys had been for neare 40 years so much my particular friend that Mr. Jackson sent me compleat mourning, desiring me to be one to hold up the pall at his magnificent obsequies, but my indisposition hinder'd me from doing him this last office.' The pomp of funerals was outrageous. Gay, observant as he always was, notes this in ' Trivia,' book 3 : — Why is the Herse with 'Scutcheons blazon'd round, And with the nodding Plume of Ostrich crown'd ? No, the Dead know it not, nor profit gain : It only serves to prove the Living vain. How short is Life ! how frail is human Trust ! Is all this Pomp for laying Dust to Dust? No wonder he exclaimed against these mortuary extravagances. Take an alderman's funeral as an example : ' On Wednesday last the Corps of Sir William Prichard, Kt., late Alderman, and some- time Lord Mayor of the City of London, (Who died Feb. 18) having lain some days in State, at his House in Highgate, was convey'd from thence in a Hearse, accompanied by several Mourning Coaches with 6 Horses each, through Barnet and St. Albans to Dunstable ; and the next day through Hockley (where it was met by about 20 Persons on Horseback) to Woburn and Newport Pagnel, and to his seat at Great Lynford (a Mile farther) in the county of Buckingham : Where, after the Body had been set out, with all Ceremony befitting his Degree, for near 2 hours, 'twas carried to the Church adjacent in this order, viz. 2 Conductors with long Staves, 6 Men in Long Cloaks two and two, the Standard 1 Diary of Ralph Thoresby, April 15, 1702. * Diary, May 26, 1703. DEATH and BURIAL. 41 18 Men in Cloaks as before, Servants to the Deceas'd two and two, Divines, the Minister of the Parish and the Preacher, the Helm and Crest, Sword and Target, Gauntlets and Spurs, born by an Officer of Arms ; the Surcoat of arms born by another Officer of Arms, both in their rich Coats of Her Majesty's Arms embroidered ; the Body, between 6 Persons of the Arms of Christ's Hospital, St. Bartholomew's, Merchant Taylors' Company, City of London, empaled Coat and Single Coat ; the Chief Mourner and his 4 Assistants, follow'd by the Relations of the Defunct, &c. After Divine Service was perform'd and an excellent Sermon suitable to the Occasion, preach'd by the Reverend Lewis Atterbury, LL.D., Minister of Highgate aforesaid, the Corps was interr'd in a handsome large Vault, in the He on the North side of the Church, betwixt 7 and 8 of the clock that Evening.' x But there was one thing they did not spend so much money upon as their forefathers did, i.e. on monumental statuary, &c. In this age the bust, or 'busto,' was used in preference to the recumbent, or half-figures, of the previous century ; but by far the greater number of mortuary memorials took the form of mural tablets, more or less ornate, according to the taste and wealth of the parties concerned. As a rule the epitaph was in Latin — this classical age, and the somewhat pedantic one that followed, could brook no meaner tongue in which to eulogise its dead ; and their virtues were pompously set forth in that language which is common to the whole of the civilised world. No account of the funerals of this age would be complete without seeing what Misson says on the subject : — ' As soon as any Person is dead, they are oblig'd to give Notice thereof to the Minister of the Parish, and to those who are appointed to visit dead Bodies. This Custom of visiting dead Bodies was establish'd after the dreadful Plague that ravag'd London in 1665, to the Intent that it might be immediately known if there was any Contagious Distemper, and proper Methods taken to put a Stop to it. They are generally two Women that do this. The Clerk of the Parish receives their Certifi- cate, and out of these is form'd an Abridgment that is publish'd every Week. By this Paper you may see how many Persons of both Sexes dy'd within that Week, of what Distemper, or by what Accident. ' There is an Act of Parliament which ordains, That the Dead shall be bury'd in a Woollen Stuff, which is a Kind of a thin Bays, which they call Flannel ; nor is it lawful to use the least Needleful of Thread or Silk. (The Intention of this Act is for the Encourage- ment of the Woollen Manufacture.) This Shift is always White ; but there are different Sorts of it as to Fineness, and consequently of different Prices. To make these Dresses is a particular Trade, and there are many that sell nothing else ; so that these Habits for the Dead are always to be had ready made, of what Size or Price you please, for People of every Age and Sex. After they have 1 Daily Courant, March 5, 1705. 42 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. wash'd the Body thoroughly clean, and shav'd it, if it be a Man, and his Beard be grown during his Sickness, they put it on a Flannel Shirt, which has commonly a Sleeve purfled about the Wrists, and the Slit of the Shirt down the Breast done in the same Manner. When these Ornaments are not of Woollen Lace, they are at least edg'd, and sometimes embroidered with black Thread. The Shirt shoird be at least half a Foot longer than the Body, that the Feet of the Deceas'd may be wrapped in it as in a Bag. When they have thus folded the End of the Shirt close to the Feet, theytye the Part that is folded down with a Piece of Woollen Thread, as we do our Stockings ; so that the End of the Shirt is done into a Kind of Tuft. 1 Upon the Head they put a Cap, which they fasten with a very broad Chin Cloth, with Gloves on the Hands, and a Cravat round the Neck, all of Woollen. That the Body may ly the softer, some put a Lay of Bran, about four inches thick, at the Bottom of the Coffin. Instead of a Cap, the Women have a Kind of Head Dress, with a Forehead Cloth. The Body being thus equipp'd and laid in the Coffin (which Coffin is sometimes very magnificent), it is visited a second time, to see that it is bury'd in Flannel, and that nothing about it is sowed with Thread. They let it lye three or four Days in this Condition ; which Time they allow, as well to give the dead Person an Opportunity of Coming to Life again, if his Soul has not quite left his Body, as to prepare Mourning, and the Ceremonies of the Funeral. • ' They send the Beadle with a List of such Friends and Relations as they have a Mind to invite ; and sometimes they have printed Tickets, which they leave at their Houses. A little before the Company is set in Order for the March, they lay the Body into the Coffin upon two Stools, in a Room where all that please may go and see it ; they then take off the Top of the Coffin, and remove from off the Face a little square Piece of Flannel, made on Purpose to cover it, and not fastened to any Thing ; Upon this Occasion the rich Equipage of the Dead does Honour to the Living. The Relations and chief Mourners are in a Chamber apart, with their more intimate Friends ; and the rest of the Guests are dispersed in several Rooms about the House. ' When they are ready to set out, they nail up the Coffin, and a Servant presents the Company with Sprigs of Rosemary : Every one takes a Sprig and carries it in his Hand "till the Body is put into the Grave, at which Time they all throw their Sprigs in after it. Before they set out, and after they return, it is usual to present the Guests with something to drink, either red or white Wine, boil'd with Sugar and Cinnamon, or some such Liquor. Butler, the Keeper of a Tavern, 1 told me there was a Tun of Red Port drank at his Wife's Burial, besides mull'd White Wine. Note, no Men ever go to Women's burials, nor the Women to the Men's ; so that 1 The Crown and Sceptre in St. Martin's Street. DEATH and BURIAL. 43 LYING IN STATE. 44 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. there were none but Women at the drinking of Butler's Wine. Such Women in England will hold it out with the Men, when they have a Bottle before them, as well as upon t'other Occasion, and tattle infinitely better than they. ' The Parish has always three or four Mortuary Cloths of different Prices, 1 to furnish those who are at the Charge of the interment. These Cloths, which they Call Palls, are some of black Velvet, others of Cloth with an edge of white Linnen or Silk, a foot broad, or thereabouts ; For a Batchellor 01 Maid, or for a Woman that dies in Child Birth, the Pall is white. This is spread over the Coffin, and is so broad that the Six or Eight Men that carry the Body are quite hid beneath it to their Waste, and the Corners and Sides of it hang down low enough to be born by those 2 who, according to Custom, are invited for that purpose. They generally give Black or White Gloves and black Crape Hatbands to those that carry the Pall ; sometimes also white Silk Scarves. 4 Every Thing being ready to move (it must be remember'd that I always speak of middling People, among whom the Customs of a Nation are most truly to be learn'd), one or more Beadles march first, each carrying a long Staff, at the End of which is a great Apple or Knob of Silver. The Minister of the Parish, gene- rally accompany'd by some other Minister, and attended by the Clerk, walks next ; and the Body carry'd as I said before, comes just after him. The Relations in close Mourning, and all the Guests two and two, make up the rest of the Procession. The Common Practice is to carry the corpse thus into the Body of the Church, where they set it down upon two Tressels, while either a Funeral Sermon is preach'd, containing an Eulogium upon the deceased, or certain Prayers said, adapted to the Occasion. If the Body is not bury'd in the Church, they carry it to the Church Yard belonging to the same, where it is interr'd in the Presence of the Guests, who are round the Grave, and they do not leave it "till the Earth is thrown in upon it. Then they return Home in the same order that they came, and each drinks two or three Glasses more before he goes Home. Among Persons of Quality 'tis cus- tomary to embalm the Body, and to expose it for a Fortnight or more on a Bed of State. After which they carry it in a Sort of a Waggon 3 made for that Purpose, and cover'd with black Cloth, to the Place appointed by the Deceased. This Cart is attended by a long train of Mourning Coaches belonging to the Friends of the ^ead Person.' A notice of a Roman Catholic funeral must conclude this subject. It is taken from the will of c Mr. Benjamin Dod, Citizen and Linnen Draper, who fell from his Horse, and dy'd soon after.' 4 4 1 desire Four and Twenty Persons to be at my Burial ... to 1 The handsomest was let out on hire for twenty-five or thirty shillings. 2 Called Pall-bearers — some six friends or so — and accounted a special honour. 3 A hearse. 4 The Flying Post and Medley, July 27, 1714. DEATH and BURIAL. 45 every of which Four and Twenty Persons ... I give a pair of white Gloves, a Ring of Ten Shillings Value, a Bottle of Wine at my Funeral, and Half a Crown to be spent at their Return that Night, to drink my Soul's Health, then on her Journey for Purifi- cation in order to Eternal Rest. I appoint the Room, where my Corps shall lie, to be hung with Black, and four and twenty Wax Candles to be burning ; on my Coffin to be affixed a Cross, and this Inscription, Jesus^ Hominum Salvator. I also appoint my Corps to be carried in a Herse drawn with Six white Horses, with white Feathers, and followed by Six Coaches, with six Horses to each Coach, to carry the four and twenty Persons. . . . Item I give to Forty of my particular Acquaintance, not at my Funeral, to every one of them a Gold Ring of Ten Shillings Value. . . . As for Mourning I leave that to my Executors hereafter nam'd ; and I do not desire them to give any to whom I shall leave a legacy.' Here follows a long list of legacies. i I will have no Presbyterian, Moderate Low Churchmen, or Occasional Con- formists, to be at or have anything to do with my Funeral. I die in the Faith of the True Catholic Church. I desire to h? v e a Tomb stone over me, with a Latin Inscription, and a Lamp, or Six Wax Candles, to burn Seven Days and Nights thereon.' Widows wore black veils, and a somewhat peculiar cap, and had long trains — allusions to which are very frequent in the litera- ture of the time. That they were supposed to seclude themselves for six weeks, and debar themselves of all amusement for twelve months, is shown by the two following extracts from Steele's * Funeral, or Grief a la Mode.' 46 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. 1 But, Tatty, to keep house 6 weeks, that's another barbarous Custom.' ' Oh, how my head runs my first Year out, and jumps to all the joys of widowhood ! If, Thirteen Months hence, a Friend should haul one to a Play one has a mind to see ' ' CHAPTER V. HOUSES, FURNITURE, ETC. 1 Queen Anne ' houses — Vanbrugh's house — Real ' Queen Anne ' houses — Hangings and wall papers — Letting and rent — Prevention of fire — A fire — Insurance companies — Water supply — Thames Water Works — New River — Coals — Furniture — China — Bedsteads. Although for the purpose of this work it is necessary to say somewhat of the houses of the period, it is not worth while dis- cussing the so-called revival of the architecture of Queen Anne's time. The modern houses are quaint and pretty, but they are inno- cent of any close connection with her reign. Artists' and architects' holiday rambles in Holland are provocative of most of them ; ' sweet little bits ' having been brought home in sketch-books from Dordrecht and kindred happy hunting-grounds for the picturesque. The style was not even adopted for mansions — vide Marlborough House and Blenheim ; and the exterior of the ordinary town houses, even of the better class, was singularly unpretentious. Hatton Y is struck with admiration of Queen Square (now Queen Anne's Gate), and says it is ' a beautiful New (tho' small) Square, of very fine Buildings.' If he could thus eulogise its architecture, what must have been the plainness of the exterior of ordinary houses ! It was not that there was a lack of good architects, for Wren and Vanbrugh were alive, but the houses and furniture were in conformity with the spirit of the times — very dull, and plain, and solid. We must never forget that during nearly the whole of this queen's reign a cruel war exhausted the people's finances, that trade was circumscribed, and that there were no mushroom par- venus, with inflated fortunes made from shoddy or the Stock Ex- change, to spend their wealth lavishly on architecture or art in any shape. A dull mediocrity in thought and feeling prevailed, and if any originality in architecture was attempted, it would certainly have been satirised, as it was in the very little-known poem of ' The History of Vanbrugh's House.' 2 1 A New View of London, 1708. 2 See Meditations upon a Broomstick and Somewhat F«side, Swift, ed. 17 10. HOUSES, FURNITURE, etc. 47 When Mother Clud l had rose from Play, And call'd to take the Cards away ; VAN Saw, but seem'd not to regard, How MISS pickt ev'ry Painted Card ; And Busie both with Hand and Eye, Soon Rear'd a House two Story high ; VAN's Genius without Thought or Lecture, This hugely turn'd to A?rhitecture. He view'd the Edifice, and smil'd, Vow'd it was pretty for a Child ; It was so perfect in its Kind, He kept the Model in his Mind. But when he found the Boys at Play, And Saw 'em dabling in their Clay ; He stood behind a Stall to lurk, And mark the Progress of their Work ; With true Delight observ'd 'em All Raking up Mud to build a Wall ; The Plan he much admir'd, and took The Model in his Table-Book ; Thought himself now exactly skill'd, And so resolv'd a House to build. A real House, with Rooms and Sta/'rs, Five Times at least as big as Theirs ; Taller than MISS'S by two Yards ; Not a sham Thing of Clay, or Cards ; And so he did : For in a while, He built up such a monstrous Pile, That no two Chairmen cou'd be found, Able to lift it from the Ground ; Still at White Hall it Stands in View, Just in the Place where first it grew ; There all the little School Boys run, Envying to see themselves outdone. From such deep Rudiments as these, VAN is become by due Degrees, For Building Fam'd, and justly Reckon'd At Court, Vitruvius the Second ; 2 No wonder, since wise Authors show, That Best Foundations must be Low ; And now the Duke has wisely ta'en him To be his Architect at Blenheim : But Railery for once apart, If this Rule holds in ev'ry Art ; Or, if his Grace was no more Skill'd in The Art of Batt'ring Walls, than Building, We might expect to find next Year A Mouse trap Man, Chief Engineer. But should any reader wish to see good specimens of real Queen Anne's houses, I would recommend a visit to Nos. 10 and 11 Aus- tinfriars. They are undoubtedly genuine (mark the date 1704 on the waterspout) ; and the staircase of No. 10, with its beautifully turned and carved balusters, and boldly yet easily carved soffits, is 1 The same lady satirised in The Reverse. 2 Vanbrugh was Comptroller General of Works. 48 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. a real treat to see ; and were it to be cleansed from its many coats of paint, and appear in its original state, it would be an almost matchless specimen of the domestic building of the time. The ceiling, too, at the top of the staircase is very beautifully painted, and was most probably the work either of Laguerre or Thornhill. It is good enough for either of them. No. n is inferior to Xo. 10, but were its neighbour away it would be looked upon as a very good type of a house in the reign of Queen Anne. See also an old house, now used as a Ward School, formerly the residence of Sir C. Wren, in a courtyard in Botolph Lane, Eastcheap. But a good plan is to judge of the houses by contemporary evi- dence and description. ' To be Let, a New Brick House, Built after the Newest Fashion, the Rooms wainscotted and Painted, Lofty Stories, Marble Foot paces to the Chimneys, Sash Windows, glaised with fine Crown Glass, large half Pace Stairs, that 2 People may go up on a Breast, in a new pleasant Court planted with Vines, Jesamin, and other Greens, next Door to the Crown near the Sara- zen's Head Inn in Carter Lane, near St. Paul's Church Yard, London.' So we see even as late as 17 10 that a staircase capable of accommodating two people abreast was a novelty, only to be found in ' the last thing out ' in houses. The windows of these houses were long but narrow ; the smallness of the panes being rendered necessary by the fact that no large size could be made in window-glass, it being only of late years that the manufacture has improved to that extent. Here is another house described, temp. 17 12. ' To be Lett, near Cheapside, A large new-built House that fronts two Streets of great Trade : The Shop is lined with Deal all round, and is about 60 Foot deep one way. There is under the Shop a very good dry Warehouse that is brickt at Bottom. Joyce and boarded over it, the Sides and Top is lined with Deal, it is 9 foot between Floor and Top. There is above Stairs 4 Rooms on a Floor, almost all Wainscotted, and a large Staircase all Wainscot- ted. All the Flat is covered with very thick Lead, with Rails and Bannisters round the Leads and a large Cupolo on the Top. Inquire of Mr. Richard Wright at the Perriwig in Bread Street.' This must have been an extra good house, for they were mostly roofed with tiles, a fact which has practical demonstration, for after the terrible storm of Nov. 26, 1703, which damaged London alone to the extent of a million sterling, and cost us many men-of- war, the loss of over 1,500 sailors of the navy, and an unnumbered quantity of merchant seamen, the price of tiles rose tremendously. On Dec. 7 'there is to be sold Plain Tiles $os. a Thousand, and Pan Tiles for 6/. a Thousand.' The plain tiles went still higher, for on Dec. 24 they were 65^. a thousand. As a rule the rooms were fairly lofty, and the walls of the better class were mostly wainscotted with oak, walnut, chestnut, or cedar, and sometimes beautifully carved, and in the lower-class houses with deal, painted. But wall papers were coming in. 1 'At the 1 Postman, December 10, 12, 1702. HOUSES, FURNITURE, etc. 49 Blue Paper Warehouse in Aldermanbury (and nowhere else) in London, are sold the true sorts of figur'd Paper Hangings, some in pieces of 12 yards long, others after the manner of real Tapistry, others in imitation of Irish Stitch, flower'd Damasks, Sprigs and Branches ; others yard Wide, in imitation of Marble and other coloured Wainscoats ; others in yard wide, Emboss'd work, and a curious sort of Flock work in imitation of CafFaws, and other Hang- ings of curious figures and colours. As also Linnen Cloath, Ta- pestry Hangings, with a variety of Skreens and Chimney pieces, and Sashes for Windows, as transparent as Sarcenet.' And another advertisement in next year gives ' imitation of Marbles and other Coloured Wainscoats, which are to be put in Pannels and Mould- ings made for that purpose, fit for the Hanging of Parlours, Dining Rooms, and Stair Cases ; and others in Yard wide Emboss'd work, in imitation of Gilded Leather.' The old style of hangings did not go out at once, for in 1704 was advertised ' Three Suites of Hang- ing : one of Forrest Tapistry, one of clouded Camlet, and one of blue Printed Linsey ; the 2 first very good, scarce the worse for wearing — to be sold very reasonable.' Stained glass was not used, generally, for decorative purposes, save for coats of arms ; indeed, the art seems to have been in a bad way, judging from the following advertisement : x ' Whereas the ancient Art of Painting and Staining Glass has been much dis- couraged, by reason of an Opinion generally received, That the Red Colour (not made in Europe for many Years) is totally lost ; These are to give Notice, That the said Red, and all other Colours are made to as great a Degree of Curiosity and Fineness as in former Ages by William and Joshua Price, Glasiers and Glass Painters near Hatton Garden in Holborn, London, where any Gentlemen, who have the Curiosity, may be convine'd by Demonstration, there being a large Window just now finished for his Grace the Duke of Leeds, which will be sent into the Country in a few days.' Houses were not always let by Agreement, but the leases were sold ; and it is by means of such advertisements that we are able to get at the rents, which seem to have been very low — even reck- oning the difference of value in money. Certainly they had none of our modern appliances and conveniences, which add so conside- rably to the cost of buildings, nor do they seem to have been sad- dled with exorbitant ground rents. * To be sold a lease of 33 years to come in 5 Houses standing together on the North side of the Pall Mall, whereon 25/. per Ann. Rent is reserved. The Houses are let at 200/. a year.' ' A Gentleman has occasion for a lightsome fashionable House in some Genteel part of the Town, or very nigh the Town, and if accommodated with Coach House and Stables it will be better lik'd, of about 30/., 40/., or 50/. a year Rent.' A little way out of town rents were even cheaper than this. Heie would be a boon for rowing men. 'To be let at Barns 1 The London Gazette, June 14/18, 17CK. E 50 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. adjoyning to Mortlack, fronting the River Thames, is a convenient little New House, 2 rooms on a floor, so well situated that it may be shut up, and the Furniture Safe. The benefit of the air may be had at pleasure, for 61. ios. per Ann.' * Also another House for more private Dwelling, well accommodated with a Garden, River Water, etc., well situated for a Gentleman belonging to the Custom, East India, or African House, or Navy or Victualling Office, and the rent but 10/. per Annum. Also a Brick House in the Country, 2 Miles off, standing pleasantly in a good Air, and but 5/. per Annum to be Lett.' These instances clearly prove that house rent was cheap in those days, which makes the price paid for apart- ments seem rather high. When Swift came to London in 17 10, he says : l ' I lodge in Bury Street, where I removed a week ago. I have the first floor, a dining room and bed chamber, at eight shillings a week ; plaguy deep, but I spend nothing on eating,' etc. When he removed to Chelsea he had to pay more. i I got here in the stage coach with Patrick and my portmantua for sixpence, and pay six shillings a week for one silly room, with confounded coarse sheets.* 2 On one of Ralph Thoresby's visits from Leeds to London 3 he ' was surprised with the old gentlewoman's (Mr. Atkin's mother) demand of 4s. per week for my lodgings ; ' but then that could only have been a bedroom, for the old gentleman was always out the whole day. It is needless to say that there was more danger of fire then than now ; and the inhabitants of London, very many of whom must have had a vivid remembrance of that awful fire in 1666, were not altogether neglectful of their interests in this matter. In 17 10 an Act was passed amending an Act made in the sixth year of Anne's reign, 'for the better preventing of Mischiefs that may happen by Fire.' This Act dealt with parochial fire-engines, re- wards, rates for water supply and maintenance of same, the thick- ness of party walls,' etc., and contained one very useful little clause. 1 It is further enacted, That there shall be left at the House, upon which there is a Notice of a Fire Plug, a Key to open the Stop Cock, and also a Pipe for the Water to come thereout, to be made use of as Occasion shall require.' They were also fully alive to the necessity of keeping life-saving appliances in their houses. ' This is to give Notice, That the Rope Ladders and other Ropes, so useful for preserving whole Families from the dismal Accidents of Fire, are to be sold,' etc. There were three fire insurance companies, whose leaden badges used to be nailed on to the houses, to show they were insured, and in what office ; and a reward was offered by the Friendly Society on July 14, 1705, for the discovery of persons who had stolen some of them. These three insurance companies were : first, the Phoenix, which was at the Rainbow Coffee House, Fleet Street, and also by the 1 Journal to Stella, letter 4. 2 Ibid, letter 21. 3 Diary of Ralph Thoresby, August 22, 1712. HOUSES, FURNITURE, etc, 51 Royal Exchange, established about the year 1682, and the assurers in 1 7 10 numbered about 10,000. The system was to pay 30?. down, and insure 100/. for seven years. Second, the Friendly Society, in Palsgrave Court, without Temple Bar, which was the first (in 1684) that insured by mutual contribution, where you could insure 100/. for seven years by paying 6^. 8d. down, and an annual subscription of is. 4d. In 1 7 10 the number of assured was 18,000. And thirdly, the Amicable Contributors, at Tom's Coffee House in St. Martin's Lane (commenced about 1695). Here a payment of 12s. would insure 100/. for seven years, at the expiration of which time 10s. would be returned to the assured — who in 17 10 numbered over 13,000. This society seems to have changed its name to the Hand-in-Hand Fire Office, who gave up their two establish- ments at Tom's Coffee House and the Crown Coffee House, behind the Exchange, for more suitable premises in Angel Court, Snow Hill, and notified the change in the Gazette of Jan. 1, 1 7 14. All these employed several men in liveries, and with badges on their arms, to extinguish fire. The accompanying contemporary illustration is very rude, but it gives a vivid representation of a fire at that time. Gay gives the following graphic description of a fire, so that we may almost fancy we see the firemen at work. But hark ! Distress with Screaming Voice draws nigh'r, And wakes the slumb'ring Street with Cries of Fire. At first a glowing Red enwraps the Skies, And borne by Winds the scatt'ring Sparks arise ; From Beam to Beam, the fierce Contagion spreads ; The Spiry Flames now lift aloft their Heads, Through the burst Sash a blazing Deluge pours, And splitting Tiles descend in rattling Show'rs. Now with thick Crouds th' enlighten' d Pavement swarms. The Fire-man sweats beneath his crooked Arms, A leathern Casque his vent'rous Head defends, Boldly he climbs where thickest Smoak ascends ; Mov'd by the Mother's streaming Eyes and Pray'rs, The helpless Infant through the Flame he bears ; With no less Virtue, than through hostile Fire, The Dardan Hero bore his aged Sire. See forceful Engines spout their levell'd Streams, To quench the Blaze that runs along the Beams ; 52 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. The grappling Hook plucks Rafters from the Walls, And Heaps on Heaps the smoaky Ruine falls. Blown by strong Winds the fiery Tempest roars, Bears down new Walls, and pours along the Floors : The Heav'ns are all a blaze, the Face of Night Is cover'd with a sanguine dreadful Light. Hark ! the Drum thunders ! far, ye Crouds retire ; Behold the ready Match is tipt with Fire, The Nitrous Store is laid, the smutty Train With running Blaze awakes the barrell'd Grain ; Flames sudden wrap the Walls ; with sullen Sound, The shatter'd Pile sinks on the smoaky Ground. The sanitary arrangements of these houses were very defective, and the streets at night time must have been anything but pleasant walks. ' We had not walk'd the usual distance between a Church and an Alehouse, but some Odoriferous Civet iforperfum'd the Air, and saluted our Nostrils with so re- freshing a Nosegay, that I thought the whole City {Edenborough-like) had been over-flow'd with an inun- dation of Surreverence.' * The water supply, too, was not good. Old-fashioned wells and pumps, sunk in a crowded city full of cesspools and graveyards, could not have furnished a healthy supply. Of course there was the water brought by the city from High gate and Hampstead, and there was the New River, but it evidently was not sufficient for the use of the inhabi- tants, or it would not have been hawked about. More was furnished by the Thames Water Works by means of a huge water-wheel, which worked many force-pumps, and which was erected by a Dutchman named Peter Morrice, in 1582. This occu- pied a position on the old bridge, similar to its being placed close to the stairs by Fishmongers' Hall at the present time. Although the river was infinitely purer than at present, yet, being tidal, and the supply being taken from in shore, it could not have been good for drinking purposes. There was a new company formed to work this machine, and in the London Gazette, Oct. 28/ Nov. 1, 1703, is an advertisement : c This is to give Notice to such Persons as have subscribed for Shares in 1 The London Spy % 'new river water!' Mouses, furnitu&M, etc. S3 the Thames Water, That the Transfers of the said Shares will be ready to be made to the respective Subscribers to-morrow the 2nd Instant, being the last day limited in the Contract, at Mr. Nicholas Opie's in Bartholomew Lane, where the said Contract or Subscrip- tion Roll now lies.' Hatton says in his * New View of London' that * besides the old work erected by Mr. Morris, the New placed in the 4th Arch of the Bridge consists of 2 Wheels with 7 Engines set up about the Year 1702, so there are in all 13 Engines. ' They are the contrivance of that great English Engineer Mr. Sorocold, whereby the Thames Water is raised from the N. end of the Bridge to a very great altitude, by which means many parts of the City &c. are served with the Thames Water. The Flux and Reflux of the Water worketh the Engine. Here are several Pro- prietors who serve Houses for the most part at 20s. per Ann. paid quarterly, and they have proportionately more from Brewhouses, &c, according to what they Consume. To this Company also belongs the Works at Broken Wharf and the City Conduit Water. 1 The Old Stock was 500 Shares, and valued at 500/. a Share, since which those Shares were divided into 1,500 Shares, each valued at about 100/. per Share. They pay the City 700/. per Ann. for the Conduit Water, and about 10/. per Ann. for the Bridge ; Also 300/. to Sir Benj. Ayloff or his Assignees for the Broken Wharf to which place 2 of the Engines at the Bridge do Work, and there are also at that Wharf 2 Horse Works. ' They chiefly serve Goodmarts Fields, Minories, Houndsditch, White Chapel, and Birchin Lane. ^Merchant's Water Works are in Harfs Horn Lane} He serves with the Thames Water by Horse Work and Engines. His Rates are 20s. per Ann. ' Mill Bank Water is raised and laid into Houses in the Parish of St. Margarefs, Westminster, from the Thames. The Water House is situate on the E. side of Mill Bank, for which the Proprietors, who are in Number 5, had a Patent granted them by K. Charles 2 about the Year 1673. Their Stock and Income is divided into 8 Shares. Rates are at least 10s. per Ann., but com- monly 20s., and for Brewers and extraordinary Occasions more than so many Pounds. 5 The water was supplied in primitive pipes of wood, some being of the very small bore of one inch. c The Governor and Company of the New River, being inclined to contract for Wooden Pipes of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 Inches Diameter in the Bore, to be delivered at any Place within the Bills of Mortality, as occasion shall require, do hereby give notice, that they shall be ready to receive proposals for that purpose, any Thursday, at their Office at Puddle Dock.' a An adventurer's share in the New River Water Company was 1 Afterwards Northumberland Street, Strand. 2 London Gazette, Feb. 27/Mar. 1, 1714. 54 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNS. then worth 4,500 guineas; and Hatton, in his 'New View ol London/ says : ' They now Let the Water to most Houses without Fine or Lease, according as they Consume Water, to none less than 22s. Sd. per Ann., but to some Brewers, &c, for 40/. per Ann., which, and all common Cocks, they Let by Lease and Fine.' The river was scoured out twice a year, and a staff was kept of ' 12 Walkers between Ware and Londo7i (who daily take care that no Infectious or other thing be thrown into the River that might in any way prejudice it, whereby it is kept Sweet and Wholesome).' The following advertisement appears in the London Gazette, April 20/May 3, 1703 : c The Governor and Company of the New River brought from Chadwell and Amwell to London, having from time to time made several Orders and Regulations for the Ease and Benefit of those who make use of their Water ; but being informed, that several Misrepresentations are Industriously spread abroad to their Prejudice, they have thought fit to publish the following Orders, which have been made from time to time since at several Courts. Viz : ' Ordered. That no Private Family that is served with the Water of the New River, shall be required to take a Lease of the said Water ; but that what Rent shall be agreed on with the Collectors to be paid, shall be received by them without the Charge of a Lease. ' Whereas Strict Charge hath been given to the Collectors, and all other Officers of the said New River, That they behave them- selves Civilly and Respectfully to such as use the said Water : If any do otherwise 1 Ordered. That upon any Complaints to the Meetings of the Company every Thursday at Three in the Afternoon, at their Office at Puddle Dock, Reparation shall forthwith be made to the Party grieved. ' Ordered. That any Tenant may employ their own Plummer to do their Work in mending, or laying any Branch, such Plummer first acquainting the Collector, and making use of the Company's Paviour of that Walk to dig the same.' The leaden cisterns for holding the family supply were often very artistically and elaborately ornamented, either with flowers or classical subjects, and are nearly all dated. The few now spared in London are of course extremely curious, as being exemplars of the art manufactures of the time. The houses were principally heated by coals, except in the bed- rooms, and, coals being all sea-borne, prices were sometimes very high ; thus, latter end of April 1702 — ' Coals are at 33^. per Chal- dron in the Pool, because of the great Impress. No Ships are to sail till the Fleet is compleatly mann'd.' Besides this there was a tax of 2s. per chaldron, i to be applyed towards finishing St. Paul's Cathedrall,' which was, on Nov. 26, 1702, ordered to be con- tinued till after the year 1708. 1 This high price was partly ficti- 1 LutirclVs Diary, Nov. 26, 1702. HOUSES, FURNITURE, etc. 55 tious, a ' ring ' having been formed in coals ; but they managed those things better then than now, and held public inquiry on * forestallers and regraters.' l ' The lords ordered several persons to attend upon account of engrossing Coals, and among them two noted quakers ; 'tis said the chief reason of their being so dear is, that several persons in the north, and some Londoners, have farmed most of the Coal pits about Newcastle, with design to sell them at what price they please.' It was even suggested that Government should take the matter up. ' 'Tis said a proposal is made to the parliament, that the queen be the free importer of Coals, and that they shal never exceed 25^. per Chaldron, nor be under 20^.' 2 Not only were they dear, but at times poor in quality. ' The late Common Practice at Sunder- land of mixing bad sorts of Coals with the right Lumley Coals, giving such Mixtures the Name of pure Lumley Coals,' &c, was counter- acted by certificates being given of their genuineness. In Oct. 171 1 coals in the Pool were 25^. to 26s sl chaldron. Scotch coals had, however, been introduced, for we find an advertisement : ' At Mr. Folley's Warehouse on White Fryers Wharf, are a parcel of Scotch Coals to be Sold Reasonably, being the best that have come to London for many Years, and out of the Earl of Marrs Collyary.' 3 But if they were this high price, ex ship, and wholesale, those who bought in small quantities had to pay very heavily. Swift in his letters to Stella is always grumbling at the expense of his modicum of coals, and would stop longer in, and go earlier to, bed, in order to save. Then was it that the cry of * Small coale ! ' was heard in the streets— a cry that will always be associated with the memory of Thomas Britton, the * musical small coal man/ who died Sept. 14, 1714. The stoves used to burn coal were small and portable, taking the place of the old andirons, and standing unfixed in the some- what wide chimney-pieces. It is needless to say that the modern * Queen Anne ' stoves bear very little likeness to the genuine article. The back plates were frequently very ornamental, sometimes having the arms of the owner of the house upon them. 1 Luttrelts Diary, Nov. 13, 1703. 2 Ibid. Nov. 20, 1703. 5 Daily Courant, Jan. 21, 1713. SMALL COALE ! 56 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE, The accompanying illustration, being taken from an ironmonger's handbill, is probably copied from one he had in stock — if not, it most certainly represented those in use. Of the furniture of the time— the houses were, to our idea, very scantily furnished. Take any of the very few engravings of social life in this reign, and one is astonished at the bare look of the apartments : a table in the centre, a few high-backed and clumsy chairs, a square, box-like settee, are all that are movable ; on the walls a picture or two, sometimes, not always, a looking-glass, occasionally an alcove with shelves for china and bric-a-brac, and window curtains — always curtains, — the possession of which must have entailed much trouble on many housekeepers. Vide the FIREPLACE AND UTENSILS. following advertisement: 1 * London, Nov. 24. — Having no longer since than last Night had the misfortune (with other of my Neigh- bours in Leicester Fields) to be robb'd by a very uncommon method \ I desire you would (for the Good of the Publick) incert in your Paper the underwritten Advertisement, that Persons may thereby be put upon their Guard, and make such provision as may prevent the like Robberies. 1 The Thieves observe those Houses whose Window -shutters ^ 1 Daily Courant, Nov. 27, 1704. HOUSES, FURNITURE, etc. 57 either outward or inward, reach not up to the top of the Windows; and taking out some Quaries of the Glass, put their Hands in and rob the Houses of their Window Curtains? Without doubt, the houses of the wealthy were better furnished, and more artistically. The virtuoso would bring with him on his return from his 'grand tour' some specimens, both of pictures and furniture, of the lands he visited. Of the former, they were in- variably originals or copies of the Caracci, Titian, Palma, Van Dyck, etc., and they were always being imported or changing hands ; but of good furniture we seldom find any to be sold, such as, for instance, ' Two Cabinets, the one of 48 drawers, containing great variety of curious Shells, Agates, Corals, MocusV (the Mocha or Moco Stone), ' Medals, Minerals, and other Rarities. The other finely inlaid with Flowers and Birds of Stone by Baptist/ And the merchants and well-to-do people undoubtedly had furniture almost invented to show off their china : 1 ' Whereas the New East India Company did lately sell all their China Ware, These are to Advertise, that a very large parcel there of (as Broken and Damag'd) is now to be sold by Wholesale and Retail, extreamly Cheap, at a Warehouse in Dyer's Yard. Note. — It's very fit to furnish Escrutores, Cabinets, Corner Cupboards or Sprigs, where it usually stands for Ornament only.' Naturally, almost all the ornamental ceramics came from China or Japan — for the state of our own ceramic art was at a very low ebb ; in fact, it was only in its infancy in the middle of the last century. Some pottery was made in Staffordshire and York, but it was near London that the manufacture of the best, such as it was, was seated. The potteries at Fulham were at work, as also Lambeth and Vauxhall. Thoresby tells us of this latter : 2 ' We went by water to Foxhall and the Spring Garden : I was surprised with so many pleasant walks &c. so near London. After dinner there, we viewed the pottery and various apartments there ; was most pleased with that where they were painting divers colours, which yet appear more beautiful, and of different colours when baked.' None of these wares were remarkable at that time for their beauty, and so the oriental porcelain was naturally the most admired, and consequently bore away the palm, both for beauty of form and design. The use of tea, too, largely helped the consumption of oriental China. The cups and teapots were home articles for the Chinese to make, and it was very many years before we, in England, were even nearly rivalling them. Tea necessitated a smaller and more elegant table, so we find the want supplied by tea and Dutch tables. Lacquer ware was also in much request, as well for 'Tea Tables, Bowls, Dressing Suites, Cabinets, and Bellows Boards,' as for screens to keep off draughts. But perhaps the most glorified piece of furniture in the house, 1 Harl. 5996, 147. 2 Thoresby s Diary \ May 24, 1714. 5* SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. was the bed, which could be had at all prices, from the 1 -new sacking bottom'd Bedsteads at lis. a piece' to that imperial couch which was a prize in a lottery 'by her Majesty's permission,' 2 < A Rich Bed, 7 Foot broad, 8 foot long, and about 14 foot high, in which is no less than Two Thousand Ounces of Gold and Silver wrought in it ; Containing four Curtains Embroidered on both sides alike, on a white Silk Tabby, Three Vallains with Tassels, three Basses, two Bone- graces, and four Cantoneers Embroider'd on Gold Tissue Cloth, cost 3,000/., put up at 1,400/.' This, of course, was an extraordinary bed ; but the price of bed Furniture really seems to have been 1 from 61. or 7/. per Bed to 40/. per Bed, with all sorts of fine Chain Stitch Work.' Velvet, both in crimson and a bed. other colours, was also a fa- vourite for bed-hangings, and cist 40/. at least. One quilt is described, but I fairly give it up — 1 Stole out of the house of John Barnes, &c, a Culgee quilt.' CHAPTER VI. SERVANTS. Number of servants — Footmen — Wages — Liveries — 'How d'ye' — The Upper Gallery — Footmen's Parliament — Accomplishments — White slaves from Barbary — Negro slaves — Runaways — Apprentices. The quantity of servants in vogue at that time, especially of male servants, seems to us to be excessive, but when we look how useful they were, apart from their menial duties, as guards, and assistants when the carriage stuck in a deep rut when travelling, and remember that the old feudal system of having retainers about one for show was then only moribund (it is not yet dead), their number is accounted for. First on the list stands my lord's page, who wore his livery, although of more costly material than that worn by the footman. He served his apprenticeship as 'a little foot page,' but 1 Bar/. 5996, 87. 2 Ibid. 5961, 326. SERVANTS. S9 it was always understood that, afterwards, his rise in life should be looked to by his patron. It w as very much the same relation that existed between knight and squire. How he accompanied his lord on state occasions is shown in one of the illustrations of carriages. Steele speaks disparagingly of the lad's position. 1 ' I know a Man of good Sense who put his Son to a Blacksmith, tho' an Offer was made him of his being received a Page to a Man of Quality.' But it was the footman of that age, and indeed of the whole of the early Georgian era, who was the perpetual butt of the satirist — probably not without reason. ' There's nothing we Beaus take more Pride in than a Sett of Genteel Footmen. I never have any but what wear their own Hair, and I allow 'em a Crown a Week for Gloves and Powder ; if one shouldn't, they'd Steal horridly to set themselves out, for now, not one in ten is without a Watch, and a nice SnufT Box with the best Orangerie ; and the Liberty of the Upper Gallery, has made 'em so confounded pert, that, as they wait behind one at Table, they'll either put in their Word, or Mimick a body, and People must bear with 'em or else pay 'em their Wages.' 2 Steele, of course, could not resist such a tempting theme for his pen, and, consequently^ devotes a whole Spectator (No. 88) to footmen. He says : \ They are but in a lower Degree what their Masters themselves are ; and usually affect an Imitation of their Manners ; and you have in Liveries, Beaux, Fops, and Coxcombs, in as high perfection, as among People that keep Equipages. It is a common Humour among the Retinue of People of Quality, when they are in their Revels, that is when they are out of their Master's Sight, to assume in a humourous Way the Names and Titles of those whose Liveries they wear.' ,. Indeed, the footmen of that age must have had: a good time- of it, for the custom of feeing them, or, as it was called, of giving them * vails,' was very prevalent. It got worse later on — indeed, it became such a nuisance that it was obliged to be stopped. Yet even now it has to be done, like feeing waiters. Certainly their wages were not great. ' I love punctual Dealings, Sir ; Now my Wages comes to at Six Pound per Annum, Thirty two Pounds the Five Years and four Months, the odd Week two Shillings Sixpence, the two Hours one halfpenny,' etc. 3 This, certainly, even at the then en- hanced value of money, was not a great yearly wage, and to a certain extent must plead excuse for the custom of giving vails. As a rule they were treated like dogs by their masters, and were caned mercilessly for very trivial faults. They were very far from being faultless, and Swift's man Patrick seems to have been a specimen of his kind. How humorously Swift used to describe his faults to Stella ! how he was always going to get rid of him, and never did ! Their liveries were, perhaps, not so gorgeous as in the later 1 Spectator, 214. 2 Tunbridge Walks, ed. 1703. 3 The Perplexed Lovers, by Mrs. Centlivre, ed. 17 12. 60 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Georgian time, but they liked fine clothes. ' Her footmen, as I told you before, are such Beaus, that I do not much care for asking them Questions ; when I do, they answer me with a sawcy Frown, and say that every thing, which I find fault with, was done by my Lady Mary's Order. She tells me that she intends they shall wear Swords with their next Liveries, having lately observed the Footmen of two or three Persons of Quality hanging behind the Coach with Swords by their Sides.' l One part of their duty was to call on their master's or mistress's acquaintances, and ask, with their compliments, 'How do ye?' — equivalent to our sending in a card ; and this custom is frequently mentioned in contemporary literature. ' And I'll undertake, if the How d'ye Servants of our Women were to make a Weekly Bill of Sickness,' &c., 2 'While she sleeps I'm Employ'd in Howdee's,' 3 'We have so many come with How-dee's, I never mind 'em.' The upper gallery at the play was theirs by prescriptive right ; their verdict greatly influenced the success or failure of a play, and they were worth conciliating. Pinkethman, who played to the gallery, knew this, and in Mrs. Centlivre's comedy of ' The Basset Table,' where he took a footman's part, spoke the prologue, in which he not only addressed them in preference to the other portion of the audience, but showed his power over them by making them rattle their sticks and clap their hands at his command. Therefore dear Brethren (since I am one of you) Whether adorn'd in Grey, Green, Brown or Blue, This day stand all by me, as I will fall by you ; And now to let — The poor Pit see how Pinky s Voice Commands, Silence — Now rattle all your Sticks and clap your grimy Hands. I greet your Love, and let the vainest Author show, \ Half this command on cleaner hands below, I Nay, more to prove your Interest, let this Play live by you. J So may you share good Claret with your Masters, Still free in your Amours from their Disasters ; Free from poor Housekeeping, where Peck is under Locks. Free from Cold Kitchings, and no Christmas Box : So may no long Debates i' th' House of Commons, Make you in the Lobby starve, when hunger summons ; But may your plenteous Vails come flowing in, Give you a lucky Hit, and make you Gentlemen ; And thus preferr'd, ne'er fear the World's Reproaches, But shake your Elbows with my Lord, and keep your Coaches. Whilst waiting in the House of Commons, as alluded to in the foregoing, the footmen used to form a parliament of their own, and discussed politics like their masters. As a joke upon the poverty of the Scotch lords, it used to be said that, in the footmen's House of Lords, many questions were lost to the court party, which were carried in the real House, owing to there being so few footmen 1 Spectator ; No. 299. 2 Ibid. 143. 3 The Basset Table, sc. i., ed. 1706, SERVANTS, 6 1 belonging to them. Swift alludes to this practice 1 : ' Pompey, Colonel Hill's black, designs to stand speaker for the footmen. I am engaged to use my interest for him, and have spoken to Patrick to get him some votes.' 1 Give you a lucky Hit' shows that the spirit of Chawles Jeames Yellow Plush was then in existence, and that he sometimes specu- lated ; and, if the following newspaper paragraph is reliable, he sometimes won : and would be in a position to realise the last line in the prologue : ' The Ticket which entitled the Bearer to 10,000/. drawn in this present Lottery, belongs to a Brewer's Man and Maid Servant.' 2 The accomplishments of male servants seem to have been varied. Addison says, 3 ' I remember the time when some of our well-bred Country Women kept their Valet de Chavibre, because, forsooth, a Man was much more handy about them than one of their own Sex. I myself have seen one of these Male Abigails tripping about the Room with a looking glass in his Hand, and combing his Lady's Hair a whole Morning together.' And another of the fraternity advertises thus : * A likely sober Person, who can give a very good Account of himself, by several Gentlemen and others : He has a Mind to serve a Gentleman as a Valet de Chambre or Buttler ; or to wait on a single Gentleman in Town or Country ; he is known to shave well, and can make Wigs ; he well understands the Practice of Surgery, which may be of great Use to a Family in the Country or elsewhere ; he is a Sportsman ; he understands shooting flying, Hunting and Fishing, and all other Sports relating thereunto ; he well understands a Horse.' But (and it is a curious little revelation of social life) men did not monopolise the position of body servants to their masters. Steele, writing as Isaac BickerstafT, about his club, says: 4 'This may suffice to give the world a taste of our innocent conversation, which we spun out until about ten of the clock, when my maid came with a lantern to light me home.' There was, however, another class of servants — black slaves ; for the children of Ham were still in their cruel bondage here — and many are the advertisements respecting them, from ; a parcel of beads for the Guinea trade ' to a ; Mulatto Maid missing.' It seems curious to us, now, to think of the somewhat inconsequent behaviour of those times, keeping black slaves with one hand, and redeeming white ones from Barbary with the other. One thing is, the poor whites only changed their method of slavery, for they were draughted into the navy, and in the long war that followed, there was very little hope of their release. The papers of March 10, 1702, tell of 143 out of 190 of these poor wretches going to St. Paul's, where the Bishop of London gave them 70/. between them, and the dean, Dr. Sherlock, 'admonished them to return thanks to the Govern- 1 Jotirnal to Stella, 'tetter 10. 2 Postboy, Jan. 21/23, 1714. 5 Spectator, No. 45. 4 The Taller, No. 132. 62 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. ment for their Deliverance, and to the People for their Charity, and that they should not pursue the Practices to which Sailers, &c, are too much addicted, viz. Swearing and Cursing. There are about 42 left behind, as 'tis said because some of the Powder, which was carried thither, happened not to be Proof/ And the London Post, March n/13, tells a touching little romance of this event : c This day the Slaves lately arrived from Barbary, went in a Body to the Admiralty Office, in order to enter themselves on Board the Queen's Ships ; And 'twas observable, that when they came Yesterday out of Paul's, one of them was spy'd out by 2 of his Daughters who came thither only out of Curiosity, and so soon as they saw their Father, run with open Arms, imbraced and kissed him.' It is needless to say that the negro slaves were always running away, and being advertised for ; but, as the rewards given were not high, it is probable that recapture was almost certain. One or two instances will suffice : 'A Slender middle sized India Black, in a dark grey Livery with Brass Buttons, went from Mrs Thwaits, in Stepney, the 4th of June, and is suppos'd to be gone on board some Ship in the Downs ; whosoever secures and gives notice of him to Mrs. Thwaits or Mr. Tresham, two doors within Aldgate, shall have 10s. reward and reasonable Charges.' ' Went away from his Master's House in Drury Lane, upon Monday the 6th Instant, and has since been seen at Hampstead, Highgate and Tottenham Court, an Indian Black Boy, with long Hair, about 15 Years of Age, speaks very good English ; he went away in a brown Fustian Frock, a blew Wastecoate, and scarlet Shag Breeches, and is called by the name of Morat ; Whoever brings him to, or gives Notice of him, so as he may be brought to Mr. Pain's House in Prince's Court, Westminster, shall have a Guinea Reward, and the Boy shall be kindly received.' Judging by his * long Hair,' this boy was not a negro — indeed it would seem that it only needed a dark skin to constitute a slave ; for ' an East India young man, named Caesar,' ran away. 'A Negro Maid, aged about 16 Years, much pitted with the Small Pox, speaks English well, having a piece of her left Ear bit off by a Dog; She hath on a strip'd Stuff Wastcoat and Petticoat . . . they shall have a Guinea Reward and reasonable Charges.' Sometimes (indeed it was rather fashionable) the poor wretches had collars round their necks. ' A Tall Negro young fellow commonly known as Jack Chelsea, having a Collar about his Neck (unless it be lately filed off), with these Words ; Mr. Moses Goodyeare of Chelsea his Negro, ran away from his Master last Tuesday evening.' This habit of wearing collars is noticed by Steele, 1 who inserts a letter from ' a blackamoor boy — Pompey.' c Besides this, the shock dog has a collar that cost almost as much as mine.' Sometimes these collars were of silver. ' Run away from his Master about a Fortnight since, a lusty Negroe Boy about 18 years of Age, full of pock holes, had a 1 Tatler, No. 245. SERVANTS, 63 Silver Collar aoout his Neck engrav'd Capt. Tho. MitchePs Negroe, living in Griffith Street in Shadwel.' They were rarely advertised to be sold — indeed, I have only found one instance in all the newspapers of the twelve years of Anne's reign, and that is very simple. 'A Negro boy about 12 years of age, that speaks English, is to be sold. Enquire of Mr. Step Rayner, a Watchmaker, at the sign of the Dial, without Bishopsgate.' Another kind of servant must not be forgotten, although his servitude was but a limited one — and that is the apprentice, of whom Misson says : ' An Apprentice is a sort of a Slave ; he wears neither Hat nor Cap in his Masters presence : he can't marry, nor have any Dealings on his own Account. All he earns is his Masters.' Misson is slightly in error in one part of this description, but it is a piece of delicate etiquette, which probably escaped a foreigner's eye : the apprentice might wear his cap in his master's presence during the last year of his time. A branch of industry then existed — although probably it was practised by very few : — ' Attendance will be given at the Sun Coffee House in Queen Street, very near Cheapside, on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, where Youth may be furnished with Masters to go Apprentices to Merchants, Wholesale or Retale Trades, or Handi- craft Trades.' CHAPTER VII. DAILY LIFE. (Men.) Out-o f -door amusements — A holiday — Hatred of French fashions — Beaus' oaths — Kissing— Fops : their daily life. Passing to the social habits of the people, it is difficult where to commence the description. The men of the time were humdrum and prosaic—they went nowhere, at least according to our ideas — a journey to York or so was really fraught with peril and hardship, consequently no one ever moved about unless they were compelled. The suburbs were sparsely inhabited, and there was nothing much to see when one got there except at Hampstead or Highgate. ' Your Glass Coach will go to Hide Park for Air. The Suburb fools trudge to Lambs Conduit or Totnam ; your sprucer sort of citizen gallop to Epsom, your Meckanick gross Fellows, showing much conjugal affection, strut before their wives, each with a Child in his Arms, to Islington or Hogsdon.' x What a suburban holiday was like we may see in the following description, which, however, is somewhat condensed and revised : 2 ' Fearing Time should be Elaps'd and cut short our intended Pastime, we Smoak'd our Pipes 1 The Virtuoso, ed. 1704. 2 J he London Spy. 64 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. with greater Expedition, in order to proceed on our Journey, which we began about Eleven a Clock ; and marching thro' Cheapside, found half the People we either met, or overtook, equip'd for Hunting ; walking backwards and forwards, as I suppose, to shew one another their Accoutrements. The City Beaus in Boots as black as Jet, which shin'd, by much rubbing, like a stick of Ebony ; their Heels arm'd with Spurs, the travelling weapons to defend the Rider from the Laziness of his Horse, carefully preserv'd bright in a Box of Cotton, and dazzled in the eyes of each beholder like a piece of Looking glass ; their Wastes hoop'd round with Turkey Leather Belts, at which hung a Bagonet, or short Scymitar, in order to cut their Mistresses Names upon the trees of the Forest : In the right Hand a Whip, mounted against the Breast like the Scepter of a King's Statue upon the Change, adorn'd with twisted Wiggs and crown'd with edgM Casters ; being all over in such Prim and Order, that you could scarce distinguish them from Gentlemen. Amongst 'em were many Ladies of the same Quality, ty'd up in Safeguards so be-knotted with their two penny Taffaty, that a Man might guess by their Finery, their Fathers to be Ribbond Weavers. We crowded along, mix'd among the Herd, and could not but fancy the major part of the Citizens were Scampering out of town to avoid the Horse Plague. We mov'd forward, without any discontinuance of our Perambula- tion, till we came to the Globe at Mile End, where a Pretious Mortal made us a Short hand complement, and gave us an Invita- tion to a Sir-Loine of Roast Beef, out of which Corroborating Food we renew'd our Lives ; and strengthening our Spirits with a flask of rare Claret, took leave of my Friend's Acquaintance and so proceeded. 1 By this time the Road was full of Passengers, every one furnish'd with no small Appetite to Veal and Bacon. Citizens in Crowds, upon Pads, Hackneys, and Hunters ; all upon the Tittup, as if he who Rid not a Gallop was to forfeit his Horse. Some Spurring on with that speed and chearfulness, as if they intended never to come back again : Some Double, and some Single. Every now and then drop'd a Lady from her Pillion, another from her Side Saddle ; Sometimes a Beau would tumble and dawb his Boots, which, to shew his Neatness, he would clean with his Handkerchief. In this order did we march, like Aaron's Proselites, to Worship the Calf, till we came to the New rais'd Fabrick call'd Mob's Hole, where the Beast was to be Eaten. We press'd hard to get into the House, which we found so full, that when I was in, what with the smell of Sweat, Stinking Breaths and Tobacco, I thought there was but a few Gasps between the Place and Eternity. Some were Dancing to a Bag pipe ; others Whistling to a Base Violin, two Fidlers scraping Lilla bur- lero,' my Lord Mayor's 2 Delight, upon a Couple of Crack'd 1 See Appendix. 2 See Appendix. DAILY LIFE. 65 Crowds? and an old Oliverian trooper tootling upon a Trumpet.' After a rest and some liquid refreshment, they chatted and bantered with the holiday folk, until 'from thence went into the Kitchin, Built up of Furzes, in the Open Air, to behold their Cookery ; where the Major part of the Calf was Roasting upon a Wooden Spit : Two or three great Slivers he had lost off his Buttocks, his Ribs par'd to the very Bone, with holes in his Shoulders, each large enough to bury a Sevil Orange, that he look'd as if a Kennel of Hounds had every one had a Snap at him. Under him lay the Flitch of Bacon of such an Ethi- opian Complection, that I should rather have guess'd it the side of a Blackamore j It looking more like a Cannibal's Feast than a Christian Entertainment. Being soon glutted with the view of this unusual piece of Cookery, \ ) / JK we departed from thence, and hearing a great bustle in the Upper Room of an Outhouse, we went up Stairs to see what was the matter, where we found a poor Fidler, scraping over the tune of Now Ponder Well you Parents Dear ; 2 and a parcel of Country People Dancing and crying to J t, The Remembrance of the Uncles Cruelty to the poor Innocent Babes, and the Robin Red Breasts Kindness, had fix'd in their very Looks such Signs of Sorrow and Compassion, that their Dancing seem'd rather a Religious Worship, than a Merry Recrea- tion. Having thus given ourselves a Prospect of all that the place afforded, we return'd to Stratford, where we got a Coach, and from thence to London.' This stay-at-home lot naturally disliked all who differed from them ; and their especial hatred, on whom all their vials of wrath was poured out, and who provoked their most pungent satire, was the travelled fop who had brought back with him Continental ideas and fashions. In this matter John Bull, until he began to move about a bit, has always been most conservative. Anything < un- English' was certain of condemnation, and of course, during the war the French, and all belonging to them, were especially hated. Our Native Speech we must forget, ere long, To learn the French, that much more Modish Tongue. THE MERRY FIDLER. i Fiddles. 2 See Appendix. 66 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Their Language smoother is, hath pretty Aires ; But ours is Go thick, if compar'd with theirs. The French by Arts of smoother Insinuation, Are now become the Darlings of the Nation ; His Lordship's Valet must be bred in France, Or else he is a Clown without Pretence : The English Blockheads are in Dress so coarse, They're fit for nothing, but to rub a Horse, Her Ladyship's ill-manner d or ill-bred, Whose Woman, Confident, or Chamber Maid, Did not in France suck in her first breath'd Air, Or did not gain hir Education there ; Our Cooks in dressing have no Skill at all. They're only fit to serve an Hospital, Or to prepare a Dinner for a Camp ; French Cooks are only of the Modish Stamp. 1 These affectations offended our insularity, and, probably, the following sketch was not at all ungenerous or uncalled for : — And he who to his Fancy puts no Stop, Goes out a Fool, and may return a Fop ; And after he Six Months in France has been, Comes home a most Accomplished Harlequin, Drest in a tawdry Suit at Paris made, For which he more than thrice the Value paid. Fre7ich his Attendants, French alone his Mouth Can speak, his native Language is uncouth. If to the Ladies he does make Advance, His very Looks must have the Air of France, The English are so heavy and so dull, As if with Lead, not Brains, their Heads were full. But the brisk Frenchman, by his subtil Art, Soon finds Access to any Lady's Heart. And again, 2 '- Then before they can Conster and Pearse, 3 they are sent into France with sordid illiterate Creatures, call'd Dry'd Nurses, or Governours ; Engines of as little use as Pacing Saddles, and as unfit to Govern 'em as the Post Horses they ride to Paris on ; From whence they return with a little smattering of that mighty Universal Language, without being ever able to write true English.' If these descriptions be true, and they are so numerous and widely scattered as to leave little doubt of it, the young fellow came back a fribble, an emasculated nothing, except as regards his peri- wig, his clothes, and his snuff-box. 4 But Art surpasses Nature ; and we find Men may be transform' d into Womankind — a creature who ' can Sing, and Dance, and play upon the Guitar ; make Wax Work, and Fillagree, and Paint upon Glass' 5 — who 1 The Baboon A-la-mode, A Satyr against the French, ed. 1704. - The Virtuoso. 3 Construe and parse. 4 Almonds for Parrots, ed. 1*08. 5 Tunbridge Walks. A DAIL Y LIFE. 67 swore pretty little oaths — odsbodikins ! l oh me ! and never stir alive ! or blister me ! 2 impair my vigour ! enfeeble me ! or could say to a lady, 3 Madam, split me, you are very impertinent ! who painted himself 4 'purely to oblige the ladies/ — and who, when he met a friend, must needs fall a-kissing him, described in one old play as 'the Embracing 5 and the fulsome Trick you Men have got of Kissing one another.' Or, as in another play, one of those travelled pretty dears says, 6 4 Sir — You Kiss Pleasingly — I love to Kiss a Man, in Pa} is we kiss nothing else/ What was their life composed of, and how did they spend it ? Naturally they got up late, breakfasted en deshabille, held a sort of levee, till it was time to go to White's or the Cocoa Tree, or else lounged in the Mall, where Ward de- scribes the scene as * It seem'd to me as if the World was turn'd Top-Side turvy ; for the ladies look'd like undaunted Heroes, fit for Government or Battle, and the Gentlemen like a parcel of Fawning, Flattering Fops, that could bear Cuckoldom with Patience, make a Jest of an Affront, and swear themselves very faithful and humble Servants to the Petticoat ; Creeping and Cringing in dishonour to themselves, to what was decreed by Heaven their Inferiours ; as if their Education had been amongst Monkeys, who (as it is said) in all cases give the Pre-eminence to their Females.' Or perhaps he would lounge down to the Exchange to buy a pair of gloves or a sword knot, and, under any circumstances, to ogle the shop girls. Ward's language may be a little rough, but it is sound, and it touches one of the social cankers of the day. Then dinner at Pontac's, or some ordinary ; then a little more coffee-house, and a wind up at some side box — favourite haunt of beaus — at the play, where probably other of the jeunesse dort'e — this time those who had received a home education — would arrive ; would-be men-about-town, things of sixteen years old or so — whose future development would be first Mohock, then sot : 7 ' Such as come Drunk and Screaming into a Play House, and stand upon the Benches, and toss their full Perriwigs and empty Heads, and with their shrill unbroken Pipes, cry Dam me, this is a Damrfd Play.' A little Tunbridge or Bath in the season, and this was the sum of their existence, which, if the money held out, lasted until they either physically rotted, or settled down to married life ! sated and blase ; or, if it was soon spent, and the brilliant meteor had flashed its course across the heavens, there was nothing but the living death of the debtors' gaol, from which release was next to impossible. 1 Tatter, No. 13. * The Beau s Dud. 3 Tatler, No. 2. 4 St. James's Park, a Satyr, 1709. 5 Tunbridge Walks. 6 Love Makes a Man. 7 The Virtuoso. 53 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. CHAPTER VIII. DAILY LIFE. (Women.) Receiving in bed — A lady's life— A fine lady's diary — Walking — Visiting— Tea-table scandal — Shopping — Daily church — Pets — Dancing — Books on ditto — A dancing master. And how did the women fare ? We have seen that among the middle classes the domestic virtues were encouraged and highly extolled, and to be a * notable housewife ' was a legitimate and proper ambition ; but how did the fine-lady class spend their time? Were their lives more usefully employed than those of the beaus ? Addison says that he remembers the time when ladies received visits in bed, and thus graphically describes the custom : 1 ' It was then looked upon as a piece of 111 breeding for a Woman to refuse to see a Man, because she was not stirring ; and a Porter would have been thought unfit for his Place, that could have made so awkward an Excuse. As I love to see everything that is new, I once prevailed upon my Friend Will Honeycomb to carry me along with him to one of these Travelled Ladies, desiring him at the same time, to present me as a Foreigner who could not speak English^ so that I might not be obliged to bear a part in the Dis- course. The Lady, tho' willing to appear undrest, had put on her best Looks, and painted herself for our Reception. Her Hair appeared in a very nice Disorder, as the Night Gown which was thrown upon her Shoulders was ruffled with great Care.' There is an amusing little pamphlet — not a chap book proper 2 — which, though undated, bears internal evidence of the time of its birth, which gives an account of a fine lady's life. ' How do you employ your time now?' ' I lie in Bed till Noon, dress all the Afternoon, Dine in the Evening, and play at Cards till Midnight.' ' How do you spend the Sabbath ?' < In Chit Chat.' 'What do you talk of?' 1 New Fashions and New Plays.' c How often do you go to Church ?' 4 Twice a year or oftener, according as my Husband gives me new Cloaths.' 4 Why do you go to Church when you have new Cloaths ? ' ' To see other Peoples Finery, and to show my own, and to 1 Spectator, No. 45. 2 The English Lady's Catechism. I have seen the original edition, dated 1703-— J- A. DA1L Y LIFE. 69 laugh at those scurvy, out of fashion Creatures that come there for Devotion. 5 'Pray, Madam, what Books do you read?' 4 1 read lewd Plays and winning Romances.' ' Who is it you love ? ' < Myself.' 'What ! nobody else ? ' ' My Page, my Monkey, and my Lap Dog.' ' Why do you love them ? ' ' Why, because I am an English Lady, and they are Foreign Creatures ; my Page from Genoa, my Monkey from the East Indies, and my Lap Dog from Vigo.' l 'Would not they have pleased you as well if they had been English ? ' ' No, for I hate everything that Old England brings forth, except it be the temper of an English Husband, and the liberty of an English wife ; I love the French Bread, French Wines, French Sauces, and a French Cook ; in short, I have all about me French or Foreign, fiom my Waiting Woman to my Parrot.' And Addison tells much the same story when he gives a portion of the diary of a lady of quality. 2 'Wednesday From Eight Hill Ten. Drank two Dishes of Chocolate in Bed, and fell asleep after 'em. ' From Ten to Eleven. Eat a Slice of Bread and Butter, drank a Dish of Bohea, read the Spectator. ' From Eleven to One. At my Toilet, try'd a new Head. Gave orders for Veney to be combed and washed. Mem. I look best in Blue. ' From One till Half an Hour after Two. Drove to the Change. Cheapned a couple of Fans. ' Till Four. At Dinner. Mem. Mr. Froth passed by in his new Liveries. ' From Four to Six. Dressed, paid a Visit to old lady Blithe and her Sister, having heard they were gone out of Town that Day. ' From Six to Eleven. At Basset. Mem. Never set again upon the Ace of Diamonds. ' Thursday. From Eleven at Night to Eight in the Morning. Dream'd that I punted to Mr. Froth. ' From Eight to Ten. Chocolate. Read two Acts in Aurenzebe* abed. ' From Ten to Eleven. Tea Table. Sent to borrow Lady Faddle's Cupid for Veney. Read the Play-Bills. Received a letter from Mr. Froth. Mem. Locked it up in my strong box. ' Rest of the Morning. Fontange the Tire woman, her Account of my Lady Blithers Wash. Broke a Tooth in my little Tortoise- 1 This settles the date as being early in Anne's reign, as the galleons were captured at Vigo in 1702, and everything from Vigo was fashionable. 2 Spectator, No. 323. 3 By Dryden. 70 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN' ANNE. shell Comb. Sent Frank to know how my Lady Hectick rested after her Monky's leaping out at Window. Looked pale. Fon~ tange tells me my Glass is not true. Dressed by Three. ' From Three to F"our. Dinner cold before 1 sat down. 1 From Four to Eleven. Saw Company. Mr. FrotM *s opinion of Milton. His Account of the Mohocks. His Fancy for a Pin- cushion. Picture in the Lid of his Snuff-box. Old Lady Fuddle promises me her Woman to cut my Hair. Lost five Guineas at Crimp. ' Twelve a Clock at Night. Went to Bed. ' Friday. Eight in the Morning. Abed. Read over all Mr. Froth's Letters. Cupid and Veney. ' Ten a Clock. Stay'd within all day — not at home. 1 From Ten to Twelve. In Conference with my Mantua Maker. Sorted a Suit of Ribbands. Broke my Blue China Cup. ' From Twelve to One. Shut myself up in my Chamber, prac- tised Lady Betty Modelys Skuttle. ' One in the Afternoon. Called for my flowered Handkerchief. Worked half a Violet Leaf in it. Eyes aked and Head out of Order. Threw by my Work, and read over the remaining Part of Aurenzebe. ' From Three to Four. Dined. ' From Four to Twelve. Changed my Mind, dressed, went abroad, and play'd at Crimp till Midnight. Found Mrs. Spitcly at home. Conversation : Mrs. Brilliant's Necklace false Stones. Old Lady Loveday going to be married to a young Fellow that is not worth a Groat. Miss Prue gone into the Country. Tom Townley has red Hair. Mem. Mrs. Spite ly whispered in my Ear that she had something to tell me about Mr. Froth, I am sure it is not true. 1 Between Twelve and One. Dreamed that Mr. Froth lay at my Feet and called me Indamora} i Saturday. Rose at Eight a Clock in the Morning. Sate down to my Toilet. 1 From Eight to Nine. Shifted a Patch for Half an Hour before I could determine it. Fixed it above my left Eye-brow. ' From Nine to Twelve. Drank my Tea and Dressed. 1 From Twelve to Two. At Chappel. A great deal of good Company. Mem. The third Air in the new Opera. Lady Blithe dressed frightfully. 1 From Three to Four. Dined. Miss Kitty called upon me to go to the Opera before I was risen from Table. 1 From Dinner to Six. Drank Tea. Turned off a Footman for being rude to Veney. 1 Six a Clock. Went to the Opera. I did not see Mr. Froth till the beginning of the second Act. Mr. Froth talked to a gentle- man in a black Wig. Bowed to a Lady in the Front Box. Mr. 1 The Heroine in Aurenzebe. DAILY LIFE, 71 Froth and his Friend clapp'd Nicolini in the third Act. Mr. Froth cried out A7icora. Mr. Froth led me to my Chair. I think he squeezed my Hand. 1 Eleven at Night. Went to Bed. Melancholy Dreams. Me- thought Nicolini said he was Mr. Froth. 6 Sunday. Indisposed. 1 Monday. Eight a Clock. Waked by Miss Kitty. Aurenzebe lay upon the Chair by me. Kitty repeated without Book the Eight best Lines in the Play. Went in our Mobbs to the dumb Man, 1 according to Appointment. Told me that my Lover's Name began with a G. Mem. The Conjurer was within a Letter of Mr. Froth's Name,' &c. Virtually, these two different versions of how an idle woman passed her time agree remarkably well, and they let a whole flood of daylight into the inner life of the time — on what they break- fasted when they dined, what time the opera began, etc. Apart from opera, the play, and cards, how were the females of the middle class to amuse themselves of an evening ? Say they had been busy all day, the evenings had to be passed somehow. There was very little of that domesticity and home life of which we are so proud, for the men spent their evenings at their club, their coffee-house, the tavern, or the play, so they had to amuse them- selves wHh such innocent games as hot cockles, questions and commands, mottoes, similes, cross purposes, blindman's buff, and a game called ' Parson has lost his Cloak,' or else ' Bouts rimes,' which consisted of giving four terminal words of any kind so that they rhymed, and then some one else filling up the blank lines, and making four lines of sensible poetry. 2 In fact, just the same amusements that are now compelled to be resorted to as pastimes in a village home. The better class had musical evenings, for chamber music was popular, but the spinets and harpsichords were of moderate compass, and very slight in sound. They danced country dances too, any quantity of them ; and there was the curse of the age— cards — as a never-failing resource. The women did not walk much. Swift seems to think they did ; but then a little walking went a long way with him. He quite boasts of his walk from and to Chelsea of a day, a good two-mile walk each way, as somewhat of a feat, and he repeatedly grumbles at Stella for not walking more— tells her to knock off her claret and buy a pair of good strong boots and use them. 3 ' When I pass the Mall in the evening it is prodigious to see the number of ladies walking there ; and I always cry shame at the ladies of Ireland, who never walk at all, as if their legs were of no use, but to be laid aside. ... I tell you what, if I was with you, when we went to Stoyte, at Donnybrook, we would only take a coach to the hither end of Stephen's Green, and from thence go every step on foot ; yes, faith, every step.' 1 Duncan Campbell, who pretended to tell fortunes by second sight. 2 See Spectator, No. 60. 3 Journal to Stella, letter 23. ?2 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. The Mall was the fashionable lounge, or the Parade, where smoking was not allowed. 1 ' From thence we walk'd into the Parade, which my Friend told me us'd, in a Morning, to be cover'd with the Bones of Red Herrings, and smelt as strong about Break- fast Times as a Wet Salter's Shop at Midsummer. But now, says he, its perfum'd again with English Breath ; and the scent of Oroonoko Tobacco no more offends the Nostrils of our squeamish Ladies.' And there were the ducks to feed on the canal. But the Mall was the place. Ward goes into ecstasies over it : never was there such a sight. ' From thence we went thro' the Pallace into the Park about the time when the Court Ladies raise their extended Limbs from their downy Couches, and Walk into the Mall to refresh their charming Bodies with the Cooling and A TEA PARTY. Salubrious Breezes of the Gilded Evening. We could not pos- sibly have chose a Luckier Minute to have seen the delightful Park in its greatest Glory and Perfection ; for the brightest Stars of the Creation sure (that shine by no other Power than humane Excel- lence) were moving here with such awful State and Majesty that their Graceful Deportments bespoke 'em Goddesses,' etc. Of course they paid visits — how could women live without a little gossip ? The invaluable Misson takes a note of the practice. ' Persons of the first Quality visit one another in England as much as we do in France, generally about Evening ; but the ordinary Sort of People have not that Custom. Among us all the little Shopkeepers, particularly the Women, go with their Gowns about 1 The London Spy. DAILY LIFE. 73 their Heels to visit one another by Turns, either to crack and bounce to one another, or else to sit with their Arms a cross, and say nothing. What can be more tedious, impertinent, and ridiculous than such Visits ? Here, Persons of that Condition go to see one another with their Work in their Hands and Chearfulness in their Countenance, without Rule or Constraint. Upon certain Occasions, as upon Mourning or Marriage, they pay one another Visits of Ceremony.' Brown gives a most amusing description l of ' the City Ladies Visiting Day, which is a familiar Assembly, or a general Council, of the fair and charming Sex, where all the important affairs of their Neighbours are largely discuss'd, but judg'd in an arbitrary manner, without hearing the Parties speak for themselves. Nothing comes amiss to these Tribunals ; matters of high and no consequence, as Religion and Cuckoldom, Commodes and Ser- mons, Politicks and Gallantry, Receipts of Cookery and Scandal, Coquetry and Preserving, Jilting and Laundry ; in short, every thing is subject to the Jurisdiction of this Court, and no Appeal lies from it. The Coach stops at the Goldsmith's or Mercer's Door, and off leaps Mr. Skip Kemiel from behind it, and makes his Address to the Book Keeper or Prentice, and asks if his Lady (for that is always the name of the Mistress) receives any Visits that day or No ; some stay must be made till the Woman above stairs sends down her Answer, and then the Pink of Courtesie is receiv'd at the top of the Stairs, like King James by the French King, and handed to her stool of discourse. . . . Thus they take a sip of Tea, then for a draught or two of Scandal to digest it, next let it be Ratafia, or any other Favourite Liquor, Scandal must be the after draught to make it sit easie on their Stomach, till the half hour's past, and they have disburthen'd themselves of their Secrets, and take Coach for some other place to collect new matter for Defamation. , Tea was then in its infancy, but it was an extremely fashion- able beverage, in spite of its expense, and the tea-table was the very centre of scandal and gossip. How see we Scandal (for our sex too base), Seat in dread Empire in the Female Race, 'Mong Beaus and Women, Fans and Mechlin Lace, Chief seat of Slander, Ever there we see Thick Scandal circulate with right Bohea. There, source of black' ning Falshood's Mint of Lies, Each Dame th' Improvement of her Talent tries, And at each Sip a Lady's Honour dies ; Truth rare as Silence, or a Negro Swan, Appears among those Daughters of the Fan. Naturally, when out walking they did a little shopping, or what passed as such ; for then, as now, many a fine lady would go into a shop and look at the goods simply to pass away the time, regard- less of the loss and inconvenience to the shopkeeper. Steele 1 The Works of Thomas Brown, ed. 1708, vol. iii. p. 86. 74 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. notices this — indeed, what little social blot ever went undetected by the omniscient Spectator f —m the following amusing strain : ■ 1 1 am, dear Sir, one of the top China Women about Town ; and though I say it, keep as good Things and receive as fine Company as any o' this End of the Town, let the other be who she will. In short I am in a fair Way to be easy, were it not for a Club of Female Rakes who, under pretence of taking their innocent ram- bles, forsooth, and diverting the Spleen, seldom fail to plague me twice or thrice a day to cheapen Tea, or buy a Skreen. What else should they mean ? as they often repeat it. These Rakes are your idle Ladies of Fashion, who having nothing to do employ them- selves in tumbling over my W T are. One of these No Customers (for, by the way, they seldom or never buy anything) calls for a set of Tea Dishes, another for a Bason, a third for my best Green Tea, and even to the Punch bowl : there's scarce a piece in my A LADY A" D FOOTMAN. Shop but must be displaced, and the whole agreeable Architecture disordered, so that I can compare 'em to nothing but to the Night Goblins that take a Pleasure to overturn the Disposition of Plates and Dishes in the kitchens of your housewifely Maids. Well, after all this Racket and Clutter, this is too dear, that is their Aversion ; another thing is Charming, but not wanted. The Ladies are cured of the Spleen, but I am not a Shilling the better for it.' One famous place for shopping was the New Exchange, in the Strand, which must have been something like our arcades ; and many are the allusions, in contemporary literature, to the dangerous allurements of the Exchange shop-girls. ' Did you buy anything ? Some Bawbles. But my choice was so distracted among the Pretty Merchants and their Dealers, I knew not where to run first. One little lisping Rogue, Ribbandths, Gloveths, Tippeths. Sir, cries another, will you buy a fine Sword Knot ; then a third, pretty voice and Curtsie, Does not your Lady want Hoods, Scarfs, tine 1 Spectator, No. 337. DAILY LIFE. 75 green silk Stockings. I went by as if I had been in a Seraglio, a living Gallery of Beauties — staring from side to side, I bowing, they laughing ; so made my escape.' l This was the universal description of the New Exchange, and the character of their wares has been immortalised in a song by Ward :— Fine Lace or Linnen, Sir, Good Gloves or Ribbons here ; What is't you please to Buy, Sir? Pray what d'ye ask for this ? Ten Shillings is the Price ; It cost me, sir, no less, I Scorn to tell a Lye, Sir. Madam, what is't you want, Rich Fans of India paint ? Fine Hoods or Scarfs, my Lady ? Silk Stockings will you buy, In Grain or other Dye ? Pray, Madam, please your Eye ; I've good as e'er was made ye. My Lady, feel the Weight, They're Fine, and yet not Slight ; I'd with my Mother trust 'em. For Goodness and for Wear, Madam, I Vow and Swear, I show'd you this same Pair In hopes to gain your Custom. Pray tell me in a Word, At what you can afford, With Living Gain to sell 'em : The price is one Pound five, And as I hope to Live, I do my Profit give, Your Honour's very welcome. Knives, Penknives, Combs or Scissors, Tooth Pickers, Sirs, or Tweesers ; Or Walking Canes to Ease ye. Ladies, d'ye want fine Toys, For Misses or for Boys ? Of all sorts I have Choice, And pretty things to please ye. I want a little Babye, As pretty a one as may be, With Head dress made of Feather And now I think again, I want a Toy from Spain, You know what 'tis I mean : Pray send 'em home together. Another female practice, then, was to go to daily service at church especially — and St. Paul's, Covent Garden, was a very fashionable church at which to worship, or ogle the beaus. 2 ' This Market and that Church,' says my friend, * hides more faults oi kind Wives and Daughters among the Neighbouring Inhabitants than the pretended Visits either to my Cousin at t'other end of the Town, or some other distant Acquaintance ; for if the Husband asks, Where have you been, Wife ? or the Parent, Where have you been, Daughter ? the Answer, if it be after Eleven in the forenoon, or between Three and Four in the Afternoon, is, At Prayers. But, if early in the Morning, then their excuse is, I took a walk to Covent Garden Market, not being very well, to refresh myself with the scent of the Herbs and Flowers ; Bringing a Flower, or a Sprig of Sweet Bryar, home in her Hand, and it confirms the matter.' When not walking, ladies used either a coach or a sedan chair, and but seldom rode on horseback ; but, when they did so, they generally preferred the pillion to the side-saddle, as in the accom- panying illustration, and held on by the belt either of her cavalier or groom. In the country, horse exercise was much more in vogue, and Swift repeatedly alludes to, and reminds Stella of, her riding. When The Lying Lover. 2 The London Spy. 76 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE, riding, ladies very frequently wore masks to protect the countenance from the rays of the sun. Frequent allusions are made to a lady's pets, her lap-dog or her parrot ; but very few people know the very wide range of choice she had in the selection of those pets. Needless to say there were monkeys, both Marmoset and other kinds ; there were paroquets, paroquets of Guinea, cockatoos and macaws, scarlet nightingales from the West Indies, lorries or lurries, canaries, both ash and lemon colour, white and grey turtle doves from Barbary, white turtle doves, and the turtle doves from Moco, no bigger than a lark, spotted very fine. There were milk-white peacocks, white and pyed pheasants, bantams, and furbelow fowls from the East Indies, and top-knot hens from Hamburg. She would hardly want the * Parcel of living Vipers, fresh taken, fat and good, are to be sold bv the dozen/ nor would she care about the ' fine Tyger from the East Indies, who was brought over together with some fine geese from the same part of the world, 5 and some ' Amedawares.' In fact there were c Jamrachs ' then as now, and many of the bird shops were in St. Martin's Lane, near which locality they still abound. There is a curious advertisement in the Postman, January 12/15, 1706, which settles the date of bird-seed glasses. i The so much approved and most convenient new fashion Crystal Bird Glasses, which effectually pre- vent the Littering of the Seeds into the Rooms.' An innocent amusement, of which they were very fond, was dancing. And of dances there were a considerable quantity : country dances and jigs, of which there was an infinite variety, and minuets, rigadoons, and other more stately and stagey dances, as the ' Louvre and the French Brittagne.' These latter were elaborate, and absolutely inaugurated a fresh literature devoted to their cult. This seems to have been started by one Thoinet Arbeau, in a book published by him in 1588, and he may be called the originator of the ballet. Both Beauchamp and Feuillet wrote on this subject in French. Feuillet's book was translated and improved upon by Siris, in 1706. John Weaver wrote on this subject (in his ' Orchesography') about 1708, and John Essex (in the 'Treatise of Chorography ') in 17 10. The object was to teach the different steps and dances, by means of diagrams. Thus coupees, bourees, fleurets, bounds or tacs, contre- temps, chasses, sissones, pirouettes, capers, entrechats, etc., all had their distinguishing marks. The effect of learning by this method is whimsically given by Addison. 1 ' I was this morning awakened by a sudden shake of RIDING PILLION. The Tatter, No. 88. DAILY LIFE. 11 the house, and as soon as I had got a little out of my consternation I felt another, which was followed by two or three repetitions of the same convulsion. I got up as fast as possible, girt on my rapier, and snatched up my hat, when my landlady came up to me and told me " that the gentlewoman of the next house begged me to step thither, for that a lodger she had taken in was run mad, and "CP A BOUREE AND A CONTRETEMPS. she desired my advice," as indeed everybody in the whole lane does upon important occasions. I am not like some artists, saucy, because I can be beneficial, but went immediately. Our neighbour told us " she had the day before let her second floor to a very gen- teel youngish man, who told her he kept extraordinary good hours, and was generally home most part of the morning and evening at study ; but that this morning he had for an hour together made this extravagant noise which we then heard." I went up stairs with my hand upon the hilt of my rapier, and approached this new lodger's door. ' I looked in at the keyhole, and there I saw a well-made man look with great attention on a book, and on a sudden jump into the air so high, that his head almost touched the ceiling. He came down safe on his right foot, and again flew up, alighting on his left ; then looked again at his book, and holding out his right leg, put it into such a quivering motion, that I thought he would have shaked it off. He then used the left after the same manner, when on a sudden, to my great surprise, he stooped himself incredibly low, and turned gently on his toes. After this circular motion, he continued bent in that humble posture for some time, looking on his book. After this, he recovered himself with a sud- den spring, and flew round the room in all the violence and disorder imaginable, until he made a full pause for want of breath. ' In this interim, my women asked " what I thought." I whis- pered, "that I thought this learned person an enthusiast, who possibly had his first education in the Peripatetic way, which was a 78 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. sect of Philosophers, who always studied when walking." But observing him much out of breath, I thought it the best time to master him if he were disordered, and knocked at his door. I was surprized to find him open it, and say with great civility and good mien, " that he hoped he had not disturbed us." I believed him in a lucid interval, and desired " he would please to let me see his book." He did so, smiling. I could not make anything of it, and therefore asked " in what language it was writ" He said, " it was one he studied with great application ; that it was his profession to teach it, and he could not communicate his knowledge without a consideration." I answered " that I hoped he would hereafter keep his thoughts to himself, for his meditation this morning had cost me three coffee dishes and a clean pipe." He seemed con- cerned at that, and told me " he was a dancing master, and had been reading a dance or two before he went out, which had been written by one who had been taught at an Academy in France." He observed me at a stand, and went on to inform me, " that now Articulate MOTIONS as well as SOUNDS were expressed by Proper CHARACTERS, and that there is nothing so common as to communicate a Device by a letter." I besought him hereafter to meditate in a ground room.' The public dancers were utilised in rather a curious way, if we may credit Mrs. Centlivre — who certainly ought to know. She says, in ' Love at a Venture,' * Sir Paul Cautious, Go to the Play House, and desire some of the Singers and Dancers to come hither,' and the servant, later on in the play, announces, ' The Singers and Dancers are come, Sir. (Here is songs and dances.) ' CHAPTER IX. GAMBLING AND SPECULATION. Games at cards — Curious cards— Price — Tax on Cards — Female passion for gambling— The Groom Porter's — Gaming houses— Gamesters — Noted gamesters — Debts of honour — Speculation — Life insurances— Marine and other insurances — Shopkeepers' lotteries — Government lotteries — Prizes and winners. But primest and chief delight of men and women in this age was CARDS. Never, perhaps, was such a card-playing time — cer- tainly not in England. Ombre, which is so vividly described in the third canto of the ' Rape of the Lock/ was a game which could be played by two, three, or five persons — generally by three ; to each of whom nine cards were dealt. It takes its name from the Spanish, the person who undertook to stand the game making use of the words ' Yo soy l'hombre, 5 ' I am the man.' It was an improvement on Primero, which disappeared after its introduction. GAMBLING and SPECULATION, 79 L'hombre is still played in Spain under the name of 2resillo, and in Spanish America it is called Rocambor. Piquet is now played. Basset was a very gambling game, closely resembling the modern Faro ; Whisk or Whist, Brag, La?iterloo, or Lanctre loo, in which fiam, or the knave of clubs, is the highest card : l ' Were she at her Parish Church, in the Height of her Devotion, should any Body in the Interim but stand at the Church Door and hold up the Knave of Clubs, she would take it to be a Challenge at Lanctre Loo j and starting from her prayers, would follow her beloved Parn, as a deluded Traveller does an Ignis Fatuus"* ; and One and Thirty, which does not seem a very extravagant game, judging by Swift's account of it. 2 l Lord Treasurer has had an ugly fit of the rheumatism, but is now near quite well. I was playing at one and A CARD TABLE. tnirty with him and his family the other night. He gave us all twelvepence apiece to begin with.' These were some of the games s they delighted in ; and the accompanying illustration very vividly brings before us a quiet and pleasant game at cards. The implements of gaming, the cards themselves, were much smaller and thinner than those we are accustomed to play with. They were not always confined to the prosaic display of the pips and Court cards, as ours are, but took a far more fanciful flight. * Geographical, Geometrical, Astronomical and Carving Cards, each Pack price 1 s. } ' Orange Cards, Representing the late King James's Reign and Expedition of the Prince of Orange, Plots of 1 Ward's Adam and Eve stript of their Fw belows. 2 Journal to Stella, letter 53. 3 Other games were cribbage, all fours, ruff and honours, French ruff, five cards, costly colours, bon ace, putt, plain dealing, Queen Nazareen, pennech, post and pair, bankafalat, beast. 80 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. the Papists, Bishops in the Tower and Trial, Consecrated mock Prince of Wales, Popish Midwife, Fight at Reading, Pope's Nun- cio, Captain Tom, Essex's Murder, burning Mass Houses, Army going over to the Prince of Orange, etc.' ; cards delineating the victories of Marlborough and other events in Anne's reign ; Sache- verel cards; and anything for fashion — cards from Vigo — in 1702 — after the great victory there ; proverb cards ; all kinds of cards. The ordinary playing cards were cheap enough in all conscience, c the best Principal superfine Picket Cards at is. 6d. a Dozen ; the best Principal superfine Ombro Cards at is. gd. a Dozen ; the best Principal superfine Basset Cards at 35*. 6d. a dozen ' (packs under- stood). The price to retailers averaged \\d. per pack, and it is marvellous how they could, at that time, be made for the money. By an Act of 10 Anne, c. 18, s. 176, etc., a duty of sixpence per pack for cards, and five shillings a pair for dice, was imposed ; and all cards made and unsold before June 12, 171 1, were to be brought in to be stamped, and pay a duty of one halfpenny per pack, and dice 6d. a pair. The passion of women for gambling was a fruitful theme for satire in those days. * She's a profuse Lady, tho' of a Miserly Temper, whose Covetous Disposition is the very Cause of her Extravagancy ; for the Desire of Success wheedles her Ladyship to play, and the incident Charges and Disappointments that attend it, make her as expensive to her Husband, as his Coach and six Horses. When an unfortunate Night has happen'd to empty her Cabinet, she has many Shifts to replenish her Pockets. Her Jewels are carry'd privately into Lombard Street, and Fortune is to be tempted the next Night with another Sum, borrowed of my Lady's Goldsmith at the Extortion of a Pawnbroker ; and if that fails, then she sells off her Wardrobe, to the great grief of her Maids ; stretches her Credit amongst those she deals with, or makes her Waiting Woman dive into the Bottom of her Trunk, and lug out her green Net Purse full of old Jacobuses, in Hopes to recover her losses by a Turn of Fortune, that she may conceal her bad Luck from the Knowledge of her Husband.' 1 Nay, worse subterfuges than these are more than openly hinted at in divers authors. One or two examples will suffice. This Itch for play has likewise fatal been, And more than Cupid draws the Ladies in, A Thousand Guineas for Basset prevails, A Bait when Cash runs low, that seldom fails ; And when the Fair One can't the Debt defray In Sterling Coin, does Sterling Beauty pay. 2 No wonder that Steele bursts out, 3 'Oh, the damned Vice! That Women can imagine all Household Care, regard to Posterity, and fear of Poverty, must be sacrificed to a game at Cards. 1 ■ The Gaming Lady, or Bad Luck to him that has her,' in Adam and Eve stript of their Furbelows. 2 Epilogue to The Gamester, ed. 1705. 5 The Tender Husband. GAMBLING and SPECULATION. 81 A GAMBLING SCENE. 82 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. But we must not think that the fair ones monopolised the enjoyment of this passion — the sterner sex were equally culpable. Gaming houses were plentiful. The ' Groom Porter's' was still in full swing, vide this advertisement : ! 'Whereas Her Majesty, by her Letters Patent to Thomas Archer Esq. constituting him Her Groom Porter, hath given full Power to him and such Deputies as he shall appoint, to supervise, regulate, and authorize (by and under the Rules, Conditions and Restrictions by the Law prescribed) all manner of Gaming within this Kingdom. And, whereas several of Her Majesty's Subjects, keeping Plays or Games in their Houses, have been lately abused, and had Moneys extorted from them by several ill disposed Persons, contrary to Law. These are therefore to give Notice, That no Person whatsoever, not producing his Authority from the said Groom Porter, under the Seal of his Office, hath any Power to act anything under the said Patent. And to the end that all such Persons offending as aforesaid may be proceeded against according to Law, it is hereby desired, that Notice be given of all such Abuses to the said Groom Porter, or his Deputies, at his Office at Mr. Stephenson's, a Scrivener's House, over against Old Man's Coffee House near Whitehall.' The Groom Porter's own Gaming House must have been the scene of brawls. 2 Sir Geo. Airy. Oh, I honour Men of the Sword ; and I presume this Gentleman is lately come from Spain or Portugal — by his Scars. Marplot. No, really, Sir George, mine sprung from civil Fury : Happening last night into the Groom Porter's — I had a strong Inclination to go ten Guineas with a sort of a — sort of a — kind of a Milk Sop, as I thought ; A Pox of the Dice, he flung out, and my Pockets being empty, as Charles knows they sometimes are, he prov'd a Surly North Briton, and broke my face for my Deficiency. If scenes like this were enacted at the Groom Porter's, what must have taken place at the other gaming houses ? Let two con- temporary writers, whose language, though rough, is trustworthy, answer the question. ' Gaming is an Estate to which all the World has a Pretence, tho' few espouse it that are willing to keep either their Estates, or Reputations. I knew two Middlesex Sharpers not long ago, that inherited a West Country Gentleman's Estate, who I believe, wou'd have never made them his Heirs in his last Will and Testament. ' Lantrillou is a kind of Republick very ill ordered, where all che World are Hail Fellow well met ; no distinction of Ranks, no Subordination observed. The greatest Scoundrel of the Town, with Money in his Pockets, shall take his Turn before the best Duke or Peer in the Lana, it the Cards are on his side. From these Privilege Places not only all Respect and Inferiority is Banish'd ; but every thing that looks like Good Manners, Com- passion, or Humanity : Their Hearts are so Hard and Obdurate, 1 The London Gazette, Dec. 6,10, 1705. 2 The Busy Body. GAMBLING and SPECULATION. 83 that what occasions the Grief of one Man, gives Joy and Satisfac- tion to his next Neighbour. . . . 1 In some Places they call Gaming Houses Academies ; but I know not why they should inherit that Honourable Name, since there's nothing to be learn'd there, unless it be Slight of Hand, which is sometimes at the Expence of all our Money, to get that of other Men's by Fraud and Cunning. The Persons that meet are generally Men of an Infamous Character, and are in various Shapes, Habits and Employments. Sometimes they are Squires of the Pad, and now and then borrow a little Money upon the King's High Way, to recruit their losses at the Gaming House, and when a Hue and Cry is out, to apprehend them, they are as safe in one of these Houses as a Priest at the Altar, and practise the old trade of Cross biting Cullies, assisting the Frail Square Dye with high and low Fullums, and other Napping Tricks, in com- parison of whom the common Bulkers, and Pickpockets, are a very honest Society. How unaccountable is this way to Beggary, that when a Man has but a little Money, and knows not where in the World to compass any more, unless by hazarding his Neck for 't, will try an Experiment to leave himself none at all : Or, he that has Money of his own, should play the Fool, and try whether it shall not be another Man's. Was ever any thing so Nonsensically Pleasant. * One idle day I ventur'd into one of these Gaming Houses, where I found an Oglio of Rakes of several Humours, and Con- ditions met together. Some that had left them never a Penny to bless their Heads with. One that had play'd away even his Shirt and Cravat, and all his Clothes but his Breeches, stood shivering in a Corner of the Room, and another comforting him, and saying, Damme Jack, who ever thought to see thee in a State of Innocency : Cheer up, Nakedness is the best Receipt in the World against a Fever ; and then fell a Ranting, as if Hell had broke loose that very Moment. ... I told my friend, instead of Academies these places should be call'd Cheating Houses : Whereupon a Bully of the Blade came strutting up to my very Nose, in such a Fury, that I would willingly have given half the Teeth in my Head for a Composition, crying out, Split my Wind Pipe, Sir, you are a Fool, and don't understand Trap, the whole World's a Cheat.' l Ward, 2 also, writing of gaming, says : ' Pray, said I, what do you take those Knot of Gentlemen to be, who are so Merry with one another ? They, reply'd my Friend, are Gamesters, waiting to pick up some young Bubble or other as he comes from his Chamber ; they are Men whose Conditions are subject to more Revolutions than a Weather Cock, or the Uncertain Mind of a Fantastical Woman. They are seldom two Days in one and the same Stations, they are one day very richly drest, and perhaps out at Elbows the next ; they have often a great deal of Money, and are as often without 1 The Works of Mr. Thomas Brown, ed. 1705. a The London Spy. G 2 84 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. a Penny in their Pockets ; they are as much Fortunes Bubbles, as young Gentlemen are theirs ; for whatever benefits she bestows upon 'em with one Hand, she snatches away with t'other ; their whole Lives are a Lottery, they read no books but Cards, and all their Mathematicks is to truly understand the Odds of a Bet ; they very often fall out, but very seldom Fight, and the way to make 'em your Friends is to Quarrel with them. . . . They generally begin every Year with the same Riches ; for the Issue of their Annual Labours is chiefly to inrich the Pawnbrokers. They are seldom in Debt, because no Body will Trust 'em ; and they never care to Lend Money, because they Know not where to Borrow it. A Pair of False Dice, and a Pack of mark'd Cards sets 'em up ; and an Hours Unfortunate Play commonly breaks 'em.' These professional swindlers belonged to all classes of society, and some who died in this reign have left names behind them : St. Evremont, Beau Fielding, Macartney, who was Lord Mohun's second in his celebrated duel with the Duke of Hamilton, and the Marquis de Guiscard, who stabbed Harley, the Earl of Oxford. Their Lives, and many others, are given by Lucas, 1 from whom I shall only borrow one example, to show the equality that play made between the different social grades. Bourchier died in 1702, so that he just comes within this reign. ' Being at the Groom Porter's, he flung one Main with the Earl oiMulgraveiox 500 Pounds, which he won ; and his Honour looking wistly at him, quoth he, / believe I should k?iow you. Yes (reply'd the Winner) your Lordship must have some Knowledge of me, for my Name is Dick Bourchier, who was oiice your Footman. Whereupon his Lordship supposing he was not in a Capacity of paying 500 Pounds in case he had lost, cry'd out, A Bite, A Bite. But the Groom Porter assuring his Lordship that Mr. Bourchier was able to have paid 1,000 Pounds provided his Lordship had won such a Summ, he paid him what he plaid for, without any farther Scruple.' ' Once Mr. Bourchier going over to Flanders, with a great Train of Servants, set off in such a fine Equipage, that they drew the Eyes of all upon them wherever they went, to admire the Splendor and Gaiety of their Master, whom they took for no less than a Nobleman of the first Rank. In this Pomp, making his Tour at K. Williants Tent, he happen'd into Play with that great Monarch, and won of him above ,£2,500. The Duke of Bava?ia being also there, he took up the cudgels, and losing ^15,000 the Loss put him into a great Chafe, and doubting some foul Play was put upon him, because Luck went so much against him, quoth Mr. Bourchier: Sir, if you have any suspicion of the least Sinister Trick put upon your Highness, if you please Fit give you a Chance for all your Money at once, tossing ip at Cross and Pile, and you shall have the 1 Memoirs of the Lives, Intrigues, and Comical Adventures of the most famous Gamesters and Celebrated Sharpers in the Reigns oj Charles 2., James 2, William 3, and Queen Anne, etc. By Theophilus Lucas. London, 1714. GAMBLING and SPECULATION. 85 Advantage too of throwing up the Guinea yourself. The Elector admir'd at his bold Challenge, which never the less accepting, he tost up for ,£15,000, and lost the Money upon Reputation, with which Bourchier was very well satisfied, as not doubting in the least ; and so taking his leave of the King, and those Noblemen that were with him, he departed. Then the Elector of Bavaria enquiring of his Majesty, who that Person was, that could run the Hazard of playing for so much Money at a time, he told him it was a subject of his in England, that though he had no real Estate of his own, yet was he able to play with any Sovereign Prince in Germany. Shortly after Bourchier returning into England, he bought a most rich Coach and Curious Sett of Six Horses to it, which cost him above ,£3,000, for a present to the Elector of Bavaria, who had not as yet paid him any thing of the ,£30,000 which he had won of him. Notice hereof being sent to his Highness, the generous Action incited him to send over his Gentleman of Horse into Eng- land, to take care of this Present, which he receiv'd Kindly at Bourchiet's Hands, to whom he return'd Bills of Exchange also, drawn upon several eminent Merchants in London^ for paying what Money he had lost with him at Play.' Bourchier became very rich, and purchased an estate near Pershore, in Worcestershire, where he was buried — although he died in London. The lower classes followed the example of their social superiors, and gambled ; but once only can I find such an instance of gaming fever as the following: 1 'An Inditement is presented against a Person in Westminster, for playing away his Wife to another Man, which was done with her own consent.' Losses at cards, or debts of honour, as they were then and are now called, were supposed to be punctually paid. See * The Gamester.' Hector. Then, Sir, here is two Hundred Guineas lost to my Lord Love- game, upon Honour. Sir Thos. Valere. That's another Debt I shall not pay. Hector. How, not pay it, Sir. Why, Sir, among Gentlemen, that Debt is look'd upon the most just of any : you may Cheat Widows, Orphans, Tradesmen without a Blush ; but a Debt of Honour, Sir, must be paid. I cou'd name you some Noblemen that pays no Body — yet a Debt of Honour, Sir, is as sure as their Ready Money. Sir Thos. He that makes no Conscience of Wronging the Man whose Goods have been deliver'd for his use can have no pretence to Honour, what- ever Title he may wear. There was a speculating mania arising, which boded ill for the future. In this reign was born the k South Sea Bubble,' which burst so disastrously in the next, and involved thousands in ruin. Per- haps the mildest form it took was in insurances. We have already glanced at the fire insurances in Queen Anne's time ; they now began to think of life insurance, and the first advertisement on this 1 The English Post, October 12/14, 1702. 86 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. subject that I have noticed is in 1709. ' The Office of Assurance of Money upon Lives is at the Rainbow Coffee House in Cornhill, where Men or Women may Subscribe on their own Lives for the benefit of their Children, or other Person's Lives for the benefit of themselves, and have them approv'd without their Knowledge, pay- ing iar. Entrance, and 10s. towards the first Claim for each Life, and shall have a Policy for ,£1,000 for each Life subscribed upon in the said Society. This Office may be proper for such Persons as have Annuities, Estates, or Places for Life ; and for such Persons to make Assurance upon Lives where Debts are dubious if the Per- son die. This Office will assure Money much Cheaper per cent, than private Persons.' This looks very much as if it were the first life insurance company that was started, in lieu of private enter prise ; and as this is the only company that is advertised in Queen Anne's reign, it was probably the sole forerunner of the numerous similar enterprises now in existence. Hatton says, ' Offices that Insure Ships or their Cargo are many about the Royal Exchange, as Mr. Hall's, Mr. Bevis's, etc., who for a Premium paid down procure those that will subscribe Policies for Insuring Ships (with their Cargo) bound to or from any part of the World, the Premium being proportioned to the Distance, Danger of Seas, Enemies, etc. But in these Offices 'tis Customary upon paying the Money on a Loss to discount 16 per cent.' A curious marine insurance was in existence early in 171 1, of which the following is the advertisement ; but it seems a sporting insurance, and only meant to cover the war risk. 'For the Encouragement of Navigation for Masters, Mates and other Sea- faring Men that are Burnt, Sunk or Taken. That 4,000 Persons by paying 2s. 6d. for a Policy, and $s. to the 1st Quarter, which will be paid 21 days after Midsummer for the Lady Day Quarter, to the Sufferer or Sufferers £1,000 in full, or in proportion to what is paid in, and continuing to pay 5s. every Quarter or 14 days after ; likewise if 4,000 persons by paying 2s. 6d. for a Policy, and 2s. for the 1st if full, £400 or in proportion to be paid 21 days after Midsummer for this Lady Day Quarter, and likewise 4,000 by paying 2s. 6d. for Policies and is. per Quarter, the Sufferer or Sufferers to receive the benefit of £200 if full, or else in proportion, to be paid in 21 days after Midsummer; the Office was opened on Saturday last, the 27th past, by Hen Willson, Gent, in Jacob Street, South wark. Note. When 1,000 Policies are taken out, Trustees will be Chosen and Land Security given. Any Person may Insure in all 3 Offices. Proposals at large may be had at the Office. Note, that £6 per cent, will be deducted out of the Money paid for the trouble and charges.' There were besides — and they sprang up as if by magic — insurances for everything : for marriages, for births, for baptisms ■ — rank swindles all. And lotteries ! why, every thing, unsaleable otherwise, was tried to be got rid of by lottery. The papers teemed with advertisements. Take one newspaper haphazard ; for ex- GAMBLING and SPECULATION. 87 ample, the Tatler, Sept. 14/16, 1710: d, she Dandled him, and Rock'd him in her Arms, with as great signs of Affection as a loving Mother could well shew to a disorder' d Infant ; then bites a piece of the Cheese, and after she had mumbled it about in her own Mouth, then thrust it with her Tongue into the Kitten's. Just as I have seen some Nasty Old Sluts feed their Grandchildren.' The other shows in the fair seem to have been very poor : two or three dancing booths, a puppet show, ' a Turkey Ram, with as much Wooll upon his Tail as would load a Wheelbarrow,' and a couple of tigers, were all Ward could find worth recording. The fair was disorderly, and in 1702 an incident occurred which materially assisted its downfall. 'Westminster, May 16. The Constables of this Liberty being more than ordinary vigilant in the discharge of their duty, since the coming forth of her Majesty's pious Proclamation again Vice and Debauchery, and having in pursuance thereof taken up several Lewd Women in May Fair, in order to bring them to Justice, were opposed therein by several rude Soldiers, one of whom is committed to Prison, and the rest are diligently enquired after.' * In fact among them they managed to kill a constable, named John Cooper — for which murder a fencing- master named Cook was afterwards hanged at Tyburn; and, 1 Postman, May 14/16, 1702. 200 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. although the fair lingered a few years longer, yet it became such a nuisance that in November 1708 the Grand Jury of Westminster ' did present as a publick Nuisance and Inconvenience, the yearly riotous and tumultuous Assembly in a place called Brook Field, in the Parish of St. Martins in the Fields, in this County, called May Fair.' x This was the beginning of its end, and 1708 saw the last of the fair. 'Saturday 30 April 1709. Yesterday was published a pro- clamation by her Majestie, prohibiting the erecting or making use of any booths or stalls in Mayfair, for any plays, shows, gaming, musick meetings, or other disorderly assemblies.' 2 That this had been expected is shown by Steele, writing on April 18, 1709. 'Advices from the upper end of Piccadilly say, that May Fair is utterly abolished.' 3 The Tatler (No. 21) makes merry over its downfall, and says, ' if any lady or gentleman have occasion for a tame elephant, let them enquire of Mr. Pinkethman, who has one to dispose of at a reasonable rate. The downfall of May-fair has quite sunk the price of this noble Creature, as well as of many other Curiosities of Nature. A tiger will sell almost as cheap as an ox ; and I am Credibly informed, a man may purchase a cat with three legs, for very near the value of one with four. I hear likewise that there is a great desolation among the gentlemen and ladies who were the ornaments of the town, and used to shine in plumes and diadems ; the heroes being most of them pressed, and the queens beating hemp.' There was also a fair at Southwark, but of this very little mention is made in the newspapers or handbills. It was an old one, dating from 1492, and was founded by a Charter granted by Edward IV., to hold a fair ' for three days, that is to say, the 7th, 8th, 9th days of September to be holden, together with a Court of Pie Powders, and with all the liberties to such Fairs appertaining.' It used to be opened with some degree of state by the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, and was generally called ' Our Lady's Fair.' The indefatigable public caterer, Pinkethman, was there, in 1704, with 'the same Company that was at Bartholomew Fair over against the Hospital Gate, particularly the two famous French Maidens, and the Indian Woman ; and also Italian Interludes of Scaramouch and Harlequin, by those two Great Masters of their kind Mr. Sorine and Mr. Baxter ; and likewise extraordinary Per- formances on the Manag'd Horse by the famous Mr. Evans and Mr. Baxter, who both perform several new things in their Way. And also Mr. Evans walks on the Slack Rope, and throws himself a Somerset through a Hogshead hanging eight Foot high, with several other Entertainments too tedious to insert here.' In 1705 'the two famous French Maidens the Lady Isabella and her Sister,' again attended the fair, accompanied by 'the 1 Stows Survey, ed. 1720. 2 Luttrell. 3 Tatler t No. 4. OTHER SIGHTS. 201 Famous Mr. Luly, who walks on the Slack Rope without a Pole, and stands upon one Legg distinctly playing a tune on the violin ; and likewise turns himself round on the Rope with as much freedom as if on the Ground. 5 An old friend was also there, i The Whole Story of the Crea- tion of the World, or Paradise lost/ but seemingly its sole attraction was not sufficient, for it was accompanied by ' The Ball of Little Dogs come from Lovain, which performs, by their cunning tricks, Wonders in the World by Dancing. You shall see one of them named Marquis of Gaillardin, whose Dexterity is not to be com- pared ; he dances with Mrs. Poncette his Mistress, and the rest of their Company at the sound of Instruments ; observes so well the Cadance, that they amaze every Body. They have danced in most of the Courts of Europe, especially before the Queen and most of the Quality of England. They are carried to Persons of Qualities Houses if required. They stay but a little while in this Place. They give a General Satisfaction to all People that see them.' Here also was to be seen the English Sampson, William Joyce, described by Ward as i the Southwark Sampson, who breaks Car- mens Ribs with a Hug, snaps Cables like Twine Thread, and throws Dray Horses upon their backs, with as much Ease as a Westphalia Hog can crack a Cocoa Nut.' When he exhibited before William III., he lifted i ton and 14J lbs. of lead, tied a very strong rope round him to which was attached a strong horse, which, although whipped, failed to move him : this rope he afterwards snapped like pack thread. bred in the Desarts of Arabia, a Natural Ruff of Hair about his F'ace, two Foot high, walks upright, drinks a Glass of Ale or Wine, and does several other things to admiration. 2. A Hyenna. 3. A Murino dear, one of the seven Sleepers. 4. The Remark from the East Indies. 5. The Noble Histix from the West Indies. 6. The little Whifler, admired for his extraordinary Scent. 7. Tire Mock call, the Bird of Paradise.' A LEOPARD. < To all Gentlemen and others, that are lovers of Rarieties. Are to be seen divers sorts of Outlandish Beasts lately brought over, which, altho by Nature feirce and Savage, are here to be seen very gentle and tame, giving great Satisfaction to all the beholders. As first A Leopard, a beast of excellent beauty, presented to an English Merchant in Turkey by the king of the Arabs, as a particular mark of favour for eminent Services per- formed, who for the Maintenance of it in its voyage from Aleppo, 204 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNB. gave One hundred and ninety of the best and fattest fowls. Like* wise two Dromedaries Male and Female, the Male being the largest that ever was in England, being seven foot high, and ten foot in length ; his common burden is twelve hundredweight, with which he travels 40 miles a day ; there is also to be seen a Civet Cat giveing a pleasant smell throughout the Room. Likewise a Wolf and other wild beasts are there to be seen at any time of the day (all being alive).' A dromedary seems to have been considered a great curiosity, and the following advertisement gives a wonderful description of it. ' By Her Majesties Authority. Betwixt the Queen's Head and Crooked Billet near Fleet Bridge. This is to give notice to all Gentlemen, Ladies, and others, that there is here to be seen, two strange wonderful and remarkable monstrous Creatures, an old She Dromodary, being seven foot high and ten foot long, lately arriv'd from Tartary, and her young One, being the greatest Rarity and Novelty that ever was seen in the three Kingdoms before. These Creatures is much admired above all other Creatures in their way of bringing forth their young, for they go fourteen Months with young ; these Creatures resemble several sorts of Creatures, and yet but one at the last ; they are headed like a Horse, ey'd like an Ox, nos'd like a Deer, cloven Lipt like a Hare, also neck'd like a Swan, and Tail'd like a Mule, and cloven footed like a Cow, also the young Creature shewing several Actions by the word of Command. Note also that Natural Dromodarys (as these be) are the swiftest Creatures upon Earth : These Creatures are to be seen at any hour of the day from eight in the Morning till nine at night. Vivat Regina.' ' By Her Majesty's Authority. Is to be seen, the Hand of a Sea Monster which was lately taken on the Coasts of Denmark ; the whole Creature was very large, and weigh'd (according to Computation) at least fifty Tuns, and was seventy foot in length : His upper part resembled a Man ; from the middle downwards he was a Fish, &c. Likewise there is a Man Teger, lately brought from the Fast Indies, a most strange and wonderful Creature, the like never seen before in England, it being of Seven several Colours, from the Head downwards resembling a Man, its fore parts clear, and his hinder parts all Hairy ; having a long Head of Hair, and Teeth 2 or 3 Inches long ; taking a Glass of Ale in his hand like a Christian, Drinks it, also plays at Quarter Staff. There is also a famous Porcupine, a Martin Drill, a Pecari from the Deserts of Arabia, the Bone of a Giant above a Yard long, with several other Monstrous Creatures too difficult to describe, all alive. This is to give notice that the Man Teger is removed from Holborn Bars to the sign of the George against the steps of Upper More Fields. Vivat Regina.' 1 This is to give Notice to all Gentlemen, Ladies, and Others, that are Lovers of Ra-arities, that over against the Muse Gate, near Chaining Cross > is to be seen the same Creature that was OTHER SIGHTS. 205 shown at Epsom and the Bath all this Summer. This Noble Creature, which much resembles a Wild Hairy Man, was lately taken in a Wood at Bengali in the East Indies, he Dances upon the strait Rope with a Pole in his hands, he cuts Capers upon the Rope, and Dances true to the Musick. Likewise this Creature walks the Steep Rope with a Pole in his hands. He walks upon a small Slack Rope Swinging, at the same time drinks a Glass of Ale, and all this is performed on a Rope no bigger than a penny Cord ; and swings on it, to the great Admiration of all Spectators. He pulls off his Hat, and pays his Respects to the Company, and smoaks a Pipe of Tobacco as well as any Christian. This Noble Creature flings a Strapader, and hangs by his Hands and his Feet, and performs such Wonderful Things, that ne'er was done by any Rope Dancer whatever.' This was the rope-dancer spoken of by Addison : ' He is by birth a Monkey ; but swings upon a Rope, takes a pipe of Tobacco, and drinks a glass of Ale, like any reasonable Creature.' * Occasionally, but very rarely, the nobler beasts were shown. 1 At the Duke of Marlborough's Head in Fleet Street, is to be seen these Rarities following. 1. The noble and majestick Lion, lately brought from Barbary, which for its most surprizing Large- ness, and its being so wonderful tame, far exceeds any that ever was seen in the world. 2. A young Lion lately brought over from Algier, so wonderful tame that any Person may handle him as well as his keeper. 3. The noble Panther lately brought from Egypt, one of the beautifullest Creatures in the World for variety of Spots of divers Colours ; a Creature much admired by all the Gentlemen, and Ladies that ever saw him. 4. The Noble Pelican or Vulture, lately arrived from America 3 foot high, 9 over. The Head like a Griffin, Neck like a Swan : the like never seen in this kingdom before.' A rhinoceros could only be seen stuffed, and with its skeleton. In the latter part of 171 1 there was a show of 'the Lest Man aud Hors in the World,' which Addison has immortalised in the Spectator (No. 271), saying that the man, his wife, and horse 'are so very light, that when they are put together into a Scale, an ordinary Man may weigh down the whole Family.' These were combined with some wild animals, which evidently would not pay to exhibit by themselves. ' By Her Majesty's Permission. This is to give Notice to all Gentlemen, Ladies, and Others, that JUST over against the Mews Gate at Charing Cross, is to be seen a Collection of strange and wonderful Creatures from most Parts of the World, all alive. ' The First being a little Black Man, being but 3 Foot high, and 32 Years of Age, strait and proportionable every way, who is distinguished by the Name of the Black Prince, and has been shown before most Kings and Princes in Christendom. The next being 1 Spectator, No. 28. 206 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. his Wife, the Little Woman, Not 3 Foot high, and 30 Years of Age, strait and proportionable as any Woman in the Land, which is commonly calFd the Fairy Queen, she gives a General satis- faction to all that sees her, by Diverting them with Dancing, being big with Child. Likewise their little Turkey Horse, being but 2 Foot odd Inches High, and above 12 Years of Age, that shews several diverting and surprising Actions, at the Word of Command. The least Man, Woman and Horse that ever was seen in the World Alive. The Horse being kept in a Box. The next being a strange Monstrous Female Creature, that was taken in the Wood in the Desarts of ^Etiopia in Prestor John's Country, in the remotest parts of Affrica, being brought over from Cape de Bon Esperance, alias Cape of Good Hope ; from hir Head downwards she resembles Humane Nature, having Breasts, Belly, Navel, Nipples, Legs, and Arms like a Woman, with a long Monstrous Head, no such Crea- ture was ever seen in this part of the World before, she showing many strange and wonderful Actions which gives great satisfaction '^^^^^^^ |pggl2|jp AjKvtA±>WYy^ xfiiS^il^ A CML.. 'the lest man and hors in the world.' to all that ever did see her. The next is the noble Picary which is very much admir'd by the Learned. The next being the Noble Jack-call, the Lion's provider, which hunts in the Forest for the Lion's Prey. Likewise a small Egyptian Panther, spotted like a Leopard. The next being a strange monstrous Creature, brought from the Coast of Brazil, having a Head like a Child, Legs and Arms very wonderful, with a long Tail like a Serpent, wherewith OTHER SIGHTS. 207 he feeds himself, as an Elephant doth with his Trunk. With several other Rarities too tedious to mention in this Bill. 5 Before quitting the natural history shows we must notice 1 The finest Taught Horse in the World. These are to give Notice to all Gentlemen, Ladies, and Others, that are Lovers of Sport and Ingenuity, that at the Ship on Great Tower Hill will be shewn a Dancing Horse, which performs a great many Dexterous Actions at the Word of Command, Viz., He fetches and carries like a Spaniel Dog, if you hide a Glove, Hand- kerchief, Door Key, Pewter Bason, or so small a thing as a Silver Two Pence, he will seek about the Room till he finds it and brings it to his Master. i Turn him loose in the Room without either Bridle or Halter on his Head, altho 5 there were a hundred People in the Room, some paying as they come in, and some not paying, yet let them sit and be mixed one amongst another, he will find them out that have not payd from the rest. ' Borrowing several pieces of Money of Persons in the Room, Blind fold this Horse whilst the Money is in Borrowing, yet giving him the Money, he will take it in his Mouth one piece after another and will give it where 'twas Borrowed, and will give account what Pieces they are when he delivers them. He tells all Numbers and findeth any one Person from another ; he plays at Cards, at Putt, a thing much to be admired, he plays with as much readiness as any one that plays with him. Tell him that there is an Express Warrant come to press him, and that he must leave his Master to go and serve the French King, unless he can find some way to deceive the Press Masters, he presently falleth so Lame, that he can hardly set one Foot before another, but telling him if he is Alive he must go, he throweth himself on the Ground, and with his Legs stretched out stiff, and his Tongue lying out of his Mouth, as if he were Dead ; but telling him that he must rise and Serve Queen Anne, heriseth up and is Extraordinary Brisk and Cheerful ; he turns his Body round on one Foot, and will Leap through Hoops, and performs Sixty Actions at Command without Bridle on his Head ; the like never seen by no dumb Creature in the World. Vivat Regina.' Dwarfs always have been shown about, and the following ad- vertisement is probably that of one of the rivals to that spiteful 4 little Farey Woman ' already noticed. ' At the Brandy Shop over against the Eagle and Child in Stocks Market, is to be seen any hour of the Day, from 8 in the Morning till 9 at Night, a little German Woman, the Dwarf of the World, being but 2 Foot 8 Inches in Height, and the Mother of 2 Children, as straight as any Woman in England \ she sings and dances incomperable well, she has had the honour to be shown before Kings and Princes, and most of the Nobility of the Land, she is carried in a little Box to any Gentleman's House, if desir'd.' 208 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. i In Bridges Street in Covent Garden, over against the Rose Tavern, is to be seen a Living Fairy, suppos'd to be a Hundred and Fifty Years Old ; his Face being no bigger than a Child's of a Month : was found Sixty Years ago ; Look'd as Old then as he does now. His head being a great piece of Curiosity, having no Scull, with several Imperfections worthy your Observation.' 4 There were giants in the earth in those days,' and at the 1 Hercules's Pillars at Charing Cross ' might be seen a German giant, seven and a half feet high, and an Italian giantess ' above Seven foot high, and everyway proportionable weighing 425 Pounds Weight.' This seems to have been the normal height of giants, for the Saxon giant l who was i but Twenty Five Years of Age, he is Seven Foot and Five Inches in height, and every way Propor- tionable.' He was shown to the Queen and Prince George at Windsor ; but, previously ' he had the Honour to be presented with a piece of Armour proportionable to his Bigness, by the King of the Romans. 1 Germany, however, was not to have the monopoly of supplying us with giants — that, our patriotism could not stand — so a real live British giant was produced, warranted genuine. The only fault about him is that he does not state his height, so that we have no means of comparing him with the foreign importations. ' This is to give Notice to all Gentlemen, Ladys and Others, that there is now to be seen in this Place, a Tall Britain, Born on a Mountain near Llanriost\ from the Age of 16 Years he has Travelled abroad, and has been shown before all the Foreign Kings and Princes in Christendom ; and is now lately come into England, and had the Honour to have been shown before Her Present Majesty of Great Bfittain and her Royal Consort the Prince to the Great Satisfaction of all Spectators that have seen him, he being the Tallest Man that ever was show'd in this Kingdom.' ' There is lately brought to this place from America a Savage ; being a Cannibal Indian or Man Eater who was taken in a Skir- mish near South Carolina, between the Natives of that Place and some of the Wild Savage men. Likewise an Indian Woman, a Princess of that Country.' Divers freaks of humanity were shown, but it requires some credulity to take in the following : c At the Herculus Pillars at Charring Cross, is to be seen a Girl that was found on a Mountain, in the west of England', When an Eminent Gentlewoman observ- ing her to be without Fingers or Toes ; and without Speech in regard to her Distress, ordered her to be brought to her Habitation ; this Gentlewoman for many Years, was troubled with Convulsions of a severe kind, was perfectly Cured in a very short time, by the 1 'This is to satisfie all People that have been inform'd that the High German Tall Man, had kill'd a Man, and was to be hang'd ; that it is all false, and has been given out by other Show Keepers, on purpose to take away his Credit «and Good Name.' — The Post Boy, April 12/14, 1709. OTHER SIGHTS. 209 Girls Stroaking. This Girl hath like Success in Pains that arise from the Spleen, Sores, and Swellings, and many other Distempers, and what is very Remarkable also in her ; She never spoke one Word in Four Years, and then by a Prophetick Spirit, said, the Gentlewoman that preserved her, would Die by Two a Clock which happened accordingly. The Girl is Ingenious, and can Work at her Needle; and perforin several other things worth Observation; Price for seeing her Six Pence a Piece. She Toucheth Gratis.' ' This young Man was Born in Hungary , and is about 18 years of Age, a Foot and a Half High : In the places where the Thighs, or Legs should be ; hath Two Breasts in all points like a Woman's on which He Walks. The Natural parts are of the Male kind ; Climes, or gets from the Ground upon a Table, and sits on a Corner of it, but 3 Quarters of an Inch broad, and shews more HUNGARIAN YOUTH. Artful Tricks, to the General Diversion, Satisfaction, and Admi- ration of all Spectators, and speaks several Languages. Vivat Regina.' The following, although a curious, could hardly have been a pleasing exhibition. ' The Bold Grimace Spaniard. At the Ram's Head Inn in Fanchurch Street, is to be seen a Bold Grimace Spaniard, lately brought over, by David Cornwell, in the Bilboa Merchant'. He liv'd 15 Years among wild Creatures in the Mountains, and is reasonably suppos'd to have been taken out of his Cradle, an Infant, by some Savage Beast, and wonderfuly pre- serv'd, till some Comedians accidentally pass'd thro' those Parts, and perceiving him to be of human Race, pursu'd him to his Cave, where they caught him in a Net. They found something wonderful in his Nature, and took him with 'em in their Travels thro 5 Spain P 210 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. and Italy. He performs the following surprising Grimaces, viz. He lolls out his Tongue a Foot long, turns his Eyes in and out at the same time ; contracts his Face as small as an Apple ; Extends his Mouth Six Inches, and turns it into the Shape of a Bird's Beak, and his Eyes like to an Owl's ; turns his Mouth into the Form of a Hat cock'd up three ways ; and also frames it in the manner of a four square Buckle ; licks his Nose with his Tongue, like a Cow ; rolls one Eye^Browtwo Inches up, the other two down; changes his face to such an astonishing Degree, as to appear like a Corpse long buried ; Altho bred wild so long, yet by travelling with the aforesaid Comedians 18 years, he can sing wonderfully fine, and accompanies his Voice with a thorow Bass on the Lute. His former natural Estrangement from human Conversation obliged Mr. Comwell to bring a Jackanapes over with him for his Companion, in whom he takes great Delight and Satisfaction.' Queen Anne's time could also match our age with 'Two- Headed Nightingales,' ' Siamese Twins,' or ' Pygopagi.' ' At Mr. John Pratt's at the Angel in Cornhil . . . are to be seen two Girls, who are one of the greatest Wonders in Nature that ever was seen, being Born with their Backs fasten'd to each other, and the Passages of their Bodies are both one way. These Children are very Handsome and Lusty, and Talk three different Lan- guages ; they are going into the 7th year of their Age. Those who see them, may very well say, they have seen a Miracle, which may pass for the 8th Wonder of the World.' These were Helen and Judith, who were born at Tzoni, in Hungary, October 26, 1701 ; lived to the age of twenty-one, and died in a convent at Petersburg February 23, 1723. They were well-shaped, very good-looking, and very fond of each other. They spoke Hungarian, high and low Dutch, French, and English. There was also exhibited 'A young resh country Lad just arriv'd from Suffolk ; who is covered all over his Body, except the Face, Palms of the Hands, and Soles of his Feet, with Bristles like a Hedgehog, as hard as Horn, which shoots off yearly.' 6 There is lately arrived a Person that was born without either Arms or Hands, and he does such miraculous things with his Feet, that the like never was known in the World. . . . He writes very fine with his Mouth, right and left Foot without discerning, which is the best, and in Five sorts of Languages, and makes his own Pens with a Pen Knive ; he walks upon his two great Toes, and stands upon one Toe; he lays his Foot in his Neck, and hops upon the other, he stands upon the top of a little Stool, and reaches a Glass with his Mouth from under X ; he threads a very fine and small Needle, and sows very prettily ; and all Actions whatsoever is done by Hands, he does with his Feet : he Combs or dresses a Perriwig very well, shaves himself, dresses and un- dresses himself &c, and all with his feet, &c.' There were conjurors, especially 'the incomparable German. , . . He makes pass through his Cups 60 Balls, without touching OTHER SIGHTS. 211 them, and they are turn'd into little live Birds, which whistle upon the Table. He takes a parcel of Cards, and throws them about the Room, and they are turn'd into little live Birds.' He was only equalled by i An admirable Piece of Ingenuity in Hanging Sword Court, the Middle of Fleet Street,' where twice a day c several Per- sons may be Entertained at Table, with various Dishes, and different kinds of Liquors, arising from Fountains on the Table to the drinking Glasses of the Entertained ; of the which, when they are satisfied, a Serpent arising from a Box on the Middle of the Table, flyeth away with the Table and what's thereon remaining ; and that very moment another Table of the same Dimensions, and furnished with another service, is in place where the former Table stood, without any visible Cause.' Posture-masters, as the acrobats were then called, abounded, and one of the chief among them was Higgins, successor to the famous Clark, who could dislo- cate and deform himself at plea- sure. But he must have found a worthy imitator in ' The young Posture Master from Exeter, who performs those Postures ot Body, that none never yet did ; he extends his Body into all deform'd Shapes of Stature ; he makes his Hip and Shoulder Bones meet together ; he stands upon one Leg and extends the other in a direct Line half a Yard above his Head ; he drinks her Majesty's Health on his Head ; he lays his Head on the Ground, and turns his Body round twenty Times, without stirring his Face from the Place ; he sucks all his Bowels into his Breast, making a pack Saddle on his Back, that he will bear the lustiest Man that will be pleas'd to sit upon his Rump ; he will sit in a Posture as if his Body was split, and so divides his Legs that his Toes are separated Six Foot ten Inches from Toe to Toe ; he stands on a Table and turns his Head backwards below his Heels ; he likewise dances any Dance upon his Knees with his Toes in his Hands, and dances true to the Musick.' But even all these accomplishments do not seem to have been sufficiently attractive of themselves, for with him was *a Child of Five Years of Age, who does the Activity of Tumbling to the greatest Perfection. After which Mr. Cornwall takes an empty Bag, and turns it twenty times, and stamps on it, if requir'd, A POSTURE-MASTER. 212 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. and then commands several Eggs out of it, and at last the live Hen.' < Children then, as now, had to go through acrobatic perform- ances. There was 'a Boy that walks upon a Slack Rope no thicker than a Penny Cord, and a little Girl that vaults on the high Rope ; ' but, even in our time, we should hardly like to see *a little Child about two Years and a half old perform such wonderful things on the Stiff Rope, as is surprising to all that behold him.' We hear more of this poor little thing. ' Whereas it has been industriously and falsely reported that the little Child that is under 3 years old, that danced on the Rope and tumbled, is dead ; Mr. Francis thought it proper to certify all People, that the Child is living and well ; and he challenges all Europe to produce a Child of his Age to perform what he does, both for Dancing and Tumbling. Likewise the little Girl about 7 Years old, that danced the Rope, vaulted the Slack Rope, and tumbled to the Admiration of all who saw her.' There was a curious entertainment that lasted nearly the whole of Anne's reign ; of which the first notice I can find is in the Daily Courant, November 27, 1704. By degrees Clench enlarged his repertoire until he did all described in the accompanying handbill. 4 These are to give Notice to all Gentlemen, Ladies and Others, that Mr. Clench of Barnet who imitates the Horn, Huntsman and Pack of Hounds, the Sham Doctor, Old Woman, Drunken Man, the Bells, Flute, Double Curtell, 1 the Organ with three Voices, by his own Natural Voice, to the greatest Perfection ; (being the only man that ever could Attain to so great an Art,) will perform,' etc. Clinch is mentioned in the Tatler (No. 51) : 'A good company of us were this day to see, or rather to hear, an artful person do several feats of activity with his throat and windpipe. The first thing wherewith he presented us, was a ring of bells, which he imitated in a most miraculous manner ; after that, he gave us all the different notes of a pack of hounds, to our great delight and astonishment.' Thoresby went to see him, and reports : 2 ' Eve- ning to hear the memorable Mr. Clench, whose single voice, as he has learned to manage it, can admirably represent a number of persons, at sport and in hunting, and the very dogs and other animals, but none better than a quire of Choristers chanting an anthem, &c.' Waxwork figures have always been a popular exhibition, and then was living a Mrs. Salmon, whose fame was as great as Madame Tussaud's. Her handbills were curiosities in their way, but they are so long that one only can be transcribed. The Royal Off Spring : Or, the Maid's Tragedy Represented in Wax Work, with many Moving Figures and these Histories Following. King Charles the First upon the Fatal Scaffold, attended by Dr. Juxo7i the Bishop of London, and the Lieutenant of the 1 Sort of bassoon. 2 Diary \ Jan. 14, 1709. OTHER SIGHTS. 213 Tower, with the Executioner and Guards waiting upon our Royal Martyr. The Royal Seraglio, or the Life and Death of Mahomet the Third, with the Death of Irenics Princess of Persia, and the fair Sultaness Urania. The Overthrow of Queen Voaditia, and the Tragical Death of her two Princely Daughters. The Palace of Flora or the Roman superstition. The Rites of Moloch, or the Unhumane Cruelty, with the manner of the Canaanitish Ladies, Offering up their First-born Infants, in Sacrifice to that ugly Idol, in whose Belly was a burning Furnace, to destroy those Unhappy Children. Margaret Countess of Heningbergh, Lying on a Bed of State, with her Three hundred and Sixty-Five Children, all born at one Birth, and baptized by the Names of Johns and Elizabeths, occasioned by the rash Wish of a poor beggar Woman. Hermonia a Ro7nan Lady, whose Father offended the Emperor, was sen- tenced to be starved to Death, but was preserved by Sucking his Daughters Breast. Old Mother Shipton that Famous English Prophetess, which fortold the Death of the White King ; All richly dress'd and composed with so much variety of Invention, that it is wonderfully Diverting to all Lovers of Art and Ingenuity. All made by Mrs. Salmon, and to be seen near the Horn Tavern in Fleet Street. Vivat Reginse {sic)J Of the miraculous accouchement of Margaret, Countess of Heningberg, Thoresby says 1 : ' After, walked to Gray's Inn to Mr. Smith, who most courteously entertained me, and gave me some inscriptions he had taken for me in his travels, particularly that for the memorable Countess who had 365 children at a birth ; he saw the two basins they were baptized in.' Nor was this the only exhibition of the kind ; there was yet another similar show. ' The Effigies of his late Majesty King William III., of Glorious Memory, is Curiously done in Wax to the Life, Richly Drest in Coronation Robes, standing by the Effigies of his late Royal Consort, Queen Mary in the like Dress ; likewise the late Duke of Gloucester in his Garter Robes. To- gether with the Effigies of several Persons of Quality and Others, all which are Alive, or have been so of late Years, whereby the Spectators may Judge of Likeness. They are to be seen every Day at Mr. Goldsmith's in Green Court in the Old Jury.' 2 This is the same artist who is spoken of in a newspaper paragraph. ' On Wednesday last Mrs. Goldsmith, the famous Woman for Waxwork, brought to Westmi?tster Abbey the Effigies of that celebrated Beauty the late Duchess of Richmond, which is said to be the richest Figure that ever was set up in King Henry's Chapel.' 3 ' To be seen in Exeter Change in the Strand, as well in Christmas and other Holidays, as at all other times, tho' the Change be shut, only then you must go in at that end towards Charing Cross. 1 Diary % July 14, 17 12. 2 The English Post, March 23/25, 1702, 3 Daily Courant % Aug. 6, 1703. n 0* 214 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. g Just H .2 finish'd 5f ?* and to be 3 v seen. The present g« Court of England ^ in Wax, after (and as g 4 big as) the Life, in the £ Inner Walk of Exeter Change W in the Strand, much exceeding that J} which was at the Afcw Exchange tho' o' 1 both made by the most deservedly famous 8 Mrs. Mills, whom in that Art, all ingenuous 2> S Persons own, had never yet an equal : The names p 9* of the chief Persons are, The Queen, his Royal S Highness Prince George, the Princess Sophia, his Grace o fn The Duke of Marlborough, the Countess of Manchester, 3 ^ the Countess of Kingstone, the Countess of Musgrave &c. £h g As likewise the Effigies of Mark Anthony, naturally g acting that which render'd him remarkable to the World ; Cleopatra his Queen, one of her c/5 Egyptian Ladies, Oliver Cromwell in § £ Armour, the Count Tallard: with ma- ^ ny others too tedious here to men- 2 tion. To be seen from 9 in the o •C Morn, till 9 at Night. You &* may go in at any of the o- J§ Doors in the Change ', g, H and pass thro' the o Hatter's Shop in ^ •55 the Outward g ^ Walk. § Persons may have their Effigies made, or their deceased Friends on reasonable Terms. The Westminster waxwork figures were then in a sadly dilapi- dated condition. Brown says * : * As soon as we ascended half a Score Stone Steps in a dirty Cobweb hole, and in old Worm eaten Presses, whose Doors flew open on our approach ; here stood Edward the Third, as they told us, which was a broken piece of Waxwork, a batter'd Head, and a Straw stufT'd Body, not one quarter coveiM with Rags ; his beautiful Queen stood by, not better in Repair ; and so to the number of half a score Kings and Queens, not near so good figures as the King of the Beggars make, and all the begging Crew would be ashamed of their Company. Their Rear was brought up with good Queen Bess, with the Rem- nants of an old dirty Ruff, and nothing to cover her Majesty's Nakedness.' 1 A Walk round London and Westminster, OTHER SIGHTS. 215 One of the most popular exhibitions was the puppet shows kept by Robert Powell, a dwarfish deformity. ' This is Mr. Powell — That's he— the little Crooked Gentle- ' man, that holds a Staff in his Hand, without which he must fall.' ' His ' Punch's Theatre ' was in the little Piazza, Covent Garden — and Steele makes the under sexton of St. Paul's 2 Church grumble at his entertainment, because it took people away from him. Defoe says : ' Mr. Powell by Subscrip- tions and full Houses, has gathered such Wealth as is ten times sufficient to buy all the Poets in England ; that he 1 seldom goes out without his Chair, and thrives on this incredible Folly to that degree, that, were he a Freeman, he might hope that some future Puppet Show might celebrate his being Lord Mayor, as he has done Sir R. Whitting- ton.' 3 Both in the Tatler and Spec- tator he is frequently referred to, especially in the former. In the season he took himself and his puppets to Bath, so that he always kept them employed. His performances were very varied, one being ' The History of King Bladud, Founder of the Bath. The Figures being drest after the manner of the Ancient Britains. With the Walks, Groves, and Representation of the King's Bath and new Pump house. The Figures of Ladies and Gentlemen all moving in real Water.' He caught the passing folly as it flew, and depicted it as in < The City Rake or Punch turn'd Quaker,' ' Poor Robins Dream or the Vices of the Age Exposed ; ' or, he had a puppet ' of a Rope Dancer, being an exact pattern of the present Lady Isabella.' He was for ever bringing out some novelty, even if it was such rubbish as * a New Piece of Machinary after the British Manner, contrived and just finished by Powell, which represents a Paradice wonderful surprising. At the breaking of the clouds arise several Triumphal Arches, which form several most agreeable Prospects ; beautify'd by her most Serene Majesty of Great Britain in her Royal Robes, attended by her Peers and Officers of State ; under their Feet are represented the Trophies taken from the French and Bavarians by her Majesty's Arms this War.' One of the last of Powell's advertisements, in Queen Anne's reign, was : ' Whereas it has been reported that Punch of the Bath and Covent Garden was dead, these are to inform the Publick that 1 Introduction to A Second Tale of a Tub, ed. 1715. 2 Spectator, No. 14. 3 Groans of Great Britain. PORTRAIT OF POWELL. 2i6 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. he was only in a small consumption, but by the long experienc'd Cordial of the Golden Elixir is recovered, and remov'd for the Air to the Great Masquerading House in Spring Garden, where he hopes once more to see his noble Benefactors.' Pinkethman was far too keen to let Powell have the monopoly of this sort of entertainment, so we find a handbill : ' This is to give Notice, that Mr. Penkethman, who, by his Indefatigable Industry, has ever made it his Study to Invent Something New and Excellent to please the World, has, with the Greatest Diligence, Labour and Expence, set himself to contrive, which he has now, after Several Years Application, brought to Perfection, a most Surprising and Magnificent Machine, call'd the PANTHEON, consisting of several Curious Pictures, and Moving Figures, repre- senting the Fabulous History of the Heathen Gods. 'The Whole contains Fourteen several Entertainments, and near a Hundred Figures (besides Ships, Beasts, Fowl, and other Embellishments) some near a Foot in Height ; all which have their respective and peculiar Motions, their very Heads, Legs, and Arms, Hands and Fingers, Artificially moving exactly to what they perform, and setting one Foot before another, as they go, like Living Creatures, in such a Manner that Nothing but Nature itself can exceed it. In short, the Painting is by the Finest Hands, and the Story and Contrivance so Admirable, that it justly deserves to be esteemed One of the Greatest Wonders of the Age.' This show is casually mentioned in Spectator (No. 31). Pinkethman was also proprietor of a moving picture, for in an advertisement ' he says : * Mr. Pinkethman In order to divert and oblige the Gentry and others of Greenwich, Deptford, Woolwich, Lee, and other adjacent places thereabouts, has remov'd the most Famous Artificial and Wonderful Moving Picture that came from Germany and was to be seen at the Duke of Marlborough's Head in Fleet Street, is now to be seen at the Hospital Tavern in Green- wich,' etc. Thoresby 2 saw this picture when in London in 1709, and was highly delighted with it. He also says : ' I had some dis- course with the German inventor of it, Mr. Jacobus Morian.' The following is its handbill : — c To All Gentlemen, Ladies and others Notice is hereby given, that here is arrived from Germany, a most artificial and Wonderful Original Picture, the like never seen in all Eitrope : Part of this fine Picture represents a Landskip, and the other part the Water on Sea : In the Landskip you see a Town, out of the Gates of which cometh a Coach Riding over a Bridge through the Country, behind, before, and between the Trees till out of sight ; coming on the Bridge, a Gentleman sitting on the Coach, civilly salutes the Spectating Company, the turning of the Wheels and motion of the Horses are plainly seen as if natural 1 Daily Courant, May 9, 1709. 2 Diary, Feb. 11, 1709. OTHER SIGHTS. 217 and Alive. There Cometh also from the Town Gate a Hunter on Horseback, with his Doggs behind him, and his Horn at his side, coming to the Bridge he taketh up his Horn and Blows it that it is distinctly heard by all the Spectators. Another Hunter painted as if Sleeping, and by the said Blowing of the Horn awaking, riseth up his Head, looks about, and then lays down his Head again to Sleep, to the great Amazement and Diversion of the Company. There are also Painted and Represented, Country men and Women, Travellers, Cows and Pack horses going along the Road till out of sight. And at a seeming distance on the Hills are several Windmills continually Turning and Working. From a River or Sea port, you see several sorts of Ships and Vessels putting to Sea, which Ships by degrees lessen to the sight as they seem to Sail further off. Many more Varieties too long to be in- serted here, are Painted and Represented in this Picture to the greatest Admiration, Diversion and Satisfaction of all Ingenious Spectators. The Artist Master of this Piece hath employed above 5 years in contriving, making and perfecting it. It was design'd for a present to a great Prince in Germany y to be put in his chiefest Cabinet of greatest Rarities, but that Prince Dying, the maker kept it to himself, and now presents it to the View and Diversion of all ingenious Persons.' This picture is just noticed in the Tatler (No. 129) : 'and I doubt not but it will give as good content as the moving picture in Fleet Street/ There was another of these mechanical toys, exhibited at the same place. ' Far exceeding the Original formerly shewn, and never publish'd before the beginning of the present Year 17 10. Representing several stately ships and vessels sailing out of the Port of a City ; a Coach, drawn by four Horses going over a bridge into the Town ; a Cart with an Old Woman in it, drawn by two Horses, the Wheels moving : A Gentleman carry'd in a Chair, saluting the Company, A Windmill continually turning round ; Swans swimming, which dip their Heads in the Water : A Man digging with a Pick Ax : All in lively Motion,' etc. And still one more appeared in 1713, which was a representation of the sky effects of morning, noon, and night, with ships sailing,' and saluting the forts as they passed. At the Duke of Marlborough's Head, too, was to be seen ' a true and very natural Representation of the most famous Antiquities and Stupendious Works commonly called rhe Seven Miracles of the World ; All which cannot but be pleasant to the Eyes of all curious Beholders, and perhaps more agreeable than may by Words be expressed,' but there is no record of what this exhibition was like. ' In Bell Yard, over against the Middle Temple Gate, Flee Street, next door to the Bell Inn, at the Arms of Amsterdam, will be shewn for the satisfaction of all persons of Quality and others most Curious and exact Model of the famous City of Amsterdam, being between 20 and 30 foot long, and near 20 foot broad ; with 218 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. all the Churches, Chappels, Stadt house, Hospitals, noble Buildings, Streets, Trees, Walks, Avenues, with the Sea, Shipping, Sluices, Rivers, Canals, &c., most exactly built to admiration ; In short, the Situation and Representation of the whole City is performed with such Art and Ingenuity, to the wonderful satisfaction of the States General of the United Provinces, several Foreign Princes, our Nobility, Gentry, Artificers and others, that have seen it, that it is allowed to be one of the greatest curiosities ever yet seen in England. This great piece of Work was 12 years in finishing, and cost a vast sum of Money.' It is always interesting to watch glass-blowers at work, and see them turn out their pretty but fragile toys ; and doubtless they yielded as much, or more, delight in Anne's time. ' By Her Majesties Authority. This is to give Notice to all Gentlemen, Ladies, and Others, That there is lately arriv'd in this Place, a Rare and Curious Artist, which in the presence of all Spectators maketh all Sorts and GLASS-BLOWING. Fashions of Indian, China, and all Sorts of Curious Figures &c. As Jars, Teapots, Coffee Dishes, Bottle and Flower Pots, as small as they please ; being very dexteriously in termixed with red, blew* and other Colours, as Natural as the Indian painting : As also all sorts of Beasts, Birds, Fowls, Images, Figures of Men, Women, and Children, which he bloweth of all Colo urs in Glass, so curiously, the like was never seen in this Kingdom. ' Besides all this, he sheweth you a most wonderful and ad- mirable Glass of Water, wherein are four or five Images, which he OTHER SIGHTS. 219 maketh every one to come up and down as he pleases, without any help or assistance, being very pleasant and delightful to all Spec- tators ; with Several other Rarities too tedious to Mention. ' There is a Wheel that's turn'd by Humane power, which Spins Ten Thousand Yards of Glass in less than half an hour. ' He also maketh Artificial Eyes of Glass to admiration, they being so curiously made and coloured, that they cannot be dis- cerned from the Natural Eyes ; Likewise he teacheth how they may fix them in their Heads themselves, to the great Satisfaction of all persons that make use of them. . . . Vivat Regina.' There was another artist in glass who blew ' Swans, Ducks, Birds, Knives, Forks, and Scabbards, Decanters, Cruets, Bottles and Ladles, with pipes to smoke Tobacco, and Grenadoes to stick by the Snuff of a candle that gives a report like a Gun ; blows Tea Pots and other fancies imitating China.' A singular mechanical toy, too, deserves special mention : ' At the Black Horse in Hosier Lane, near West Smithfield, is to be seen a large piece of Water Work, 12 Foot long and 9 foot high, with a new Mathematical Fountain 8 foot high, made in white flint glass, in which is a Tavern, a Coffee house and a Brandy shop, which at your command runs at one Cock hot and Cold liquor, as Sack, Whitewine, Claret, Coffee, Tea, Content, plain, cherry and Rasberry Brandy, Geneva, Usquebaugh, and Punch. All these liquors of themselves rising much higher than their level, and each liquor drawn singly at one Cock ; The like never per- formed in any Nation by any Person till Now, by Charles Butcher. For satisfaction your own eyes believe, Art cannot blind you, nor your Taste deceive ; Com and welcom my friends, and tast e're you pass, It's but 6d. to see't and 2d. each glass. But the man who did most with hydraulic power was Win- stanley, the builder of the fantastic, semi-Chinese pagoda lighthouse on the Eddystone rock. Winstanley had been a mercer in London, and, having made some money, retired from business, and went to live at Littlebury in Essex. Here he constructed ingenious but useless hydraulic toys, and, from being locally famous, he opened an exhibition of them in London. The first mention I can find of it in this reign, is in the Postman, May 1/4, 1703 : ' Mr. Henry Winstanley's Water Works, will be Opened on Thursday being the 6th of May ; And All Persons that please to see them, are desired to be there between 3 and 4 of the Clock. The House is at the lower end of Pickadilly, towards Hide Park.' In the Daily Courant, August 14, 1703, he notifies that : ' Mr. Henry Winstanley's Water Works being now open'd, and several Persons coming too late by reason of the days being shorter, this is to satisfie and give notice, that they will be shewn from Monday next at Four of the Clock. And therefore all Persons that are disposed to see them, are desired to be there 220 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. before the time, or exactly at it. And also this is further to acquaint, that they will not be shewn this Season longer than 10 or 14 days, by reason of Mr. Winstanley' s having extraordinary Occasions of going out of Town. 5 It was a disastrous ' out of town ' for him, for he had his wish gratified in being in his gimcrack lighthouse ' in the greatest storm ever known,' namely, that of November 27, 1703, which clean swept away the building, Winstanley, and five other persons.* WONDERFUL FOUNTAIN. For some years after his sad death his exhibition was in abeyance, until we see by the Daily Courant, June 5, 1707 : 'The famous Water Works of the late Ingenious Mr. Henry Winstanley are now open'd, and will continue to be shown this present June, and the ensuing Month of July (for the Benefit of his Widow) by his old Servants, with several Additions. And all Persons that please to see them, are desir'd to be at the House by 5 of the clock at the farthest, and they will not lose time in staying. The House OTHER SIGHTS. 221 is at the lower End of Picadilly towards Hide Park, and is known by the Wind Mill on the top of it. As also his famous House at Littlebury in Essex is kept up, and shewn as formerly, with several additions.' His widow continued to show them, with many vari- ations, every summer during the remainder of the reign. In 171 1 there were shown ' Sea Gods and Goddesses, Nymphs, Mermaids, and Satirs, all of them playing of water as suitable, and some Fire mingling with the water, and Sea Triumphs round the Barrel that plays so many Liquors ; all which is taken away after it had perform 5 d its part, and the Barrel is broke in Pieces before the Spectators.' In 17 12 there is the same entertainment, but fuller details are given : it was ' of 6 several sorts of Wine, and the best brandy and biskets, all coming out of the famous Barrel, and given to the Boxes and Pit ; with Geneva, Cherry beer, and Cyder to the first Gallery, there is also Coffee and Tea as at all other times.' In 17 1 3 'the Curious Barril will be made a Spring Garden, entertaining the Boxes and Pit with Cool Tankards, Spaw Waters, Bisquits, Milk, Ale, Beer, Sullibubs, Cake, and Cheese Cakes, and Flowers Playing of Water : And a very delightful part will be added to the 3 Parts that are usually performed. There . is Galu- thetis's Flight from Polyheme, and as she is carried in State by Neptune attended by many Figures playing of Water, and some with Fire mingling with it ; then will be a great Tempest of Thunder and Lightning and burning Flames rolling in great Cascades of Water, to the Expence of 300 Tun extraordinary.' In 1 7 14, 'the Curious Barrel will be made a Dairy House, enter- taining the Boxes and Pit with Curds, several sorts of Creams, Milk, Whey, Cakes, Cheese Cakes, Sullibubs, New Butter, Butter Milk, which a Woman will be seen to churn, and a flying Zepherus, a Flora presenting the Spectators with a Basket of Fruit. . . There is Galathea's flight from Polypheme guided by two flying Boys, with a flaming Torch playing Water through the Flames : A flying fiery Dragon, out of whose Mouth comes great Fire Balls, flames of Fire, a large sheet of Water, with many Cascades of Water, to the expence of 800 Tuns extraordinary.' It was a very popular exhibition, and ranked, as we see, 1 with the opera and the play. In 1 7 10 the good folks of London were treated to a somewhat unusual spectacle— that of four real live Indian chiefs or kings, as they were called. They came over in April of that year, and were treated as guests of the nation ; apartments being obtained for them at an upholsterer's in King Street, Covent Garden, 2 and they were taken in two of the royal carriages to visit the Queen. Luttrell says : ' 20 Aprill. Four Indian Sachems, or Kings of the 5 Indian Nations, lately arrived here, offering their services to assist her majestie against all her enemies in those parts, and secure her from the French in and about Canada in America, had yesterda ,T audience of the queen, and accepted very graciously ; her 1 Spectator, No. 168. 2 Tatler, 171. 222 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. majestie ordered them presents, the lord Chamberlain to entertain them at her charge, and that they be shown what is remarkable here.' On the 21st they visited, in a royal barge, Greenwich Hospital and Woolwich Dockyard, and on the 22nd they saw the Banqueting Hall and Chapel at Whitehall. On the 26th they were present at a review of cavalry and infantry in Hyde Park. On the 28th the New England and New York merchants gave them a feast, and the Archbishop of Canterbury presented them each with an English Bible. On May 3 they had their audience of leave, and then went by way of Hampton Court to Windsor, THE FOUR INDIAN KINGS. from whence they travelled to Portsmouth, and, embarking on board the Dragon, sailed from Spithead on the 8th May, and landed safely at Boston July 15 of the same year. The following handbill shows that at some period of their stay they went to see Powell's Marionettes. 4 At PUNCH'S Theatre * For the Entertainment of the * Four Indian Kings, viz. 1 (A) The Emperor Tee Yee Neen Ho Ga Row, < (b) King Sa Ga Yeau Qua Rah Tow. i (c) King E Tow oh Koam. i (d) King Oh Nee Yeath Tow no Riow. ROUGH SPORTS. 223 4 At the Upper End of St. Martin's Lane? joyning to Litchfield Street, will be presented a NEW OPERA, performed by a Com- pany of Artificial Actors, who will present you with an incompa- rable Entertainment calPd ' The Last Years Campaigne With the Famous Battle fought between the Confederate Army (commanded by the Duke of Marlborough) and the French in the Woods near Blaguiers. With several Comical entertainments of Punch in the Camp. Also variety of Scenes ) with a most Glorious Prospect of both Armies, the French in their Entrench- ments, and the Confederates out; where will be seen several Regi- ments of Horse and Foot engaged in Forcing the French Lines. With the Adjnirable Entertainments of a Girl of Five Years Old Dancing with Swords? The 50th Spectator gives an amusing account of their supposed description of this country. CHAPTER XXII. ROUGH SPORTS. Bear-baiting — Bear-gardens — Bull-baiting — Description — Extra ordinary bull bait — Cock-fighting — Cock-pits — Value of matches — Training. But all amusements at this time were not so innocent as the foregoing : there were fiercer and more blood-stirring excitements for the men. Take bear and bull baiting. The former was dying out, and was no longer as popular as it was during the reigns of Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I. Slender.' 2 - Why do your dogs bark so ? be there bears i* the town ? A nne. I think there are, Sir ; I have heard them talked of. Slender. I love the sport well ; but I shall as soon quarrel at it as any man in England. You are afraid, if you see the bear loose, are you not? Anne. Ay, indeed, Sir. Slender. That's meat and drink to me now : I have seen Sakerson 5 loose twenty times, and have taken him by the chain ; but, I warrant you the women have so cried and shriek'd at it, that it pass'd ; but women, indeed, cannot abide 'em ; they are very ill-favoured rough things. We learn something of a bear-baiting from Hudibras. And round about the pole does make A circle, like a bear at stake, That at the chain's end wheels about, And overturns the rabble rout. For after solemn proclamation In the bear's name, as is the fashion, 1 This was before Powell removed to the Piazza, Covent Garden, 2 Merry Wives of Windsor, Act. 1. sc. 1. 5 This bear belonged to Hen slow and Alleyn, proprietors of Paris Garden, near the Globe Theatre, Bankside. 224 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE % According to the law of arms, To keep men from inglorious harms, That none presume to come so near As forty feet of stake of bear ; If any yet be so fool hardy, T* expose themselves to vain jeopardy, If they come wounded off, and lame, No honour's got by such a maim. Indeed, in 1709, Christopher Preston, of Hockley-in-the-Hole, was attacked and partially devoured by one of his own bears. His funeral sermon was preached by the Rev. Dr. Pead, then in- cumbent of St. James's, Clerkenwell. The animals destined for combat were paraded through the streets, as we learn from Gay (' Trivia, 5 Book 2). Experienc'd Men, inur'd to City Ways, Need not the Calendar to count their Days. When through the Town, with slow and solemn Air, Led by the Nostril walks the muzzled Bear ; Behind him moves majestically dull, The Pride of Hockley Hole, the surly Bull ; Learn hence the Periods of the Week to Name. Mondays and Thursdays are the Days of Game. That these places of so-called sport were disorderly need not be said ; indeed, to c make a place a bear-garden ' is proverbial. "TThe rough element wanted some safe outlet for its energy, and found it in such exhibitions. Nor must we be too hasty to decry them when we recollect that it was only in 1835 tnat ft absolutely became illegal to keep any house, pit, or other place for baiting or fighting any bull, bear, dog, or other animal. We have our dog- fights now — prize-fighting is not yet extinct, many a quiet main of cocks is fought, many a rat -pit exists, and badger-drawing is not altogether an unknown thing. There were three bear-gardens — at Hockley-in-the-Hole (Clerkenwell), at Marrybone Fields (at the back of Soho Square), and at Tuttle (Tothill) Fields, Westminster, and at all these, bait- ing was carried on. Of the latter we find an advertisement promising plenty of sport : * ' At William Wells's Bear Garden, in Tuttle Fields, Westminster, this present Monday the 10th of April, will be a Green Bull Baited ; and 20 Doggs fights for a Colter, and that Dogg that runs farthest and fairest wins the Colter ; with other Diversion of Bull Baiting and Bear Baiting. ' Here follows the Manner of those Bull Baitings which are so much talk'd of : They tie a Rope to the Root of the Horns of the Ox or Bull, and fasten the other End of the Cord to an Iron Ring fix'd to a Stake driven into the Ground ; so that this Cord being about 15 Foot long, the Bull is confin'd to a Sphere of about 30 Foot Diameter. Several Butchers, or other Gentlemen, that are 1 Harl. MSS. 5931, 282. ROUGH SPORTS. 225 desirous to exercise their Dogs, 1 stand round about, each holding his own by the Ears ; and when the Sport begins, they let loose one of the Dogs : The Dog runs at the Bull : the Bull, immovable, looks down upon the Dog with an Eye of Scorn, and only turns a Horn to him to hinder him from coming near : The Dog is not daunted at this, he runs round him, and tries to get beneath his Belly, in order to seize him by the Muzzle, or the Dewlap, or the pendant Glands : The Bull then puts himself into a Posture of Defence ; he beats the Ground with his Feet, which he joins together as close as possible, and his chief Aim is not to gore the Dog with the Point of his Horn, 2 but to slide one of them under the Dog's Belly (who creeps close to the Ground to hinder it) and to throw him so high in the Air that he may break his Neck in the Fall. This often happens : When the Dog thinks he is sure of fixing his Teeth, a Turn of the Horn, which seems to be done with all the Negligence in the World, gives him a Sprawl thirty Foot high, and puts him in danger of a damnable Squelch when he comes down. This Danger would be unavoidable, if the Dog's Friends were not ready beneath him, some with their Backs to give him a soft Reception, and others with long Poles which they offer him slant ways, to the Intent that, sliding down them, it may break the Force of his Fall. Notwithstanding all this care, a Toss generally makes him sing to a very scurvy Tune, and draw his Phiz into a pitiful Grimace : But, unless he is totally stunn'd with the Fall, he is sure to crawl again towards the Bull, with his old Antipathy, come on't what will. Sometimes a second Frisk into the Air disables him for ever from playing his old Tricks ; But, sometimes, too, he fastens upon his Enemy, and when once he has seiz'd him with his Eye teeth, he sticks to him like a Leech, and would sooner die than leave his Hold. Then the Bull bellows, and bounds, and Kicks about to shake off the Dog ; by his Leap- ing the Dog seems to be no Manner of Weight to him, tho' in all Appearance he puts him to great Pain. In the End, either the Dog tears out the Piece he has laid Hold on, and falls, or else remains fix'd to him, with an Obstinacy that would never end, if they did not pull him off. To call him away would be in vain ; to give him a hundred blows would be as much so ; you might cut him to Pieces Joint by Joint before he would let him loose. What is to be done then ! While some hold the Bull, others thrust Staves into the Dog's Mouth, and open it by main Force. This is the only Way to part them.' 3 This, however, was not always the case. Look at the other side: — Curs'd dog, the bull reply'd, no more I wonder at thy thirst of gore ; For thou (beneath a butcher train'd, Whose hands with cruelty are stain'd 1 These dogs were only a moderate size. 2 If too sharp, the bull's horns were covered with wooden sheaths. 3 Misson. Q 226 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN' ANNE. His daily murders in thy view) Must, like thy tutor, blood pursue. Take then thy fate. With goring wound At once he lifts him from the ground : Aloft the sprawling hero flies, Mangled he falls, he howls, and dies. 1 Here is a refinement of cruelty : ' At the Bear Garden in Hockley in the Hole, 17 10. This is to give notice to all Gentle- men, Gamsters, and Others, That on this present Monday is a Match to be fought by two Dogs, one from Newgate Market, against one of Honey Lane Market, at a Bull, for a Guinea to be spent. Five Let goes out off hand, which goes fairest and farthest in Wins all ; like wise a Green Bull to be baited, which was never baited before, and a Bull to be turned lose with Fire works all over him ; also a Mad Ass to be baited ; With variety of Bull baiting and Bear baiting ; and a Dog to be drawn up with Fire works.' 2 These novelties took, for a subsequent advertisement tells us that ' The Famous Bull of Fire works pleased the Gentry to Admiration.' Indeed, it must have been popular, for in an advertisement of the Taller, Jan. 3/5, 1709 (1710), we find : 'This Day is published The Bull Baiting, or Sach 11 3 dressed up in Fire works ; lately brought over from the Bear Garden in South- wark, and exposed for the Diversion of the Citizens of London : at 6d. a piece.' This book, however, is very dreary fun. But bears and bulls, though baited, were never allowed to be killed by their adversaries, which, however, was not the case with cock-fighting, a pastime passionately indulged in in this reign. There were many cock-pits — one historical one, the Council Chamber at Whitehall, where in 17 10 Guiscard stabbed Harley with his penknife, and which went by the name of the Cockpit certainly till 18 10. There was 'The Royal Cock Pit on the South Side of St. James Park,' where mains used to be fought for such prizes as ' 4 Guineas a Battel and 40 the odd Battel.' And there was a famous one near Gray's Inn Walks, or Gardens, where dear Sir Roger walked with the Spectator, and which Brown describes as ' The Lawyer's Garden of Contemplation, where I found (it being early in the Morning) none but a parcel of Superannuated Debauchees, huddled up in Cloaks, Frize Coats and Wadded Gowns, to preserve their old Carcases from the searching sharp- ness of Hampstead Air.' There had been one there previous to 1704, when we find l At the New Cock pit at the Bowling Green, behind Grays Inn Walks, this present Tuesday being the 28th of March, will begin a great Match of Cock fighting, for Ten Guineas a Battle, and Two Hundred Guineas the odd Battle, between the Gentlemen of Essex and Cambridgeshire, against the Gentlemen of London and Surry.' In 1706 it was to let, and in 1708 it was burnt down under sad circumstances. 'There had been a great Match fought on Saturday, and the Weather being 1 Gay, Fable 9. 2 fj ar i MSS. qa^r, 46. 5 Sacheverell, ROUGH SPORTS. 227 hard, two of the Feeders, Crompton and Day, would stay all Night with their Cocks ; when by Negligence their Candle fell among the Straw, which took Fire. In the Morning one Mr. Newberry, & great Cocker, sent his two Sons to see his Cocks fed, who wonder'd they saw no Snow upon the Cock pit ; when coming thither they saw a great Smoak, and before they cou'd make any Body hear, the place was all on Fire. One of the feeders was found burnt, only some part of his Body remaining, and the other is missing.' 1 It was repaired and re-opened 1709, but was again to be re-let in 17 10. There were many others, even extending to the suburbs, such as Hampstead. Misson's description of them is amusing, but it would hardly appear from it that he ever witnessed a fight. * Cock fighting is one of the great English Diversions ; they build Amphitheatres for this Purpose, and Persons of Quality sometimes appear at them. Great Wagers are laid ; but I'm told, that a Man may be damnably bubbled, if he is not very sharp.' County matches used to be arranged ; but for a spice of arro- gance little can beat this : ' At the New Cock Pit by the Bowling Green behind Gray's Inn Walks, next Tuesday, will begin a great Match of Cock Fighting which will continue all the Week \ the Gentlemen of Essex against all the rest of Great Britain, for 10 Guineas a Battle and 500 Guineas the Odd Battle.' These were the highest stakes ever publicly advertised in Queen Anne's reign, whatever might have been done at private matches — as, for instance, in the Tatler's Club (Tatler, 132), Sir JeofTrey Notch, their chairman, would talk about his favourite old game-cock Gauntlett, ' upon whose head, the Knight, in his youth, had won five hundred pounds, and lost two Thousand.' The cocks sometimes fought in silver spurs, but generally with steel ones, and of these there were several kinds. ' Note that on Wednesday there will be a single battle fought with Sickles, after the East India manner. And on Thursday there will be a Battle Royal, one Cock with a Sickle, and four Cocks with fair Spurs. On Friday there will be a pair of Shake bags fight for 5/. And on Saturday there will be a Battle Royal, between a Shakebag with fair Spurs, and 4 Matchable Cocks which are to fight with SickJes, Launcet Spurs, and Penknife Spurs, the like never yet seen. For the Entertainment of the foreign Ambassadors and Gentlemen.' Cock-fighting even had a literature of its own. In 1709 was published ' The Royal Pastime of Cock fighting &c. by R. H. a Lover of the Sport ' ; and in the same year was printed another edition of ' The Compleat Gamesters, by C. Cotton,' in which are full directions as to the breeding, feeding, and fighting of Cocks. As so little is now known of this cruel sport, a few short extracts from this latter work will make us more thoroughly comprehend it as it was then practised. 1 A Looking-glass for Swearers, etc., 1708. 228 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. In shape, the cock must be neither too large nor too small ; with a small head and strong legs ; his spurs, though long and sharp, turning slightly inwards. He should walk very upright and stately ; and if he crows frequently in his pen it is a sign of courage. The combs or wattles are to be cut as soon as they appear ; and the cock chickens are to be separated as soon as they begin to peck each other. Fighting cocks should not begin their career as such until they are two years old ; and before a battle they should be dieted — i.e. for four days they should be fed with stale bread three times a day ; after which they may have a spar, or sham fight, with another cock, their spurs being carefully guarded with leather balls. They must then be stoved, which meant putting them in deep baskets filled with straw, covering them with straw and shutting down the lids ; but before undergoing this ' suda- torium ' they were to be fed with sugar candy, chopped rosemary, and butter. In the evening the cock was released, and fed with wheatmeal and oatmeal, ale, white of eggs, and butter. ' The second day after his sparring, take your Cock into a fair green Close, and having a Dunghill Cock in your arms, show it him, and then run from him, that thereby you may entice him to follow, you per- mitting him to have now and then a blow ; when he begins to pant, being well heated, take him up and carry him home.' He was then to have a dose of pounded leaves of herb of grace, hyssop, and rosemary, mixed with butter, and then stoved till the evening. Next day he was to rest, and the day after to be sparred, which treatment was to be continued for a fortnight ; but for the next month, by which time he was to be fit for fighting, he was merely to be fed and stoved. He was not to be fed before fighting. CHAPTER XXIII. HORSE-RACING, HUNTING, SHOOTING, &C. The Queen's love of racing — Visit to Newmarket — Queen's plates — Value of matches — Race meetings — Tregonwell Frampton — His horse Dragon — The Queen's love of hunting — Sir Roger de Coverley— Fox-hunting — Stag-hunt- ing — Hare-hunting — Coursing — Packs of hounds — Fishing — Hawking — Netting — The Game Act— Shooting, sitting and flying — Match shooting — Archery. The horse, necessarily, in those days, when locomotion was only obtainable through its agency, was of prime importance : farriery was fairly understood, and some voluminous disquisitions on it were published, with the most curious receipts for the various ills horseflesh is heir to, and elaborate engraving of fleams, firing irons, bits (some of them very cruel), and all sorts of harness — even down to currycombs, dandy-brushes, and stable utensils. But it is not here that the hack or roadster is to be spoken of, but the horse HORSE-RACING, HUNTING, SHOOTING, etc. 229 kept for sport— the race horse — about which they had already found out the fact, ' Like Race Horses cost more in keeping them than they're worth.' x The Queen was fond of racing, and gave her 100/. gold cups to be run for, as now : nay more, she not only kept race horses, but ran them in her own name. Her six-year-old grey gelding Pepper ran for her gold cup at York (over Clifton and RawclifTe Ings) on July 28, 17 12. Over the same course, and for the same stake, on August 3, 17 14, ran her grey horse Mustard, by the TafTolet Barb, which, according to the Daily Courantoi May 14, 17 14, was entered to run ' in Whitsun week at Guildford in Surrey for the 50/. plate ' ; and, sad to tell, her brown horse Star (afterwards called Jacob) ran at York for a plate of the value of 14/., and won it, on July 30, 17 14, the very day on which the Queen was struck with apoplexy, expiring the next day. She paid a visit to Newmarket in April 1705, going to Cambridge once or twice during her stay. Luttrell says : 'Aprill 26, 1705. The queen has ordered her house at Newmarket to be rebuilt, and gave 1000/. towards paving the town ; and bought a running horse of Mr. Holloway, which cost a 1000 guineas, and gave it to the prince.' Prince George shared his august consort's love of horse-racing, and in the Gazette, June 18/21, 1705, we find : ' These are to give notice, That his Royal Highness the Prince is pleased to give a Gold Plate, value One Hundred Guineas to be run for at Black Hambleton in Yorkshire, over the four Miles old Beacon course, the last Thursday in July, by any Horse five years old last Foaling time : No Horse to be admitted to run but such as bring a Certificate from the Breeder of his Horses Age ; and likewise to be judged and approved to be no older than aforesaid, by the Gentlemen whose Horses run for the said Plate ; each horse to carry ten Stone weight, and start at the usual hours. 'And his Royal Highness is also pleased to give another Gold Plate, Value One Hundred Guineas, to be run for the Second Thursday in October next, one Heat, over the Heat's Course at Newmarket, ten Stone, by Horses five years old, whose Age must be certified as aforesaid, and likewise allowed by Gentlemen whose Horses run. This year no Mare will be admitted to run for either of those Plates : Although for the future his Royal Highness designs to give a Plate of the like Value, to be run for at each of the aforesaid Courses by Mares only, of the said Age.' Indeed, in that year of 1705 the royal couple seemed mightily given to racing, for ' the queen has appointed horse races to be at Datchet after her return from Winchester to Windsor.' 2 Her gold plates, as far as can be made out from newspaper advertisements, were, in 1703, 100/., at Stapleton Leys, Yorkshire, September 2 ; one at Newmarket on April 12, 1705 ; at Langton Wold, near Malton, Yorkshire, July 24, 1707; in 1709 at Black Hambleton, Yorkshire, July 26 ; one of 50/. at Datchet, August 24; 1 Tunbridge Walks. 2 Luttrell, Sept. i, 1705. 230 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. one of ioo/. at Newmarket, October 6 ; while the Prince's Cup of 100/. for mares four years old was run for on October 8 the same year; in 171 1, at Clifton and RawclifTe Ings ; in 1712 at Black Hambleton, on July 26 ; and at Clifton Ings, on July 28 ; in 1713 at Hambleton, August 1 ; Clifton, August 3 ; and in the same year one was run for at Ascot Heath on August 12 — the first mention that I can find of racing there ; in 1714, Clifton Ings, on July 28. A few racing mems of this time will illustrate to what an extent this passion for the turf was carried. 1702: ' They write from Newmarket, That the Lord Godolphin's and Mr. Harvy's Horses ran for 3,000/. His Lordship won ; As also the Earl of Argile, and the Duke of Devonshire's ; the latter's Horse won, by which Mr. Pheasant got a considerable sum.' 1703: * The great horse race at Newmarket, run for 1000 guineas between the lord Treasurer and the Duke of Argyle, was won by the latter.' Perhaps the earliest sporting paper is * News from New Market : or An Account of the Horses Match'd to Run there in March, April, and May 1704, The Weight, Miles, Wages and Forfeits. Printed for John Nutt near Stationer's Hall. Price id? 1707 : * Last Monday was a horse race at Newmarket, between the lord Granby's Grantham and Mr. Young's Blundel, for 3000/. — the latter won.' On April 10, 1708, at Newmarket, the Duke of Bedford's bay horse (9 stone) had a match with Mr. MinchalPs bay colt (8^ stone) for 1,000 guineas ; but there is no record of which won. These were the highest stakes recorded during the reign : they were generally for 200 or 300 guineas. Luttrell records a somewhat singular match against time : ' 14 April 1709. Some days since, a baker at Clerkenwell Green, laid with a Vintner there, a wager of 400 guineas against 16 Guineas, that his horse could not run from Shoreditch Church to Ware and back again (being 40 miles) in 2 hours and 36 minutes, which race was last Tuesday, and performed in 2 hours and 28 minutes, but the horse since dead.' The first mention, in this reign, of Epsom Races, as far as I can find, is in the London Gazette April and May 26/3, 1703, when three small plates were to be run for, of 30/., 10/., and 5/. value. On May 25, 1704, there was only one to be competed for, and that of 20/. They had very early ' Epsom Spring Meetings ' ; for, in the Daily Courant, February 15, 1709, it says: ' On Epsom Downes in Surrey, on the first Monday after the Frost, a Plate of 20/. will be run for,' etc. Races for stakes of little value were common all over the country, and were deemed of sufficient importance to be adver- tised in the London papers. Take a few haphazard : Nottingham, Kerfall, Boston, Winchester, Croydon, Coventry, Quainton, Hor- sham, Woodstock, Mansfield ; nay, there was even a ' Jockey Field betwixt Bedford Row and Gray's Inn, having a full Prospect of Hampstead and Highgate.' HORSE-RACING, HUNTING, SHOOTING, etc. 23 1 What a vast difference there was between those old racecourses and ours ! No grand stands, no howling ring, no carriages, no ladies ; not even a special dress for the jockeys. According to a nearly contemporary print, there were very few spectators even — and but a sorry booth, or so, for the sale of liquor. The most famous sporting man of his time was Tregonwell Frampton, Esq., of Moreton, Dorsetshire, * the Father of the Turf/ who was keeper of her Majesty's running horses at Newmarket — a post he had filled in the time of William III., and which he continued to hold under Georges I. and II. He is described as being ' the oldest, and as they say the cunningest jockey in Eng- land ; one day he lost 1,000 gs., the next he won 2,000, and so alternately. He made as light of throwing away 500/. or 1,000/. at a time, as other men do of their pocket money, and was per- fectly calm, cheerful and unconcerned when he lost a thousand pounds as when he won it. 5 This may be true, but I find no record of his running for any such large sums in any match. 1 April 6, 1708. Mr. Frampton's Monkey and Mr. Cotton's Snap, 100 Guineas. Ap. 27. Sir Cecil Bishop's Quaker and Mr. Frampton's Monkey 200 guineas. Ap. 28. Mr. Minchall's Cork and Mr. Frampton's Trumpeter 500 guineas. Oct. 1, 1709. Mr. Pullen's Slouch against Mr. Frampton's White Neck 200 g's. 5 Oct. Mr. Frampton's Teller against L'd Dorchester's Colt, 200 g's.' And even his sporting bid in Sept. 17 13 was not for high stakes, although he challenged dukes to compete. ' Mr. Frampton that keeps the Queen's Running Horses, has made a Sporting Proposal to three Dukes, allowing them to joyn their Stables, and Name to him any 6 Horses or Mares (the Horse called Wyndham l excepted) against 6 of his now in his Stables . . . they are to run for 100/. each horse,' etc. Thus we see he owned many horses, but the most famous of all was one named Dragon, to whom it is alleged Frampton behaved with cruel barbarity. On Oct. 30, 17 12, Dragon ran against Lord Dorchester's Wanton for three hundred guineas, and on April 22, 17 13, encountered the redoubtable Wyndham for the same stakes. His alleged mutilation and death are told by Dr. John Hawkesworth in No. 37 of The Adventurer. There is no record of his death, but in an old song, called ' Newmarket Horse Race,' belonging to the early part of George the First's reign, it says — For I'll have the brown Bay, if the blew bonnet ride, And hold a thousand Pounds of his side, Sir ; Dragon would scow'r it, but Dragon Grows old ; He cannot endure it, he cannot, he wonnot now run it, As lately he could : Age, age, does hinder the Speed, Sir, which would infer that Dragon was old and worthless as a racer before his death, and the other story falls to the ground. 1 Belonging to the Duke of Somerset 232 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. When young, the Queen was very fond of hunting, and, in fact, pursued it after her accession to the throne, when, from her in- creasing size, she no longer mounted the saddle. * The Queen came last Thursday to Hampton Court, and having assisted in council, and dined there, returned at night to Windsor, where she takes the divertiseinent of hunting almost every day in an open Calash in the forest,' l i.e. she drove down the long rides and saw what she could of the hunt. Again, 2 three years later : ' This morning her Majestie and the prince went for Winchester to take the diversion of hunting.' Still later 3 : ' The queen was hunting the stag till four this afternoon, and she drove in her chaise, above forty miles.' The country gentry then, as now, were ardently fond of sport ; but then the hunting field was a thoroughly neighbourly gathering, there were no subscription packs, and no fast trains to bring every snob that possesses, or can hire, a ' hunter.' The runs might not be so fast as now, nor were they ever recorded in any sporting paper — horrible disadvantages, doubtless, but still they brought neighbours together, engendered a kindly feeling, and gave legitimate occupation to people whose brains were not addled with too much reading. Where can there be a prettier picture of a thoroughbred old English sportsman than that which Addison > draws of Sir Roger 4 : 'The Walls of his great Hall are covered with the Horns of several kinds of Deer that he has killed in the Chace, which he thinks the most valuable Furniture of his House, as they afford him frequent Topicks of Discourse, and shew that he has not been Idle. At the lower End of the Hall, is a large 4) Otter's Skin stuffed with Hay, which his Mother ordered to be hung up in that manner, and the Knight looks upon it with great Satisfaction, because it seems he was but nine Years old when his Dog killed him. A little Room adjoining to the Hall is a kind of Arsenal filled with Guns of several Sizes and Inventions, with which the Knight has made great Havock in the Woods, and distroyed many thousands of Pheasants, Partridges, and Wood- cocks. His Stable Doors are patched with Noses that belonged to Foxes of the Knights own hunting down. Sir Roger shewed me one of them that for Distinction Sake has a Brass Nail struck through it, which cost him about fifteen Hours riding, carried him through half a dozen Counties, killed him a Brace of Geldings, and lost above half his Dogs. This the Knight looks upon as one of the greatest Exploits of his Life. The perverse Widow, whom I have given some Account of, was the Death of several Foxes ; for Sir Roger has told me that in the course of his Amours he patched the Western Door of his Stable. Whenever the Widow was cruel, the Foxes were sure to pay for it. In proportion as his Passion for the Widow abated, and old Age came on, he left off 1 Luttrell, Aug. 15, 1702. 3 Stella. 2 Ibid. Aug. 28, 1705. 4 Spectator, 115. HORSE-RACING, HUNTING, SHOOTING, etc. 233 Fox hunting ; but a Hare is not yet Safe that Sits within ten Miles of his House.' Hunting commenced both earlier in the season and in the day than now. ' It must be imagined it was near Day when we went to Bed and therefore could not be expected we should get out a Hunting at Five or Six in the Morning.' l From a set of nearly contemporary prints we gather that possibly little attention was paid to earth-stopping, when fox-hunting, for one part of the engraving shows a fox being dug out. In another part the hounds are breaking up the fox, which has not been denuded of his brush. Only the gentlemen are represented as being on horseback, the huntsmen having leaping poles. This was better for them than being mounted, for the country was nothing like as cultivated as now, and perfectly undrained, so that they could go straighter on foot, and with these poles leaps could be taken that no horseman would attempt. Nor should the Fox shun the pursuing Hound Nor the Tall Stag with branching Antlers crown'd. 2 From the engravings referred to, we find that the stag was first found, or harboured, with a bloodhound— the staghounds were coupled, and let loose when wanted by the huntsmen, who were on foot. Its death was duly celebrated by a < Mort,' or blowing of horns, when a hunting-knife was presented to the principal man present, to cut off its head, after everyone had passed his opinion as to its age, weight, etc. : the deer was then carted home. Guns were carried wherewith to shoot the stag, if necessary, when at bay. Budgell, in Spectator No. 117, well describes a run after a hare, and the discipline of the hounds who were close upon the hare, when the huntsman threw his pole between them — this the well- tutored dogs would not pass, and the hare was rescued. Gay, too, tells the story of a run well : — Now at a Fault the Dogs confus'dly stray, And try t'unravel his perplexing Way ; They trace his artful Doubles o'er and o'er, Smell every Shrub, and all the Plain explore, 'Till some stanch Hound summons the baffled Crew, And strikes away his wily Steps anew. Along the Fields they scow'r with jocund Voice, The frighted Hare starts at the distant Noise ; New Stratagems and various Shifts he tries, Oft' he looks back, and dreads a close Surprize ; Th' advancing Dogs still haunt his list'ning Ear, And ev'ry breeze augments his growing Fear : 'Till tir'd at last, he pants, and heaves for Breath ; Then lays him down, and waits approaching death. 3 1 The Quaker s Art of Courtship, 1710. 2 Rural Sports, Gay, ed. 1713. 3 Ibid. 234 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Or what better description could we have of coursing a hare than the following : — The Greyhound now pursues the tim'rous Hare, And shoots along the Plain with swift Career ; While the sly Game escapes beneath his Paws, He snaps deceitful Air with empty Jaws ; Enrag'd, upon his Foe he quickly gains, And with wide Stretches measures o'er the Plains ; Again the Cunning Creature winds around, While the fleet Dog o'ershoots, and loses Ground ; Now Speed he doubles to regain the Way, And crushes in his Jaws the Screaming Prey. Many packs of hounds were advertised for sale during Anne's reign — not such large packs as we now have, but small packs, with which a man could then show sport, and yet the keeping of which need not be costly. Two or three are given for example's sake : ' Any Gentleman that hath a mind to purchase a good pack of cloddy strong Hounds, fit for any Country, from 15 couple to 10, may be accommodated,' etc. 'There are to be dispos'd of 18 Couple of Hare Hounds, well siz'd and well mark'd, at reasonable rates.' l There are 9 Couple of good Fox Hounds (with a Tarrier) (4 Couple being stanch finders) to be sold at a very reasonable Price. These Hounds are as proper for Deer as Fox.' 'Lost the 1 6th Instant from the Earl of Litchfield's Foxhounds in some Woods near Crawford in Kent, a small White Beagle, with Red Spots on her Ears, and a short Tail, (being a Tarrier),' etc. There were cockney hunts, with deer, both at Hampstead and Muswell Hill, and live deer were bought and sold commonly ; indeed there is one advertisement which has a touch of old Lead- enhall Market about it. ' Any person who has Beagles, Foxes or Hares to dispose of, may hear of a Purchaser by giving Notice to the Porter at Sion Chappel near Hamsted.' One sport then in vogue must not be omitted from the list — otter-hunting. If you'd preserve a num'rous Finny Race, Let your fierce Dogs the Rav'nous Otter chase ; Th' amphibious Creature ranges all the Shores, Shoots through the Waves, and ev'ry haunt explores : Or let the Gin his roving Steps betray, And save from hostile Jaws the Scaly Prey. Angling was extensively practised, with almost the same appliances and tackle as now, even down to the wicker creel at the side. Will Wimble ' makes a May fly to a Miracle ; and furnishes the whole country with angle rods.' Isaac Walton had not long been dead (Dec. 15, 1683), and his disciples in the ' Contemplative Man's Recreation ' were many and expe- HORSE-RACING, HUNTING, SHOOTING, etc. 235 rienced. Hear what Gay says about making a fly to suit the water : — Oft' have I seen a skillful Angler try The various Colours of the treach'rous Fly ; When he with fruitless Pain hath skim'd the Brook, And the coy Fish rejects the skipping Hook, He shakes the Boughs that on the Margin grow, Which o'er the Streams a waving Forrest throw ; When if an Insect falls (his certain Guide) He gently takes him from the whirling Tide ; Examines well his Form with Curious Eyes, His gaudy Colours, Wings, his Horns and Size. Then round his Hook a proper Fur he winds, And on the Back a speckled Feather binds. So just the Properties in ev'ry part, That even Nature's Hand revives in Art. Hawking, too, was a sport not then extinct, the land not being so parcelled into fields, and fenced in, as now ; so that the flight of the birds could be easily followed. The birds were startled by five or six spaniels trained to the work. Here is a description of one lost by the Earl of Abingdon : 'a small black and white Hawking Spaniel, his Hair not very long, more black than white, long Back, with a thick Head.' In brook-hawking, men used to beat the rushes with poles, and they also hawked partridges and pheasants. The latter are depicted in the engraving as being poked off their roosts with poles. They went bat-fowling with the same nets as are now used, and they also netted partridges at night, with the aid of a lanthorn. In wild-fowl shooting they also used a horse for stalking. There were decoys for ducks, and we get an insight as to how they were managed. c These are to give Notice, that if any Person that understands the management of a Decoy, wants a place, he may have one about 40 Miles from London provided he brings a Certifi- cate from the last Master he served as to his ability .... he shall have as good Wages as is usually given, or a third Bird, as he shall agree when he seeth the Decoy.' It was not every person that might shoot game : ' The first of them, says he, that has a Spaniel by his Side, is a Yeoman of about an hundred Pounds a Year, an honest Man ; He is just within the Game Act and qualified to kill an Hare or a Pheasant ; he knocks down a Dinner with his Gun twice or thrice a week ; and by that means lives much cheaper than those who have not so good an Estate as himself. He would be a good Neighbour if he did not destroy so many Partridges ; in short he is a very sensible man ; shoots flying ; and has been several times foreman of the Petty Jury.' 1 This Game Act, which he was just within, was the 3rd James I. cap. 14, clause 5, which says that no one not having forty pounds per annum, or 200/. worth of goods and chattels, may shoot game ; and should they do so, ' then any person having lands, 1 Spectator, No. 122. 236 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. tenements or hereditaments, of the clear yearly value of one hun- dred pounds a year, may take from the person or possession of such malefactor or malefactors, and to his own use for ever keep, such guns, bows, cross-bows, &c. &c.' and this Act was in force till 1827, when it was repealed. Shooting flying was not an ordinary accomplishment : it was but just coming in, and most people took t pot shots/ and would not risk shooting at a bird on the wing. The dreadful Sound the springing Pheasant hears Leaves his Close Haunt, and to some Tree repairs ; The Dog, aloft the painted Fowl surveys, Observes his Motions, and at distance Bays. His noisie Foe the stooping Pheasant eyes, Fear binds his Feet, and useless Pinions ties, Till the sure Fowler, with a sudden Aim, From the tall Bough, precipitates the Game. Partridges, because they flew well, and strongly, were then not shot, but snared, by means of a trained dog. Now the warm Scent assumes the Covey near, He treads with Caution, and he points with Fear. Then lest some Sentry Fowl his Fraud descry, And bid his Fellows from the Danger fly, Close to the Ground in Expectation lies, Till in the Snare the rlutt'ring Covey rise. ' But if I miss Sitting, I commonly hit 'em Flying,' says Bellair in Mrs. Centlivre's c Love at a Venture,' which shows that it was only when the former failed, that he tried the latter plan. And, in an advertisement for a gamekeeper, it is noticed : ' Any one that is a very good Coach man, and can Shoot flying, per- fectly well, may hear of a good Place.' If being a good coachman was useful to a gamekeeper, what can we say to this : ' Any Gentle- man that wants a Man for Shooting, Hunting, Setting, or any Manner of Game, may hear of one well qualified. He is a good Scholar, and shaves well.' Luttrell notes, Mar. 15, 1707: 'Yesterday the lords past the bill for the preservation of the game, in which is a clause, that if any poulterer, after the 1st of May next, sells hare, pheasant, par- tridge &c. shall forfeit 5/. for every offence, unless he has a certi- ficate from the lord of the mannor that they were not taken by poachers.' The killing of game must have been earlier then than now, for, appended to Spectator No. 156, Aug. 29, 171 1, is the following : k Advertisement — Mr. Spectator gives his most humble service to Mr. R. M. of Chippenham in Wilts, and hath received the Partridges.' There were rifle matches in those days. One was shot at the artillery ground, Finsbury, on July 16, 1703, for a cup value twenty-five guineas : ' No gun to exceed 4 foot and a half in the Barrel, the distance to be 200 yards, and but one Shot a piece, the nearest the Centre to win.' On July 7, 1709, was a match for SWORD-PLAY and OTHER SPORTS. GARDEN, etc. 237 four pieces of plate: 'to stand 100 yards distance from the Target.' A deer, value 50^, was to be shot for more than once— and the prize once sank as low as ' a pair of breeches.' There was one very singular prize : ' A very fine brass Gun, in the form of a Walking Cane, to be us'd as a Gun or Pistol, and in it a fine Prospect Glass, and a Perpetual Almanack engrav'd about the Head, and a Sun Dial in the Head, and several other ingenious Utensils.' Archery was still kept up, as we see by the following adver- tisement x : 'All Gentlemen who are Lovers of the Ancient and Noble Exercise of A rchery, are hereby Invited by the Stewards of the Annual Feast for the Clerkenwell Archers, to Dine with them at Mrs. Mary Barton's, at the Sign of Sir John Oldcastle, upon Friday the 18th Day of July 1707 at One of the Clock, and to pay the Bearer Thomas Beaicmont, Marshal to the Regiment of Archers, Two Shillings and Sixpence ; and to take a Sealed Ticket, that the certain Number may be known, and Provision made accordingly. CHAPTER XXIV. SWORD-PLAY AND OTHER SPORTS. GARDEN, ETC. Challenges — The stakes — The combatants — Description of fights— General combativeness — Boxing— Cudgel-playing — Pedestrianism — Tennis — Cricket — Football — Skating — Billiards — Country wakes— Bowling — Bowling greens — Formal gardening 1 — Clipping trees — Books on gardening — Trees and flowers — Town and country life— Country labourers. In those days, when everyone with any pretensions to gentility wore a sword, and duelling was rife, it is no wonder that ex- hibitions of skill in that weapon were favourites. Like modern prize fights, they drew together all the scum and riff-rafT, as well as the gentry who were fond of so-called sport. They were disreputable affairs, and were decried by every class of contemporary. The preliminaries were swagger and bounce, as one or two out of a very large number will show * : — 4 At the Bear Garden in Hockley in the Hole. A Tryal of Skill to be Performed between two Profound Masters of the Noble Science of Defence on Wednesday next, being this 13th of the instant July 1709 at Two of the Clock precisely. 'I, George Gray, born in the City of Norwich, who has Fought in most Parts of the West Indies viz. Jamaica, Barbadoes, and several other Parts of the World ; in all Twenty-five times, upon a Stage, and was never yet Worsted, and now lately come to London ; 1 Harl. MSS. 5961, 154. 2 Harl. MSS. 5931, 50. 238 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. do invite James Harris, to meet and Exercise at these following Weapons viz. : — Back Sword, \ ( Single Falchon Sword and Dagger, \ . and Sword and Buckler, ) [ Case of Falchons, 1 I, James Harris, Master of the said Noble Science of Defence, who formerly rid in the Horse guards, and hath Fought a Hundred and Ten Prizes, and never left a Stage to any Man : will not fail (God Willing) to meet this brave and bold Inviter at the Time and Place appointed, desiring Sharp Swords, and from him no Favour. ' lIlT Note. No person to be upon the Stage but the Seconds. Vivat Regiiia? 1 At the Bear Garden in Hockley in the Hole. A Tryal of Skill to be Performed between these two following Masters of the Noble science of Defence, on Wednesday the Fifth of April, 1 7 10, at Three of the Clock precisely. 4 1, John Parkes from Coventry, Master of the Noble Science of Defence, do Invite you Thomas Hesgate, to meet me and Exercise at these following Weapons, viz. : — Back Sword, \ ( Single Falchon, Sword and Dagger, I J Case of Falchons, Sword and Buckler, J ( And Quarter staff. 1 I, Thomas Hesgate, a Barkshire Man, Master of the said Science, will not fail (God willing) to meet this brave and bold Inviter, at the Time and Place appointed ; desiring Sharp Swords, and from him no Favour. ' ^P 3 Note. No Person to be upon the Stage but the Seconds. Vivat ReginaJ 1 The challenger would wager some twenty or thirty pounds, and the stakes would be deposited and delivered to the challenged : the challenger receiving the money taken at the door, 2 or, as we should term it, gate money ; which, frequently, twice or thrice exceeded the value of the stakes. There is one remarkable exception, I have found, to this monetary arrangement, but it is the only one in my experience. For, in an advertisement of the usual character, there comes : * Note. That John Stokes fights James Harris, and Thomas Hesgate fights John Terriwest three Bouts each at Back Sword, for Love.' Preliminaries arranged, handbills printed and distributed, the combat duly advertised in at least one newspaper, and the day arrived : like the bull and bear, the combatants paraded the streets, preceded by a drum, having their sleeves tucked up and their 1 Harl. MSS. 5931, 277. 2 De Sorbite. SWORD-PLAY and OTHER SPORTS. GARDEN, etc. 239 swords in hand. All authorities agree that the fights were to a certain extent serious : ' The Edge of the Sword was a little blunted, and the Care of the Prize fighters was not so much to avoid wounding each other, as to avoid doing it danger- ously : Nevertheless, as they were oblig'd to fight till some Blood was shed, without which no Body would give a Farthing for the Show, they were sometimes forc'd to play a little ruffly. I once saw a much deeper and longer Cut given than was intended.' 1 Ward 2 gives a short description of one of these fights : ' Great Preparations at the Bear Garden all Morning, for the noble Tryal of Skill that is to be play'd in the Afternoon. Seats fill'd and crowded by Two. Drums beat, Dogs yelp, Butchers and Foot soldiers clatter their Sticks ; At last the two heroes, in their fine borrow'd Holland Shirts, mount the Stage about Three ; Cut large Collops out of one another, to divert the Mob and Make Work for the Surgeons : Smoking, Swearing, Drinking, Thrusting, Justling, Elbowing, Sweating, Kicking, Cuffing all the while the Company stays.' Steele gives a good account of a prize fight 3 : ' The Combatants met in the Middle of the Stage, and shaking Hands, as removing all malice, they retired with much Grace to the Extremities of it ; from whence they immediately faced about, and approached each other, Miller with an Heart full of Resolution, Buck with a watch- ful untroubled Countenance ; Buck regarding principally his own Defence, Miller chiefly thoughtful of annoying his Opponent. It is not easie to describe the many Escapes and imperceptible Defences between Two Men of quick Eyes, and ready Limbs ; but Miller's Heat laid him open to the Rebuke of the calm Buck, by a large Cut on the Forehead. Much Effusion of Blood covered his Eyes in a Moment, and the Huzzas of the Crowd undoubtedly quickened his Anguish. The Assembly was divided into Parties upon their different ways of Fighting : while a poor Nymph in one of the Galleries apparently suffered for Miller, and burst into a Flood of Tears. As soon as his Wound was wrapped up, he came on again in a little Rage, which still disabled him further. But what brave Man can be wounded with more Patience and Caution ? The next was a warm eager Onset, which ended in a decisive Stroke on the Left Leg of Miller. The Lady in the Gallery, during the second Strife, covered her Face ; and for my Part, I could not keep my thoughts from being mostly employed on the Considera- tion of her unhappy Circumstance that Moment, hearing the Clash of Swords, and apprehending Life or Victory concerned her Lover in every Blow, but not daring to satisfie herself on whom they fell. The Wound was exposed to the view of all who could delight in it, and sowed up on the Stage. The surly Second of Miller declared at this Time, that he would that Day Fortnight fight Mr. Buck at 1 Misson. 2 Comical View of London and Westminster. 3 Spectator, No. 436 240 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. the Same Weapons, declaring himself the Master of the renowned German ; but Buck denied him the Honour of that Courageous Disciple, and asserting that he himself had taught that Champion accepted the Challenge.' I have been, to my great regret, unable to find a contemporary print of one of these combats ; the nearest approach to it being the fight between Dr. Sacheverell and Dr. Hoadley, which furnishes a graphic, though burlesque, representation of the scene. Looking at the class from which these gladiators sprang, it ia not surprising to hear that some of these prize fights were pre- arranged, or, to use modern slang, ' squared.' In Spectator 449 is a letter, from which the following is an extract : ' Being in a Box at an Alehouse, near that renowned Seat of Honour above mentioned, 1 I overheard two Masters of the Science agreeing to quarrel on the next Opportunity. This was to happen in the Company of a Set of the Fraternity of Basket Hilts, who were to meet that Evening. When this was settled, one asked the other, Will you give Cuts or receive? the other answered, Receive. It was replied, Are you a Passionate Man? No, provided you cut no more nor no deeper than we agree.' The very children were bitten with the mania. ' Apprentices, and all Boys of that Degree, are never without their Cudgels^ with which they fight something like the Fellows before mention'd, only that the Cudgel is nothing but a stick ; and that a little Wicker Basket which covers the Handle of trie Stick, like the Guard of a Spanish Sword, serves the combatants instead of defen- sive Arms.' 2 This sword-fighting, however, was seeing its last days, and was, in the next reign, to be superseded by pugilistic encounters. At present, boxing, although extensively practised, had not been re- duced to a science. Whatever was it made everybody so pugnacious ? ' Anything that looks like fighting,' says Misson, 'is delicious to an Englishman. If two little Boys quarrel in the Street, the Passengers stop, make a Ring round them in a Moment, and set them against one another, that they may come to Fisticuffs. When 'tis come to a Fight, each pulls off his Neckcloth and his Waistcoat, and give them to hold to some of the Standers by ; then they begin to brandish their Fists in the Air ; the Blows are aimed all at the Face, they Kick one another's Shins, they tug one another by the Hair &c. He that has got the other down may give him one Blow or two before he rises, but no more ; and let the Boy get up ever so often, the other is obliged to box him again as often as he re- quires it. During the Fight, the Ring of Bystanders encourage the Combatants with great Delight of Heart, and never part them while they fight according to the Rules. The Father and Mother of the Boys let them fight on as well as the rest, and hearten him that gives Ground or has the Worst. 1 Hockley in the Hole. 2 Misson. SWORD-PLA Y and OTHER SPORTS. GARDEN, etc. 241 1 These Combats are less frequent among grown Men than Children, but they are not rare. If a Coachman has a Dispute about his Fare with a Gentleman that has hired him, and the Gentleman offers to fight him to decide the Quarrel, the Coachman consents with all his Heart : The Gentleman pulls off his Sword, lays it in some Shop, with his Cane, Gloves and Cravat, and boxes in the same Manner as I have describ'd above. If the Coachman is soundly drubb'd, which happens almost always, that goes for payment ; but if he is the Bealor, the Beatee must pay the Money about which they quarrell'd. I once saw the late Duke of Grafton at Fisticuffs in the open Street, with such a Fellow whom he lamb'd most horribly.' There was cudgel-playing — for a new hat ; ' he that breaks most Heads to have the Hat ; he that plays puts in six-pence.' Quarterstaff was played, and there was a somewhat dangerous game — ' there will be three bouts with threshing flails? i A Tryal of Skill is to be fought &c. between John Parkes x of Coventry, and John Terrewest. Note — They fight at the Ancient Weapon called the Threshing Flail.' Mild athleticism seems to have obtained among a few of the upper middle class : for instance, Addison speaks 2 of the dumb-bell with which he used to practise every morning, and also of a kind of Indian club exercise, ' brandishing of two short Sticks grasped in each Hand, and loaden with Plugs of Lead at either End. This opens the Chest, exercises the Limbs, and gives a Man all the Pleasure of Boxing, without the Blows.' There were foot races, but I can find but one or two notices of them, and there is very little like professional pedestrianism, except the following very mild feat : ' A Wager of 100/. was laid last week, that a German of 64 years old, should walk in Hyde Park 300 miles in 6 dayes, which he did within the time, and a mile over.' 3 Tennis was a fashionable game, although I only find one public court mentioned, ' facing Oxenden Street near the Haymarket.' Ward gets quite moral on the subject of this game : ' Rightly con- sidered, it's a good Emblem of the World. As thus : the Gamesters are the Great Men, the Rackets are the Laws, which they hold fast in their Hands, and the Balls are we little Mortals which they bandy backwards or forwards from one to t'other as their own Wills and Pleasure directs 'em.' Cricket was played, and sufficient interest was felt in the matches : on one or two occasions they were advertised in the newspapers. In 1705 : ' This is to give notice, That a Match at Cricket is to be plai'd between 1 1 Gentlemen of the West part of 1 John Parkes or Sparkes was buried at Coventry, and on his tombstone was inscribed, inter alia, that he was a man of mild disposition, a gladiator by pro- fession, who fought 350 battles in different parts of Europe, when he retired. He died 1733. 2 Spectator. No. 115. 3 Luttrell, Sept, 13, 1709, R 242 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. the County of Kent against as many of Chatham for i r Guineas a "man, at Mauldon in Kent on the 7th of August next' And in 1707 : * There will be two great Matches at Cricket plaid, between London and Croydon ; the first at Croydon on Tuesday July 1, and the other to be plaid in Lamb's Conduit Fields near Holborn, on the Thursday following, being the 3rd of July.' On the approach of winter football came into vogue, and it was played in the streets. When lo ! from far I spy the furies of the Foot ball war : The 'prentice quits his Shop, to join the Crew, Increasing Crowds the flying Game pursue, Thus, as you roll the Ball o'er Snowy Ground, The gathering Globe augments with every Round. Rut whither shall I run ? the Throng draws nigh, The Ball now skims the Street, now soars on High The dext'rous Glazier strong returns the bound, And jingling sashes on the Penthouse sound. 1 * In Winter Foot-balls is a useful and charming Exercise. It is a Leather Ball about as big as ones Head, fill'd with Wind : This is kick'd about from one to t'other in the Streets, by him that can get at it, and this is all the Art of it.' 2 Skating, although practised here in the time of Fitz-Stephen, had fallen into desuetude, until it was reintroduced by the Cava- liers who had been with Charles II. in Holland. Pepys thought it was ' a very pretty art,' yet got very nervous over the Duke of York's skating. ' To the Duke, and followed him into the Parke, where, though the ice was broken and dangerous, yet he would go slide upon his scates, which I did not like, but he slides very well.' Skating was popular in London in Anne's reign, but it is doubtful whether it obtained in the remote parts of the country. Writes Swift to Stella, Jan. 31, 171 1 : 'The Canal and Rosamonds Pond full of the rabble sliding, and with skates, if you know what those are? 'The Gentile, cleanly and most ingenious Game at Billiards' was a resource at home ; and it was played on a table like ours — an oblong wooden table, covered with green cloth, and with pockets of netting, in precisely the same position as now, the cushions being stuffed with fine flax or cotton. The game was not played as we play it, but there were two balls, a port or arch- way at one end, and a king or cone at the other. The cues were not like ours, but more like maces, only much heavier. £ Your Sticks ought to be heavy, made of Brazile Lignum Vitce^ or some other weighty wood which at the broad end must be tipt with Ivory.' The game was not only played in private, but in coffee, houses. ' At the Greyhound Coffee House near Monmouth Street in Soho, are to be sold two new Billiard Tables, and all other goods and conveniences fit for a Coffee House,' etc. And 1 Trivia, book 2. 2 Misson. BILLIARDS. SWORD-PLAY and OTHER SPORTS. GARDEN, etc. 243 again : * A very good French Billiard Table little the worse for wearing, full size, with all the Materials fit for French or English play &c. Enquire at Scot's Coffee House.' Indeed Cotton says there were few towns of note in England which had not a public billiard-table. He, however, warns people against 'those spunging Caterpillars, which swarm where any Billiard Tables are set up, who make that single room their Shop, Kitching and Bed Chamber.' The rough sports, such as cudgel- playing, foot-ball, wrestling, throwing, boxing, leaping, and running, were kept alive by the country wakes, which took place on the dedication festival of the parish church. These were some- times supplemented by a grinning match, such as that which drew down Addison's wrath, 2 and which was afterwards abandoned, in deference to his opinion. Near London these wakes, like Hampstead or Deptford wakes, were well kept up ; and there was my Lady Butterfield in Epping Forest, of whose entertainment and calf-roasting, we have already had a description through Ward's instrumentality. Here is one of her advertisements : ' My Lady Butterfield gives a Challenge to all England, to Ride a Horse, Leap a Horse, Run on Foot or Hallow with any Woman in England Ten years younger, but not a Day older, because she would not under value herself. Gentle- men and Ladies, whilst in the Spring 'tis worth your while to come to hear the Nightingal Sing in Wanstead within a Mile of the Green Man, in Essex, at my Lady Butterfield's at Nightingal Hall. This is to give notice to all Gentlemen and Ladies, and all the best of my Friends, that on the last Wednesday of April is my feast, where is very good Entertainment for that Day, and for all the Year after from my Lady Butterfield.' Or another : — To all Gentlemen and Ladies. If Rare Good young Beans and Pease can Tempt Ye, Pray pass not by my Hall with Bellies Empty ; For Kind Good Usage every one can tell, My Lady Butterfield does al excell ; At Wanstead Town, a Mile of the Green Man, Come if you dare and stay away if you can. 1 This illustration, although from the 1709 edition of Cotton's Complcat Gamester, is of older date ; indeed, it is identical with the first edition of 1674. The fact of its being a text-book in Anne's reign shows that the game had not then been modified. 2 Spectator, No. 173. 5 3 244 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. She had a rival later on, in 1713. l This is to acquaint all Jolly Lads and Lasses. That on Monday the 28th Instant, there will be a Meeting of several Gentlemen and Ladies at the Open- ing of Mr. Tucker's new House upon Epping Forest, where the Company will be provided with good Music and Dancing, and be likewise entertain' d by Country People with the following Diver- sions, viz. A Beaver Hat to be Cudgell'd for, A Pair of Buckskin Breeches to be wrestled for ; and a lac'd Holland Smock to be danced for, by 6 young Women. N.B. The Sport begins at 10 a Clock in the Morning ; and such care is taken that the Company may not return a hungry, One Ox will then be roasted and given gratis? Women raced for smocks, silk stockings, or topknots ; whilst one would surely have won Sir John Astley's heart. ' This is to give Notice, That there is a young Woman, born within 30 Miles of London, will run, for Fifty or a Hundred Pounds, a Mile and an half, with any other Woman that has liv'd a Year within the same Distance ; upon any good Ground, as the Parties concern'd shall agree to.' Even a woman's suspected infidelity was turned into sport. * At Hammersmith near Kensington, to morrow, being Friday, will be rode a Skimmington Triumph, according to the Manner described in Hudibras,' which the reader will find, if he be curious in the matter, in Part. II. Canto II. of Butler's immortal poem. One harmless diversion should not be passed over. 'At Epsom Old Wells ... on Whitsun Tuesday will be Moris Dancing Set against Set, for Lac'd Hats, at 10 a Clock, with other Diversions.' But the game, par excellence, which combined out-of-door sport with the minimum of fatigue, suitable alike to the mercurial young, and the steady middle-aged, was bowling ; and the bowl- ing greens multiplied exceedingly in this reign, especially (judging by the advertisements) after 1706. We hear of them starting up in all the suburbs : at Putney, Hoxton, Maribone, Hampstead, Stoke Newington, Ham Lane, etc. That the bowls were the same as are now played with we see by the following advertisement : ' Lost out of the Bowl House belonging to Pemlico Green in Hogsdon near Shoreditch two pair of Lignum Vitae Bowls and one pair of a reddish Wood.' It was not an expensive recreation. ' The New Green over against Bunhill fields will be open'd on Saturday next, and the Old Green to be Bowled on for Six Pence and One Penny for taking up.' Sometimes there were prizes bowled for, as ' At the Black Gray hound Dog at Bristow Causey, will be a Silver Tobacco Box Bouled for, value 303-.' It was essentially a sober cit's amusement. ' I wonder how so many Fat Gentlemen can endure the Green all Day, tho' tis pleasant enough to look out o' the window and observe em — To see a Tun o' Grease, with a broad fiery Face, and a little black SWORD-PLA Y and OTHER SPORTS. GARDEN, etc. 245 cap, waddle after a Bowl, rub, rub, rub, rub, rub, and lose more Fat in getting a Shilling — Than wou'd yield him a Crown at the Tallow Chandler's. 5 ' ' A Bowling Green is a Place where there are three Things thrown away besides Bowls, viz. Time, Money, and Curses ; the last ten for one. The best Sport in it, is a sight of the Gamesters, and the looker on enjoys it more than him that Plays. It is the School of Wrangling, nay worse than the Schools, for Men will cavil here for a Hair's bredth, and make a Dispute, where a Straw might end the Controversie. No Antick screws his Body into such strange Postures ; and you would think 'em mad, to hear 'em make Supplication to their Bowls, and exercise their Rhetorick to intreat a good Cast.' 2 A great nuisance in these public bowling-grounds were the people who betted on the players' skill. * Cuff. Let's be sure to bet all we can. I have known a great Bowler whose Better's place was worth about 200/. a year, without venturing a farthing for himself.' 3 ' A Bowling Green is one of the most agreeable Compartments of a Garden, and, when 'tis rightly placed, nothing is more pleasant to the Eye. It's hollow Figure covered with a beautiful Carpet of Turf very Smooth, and of a lively green, most commonly encom- passed with a Row of tall Trees with Flower bearing Shrubs, make a delightful composition ; besides the Pleasure it affords us, of lying along upon its sloping Banks, in the Shade, during the hottest weather.' 4 It must have delighted a gardener's heart, in those days, to have had something which must, almost of necessity, be ornamented in a somewhat formal manner. There were no landscape gardeners then, they were all fettered by the precision style of elaborate parterres, terraces, cut trees, statuary ; and although a more educated mind pined for a better state of things, as is evidenced throughout the Spectator whenever mention is made of a garden, the tyranny of custom and the gardeners pre- vailed. i Our trees rise in Cones, Globes, and Pyramids. We see the Marks of the Scissors upon every Plant and Bush. I do not know whether I am singular in my Opinion, but, for my own part, I would rather look upon a Tree in all its Luxuriancy and Diffusion of Boughs and Branches, than when it is thus cut and trimmed into a Mathematical Figure ; and cannot but fancy that an Orchard in flower looks infinitely more delightful than all the little Laby- rinths of the most finished Parterre.' 5 These partenes were made in as elaborate devices as some of our specimens of leaf-gardening, and looked very formal. In the Guardian (No. 173) this practice of clipping trees is ridiculed most unmercifully. ' I know an eminent cook, who beautified his Country seat with a Coronation dinner in greens ; where you see the Champion flourishing on horseback at one end of the table, and the queen in perpetual youth at the other. For 1 Tunbridge Walks. 2 Hickelty Pickelty. 3 Epsom Wells, 4 The Theory and Practice of Gardening, by J. James, 1712. 5 Spectator, No. 414. 246 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. the benefit of all my loving Countrymen of this Curious taste, I shall here publish a Catalogue of greens to be disposed of by an eminent town gardener .... Adam and Eve in Yew ; Adam a little Shattered by the fall of the Tree of Knowledge in the great Storm ; Eve and the Serpent very flourishing. 6 St. George in box ; his arm scarce long enough, but will be in a Condition to Stick the dragon by next April. ' A Green dragon of the same with a tail of ground Ivy for the present. — N.B. These two not to be sold separately. 6 A pair of Giants stunted, to be sold Cheap. t A quickset hedge, shot up into a porcupine, by its being forgot a week in rainy weather,' etc. There were many works on gardening published in this reign, notably that by James, which was a translation from the French. It is enriched with beautiful designs for parterres, etc., and is undoubtedly the handsomest work on the subject. Van Oosten's 4 Dutch Gardener ' is another translation, as is l the Retir'd Gard'ner ' of London and Wise. The latter is a book of about 8oo pages, with several woodcuts and copperplate engravings, and consists of two parts — one a translation of ' Le Jardinier Solitaire,' and the other from the work of the Sieur Louis Ligers. This was edited by George London and Henry Wise, who are more than once mentioned in the Spectator. They were practical gardeners, and their nurseries far surpassed all others in England. London was chief gardener to William and Mary, and afterwards to Anne. During her reign the nurseries were let to a man named Swinburne, but the name of the original firm was still kept up. There is, however, an excellent book in English called * the Clergy Man's Recreation,' by John Laurence, A.M., 17 14, but it is all about the cultivation of fruit trees. Plants would even grow out of doors in the City then, and we find the fore courts of houses planted, or at all events the walls covered with jasmines, vines, etc. Whilst the newspapers advertise for sale, 'Yews, Hollys and all sorts of Fillbrea Laurell &c. with all sorts of Fine Flowering Trees as Honi suckles, Cittisus, Roses, Saevays both Headed and Pyramid, Orange Trees, and Spanish Jesemins, Gilded Hollys Pyramid and Headed, Filleroys, Lawrel Tines, and Arbour Vitas,' and amongst the flowers were 'Double Emonies, Ranckilos, Tulips, Aurickelouses, Double Anemonies, Double Ranunculos and Double Junquils.' Ranunculus seems to have been a puzzling word, for once again we find it spelt i Renun- culices. 5 Town and country were eminently antagonistic. The want of means of communication kept country people in a state of stagnation, compared to their brethren of the town, whose more fastidious taste could not brook the boorish behaviour, and coarse pleasures, of the countryman. ' Woodcock. No Londiner shall either ruin my Daughter, or SWORD-PLAY and OTHER SPORTS. GARDEN, etc. 24'/ waste my Estate — If he be a Gamester 'tis rattl'd away in two Nights — If a lewd fellow, 'tis divided into Settlements — If a nice Fop, then my Cherry trees are cut down to make Terras-Walks, my Ancient Mannor House, that's noted for good Eating, demolish'd to Build up a Modern Kickshaw, like my Lord Courtair's Seat about a Mile off, with Sashes, Pictures and China ; but never any Victuals drest in the House, for fear the Smoke of the Chimney should Sully the New Furniture. * Reynard. So that instead of providing her a Gentleman, you'd Sacrifice her to a Brute ; who has neither Manners enough to be thought Rational, Education enough for a Justice of the Peace, nor wit enough to distinguish fine Conversation from the Yelping of Dogs ; Hunts all the Morning, topes all the Afternoon, and then goes lovingly Drunk to Bed to his Wife. ' Woodcock. And pray, what are your Town Diversions? To hear a parcel of Italian Eunuchs, like so many Cats, squawll out somewhat you don't understand. The Song of my Lady's Birthday, by an honest Farmer, and a Merry Jig by a Country Wench that has Humour in her Buttocks, is worth Forty on't ; Your Plays, your Park, and all your Town Diversions together, don't afford half so substantial a Joy as going home thoroughly wet and dirty after a fatiguing Fox Chace, and Shifting one's self by a good Fire. Neither are we Country Gentlemen such Ninnies as you make us ; we have good Estates, therefore want not the Knavery and Cunning of the Town ; but we are Loyal Subjects, true Friends, and never scruple to take our Bottle, because we are guilty of nothing which we are afraid of discovering in our Cups.' x A very pretty quarrel as it stood, and one on which, as Sir Roger remarked, 'much might be said on both sides,' for Addison 2 rather grumbles at the old-fashioned courtesy of the well-bred squire as opposed to the greater ease of manners then in vogue : ' If, after this, we look on the People of Mode in the Country, we find in them the Manners of the last Age. They have no sooner fetched themselves up to the Fashion of the polite World, but the town has dropped them, and are nearer to the first State of Nature than to those refine- ments which formerly reign'd in the Court and still prevail in the Country. One may now know a Man that never conversed in the World, by his Excess of Good Breeding. A polite Country Squire shall make you as many Bows in half an hour, as would serve a Courtier for a Week. There is infinitely more to do about Place and Precedency in a meeting of Justices Wives, than in an Assembly of Dutchesses.' But if the country aristocracy were so behindhand, in what state were the labourers ? Their lot was hard work and scant wage, only relieved by a village wake or a country fair ; no education, no hope of any better position, of the earth, earthy ; a man rose at early 1 Tunbridge Walks. 2 Spectator, No. 119. 248 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. morning, worked hard all day, came home to sleep, and so on without intermission. Gay thus describes him and his labours : — If in the Soil you guide the crooked Share, Your early Breakfast is my Constant Care. And when with even Hand you strow the Grain, I fright the thievish Rooks from off the Plain. In misling Days when I my Threasher heard, With Nappy Beer I to the Barn repair'd ; Lost in the Musick of the whirling Flail, To gaze on thee I left the smoaking Pail ; In Harvest, when the Sun was mounted high, My Leather Bottle did thy Drought supply ; When e'er you mow'd I followed with the Rake, And have full oft been Sun burnt for thy Sake ; When in the Welkin gath'ring Show'rs were seen, I lagg'd the last with Colin on the Green ; And when at Eve returning with thy Carr, Awaiting heard the gingling Bells from far ; Strait on the Fire the sooty Pot I plac't, To warm thy Broth I burnt my Hands for Haste. When hungry thou stood'st staring, like an Oaf, I slic'd the Luncheon from the Barly Loaf, With crumbled Bread I thicken'd well thy Mess, Ah, love me more, or love thy Pottage less ! x The dress of the labourer at this time was a broad-brimmed flap felt hat, a jerkin, or short coat, knee breeches and stockings ; whilst the women wore their dresses very plainly made — necessarily without furbelows and hoops, and, for headgear, had a very sen- sible broad-brimmed straw hat, or, on holidays, the high-crowned felt hat. CHAPTER XXV. THE DRAMA. The theatres — Dorset Gardens — Its demolition — Performances — Lincoln's Inn Fields — Theatre Royal, Drury Lane — Its company — Mrs. Tofts — The Queen's Theatre, Haymarket — Its foundation stone — Its operas — Pinketh- man's theatre at Greenwich — The Queen and the Stage — Her reforms — Strolling players — Behaviour at the theatre — Orange wenches — St age properties — Actors — Betterton — Verbruggen — Cave Underhill — Estcourt — Dogget — Colley Cibber — Wilks — Booth — Pinkethman — Minor actor s — Actresses — Mrs. Barry — Mrs. Bracegirdle — Mrs. Oldfield — Mrs. Verbruggen —The ballet. The drama was fairly supported in Queen Anne's time, although there were never more than three theatres open at once, and generally only two. It was not an age for either striking actors or immortal plays ; but, as to the former, they were hard-working, 1 The Shepherd's Week — The Ditty, ed. 17 14. THE DRAMA. 249 and some of them have left a name behind them renowned in the history of the stage ; and, for the latter, they were, although somewhat coarse in humour, not so licentious as the plays of the three preceding reigns. It is impossible, within the limits of this book, to do more than generalise on the drama of that day — its history has materials in it for a book to itself. There were four theatres : Dorset Gardens, Lincoln's Inn Fields, Drury Lane, and the Queen's Theatre, Haymarket. Dorset Gardens Theatre was in Salisbury Court, in Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, and was built, it is said, from designs by Sir Christopher Wren, and to have been decorated by Grinling Gibbons. It fronted the river one way, was consequently easy of access by 'the silent highway,' and its facade was very pretty, although not elaborately ornamented. It was opened on Nov. 9, 1 67 1, by the Duke of York's Company, when they left the play- house in Little Lincoln's Inn Fields. It gradually got disreput- able, and in 1698 was used for the drawing of a penny lottery. Ward thus describes its condition in his time. ' By this time we were come to our propos'd landing Place, when a Stately Edifice (the Front supported by Lofty Columns) presented to our View. I enquired of my Friend what Magnanimous Don Cressus Re- sided in this Noble and Delightful Mansion? Who told me, No Body as he knew on, except Rats and Mice ; and perhaps an old superannuated Jack Pudding, to look after it, and to take Care that no Decay'd Lover of the Drama should get in and steal away the Poefs Pictures, and sell 'em to some Upholsterers for Roman Emperours ; I suppose there being little else to lose, except Scenes, Machines, or some such Jim Cracks. For this, says he, is one of the Theatres, but now wholly abandon'd by the Players ; and 'tis thought, will in a little time be pull'd down.' 1 The neighbourhood around about he describes as something awful in its character, and he was not particular to a shade. The following advertisement 2 will show the style of amuse- ment it afforded its patrons : — 1 Being the last time of Acting till after May Fair. At the Theatre in Dorset Gardens, this day being Friday the 30th of April will be presented A Farce call'd, The Cheats of Scapin. And a Comedy of two Acts only, call'd, The Comical Rivals, or the School Boy. With several Italian Sonatas by Signior Gas- pe?ini and others. And the Devonshire Girl, being now upon her Return to the City of Exeter, will perform three several Dances, particularly her last new Entry in imitation of Mademoiselle Sub- ligni, and the Whip oj Dunboyne by Mr. Claxton her Master, being the last time of their Performance till Winter. And at the desire of several Persons of Quality (hearing that Mr. Pinkeman hath hired the two famous French Girls lately arriv'd from the 1 London Spy. 2 Daily Courant, April 30, 1703. 250 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Emperor's Court) They will perform several Dances on the Rope upon the Stage, being improv'd to that Degree, far exceeding all others in that Art. And their Father presents you with the Newest Humours of Harlequin as performed by him before the Grand Signior at Constantinople. Also the Famous Mr. Evans lately arriv'd from Vienna, will shew you Wonders of another kind, Vaulting on the Manag'd Horse, being the greatest Master of that Kind in the World. To begin at Five so that all may be done by Nine a Clock. 5 In the Daily Courant May 13, 1703, there was an attempt to revive it, but it was unsuccessful. * The Queen's Theatre in Dorset Garden is now fitting up for a new Opera ; and the great Preparations that are made to forward it and bring it upon the Stage by the beginning of June, adds to every body's Expecta- tion, who promise themselves mighty Satisfaction from so well order'd and regular an Undertaking as this is said to be, both in the Beauties of the Scenes, and Varieties of Entertainments in the Musick and Dances.' It opened spasmodically, now and then: on July 9, 1706, with an opera called ' Arsinoe, Queen of Cyprus.' Mrs. Tofts as Arsinoe ; a prologue spoken by Cibber, and an epilogue by Estcourt ; and on Aug. 1 there was an opera called ' Camilla ' played. And we hear the last of it in the autumn of this year.' 1 ' By the deserted Company of Comedians of the Theatre Royal. At the Queen's Theatre in Dorset Gardens, on Thursday next being the 24th of October, will be Acted a Comedy, call'd The Recruiting Officer. 2 In which they Pray there may be Sing- ing by Mrs. Tofts in English and Italian. And some Dancing? On the 30th they played ' Master Fido, or the Faithful Shepherd,' ' acted all by women ' — a not absolute novelty, but which showed how hard up they were for something new to draw. And there were five more performances that year. But all attempts to galvanise it into life failed, and in the Daily Courant of June 1, 1709, we read, ' The Play House at Dorset Stairs is now pulling down, where there is to be sold old Timber fit for Building or Repairs, Old Boards, Bricks, Glass'd Pantiles and Plain Tiles, also Fire Wood, at very reasonable rates.' Lincoln's Inn Fields was another theatre which had very varying fortunes during this reign. In 1705, when the company left for their new home in the Haymarket, it was to let. Betterton took it for a night for his benefit on March 3 of that year, and Cave Underhill for his on March 31. It was not re-opened till Sept. 12, 1706, and was played in only six nights that year. It was rebuilt by Rich, but was not again acted in during Queen Anne's reign. One advertisement of its performances may be given as 1 Daily Courattt, Oct. 22, 1706. 2 By George Farquhar. THE DRAMA. 251 exemplifying their variety. 1 'At the Desire of several Persons of Quality. For the Benefit of Mrs. Prince. At the Theatre in Little Lincoln's Inn Fields, the present Tuesday being the 8th of Jime, will be presented the last New Tragedy call'd, The Fair Penitent: 2 With four Entertainments of Singing (entirely New) by the Famous Signiora Fra?icisca Margarita de PEftine-, to which will be added the Nightingale Song 3 ; it being the last time of her Singing whilst she stays in England. The Instru- mental Musick composed by Signior Jaco?no Greber. With a Country Wedding Dance by Monsieur Labbe, Mrs. Elford, and others. Also a new Entertainment of Dancing between Mazetin a Clown, and two Chairmen. With the Dance of Blouzabella by Mr. Prince, and Mrs. Elford. By reason of the Entertainments the Play will be shortened. Boxes 6s. Pit 4s. Gallery 2s. 6d.' These seem to have been the benefit prices at this theatre, the normal ones being 5^., 3s., and 2s. Dorset Gardens and Lincoln's Inn Fields theatres were the dramatic failures ; the ' Theatre Royal in Drury Lane/ as it was called, was an exception, and stood its ground fairly during the Queen's reign. It was built by Killigrew, at a cost of ,£1,500, on the site of a plot of ground called the ' Riding Yard/ which was obtained on lease from the Duke of Bedford, and opened in 1663. The actors there were called Her Majesty's servants, and had the right to dress in scarlet, the royal livery. In the summer time, when the quality was dispersed at the various Spas, the dramatic company followed them to their fashionable resorts, as also did Powell and Clinch. This, at all events, was the case in the early days of Anne's rule. < Her Majesty's Servants of the Theatre Royal being return'd from the Bath, do intend, to morrow being Wednesday the Sixth of this instant October to act a Comedy call'd Love makes a Man, or, the Fofis Fortuned With Singing and Dancing. And whereas the Audiences have been incommoded by the Plays usually beginning too late, the Company of the said Theatre do therefore give Notice that they will constantly begin at Five a Clock without fail, and continue the same Hour all the Winter.' 5 Later in this reign they stopped in London, but did not play every day. 'Not Acted these 15 years. By Her Majesty's Company of Comedians. At the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, on Tuesday next, being the 1st of July, will be Reviv'd the 2nd Part of the Destruction of Jerusalem, 6 by Titus Vespasian. The Parts of Titus by Mr. Booth, Phraartes Mr. Mills, Tiberius Mr. Keen. John, Mr. Powell. Berenice Mrs. Rogers, Clarona Mrs. Bradshaw. N.B. The Company will continue to Act on every Tuesday and Friday during the Summer Season. By Her 1 Daily Courant, June 8, 1703. 2 By N. Rowe. 3 Can this be an early work of Carey's ? See Appendix. 4 By Colley Cibber. 6 Daily Courant, Oct. 5, 1703. 6 By J. Crowne, 1677. 252 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Majesty's Command 1 no Persons are to be admitted behind the Scenes.' 2 At one time, as Cibber narrates, it was even closed altogether. The theatre was used occasionally for other than dramatic performances. Here is one : ' At the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, this present Tuesday being the 14th of December will be perform'd, The Subscription Mustek. Wherein Mrs. Tofts Sings several Songs in Italian and English. With a new piece of Vocal and Instrumental Musick never perform'd before, composed by Mr. Leveridge. And several new Entries and Entertainments of Dancing by Monsieur VAbbe, Monsieur Du Ruell, Monsieur C harrier, Mrs. Campion, Mrs. Elford, the Devonshire Girl, and others. No Person to be admitted into the Pit or Boxes but by the Subscribers Tickets, which are deliver'd at Mr. White's Chocolate house. The Boxes on the Stage and the Galleries are for the Benefit of the Actors. The Stage Boxes ys. 6d. the first Gallery is. 6d. the Upper Gallery is, 6d. To begin about Five a Clock. No Person to stand on the Stage.' 3 That the ordinary prices, which they never advertised, were much lower than these, is shown by an advertisement in the following year. 'And by reason of the extraordinary Charge in the Decoration of it, the Prices will be rais'd. Boxes $s. Pit 35*. First Gallery 2s. Upper Gallery is. 9 Before quitting this short notice of Drury Lane Theatre reference must be made to an incident in which Mrs. Tofts the singer was interested. 'Ann Barwick having occasioned a Dis- turbance at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane on Saturday Night last the 5th of February, and being thereupon taken into Cus- tody, Mrs. Tofts, in Vindication of her own Innocency, sent a Letter to Mr. Rich, Master of the said Theatre, which is as followeth. Sir, I was very much surpriz'd when I was inform'd, that Ann Barwick, who was lately my Servant, had committed a Rudeness last night at the Play-house, by throwing of Oranges, and hissing when Mrs. VEpine the Italian Gentlewoman Sung. I hope no one can think that it was in the least with my Privity, as I assure you it was not. I abhor such Practises, and I hope that you will cause her to be prosecuted, that she may be punish'd as she deserves. I am, Sir, Your humble Servant, Katharine Tofts. To Christopher Rich Esq. ; at the Theatre Royal. Feb. 6. 1703.' 4 Misson gives a description of its interior, which, from his invariable truthfulness, can be relied on. ' The Pit is an Amphi- 1 See p. 255. 2 Daily Courant, June 28, 1712. 3 Ibid., Dec. 14, 1703. 4 Ibid. Feb. 8, 1703. THE DRAMA, 253 theater, fill'd with Benches without Back boards, and adorn'd and covered with green Cloth. Men of Quality, particularly the younger Sort, some Ladies of Reputation and Vertue, and abund- ance of Damsels that hunt for Prey, Sit all together in this place, Higgledy piggledy, chatter, toy, play, hear, hear not. Farther up, against the Wall, under the first Gallery, and just opposite to the Stage, rises another Amphitheater, which is taken up by Persons of the best Quality, among whom are generally very few Men. The Galleries, whereof there are only two rows, are filled with none but ordinary People, particularly the Upper One.' Italian opera was coming mightily into vogue, but a new theatre was needed for its performance, so a company was formed, capital 3,000/. in 100/. shares, which covered a subscription for life ; and Sir John Vanbrugh was entrusted with its building. The members of the Kitcat Club were large subscribers ; and Cibber says, ' Of this Theatre I saw the first Stone laid, on which was inscrib'd The little Whig, 1 in Honour to a Lady of extraordinary Beauty, then the celebrated Toast and Pride of that Party.' But this seems an inaccuracy, for in a newspaper-cutting of March 19, 1825, it says, * Removing that portion of the walls of the Italian Opera House, immediately adjoining the cellar of Mr. Wright, on Saturday last, the workmen discovered the first stone of the old building, laid in 1704. The stone was in a perfect state, and in the cavity formed for the purpose of receiving them were found several coins of the reign of Queen Anne ; a brass plate which covered the cavity bore the following inscription: u April 18, 1704. In the third year of the happy reign of our Sovereign Lady Queen Anne, this corner stone of the Queen's Theatre was laid, by his Grace Charles Duke of Somerset, Master of the Horse to her most sacred Majesty." ' The outside was imposing : an arcade, as now, ran along the front of the building, the length of which was relieved by a dome in the centre, and on the balustraded parapet were eight statues on pedestals. But, if Cibber is to be trusted, the inside was so badly constructed acoustically that 'scarce one Word in ten could be distinctly heard in it,' and the consequence was that the roof had to be remodelled and made flat. Vanbrugh and Congreve opened this theatre on Easter Monday, April 9, 1705, and Mrs. Bracegirdle spoke a prologue, written by Dr. Garth, in which are the lines, alluding to the Haymarket : — Your own magnificence you here Survey, Majestick Columns stand where Dunghills lay, And Cars triumphal rise from Carts of Hay. The play on this occasion was, according to Cibber, c a trans- lated Opera, to Italian Musick, called the Triumph of Love? This, he says, only ran three days, and then Sir John Vanbrugh pro- 1 Lady Sunderland, second daughter of the Duke of Marlborough. See p. 22. 254 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. duced his comedy called 'The Confederacy.' Downes 1 says, ' It (i.e. the Italian Opera) lasted but 5 Days, and they being lik'd but indifferently by the Gentry ; they in a little time marcht back to their own Country. The first play Acted there was The Gamester? It is singular that neither of these authorities are correct, and luckily we have the advertisements left to guide us. It is, how- ever, somewhat strange that there should have been no public announcement in the newspapers of its opening ; but the first advertisement published is in the Daily Courant, April 14, 1705 : ' At the Queen's Theatre in the Haymarket, this present Saturday being the 14th of April, will be reviv'd, The Indian Emperor, or the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards. The Part of Cortez to be perform'd by Mr. Powel ; with Entertainments of Dancing, as also Singing by the new Italian Boy. By Her Majesty's Sworn Servants.' The next play was ' The Merry Wives of Windsor,' on April 23; on the 27th 'The Gamester'; and Downes says 'The Con- federacy ' was playing long after. This theatre was, undoubtedly, the most fashionable ; and its prices, at times, were far above its rivals. Take, for example 2 : 'At the Desire of several Persons of Quality. At the Queen's Theatre in the Hay Market; on Saturday next, being the 7th of February, will be presented an Opera calPd Camilla. The Part of Metius (to which are added several new Select Songs) to be per- form'd by the famous Signior Gioseppe Cassani, lately arrived from Italy. With several new Entertainments of Dancing by Monsieur Cherrier, Monsieur Debargues, Mrs. Santlow, Mrs. Evans, and others. The Boxes to be open'd to the Pit, and no Person to be admitted but by Tickets, which will be deliver'd out on Friday and Saturday Morning at White's Chocolate House, at a Guinea each Ticket. The number of Tickets not to exceed 450.' On the 6th same month the performance was lowered to half a guinea. Stage boxes, half a guinea ; first gallery, $s. ; upper gallery, 2s. \ and on Feb. 10 admission was still further lowered. Congreve soon gave up his share, and Sir John Vanbrugh was also glad to get rid of this ' bad egg ' : so after Jan. 10, 1708, it was transferred to Owen MacSwiney for operatic performances, one of which we have just mentioned. Pinkethman, the indefatigable, had a theatre at Greenwich, which he worked during the summer months, though the exact time is unknown. In an advertisement of his moving picture {Daily C our ant, May 9, 1709) he says it may be seen 'next Door to his New Play House, where variety of Plays are Acted every Day as in London.' He could not long have started, as in the Tatler (No. 4, April 18, 1709) it says, 'We hear Mr. Pe7ikethman has removed his ingenious Company of Strollers to Greenwich. But other letters from Deptford say, the company is only making 1 Roscius Atiglicanus, iyi2. 2 Daily Courant, Feb. 4, 1708. THE DRAMA. 255 thither, and not yet settled ; but that several Heathen Gods and Goddesses, which are to descend in machines, landed at the King's Head Stairs last Saturday. Venus and Cupid went on foot from thence to Greenwich ; Mars got drunk in the town, and broke his Landlord's head, for which he sat in the Stocks the whole Evening ; but Mr. Penkethman giving Security that he should do nothing this ensuing Summer, he was set at liberty. The most melancholy part of all was, that Diana was taken, and committed by Justice Wrathful ; which has, it seems, put a stop to the Diversions of the Theatre at Blackheath. But there goes down another Diana and a Patient Grissel next tide from Billingsgate.' Queen Anne was not a patron of the drama. She never went to the theatre, and, as far as I can learn, seldom had dramatic performances at court. l On Sunday, being the Queen's Birth Day, her Majesty receiv'd the usual Compliments on that occasion, and yesterday there was an extraordinary appearance of the Nobility and Gentry of both Sexes at St. James's upon the same account. The Play call'd, All for Love, 1 was Acted in the presence of the Court.' 2 And this was such an extraordinary event that even another newspaper informed its readers of the astounding fact. Downes remarks on this : ' Note From Candlemas 1704 to the 22d of April 1706. There were 4 Plays commanded to be Acted at Court at St. Jamef, by the Actors of both Houses viz. First All for Love. The Second was Sir Solomon or the Cautious Coxcomb? The next was The Merry Wives of Windsor, Acted the 23rd of April, the Queen's Coronation Day. The last was The Anatomist or Sham Doctor; 4 it was perform'd on Shrove Tuesday, the Queen's Birthday.' But though she would not go to the theatres, she heartily took their reformation in hand, as the following proclamation shows : — 'Anne R. 'Whereas. We have already given Orders to the Master of Our Revels, and also to Both the Companies of Comedians, Acting in Drury Lane, and Lincolns Inn Fields, to take Special Care, that Nothing be Acted in either of the Theatres contrary to Religion or Good Manners, upon Pain of our High Displeasure, and of being Silenc'd from further Acting ; And being further desirous to Reform all other Indecencies, and Abuses of the Stage, which have Occasion'd great Disorders, and Justly give Offence ; Our Will and Pleasure therefore is, and We do hereby strictly Command, That no Person of what Quality soever, Presume to go Behind the Scenes, or come upon the Stage, either before, or during the Acting of any Play. That no Woman be Allow'd or Presume to wear a Vizard Mask in either of the Theatres. And that no Person come 1 A II for Love, or the World well Lost, by Dryden. 2 Postman, Feb. 5/8, 1704. 3 A translation from the Ecole des Femmcs of Moliere, and attributed to John Caryll. 4 By Edward Ravenscroft, 1697. 256 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. into either House without Paying the Prices Establish'd for their Respective Places. c All which Orders We strictly Command all Managers, Sharers, and Actors of the said Companies, to see exactly Observ'd, and Obey'd. And We Require and Command all Our Constables, and others appointed to Attend the Theatres, to be Aiding and Assisting to them therein. And if any Persons whatsoever shall disobey this Our Known Pleasure and Command, We shall Pro- ceed against them as Contemners of Our Royal Authority, and Disturbers of the Publick Peace. ' Given at our Court at St. James's the 17th Day of January. ' In the Second Year of our Reign.' Luttrell, writing on January 20, 1704, says: ' This day, the lords ordered thanks to the Queen for restraining the play houses from immorality.' This proclamation, however, did not have the desired effect, for another appeared in March the same year : i Whereas great Complaints have been made to Her Majesty, of many indecent, prophane and immoral Expressions that are usually spoken by Players and Mountebanks contrary to Religion and Good Manners. And thereupon Her Majesty has lately given Order to Charles Killigrew, Esore. ; Her Majesty's Master of the Revels, to take especial care to correct all such Abuses. The said Master of the Revels does therefore hereby require all Stage Players, Mounte- banks, and all other Persons, mounting Stages, or otherwise, to bring their Several Plays, Drolls, Farces, Interludes, Dialogues, Prologues, and other Entertainments, fairly written, to him at his Office in Somerset House, to be by him perused, corrected and allow'd under his hand, pursuant to Her Majesty's Commands, upon pain of being proceeded against for contempt of Her Majesty's said Order,' * etc. Another proclamation appeared in the Gazette, Nov. 13/15, 171 1, forbidding anybody to stand upon the stage or go behind the scenes. That these proclamations were not strictly attended to is evidenced by the notices scattered over the newspaper advertise- ments; till 1712, that no Persons were allowed on the stage, or behind the scenes, by her Majesty's command ; but, after this last proclamation, the practice seems to have been stopped. Anne was determined that her orders should be carried out, and looked after the small fry as well as the big fish. 'Whereas the Master of the Revels has received Information, That several Com- panies of Strolling Actors pretend to have Licenses from Noble- men, and presume under that pretence to avoid the Master of the Revels, his Correcting their Plays, Drolls, Farces, and Interludes : which being against Her Majesty's Intentions and Directions to the said Master: These are to signifie. That such Licenses are not of any Force or authority. There are likewise several Mountebanks Acting upon Stages, and Mountebanks on Horseback, Persons that keep Poppets, and others that make Shew 1 Daily Courant March 9, 1704. THE DRAMA. 257 of Monsters, and strange Sights of living Creatures, who presume to Travel without the said Master of the Revels' Licence,' * etc., and goes on to say that their exhibitions must be licensed by him, under penalty. These strolling actors seem to have been poor enough, and might fairly come under the category of 'vagabonds by Act of Parliament ' if the account Steele 2 gives of them be in any way correct : ' We have now at this Place a Company of Strolers, who are very far from offending in the impertinent Splendour of the Drama. They are so far from falling into these false Gallantries, that the Stage is here in its Original Situation of a Cart. Alexander the Great was acted by a Fellow in a Paper Cravat ; The next Day the Earl of Essex seemed to have no Distress but his Poverty : and my Lord Foppington the same Morning wanted any better means to shew himself a Fop Man by wearing Stockings of different Colours. .In a Word tho' they have had a full Barn for many Days together, our Itinerants are still so wretchedly poor, that without you can prevail to send us the Furniture you forbid at the Play House, the Heroes appear only like sturdy Beggars, and the Heroines Gipsies.' 'No person to be admitted to keep Places in the Pit ' seems a singular order, were it not explicable by the fact that people used to send their footmen to keep places for them until their arrival, and that the manners of these gentry gave great offence to the habitues of the pit. The proper place for the footmen was the upper gallery, which was allowed to them free, supposing they were in attendance on their masters. We have seen Pinkethman's power over them, but their behaviour generally was rough and noisy. In the Female Taller, Dec. 9, 1709, is this notice : ' Dropt near the Play house, in the Haymarket, a bundle of Horsewhips, designed to belabour the Footmen in the Upper Gallery, who almost every Night this Winter, have made such an intolerable Disturbance, that the Players could not be heard, and their Masters were obliged to hiss them into silence. Whoever has taken up the said Whips, is desired to leave 'em with my Lord Rake's Porter, several Noblemen resolving to exercise 'em on their Backs, the next Frosty Morning.' The bad behaviour was not wholly confined to the lackeys, for Addison 3 alludes to that of some ladies whilst at the Theatre : ' A little before the rising of the Curtain, she broke out into a loud Soliloquy, When will the Dear Witches enter f and immediately upon their first Appearance, asked a Lady that sat three Boxes from her, on her Right Hand, if those Witches were not charming Creatures. A little after, as Betterton was in one of the finest Speeches of the Play, she shook her Fan at another Lady, who sat as far on the Left Hand, and told her with a Whisper that might be heard all over the Pit, We must not expect to see Ballon x London Gazette, Feb. 1/5, 1705. 2 Spectator, No. 48. 5 Ibid. No. 45. S 258 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. to-night. Not long after, calling out to a young Baronet by his Name, who sat three seats before me, she asked him whether Macbeth's wife was still alive : and before he could give an Answer, fell a talking of the Ghost of Banquo.' Steele, 1 too, tells of the bad conduct of a beau, which curiously illustrates the necessity of Anne's proclamations : J This was a very lusty Fellow, but withal a sort of Beau, who getting into one of the Side boxes on the Stage before the Curtain drew, was dis- posed to show the whole Audience his Activity by leaping over the Spikes ; he pass'd from thence to one of the Entering Doors, where he took Snuff with a tolerable good Grace, display' d his fine Cloaths, made two or three feint Passes at the Curtain with his Cane, then faced about and appear'd at t'other Door : Here he affected to survey the whole House, bow'd and smil'd at random, and then shew'd his Teeth, which were some of them indeed very white : After this he retired behind the Curtain, and obliged us with several Views of his Person from every Opening.' And, again, take this short sketch : ' And our rakely young Fellows live as much by their Wits as ever ; and to avoid the clinking Dun of a Boxkeeper, at the End of one Act, they sneak to the opposite Side 'till the End of another ; then call the Box- keeper saucy Rascal, ridicule the Poet, laugh at the Actors, march to the Opera, and spunge away the rest of the Evening. The Women of the Town take their Places in the Pit with their wonted Assurance. The middle Gallery is fill'd with the middle Part of the City : and your high exalted Galleries are grac'd with hand- some Footmen, that wear their Master's Linen.' 2 Such then was the appearance in front of the stage ; and, to thoroughly realise the scene, we must remember, en passant, that necessary individual the ' Candle Snuffer,' and those bold young women, whose class Nell Gwynne made famous, the ' Orange Wenches.' Four or five hours in such theatres were almost insupportable without some slight refreshment, and this was supplied by these girls, who continually circulated throughout the audience. Their class is sufficiently alluded to in a passage in the Spectator, No. 141 : , A Poet sacrifices the best Part of his Audience to the Worst ; and as one would think neglects the Boxes, to write to the Orange Wenches.' They seem to have fulfilled other duties besides sup- plying refreshment : — Now turn, and see where loaden with her Freight, A Damsel Stands, and Orange-wench is hight ; See ! how her Charge hangs dangling by the Rim, See ! how the Balls blush o'er the Basket-brim ; But little those she minds, the cunning Belte Has other Fish to Fry, and other Fruit to sell ; 1 Spectator, No. 240. 2 Humours of the Army ', Chas. Shadwell, 1713. THE DRAMA. 259 See ! how she whispers yonder youthful Peer, See ! how he smiles, and lends a greedy Ear. At length 'tis done, the Note o'er Orange wrapt Has reach' d the Box, and lays in Lady's Lap. 1 Bad weather occasionally militated against the poor players. 1 Her Majesty's Servants at the Theatre Royal (the weather being changed) intend to act on Wednesdays and Fridays till Bartholo- mew Fair.' 2 This and bad trade made them look out for novelties, such as acting a play the characters in which were sustained entirely by women, or having amateurs on the stage. 'At the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, to morrow being Friday the 7th of July, will be reviv'd a Play call'd, The Orphan, or, the Unhappy Marriage. 3 All the Men's parts to be perform'd by young Gentle- men for their Diversion.' 4 Or they would try the effect of 'a New Prologue by a Child of 4 years of Age,' or ' a New Epilogue by Mrs. Pack in a Riding Habit, upon a Pad-Nagg representing a Town Miss Travelling to Tunbridge.' The properties of a theatre have always been a fair whetstone for men to sharpen their humour on ,and the writers of the time ol Queen Anne were not behindhand in this respect. When Drury Lane was closed by order, in 1709, the Tatler (No. 42) made very merry over the miscellaneous effects : — ' Three Bottles and a half of lightning. 1 One Shower of Snow in the whitest French Paper. 4 Two Showers of a browner sort. ' A Sea, consisting of a dozen large waves \ the tenth bigger than ordinary, and a little damaged. 1 A dozen and a half of Clouds, trimmed with black, and well conditioned. 1 A Mustard bowl to make Thunder with. ' The Complexion of a Murderer in a Bandbox ; consisting of a large piece of burnt Cork, and a Coal black Peruke,' etc. At the death of Peer, the property man at this theatre, the Guardian extracted much fun from a catalogue of articles under hii care. Rowe goes into poetry on the same subject— thus : — Hung on the selfsame Peg, in Union rest Young Tarquiris Trowsers, and Lucretia's Vest, Whilst without pulling Quoives Roxana lays Close by Statira's Petticoat her Stays Near these sets up a Dragon drawn Calash, There a Ghost's Doublet delicately slash'd, Bleeds from the mangled Breast, and gapes a frightful Gash. In Crimson wrought the sanguine Floods abound, And seem to gutter from the streaming Wound. 1 The Stage, N. Rowe. 3 By Thos. Otway. 2 Daily Courant, July 26, 1704. 4 Daily Courant, July 6, 1704. 260 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Here Iris bends her various painted Arch, There artificial Clouds in sullen Order march, Here stands a Crown upon a Rack, and there A Witch's Broomstick by great Hector's Spear ; Here stands a Throne, and there the Cynick's Tub, Here Bullock's Cudgel, there Alcida's Club : Beads, Plumes, and Spangles, in Confusion rise, Whilst Rocks of Cornish Diamonds reach the Skies. Crests, Corslets, all the Pomp of Battle join, In one Effulgence, one promiscuous shine. The actors of this reign, with a few exceptions, were not people of much genius. After these few, some were respectable, the rest bad ; but, although the play was the proper place of amusement to go to, and there were seldom more than two theatres open at once, yet we find it comparatively languishing, the companies fre- quently playing only twice a week, or the theatre closed altogether. Doubtless the tragedy was stilted, and the comedy was akin to buffoonery. As witness to the latter let Addison l testify : ' It would be an Endless Task to consider Comedy in the same Light, and to mention the innumerable Shifts that small Wits put in practice to raise a Laugh. Bullock in a short Coat, and Norn's in a long one, seldom fail of this Effect. In ordinary Comedies, a broad and a narrow Brim'd Hat are different characters. Sometimes the Wit of the Scene lies in a Shoulder belt, and sometimes in a Pair of whiskers.' The ' Phoenix of the Stage,' as Anthony, or Tony, Aston calls Betterton, stands pre-eminent among the actors. Born in 1635, he was an old man when Queen Anne came to the throne ; and he died on April 28, 17 10, from the effects of gout, which he aggra- vated by acting when the fit was on. His last performance was on April 13, 1 7 10, and it is thus described in the Daily Courant of that date : ' At the Desire of several Persons of Quality. For the Benefit of Mr. Betterton. At the Queen's Theatre in the Hay market this present Thursday being the 13th April will beReviv'd, The Maid's Tragedy. 2 The part of Melantius by Mr. Betterton, Amintor by Mr. Wilks, Calianax by Mr. Pinkethman, Evadne by Mrs. Barry, and all the other parts to the best Advantage. To which will be added Three Designs, Representing the Three Principal Actions of the Play, in Imitation of so many great Pieces of His- tory Painting, where all the real Persons concern'd in those Actions will be Plac'd at proper distances, in different Postures peculiar to the Passion of each Character.' Totally unfit, from illness, to act, he had resort to violent remedies to enable him to go through his part, which he did, with his gouty foot in a slipper, but the exertion killed him. A great favourite of Charles II., that king not only sent him to Paris, to see and report on the French theatres, but appointed him to teach the nobility for court theatricals, whilst his wife tutored the future 1 Spectator, No. 44. 2 By Beaumont and Fletcher. THE DRAMA. ' 261 queens Mary and Anne — in fact, the latter settled a pension of 100/. per annum upon her, after her husband's death. Pepys describes him as 'the best actor in the world,' and so he un- doubtedly was — in his age. Aston 1 describes him thus : ' He had little Eyes, and a broad Face, a little Pock fretten, a Cor- pulent Body, and thick Legs, with large Feet. . . . His Voice was low and grumbling ; yet he could Tune it by an artful Climax, which enforc'd universal Attention, even from the Fops and Orange Girls. He was incapable of dancing even in a Country Dance.' Room must be found for one little anecdote which Aston tells of him, * Mr. Betterton had a small Farm near Reading, in the County of Berks ; and a Countryman came, in the Time of Bar- tholomew Fair, to pay his Rent. Mr. Betterton took him to the Fair, and going to one Crawley's Puppet Shew, offer'd Two Shillings for himself and Roger, his Tenant. — No, no, Sir, said Crawley ; we never take Money of 'one Another. This affronted Mr, Betterton, who threw down the Money, and they entered.' Among the actors of the time he was looked up to as a king. Downes 2 says : ' I must not Omit Praises due to Mr. Betterton. The first and now only remains of the old Stock, of the Com- pany of Sir William Davenant in Lincolns Inn Fields ; he like an old Stately Spreading Oak now stands Fixt, Environ'd round with brave Young Growing Flourishing Plants. . . . Mr. Dryde?i a little before his Death in a Prologue, rendring him this Praise : — He like the Setting Sun, still shows a Glimmery Ray Like Antient Rome Majestick in decay.' He was buried in Westminster Abbey on May 2, 17 10, and Steele 3 wrote a long panegyric upon him, saying he ' ought to be recorded with the same respect as Roscius among the Romans.' He died, not in want, but in comparatively poor circumstances, and he must have been a man of some culture, as the following advertisement, soon after his death, shows : 4 * This Day will be Continued the Sale by Auction of the Prints, and Books of Prints a?id Drawings, of Mr. Tho Betterton, deceased, &c.' _ Verbruggen, although he died in 1708, played in Queen Anne's reign. But little is known of him, except that he was a tragedian, and was the original Oronooko. A contemporary character of him is ■ A fellow with a crackt voice, he clangs his words, as if he spoke out of a broken drum.' 5 Downes says, ' his Person being tall, well built and clean, only he was a little In Kneed, which gave him a shambling Gate ; ' and he adds, * Verbruggen was Nature * Supplement to Gibber. 3 Tailer, 167. 8 Roscius Anglicanus, 1708. 4 Harl. MSS. 5996, 100. 6 Comparison between the two Stages. 262 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. without Extravagance — Freedom without Licentiousness — and vociferous without bellowing.' Cave Underhill was another veteran, of whom Steele writes * when making an appeal to the public to support him : ' he has been a comic for three generations ; my father admired him ex- tremely when he was a boy.' He took a benefit at Drury Lane on June 3, 1709, when ' Hamlet ' was played, and he took his favourite part of the gravedigger. Leigh was another old actor who died in this reign. Estcourt deserves notice. He was born in 1668, and, at the age of 15, ran away from his father's house, and joined a company of strollers at Worcester. He was recovered, and apprenticed to an apothecary in London ; again ran away, and led a wandering life for some years, till we find him engaged at Drury Lane. Downes describes him as ' Histrio Natus ; he has the Honour (Nature enduing him with an easy, free, unaffected Mode of Elo- cution) in Comedy always to Lcetificate his Audience, especially Quality.' He was a pet of the Duke of Marlborough, and was Providore of the famous Beefsteak Club, where he wore a small gold gridiron suspended from his neck by a green ribbon. He retired from the stage some time before his death, and took the * Bumper ' in St. James Street, where he Lcetificated his customers in another manner. Steele puffed him in the Spectator, and wept over his decease in the same periodical. 2 The name of Dogget is, perhaps, as well known to us as any actor of the time. An Irishman by birth, he came to England and joined a travelling troupe ; afterwards being good enough to play at both Drury Lane and Lincoln's Inn Fields. In fact, he was joint manager of the former with Wilks and Cibber, but gave it up in 17 13, because Booth was forced on him as a co-partner ; and he never returned to the theatre, either as a regular actor or as manager. It must have been a blow to him, for he was fond of money, and was then reputed to have been worth ,£1,000 per annum. He was not particular : he put his pride in his pocket, and had a booth at Bartholomew Fair, the same as Pinkethman or Mills. He died at Eltham, in Kent, Sept. 22, 172 1, and left in his will the memorable Coat and Badge to be raced for, annually, on the anniversary of the accession of George the First, to show his attachment to the Whig party and the House of Brunswick. Downes says of him, * On the Stage, he's very Aspectabund, wear- ing Farce in his Face ; his Thoughts deliberately framing his Utterance Congruous to his Looks ; He is the only Comick Original now extant.' Tony Aston says ' he was a little, lively spract Man. ... a Man of very good Sense, but illiterate ; for he wrote me Word thus — Sir, I will give you a hole, instead of {whole) Share. He dress'd neat, and something fine, in a plain Cloth Coat, and a Brocaded Waistcoat.' 1 Tatler, 22. 2 No. 468. THE DRAMA. 263 Colley Gibber was born in London Nov. 6, 1671, and is known as much, or more, as a playwright, or poet as an actor. In his boyhood he tried for a scholarship at Winchester, but failed; afterwards he meditated going to the University, but the Revolu- tion of 1688 broke out, and he was for a short time in the army as his father's substitute. He saw no service, and soon became an actor, i.e. in 1690, and did not quit the stage till 1730, in which year he was made Poet Laureate to George II. He died Dec. 12, 1757. Downes tells us he was ' A Gentleman of his time who has Arriv'd to an exceeding Perfection, in hitting justly the Humour of a starcht Beau or Fop ; as the Lord Fopington \ Sir FoplingzxA Sir Courtly ', equalling in the last the late eminent Mr. Mountfort, not much Inferior in Tragedy, had Nature given him Lungs, Strenu- ous to his finisht Judgment.' Gildon, 1 however, falls foul of him ; but then, the only good words he had were for Betterton and Barry. Ramble. But. prithee look on this side ; there's Cibber, a poet and fine Actor. Critick. And one that's always repining at the success of others, and upon the stage makes all his fellow actors uneasy. Wilks, the best tragedian of the age, came of a good Wor- cestershire family, and, from his association with actors, drifted into the profession. He was remarkable for the carefulness of his acting, and for the ease and good breeding he displayed upon the stage. He died in 1732 at the age of 76. What do his contem- poraries say of him? Downes says, 'Proper and Comely in Person, of Graceful Port, Mein and Air ; void of Affectation ; his Elevations and Cadences just, Congruent to Elocution.' The author of c The Comparison between the two Stages ' can say nothing ill-natured of him, and Steele 2 speaks highly of him. Ay, but Powell Critick. Is an idle fellow, that neither minds his business, nor lives quietly in any community — is a fair criticism on that actor, who, had he been but as steady or painstaking, might have rivalled Wilks ; but he was a drunken, dissipated dog, a careless study, with a bad memory ; pursued by bailiffs, he sometimes walked with his sword drawn — once making an unfortunate ' officer ' retreat to the other side of the road, where he called out, ' We don't want you now, Mr. Powel.' Died Dec. 14, I7I5- Booth was the Aristo of the profession. He was not only nearly related to the Earl of Warrington, but in 1704 he married a daughter of Sir William Barkham, Bart., of Norfolk. A scholar of the great and terrible Dr. Busby, he shone in acting in the Latin plays at Westminster. He was intended for the Church, but he caught stage fever, ran away from school at the age of 17, 1 Comparison between the two Stages. 2 Spectator, 370. 264 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN* ANNE, and joined the theatre at Dublin. When he came to London he became a pupil of Betterton's, and profited by his master's in- structions. He was joint patentee in Drury Lane, but he left the stage at the early age of 46. Died 1733. Of the minor actors Pinkethman stands first He was low comedy, and his great ambition was to please the gods. We have heard a good deal about him in this book in his various characters as caterer for the amusement of the public. Gildon, of course, can say nothing good of him. Sullen. But Penkethman the flower of Critick. Bartholomew Fair, and the idol of the rabble ; a fellow that over does everything, and spoils many a part with his own stuff. Be this as it may, he is very honourably mentioned throughout the Spectator, although Steele 1 gives him a good-humoured rap over the knuckles. ' Mr. William Bullock and Mr. William Penkethman are of the same Age, Profession, and Sex. They both distinguish themselves in a very particular Manner under the discipline of the Crab-tree, with this only difference, that Mr. Bullock has the more agreeable Squall, and Mr. Penkethman the more graceful Shrug. Penkethman devours a cold Chick with great Applause ; Bullock's talent lies chiefly in Asparagus. Pen- kethman is very dexterous at conveying himself under a Table ; Bullock is no less active in jumping over a Stick. Penkethman has a great deal of money ; but Mr. Bullock is the taller man.' The mention of Crab-tree seems to suggest that Pinkethman had been thrashed at some period of his career, as does a passage in another Tatter (No. 42), describing the theatrical properties at Drury Lane : ' Three oak Cudgels, with one of Crab-tree ; all bought for the Use of Mr. Pinkethman.' That he must have been a fair actor is testified by the fact that he played in two out of the four performances at St. James's. As far as I can find out, he seems first to have acted at the Theatre Royal in 1692, in the play of 'Volunteers, or the Stock Jobbers,' 2 when he played the part of Taylor (six lines only). He rose gradually, and was a painstaking actor, ever on the alert to court popular favour. He became rich. Downes says of him, 1 He's the darling of Fortunatus, he has gain'd more in Theatres and Fairs in Twelve Years than those that have Tugg'd at the Oar of Acting these 50.' To realise this fortune he probably was saving in his habits, and not so lavish as some of his compeers — a fact which is exaggerated into a charge of meanness : see an Elegy on his Merry Andrew, John Edwards. 3 Dull sneaking Pinkeman this loss bewail, And sing his Dirge o're half a pint of Ale, For if thou more didst spend at once, your Note You'd Change, and for your Charges cut your throat. » Taller, 188. 2 By Thos. Shadwell. 5 Harl. MSS. 5931, 251. The drama. 265 He seems to have retired from the stage after his benefit on May 23, 1724, and he died in 1740. The other actors, Bullock, 1 Mills, Norris, alias Jubilee Dickey, Pack Johnson, etc., are unworthy any notice except to chronicle their names as actors of the time. It is singular that the ladies of the stage of this period stand out so prominently for their talents. It must have been by natural genius, for they could have had little enough tradition to guide them, it being only forty or fifty years since the first woman ever trod the boards. Who she was seems to be somewhat obscure, but it probably was Mrs. Coleman, who played Ianthe in the first part of the 'Siege of Rhodes' in 1656, but she did not speak. We know Kynaston, who kept Charles II. waiting whilst he was being shaved to play his part ; he of whom Pepys writes 2 thus : ' Kynaston, the boy, had the good turn to appear in three shapes ; first as a poor woman in ordinary clothes to please Morose ; then in fine clothes, as a gallant ; and in them was the prettiest woman in the whole house ; and lastly, as a man ; and then likewise did appear the handsomest man in the house. , Of him Betterton writes, 3 ' that it has been disputed among the Judicious, whether any Woman could have more sensibly touched the Passions.' He seems to have been the last of the male actors who took female parts, although in 1661 a woman actor was still a novelty. ' There saw the " Scornfull Lady," 4 now done by a woman, which makes the play much better than ever it did to me.' 5 A Mrs. Sanderson is traditionally said to have been the first woman actress, and she played Desdemonaat the theatre in Clare Market on Dec. 8, 1660. Betterton says the mother of Norris, or Jubilee Dickey, 'was the first Woman who ever appeared on the Stage as an Actress.' Anyhow, never was there a period that could show four such actresses as Mrs. Barry, Mrs. Bracegirdle, Mrs. Oldfield, and Mrs. Verbruggen. 1 * For the Benefit of Will. Bullock. 'At the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, on Whitson Monday, being the 5th of June, will be reviv'd a Diverting Comedy call'd the Miser [Thomas Shadwell]. Written by the Author of the Squire of Alsatia ; the part of Timothy Squeezthe Scriveners foolish Son to be acted by Will. Bullock. With Entertainments of Dancing by Monsieur du Ruell. And Mr. Clinch of Barnet will perform these several Performances, first an Organ with three Voices, then the Double Curtel, the Flute, the Bells, the Huntsman, the Horn, and Pack of Dogs, all with his Mouth; and an old Woman of Fourscore Years of Age nursing her Grand Child; all of which he does open on the Stage. Next a Gentleman will perform several Mimick Entertainments on the Ladder, first he stands on the top round with a Bottle in one hand and a Glass in the other, and drinks a Health ; then plays several Tunes on the Violin, with fifteen other surprizing Performances which no man but himself can do. And Will Pinkeman will dance the Miller's Dance and speak a comical joking Epilogue on an Ass. Beginning exactly at five a Clock by reason of the length of the Entertainments. . At Common Prices. ' — Daily Courant, June 2, 1704. 2 Diary, Jan. 7, 1661. 4 By Beaumont and Fletcher. 3 The History of the English Stage. 5 Pepys, Feb. 12, 1661. • 266 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Elizabeth Barry, the daughter of a barrister of good birth, was born 1658 ; so that she was not in her first youth at the accession of Anne. Her father so encumbered his estate that it became necessary for his children to seek their fortunes as best they might. She chose the stage, and Sir Wm. Davenant took her in hand, but gave her up as hopeless. The Earl of Rochester, however, having wagered that by proper instruction she should be the finest actress on the stage in less than six months, she took such pains that when, in 1677, she played the Hungarian Queen in the tragedy of ' Mustapha,' * before Charles the Second and the Duke and Duchess of York, she created an absolute furore : so much so that the Duchess took lessons from her, and not only gave her her wedding suit, but her coronation robes when she became queen. She died on November 7, 171 3, and was buried at Acton, where her daughter, by the Earl of Rochester, was already interred. Aston, speaking of her personal appearance, says: 'And yet this fine creature was not handsome, her Mouth op'ning most on the Right Side, which she strove to draw t'other way, and, at Times, composing her Face, as if sitting to have her Picture drawn. Mrs. Barry was middle siz'd, and had darkish Hair, light Eyes, dark Eye-brows, and was indifferently plump : Her Face somewhat preceded her Action, as the latter did her Words ; her Face ever expressing the Passions ; not like the Actresses of late Times, who are afraid of putting their Faces out of the Form of Non-meaning, lest they should crack the Cerum, White-Wash, or other Cosmetic, trowel'd on.' Betterton says Mrs. Bracegirdle was the daughter of Justinian Bracegirdle of Northamptonshire, Esq., whilst Aston, who calls her ' the Diana of the Stage,' says c The most received Opinion is, that she was the Daughter of a Coach Man, Coach maker, or Letter out of Coaches in the Town of Northampton, but I am inclinable to my Father's Opinion, (who had a great Value for her reported Virtue) that she was a distant Relation, and came out of Staffordshire from about Wallsal or Wolverhampton? She is believed to have been born about the year 1674, and somehow came to be placed, when an infant, under the care of Betterton and his Wife, who naturally brought her up to the stage. So young did she enter her future profession that she acted as a page in c The Orphan,' 2 at the Dorset Garden Theatre in 1680, when only six years old. She was not only remarkable for her mag- nificent acting, but for the exceeding purity of her life, which no breath of scandal could sully ; although it could not be said it was from want of temptation. Congreve writes of her : — Pious Celinda goes to Pray'rs, Whene'er I ask the Favour ; Yet, the tender Fool's in Tears, When she believes I'll leave her. 1 By the Karl of Orrery. 2 By Thos. Otway. TH& DRAMA, 267 Wou'd I were free from this Restraint, Or else had Power to win her ! Wou'd she cou'd make of me a Saint, Or I of her a Sinner ! And D'Urfey, in his * Don Quixote,' sings of her :— Since that our Fate intends Our Amity shall be no dearer, Still let us kiss and be Friends, And sigh we can never come nearer. She was wonderfully charitable, and would go daily about the slums of Clare Market relieving the necessitous ; and woe be to anyone who should have dared to molest her — his fate would have been speedy. She retired from the stage in 1707, but did not die till 1748. Her personal description is : * She was of a lovely Height, with dark-brown Hair and Eye brows, black sparkling Eyes, and a fresh blushy Complexion ; and, whenever she exerted herself, had an involuntary Flushing in her Breast, Neck and Face, having continually a chearful Aspect, and a fine Set of even White Teeth ; never making an Exit, but that she left the Audience in an Imitation of her pleasant Countenance. Genteel Comedy was her chief Essay, and that too when in Men's Cloaths, in which she far surmounted all the Actresses of that Age ' (Aston). Her great rival was Mrs. Anne Oldfield, who was born in Pall Mall in 1683. Her father was in the Horse Guards, and on his death left his wife and daughter in very straitened circumstances. Tradition says that she was living with her aunt, who kept the Mitre Tavern in St. James's Market, when Sir John Vanbrugh heard her read some plays : certain it is, he introduced her to Rich in 1699, when she played Candiope, in * Secret Love, or The Maiden Queen.' 1 Mrs. Oldfield was far from being as immaculate in character as her rival. Her last performance was on April 28, 1730; she died October 23, 1730, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Allusion has been made to her mode of burial at the commencement of this book (p. 38). Steele 2 gives her portrait thus : ' Flavia is ever well dressed, and always the genteelest woman you meet ; but the make of her mind very much contributes to the ornament of her body. She has the greatest simplicity of manners of any of her sex. This makes everything look native about her, and her clothes are so exactly fitted, that they appear, as it were, part of her person,' etc. Ramble. There's Mrs. Rogers, Mrs. Oldfield, Mrs. Verbruggen Critick. The last is a miracle, but the others mere rubbish, that ought to be swept off the stage with the filth and dust. Hers was a romantic history. Her maiden name was Percival, and she married Mountford the actor, who was killed by Lord 1 Bv Dryden. 2 Tatler, 212. • 268 SOCIAL LIFE in tht reign of QUEEN ANNE, Mohun for protecting Mrs. Bracegirdle. Betterton says, * Her Father Mr. Percival had the Misfortune to be drawn into the Assassination Plot against King William ; for this he lay under Sentence of Death, which he received on the same Night that Lord Mohun killed her husband, Mr. Mountfort. Under this,' almost insuperable Affliction, she was introduced to the good Queen Mary, who being, as she was pleased to say, Struck to the Heart upon receiving Mrs. Mountforfs Petition, immediately granted all that was in her Power, a Remission of her Father's Execution for that of Transportation. But Fate had so ordered it that poor Mrs. Mountfort was to lose both Father and Husband. For as Mr. Percival was going abroad, he was so weakened by his Imprisonment, that he was taken Sick on the Road, and died at Ports?nouth? She afterwards married Jack Verbruggen, and their married life is thus described by Aston : 6 She was the best Conversation possible ; never Captious, or displeas'd at any Thing but what was gross or indecent ; for she was cautious lest fiery Jack shou'd so resent it as to breed a Quarrel ; for he would often say Dammee I the? I dortt much value my Wife yet no Body shall affront her, by G — d\ and his Sword was drawn on the least occasion, which was much the fashion in the latter End of King William's Reign.' She is described as being c a fine fair Woman, plump, full featured, her Face of a fine smooth Oval.' The theatre never solely depended upon the drama for its attractions, and there was generally a ballet of some description ; not, of course, such elaborate affairs as we have now, but perfor- mances by one or two artists, such as M. L'Abbe and Mrs. Elford. The dances were such as chacones, minuets, allmands, corantos, jigs, sarabands, etc., and we have already seen the pains taken with this art, and the elaborate instructions of its professors. CHAPTER XXVI. OPERA, CONCERTS, MUSIC. Introduction of Italian opera — Its rapid popularity — Mixture of languages- Handel — His operas, and visit here— Singers— Abel — Hughs — Leveridge — Lawrence — Ramondon — Mrs. Tofts — Her madness — Foreign singers — Margherita de l'Epine — Nicolino Grimaldi— Isabella Girardeau — Com- posers — Dr. Blow — Jeremiah Clarke — Dean Aldrich — Tom D'Urfey — Henry Carey — Britton, the small coal man — His concerts — His death — Concerts and concert rooms — Gasparini, the violinist — Musical instruments — Musical scores. 4 1673.4. 5 Jan. I saw an Italian opera in Music, the first that had been in England of this Kind,' writes Evelyn ; but Pepys mentions it even earlier: * 1667.8. Jan. 12. With my Lord Brouncker to OPERA, CONCERTS, MUSIC. 269 his house, there to hear some Italian musique, and here we met Tom Killigrew, Sir Robert Murray, and the Italian, Signor Baptista, 1 who hath prepared a play in Italian for the Opera, which Sir T. Killigrew do intend to have up ; and here he did sing one of the Acts.' There is, however, no record of either of these being acted. The first opera of which we have any record is a 'translation of ' Arsinoe,' an Italian opera written by Stanzani of Bologna, for the theatre of that town, in 1677, and here is the premier advertise- ment of opera in England. ' At the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, this present Tuesday being the 16th of January, will be presented a New Opera never perform'd before, call'd Arsinoe Queen of Cyprus, After the Italian manner, All Sung, being set to Musick by Mr. Clayton. With several Entertainments of Dancing by Monsieur l'Abbee, Monsieur du Ruel, Monsieur Cherrier, Mrs. Elford, Mrs. du Ruel, Mrs. Moss and others. And the famous Signiora Francisca Margaretta de l'Epine will, before the Beginning and after the Ending of the Opera, perform several Entertainments of singing in Italian and English. No person to be admitted into the Boxes or Pitt but by the Subscribers Tickets, to be delivered at Mrs. White's Chocolate House. The Boxes on the Stage and the Galleries are for the benefit of the Actors.' 2 The singers were all English ; and here we have the commencement of the subscription opera. In the next two years there were but very few operas, although Addison wrote one called ' Rosamond.' During this period, too, the Queen's Theatre in the Haymarket was opened for Opera, with what success we have seen. The thin edge of the wedge, as regards Italian singing, was introduced in 1707, when Valentini Urbani, a Castrato, and a female singer called ' The Baroness,' came over here. They made their first appearance ' At the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, this present Saturday, being the 6th of December, will be presented an Opera called " Camilla." All to be sung after the Italian manner. The Parts of Latinus by Mr. Turner, Prenesto by Signiora Mar- garita, part in Italian, Turnus by Signior Valentino, in Italian, Metius by Mr. Ramondon, Linco by Mr. Leveridge, Camilla by Mrs. Tofts, Lavinia by the Baroness, most in Italian, Tullia by Mrs. Lindsey.' 3 What a curious mixture it must have been, some singing in Italian and some in English ! but it was not the sole example, for when Italian opera was introduced into Germany the recitative was given in German and the airs sung in Italian. Of course an innovation, and coming from a foreign source, roused the insular prejudices of John Bull. It was un-English. As Dennis, the critic, wrote 4 : 'And yet tho' the Reformation and Liberty and the Drama were establish'd among us together, and 1 Battista Draghi. 2 Daily Courant, Jan. 16, 1705. 3 Ibid. Dec. 6, 1707. 4 An Essay on the Operas after the Italian manner, 1706. 270 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. have flourish'd among us together, and have still been like to have fall'n together, notwithstanding all this, at this present Juncture, when Liberty and the Reformation are in the utmost Danger, we are going very bravely to oppress the Drama, in order to establish the luxurious Diversions of those very Nations, from whose Attempts and Designs, both Liberty and the Reformation are in the utmost Danger.' With far greater sense and show of reason he says : ' If that is truly the most Gothick, which is the most oppos'd to Antick, nothing can be more Gothick than an Opera, since nothing can be more oppos'd to the ancient Tragedy, than the modern Tragedy in Musick, because the one is reasonable, the other ridiculous ; the one is artful, the other absurd ; the one beneficial, the other per- nicious ; in short, the one natural, and the other monstrous. And the modern Tragedy in Musick, is as much oppos'd to the Chorus, which is the Musical part of the Ancient Tragedy, as it is in the Episodique ; because, in the Chorus, the Musick is always great and solemn, in the Opera 'tis often most trifling and most effemi- nate ; in the Chorus the Music is only for the sake of the Sense, in the Opera the Sense is most apparently for the sake of the Music.' This mongrel style of performance, half Italian, half English, lasted till 1710. ' Pyrrhus and Demetrius ' (a translation of ' Pirro e Demetrio' of Adriano Morselli) was the last opera thus played. On Jan. 3, 1709, the prices of admission were considerably re- duced : stage boxes from 15^. to 8s., first gallery from 55-. to 2s. 6d., and upper gallery from 2s. to is. 6d., and the pit was 5^. Steele laughingly criticises 1 the performance of ' Pyrrhus and Demetrius.' ' That the understanding has no part in the pleasure is evident, from what these letters very positively assert, to wit, that a great part of the performance was done in Italian ; and a great Critic fell into fits in the Gallery, at seeing not only Time and Place, but Languages and N ations confused in the most incor- rigible manner.' The opera of ' Almahide ' (composer unknown, supposed to be Buononcini) was brought out at the Haymarket on Jan. 10, 17 10, and was the first opera ever played entirely in Italian and by Italian singers. These were Nicolini, Valentini, Cassani, Margarita, and Isabella Girardeau. Still John Bull must assert himself, and between the acts intermezzi were sung in English by Dogget, Mrs. Lindsey, and Mrs. Cross. Another opera was that of ' Hydaspes ' (by Francesco Mancini), which Addison 2 made terrible fun of, especially of a fight that took place between Nicolini and a lion. He had previously 3 unmercifully ridiculed ' Nicolini exposed to a Tempest in Robes of Ermine, and sailing in an Open Boat upon a Sea of Pasteboard,' 1 the painted Dragons Spitting Wildfire, enchanted Chariots drawn by Flanders Mares, and real Cascades in artificial Landskips ; ' 1 Tatler, No. 4. 2 Spectator, 13. s Ibid. 5. OPERA, CONCERTS, MUSIC. 271 but then he might have been sore at the fate of his own opera, ' Rosamond,' which was not a success. Towards the end of 17 10 Handel, who was then twenty-seven years of age, came over to England upon the invitation of several noblemen, whose acquaintance he had made at the Court of Hanover ; and here he wrote, for Aaron Hill, who then managed the Haymarket Theatre, his opera of ' Rinaldo,' the first advertise- ment of which contains a silly blunder as to dates. ' By Subscrip- tion. At the Queen's Theatre in the Hay Market, this present Saturday being the 24th day of February, will be perform'd a new Opera, call'd Rinaldo. Tickets and Books will be delivered out at Mr. White's Chocolate House in St. James's Street, to Morrow and Saturday next.' 1 In 1712 appeared another of Handel's operas, ' II Pastor Fido,' which was only performed four times. On Jan. 21, 17 13, was performed his opera of ' Theseus,' about which performance, however, there seems to have been some hitch, for we read 2 : ' Advertisement from the Queen's Theatre in the Hay Market. — This present Saturday the 24th of January, the Opera of Theseus composed by Mr. Hendel will be represented in its Perfection, that is to say with all the Scenes Decorations, Flights and Machines. The Performers are much concerned that they did not give the Nobility and Gentry all the Satisfaction they could have wished, when they represented it on Wednesday last, having been hindered by some unforeseen Accidents, at that time insurmountable. The Boxes on the Stage Half a Guinea, the other Boxes Ss. The Pit 5.?., the first Gallery 2s. 6d? On Handel's first visit, in 17 10, the Queen gave him a most flattering reception, and would fain have him remain here, offering him a pension ; but he excused himself, as being already engaged to the Elector George of Hanover. A few short notes about the singers will be interesting. Very early in Anne's reign mention is made of a singer of whom the only record I can find, is in the following advertisement, and some few others : ' To all the Nobility and Gentry, Whereas Mr. Abel, having been Honoured with the Commands of the Nobility and Gentry, to sing in Drury Lane 4 times ; this is to give notice that the said Mr. Abel has not engaged to sing in any other Consort, till that Noble Performance be ended.' 3 Hughes was a favourite concert singer, with a good counter- tenor voice ; and, when opera first came in, he always played the best parts, until Valentini came over, after which he either died, or left the stage, for no more is heard of him. Richard Leveridge had a fine and powerful bass voice, and stuck to the stage till he was more than eighty years old, singing in the pantomime at Covent Garden. He was not only an actor and singer, but a composer, having taken part in the composition of 1 Dally Courant, Feb, 24, 171 1. 2 Ibid. Jan. 24, 1713. 5 Postman, May 9/12, 1702. 2.72 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. an English opera, cal±ed the i Island Princess, 1 in 1699, an< ^ ne also wrote and composed many Bacchanalian songs. Died 1758, aged SS. Of Lawrence little is known, except that when the opera of ' Hydaspes was brought out on May 23, 17 10, he was able to take a part in it, although an inferior one, and sing it in Italian. He had a tenor voice, and continued in Italian opera till 1717, when trace is lost of him. Ramondon seems to have come upon the stage in 1705, and to have had a bass voice, as he took Leveridge's part in ' Arsinoe.' He seems to have left the stage with the opera of 'Pyrrhus and Demetrius,' but he published some songs in 17 16, and set the song tunes in * Camilla' for the harpsichord or spinet. Mrs. Tofts was our English prima donna, and she too possessed the then rare accomplishment of being able to sing in Italian. She was the daughter of a person in the family of Bishop Burnet, and when she appeared on the stage, she won all hearts by her voice, figure, and performance. Her voice was more soprano than contralto. We have seen her disclaimer when her servant insulted Madame de l'Epine ; and doubtless it was sincere, as she was an equal, if not a greater, favourite with the public. She retired from the stage, with a competence amassed by her exertions, in 1709. If we may believe the Tatler (No. 20), she had sad cause for leaving the stage, having lost her reason. ' The great revo- lutions of this nature bring to my mind the distresses of the unfortunate Camilla, who has had the ill luck to break before her voice, and to disappear at a time when her beauty was in the height of its bloom. This lady entered so thoroughly into the great characters she acted, that when she had finished her part she could not think of retrenching her equipage, but would appear in her own lodgings with the same magnificence that she did upon the stage. This greatness of soul had reduced that unhappy princess to an involuntary retirement, where she now passes her time among the Woods and Forests, thinking on the Crowns and sceptres she has lost, and often humming over in her solitude, I was born of royal race, Yet must wander in disgrace. 1 etc. But for fear of being over heard, and her quality known, she usually sings it in Italian, Nacqui al regno, nacqui al trono E per sono I ventura pastorella.' 2 A sad, very sad picture, if a true one. 1 From the opera of ' Camilla.' 2 Sic in orig. , but it should read— • E pur sono Sventurata pastc^ella.' OPERA, CONCERTS, MUSIC. 27$ At all events she must have got better, for she married a rich gentleman named Joseph Smith, a virtuoso, and patron of art ; and when he went to Venice, as English consul, she accompanied him. In Spectator 443 is a letter, supposed to be written by her, from Venice. Her mental malady, however, again seized her, and she lived in retirement, in a remote part of her own house, occasionally roaming about her garden, singing. She is supposed to have died about 1760. She and her rival are thus celebrated in a song by Hughes (author of the ' Siege of Damascus '), called ' Tofts and Margaretta.' Music has learn'd the discords of the State, And concerts jar with Whig and Tory Hate. Here Somerset and Devonshire attend The British Tofts, and every note commend ; To native merit just, and pleas'd to see We've Roman arts, from Roman bondage free : There fam'd l'Epine does equal skill employ, Whilst listening peers crow'd to th' ecstatic joy : Bedford, to hear her song, his dice forsakes, And Nottingham is raptur'd when she shakes : Lull'd statesmen melt away their drowsy cares Of England's safety, in Italian Airs. Who would not send each year blank passes o'er, Rather than keep such strangers from our shore ? Francesca Margherita de l'Epine came over here with a German musician named Greber, and was sometimes irreverently called ' Greber's Peg.' There is no doubt but that she sang very beautifully, and was without a rival on the stage, or in the concert room, after the retirement of Mrs. Tofts. She herself retired in 1718, and married Dr. Pepusch, the celebrated musician, who gave her another nickname, that of ' Hecate,' because of her swarthy complexion and unprepossessing countenance. However, she came well dowered, for she brought him a fortune of ,£10,000, a very large sum in those days. Swift, who evidently had a John Bull's dislike for everything foreign, writes from Windsor to Stella, 1 ' We have a music meeting in our town to-night. I went to a rehearsal of it, and there was Margarita, and her sister, with another drab, and a parcel of fiddlers ; I was weary, and would not go to the meeting, which I am sorry for, because I heard it was a great assembly. 5 She died about the year 1740. The Cavaliere Nicolino Grimaldi, 2 commonly called Nicolini, was a Neapolitan, and came over to England in 1708, entirely on his own responsibility, hearing we were passionately fond of foreign operas. He had achieved a high reputation in Italy, and sustained it here, although foreigners were only tolerated, not liked. He fir%t played in ' Pyrrhus and Demetrius/ and he left 1 Journal, Aug. 6, 1711. 2 Cavaliere di San Marco. 274 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. England June 14, 17 12. His departure is thus chronicled by Addison 1 : c I am very sorry to find, by the Opera Bills for this Day, that we are likely to lose the greatest Performer in Dramatick Musick that is now living, or that perhaps ever appeared upon a Stage. I need not acquaint my Reader, that I am speaking of Signior Nicolini? Of Isabella Girardeau we know little, save that her maiden name was Calliari, that she married a Frenchman, and sang from 1700 to 1720. Of the musical composers living in Anne's reign, perhaps the oldest was Dr. Blow, who died in 1708. Then there was Tudway, who composed an anthem 2 on the occasion of Queen Anne visiting the University of Cambridge, in 1705, which gained him his doctor's degree, and he was afterwards made public Professor of Music to that university, where he was longer remembered for his punning proclivities than for his musical talents. Jeremiah Clarke, who was coadjutor with Dr. Blow as organist at the King's Chapel, composed the beautiful anthem ' Praise the Lord, O Jerusalem.' He shot himself in 1707 when about forty years of age. There is a curious story told about his suicidal mania. Some weeks before he finally committed the rash act, he was riding to town, accompanied by a servant, returning from a • visit to a friend in the country, when the fit seized him, and, dismounting by a field in which was a pond surrounded by trees, he tossed up whether he should hang or drown. The coin fell on its edge in the clay, and saved his life for that time. Dean Aldrich was then alive (he did not die till 17 10), and he will be long remembered, not only for his i Artis Logicae Rudi- menta/ but for his skill as a musical composer 3 ; whilst no one at all conversant with Church music will forget the names of Drs. Crofts and Greene. Among the secular composers was Tom D'Urfey, whose * Pills to purge Melancholy' is a storehouse of song; but, with the exception of Henry Carey, whose ' Sally in our Alley 'and ' Black- Eyed Susan ' are immortal, the opera and ballad composers of Anne's reign were of no great mark. A most curious outcome of musical brotherhood was Thomas Britton, the small-coal man, already casually mentioned. He must not be passed over under any circumstances, as it is perhaps the only instance of fraternity, absolute and equal, recorded in this reign, between the upper and lower ranks of society. It was of him that Prior wrote : — Though doom'd to small coal, yet to arts allied ; Rich without wealth, and famous without pride, Music's best patron, judge of books and men ; Belov'd and honour' d by Apollo's train. 1 Spectator, 405. 2 ' Thou, O God, hast heard my vows.' 3 See Christ Church Bells, Appendix. OPERA, CONCERTS, MUSIC. 275 In Greece or Rome sure never did appear, So bright a genius, in so dark a sphere !^ More of the man had probably been sav'd Had Kneller painted, and had Virtue grav'd. This singular man had a small coal shop in Aylesbury Street, Clerkenwell ; and his room, which was over his coal stores, could only be reached by a breakneck ladder, as Ward remarks — Upon Thursdays repair To my palace, and there Hobble up stair by stair ; But I pray ye take Care That you break not your shins by a Stumble. Somehow, he had a soul above his vocation. He was a fair chemist, and a collector (with some knowledge) of old books and manuscripts. But the most curious part of all his surroundings was the fact that he was able to gather round him in his dirty little den, not only all the musical talent available, but titled dilettanti, and even elegant ladies came to his reunions. It was quite the proper place to go to. Hear what old Thoresby says, 1 ' In our way home called at Mr. Britton's, the noted small coal man, where we heard a noble concert of music, vocal and instru- mental, the best in town, which for many years past he has had weekly for his own entertainment, and of the gentry &c. gratis, to which most foreigners and many persons of distinction, for the fancy of it, occasionally resort.' And no wonder, when the learned musical Dr. Pepusch might be present, or Handel played the harpsichord, whilst Banister would take first violin. Still, it was a peculiar place to meet in, and only shows what inconveniences people will suffer for fashion's sake. His death was almost as remarkable as his life. One of his performers was injudicious enough to introduce to him a friend of his who was a ventriloquist, who, without seeming to speak, bade him, as from a far-off, sepulchral voice, fall down on his knees at once and say the Lord's Prayer, for that he should die within a few hours. Poor Britton did as he was bid — then went home, took to his bed, and died in a few days of sheer fright, a victim to practical joking. There was a vast amount of musical taste at that time, but of course it was not so highly developed as now. We have seen that a dramatic performance was generally accompanied by a musical one, and the concerts, or consorts, as they were then called, were numerous. Owing probably to the mourning consequent on the decease of William III., the first announcement of a concert in Anne's reign that I can find is one postponed from April 30, 1702, to May 7, and this was to take place at Stationers' Hall, a very usual place 1 June 5, 1712. T 2 276 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. for such entertainments. In the same newspaper is a notice that * The Queen's Coronation Song, compos'd and Sung by Mr. Abell is to be perform'd at Stationers Hall near Ludgate, to Morrow, being the First of May 1702 at 8 of the Clock at Night precisely, with other Songs in Several Languages, and ac- companied by the greatest Masters of Instrumental Musick ; Each Ticket 5.?.' York Buildings was another favourite concert room, as was also Hickford's Dancing Room. This latter place, being at the extreme West End of London, bid for aristocratic patrons, and the prices were high ; indeed, the tickets for the following concert were the highest priced of any I have ever met with : * 1707 To Morrow being Wednesday the 2nd of April, Signior Fr. Conti will cause to be perform'd at Mr. Hickford's Dancing Room in James Street, in the Hay Market over against the Tennis Court, the Consort of Musick compos'd by him for her Majesty, and which he had the Honour to have perform'd at Court the Day after the Act for the Union x pass'd. Signiora Margarita, the Baroness, and Signior Valentino will sing in it accompanied with several Instruments, and the Signior Conti will play upon his great Theorbo, and on the Mandoline, an instrument not known yet. The Consort will begin at 7 a Clock at Night. Tickets to be had only at White's Chocolate House, and at the Smyrna Coffee House at a Guinea a ticket.' A high price — but consider the attractions. All the available talent, together with a Monstre Instrument, and an entirely novel one ! Nowadays we should hardly expect concerts to be given at Chelsea Hospital, but it was different then, and ' Ladies of Quality' probably had as much influence then as they have now, and could get pretty well what they liked : ' 1702 In Honour of the Queens Coronation ; The Ladies Consort of Musick ; by Subscription of several Ladies of Quality (by permission) at the Royal College of Chelsea, on Monday the 25th of the present May, is to be per- formed once, a new Consort of Musick, by Mr. Abel and other voices ; with Instrumental Musick of all sorts ; To be placed in two several Quires on each side of the Hall ; a manner never yet performed in England. The Hall to be well illuminated ; the said Consort to begin exactly at five a Clock, and to hold 3 full hours. Each Ticket 5s. Notice that the Moon will shine, the Tide serve, and a Guard placed from the College to St. James's Park, for the safe return of the Ladies.' The moon and tide were important factors then, as we find in a notice of 'a Consort of Musick' at Richmond Wells, Aug. 12, 1703: 'This Consort to be perform'd but once, because of the Queen's going to the Bath. Note. The Tide serves at 1 1 o'clock in the Morning and Light Nights.' So that the visitors were evidently expected to spend the whole day there. 1 The Royal Assent to this Act was given March 6, 1707. OPERA, CONCERTS, MUSIC. 277 Another suburban Spa (Hampstead) was famous for its con- certs, and continued in favour during the whole of the reign. ' 1705 On Saturday August 4th In the great Room at the Ship Tavern Greenwich will be an extraordinary Consort of Vocal and Instrumental Musick, viz., Several Songs set by the best Masters ; Particularly a Song of two parts by Mr. Henry Purcel, never per- formed but once before in Publick,' etc. Towards the latter end of the reign the character of some of these concerts seems to be altering. Take one at Stationers' Hall, Feb. 22, 1 71 3, for instance : ' Among other choice Compositions, a celebrated Song of Mr. Hendel's by a Gentlewoman from Abroad, who hath never before exposed her Voice publickly in this king- dom. To which will be added an uncommon piece of Musick by Bassoons only. Country Dances when the Consort is over ; and such a Decorum kept that the most innocent may be present without the danger of an Affront.' Concerts, as we see, were both vocal and instrumental. Of the vocal performers much has already been said ; of the instru- mental, none are worth notice, except Gasparini, an Italian, who was an excellent violinist. The last and perhaps the least of them was : ' A Boy of about Eight Years of Age will perform an Italian Sonata on the Trumpet, who never yet perform'd in pub- lick.' This musical treat took place at York Buildings, Feb. 24, 1703. The instruments in domestic use were the chamber or house organ, many of which were frequently advertised for sale, the spinet, and harpsichord, or harpsicalls, which we know so well, thanks to the South Kensington Museum. Here, however, is a rare one : ' To be disposed of, a most excellent Harpsicord made by the famous Sign. Gieronimo Senti, at Pesaro in Italy, having 2 Extraordinary fine Keys of Ivory, several Stops and Alterations besides the 2 Principals, and one Octave, or the Spinet, which may by plaid seperately or together, imitating most exactly the Theorba, and most curiously the Arch Lute.' The flute was played, as were also the lute, and the theorbo, a lute-like instrument. The other stringed instruments were the bass viol and the violin, Cremonas being then, as now, highly prized. It was essentially an age for chamber music, with nice little social gatherings, at which were played duets on the flute, etc., or catches, rounds, and three-part songs were sung. What we should call good music was thoroughly appreciated, and Corelli, perhaps, was then the favourite composer. The following advertisement will show the class of music then in vogue (1706) : 'To all Lovers of Musick. This day are published, and to be sold at Isaac Vaillant's Book and Map-seller in the Strand near Catherine Street, Per. 1 Opera 2 da, Sonata di Camera for 2 Flutes and Bass, Marini Opera 6 ta, 12 Sonatas for 2 Violins, a Viol and double Basses, 6 1 ? Pertf, who lived to the age of nearly 100, and was alive in 1744. 278 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Sonatas and Solos transposed for the Flute, pr $s. Mr Novel's 12 Sonatas for 2 Violins and double Basses, pr 6s., Six new Sonatas for 2 Flutes and a Bass by Mr. Keller. Albicestilo, Opera Nona, 12 Solos for the Violin, a new Book for the Harpsichord by Mr. Anglebert, with several Overtures, Minuets, Jigs, &c. of Mr. Lully transposed for that instrument. These books are printed by Steph Roger, most of them on Royal Paper. At the abovesaid Vaillant's may be had the new Edition of Corelli printed on Imperial Paper pr 32 s. 6d. } But all music was not as dear as this — for instance : ' The Monthly Mask of Vocal Musick : the newest Songs, made for the Theatres and other occasions Compos'd by Mr. John Welden and Mr. Dan Purcel. Publish'd for November, which collections will be continued monthly for the year 1703 pr. 6d. Also a Set of Lessons for the Harpsicord or Spinnet. Composed by Mr. John Eccles, Master of Her Majesties Musick pr 6d. } Music was printed either from engraved copper plates, as in the case of i The Nightingale/ which was engraved by Thomas Cross, who worked in the very early part of the century, or by movable types, as is the case with all music taken from ' The Dancing Master.' But the Dutch hit upon a cheaper plan, and made use of pewter plates, which they stamped, and so were able to undersell the engraved music. It is said they got 1,500/. by printing the opera of ' Rinaldo.' One Richard Mears also engraved music, but he, finding his trade interfered with by the Dutchmen, took to stamping. At his death in T743 almost the whole of the music- printing in the country was done by the son of the following adver- tiser : 1 ' Twenty four New Country Dances for the year 17 10, with proper Tunes, and New Figures, or direction to each Dance, com- posed by Mr. Kynaston, all fairly Engraven, price 6d. Note The New Country Dancing Masteris published, containing the Country dances for the three last years. Printed for John Walsh. Servant in Ordinary to her Majesty.' * Taller, 88. 279 CHAPTER XXVII. PAINTERS AND ARCHITECTS. Wollaston — Murray — Hugh Howard — Lewis Crosse — Luke Cradock — Charles Jervas — Richardson — Sir James Thornhill — Sir Godfrey Kneller — Closter- man — Pelegrini — Sebastian Ricci — Vander Vaart — Laguerre — Dahl — Boit — Class of pictures in vogue — Water colours — Drawings — Engravings- Sculpture — Grinling Gibbons — Architects — Sir C. Wren — Vanbrugh. The sister art of painting was not well represented in this reign — by native talent, at all events, except by Thornhill. There was Wollaston, a portrait painter, who could only command five guineas for a three-quarters canvas : he was one of Britton's amateurs, and played both violin and flute. He died at an old age in the Charter House. Thomas Murray was another portrait painter. There was Hugh Howard, to whom Prior indited an ode com- mencing, Dear Howard, from the soft assaults of love, Poets and painters never are secure ; Can I untouch'd the fair one's passions move, Or thou draw beauty, and not feel its power ? He was lucky, for through his acquaintances of high rank he obtained the situation of Keeper of the State Papers, and Pay- master of His Majesty's Palaces, when he still followed the pursuit of art, by collecting prints and medals. Lewis Crosse was a painter in water colours, and executed miniatures. He also collected them, and his very valuable collec- tion was sold in 1722, two years before his death. Luke Cradock, who was but a house painter, rose by his own exertions to be an excellent painter of birds, and, like H. S. Marks, Esq., R.A., his works were highly prized for house decorations. According to Vertue, his pictures, soon after his death, fetched three or four times the prices paid for them. Charles Jervas, who lived in this reign, and had been a pupil ot Kneller, was a very good painter. He taught Pope to draw and paint, and Pope wrote an ' Epistle to Mr. Jervas,' in which he belauded him, as did also Steele * when he called him l the last great painter Italy has sent us, Mr. Jervas ' — alluding to his return from studying in Italy. He married a widow worth 20,000/., and the praise he received with the affluence of his circumstances rendered him inordinately vain, as the two following anecdotes will show. He made a good copy of a Titian, and he thought he had actually outdone that master ; for, looking from one to the other, * Tatler, No. 4. 280 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. he complacently observed, ' Poor little Tit ! how he would stare ! ' The Duchess of Bridgewater sat to him for her portrait, that picture of which Pope says — With Zeuxis' Helen thy Bridgewater vie — and he remarked that she had not a handsome ear. Her lady- ship asked him his opinion of what was a handsome ear, to which his answer was — showing her one of his own. Jonathan Richardson was, perhaps, the best English portrait painter of his time ; and, after the deaths of Kneller and Dahl, stood prominent in that branch of his profession. Aikman and Alexander were also contemporary artists. But perhaps the English artist of that time best known to us is Sir James Thornhill ; not only by his painting in the dome of St. Paul's, but by his masterpiece in the Hall of Greenwich Hospital. Indeed he was a worthy rival both of Verrio and Laguerre. Forty shillings per square yard was all he got for painting St. Paul's, and probably no more for Greenwich. For his decorations at Blen- heim he only received twenty-five shillings per square yard ; and the Directors of the South Sea Company would pay him no more for the work he did on their staircase and hall. There are a few other English painters, but they were of no note. Of foreign artists in England, doubtless the greatest was Kneller, who was born at Lubeck in 1648. He came over here in 1674, without the least intention of stopping; but, having painted Charles II. and established a reputation, he made this country his home. Knighted by William, petted by Anne, baroneted by George I., he could scarcely expect greater honours. His principal works in Anne's reign were a bad portrait of the King of Spain, who paid a visit to the Queen, and was kept some time longer than he expected, by stress of weather ; seven portraits of admirals at Hampton Court, and the portraits of the Kit Cat Club, which have already been noticed. He was as vain as Jervas, if not more so. Pope tried to see to what extent his vanity would go. ' Sir Godfrey, I believe if God Almighty had had your assistance, the world would have been formed more perfect.' "Fore Gad, Sir, I believe so too,' was the self-satisfied reply. He, however, was not devoid of wit, as his little encounter with Dr. Ratcliffe proves. They lived next to each other, and there was a door between the two gardens. Through this door Ratcliffe's servants used to come and pick Kneller's flowers ; so the painter sent word that he would have the door shut. A message came from the doctor that * he might do anything with it but paint it,' to which the artist replied that * he would take anything from him but his physic' Kneller was painting the portrait of James II., which was to be a present to Pepys, when the King received the news of the landing of the Prince of Orange. He ordered the painter to proceed with his work, so that ' his good friend Pepys should not be disappointed.' When Sir Godfrey moved from his house in Covent Garden, PAINTERS and ARCHITECTS, 281 he had a sale of pictures, probably of little artistic value, or only copies. 1 'At the late Dwelling House of Sir Godfrey Kneller, in the Piazza's, Covent Garden, will be sold a Collection of Original Paintings, fit for Stair Cases, Chimneys, Doors or Closets. Some of the Masters they were done by are as follows : viz. Holben, Ruben, Van Dyke, Sr. Peter Lely, Antonio de Cortona, Solveta, Rosa, Snider, Vander Velde, Rostraten, Bombodes, Verelst and several other great Masters/ This auction was a failure : ' This is to give notice, That the Collection, &c., will be Sold out of hand at very reasonable Rates at the above-mentioned place, beginning this present Monday being the 27th of March, the bad- ness and uncertainty of the Weather having put a stop to the Auction. 2 John Closterman was the artist who painted the whole-length portrait of Queen Anne, now in the Guildhall. We get several notices of him from the newspapers : ' Mr. Closterman being obliged at Christmas next to go to Hanover, and afterwards to several Courts of Germany ; so that it is uncertain whether he will ever return to England. Such Persons of Quality and others, as have lately sate to him, are desired to take notice, that their Pic- tures will be finished out of hand, and deliver'd as they shall best please to order them.' 3 In April of the next year he advertised that ' being oblig'd to leave England very suddenly, will sell all his pictures by Auction.' Another sale of pictures took place on Feb. 28, 171 1, which was pro- bably after his death, the date of which is somewhat uncertain. He had married a worthless girl, who robbed him of all he possessed, and then ran away : this sent him mad, and he soon afterwards died. Antonio Pelegrini made several designs for painting the dome of St. Paul's, and was paid for them. He painted staircases, etc., for the Dukes of Manchester and Portland, and for other noble- men. He died abroad. His master, Sebastian Ricci, came over here, and painted the altarpiece in the chapel of Chelsea College ; but he, too, did not stop. Not so James Bogdani, a native of Hungary, who lived here between forty and fifty years. He painted fruit, flowers, and birds, and our royal palaces still possess examples of this master, which were purchased by Queen Anne. John Vander Vaart, 4 of Haarlem, lived for over fifty years in Covent Garden, and died there. His forte was game. He painted a piece of still life — a violin — on a door at Devonshire House, Piccadilly, that deceived everybody. This is now at Chatsworth. Pope's line, < Where sprawl the Saints of Verrio and Laguerre,' 1 Postman, March 11/14, 1704. 2 Daily Cozirant, March 27, 1704. 5 Ibid. Aug. 6, 1705, 4 In the Postman, Feb. 3/6, 171 1, is an advertisement of his, saying he in- tended retiring from business, and will sell his collection of pictures. 282 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. naturally makes us think of these two masters, and many were the ceilings which the latter painted in England. He enjoyed royal patronage under both William and Anne, designing for the latter some tapestry, illustrative of the union between England and Scot- land, in which were portraits of the Queen and her ministers. He did the drawings, but the tapestry was not made. His end was sudden : he died of apoplexy in Drury Lane Theatre, whither he had gone to attend the benefit of his son, who sang there in ' The Island Princess.' l Michael Dahl was a Swede, and a mighty portrait painter. He was Kneller's rival, and yet they must have been friends, for Sir Godfrey painted his portrait. He was a great pet of Prince George of Denmark, and was also patronised by the Queen. Any account of the artists of this reign would be sadly incom- plete without mention of Boit, the enameller, who was certainly the best, up to that time, after Petitot or Zincke. He got large sums for his miniatures. Several now exist, and one, especially good, of Queen Anne sitting, and Prince George standing beside her, is at Kensington Palace. The most important work on which he was engaged during his stay in England was a large plate, about 24 in. by 18, for which Laguerre painted the design in oil. It represented the Queen, Prince George, and the principal members of the Court, with Victory introducing the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene ; France and Bavaria were prostrate, and there were the usual military accompaniment of standards and trophies of arms. He got an advance of ,£ 1,000, and spent ^700 or ,£800 of it in erecting furnaces able to fire so large a plate ; and, when he began to lay on colour, he got another advance of £700. Then came the memorable disgrace of Marlborough, and he was ordered to change Marlborough into Ormonde, and Victory into Peace. Prince Eugene would not sit, and no further progress was ever made with the picture. Boit ran away, on the Queen's death, much in debt, and got to France, were they were only too glad to receive him. There he died in 1726. Those were not, as now, golden days for artists, who never dreamed of living in luxuriously furnished mansions of their own building. There were no exhibitions of art, nor did the middle class indulge much in oil paintings, which were principally con- fined to originals, or copies, of the Italian or Dutch and Flemish schools. Of course every gentleman who made the 'grand tour' brought some home with him, if only to show his taste in such matters ; and, through the fluctuations of fortune, there was generally a good supply of them in the market. The following extract from Swift's Journal to Stella will give some idea of the price of a copy, for it is scarcely likely to have been an original. <6 Mar. 171 3. I was to day at an auction of pictures with Pratt, and laid out two pounds five Shillings for a picture of Titian, ancl * By P. A. Motteux. PAINTERS and ARCHITECTS. 283 if it were a Titian it would be worth twice as many pounds. If I am cheated, I'll part with it to Lord Masham ; if it be a bargain, I'll keep it to myself. That's my conscience.' To give an idea of the range of art which these pictures occu- pied, let us take the names of the masters, with their spellings, as they appear in the advertisements. Italian. Giorgione-da Castle Franco, Titian, Palma, Tintoret, Bassan, Cavalieri, Gioseppi dArpino, Paulo Faranati, Camillo Procacino, Spaniolette, Bar- tolemeo, Pordenone, Andrea del Sarto, Leonardo da Vinci, Paulo Veronese, Gaspar Poussin, Julio Romano, Pollydore, Parmigiano, Baptista Franca, Corregio, Primaticcio, Schiavone, Claud Lorain, Fran, Bolognese, Mola, the Borgognon, Luca Jordano, Bourdon, Perosini, Scacciati, Daudini, Tempesto, and Guido Guavini. Among the Dutch and Flemish Masters were : Van Dyke, Quentin Messias, Ostervelt, Vander Werff, Van de Velde, Cor- nelius Johnson, Vander Meer, Brayuinx, Griffiere, Backhuysen, De Wit, Brawer, Wyck, Ostade, Hondecoeter, Saftleven, Boc, Per- cellus, Ryzeberg, Blcemcert, Youngfranc, Bramer, Varelst, Pala- medus, Levintz, Ruysdail, Hemskirk, Breughel, Holben, Rubens, Berchem, and Teniers. , And we have one advertisement where l Among them are Por- traits a half length of the Queen of England 1 by Ryly\ Sir Tho More ; Lord Cicil in Queen Elizabeths time, and the Lord Francis Bacon.' People who could not afford oil paintings might buy water colours, and the following gives us the names of two famous artists : 'A choice collection of Limnings, by Mr. Cooper and old Mr. Hoskins now in the possession of his Son John Hoskins of Chelsea, will be sold by Auction. Likewise several Boxes of Limning Colours,' etc. These were, in all probability, miniatures. Drawings, both in crayon and black lead, line engravings, and etchings were within the compass of most people's purses, and here is an advertisement which would create some interest even now at Christie's. ' At the Eagle and Child in Bedford Street, Covent Garden, &c. will be continued the Sale by Auction of a collection of Paintings, Drawings, and Prints, by the most famous Italian, and other great Masters. The Drawings are of the most celebrated Masters of the several Schools of Italy. A great number of them in Frames and Glasses. The Prints are in great perfection, a great many Etcht by the Masters themselves, others graved by the most eminent Gravers. There are a great many extraordinary rare Wood Cuts, they have been collecting these 30 Years with great industry and expense, most out of the chiefest Auctions in England, and others bought in Holland and France, by Mr. William Gibson, 2 Limner.' 1 Either Mary of Modena, Consort of James II., or Queen Mary. 2 A miniature paintor, pupil of Sir Peter Lely, and nephew of Gibson, the dwarf painter 284 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. We know the engravings of that time were very good : they were also very cheap, and of good subjects. ' You may have the Right Originals after the greatest Masters, as Raphael, Michael Angelo, Ruben, Julij Romana, all well graven, and 30 sorts of Altarpieces and Prints ready framed ; ' or one might buy * A corn- plea. Sett of the Prints of the Royal Palaces and Noblemen's Seats in England, neatly bound up together, or sold Singly for is. apiece ; and likewise a curious Collection of Italian and French prints, particularly the Original Battles of Alexander ; the Galleries of Luxemburgh ; Poussin's Landskips, and many others.' Good English Engravers were then very scarce : nearly all the illustrations to books were engraved by foreigners, and very frequently in Holland. Take the following for example— engraved in England, but by a foreigner : The Seven Cartons of Raphael d'Urbin drawn and engraved from the Originals in the Gallery at Hampton Court by S. Gribelin, are sold by C. Mather near Temple Bar in Fleet Street &c. — price 15^.' There was another set of these engraved in 171 1 and 17 12, by Michael Dorigny, who offered eight plates 19 in. by 25 to 30 for four guineas. Steele gives this venture a kindly puffin Spectator 226. Sculpture was not at a premium, there being but one sculptor at all worthy of the name (of course except Gibbons), and he was Francis Bud, to whom, among other works, we owe the statue of Queen Anne in St. Paul's Churchyard, and the Conversion of St. Paul in the pediment of the cathedral. The virtuosi got their statuary from Italy, and of course these classical gentlemen would be satisfied with nothing less than * right Antiques.' 'Four Marble Figures lately come from Italy, with 2 half bodies. The Figures are Jupiter and Venus, Bacchus and his Mistress.' There was a demand for plaster and leaden casts for garden ornamentation, and this was met by one Van Nost, who lived in ' Hide Park Road, near the Queen's Mead House,' who had a fine collection, which was sold after his death, in 17 12. His widow also sold, at a great reduction in price, c the fine Marble Figures and Bustos, curious inlaid Marble Tables, Brass and Leaden Figures and very rich Vauses.' Grinling Gibbons, of course, bears the palm in the matter of carving in this age, and we must not forget that he carved in stone and marble as well as in wood. The statue of Charles II. in the old Royal Exchange, the base of Charles the First's statue at Charing Cross, and the marble pedestal of the equestrian statue of Charles II. at Windsor, together with the magnificent tomb of Baptist Noel, Viscount Camden, in the church of Exton, Rutland- shire, all testify to his ability when dealing with the more obdu- rate materials. As to his wood carvings, they are most numerous and widely spread. In the choir of St. Paul's, at Chatsworth, at Burleigh, at Petworth, etc., are triumphs of his skill. PAINTERS and ARCHITECTS. 285 From sculpture to architecture is but a step ; and a reign that can boast of two such architects as Wren and Vanbrugh must of necessity rank high as favouring this art. If Wren had built nothing else but St. Paul's, his fame would have been immortal, and the other buildings with which he beautified London, thanks to the great fire, cannot add lustre to his name. In the architec- ture of his churches he was very uneven ; but it must not be for- gotten that he had at that time so much work on hand, that thorough originality could not be expected in every case, and also, in very many instances he was hampered as to the expense. Not that he was an extravagant architect. The man who could build (even taking money at its different value then and now) St. Mary Aldermary for a little over 5,000/., or St. Mary-le-Bow for 8,000/. — exclusive of the steeple, which cost nearly 1,400/. more — could not be accused of extravagance. We owe to him the Monument, Greenwich and Chelsea Hospitals, the Theatre and Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, and the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, besides a large number of churches, all still existing, and the Royal Exchange and Temple Bar, destroyed. In this reign he was thoroughly appreciated and honoured ; was knighted by Anne, was President of the Royal Society, and sat twice in Parliament ; and it was reserved to the Whigs in George the First's reign to deprive him of his places, and leave him uncared for in his old age. The versatile Vanbrugh, who could be playwright or architect, poet, theatrical manager, or king-at-arms, adds much to the lustre of Anne's reign. We have seen how Swift lampooned him on the building of his own house at Whitehall (p. 47), and we all know Dr. Evans 5 epitaph upon him : — Lie heavy on him, earth, for he Laid many a heavy load on thee. That he was as great an architect as Wren, cannot be for a moment entertained ; but that he was not without good taste and scientific knowledge, his two best works, Blenheim and Castle Howard, testify. 286 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE, CHAPTER XXVIII. SCIENCE, ETC. Its infancy — Virtuosi — Gresham College — Visit to theRoyat Society's Museum-— Their curiosities — Their new house — Geology — Experimental philosophy — Courses of chemistry — Mathematics — List of patents — Hydraulic ma- chinery — Savery's steam engine — Description. Exact science, as we understand the term, hardly existed. Sir Isaac Newton was just lighting the spark which has been fanned by succeeding generations into such a mighty flame. The Royal Society was an absolute laughing-stock, and men called virtuosi pottered about, looking (and doubtless thinking they were) mighty wise. Any man who investigated nature after his lights, and with the imperfect materials which were at his command, was looked upon as a fool. 'The Will of a Virtuoso. 1 ' I Nicholas Gimcrack being in sound health of mind, but in great weakness of body, do by this my last Will and Testament bestow my worldly Goods and Chattels in manner following. ' Imprimis. To my dear wife, One box of butterflies, One drawer of Shells, A female Skeleton, A dried Cockatrice. 6 Item. To my Daughter Elizabeth. My Receipt for preserving dead Caterpillars. Also my preparations of winter May dew, and Embryo-Pickle. 4 Item. To my little daughter Fanny, Three Crocodile's Eggs. And upon the birth of her first Child if she marries with her mother's consent, the Nest of a Humming Bird. 4 Item. To my eldest Brother, as an acknowledgment for the Lands he has vested in my Son Charles, I bequeath my last Year's Collection of Grasshoppers. * Item. To his Daughter Susanna, bemg his only Child, I be- queath my English Weeds pasted on Royal paper, with my large Folio of Indian Cabbage. 4 Having fully provided for my nephew Isaac by making over to him, some years since, a Horned Scarabaeus, the Skin of a Rattle snake, and the Mummy of an Egyptian King, I make no further Provision for him in this my Will. 4 My eldest Son John having spoken disrespectfully of his little Sister, whom I keep by me in Spirits of Wine, and in many other instances behaved himself undutifully towards me, I do dis- inherit, and wholly Cut off from any part of this my personal estate, by giving him a single Cockle shell. i Tatler, No. 216. SCIENCE, etc. 287 'To my second Son Charles, I give and bequeath all my Flowers, Plants, Minerals, Mosses, Shells, Pebbles, Fossils, Beetles, Butterflies, Caterpillars, Grasshoppers, and Vermin, not above specified ; as also my Monsters, both wet and dry ; making the said Charles whole and sole Executor of this my last Will and Testament ; He paying or causing to be paid, the aforesaid Lega- cies within the space of six Months after my Decease. And I do hereby revoke all other Wills whatsoever by me formerly made.' Clarinda. A Sot, that has spent £2.000 in Microscopes, to find out the Nature of Eals in Vinegar, Mites in a Cheese, and the blue of Plums which he has subtilly found out to be living Creatures. Miranda. One who has broken his brains about the nature of Magots, who has studied these twenty years to find out the several sorts of Spiders, and never cares for understanding Mankind. 1 It is needless to say that Gresham College, then the home of the Royal Society, affords a wealth of merriment to Ward. It is 1 Wise Acres Hall, 5 or < Maggot Mongers' Hall ' ; but his descrip- tion, 2 although whimsical, is truthful, and shows the puerility (as we might term it) of science in those days. ' My Friend con- ducted me up a pair of Stairs, to the Elaboratory-Keeper's Apartment and desir'd him to oblige us with a Sight of his Rarities ; who very curteously granted us the Liberty ; opening his Warehouse of Egyptian Mummies, old musty Skeletons, and other antiquated Trumpery : The first thing he thought most worthy of our Notice, was the Magnet, with which he show'd some notable Experiments, it made a Paper of Steel Filings Prick up themselves one upon the back of another, that they stood pointing like the Bristles of a Hedge Hog ; and gave such Life and Merriment to a parcel of Needles, they danced the Hay, by the motion of the Stone, as if the Devil were in 'em ; the next things he presented to our view, were a parcel of Shell Flies almost as big as Lobsters, arm'd with Beaks as big as Jack-Daws : then he commended to our observation that Wonderful Curiosity, the Unicornis Horn ; made, I suppose, by an Ingenious Turner, of the Tusks of an Elephant ; it is of an excellent Virtue ; and, by report of those that know nothing of the matter, will expel Poison beyond the Mountebank's Orvieton \ Then he carry'd us to another part of the Room, where there was an Aviary of Dead Birds, Collected from the extream parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America ; amongst which were an East India Owl, a West India Bat, and a Bird of Paradise, the last being Beautified with variety of Colours, having no discernable Body, but all Feathers, Feeding, when alive, upon nothing but Air, and tho' 'tis as big as a Parrot, 'tis as light as a Cobweb. Then he usher'd us among sundry sorts of Serpents, as the Noy, Pelo?igy, Rattle Snake, Aligator, Crocodile &c. That looking round me, I thought 1 The Virtuoso, by Shadwell. 2 London Spy. 288 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. myself hem'd in amongst a legion of Devils ; When we had taken a survey of these pin-cushion Monsters, we turn'd towards the Skeletons of Men, Women, and Monkeys, Birds, Beasts and Fishes ; Abortives put up in Pickle, and abundance of other Memorandums of Mortality ; that they look'd as Ghostly as the Picture of Michael Angelo's Resurrection ; as if they had Col- lected their Scatter'd Bones into their Original Order, and were about to March in search after the rest of the Appur- tenances.' That this account is not exaggerated is shown by an extract or two of Dr. Green's catalogue of these curiosities. ' Tortoises, when turned on their backs, will sometimes fetch deep sighs and shed abundance of tears. * A bone, said to be taken out of a Mermaid's head. 'A stag-beetle, whose horns, worn in a ring, are good against Cramp, &c.' The Royal Society, however, under Newton's presidency, woke up wonderfully in Anne's reign, although they still pottered after such things as dissecting dolphins, 1 etc. In 1705 the Mercers' Company gave them notice to quit Gresham College, and they petitioned the Queen for a grant of land near Westminster, but the petition was refused. Then they applied to the trustees of the Cotton Library for permission to meet at Cotton House, West- minster, but could not obtain it. And so they tried for six years to get their own premises, and at last succeeded in buying the house (really two houses) of Dr. Brown, in Crane Court, Fleet Street, which house, but little altered, is now standing, and is in the occupation of the Scottish Corporation. This cost them 1,4150/., 550/. of which they paid out of their own funds, and borrowed the remainder at six per cent. ; but it also required 1,800/. to fit these houses for the requirements of the Society : yet somehow they managed to hold their first meeting there on Nov. 8, 17 10. Addison, in the Tatler? cannot resist the temptation of making fun of this Society : ' When I married this Gentleman he had a very handsome estate, but upon buying a set of Microscopes he was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society, from which time I do not remember ever to have heard him speak as other people did, or talk in a manner that any of his family could understand.' Steele, 3 too, must needs give a little stab : ' When I meet with a young fellow that is an humble admirer of these Sciences, but more dull than the rest of the Company, I conclude him to be a Fellow of the Royal Society.' The science of geology was very little known, although Dr. Woodward, in his * Natural History of the Earth,' notes its division into strata, but in that, as in all other sciences, they were but in a very elementary stage. They had only got as far as this : ' An Account of the Origin and Formation of Fossil-Shells, &c, wherein 1 Thoresby. 2 No. 221. 3 Tatler, 236. SCIENCE, etc. 289 is proposed a Way to reconcile the two different Opinions, of those who affirm them to be the Exuviae of real Animals, and those who fancy them to be Lusus Naturae.' Rut science was making such steps that men were willing to be taught, and consequently teachers were found. The stage physical science had reached in 1706 is shown by the following advertise- ment : ' For the Advancement of Experimental Philosophy, and for the Benefit of all such Gentlemen as are willing to lay the best and surest Foundation for all useful Knowledge : There are pro- vided Engines for rarefying and condensing Air, with all the Appur- tenances thereunto belonging ; also Barometers, Thermometers, and such other Instruments as are Necessary for a Course of Ex- periments, in order to prove the Weight and Spring of the Air, its usefulness in the propagation of Sounds and Conversation of Life, &c, with several new and surprising Experiments concerning the production of Light in Vacuo : Likewise Utensils proper for making the Hydrostatical Experiments to determine the Laws of Fluids Gravitating upon each other. By J, Hodgson and F. Hawksbee, Fellows of the Royal Society. This Course will begin &c. ... at which times Lectures will be Read for the better understanding the Experiments, and for the drawing of such Conclusions and Uses as flow from them. Those Gentlemen that are desirous to be present must pay 2 Guineas, one at the time of Subscription, and the other on the 3rd Night after the Course begins.' Hawksbee continued these lectures till his death, about 1710 or 171 1. Courses of chemistry had existed ever since the commencement of the reign : vide ' A Course of Chimistry, commencing the 27th of April, 1702, containing above 100 Operations, will be performed by George Willson at his Elaboratory in Well Yard, by St. Bartholomew's Hospital in Smithfield.' His fee was two and a half guineas. What was meant by this course we cannot tell, but there is another advertisement in 171 2 which may throw some light upon it : 'A Compleat Course of Chymistry containing about 100 Operations, illustrated with the proper Scholia, has been performed at the Laboratory of Mr. Edward Bright, Chymist, in White Friars near Fleet Street, to the entire Satisfaction of the Gentlemen that attended it, &c. ... In these Courses Endeavours are used to demonstrate the Constituent Parts of each Medicine, their Virtues and Doses ; to which will be added many useful Observations applicable to the Practice of Physick. The higher branches of mathematics were also publicly taught in 1705 : ' On Tuesday next being the 2nd Day of October, at the Marine Coffee house in Birchin Lane, Mr. Harris will go on with the Public Mathematic Lecture ; beginning them with Geometry anew ; and he will explain largely the Uses of all the Propositions as he goes along : with a particular regard to the principles of true Mechanick Philosophy.' This latter was highly necessary, for mechanics were in an exceedingly elementary state : even such a U 290 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. common thing as a wind dial was new, and wonderful, in 1706. 'The Wind Dial, lately set up at Grigsby's Coffee and Chocolate House, behind the Royal Exchange, being the first and only one in any publick House in England, and having given great Satisfac- tion to all that have seen it, and being of Constant use to those that are in any wise Concerned in Navigation : We think it may not be improper to describe it to the Publick, viz. The Dial Board is fixed to the Ceiling of the Publick Ground room, upon which are all the points of the Compass in Gold Letters, and a Hand Points to each of them, continually as the Wind varies. The Hand is directed by an Iron work, which is turned by a Fan placed 90 foot high, to prevent the effects of Eddy Winds.' Condensing sea water, in order to make it potable, is, if an old invention, quite a modern practice ; yet we see it in use in 1705. 1 Mr. Walcot's Engines for making Sea Water Fresh and Whole- some, are sold by him at his Warehouse in Woolpack Alley in Houndsditch at reasonable rates being of great use and advantage for all Ships, especially such as go long voyages.' Perhaps the best method of gauging the mechanical genius of the age is to examine the patents granted, and, as they are very few in this reign, a short list of them will fulfil this condition, and yet not be wearisome. Jan. 1, 1703. A grant to George Sorocold, gent, of a new invention by him contrived and found out, for cutting and sawing all kinds of boards, timber, and stone, and twisting all kinds of ropes, cords, and cables, by the strength of horses or water. April 8, 1704. A grant to Benjamin Jackson, gent., of the sole use and exercise of a new invention for ordinary coaches, calashes, shazes, waggons, and other carriages and machines of that nature, that though the wheels or carriages may be overset, yet the bodies of them shall remain upright. May 1, 1704. A grant to Nicholas Fain, gent., Peter Defaubre, and Jacob Defaubre, watchmakers, for making use of precious or more common stones, crystal or glass, as an internal and useful part of watches and other engines. July 29, 1704. A grant unto Richard Cole, gent., of his inven- tion of forming glasses into conical figures, and lamps for the better dispersing and casting of light. April 12, 1706. A grant unto Henry Mill, gent., of his new invention of a mathematical instrument, consisting of several new sorts of springs for the ease of persons riding in coaches, chariots, calashes, and chaises. June 6, 1706. A grant unto Robert Aldersey of his new invention in contriving a floating dam to carry lighters and other vessels over the greatest flats and shallows in any navigable river. 1706. A grant unto Thomas Savery, Esq., of his new invention for making double hand-bellows, which by the power of springs and screws will produce a continual blast. July 26, 1709. A grant unto Jeremiah Wieschamer of his new SCIENCE, etc. 291 invention of a mill or engine for the more easy grinding or pressing of sugar-canes with a less number of oxen, horses, or cattle than by those mills formerly used. April 3, 1712. A,grant unto Israel Povvnoll of his new invented engine or machine for taking up ballast, sullage, sand, etc., of very great use in cleansing rivers, harbours, etc. June, 17, 17 12. A grant unto Nicholas Lewis Mandell, Esq., and John Grey, carpenters, of their two new invented engines ; the one of a small size for the weighing and rais- ing up any weight far beyond what can be performed by any crane or capstone ; and the other for raising water in a new and surprising manner, of great use in extinguishing fire. April 2, 1 7 14. A grant unto John Wilks of his new invented engine or mill for grinding, all sorts of wood dry for the use of dying. May 27, 17 14. A grant unto John Coster, gent., and John Coster, jun., gent., of their new invented engine for drawing water out of deep mines. These are all the mechanical patents worthy of notice during Anne's reign. Hydraulic machinery was particularly useful, and atten- tion was specially paid to its per- fection. Here is the record 1 of a draining feat happily completed : * The Lands in Havering and Dagen- ham Levels in Essex, having lain these 6 Years under Water, were, after a great deal of Industry and Expence happily recovered on the 29th Day of October past, being the same Day 6 years that that Breach happened. The Gentlemen con- cerned in that Undertaking have given to the Artificers and Labourers an Ox and a Sheep to be Roasted whole, and a Hog to be barbicui'd, with large Puddings in their Bellies, on the 13th of this present Instant, on the said Works.' But few people remember that the steam engine was a living 1 Daily Courant, Nov. n, 1713. u 2 SAVERY S STEAM ENGINE. 292 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. and working fact, and a commercial commodity, in Queen Anne's time, and this owed its being to the general utility of hydraulic machinery. Salamon de Caus and the Marquis of Worcester are rivals as to the invention of a working steam engine, and Papin came very near to being successful, even going so far as to propel a ship with revolving oars or paddles, which could in speed beat the king's barge manned by sixteen rowers. But it was reserved to Savery to make it commercially valuable. In 1698 he took out a patent. ' A grant to Thomas Savery gentt, of the sole exercise of a new invencon by him invented, for raising of water, and occasion- ing mocon to all sorts of Mill Works, by the impellent force of fire, which will be of great use for draining mines, serving towns w th water, and for the working of all sorts of Mills where they have not the benefit of water nor Constant winds, to hold for 14 years ; with usual clauses. Testibus apud Westm 25 die Julij anno supradco.' He could not have wasted much time in perfecting his invention and putting it on a sound commercial basis, for we find an adver- tisement in the Post7)ian, March 28/31, 1702: 'Captain Saverfs Engines which raise Water by the force of Fire in any reasonable quantities and to any height, being now brought to perfection, and ready for publick use ; These are to give notice to all Proprietors of Mines and Collieries which are encumbered with Water, that they may be furnished with Engines to drain the same at his Work house in Salisbury Courts London, against the Old Play house, where it may be seen working on Wednesdays and Saturdays in every week from 3 to 6 in the afternoon ; where they may be satisfied of the performance thereof, with less expence than any other force of Horse or Hands, and less subject to repair.' He must, even then, have had some at work, for he says in the preface to his little work, 1 dated Sept. 22, 1701 : ' That the attending and working the E?igine is so far from being so, 2 that it is familiar and easie to be learned by those of the meanest Capacity, in a very little time ; insomuch, that I have Boys of 13 or 14 years of Age, who now attend and work it to perfection, and were taught to do it in a few days ; and I have known some learn to work the Engine in half-an-hour? He had visions of its future power, and knew somewhat of its vast capabilities : ' Whereas this Engine may be made large enough to do the work required in employing eight, ten, fifteen, or twenty horses to be constantly maintained and kept for doing such a work ; it will be improper to stint or confine its Uses and Opera- tion in respect of Water Mills? He then suggests that it would pump water to the top of a house, for domestic supply, for fountains, and in case of fire — or supply towns with water, draining fens, mines, and coal pits, nay, he even suggests their use through the furnace and shaft, as ventilators. More than all, he says, * I believe 1 The Miners Friend, or, an Engine to raise Water by Fire described % &c. by Thomas Savery, Gent. London. 1702. 2 I.e. intricate and difficult to work. SCIENCE, etc, 293 it may be made very useful to Ships, but I dare not meddle with that matter ; and leave it to the Judgement of those who are the best Judges of Maritain Affairs.' His engine was as ingenious as it was simple. Two boilers with furnaces supplied the steam. This was admitted alternately, by means of a handle worked by a man or boy, into one of two elliptical receivers, where it condensed, formed a vacuum, and the water rushed in and filled its place — the same principle which is the foundation of that invaluable feed-pump, GifTard's injector. When full, the application of steam ejected it from the receiver, and forced it up the pipe, and so de novo. His idea was to utilise the water thus raised to turn a water-wheel, and thus get effective power for working machinery in mills. CHAPTER XXIX. LITERATURE, THE PRESS, ETC. Authors — Public libraries — Their condition — George Psalmanazar— Hack writers — Poverty of authors — Their punishment— The press — Daily Cour- ant — List of newspapers — London Gazette — Postboy — Postman — Dawk's News Letter — Dyer's — Evening papers — Dearth of domestic news — Ameni- ties of the press — Roper and Redpath — Tutchin — His trial — Press remune- ration — Mrs. Manley — The Essay papers — The halfpenny stamp — Its effect — Advertising — Almanacs — List of them — Moore's — The Ladies' Diary — Poor Robin's Almanack — Merlinus Liberatus — The Essayists and Part- ridge — His false death — His elegy and epitaph — An amateur magazine. Well might the time of Anne be called the Augustan age of literature. The writers of that day have lived till ours, and will live and be quoted as models of purity of style, as long as, and wherever, the English language is spoken. In what other age can such a wealth of literary names be found as Addison, Steele, Swift, Pope, Warburton, Gay, Prior, Parnell, Defoe, Vanbrugh, Congreve, Rowe ! It was the grand awakening of letters ; and, having good food provided for them, the people appreciated it, and it un- doubtedly laid the foundation of the present reading age. Before this time there had been no books, i.e. adapted to the general public, to read. Truly, there were scholars here and there, and the Universities were ever fountains of learning ; but literature had not entered into every-day life, and we have to thank Steele and Addison, who charmed the public taste by their social and moral essays, into becoming first a reading, and then a thinking people. There were men who loved their books — veritable bibliophiles — and what choice editions they must have possessed ! Look at the huge volumes of title-pages which Bagford collected as materials for his history of printing — which never was written — look at the 294 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. treasures that have come down to us in the Cotton, Harleian Royal, and Lambeth libraries ! A sale like that of the Sunderland library 1 convulses the literary world, and buyers come from all parts of the globe. Then, however, an advertisement like this was not uncommon : ' A curious Collection of Books, which was Col- lected by a great Antiquarian, in Greek, Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and English, in all Faculties and Sciences, many of them very scarce, of the best Authors and Editions, as Aldus, Stevens, Elzevir and others,' etc. We learn from Misson the state of our public libraries. He says: 'At present I know but three publick ones in this City; those of the Chapter at Westminster, and Sion College (which are very much neglected, and in a sorry Condition in all Respects) and that which Dr. Te?iison, Archbishop of Canterbury, has lately founded. The two former are going to Decay, and the latter is not yet quite form'd. Neither the one nor the other are much fre- quented. The King's Library at St. James's is also in a miserable state ; I am told that Dr. Bentley, who has the keeping of it, in the room of Mr. Instel, does all he can to restore it ; but his Endea- vours will be to no purpose, unless the Master of it has Leisure and Will to have an Eye to it himself. There have been Books in Pawn in the Hands of the Binders, I know not how many Years. King Charles II. did but laugh at it. It is, nevertheless, a Pity that so many good Books, and so well bound, should be given up to the Mould and Moisture of the Air, to Moths and to Dust. The Library of Sir Robert Cotton is particularly famous for Manuscripts. The Royal Society have begun to Collect a pretty good one : the late Duke of Norfolk, who was of it, left them his. There are a great many Noble men in England that love Books, and have good Collections of them.' A literary curiosity of this reign deserves to be, and must be, noticed. It is George Psalmanazar, the impostor who, for a while, deceived the majority of the English literati. He seems to have been born in France in 1679, an< ^ t0 have received a good education. He wandered about as a pilgrim, and that either not paying, or else being dissatisfied with the life, he hit upon the extraordinary idea of passing himself off as a Formosan, and to do this he actually had to invent a new language and grammar. Accompanied by a clergyman named Innes, he came over to England, where he translated the Church Catechism into pretended Formosan, and he published a History of Formosa, and of his own adventures ; but the suspicions of the learned were aroused, and he was unmasked. He tried to fight against it for some time, and issued advertisements in the papers, that he could be seen, spoken with, and catechised, but to no purpose. He afterwards lived by doing hack work for the booksellers, and at his death he thoroughly confessed his imposture. The hack writers of the time are thus humorously described in 1 The Duke of Marlborough's collection, sold 1882. LITERATURE, THE PRESS, etc. ±% the Guardian (No. 58) : 'According as my necessities suggest it to me, I hereby provide for my being. The last summer I paid a large debt for brandy and tobacco, by a wonderful description of a fiery dragon, and lived for ten days together upon a whale and a mermaid. When winter draws near, I generally conjure up my spirits, and have my apparition ready against long dark evenings. From November last to January I lived solely upon murders ; and have since that time, had a comfortable subsistence from a plague and a famine. I made the Pope pay for my Beef and Mutton last Lent, out of pure spite to the Romish Religion ; and at present my good friend the King of Sweden finds me in clean linen, and the Mufti gets me credit at the Tavern.' Literary men had their money troubles then as now — probably not more so — as many a melancholy tale of modern Grub Street could tell. Swift's society did some good. Take his Journal to Stella, Feb. 12 and 13, 17 13, as an example : ' I gave an account of Sixty guineas I had collected, and am to give them away to two Authors to-morrow, and lord Treasurer has promised me a hundred pounds to reward some others. ... I found a letter on my table last night to tell me that poor little Harrison . . . was ill, and desired to see me at night. ... I went in the morning, and found him mighty ill, and got thirty guineas for him from Lord Bolinbroke, and an order for a hundred pounds from the treasury to be paid him to- morrow. ... I was to see a poor poet, one Mr. Diaper, in a nasty garret, very sick. I gave him twenty guineas from Lord Bolin- broke, and disposed the other sixty to two other authors.' This was practical benevolence, but its record only shows the sad neces- sity there was for its exercise. Other troubles they had, and perhaps not the least of them was the fear of personal violence. They hit hard in those days, and people did not always take their castigation meekly. Sometimes they took the law into their own hands, and then woe be to the unfortunate author. Samuel Johnson (author of Julian) in Charles the Second's reign was not only publicly whipped, but was nearly murdered in his own house. Tutchin, too, who wrote a poem on the death of James II., was waylaid, and so frightfully beaten that he died from its effects. Defoe also frequently mentions attempts to injure him. So Swift wrote to Stella, 1 ' No, no, I'll walk late no more ; I ought to venture it less than other people, and so I was told.' In what condition was the press of that day? Let Pope's bitter pen answer — Next plunged a feeble, but a desperate, pack, With each a sickly brother at his back ; Sons of a day ; just buoyant on the flood, Then numbered with the puppies in the mud. 1 Journal, June 30, 1711. 296 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Ask ye their names ? I could as soon disclose The names of these blind puppies as of those. And monumental brass this record bears, These are — ah — no — these were — the gazetteers. 1 When Anne succeeded to the throne on March 8, 1702, the following newspapers were in existence : The London Post, English Post, Postman, Postboy, Flying Post, London Gazette, Post Angel, New State of Europe, and Dawks's and Dyer's News Letter (the former of which was printed in script letters, to look as much as possible like writing). The whole of these were issued three times a week ; but three days after Anne's accession came out the first A PRINTING PRESS. daily paper in England. The Daily Courantwas bom March 11, 1702, and this little fledgling, the precursor of the mighty daily press, measures but 14 in. by 8 in. It is printed only on one side of the sheet : the reason given for which is, to say the least, pecu- liar, reminding one of the lines : — My wound is great, because it is so small, Then were it greater, were it none at ail. 'This Courant (as the Title shews) will be Published Daily ; being 1 Dunciad. LITERATURE, THE PRESS, etc. 297 design'd to give all the Material News as soon as every Post arrives ; and is confin'd to half the Compass, to save the Publick at least half the Impertinences of Ordinary News Papers? Probably the correct reason was that, being a new venture, it could not obtain advertisements. These, however, speedily came when it passed into the hands of Samuel Buckley (printer of the Spectator), and, in May, it was in a most flourishing state, the other side being entirely taken up with them, and it continued to have its fair share during the whole of the reign. There is nothing very striking about its news, but, as it is such a wonderful infant, I have repro- duced this first number in its entirety 1 here — it will serve as a model to show the kind of news contained in these newspapers. There now exist but two newspapers which were in being in Queen Anne's reign, namely, the London Gazette (but that has been kept alive through its official nursing), and — but one due to private enterprise — Berrow's Worcester Journal, which was established in 1709. The other papers born in this reign, including the Satirical and Essay papers, are The Observator, Gazette de Londres, Monthly Register, Letter Writer, Whitehall, Rehearsal, Diverting Post, A Weekly Review of the Affairs of France, by Daniel De Foe, Whip- ping Post, News Letter, General Remarks on Trade, Mercurius Politicus, St. Jameses, Kensington, Evening Post, A Review of the State of the British Nation, The Weekly Comedy, Generous Adver- tiser, Humours of a Coffee House, The British Apollo, Taller, Athenian News, Examiner, Medley, Moderator, Evening Courant, British Mercury, Protestant Postboy, Hermit, Useful Intelligencer, Night Post, Spectator, Plain Dealer, Guardian, The Reconciler, The Mercator, Englishman, Britain, The Lover, The Patriot, Controller, Weekly Packet, Monitor. It would be a waste of time to follow the fortunes of all these papers ; suffice it to say, that the majority of them had but a brief existence, and let us note only a few of the prominent ones. First of all the London Gazette, of which Misson says ' it is the truest and most Cautious of all the Gazettes that I know. It inserts no news but what is Certain, and often waits for the Confirmation of it, before it publishes it. 5 It was first published on Feb. 1, 1666, and still continues to this day as the official newspaper. It was first printed by Thomas Newcomb, of the Savoy, then by Edward Jones, who died in 1705. From Feb. 18 of that year to Feb. 26, 1708, it was printed by his widow, M. Jones. At the latter date, it appears as printed by J. Tonson, at Gray's Inn Gate, who, although he moved into the Strand, continued to print it during the re- mainder of the reign. It was somewhat smaller than the other papers, and its normal price was id., but, if of extra size, owing to addresses to the Queen, etc., it was 2d. It was published twice weekly, and was the only one of the newspapers that kept up the 1 See Frontispiece. 298 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. old style of reckoning time. It did not begin the new year till after March 25 ; thus, for the year 1702, all the Gazettes would be 1 70 1 till March 25, after which they would be 1702 till that same date in 1703. When Samuel Buckley took the Daily Courant in hand, he at once filled it with advertisements. He then lived at the Dolphin, in Little Britain ; afterwards at Amen Corner. Either he sold the Courant, or gave up printing it, for on Sept. 25, 17 14, it was f Printed by S. Gray, sold by Ferd. Burleigh in Amen Corner.' Perhaps he could not attend to two papers at once, for, on the copy of the London Gazette for Sept. 25/28, 17 14, in the British Museum, is written ' first Gazette by Mr. Buckley.' Dunton x says of him : ' He was Origin- ally a Bookseller, but follows Printing. He is an excellent Liiiguist, under- stands the Latin, French, Dutch and Italian Tongues \ and is Master of a great Deal of Wit. He prints the Daily Courant and Monthly Register (which, I hear, he Translates out of the Foreign Papers himself).' Its usual price was id., but there was a special edition pub- lished. The news of every Post Day's Courant, is Constantly Printed with the News of the Day before, on a Sheet of Writing Paper, a Blank being left for the Conveniency of sending it by the Post. And may be had for 2d. y 2 Dunton thought the Postboy was the best for English and Spanish news, but the Postman was the best for every- thing. A French Protestant, named Fonvive, wrote the latter, and in the early part of Anne's reign the Postboy was written by Thomas, afterwards by Boyer, also a foreigner, who had been tutor to the young Duke of Gloucester. Swift writes of him : ' One Boyer, a French dog, has abused me in a pamphlet, and I have got him up in a Messenger's hands. The secretary promised me to swinge him. I must make that rogue an example to others.' In the early days of the reign both these papers had manu- script postscripts, or supplements, when any fresh news arrived that was not in their last edition, they being published thrice weekly. ' This is to give Notice, that the Post Boy, with a Written Postscript, containing all the Domestick Occurrences, with the LONDON GAZETTES HERE! 1 The Life and Errors of John Dunton % Lond. 1705. * Daily Courant, Sept. 21, 1705. LITERATURE, THE PRESS, etc. 299 Translations of the Foreign News that arrives after the Printing of the said Post Boy, is to be had only of Mr. John Shank, at Nandoe's Coffee house, between the two Temple Gates ; and at Mr. Abel Roper's at the Black Boy, over against St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet Street.' ' The Author of this Paper having several times declared in Print that he is no ways directly nor indirectly con- cerned in the Written Postscripts to the Post Man, nor any other News but what is printed therein ; he thinks he has reason to com- plain of several People, who write to him from the Country about faults and mistakes contained in those Written Postscripts, putting him thereby to unnecessary Charges. He desires those Persons to forbear the same for the future, but if they are not satisfied with their written News (seeing they are not Contented with what is Printed), they may be furnished with written Postscripts at Tom's Coffee House in St. Martin's Lane, by a Person, who the Author hopes, will give them entire satisfaction.' Later on in the century they printed these postscripts, but they were not safe even then. ' There being a Sham Postscript pub- lished last night, with an Advertisement, intending to impose the same upon people as a Postscript to the Postman, We think fit to desire again our readers to buy no Postscripts to the Postman, but from the Hawkers they know, as the only means to stop that Villanous practice ; and when there is any material New, we shall take care to publish a Postscript, provided it be a Post Day, and not too Late.' The Post Boy had two rough woodcuts, one on each side of the title : one of a Post boy on horseback, blowing his horn ; the other a Fame, blowing a trumpet, on the banner of which is inscribed Viresque acquirit eundo ; whilst the Postman has two woodcuts occupying the same position : one of a ship in full sail ; the other of a post boy on horseback, blowing his horn. They are the same size as the Daily Courant 1 Dawks's News Letter, For Thirty Shillings a Year, paying a Quarter before Hand to J. Dawks at the West End of Thames Street by Wardrobe Stairs, near Puddle Dock,' was, as before said, printed in imitation of writing. It generally contained a little more domestic news than the other papers, and may be said to be the first evening paper. ' This News Letter continues to be published every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, in the Evening, and con- tains what is most Remarkable, in any (or all) of the other News Papers ; to which is added the Occurrences of the Day, and the Heads of the Foreign Mails, which come in many times after the publication of the Printed Papers ; and is so contrived, that a Blank Space is left for any Gentleman, or others, to write their private Business to their Friends in the Country, so that they may have therewith the Chiefest News stirring.' Ichabod Dawks started his News Letter on Aug. 4, 1696. Steele mentions it more than once in the Tatler, notably No. 178, where he says: ' But Mr. Dawkes concluded his paper with a courteous sentence, which was very well taken, and applauded by the whole company. " We 300 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. wish," says he, " all our Customers a merry Whitsuntide, and many of them." Honest Ichabod is as extraordinary a man as any of our fraternity, and as particular.' The proprietor of the other news-letter, Dyer, got into trouble more than once. In 1694 he was summoned before the Parliament, and reprimanded by the Speaker ' for his great presumption ' in printing the proceedings of the House. And once again, in 1702, he was ordered to attend the House to answer for his presuming to misrepresent the proceedings. He did not attend, and the attorney-general was instructed ' to find out and prosecute him.' In No. 18 of the Taller, the joint production of Steele and Addison, is an excellent resume of the foregoing newspapers. ' There is another sort of gentlemen whom I am much more con- cerned for, and that is the ingenious fraternity of which I have the honour to be an unworthy member ; I mean the News Writers of Great Britain, whether Post Men or Post Boys, or by what other name or title soever dignified, or distinguished. The case of these gentlemen is, I think more hard than that of the Soldiers, con- sidering they have taken more towns, and fought more battles. They have been upon parties and skirmishes, when our armies have lain still ; and given the general assault to many a place, when the besiegers were quiet in their trenches. They have made us masters of several strong towns many weeks before our generals could do it ; and completed victories, when our greatest captains have been glad to come off with a drawn battle. Where Prince Eugene has slain his thousands, Boyer has slain his ten thousands. This gentleman can indeed be never enough commended for his courage and intrepidity during the whole war : he has laid about him with an inexpressible fury ; and, like the offended Marius of ancient Rome, made such havoc among his countrymen, as must be the work of two or three ages to repair. It must be confessed, the redoubted Mr. Buckley has shed as much blood as the former; but I cannot forbear saying (and I hope it will not look like envy) that we regard our brother Buckley as a kind of Drawcansir, x who spares neither friend nor foe ; but generally kills as many of his own side as the enemies. It is impossible for this ingenious sort of men to subsist after a peace ; everyone remembers the shifts they were driven to in the reign of King Charles the Second, when they could not furnish out a single paper of News, without lighting up a comet in Germany, or a fire in Moscow. There scarce ap- peared a letter without a paragraph on an earthquake. Prodigies were grown so familiar, that they had lost their name, as a great Poet of that age has it. I remember Mr. Dyer, who is justly looked upon by all Fox hunters in the nation as the greatest states- man our country has produced, was particularly famous for dealing in whales ; insomuch, that in five months' time (for I had the 1 The name of a principal character in the Duke of Buckingham's comedy of The Rehearsal LITERATURE, THE PRESS, etc. 301 Curiosity to examine his letters on that occasion) he brought three into the mouth of the River Thames, besides two porpoises and a Sturgeon. The judicious and wary Mr. Ichabod Dawks hath all along been the rival of this great writer, and got himself a repu- tation from plagues and famines \ by which, in those days, he destroyed as great multitudes, as he has lately done by the sword. In every dearth of news, Grand Cairo was sure to be unpeopled.' The Evening Post came out in Aug. 1706, and was ' Published by John Morphew near Stationers' Hall.' It seems to have been then a failure, but it was started again in 1709. The Evening Courant, which started July 171 1, seems also to have had a very brief existence, as did also the Night Post, which was born the A NEWS MAN. same year , but this latter seems to have had a longer life than its sister the Courant. The domestic news in them was nearly nil— principally of the sailing of ships or bringing in of prizes. Foreign news was taken bodily from the foreign papers, as we see in the Daily Courant, in the Appendix ; and the home news was left to take care of itself. The Gazette generally had the Queen's Speech to Parliament, and sometimes the other newspapers would also have it, if on very special occasions, say on June 6, 17 12, when the Queen communi- cated to Parliament the terms on which a peace might be made ; yet the only reference the Flying Post of June 5/7 has on the sub- 302 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. ject is, ' Yesterday Her Majesty went to the House of Peers, and made a long speech to both Houses, 5 In fact, in all the twelve years of this reign, I only remember meeting with one long account of any piece of home news, and I cannot help thinking that was manufactured, as it is decidedly of the catchpenny and chapbook order. It was ' An Account of the Apprehending and taking of Thomas Wallis, alias Whipping Tom] a wicl e I villain who got hold of unprotected females, when crossing the unfrequented fields near Hackney, and administered a fearful thrashing to them, ' with a great Rodd of Birch, that the Blood ran down their tender Bodies in a sad and dreadful manner.' His only excuse was his 'being resolved to be Revenged on all the Women he could come at after that manner, for the sake of one Perjur'd Female, who had been Barbarously False to him.' He c believed that he had Whip'd from the ioth of October last to the 1st of December, about Three Score and Ten, including Widdows, Wives and Maids, and did intend, if he had not been taken, to have made them up to a Hundred betwixt this and Christmas, at which time he then intended to keep Hollyday till after Twelfday, and then began his Whipping Work.' And once, too, the Postboy (Jan. 27/29, 17 13) broke out in a sarcastically humorous vein : ' On Monday last that Facetious and Merry Gentleman in the Pulpit, Mr. Daniel Burgess, departed this Life to the great Mortification of his Female Auditors.' 4 Esq : Thomas Burnet (S-n of that vertuous, orthodox, pious, forgiving, impartial, sincere, never wav-ri-g (always standing to his T-x-t) modest, conscientious Di — ne, and by the Gr — of G-d in the fere of the L — d) was on Saturday last taken up, and carried to the Lord Viscount Bolinbroke's Office, for being the Author of that seditious and scandalous Pamphlet, calPd A certain Infor- mation of a certain Discourse, &c. (of which Libel Mr. Baker the Publisher lately swore he was the Author) and gave sureties to appear the last Day of this Term ; his Bail were Guy Neville and Geo Trenchard Esqs : Whafs bred in the B-ne will never be out of the Fl-sh: Talk about the amenities of the press ! Here are one or two samples : — Titus detected the Tory Popish Plot, and Abel's l inveterating a Whiggish One. Titus was a Foul Mouth Slanderer, — so is Abel. Titus openly traduced the next Heir to this Crown — So has Abel. Titus deserv'd to be Hang'd — So does Abel. Titus was low in Stature, but of Outrageous Principles— So is Abel. Titus was protected in his Impudence — So is Abel. But the Time's coming to change, Titus was call'd to Account for it — so will Abel. Titus was flogg'd and Pilloried— So will Abel. Titus was despised by both Parties — So will Abel. 1 Abel Roper, who then conducted the Post Boy. LITERATURE, THE PRESS, etc, 303 Titus died unpittied ; — So will Abel. In fine, — Titus was both Knave and Dunce ; —So is Abel. 1 One would imagine that after this flagellation Roper would not be the first to assault a brother journalist, but he fell foul of Rid- path, who conducted the Flying Post, and this is how he did it : 1 Yesterday, one George Ridpath, a Cameronian, who formerly (as it is credibly reported) was banished Scotland, for putting on Lawn Sieves, and administering to a Dog, in derision of the Church and Bishops, was committed to Newgate for several scandalous Reflections writ by him in a Paper formerly publish'd call'd the Observator ; and for being the Author of several notorious Fals- hoods and scandalous Reflections on the Queen and Government, in a paper call'd The Flying Post.' 2 Ridpath, 3 of whom Dunton says 'His Humility and His Honesty have establish'd his Reputation,' hit back by means of an anonymous correspondent in the Flying Post : — ' Lynn Regis in Norfolk, Sept. 22. < Sir, ' Having observ'd the false Account which that Scanda- lous Wretch Abel Roper gave some time ago in his Post Boy, about the Reception of Mr. Walpole here ; This is to inform you 'tis a notorious Lye ; for that worthy Gentleman had a very honour- able Reception, answerable to the just Esteem which this Corpora- tion has for him.' A notice of one more sparring match must close this subject — the same two papers. Says friend Abel 4 : ' In the Plying Postoi last Tuesday, we have a very unusual Specimen of the Author's Modesty, in Owning and Recanting the Lye he had so impudently fix'd on Dr. S 1 in his former Paper. But 'tis very remarkable, That by endeavouring to excuse this Lye, he unluckily falls into his Habitual Sin again, no less than three times in this single Paragraph. ... So little Credit is to be given to this Infamous Weekly Libel, fill'd always with Lies of the Author's own Inven- tion, or such as are taken up at second-hand, and vouch'd by him without the least Regard to Truth, Common Sense, or Common Honesty.' After this, who can wonder if some editors had rather a rough time of it, especially Roper. He gives us 5 one glimpse of his con- dition : ' Last night William Thompson Esq., came to the Pro- prietor of this Paper, and told him, That if he did not insert the following Paragraph in his Paper of this Day, God Damn him, he would cut his Throat, and he had a Penknife in his Pocket for that purpose ; for which the Proprietor of this Paper designs to 1 Protestant Post Boy, Jan. 15/17, 1712. 2 Post Boy, Sept. 6/9, 1712. 3 Ridpath invented a manifold writer, which would take six or more copies at once. 4 Post Boy, Mar. 30/April i, 1714. 5 Postboy, Sept. 12/15, I 7 I 3« 304 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. prosecute him according to Law, but thought fit to publish this, that the Nation may be Judges, whether a Person of such a Character is proper to be employ'd in his Station in the Law ? or, Whether our Constitution ought to be entrusted in such Hands as will not scruple to commit Murder whenever it may serve their Purpose.' In 1704 the House of Commons took umbrage at some remarks which John Tutchin, the conductor of the Observator, had made on some mismanagement of public affairs (and they were undoubted libels), and cited him, the printer, and publisher before their Bar, to be brought in custody of the Serjeant-at-Arms. Tutchin gave bail for his appearance : and his trial came on on Nov. 4, 1704. 1 He got off somehow, and was never tried again. Earlier in life he had been tried at the Bloody Assizes, where he had the brutal Jeffreys for his judge, and he was sentenced ' to be imprisoned for Seven Years ; that once every year he should be whipt through all the Market Towns in Dorsetshire ; that he should pay a fine of one hundred marks to the King, and find security for his good behaviour during life. . . . Upon passing the Sentence, the Clerk of the Arraigns stood up, and said, My lord, there are a great many market towns in this County ; the sentence reaches to a whipping about once a fortnight, and he is a very young man. Aye, says Jeffreys, he is a young man but an old rougue ; and all the interest in England shall not reverse the sentence I have past upon him.' So poor Tutchin's heart died within him, and he petitioned the King that he ' will be mercifully pleased to grant him the favour of being hanged with those of his fellow prisoners, that are condemned to die.' But to no avail. His friends tried to buy him a pardon, but Jeffreys frustrated all their efforts. At length Tutchin fell ill of the smallpox, and nearly died of it, being only tended by his fellow-prisoners. During his illness his mother bought his pardon of Jeffreys 2 ; then she fell sick of the smallpox, and died. Of Tutchin's trial in 1704 we have the following contemporary evidence from Luttrell : c 18 May. Mr. Tutchin, author of the Observator, against whom a proclamation was out at the desire of the House of Commons, has given 1000/. bail to answer what shal be objected against him ' ; and on May 29 he gave fresh bail. His trial began, as we know, on Nov. 4, and he w r as found guilty, but sentence was deferred. On the 14th we hear ' Yesterday, Mr. Tutchin, found guilty of publishing the Observator, appeared at the 1 Howell's State Trials, ed. 1812, v. 14. 2 A scandalous practice then in vogue. ' Mr. Tutchin hereupon endeavoured to get a pardon from the people who had grants of lives, many of them 500, some 1000, more or less as they had interest with the King.' Again : ' For it was usual at that time for one Courtier to get a pardon of the King for half a Score, and then by the assistance of Jeffreys to augment the sum to fourscore or a hundred.' In these ' Bloody Assizes ' 300 persons were condemned to death, and nearly 1,000 sold as slaves to the West Indian plantations. LITERATURE, THE PRESS, etc. 305 Queen's bench Court, when his council inform'd the Court of an error in the information, and the Attorney General desiring time to consider of it, Tutchin is to attend again on Saturday.' The point was the false dating of the writ ; and he attended on the 20th and 23rd, when it was argued ; and on Nov. 28 judgment was given in Tutchin's favour, ' the Attorney General at liberty to try him again,' which he never did. This trial is interesting, as it furnishes us with evidence as to the pay of an editor, or rather author (for Tutchin wrote the whole paper), of that time. John How was the proprietor of the paper, which appeared first on April 1, 1702. In his evidence is the following : — How. About the latter end of March, 1702, I treated with Mr. Tutchin about writing an Observator, to be published weekly : the first of which was published in April 1702. And all that have been printed since, I had from him to this year. Att. Gen. You looked on these papers here : were those printed by the direction of Mr. Tutchin ? How. To the best of my knowledge, they were. They were always brought from him to me. Att. Gen. Was there any agreement made between you about the writing of it? How. Yes, it was agreed at first to write once a week ; and I was to give him half a guinea for it. i . . . Sir T. Powis. Did you pay him for the Preface ? How. Yes, and for the Index. 2 . . . L. C. Justice. What did you give him for that Preface and Index ? How. I think it was ten shillings. At the same time there were other libels afloat. ' 30 May 1704. Yesterday came out a proclamation by her Majestie for discovering and apprehending the author, printer, and publisher of a scandalous libel, intituled, Legions Humble Addresse to the Lords ; offering the reward of ^100 for the author thereof, and fifty pounds for the printer thereof.' 3 Was not Steele turned out of Parliament for libel ? ' Resolved that Richard Steele, Esq re , for his offence in writing and publishing the said scandalous and seditious libels, be expelled the House ; ' 4 and the resolution was adopted by 245 votes against 152. In 1709 Luttrell tells us : '15 Oct. The Authors of the Review and Female Tatler were presented by the grand jury as scandalous and a publick nuisance, and were ordered to be prosecuted. 1 Nov. This day the printer and publisher of the New Atlantis were examined touching the author Mrs. Manley ; they were discharged, but she remains in custody. 5 Nov. One Ball is taken up for writing scandalous papers on persons of quality ; but Mrs. Manley, the author of the New Atlantis, is admitted to Bayl.' Few would be inclined to pity the profligate Mrs. Manley for 1 Howell's State Papers, ed. 1812, pp. 1105-6. 2 Ibid. p. 1108. 3 Luttrell. 4 Journals of the House of Commons, vol xvii. p. 514. X 306 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. any punishment she might have received for her scandalous libels in both the Female Tatter and the New Atlantis ; but she was not punished. On the contrary, the Ministry gave her employment for her pen. The Taller commenced the series of Essay papers. Steele is almost apologetic, in its first number, for having to make any charge. He elaborately calls attention to the expenses incurred in getting up such a paper, and adds ' these considerations will I hope make all persons willing to comply with my humble request (when my gratis stock is exhausted) of a penny a piece. 5 And an advertisement at the end of No. 4 says, ' Upon the humble petition of Running Stationers &c. this Paper may be had of them, for the future, at the price of one penny.' But there was a more expensive edition, whole-sheet Tatters, having a double quantity of paper, with one half-sheet blank ' to write business on, and for the convenience of the post, 5 and they, of course, were more expensive. The Tatter, Spectator, and Guardian were all of Steele's creation ; they were born, and died, at his discretion ; and the Spectator^ at least, was always laid on the Royal breakfast table. Their imitators were numerous, but short-lived ; in fact, the imposition of a halfpenny stamp massacred the innocents of the press in a wholesale manner. This tax was evidently in contemplation some time before it became law. Swift writes to Stella, Jan. 31, 171 1 : * They are here intending to tax all little printed penny papers a halfpenny every half sheet, which will utterly ruin Grub Street, and I am endea- vouring to prevent it. 5 It slept for a little, but it was smuggled at last into the 10th Anne, 1 cap. 19, and fairly hidden among duties 1 The part of this Act specially bearing upon newspapers was a stamp duty for thirty-two years from August 1, 1712 : ' And be it Enacted by the Authority aforesiid, that there shall be Raised, Levied, Collected and Paid, to and for the Use of Her Majesty, her Heirs and Successors, for and upon all Books or Papers commonly called Pamphlets, and for and upon all News Papers, or Papers containing Publick News, Intelligence or Occurrence?, which shall, at any time or times within or during the Term last mentioned, be printed in Great Britain to be Dispersed and made Publick, and for and upon such Ad- vertisements as are herein after mentioned the respective Duties following ; That is to say. ' For every such Pamphlet or Paper contained in Half a Sheet or any lesser Piece of Paper, so Printed, the sum of One half penny. 1 For every such Pamphlet or Paper (being larger than Half a Sheet, not exceeding one Whole Sheet) so printed, a Duty after the Rate of One Penny Sterling for every Printed Copy thereof. 1 And for every such Pamphlet or Paper, being larger than One Whole Sheet, and not exceeding Six Sheets in Octavo, or in a Lesser Page, or not ex- ceeding Twelve Sheets in Quarto, or Twenty Sheets in Folio, so Printed, a Duty after the Rate of Two Shillings Sterling for every Sheet of any kind of Paper which shall be contained in One Printed Copy thereof. ' And for every Advertisement to be Contained in the London Gazette or any other printed Paper, such Paper being Dispersed or made publick Weekly, or oftner, the Sum of Twelve Pence Sterling. Acts of Parlia- ment were exempt. LITERATURE, THE PRESS, etc. 307 on soap, paper, silk, linens, hackney chairs, cards, marriage licences, etc. It came into operation on Aug. 1, 17 12, and Swift makes merry over the effect it will have on the struggling periodical literature. l 19 July 1712. Grub Street has but ten days to live ; then an act of parliament takes place that ruins it, by taxing every half sheet at a halfpenny.' ' 17 Aug. 17 12. Do you know that Grub Street is dead and gone last week ? No more ghosts or mur- ders now for love or money. I plied it pretty close the last fort- night, and published at least seven penny papers of my own, besides some of other people's : but now every single half sheet pays a halfpenny to the Queen. The Observator is fallen ; the Medleys are jumbled together with the Flying Post ; the Examiner is deadly sick ; the Spectator keeps up, and doubles its price ; I know not how long it will hold. Have you seen the red stamp the papers are marked with ? Methinks the stamping is worth a halfpenny.' The Spectator does not chuckle over the fall of its humbler brethren. Addison says 1 : ' This is the Day on which many eminent Authors will probably Publish their Last Words. I am afraid that few of our Weekly Historians, who are Men that above others delight in War, will be able to subsist under the Weight of a Stamp, and an approaching Peace. A Sheet of Blank Paper that must have this new Imprimatur NEW spaper stamp. dapt upon it, before it is qualified to Commu- nicate any thing to the Publick, will make its Way in thu World but very heavily. In short, the Necessity of carrying a Stamp, and the Improbability of Notifying a Bloody Battel, will, I am afraid, both concur to the sinking of those thin Folios, which have every other Day retailed to us the History of Europe for several Years last past. A Facetious Friend of mine who loves a Punn, calls this present Mortality among Authors, The Fall of the Leaf? All the papers, except the Spectator, rose their price just the value of the stamps ; but that ' Society Journal ' charged id. extra — a fact which caused no little grumbling — and which made Addison put forth all his powers of special pleading to vindicate (see No. 488). The imposition of is. duty on advertisements had no deterrent effect upon them ; this ' backbone of the paper ' continued as before. There is nothing that I have found to guide us as to the prices of advertisements, except in one case — and I hardly think that can be called a representative one. It is that of a short-lived paper called 'THE GENEROUS ADVERTISER OR Weekly Information of TRADE and BUSINESS. To be published every Tuesday, and Friday, and 4000 of them always carefully Dis- tributed and Given away Gratis each Day, in and about the City's 1 No. 445, July 31, 1712. xs 308 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE, of London and lYestmi?tster. i It enjoyed its brief existence in 1707. The terms were not excessive under the circumstances ; 4 Advertisements . . . will be taken by the Men who carry this Paper about ; Who will take them in very Carefully and Cheap viz. after the Rate of 3d. for every Fifty letters.' Advertisements, with the exception of those of quack doctors and their medicines, were very much as now. Booksellers, public amusements, things lost, things for sale, etc., give those old sheets a strange similarity to those we are so familiar with. Even the poor almanacs were taxed. The Protestant Post Boy, Nov. 15/17, 171 1, says, 'Whereas, by an Act made last Sessions of Parliament, a Duty was laid on all Almanacks, and a Penalty of Ten Pounds is for any one that shall Sell any Almanacks without being first Stampt as the Law directs ; and whereas the said Tax &c. has made a great Attraction in the Price, this is to give Notice to all Retale Buyers, or others that the Prices are as follows. ' An Almanack Bound in Red Leather, with Paper to Write on of any Sort. Ninepence. < An Almanack of any Sort Sticht. Six Pence. i Any Sheet Almanack Four Pence.' It is hardly worth while to give an exhaustive list ot the almanacs then in vogue. One advertisement 1 will be ample for the purpose : l On Thursday next (15 Nov.) will be published the following Almanacks for the year 1706. viz. Andrews, Chapman, Coley, Dove, Gadbury, Ladies Diary, Moor, Partridge, Pond, Poor Robin, Salmon, Saunders, Tanner, Wing, Colepepper, Dade, Fly, Fowl, Perkins, Rose, Swallow, Trigge, Turner, White, Wood- house.' Out of which, that by Francis Moore, physician, the 'Vox Stellarum,' is still published. Doubts have been thrown on the reality of this gentleman, but it is certain that he did live, and Lysons speaks of him as having lived in Calcotts Alley, High Street (then called Back Lane), Lambeth, where he practised the combined professions of astrologer, physician, and schoolmaster. He also lived in Southwark and in Westminster. There is an engraving of him extant, evidently done in Queen Anne's reign, by Drapentier, who also engraved the portrait of Dr. Burgess. Moore is represented as a fat-faced man in a full-bottomed wig. The legend is ' Francis Moore, born in Bridgenorth, in the County of Salop, the 29th of January 1656/7.' His almanac was first published in 1698. The Ladies' Diary, which commenced in 1704, was only sus- pended in 1 84 1, when it was incorporated in the Gentlemaiis Diary. ' Poor Robin, an Almanack of the Old and New Fashion ; or an Ephemeris of the best and newest Edition ; wherein the Reader may find (that is to say if he reads over the Almanack) 1 Daily Courant, Nov. 10, 1705. LITERATURE, THE PRESS, etc. 309 many most excellent remarkable things worthy his and others choicest Observation. Containing a Two-fold Calendar, viz, The Old, Honest, Julian, or English Account, and the Round head's, Whimzey heads, Maggot heads, Paper-sculPd, Slender-witted, Muggletonian, or Fanatick Account, with their several Saints Days, and Observations upon every Month. Being the Bissextile or Leap Year. Written by Poor Robin Knight of the Burnt Island* a Well-wisher to the Mathematicks? The Two and Fortieth Impression. Reader, this is the two and Fortieth Year, Since first our Book did to the World appear : And we do think 'tis stored with more knacks Than may be found in other Almanacks. Laugh if you will, but yet this always mind, If you your Eyes laugh out, you will be blind. London : Printed by W. Bowyer for the Company of Stationers. 1704. Such is a title-page of this almanac, which, when first started, is thought to have been written by Herrick. It only ceased its publication in 1828. As this was a genuinely humorous book, in a time when pure fun was hardly understood, a very brief description may be permitted. It had a comic chronology, such as : — Years since Geese without or Hose or Shoes went bare. 5603 Maids did Plackets in their Coats first wear. 4805 Plumbs were first put into Christmas Pies. 1472 The Hangman did the riding Knot devise. 3999 Coffee came first to be us'd in London. 0049 By Rebellion many a Man was undone. 0050 Women did at Billingsgate first scold. 0973 Summer was hot Weather, Winter cold. 5782 &c. &c. And every month had its appropriate poem, thus : — This is the merry Month of May, When as the Fields are fresh and gay ; And in each Place where 'ere you go Are people walking to and fro. On every Place you cast your Eye, Hundreds of people you may Spy, The Fields bestrewed all about, Some pacing home, some passing out ; Some woo their Lovers in the Shadows, Some stragling to and fro the Meadows. Some of this Chat, some of that Talk, Some Coacht, some horst, some afoot Walk. Some by Thames Bank their Pleasure taking, Some Silabubs 'mong Milkmaids making ; With Musick some on Waters rowing ; Some to the adjoining Towns are going. To Hogsdo?i t Islington, Tottenham Court, For Cakes and Cream is great Resort, &c. 310 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Also each month has its appropriate prose. 1 Observations on January. Now a good Fire, and a Glass of brisk Canary is as Comfortable as the thing called Matrimony. Cold Weather makes hungry Stomachs, so that now a piece of powder'd Beef lin'd with Brews, 1 vociierating Veal, and a Neat's Tong ue, that never told a Lye, is excellent good food ; but to feed on hope, is but a poor Dish of Meat to dine and sup with after a two Days Fast. If thou art minded to go a Wooing this Cold Weather, do it with Discretion, for he that doth make a Goddess of a Puppet, merits no Recompense but mere Contempt.' Besides these, there was plenty of proverbial philosophy, inter- spersed with divers merry tales, and eccentric receipts, the whole going to form a compilation perfectly unique for its time. Perhaps the chief among the serious astrological, and predict- PAKTKIDGE AND BICKERSTAFF. ing, almanacs was ' Merlinits Liberatus, by John Partridge, Student in Physick and Astrology, at the Baie Ball in Salisbury Street, in the Strand, London? Not, perhaps, that he would have lived in story, much more than his fellows, had it not been for the fun that Swift, wSteele, and Addison made of him. Switt set the ball rolling, in his sham 'Predictions for the year 1708, by Isaac Bickerstaff' (his pseudonym), in which he says : ' My first predic- tion is but a trifle, and yet I will mention it to show how ignorant those sottish pretenders to astronomy are in their own concerns. It relates to Partridge the Almanack maker. I have consulted 1 Broth. LITERATURE, THE PRESS, etc. 311 the star of his nativity by my own rules, and find he will infallibly die on the 29th of March next, about eleven at night, of a raging fever; therefore, I advise him to consider of it, and settle his affairs in time. 5 This was a happy thought, born of the fact that Partridge had prophesied the downfall and death of Louis XIV. Early in April 1708 Swift published 'The accomplishment of the first part of Mr. BickerstafPs predictions, being an account of the death of Mr. Partridge, the Almanac maker, on the 29th of March, 1708, in a letter to a person of honour.' From that moment Partridge was dead. It was no use his publicly stating that he was alive. The wits had decreed his fate, and dead he was. His elegy and epitaph were printed, in the grisly manner common to those productions. They are too long for reproduction, but are too good not to quote from. Well, 'tis as Bicker staff has guest, Tho' we all took it for a Jest ; Patrige is Dead, nay more, he dy'd E'er he could prove the good Squire ly'd, Strange, an Astrologer should Die, Without one Wonder in the Sky ; Not one of all his Crony Stars, To pay their Duty at his Hearse ! No Meteor, no Eclipse appear'd ! No Comet with a flaming Beard ! The Sun has rose, and gone to Bed, Just as if Patrige were not Dead ; Not hid himself behind the Moon, To make a dreadful Night at Noon : He at fit Periods walks through Aries % Howe'er our Earthly Motion varies, And twice a Year he'll cut th' ALquator, As if there had been no such Matter. Some Wits have wondered what Analogy There is 'twixt Cobling and Astrology ; How Patrige made his Opticks rise From a Shoe Sole to reach the Skies ; Besides, that slow pac'd Sign Bootes As 'tis miscall'd, we know not who 'tis ; But Patrige ended all Disputes, He knew his Trade, and call'd it Boots. The Homed Moon which heretofore Upon their Shoes the Romans wore, Whose wideness kept their Toes from Corns, And whence we claim our Shoeing Horns t Shews how the Art of Cobling bears A near Resemblance to the Spheres, &c. The Epitaph. Here Five Foot deep lyes on his Back- A Cooler, Starmonger, and Quack, Who to the Stars in pure Good will. Does to his best look upward still. Weep all you Customers that use His Pills, his Almanacks, or Shoes, 3 i2 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. And you that did your Fortunes seek, Step to this Grave but once^ a Week. This Earth which bears his Body's Print, You'll find has so much Virtue in't, That I durst Pawn my Ears, 'twill tell What 'eer concerns you full as well, In Physick, Stolen Goods, or Love, As he himself could, when above. 1 Congreve, or Rowe, took up cudgels for the poor man, and wrote and published ' Squire Bickerstaff detected, or the astrolo- gical impostor convicted, by John Partridge, student in Physick, and Astrology.' What was the use? Not only were the above squibs being sold about the streets for a halfpenny, but Swift had to annihilate his opponents by his ' Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff Esq. against what is objected to him by Mr. Partridge, in his Almanack for the present year, 1709.' Steele, even in the very first Tatler, could not forbear poking fun at Partridge. ' I have, in another place, and in a paper by itself, sufficiently convinced this man that he is dead, and, if he has any shame, I do not doubt but that by this time he owns it to all his acquaintance \ for though the legs and arms and whole body of that man may still appear, and perform their animal func- tions ; yet since, as I have elsewhere observed, his art is gone, the man is gone.' And so the banter was kept up, at intervals, all through the Tatler. As an almanac writer he, in fact, did die in 1709, for that was the last he really published — although an almanac is still sold bearing the same title. He really, and corporeally, died in 171 5, and was buried in Mortlake Churchyard, where, on a flat black marble stone, was the following inscription : — 'Johannes Partridge Astrologus, et Medicinse Doctor. Natus est apud East Sheen, in Comitatu Surrey, 18 Januarii, 1641, et mortuus est Londini 24 Junii, 171 5. Medicinam fecit duobus regibus, unaeque Reginse ; Carolo scilicet secundo, Willielmo Tertio, Reginaeque Marias. Creatus est Medicinae Doctor Luguduni Batavorum.' The almanac stamps seem to have prompted crime and for- gery, owing to their price ; for the London Gazette, Feb. 7/10, 1713 has, ' Whereas divers Almanacks, or Papers serving the purpose of an Almanack, with false Stamps, have been lately Printed and Sold in several Parts of England, contrary to a late Act of Parlia- ment, and prejudicial to Her Majesty's Revenue ; and others, tho' 1 Harl. MSS. 5931-85 LITERATURE, THE PRESS, etc. 313 with the true Stamps, have been Printed and Sold Contrary to the Right of the Company of Stationers, for which Divers Persons are now under Prosecution, and all others will be Prosecuted when discovered : This notice is given to prevent all Persons incurring the like Trouble and Penalties.' It seems strange, and somewhat in advance of the time, to hear of an amateur magazine being started — but, at all events, such a thing was proposed. ' Any Gentleman or Lady that is desirous of having any short Poem, Epigram, Satyr &c. (published ?) if they please to communicate the Subjects to the Authors of the Divert- ing Muse, or the Universal Medley, now in the Press and will be continued Monthly ; or, if they have any Song or other Poem of their own that is New and Entertaining, if they please to direct them for Mr. George Daggastaff, to be left at Mr. Hogarth's Coffee House in St. John's Gateway near Clerkenwell, the former shall be done Gratis, and inserted in the Miscellany abovemention'd, as also the latter, both paying the Postage or Messenger.' l This liberal offer does not seem to have met with the anticipated response, for I have looked in vain, in the Catalogues of the British Museum and elsewhere, and can find no mention of the * Diverting Muse.' CHAPTER XXX. MEDICAL. List of diseases — Quackery — Bleeding, etc. — Physicians — Surgeons — Apothe- caries — Dissension between the physicians and apothecaries — The dispen- sary — Pharmacopoeias — Some nostrums — Prescriptions — Cupping— Treat- ment of lunatics— Physicians' carriages — Dr. Radcliffe— Sir Samuel Garth —Sir Hans Sloane — Dr. Mead— His duel with Woodward — Study of Anatomy — Surgical instruments— Oculists — Sir William Read— Roger Grant— The Queen touching for the evil— Description of the ceremony — Quacks' remedies — Quack harangues. People got ill then as now, and, judging by the following list, there were just about as many diseases, only scientific names had not taken the place of the old homely nomenclature. This is taken from a list of deaths from all causes : ' Age. Ague and Fever, Appoplex and Suddenly, Bleach, Blasted, Bloody Flux, Scouring and Flux. Burns and Scalds. Bleeding, Calenture, Cancer, Gangrene and Fistula, Wolf, Canker, Soremouth and Thrush, Colick and Wind, Cough and Cold, Consumption and Cough, Convulsion, Cramp, Dropsie and Tympany, Excessive drinking, Falling Sickness, Flox and Small Pox, French pox, Gout, Grief, Head Ach, Jaundice, Jaw-fain, Impostume, Itch, King's Evil, Lethargy, Leprosie, Liver-grown, Spleen and Rickets, Lunatick, Meagrom, Measles, Mother, Palsie, Plague, Plague in the Guts, 1 Daily Cottrant, June 23, 1707. 314 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Pleurisie, Purples and Spotted Fever, Quinsie and Sore Throat, Rising of the Lights, Rupture, Scal'd head, Scurvy, Sores and Ulcers, Spleen, Shingles, Stitch, Stone and Strangury, Sciatica, Stopping of the Stomach, Surfet. Swine Pox. Teeth and Worms, Tissick, Vomiting, Wen.' Of these, the most deaths resulted from consumption and cough, next ague and fever, then flox and smallpox. The infant mortality was terrible — the great cause of death being put down as teeth and worms. Consumption even now baffles the skill of oui physicians. Quinine was then used for ague and fever, not as the crystal alkaloid, but in the rough bark, which was sold as ' Jesuits Bark,' at prices ranging from 4s. to 10s. per lb. Smallpox, inocu- lation or vaccination being unknown, was a fearful scourge, and spared no one — helped, as it was, by the all but utter ignorance of sanitary science, to the value of which we, in this generation, are only awaking. Quackery was rampant, probably because people did not have much belief in the healing powers of the regular practitioners. Herbs and simples were much in use ; and not only were there fearful remedies concocted by fair hands in the still-room, but naturally every old woman had faith in the traditional medicaments handed down to her by her forefathers. Also the empiricism of the alchemists still lingered — see the following advertisement : * Whereas the Viper hath been a Medicine approv'd by the Phy- sicians of all Nations ; there is now prepar'd the Volatile Spirit compound of it, a Preparation altogether new, not only exceeding all Volatiles and Cordials whatsoever, but all the Preparations of the Viper itself, being the Receipt of a late Eminent Physician, and prepar'd only by a Relation. It is the most Sovereign Remedy against all Faintings, Sweatings, Lowness of Spirits, Vapours &c. — As also in all Habits of Body or Disorders proceeding from Intemperance, eating of Fruit, drinking of bad Wine, or any other poysonous or crude Liquors, and is good to take off the ill Effects or Remains of the Bark or Jesuits Powder.' Bleeding and purging — these were the main remedies relied on in those old days ; something to make the patient remember his illness by, as he did his doctor's bill, by the quantity of medicine he had swallowed. Brown, satirist as he was, was truthful, even to coarseness, and neither he nor Ward told lies in order to round a sentence, or point an epigram. This is how Brown 1 makes a fashionable physician describe his practice : ' He pays well, and takes Physick freely ; besides I particularly know his Constitution ; after Bleeding, he must take a Purge or two, then some Cordial Powders, Dulcifiers of the Blood, and two or three odd things more. ... I tell you 'tis an easie thing for a Man of Parts to be a Surgeon ; do but buy a Lancet, Forceps, Saw ; talk a little of Con- tusions, Fractures, Compress and Bandage ; you'll presently, by 1 The Dispensary \ by Thos. Brown. MEDICAL. 315 most People, be thought an excellent Surgeon. ... I myself have turn'd out several Doctors out of Families because they would not prescribe Physick plentifully, and in large Quantities. I have perswaded my Patients, that they did not well understand their Distemper; so have brought in another who has swingingly dos^d *um. I could tell you of a Sir Harry that paid an £100 for Physick in six Weeks, and I accepted it, being a Friend, without requiring one Penny for my own Fees.' The profession then, as now, was divided among Physicians, Surgeons, and Apothecaries ; and the relative position of two of them is mentioned by Addison l : ' An Operator of this Nature might act under me with the same regard as a Surgeon to a Physician ; the one might be employ'd in healing those Blotches and Tumours which break out in the Body, while the other is sweetening the Blood and rectifying the Constitution.' The Apothecaries, of course, kept shops for the supply of drugs. In the great fire of 1666 the College of Physicians, which was at Amen Corner, was burnt down, and a new one built, which was used till 1825, in Warwick Lane : — Not far from that most celebrated Place, Where angry Justice shews her awful Face ; Where little Villains must submit to Fate, That great ones may enjoy the World in State j There stands a Dome, majestick to the sight, A^d sumptuous Arches bear its oval height ; A gulden Globe plac'd high with artful skill, Seems, to the distant sight, a gilded Pill. — The Dispensary, by Dr. Garth, Canto r, ed. 1699. This was the building that the profession thought was mainly built by the munificence of Sir John Cutler ; but after his death his executors demanded 7,000/. for money lent, and were eventu- ally repaid 2,000/. Pope wrote of Cutler : — His Grace's fate sage Cutler could foresee And well (he thought,) advis'd him, • Live like Me.' As well his Grace replied, ' Like you, Sir John ? That I can do, when all I have is gone.' Ward 2 sums up the physician's privileges : ' What Privi- ledges, said I, extraordinary are Granted to them in their Charter, above what are held by other Physicians who are not of their Society? Many, replied my friend, and these in particular, viz. No Person, tho' a Graduate in Physick of Oxford or Cambridge, and a Man of more Learning, Judgment and Experience than one half of their Members, shall have the liberty of practising in, or within Seven Miles of London, without License under the Colledge Seal ; Or in any other part of England, if they have not taken some Degree at one of the Universities ; They have also power to administer an Oath, which they know by Experience is as 1 Spectator, No. 16. 2 Loudon Spy. 316 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. practicable to be broke the next Day, as 'tis to be taken ; They can likewise Fine and Imprison Offenders, in the Science of Physick, and all such who presume to Cure a Patient, when they have given 'em over, by more excellent Measures than ever were known by their Ignorance ; They have also the Priviledge of making By Laws, for the Interest of themselves, and Injury of the Publick, and can purchase Lands in Right of the Corporation, if they could but find Money to pay for 'em ; they have authority to examine the Medicines in all Apothecaries Shops, to Judge of the wholesomeness and Goodness of many Drugs and Composi- tions they never yet understood ; They are likewise exempt from troublesome Offices, as Jury men, Constables, &c.' A visiting physician's fee was a guinea, but a consulting one's less. ' The Worshipful Graduate in the noble Art of Man slaughter, receiv'd us with a Civility that was peculiar to him at the sight of four Half Crowns.' A suit of black (velvet if pos- sible), a full-bottomed wig, a muff, and a gold- or silver-headed cane formed the outward adornment of the physician. The surgeons, not being incorporated till 1800, had no special meeting-place ; but the apothecaries had their Hall in Water Lane, Blackfriars, which had been built in 1670, and is thus described by Garth : — Nigh where Fleet Ditch descends in sable Streams, To wash his sooty Naiads in the Thames ; There stands a Structure on a Rising Hill, Where Tyros take their Freedom out to kill. — The Dispensary, Canto 3, ed. 1699. Professional etiquette was, as a rule, strictly adhered to, and these divisions did not interfere with each other, although Brown * intimates that it was done occasionally : ' Gallypot. . . . " For tho' I am an Old Apothecary, I am but a Young Doctor. For I visit in either Capacity, either as an Old Apothecary, which is as good as a Young Doctor, or as a Young Doctor, and that's as good as t'other again." Trueman. " But I thought you had left off Shop, and stuck only to your Doctorship ? " Gallypot. " So I do openly, but privately I keep a Shop, and side in all things with the Apothecaries against the Doctors." ' This allusion refers to a curious dissension which had arisen in the profession. The physicians at the latter end of the seven- teenth century were undoubtedly an ignorant and unscientific race ; and the apothecaries, finding that if they did not know as much, they could soon do so, began to prescribe on their own responsi- bility, as Pope 2 says : — So modern 'pothecaries taught the art By Doctor's bills, to play the Doctor's part ; Bold in the practice of mistaken rules, Prescribe, apply, and calls their Masters fools. 1 The Dispensary. 2 Essay on Criticism. MEDICAL. 317 The physicians naturally resented this, and making a pretext that the apothecary's charges were so enormous as to render their prescriptions useless to the poor, they eventually set up a Dispen- sary of their own at the College, where they sold medicines to the poor at cost price. And this accusation was warranted, if we can believe Brown. ' Pray how do ye at your end of the Town prize a Dose of common Purging Pills ? ' ' Why, Brother, about Eighteenpence, sometimes Two Shillings, with an Haustus after them of Three and Sixpence. 5 ' And can you live so ? I believe all the things cost you at least a Shilling out of Pocket/ ' No, God forbid ! How could I live then ? Indeed they cost me about Sixpence, and I take but Five Shillings and Sixpence, sometimes less, and 1 think that's honest Gains/ This Dispensary was the cause of great disturbance, and split the profession into Dispensarians and anti-Dispensarians, and a naturally acrimonious feeling sprang up, which was only allayed by the obnoxious Dispensary being given up, when things fell back into their old groove. The Pharmacopoeias then in use were * Lasher's,' ' Bate's Dispensary,' ' Hartman's Family Physitian/ and c Salmon's Col- lectanea Medica ' 1 ; and very curious indeed were some of the medicines prescribed, as ' Live Hog Lice,' ' Burnt Cork quenched in Aqua Vitas,' ' Red Coral,' ' New Gathered Earth Worms/ c Live Toads,' ' Black tips of Crabs Claws,' l Man's Skull,' ' Elk's hoofs,' ' Leaves of Gold,' ' Man's bones calcined,' ' Inward skin of a Capon's Gizzard,' ' Goose dung, gather'd in the Spring time, dry'd in the Sun,' ' Stone of a Carp's head,' ' Unicorn's horn,' ' Boar's tooth,' ' Jaw of a Pike,' ' Wind pipes of Sheep cleansed and dryed in an Oven, Wind pipes of Capons in like manner prepared,' 1 Sea Horse tooth rasped,' ' Frog's livers,' l White dung of a Peacock dryed,' ' Toads and Vipers flesh,' ' Cuttle fish bone,' and many others even more repulsive than these. How would one like to take this medicine for smallpox ? ' Pidvis JEthiopicus, the Black Powder. I£. Live Toads, No. 30 or 40, burn them in a new Pot, to black Cinders or Ashes, and make a fine pouder. Dose 5ss. or more in the Small Pox &c. and is a certain help for such as are ready to die : some also commend it as a wonderful thing for the cure of the Dropsie.' ' Pulvis Ictericus, A Pouder against the Yellow Jaundice. Rp. Goose dung gather'd in the Spring time, dry'd in the Sun, and finely pouder'd Jij., the best Saffron Ji., white Sugar candy §ij., mix and make a pouder. Dose 5U- twice a day in Rhenish wine, for six days together. Or thus— Rp. Roots of Turmerick, white Tartar, Mars prepared. A Jss. Earthworms, Choice Rhubarb ^ij., mix and make a powder. Dose 5J- in a little Glass of White 1 A very long list of medical works of the time can be seen at the end of 840 h. 6 Dr. Garth's poem of The Dispensary, ed. 1699, B. M. 318 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Wine. An Acquaintance of mine, a Learned Physician, usually makes both the Compositions into One, and assures me that he never found it once to fail.' ' Ranarum Hepata, Livers of Frogs. $>. They are prepared by drying them upon Colewort Leaves in a Closed Vessel, and then poudring them. S.A. Dose 5ss. against the Epilepsie, Quartan Ague &c. If they be dried and preserved with the galls adjoyning, the medicine will be stronger and better ; and may then be given Morning and Evening a 3j. ad 3ij. in any fit Vehicle. 5 4 Corrns Epilepticus. The Antepileptic Crow or Raven. ]ji. The greater Crow, deplumate, and eviscerate it, casting away its Feet and Bill ; put into its Belly the Heart, Liver, Lungs, Bladder of the Gall, with Galangal and Aniseeds, A §iv. bake it in a new Earthen Vessel well shut or closed in an Oven with Household Bread ; after it is cooled, separate the Flesh from the Sides or Bones, and repeat this Operation of baking the second or third time, but taking great care that it may not be burnt, then reduce it into a fine pouder. S.A. Dose 5J- every day, to such as are afflicted with the Falling Sickness ; it is a famous remedy. That there may be a more excellent Composition than this, we doubt not, and are confident it may be improv'd to a greater advantage ; the Composition in our Seplasium. lib. 6. cap. 21. sect. 11. seems to excel it, which is this. 1;L Of Ravens Flesh in pouder (as the former Prescript advises) ^ilj. Viper pouder, 5J- native Cinnamon 5j (ad 5ss.) mix and make a subtile Pouder for two Doses, to be given at Night going to Bed.' The above are all from one book, published 1706, and could be multiplied to almost any extent, from this and the other Pharma- copoeias, were it necessary ; but enough has been quoted to show the ignorance and empiricism of the medical practitioners of that day. All remedies, however, were not of the foregoing description, and many receipts seem admirably fitted to effect their desired purpose, the great fault with them being that they were overloaded with extraneous compounds, which could not possibly do the patient any good, and must necessarily add greatly to the cost, if only the extra time taken in their preparation be counted. Bleeding and purging, as before said, were the remedies really relied on, and bleeding took place on the slightest occasion. Not only the lancet, but cupping, was employed ; indeed, cuppers attended nearly every Bagnio or bath, as Ward says : ' I'll carry you to see the Hum- muns, where I have an honest old Acquaintance that is a Cupper. He describes the operation thus : * By the Perswasions of my Friend, and my Friend's Friend, I at last consented ; upon which the Operator fetch'd in his Instruments, and fixes three Glasses at my Back, which by drawing out the Air, stuck to me as close as a Cantharides Plaister to the Head of a Lunatick, and Sucked as hard as so many Leeches, till I thought they would have crept into me, and have come out on t'other side. When by Virtue of this MEDICAL. 319 Hocus Pocus Stratagem, he had conjur'd all the ill blood out of my Body, under his glass Juggling Cups, he plucks out an ill favour' d Instrument, at which I was as much frighted, as an absconding Debtor is at the sight of a Bill of Middlesex, takes off his Glasses, which had made my Shoulders as weary as a Porter's Back under a heavy Burthen, and begins to Scarifie my Skin, as a Cook does a Loin of Pork to be Roasted ; but with such Ease and Dexterity, that I could have suffer'd him to have Pink'd me all over as full of Eyelet holes, as the Taylor did the Shoemakers Cloak, had any Malady requir'd it, without Flinching ; when he had drawn away as much Blood as he thought Necessary, for the removal of my pain, he cover'd the Places he had Carbonaded, with a new Skin, provided for that purpose, and healed the Scarifications he had made, in an Instant. 'A Cantharides Plaister to the Head of a Lunatick' shows us somewhat how those poor unfortunates who were bereft of their senses were treated. Of Bethlehem Hospital I will speak in another place, regarding it more as a prison for the safe keeping of mad people than as an hospital, where, by any means, those cloudy intellects could be brightened up and cleared. If the relatives or friends could afford it, they were put under the charge of some one, as now, who would pretend to try and cure them ; but then, unlike the present time, there was not even the form of a visitation to hear complaints, or to report on ill- treatment. ' At the Pestle and Mortar on Snow Hill, is a Person who has had great Experience and success in curing Lunaticks, he has also conveniences for Persons of both Sexes, good and diligent Attendance for the best ranks of People, and having for several years past, perform'd it to the satisfaction of many Families : He therefore makes this Publick, to inform, where on very reasonable rates the same Cure shall be industriously endeavour'd, and (with God's Blessing) effected.' Does it not look like a model for a modern advertisement ? How Dr. So and So, assisted by a large start of well-trained domestics, etc. Here is an advertisement of a private Mad House. t It being industriously given out by some malicious Persons, That the House of the Late Claudius Gillat at Hoxton, for the Accommoda- tion of Lunaticks, is shut up ; These are to Certify, that the said House is still kept by William Prowting, Apothecary, who has all Conveniences fitting for such persons ; as a large House, pleasant Gardens, &c, and gives Liberty to any Physician, Surgeon or Apothecary, of administering Physick to those that are recom- mended by them.' Another Advertisement, however, lets a little light into the treat- ment of the mentally afflicted : ' A Dumb young Man broke his Chain last Wednesday Night, and left his Friends from their House inCompton Street, next door to the Golden Ball Alehouse, Soho, and those that will take Care to bring him Home, shall be Rewarded. He has been Mad these 23 Years.' 320 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Garth thus describes a prosperous physician : — Triumphant Plenty, with a chearful grace Basks in their Eyes, and sparkles in their Face. How sleik their looks, how goodly is their Mien, When big they strut behind a double Chin. Each Faculty in blandishments they lull, Aspiring to be venerably dull. Like his descendant of modern times, who cannot possibly be clever in his profession unless he drives two horses to his brougham, the physician of Queen Anne's reign had to have his coach ; but then it must have at least four horses — of course he must be vastly cleverer if he could drive six — but still, his equipage must be well appointed, and in the fashion. Of course he need not go to the extent Radcliffe did ; but Radcliffe made himself the laughing- stock of the town, both by the gaiety of his turn-out and by a rumour getting abroad that he had started it with the idea of favourably impressing a young and wealthy lady, to whom this old Adonis of sixty would needs pay his addresses — in which scheme, alas for the doctor ! he was not successful. Steele could not resist having a bit of fun over it. ' This day, passing through Covent garden, I was stopped in the piazza by Pacolet, to observe what he called the Triumph of Love and Youth. I turned to the object he pointed at, and there I saw a gay gilt Chariot, drawn by fresh prancing horses ; the Coachman with a new Cockade, and the lacqueys with insolence and plenty in their countenances. I asked immediately, " What young heir or lover owned that glitter- ing equipage?" But my companion interrupted: " Do you not see there the mourning yEsculapius ? " " The mourning?" said I. " Yes, Isaac," said Pacolet, "he's in deep mourning, and is the languishing, hopeless lover of the divine Hebe, 1 the emblem of youth and beauty. ' 2 His rival Hannes set up a beautiful carriage, etc., and it excited universal attention. Some friend told him that Hannes' horses were the finest he had seen. ' Ah,' snarled old Radcliffe, * then he'll he able to sell 'em for all the more.' The principal physicians of Anne's reign were Dr. Radcliffe, Sir Samuel Garth, Sir Hans Sloane, and Dr. Mead. The first was born in 1650, took his M.D. degree in 1682, came to London in 1684, and, somehow, at once got into good practice. He was called in to the poor little Duke of Gloucester, when too late to be of any service, and consoled himself by soundly rating the two physicians, Sir E. Hannes and Sir Rd. Blackmore, for their previous conduct of the case. But he was not the court physician, for which he had himself to thank. The Queen, when the Princess Anne, got somewhat hypochondriac, after the death of her sister Queen Mary, and sent for Radcliffe to come at once to see her. 1 Miss Tempest, one of Queen Anne's Maids of Honour. * The Tatler, No. 44. MEDICAL. 321 He was at a tavern in St. James's, enjoying his bottle. He knew there was nothing the matter, and physicians were not so smooth- tongued as they are now : so he very rudely refused to go, and sent back a message that it was all fancy, and that her Royal Highness was as well as anyone else. Next morning he presented himself at the palace, only to be informed that he had been dis- missed, and that Dr. Gibbons had already received his appoint- ment. The Queen would never forgive him ; but, on her death- bed, he was sent for to attend her, when he returned as answer that ' he had taken physic and could not come.' The Queen died, and great was the popular wrath against the doctor for his refusal. He might have saved her life, said the people ; and after the manner of their kind, they sent him threatening letters ; nay, a friend of his moved that he might be summoned to attend in his place in Parliament (he was member for the town of Buckingham) in order to be censured for not attending her Majesty. He did not long survive her, dying on Nov. 1, 17 14. One anecdote told of him is too good not to be repeated. He would never even pay a tradesman without squabbling over the account. A paviour had been repairing the pavement in front of his house, and when he applied for his money was told he had spoiled it, and then covered it with earth to hide his bad work. ' Doctor, 5 replied the man, c mine is not the only bad work the earth hides. 5 Sir Samuel Garth took his degree of M.D. in 1691, was elected a Fellow of the College in 1692, and took a prominent part in the famous dispute as to the Dispensary — writing in 1699 his poem of that name, which had at once a large sale. Garth wrote many poems, translated Ovid, and it was to him that Dryden owed his public funeral, for, as Ward says, ' they had like to let him pass in private to his Grave, without those Funeral Obsequies suitable to his Greatness, had it not been for that true B7itish Worthy, who, Meeting with the Venerable Remains of the neglected Bard passing silently in a Coach, unregarded, to his last Home, ordered the Corps, by the consent of his few Friends that Attended him to be Respited from so obscure an Interment ; and most Gener- ously undertook at his own Expence, to revive his Worth in the Minds of a forgetful People, by bestowing on his peaceful Dust a Solemn Funeral Answerable to his Merit. 5 He had the body removed to the College of Physicians, where it lay in state previous to its removal, with great pomp, to Westminster Abbey. He was a member of the Kit Cat Club, and the story is told of him that one day at a meeting of that club he sat so long over his wine that Steele reminded him of his duty to his patients. Garth replied that ' it was no matter whether he saw them that night or next morning, for nine had such bad constitutions that no physician could save them, and the other six had such good ones that all the physicians in the world could not kill them. 5 He died Jan. i8 ; 1719. Y 322 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. The name of Sir Hans Sloane is undoubtedly the most familiar to the ears of this generation of all the doctors of that time ; especially to Londoners, Sloane Street and Square, and Hans Place, being all reminiscences of him, through the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth with the second Baron Cadogan. He was of Scotch extraction, but born in Ireland, in 1660. Already a Fellow of the College of Physicians and Royal Society, he accompanied as physician the Duke of Albemarle (who had been appointed Governor of the West Indies) to Jamaica. The Duke soon died out there, and Sloane returned to England with a large collection of the flora and fauna of the countries he had visited. To this voyage may be attributed the foundation of the British Museum, for it gave him the taste for collecting rarities of every description, and, to prevent his museum from being dispersed after his death, he bequeathed it to the nation, on condition of the payment of 20,000/. to his family. Montague House was pur- chased to contain the curiosities ; and from this small beginning has arisen that marvellous national collection, the finest in the world. Honours flowed in upon him, and after a very busy life, he died at a good old age in 1752. Dr. Rd. Mead was born in 1673. Clever in his profession, and the author of many medical treatises, undoubtedly he owed much of his position to Radcliffe, whose patronage he secured by the most unblushing adulation. He took advantage of every oppor- tunity, such as moving into the larger house of a physician recently dead ; and should have amassed a large fortune, as for many years he was earning between 5,000/. and 6,000/. per annum. Although his consulting fee was one guinea and his visiting fee two, he would attend either Batson's, or Tom's, Coffee Houses (the former being a noted place of resort for medical men), and thither would come the apothecaries, for whom he would write prescriptions, without seeing the patient, at half a guinea each. He is remarkable as the doctor who fought a duel. It was with Woodward, who had not only attacked him in his * State of Physick and Diseases,' but insulted him in public. Matters came to a climax one day when they were leaving Gresham College, and, under the arch leading from the outer to the Green Court, Mead's patience gave way. He drew, and called upon Woodward to defend himself or beg his pardon. Whether they ever actually fought or not is not known, although there is a bon-mot about Mead disarming Woodward and telling him to beg for his life. 1 Never till I am your patient,' was his reply. Certain it is that Woodward gave in, and Mead lived in peace. Mead was called in consultation when the Queen was in her last illness, and he plainly gave his opinion that she would not survive, but he did not attend her. He died Feb. 16, 1754, and v was buried in the Temple Church. There must have been some hot blood in the profession in MEDICAL. 323 those days, for Luttrell says: '6 July, 1704. Mr. Coatsworth, an apothecary in St. Martin's Lane, convicted in Easter term, upon an information in the Queen's bench, for assaulting Dr. Ratcliffe, at Tom's Coffee House, by spitting in his face, upon some words that arose between them, was upon Monday fined 100 marks, which he paid into Court.' The practice of surgery was attended with some difficulties, for there were no public schools of anatomy as now : nay, it was as late as 1667 that Evelyn presented to the Royal Society, as a wonderful curiosity, the Table of Veins, Arteries, and Nerves which he had caused to be made in Italy. We see that anatomy had to be taught privately, but still that there were professors who were capable of teaching. ' On Monday the 13th Instant, Mr. Rolfe Surgeon in Chancery Lane intends to begin at his House a compleat Course of Anatomy on Human Bodies, viz. Osteology, Myology, and Enterology, to be continued Every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.' The knife was freely used, and the instruments were far from clumsy ; but conservative surgery was also practised, and many orthopaedic mechanical appliances were in use. i Charles Roberts, who makes Steel Stays, Strait Stockings, Steel Boots, Collars, Cheiques and Swings, and by many years practice, having brought the same to great perfection, is perswaded to give this publick notice for the benefit of such who suffer by Deformity.' The barbers also bled and drew teeth, as many now do. The oculists of that day were particularly pushing, and puffed and lied themselves into notoriety with vigour. Chief of them was Sir William Read, oculist to her most gracious majesty ; and if anybody wishes to see how much that tender organ the eye can be abused by an oculist, let him read his i Short but Exact Account of all the Diseases Incident to the Eyes.' Originally a tailor in a small way of business, he managed, somehow, to rise so as to become the Queen's sworn oculist, and to be knighted ; nor only so, but was able to keep up a good establishment and a magnificent equipage. One thing is certain — he thoroughly knew the value of advertising ; and the accompanying illustration is taken from one of his handbills, probably about 1696. In it he gives a list of wonderful cures he has wrought, how he has cured wry necks, harelips, cut out cancers, trepanned skulls, operated on wens and polypuses, cured dropsy, cut off a man's leg, and given sight to numerous people who were born blind. His knighthood is thus recorded in the Gazette of July 30/Aug. r, 1705 : ' Windsor 27 July. Her Majesty was this day Graciously pleased to confer the Honour of Knighthood upon William Read Esq. Her Majesty's Oculist in Ordinary, as a Mark of her Royal Favour for his great Services done in Curing great Numbers of Seamen and Soldiers of Blindness gratis? This he advertised to do all through the war ; and when the Palatines came over here he publicly offered to attend any of them for diseases of the eye 324 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. gratis. And now, forsooth, he advertised that ' Lady Read' would attend to patients as well ; and some Grub Street poet wrote a poem, called ' The Oculist, 5 < Address'd to Sir William Read, Knt.,' SIR WILLIAM READ OPERATING. with a long and fulsome dedication. One part of the poem runs : — Whilst Britain s Sovereign Scales such WORTH has weigh'd, And ANNE her self her smiling Favours paid: MEDICAL. 325 That Sacred Hand does Your fair Chaplet twist, Great READ her own Entitled OCULIST. When the Great ANNE'S warm Smiles this Favourite raise, 'Tis not a Royal Grace she gives, but pays. Swift 1 writes to Stella of Read's sumptuous way of living : < Hen- ley would fain engage me to go with Steele and Rowe &c. to an invitation at Sir William Read's. Surely you have heard of him. He has been a Mountebank, and is the Queen's Oculist ; he makes admirable punch, and treats you in gold vessels. But I am engaged, and won't go.' His rival, who was also the Queen's sworn oculist, was Roger Grant, who, report said, was originally a tinker, and afterwards an anabaptist preacher in Southwark. Her Majesty sure was in a Surprise, Or else was very short sighted ; When a Tinker was sworn to look after Eyes, And the Mountebank Read was Knighted. He also advertised largely, and published lists of his cures, with certificates from the mayor and aldermen of Durham, North- ampton, Coventry, Hull, etc., touching the authenticity of his cures. How these were procured is fully explained in a little tract called « A Full and True ACCOUNT of a Miraculous Cure of a Young Man in Newington, That was Born Blind, and was in Five Minutes brought to Perfect Sight, by Mr. Roger Grant, Oculist,' 1709. The case in question was advertised by Grant in the Daily Courant of July 30, 1709, and the little book ruthlessly exposes the fraudulent manner in which the certificate was obtained. As has been said before, quackery was universal ; nay, it had the sanction of being practised by royalty, for was not the Queen an arch quack when she touched for the ' evil ' ? She was the last of a long line of sovereigns, from Edward the Confessor, who exercised the supposed royal gift of healing ; but this salutary efficacy was not confined to the royal touch alone, if we can believe a little story of Thoresby's 2 : ' Her Mother Mary Bailey of Dept- ford, after she had been twelve years blind by the Kings evil was miraculously cured by a handkerchief dipped in the blood of King Charles the First.' Misson was present the last time James the Second touched, and has left us a graphic account of the ceremony : ' The King was seated in a Chair of State, 3 rais'd two or three Steps. The Reverend Father Peter, with his little Band and his sweeping Cloak, was standing at the King's Right Hand. After some Prayers, the diseased Person, or those that pretended to be so, 4 were made to pass between a narrow double Rail, which fac'd the 1 Journal, April 11, 1711. 5 In the Banqueting Hall, Whitehall 2 Diary, July 14, 17 14. 4 On this occasion there were 300. 326 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. King. Each Patient, Rich and Poor, Male and Female, fell upon their knees, one after another, at the King's Feet. The King putting forth his two Hands, touch'd their two Cheeks ; the Jesuit, who held a Number of Gold Medals, each fasten'd to a narrow white Ribband, put the Ribband round the Patient's Neck at the same Time that the King touch'd him, and said something tanta- mount to what they say in France, The King touches theej God cure thee. This was done in a Trice ; and for fear the same Patient should crowd into the File again, to get another Medal, 1 he was taken by the Arm, and carry'd into a safe place. When the King was weary of repeating the same action, and touching the Cheek or Chin, Father Peter the Almoner, presented him with the End of the String which was round the Patient's Neck. The Virtue pass'd from the Hand to the String, from the String to the Cloaths, from the Cloaths to the Skin, and from the Skin to the Root of the Evil : After this Royal Touch, those that were really ill were put into the Hands of Physicians ; and those that came only for the Medal, had no need of other Remedies.' This last sentence explains a great deal. William III. did not touch, but gave away the money hitherto spent on the touch pieces, etc., in charity. But Anne, as a thoroughly legitimate English monarch, and a Stuart to boot, kept up the fiction of her curative powers. She tried it on Dr. Johnson, but it had no effect ; and his recollections of the ceremony were very vague. ' He had,' he said, ' a confused but somehow a sort of solemn recollection of a lady in diamonds, and a long black hood.' But then the staunch old Jacobite used to declare that 'his mother had not carried him far enough ; she should have taken him to Rome* (to the Pretender). Anne touched the very first year of her reign, for Luttrell 2 says, 'The Service and Attendance belonging to the Ceremony of touch- ing for the King's Evil went for Bath last Week, her Majesty de- siring to touch there.' Illness sometimes prevented her: 'Her Majesty did not touch yesterday for the evil as design'd, having the gout in her hands.' 3 It evidently required some little interest to get touched, for Swift writes 4 to Stella : ' I visited the Duchess of Ormond this morning. ... I spoke to her to get a lad touched for the Evil. . . . But the Queen has not been able to touch, and it now grows so warm, I fear she will not at all.' Notices were duly posted in the Gazette as to when she touched or not, and in that of May 24/28, 1705, we find one which would lead us to imagine that some unfair practice had arisen : ' It is also Her Majesty's Command, That all Persons who shall then apply to be touched, shall bring a Certificate to Her Majesty's Serjeant Surgeon, signed by the Minister and Churchwardens of 1 These ' touch pieces ' had on one side St. George overcoming the dragon, and were called ' angels.' 2 Oct 8, 1702. 3 Luttrell ', March 20, 1703. 4 Journal, May 8, 171 1. MEDICAL. 3*7 the Parish where such Person shall then reside, that they never had before received the Royal Touch, as been heretofore accus- tomed. 5 It is impossible to take up a newspaper of that time without encountering some quack advertisements, and the quantity of handbills l still preserved, show how they must have flooded the place. There was the < Volatile Spirit of Bohea Tea,' < Pilula Salutiferens,' ' Spirit of Scurvy Grass,' ' Balsamick Pills,' ' Elixir Minerale,' ' Green Cathartick Elixir,' * The Hysterick Tincture,' < The White Cardialgic Powder,' ' The Volatile Cordial Pill,' ' Tinctura Benedicta,' * Electuarium Mirabile,' ' Electuary of the Balm of Gilead.' What a list might be made of them ! See what Addison says of them in the Tatler (224). The heading to one is given as a sample of the style of art in the handbill This ' Paris Pill and Electuary ' is described as follows : ' The Price of a Box of the Pills is 2s. 6d. and a Pot of the Electuary A QUACK. is. 6d. of w ch Pills and Electuary two Boxes & one Pot will be sufficient for any one not very far gone in the Distemper, and Double the Number will heal the Patient if in great Extremity. Sold by J. Sherwood Book Seller at Popings aley Gate fleet street, With a paper of Directions.' In another advertisement of ' Dr. Anderson's, or the .Famous Srots Pills,' you are requested to ' Beware of Counterfeits, especi- ally an Ignorant pretender, one Muffen, who keeps a China Shop, and is so unneighbourly as to pretend to sell the same Pills within 3 Doors of me.' 1 ' If the pale Walker pants with weak'ning Ills, His sickly Hand is stor'd with Friendly Bills : From hence he learns the seventh born Doctor's Fame, From hence he learns the cheapest Tailor's name.' — Trivia, book 2. 328 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. But the quacks were not all stationary ; as at present, some were peripatetic, who, after the fashion of these wanderers, had an eloquence of their own, which only Ward can do justice to. Here is a short extract 1 of the ' patter' of those days. ' Gentlemen, you that have a Mind to be Mindful of preserving a Sound Mind in a Sound Body, that is, as the Learned Physician Doctor Honorifici- cabilitudinitatibasque has it, Manns Sanaque in Cobile Sanaquorum, may here, at the expense of twopence, furnish himself with a parcel, which tho' it is but small, yet containeth mighty things of great Use and Wonderful Operation in the Bodies of Mankind, against all Distempers, whether Homogeneal or Complicated ; whether deriv'd from your Parents, got by Infection, or proceeding from an ill Habit of your own Body. ' In the first place, Gentlemen, I here present you with a little inconsiderable Pill to look at, you see not much bigger than a Corn of Pepper, yet in this Diminutive Pampharmica, so powerful in effect, and of such excellent Vertues, that if you have Twenty Distempers lurking in the Mass of Blood, it shall give you just Twenty Stools, and every time it operates, it carries off a Dis- temper ; but if your Blood's Wholesome, and your Body Sound, it will work you no more than the same quantity of Ginger bread. I therefore call it, from its admirable Qualities, Pilula Ton dobula, which signifies in the Greek, The Touch Stone of Nature ; For by taking of this Pill you will truly discover what state of Health or Infirmity your Constitution is then under. ( In the next place, Gentlemen, I present you with an excellent outward application, call'd a Plaister ; good against Green Wounds, old Fistulas and Ulcers, Pains and Aches, Contusions, Tumours or King's Evil, Spasms, Fractures, or Dislocations, or any Hurts whatsoever, received either by Sword, Cane, or Gun Shot, Knife, Saw, or Hatchet, Hammer, Nail or Tenter hook, Fire, Blast or Gunpowder, &c. And will continue its Vertue beyond Credit ; and as useful seven years hence as at this present Moment, that you may lend it to your Neighbours in the time of Distress and Affliction ; and, when it has performed Forty Cures 'twill be ne'er the Worse, but still retain its Integrity. Probatum Est,' etc. Dr. Zachary Pearce, Bishop of Rochester, who wrote No. 572 of the Spectator (altered by Addison), gives an amusing account of one of these quacks. ' I remember one of those Public-spirited Artists at Hajninersmith, who told his Audience " that he had been born and bred there, and that, having a special Regard for the place of his Nativity, he was determined to make a Present of five Shillings to as many as would accept of it." The whole Crowd stood agape, and ready to take the Doctor at his Word ; when putting his Hand into a long Bag, as every one was expecting his Crown Piece, he drew out a handful of little Packets, each of which be informed the Spectators was constantly sold at five Shillings 1 London Spy. MEDICAL. 329 and six pence, but that he would bate the odd five Shillings to every Inhabitant of that Place ; the whole Assembly immediately closed with this generous Offer, and took off all his Physick, after the Doctor had made them vouch for one another, that there were no Foreigners among them, but that they were all Hammersmith Men. 5 The whole article is an amusing expose of the quackery then at its height. * I unluckily called to mind a Story of an Ingenious Gentleman of the last Age, who, lying violently afflicted with the Gout, a Person came and offered his Service to Cure him by a Method, which he assured him was Infallible ; the Servant who received the Message, carried it up to his Master, who, en- quiring whether the Person came on Foot, or in a Chariot ; and being informed he was on Foot : Go, says he, send the Knave about his Business: Was his Method as infallible as he pretends, he would long before now have been in his Coach and Six. CHAPTER XXXI. SPAS AND BATHING. Bath — Manners of the company there — Description of Bath — Its gaieties — .Sale of the water — Tunbridge — Epsom — Hampstead — Other spas — Turkish baths — Controversy on hot and cold bathing — The Hummums — Descrip- tion of a Turkish bath — Other bagnios — Cold bathing and baths. It was a great time for our English spas, and i Spaw Water ' was a favourite drink with the temperate. Chief of all, for its curative qualities, and for its society, was Bath, or ' The Bath/ as it was called ; and, as it occupies such a prominent position in the social life of this time, more than a passing notice of it is required. Misson's description of it is short but businesslike. ' This Town takes its name from the Baths for which it is famous. Several in Switzerland and Germany are called Baden for the same reason. In Winter Bath makes a very melancholy Appearance ; but during the Months of May, June, July, and August, there is a concourse of genteel Company, that peoples, enriches, and adorns it ; at that Time, Provisions and Lodgings grow dear. Thousands go thither to pass away a few Weeks, without heeding either the Baths or the Waters, but only to divert themselves with good Company. They have Musick, Gaming, Public Walks, Balls, and a little Fair every Day.' The manners of this ' concourse of genteel company ' are thus described by Steele. 1 ' In the Autumn of the same Year I made my Appearance at Bath. I was now got into the Way of Talk proper for Ladies, and was run into a vast Acquaintance among 1 Spectator, No. 154. 330 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. them, which I always improved to the best advantage. In all this Course of Time, and some Years following, I found a Sober, Modest Man was always looked upon by both Sexes as a precise unfashioned Fellow of no Life or Spirit. It was ordinary for a Man who had been drunk in good Company, or passed a Night with a Wench, to speak of it next Day before Women for whom he had the greatest Respect. He was reproved, perhaps, with a Blow of the Fan, or an Oh Fie, but the angry Lady still preserved an ap- parent Approbation in her Countenance : He was called a strange wicked Fellow, a sad Wretch ; he shrugs his shoulders, swears, receives another Blow, swears again he did not know he swore, and all was well. You might often see Men game in the Presence of Women, and throw at once for more than they were worth, to recommend themselves as Men of Spirit.' Perhaps the most graphic description of daily life at Bath is given in a sixpenny pamphlet entitled ' A Step to the Bath with a Character of the place' (London 1700). It is published anony- mously, but I have no doubt in my own mind that it was written by Ward, as it is exactly his style, and is published by his publisher. Of course, in his writings, we must not look for polished language ; but his descriptions are accurate, and as such well worth having. He thus describes the place : — c The first we went to, is call'd the King's ; and to it joyns the Queen's, both running in one ; and the most famous for Cures. In this Bath was at least fifty of both Sexes, with a Score or two of Guides, who by their Scorbutic Carcasses, and Lackered Hides, you would think they had lain Pickling a Century of Years in the Stygian Lake ; Some had those Infernal Emissaries to support their Impotent Limbs : Others to Scrub their Putrify'd Carcasses, like a Race Horse. ... At the Pump was several a Drenching their Gullets, and Gormandizing the Reaking Liquor by wholesale. ' From thence we went to the Cross Bath, where most of the Quality resorts, more fam'd for Pleasure than Cures. Here is per- form'd all the Wanton Dalliances imaginable ; Celebrated Beauties, Panting Breasts, and Curious Shapes, almost Expos'd to Publick View : Languishing eyes, Darting Killing Glances, Tempting Amorous Postures, attended by soft Musick, enough to provoke a Vestal to forbidden Pleasure, Captivate a Saint, and charm a Jove : Here was also different Sexes, from Quality to the Honourable Knights, Country Put, and City MadanHs. . . . The ladies with their floating Japfian Bowles, freighted with Confectionary, Kick- Knacks, Essences and Perfumes, Wade about, like Nefiturts Cour- tiers, suppling their Industrious Joynts. The Vigorous Sparks, presenting them with several Antick Postures, as Sailing on their Backs, then Embracing the Element, sink in Rapture. . . . The usual time being come to forsake that fickle Element, Half Tub Chairs, Lin'd with Blankets, Ply'd as thick as Coaches at the Play House, or Carts at the Custom House, ' Bathing being over for that Day we went to walk in the Grove, SPAS and BATHING. 331 a very pleasant place for Diversion ; there is the Royal Oak and several Raffling Shops : In~one of the Walks, is several Sets of Nine Pins and Attendants to wait on you : Tipping all Nine for a Guinea, is as common there, as two Farthings for a Porrenger of Barley Broth, at the Hospital Gate in Smithfield. On several of the Trees was hung a Lampoon on the Marriage of one Mr. S a Drugmonger and the famous Madam S of London. ' Having almost tir'd ourselves with walking, we took a Bench to ease our weary Pedestals. Now, said my Friend, I'll give you an impartial Account of the Perfections, Qualities and Functions, of a few particular Persons that are among this Amphibious Crowd. . . . To give you a particular Description of each of 'em, will require a Week's time at least. Come, therefore, let's go to some Tipling Mansion, and Carrouse, till we have Exhilerated our Drouthy Souls : To which I readily agreed. About five in the Evening, we went to see a great Match at Bowling : There was Quality, and Reverend Doctors of both Professions, Topping Merchants, Broken Bankers, Noted Mercers, Inns of Court Rakes, City Beaus, Stray'd Prentices, and Dancing- Masters in abundance. Fly, fly, fly, fly, said one ; Rub, Rub, rub, rub, cry'd another. Ten Guineas to five I Uncover the Jack, says a third. Dajnn these Nice Fingers of mine, cry'd my Lord, I Slipt my Bowl and mistook the Bias. Another Swearing he knew the Ground to an Inch, and would hold five Pound his Bowl came in. ' From hence we went to the Groo?n Porters, where they were a Labouring like so many Anchor Smiths, at the Oake, Back Gammon, Tick Tack, Irish, Basset, and throwing of Mains. There was Palming, Lodging, Loaded Dice, Levant, and Gammoning, with all the Speed imaginable ; but the Cornish Rook was too hard for them all. The Bristol Fair Sparks had but a very bad bargain of it ; and little occasion for Returns. Bank Bills and Exchequer Notes were as Plenty, as Pops at the Chocolate Houses or Patter- nosier Row. Having satisfied our Curiosity here ; we left them as busie a shaking their Elbows, as the Apple Women in Stocks Market, Wallnuts in October. 'And meeting with three or four more Acquaintance, we stroul'd to a Bristol-Milk Dary-House, and Enjoy'd our selves like brave Bacchanalians? This, then, was how the day was spent at Bath, with the exception of when some person of quality gave an entertainment to a select number of visitors — and this they were expected to do. Our writer describes his experience of one : c The Ball is always kept at the Town Hall, a very spacious Room, and fitted up for that Purpose. During which, the Door is kept by a Couple of Brawny Beadles, to keep out the Mobility, looking as fierce as the Uncouth Figures at Guild-Hall ; there was Extraordinary Fine Dancing (and how could it otherwise chuse, for Spouse and I had a Hand in it). A Consort of Delicate Musick, Vocal and Instru- mental, perform'd by good Masters ; A Noble Collation of dry 332 SOCIAL LlPE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Sweet Meats, Rich Wine and large Attendance. The Lady who was the Donor, wore an Extraordinary Rich Favour, to distinguish her from the rest, which is always the Custom ; and before they break up to chuse another for the next Day, which fell upon a Shentlewoman of Wales ; but no ways Derogated from hur Honour, or Disparag'd her Country in the least, but hur was as Noble, and as Generous, as e'er an English Shentlewoman of them all : To hur Honour be it Spoke.' And he winds up the pamphlet with ' A Character of the Bath.' 'Tis neither Town nor City, yet goes by the Name of both : five Months in the Year 'tis as Populous as London, the other seven as desolate as a Wilderness. Its chiefest Inhabitants are Turnspit-Dogs ; and it looks like Lombard Street on a Saints day. During the Season, it hath as many Families in a House as Edenborough ; and Bills are as thick for Lodgings to be Let, as there was for Houses in the Fryars on the Late Act of Parliament for the Dissolution of Priviledges ; but when the Baths are useless, so are their Houses, and as empty as the new Buildings by St. Giles in the Fields ; The Baths I can compare to nothing but the Boylers in Fleet Lane or Old Bedlam, for they have a reaking steem all the Year. In a Word, 'tis a Valley of Pleasure, yet a sink of Iniquity ; Nor is there any Intrigues or Debauch Acted in London, but is Mimick'd here. 5 The Water was bottled and sold, and in order to guarantee its purity an advertisement was issued in 1706 : l Notice is hereby given, that George Allen is now chosen Pumper of the King's Bath Waters in Bath, and that the true Waters are to be had of none but him who seals all Bottles and Vessels with a Seal, whereon is the City Arms, viz a Borough Wall and Sword, and round it these Words, The King's Bath Water, George Allen, Pumper.' It was supplied in London fresh three times a week, as we find by another advertisement of 1709. Tunbridge ranked next to Bath as a fashionable resort, and it is thus described in a contemporary play (' Tunbridge Walks,' ed. 1703). Loveworth. But Tunbridge I suppose is the Seat of Pleasure ; Prithee, what Company does the Place afford ? Reynard. Like most publick Assemblies, a Medley of all Sorts, Fops, ma- jestick and diminutive, from the long Flaxen Wig with a splendid Equipage, to the Merchants' Spruce Prentice, that's always mighty neat about the Legs ; Squires come to Court some fine Town Lady, and Town Sparks to pick up a Russet Gown ; for the Women here are Wild Country Ladies, with ruddy Cheeks like a Sevil Orange, that gape, stare, scamper, and are brought hither to be Disciplined ; Fat City Ladies with tawdry Atlasses, in Defiance of the Act of Parliament ; and slender Court Ladies with French Scarffs, French Aprons, French Night Cloaths and French Complexions. Loveworth. But what are the Chief Diversions here ? Reynard. Each to his own Inclinations — Beaus Raffle and Dance — Citts play at Nine Pins, Bowls, and Backgammon — Rakes, scoure the Walks, Bully the Shop keepers, and beat the Fidlers — Men of Wit rally over Claret, and Fools get to the Royal Oak Lottery, where you may lose Fifty Guineas in a SPAS and BATHING. 333 Moment, have a Crown returned to you for Coach Hire, a Glass of Wine, and a hearty wellcome. In short, 'tis a Place wholly dedicated to Freedom, no Distinction, either of Quality or Estate, but ev'ry Man that appears well Con- verses with the Best. People, however went to Tunbridge to drink the waters, not to bathe in them. So was it with Epsom Wells, which was decidedly lower in tone. From its easy access to London, it was crowded with citizens — and some very questionable characters. If Bath allowed some licence to its frequenters, Epsom gave more. ' But if you were not so monstrous lewd, the freedom of Epsom allows almost nothing to be scandalous.' x The Epsom season began on Easter Monday, and one adver- tisement will sufficiently indicate its character. 1707. l The New Wells at Epsom, with variety of Raffling Shops, will be open'd on Easter Monday next. There are Shops now to be Let, at the said Wells for a Bookseller, Pictures, Haberdasher of Hats, Shoo- maker, Fishmonger, and Butcher ; with conveniences for several other Trades. igUfTt's design'd that a very good Consort of Musick shall attend and play there Morning and Evening during the Season ; and nothing will be demanded for the Waters drunk there.' Pinkethman would take his performing dogs down there, and Mr Clinch, with the wonderful voice, would spend the season there. Morris-dancing and other sports were got up, and at last they had races, which have since evolved that national saturnalia the Derby. They had not yet analysed these purgative waters, and conse- quently ' Epsom salts ' were unknown, so that people, did they wish for them, must either go to Epsom, or buy the water in London, where almost all the other ' Spaw ' waters could be procured. It is astonishing how they could drink the quantity they are recorded to have done — i.e. if those accounts are trustworthy. Brown, in one of his ' Letters from the Dead to the Living, 5 talks of a lady 'that has drank two Quarts of Epsom Waters for her Mornings draught 5 ; and Shadwell, in ' Epsom Wells, 5 says : — Brisket. I vow it is a pleasurable Morning : the Waters taste so finely after being fudled last Night. Neighbour Fribbler, here's a Pint to you. Fribbler. I'll pledge you, Mrs. Brisket ; I have drunk eight already. Mrs. Brisket. How do the Waters agree with your Ladyship ? Mrs. Woodly. Oh, Soveraignly : how many Cups have you arrived to? Mrs. Brisket. Truly Six, and they pass so kindly. There was, and even yet is, a mildly chalybeate spring at Hampstead, which made that beautiful northern suburb very fashionable. The well has been lately altered, and the old As- sembly Rooms, which had lasted from Anne 5 s time, were pulled down in the early part of 1882. Old gardens have been grubbed up, and fine new villas set a-top of them. It is only a question of time as to when the trees in Well Walk will die and be no more, and but a few houses will remain to attest the glory of Hampstead 1 Epsom Wells, Shadwell. 334 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. in Queen Anne's time, when the Kit Cats made it their summer meeting-place. Like all places of amusement then, the spirit of gambling had invaded it, and either Swift or Steele notices that : * By letters from Hampstead which give me an account, there is a late institution there under the name of a "Raffling Shop ; which is, it seems, secretly supported by a person who is a deep practitioner in the law, and out of tenderness of conscience, has, under the name of his maid Sisly, set up this easier way of con- veyancing and alienating estates from one family to another.' l Concerts of music were frequent here in the season, as they were also at Richmond Wells, which opened in the middle of May. The medicinal powers of divers springs near London had been known for generations, and we find them duly advertised and puffed— Acton Waters, Dullidge and Northall Waters, Lambeth Wells, Sadler's NewTunbridge Wells near Islington, i at the Musick House by the New River? The London Spaw, < at the sign of the Fountain in the parish of St. James's Clarken Well ; in the way going up to Islington' ('the Poor may have it Gratis') ; whilst in 1702 we find an advertisement : ' This is to give notice, That at the King's Arms Inn in Haughton Street in Clare Market, over against New Inn back Gate, is lately discovered a Spring of Purg- ing Water, known by the name of Holy-well, or the London Water, exceeding for their Cathartic Excellency, all other Purging Waters ; working in small quantities without neglect of Business. This Water has been tried and approved of by some of the best Physicians. To be had at the Pump, at the place aforesaid at 2d. the Quart, and to those that buy it to Retail it, at the Usual Rates.' One of those in the country was Buxton, of which we get the following notice in 1705 : ' Whereas the Bath House at Buxton, in Derbyshire, so famous in the North for divers Cures, hath of late Years been mismanaged, by disobliging Persons of Quality and others usually resorting to the said Bath ; this is therefore to give Notice to all Persons of Quality and Gentry of Both Sexes, That Care has now been taken, by his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, to remedy the like Treatment, for the future, by sending down from London a fitting and obliging Person sufficiently qualified : So that now all Persons resorting to the said Bath will meet with Civil Usage, and have the best of every thing for Man and Beast at reasonable rates.' Then there were springs at Scarborough, Bury, Astrop, Croft, Holt, and Blurton Spaw Water, which was belauded by Floyer. Of course these are not a tithe of those which were locally famous, but were not pushed into public notoriety. Foreign mineral waters were in use, but evidently only for medicinal purposes. ' Purging Spaw Waters newly brought over from Germany, to be sold at the Two Golden Images in King 1 Ike Tatler, No. 59. SPAS and BATHING. 335 Street, near St. James's.' And they were sold at prices varying from lis. per doz. or is. per flask, to i$s. per doz. Not only were the hot springs of Bath frequented for the pur- poses of bathing, but the Turkish bath was peculiarly an institution of this reign, and the ' Hummums ' or ' Bagnios ' were well fre- quented, until the latter got an evil reputation, and the name of Bagnio came to be regarded as synonymous with a disorderly house. Some of the medical men of the time took up the subject of bathing with relation to health, and, as is generally the case, took opposite views ; some advocating cold bathing, like Sir John Floyer and Dr. Ed. Baynardin ' ^YXPOAO^SI'A : or, the History of Cold Bathing, Both Ancient and Modern,' 1706, or Dr. Browne, who wrote in 1707 * An Account of the Wonderful Cures perform'd by the Cold Baths. With advice to the Water Drinkers at Tunhidge, Hampstead, As trope, Nasborough, and all the other Chalibeate Spaws ' ; whilst others took up the cause of hot bathing, and decried the use of cold water, even in immersion in Baptism, like Guidot, who in 1705 published 'An Apology for the Bath] having previously printed a Latin tract, ' De Ther?nis Britannicis? Ward describes a visit to the Hummums in Covent Garden with a friend, who suggested to him x ' if you will be your Club towards Eight Shillings, we'll go in and Sweat, and you shall feel the effects of this Notable Invention.' Let him tell his experiences in his own words. ' We now began to unstrip, and put ourselves in a Condition of enduring an Hour's Baking, and when we had reduc'd our selves into the Original state of Mankind, having nothing before us to cover our Nakedness, but a Clout no bigger than a Fig leaf, our Guide led us to the end of our Journey, the next Apartment, which I am sure, was as hot as a Pastry Cooks Oven to Bake a White Pot ; that I began immediately to melt, like a Piece of Butter in a Basting Ladle, and was afraid I should have run all to Oyl by the time I had been in six Minutes ; The bottom of the Room was Pav'd with Freestone ; to defend our feet from the excessive heat of which, we had got on a pair of new-fashioned Brogues, with Wooden Soles after the French Mode, Cut out of an Inch Deal Board ; or else like the Fellow in the Fair, we might as well have walk'd cross a hot Iron Bar, as ventur'd here to have Trod bare Foot. As soon as the Fire had tapt us all over, and we began to run like a Conduit Pipe, at every Pore, our Rubber arms his Right Hand with a Gauntlet of coarse hair Camlet, and began to curry us with as much Labour, as a York- shire Groom does his Master's best Stone Horse ; till he made our Skins as Smooth as a Fair Ladies Cheeks, just wash'd with Lemon Posset, and greas'd over with Pomatum. At last I grew so very faint with the expence of much Spirits, that I begg'd as hard for a Mouthful of fresh Air, as Dives did for a drop of Water ; which our * The London Spy* 336 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. attendance let in at a Sash-Window, no broader than a Defttford Cheese Cake ; but, however, it let in a Comfortable Breeze that was very Reviving : when I had foul'd many Callico Napkins, our Rubber draws a Cistern full of Hot Water, that we might go in, and Boil out those gross Humours that could not be Emitted by Perspiration. Thus, almost Bak'd to a Crust, we went into the hot Bath to moisten our Clay, where we lay Soddening our selves like Deer's Humbles design'd for Minc'd Pies, till we were almost Parboiled . . . then after he had wiped me o'er with a dry Clout, telling us we had Sweat enough, he reliev'd us out of Purgatory, and carried us into our Dressing Room ; which gave us such Refreshment, after we had been stewing in our own Gravy, that we thought ourselves as happy as a Couple of English Travellers, Transported in an Instant, by a Miracle from the Torrid Zo?ie into their own Country. Our expense of Spirits had weakened Nature and made us drowsie ; where having the Conveniency of a Bed, we lay down and were rubb'd like a couple of Race Horses after a Course.' An advertisement of these baths tells us fully of the extent of the accommodation they afforded. ' At the Hummum's in Covent Garden are the best accommodation for Persons of Quality to Sweat or Bath every day in the week, the Conveniences of all kinds far exceeding all other Bagnios or Sweating Houses both for Rich and Poor. Persons of good Reputation may be accom- modated with handsom Lodgings to lye all Night. There is also a Man and Woman who Cups after the Newest and easiest method. In the Garden of the same House is also a large Cold Bath of Spring W T ater, which, for its Coldness and Delicacy, de- serves an equal Reputation with any in use.' There were also ' John Evans's Hummums in Brownlow Street near Drury Lane,' ' John Pindar's (the German Sweating House) in Westmoreland Court, in Bartholomew Close, near Aldersgate Street,' and ' The Queen's Bagnio in Long Acre,' kept by Henry Ayme, chirurgeon ; where not only could you have a bath for $s., or two or more 4s. each, but there was c a lesser Bagnio, of a lower Rate, for the Diseased and Meaner Sort.' ' There is no Entertain- ment for Women after Twelve of the Clock at Night, but all Gentlemen that desire Beds, may have them for Two Shillings per Night, for one single Person, but if two lie together Three Shillings both ; which Rooms and Beds are fit for the Entertain- ment of Persons of the highest Quality, and Gentlemen.' Then there was the Royal Bagnio in Newgate Street, at the corner of what now is Bath (formerly Bagnio) Street. There was also Pierault's Bagnio, which was in St. James's Street, and was established about 1699. 'The charge of going in is 5^. — if lie all Night iay. each. Here also is a Cold Bath, for which they take 2s. 6d. each Person.' The disciples of cold bathing might be suited at < A Convenient large Cold Bath, that is Erected upon an Excellent Cold Spring, LEGAL. 355 this was persuaded to trust a Whigg ministry ; and in the year 1705, Ocb r . she made my father L d Keeper of the Great Seal in the 41 st year of his age — 'tis said the youngest Lord Keeper that had ever been. He looked very young, and wearing his own hair made him appear yet more so ; which the Queen observing, obliged him to cut it off, telling him the world would say she had given the Seals to a Boy.' But it is said that when he appeared at court in his wig, the Queen had to look at him more than once before she recognised him. So much for the barrister. Of the other branch, the attorney, we hear very little. Ward certainly portrays him in no very bright colours. c He's an Amphibious Monster, that partakes of two Natures, and those contrary ; He's a great Lover both of Peace and Enmity ; and has no sooner set People together by the Ears, but is Soliciting the Law to make an end of the Difference. His Learning is commonly as little as his Honesty ; and his Con- science much larger than his Green Bag. Catch him in what Company soever, you will always hear him stating of Cases, or telling what notice my Lord Chancellor took of him, when he beg'd Leave to supply the deficiency of his Councel. He always talks with as great assurance as if he understood what he only pretends to know : And always wears a Band, and in that lies his Gravity and Wisdom. He concerns himself with no Justice but the Justice of a Cause : and for making an unconscionable Bill, he out does a Taylor.' The courts of law were conducted with as much decorum and dignity as now ; but there is no doubt that false witnesses could be hired — nay, they had a regular name — ' Knights of the Post ' ; a name which certainly dates back as early as the time of Charles I., when 'a roaring gul and Knight o' th' post' were coupled together. In Anne's time * Knights of the Post are to be had in the Temple Walks from Morning till Night, for two Pots of Belch, and a Sixpenny slice of Boil'd beef ; and Ward's friend, the attorney, 4 is so well read in Physiognomy, that he knows a Knight of the Post by his Countenance ; and if your Business requires such an Agent, he can pick you up one at a small Warning. He is very understanding in the Business of the Old Bailey and knows as well how to Fee a Jury Man as he does a Barrister. He has a rare knack at putting in Broomstick Bail ; and knows a great many more ways to keep a Man out of his Money, than he does to get it him. Tricks and Quirks he calls the cunning part of the Law ; and that Attorney that practises the most knavery, is the Man for his Money.' Queen Anne's reign was not prolific of great lawyers, although Lords Somers, Cowper, and Harcourt were alive. The two former had the felicity of being scarified by Mrs. Manley in the ' New Atlantis. 5 The former, under the name of Cicero, is accused of seducing a friend's wife, and then imprisoning, and finally making away with, her husband ; and the latter was charged with com- 356 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. mitting bigamy. His brother Spencer Cowper, too, was unhappy in his connection with the fair sex, he having been, with three others, arraigned for being concerned in the murder of one Sarah Stout. He was acquitted, and probably remembered the fact when afterwards he was a judge, in which capacity he was very merciful. Lord Cowper put an end to an old custom, by refusing to receive New Year's gifts from the officers of his court and the counsel of his Bar ; by which his wife says he lost 3,000/. per annum ; but even then, although his salary was nominally 4,000/., he managed, by fees to which he was entitled, to make it up to 8,000/. If Evelyn is to be believed, he knew how to take care of himself. ' Oct. 1705. Mr. Cowper made Lord Keeper. Observing how uncertain greate officers are of continuing long in their places, he would not accept it unless ^2000 a yeare were given him in reversion when he was put out, in consideration of his loss of practice. His predecessors, how little time soever they had the seal, usually got ;£ 100,000, and made themselves barons.' CHAPTER XXXIV. THE RIVER. Use as a highway— River slang — Rates of watermen— Description of wherries — Pleasure parties and barges — The Folly — Its frequenters — Gravesend tilt boat— Fares at the Horse Ferry — The Fleet Ditch. The River Thames was then a veritable ' silent highway/ in the sense of affording transport for passengers for short distances. In fact, the wherries then took the places in a great measure of our present cabs ; and a cry of c Next Oars ' or ' Sculls,' when anyone made his appearance at the top of ' the Stairs,' was synonymous with ' Hansom ' or ' Four Wheeler.' Poor Taylor, the Water Poet, had, more than half a century before, sung the decadence of this highway, but it still fairly held its own, and was in great request. When Sir Roger went with the Spectator to Spring Gardens, Foxhall (that naughty place where the \ wanton baggage ' of a mask tapped the old knight on the shoulder, and asked him if he would drink a bottle of mead with her, and where Sir Roger told the mistress of the house ' He should be a better Customer to her Garden, if there were more Nightingales, and fewer Strumpets'), he never dreamed of going any other way than by boat. He chose out the boatman with the wooden leg, and afterwards regaled him with the remains of their luncheon, to the waiter's astonishment. Addison was writing a superfine paper 'for gentlemen, by gentlemen,' so he softens down the language for which the river THE RIVER. 357 was noted, and ignores the torrent of licentious ribaldry with which eveiy boat greeted each other, and which was known as 1 River Wit.' He certainly hints at it, but simply touches it, and then changes the subject. When Sir Roger, in the kindliness of his heart and the forgetfulness of custom, bids the passing boats Good Night, he merely says, ' But to the Knight's great Surprize, as he gave the Good Night to two or three young Fellows a little before our Landing, one of them, instead of returning the Civility asked us what queer old Put we had in the Boat, and whether he was not ashamed to go a Wenching at his Years ! with a great deal of the like Tha?nes Ribaldry. Sir Roger seem'd a little shock'd at first, but at length assuming a Face of Magistracy, told us, That if he were a Middlesex Justice ', he would make such Vagrants know that Her Majesty's Subjects were no more to be abused by Water than by Land. But Brown gives us the unadulterated slang, which cannot pos- sibly be reprinted for general perusal — indeed, his whole account of the river, although it is far too graphic to be omitted, and it gives us certainly the best contemporaneous description we have, must be somewhat expurgated to fit it for modern tastes. * Finding my Companion thus agreeable to my Humour, I steer'd him down Blackfryars towards the Thames side, till coming near the Stairs, where from their Dirty Benches up started such a noisy multitude of old grizly Tritons, in sweaty Shirts, and short-skirted Doublets, hollowing and hooting out Next Oars and Skullers, shaking their Caps over their bald Noddles, seeming as overjoy'd to see us as if we had been Foreign Princes come out of stark Love and Kindness to redeem them and their Families from Cruel Popery and Slavery. I bawl'd out as loud as a Speaking Trumpet, Next Oars, and away run Captain Charon from the Front of his wrangling Fraternity, with a Badge upon his Arm that the World might behold whose Slave he was, and hollowM to his Man Ben to bring the Boat near, whilst the rest withdrew to their Seats, calling one another Louzy Rogue and Sorry Rascal, giving us a clear passage without further Molestation. * Upon my Word, says my friend, I am glad we are past them, for this is one of the most ill looking Rabble, and from whom I had more apprehensions of Danger, than from any I have yet met with. 'Tis all, said I, but an Amusement, step into the Boat, sit down Watermen, row us up to Chelsea : No sooner had we put off into the middle of the Stream, but our Charon and his Assistant (being jolly Fellows) began to scatter their verbal Wildfire on every side of them, their first Attack being on a Couple of fine Ladies with a Footman in the Stern, as follows. . . . One of the Ladies taking Courage, pluck' d up a Female Spirit of Revenge, and racing us with the Gallantry of an Amazon made the following return ' . . . Well ! that awful piece of river chaff, which is still popularly sup- posed to arouse the ire of ' bargees.' ' Who eat puppy pie under Marlow Bridge?' was milk and water compared to the fearfully 358 SOCIAL LIFE in the rngn of QUEEN ANNE. strong language this lady made use of, the mildest part of her speech being, ' talk not to a Woman, you surly Whelp, for you are fit for nothing, but like the Breed you come on, to crawl upon all four, and cry Bow wow at a Bear Garden.' And so on with every boat they met. ' After rowing for some time, we had arrived at that Port to which we had consign'd our selves, where we quitted our Boat, and offering old Charon Three Shillings, he swore he would have a Crown ; but having the printed Rates in my Pocket, I was forc'd to lug out my Oracle before the Freshwater Looby would be convinc'd of his Error ; and withal told him, Had it been in London, I would have carry'd him before my Lord Mayor, and have had him punish'd, for making, contrary to Law, so unreasonable a Demand. With that he takes the Money, and putting off his Boat, gave us a notable Farewel after the following manner — viz. You're a Couple of Niggardly Sons of ; I care not a for my Lord Mayor ; the Rogue that printed that Book ; take you for a Book- learn'd Blockhead ; and confound him that taught you to read ; and so we parted.' Misson says, g The little Boats upon the Thames, which are only for carrying of Persons, are light and pretty ; some are row'd but by one Man, others by two; the former are call'd Scullers, and the latter Oars. They are reckon'd at several Thousands ; but tho' there are indeed a great many, I believe the Number is ex- aggerated. The City of London being very long, it is a great Con- veniency to be able sometimes to make Use of this Way of Carriage. You sit at your Ease upon Cushions, and have a board to lean against ; but generally they have no Covering unless a Cloth, which the Watermen set up immediately, in case of Need, over a few Hoops ; and sometimes you are wet to the Skin for all this. It is easy to conceive that the Oars go faster than the Sculls, and accordingly their pay is doubled. You never have any Disputes with them ; for you can go to no Part either of London, or the Country above or below it, but the Rate is fix'd by Authority ; every Thing is regulated and printed.' This, then, is a sample of the social amenities as then practised on the river, and the following are the Rates of Watermen as they are set forth by the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of the City of London. 1 From London Bridge to Lime House, New Crane, Shadwell Dock, Bell Wharf, Ratcliff Cross To Wapping Dock, Wapping new and old Stairs, the Her- mitage, Rotherhith Church Stairs From St. Olave's to Rotherhith Church Stairs, and Rotherhith Stairs 1 'An Useful Companion : or a Help at Hand. Being a Convenient Pocket Book.' Lond. 1709. Oars. s. d. Skull. s. d. THE RIVER. 359 From Billingsgate and St. Olave's to St. Saviour's Mill All the Stairs between London Bridge and Westminster From either Side above London Bridge to Lambeth and Foxhall From Temple, Dorset, and Black-fryers Stairs or Pauls Wharf to Lambeth Over the Water directly between Foxhall and Limehouse The Rates of Oars down the River. From London to Up the River. Gravesend Grays or Greenhith Purfleet or Erith Woolwich Blackwall Greenwich, or Deptford Chelsea, Battersey, Wandsworth Putney, Fulham, Barnelms Hammersmith, Chiswick, Mortlack Brentford, Isleworth, Richmond Twittenham Kingston Hampton Court Hampton Town, Sunbury, Walton Weybridge and Chertsey Stanes Windsor Oars. s. d. 6 6 Wh. F s. d. 4 6 4 — 3 — 2 6 i 6 2 2 6 3 6 4 — 5 ~ 6 — 7 ~ io — 12 H — Skull. s. d. 3 3 Com. s. d. The river, too, was naturally the place for picnics and pleasure parties — although they were by no means so magnificent as the following : l ' I took five Barges, and the fairest kept for my Com- pany ; the other four I fill'd with Musick of all sorts, and of all sorts the best ; in the first were Fiddles, in the next Theorbo, Lutes, and Voices. Flutes and such Pastoral Instruments i' th' third. Loud Musick from the fourth did pierce the Air ; Each Consort vy'd by turns, which with most Melody shou'd charm our Ears The fifth and largest of 'em all was neatly hung, not with dull Tapistry, but with green Boughs, Curiously Interlac'd to let in Air, and every Branch with Jessemins, and Orange Poesies deckt. In this the Feast was kept.' These pleasure barges were more or less ornate, and varied from the ordinary boat, with a tilt of canvas or green boughs to very elaborately carved and gilded ones. The last remaining, in our time, were the State barges of Her Majesty, the Trinity Barge, and the Lord Mayor's and City Companies' State barges. The recollection of the water pageant, on a sunshiny Lord Mayor's day, will never be effaced from the memory of those among us who are old enough to have seen it. It was one of the prettiest sights I 1 The Lyhig Lover, ed. 1704. 360 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. ever saw ; and a few of these barges may still be seen, utilised at Oxford as College Club boats. Misson says of barges, ' They give this name in England to a Sort of Pleasure Boat, at one End of which is a little Room, hand- somely painted and Cover'd, with a Table in the Middle, and Benches round it ; and at the other End, Seats for 8, 10, 12, 30 or 40 Rowers. There are very few Persons of Great Quality but what have their Barges, tho' they do not frequently make use of them. Their Watermen wear a Jacket of the same Colour they give for their Livery, with a pretty large Silver Badge upon their Arm, with the Nobleman's Coat of Arms emboss'd in it. These Water- men have some Privileges, as belonging to Peers ; but they have no Wages, and are not domestick Servants : They live in their own Mouses with their Families, and earn their Livelihood as they can. The Lord Mayor of London, and the several Companies have THE FOLLY ON THE THAMES. also their Barges, and are carry'd in them upon certain solemn occasions.' Moored opposite Whitehall was* a very large barge with a saloon, and promenade on the top, called the Folly, and this was a favourite place of entertainment. It was a fashionable resort in Pepys' time. He says, ' 13 Ap. 1668. Spent in the Folly \s? ; and Queen Mary and some of her attendants paid it a visit. In Anne's reign it was used as a coffee-house, but it no longer was extremely fashionable, as the company was very mixed. As D'Urfey sung : — When Drapers' smugged apprentices, With Exchange girls most jolly, After shop was shut and all, Could sail up to the Folly. 1 ' Pray, says my Companion (pointing to the Folly), what noble Structure is that floating upon the Water? I have often heard of 1 A Touch of the Times. THE RIVER. 361 Castles in the Air, and this seems to me to be a kind of an Essay towards such a windy Project. That Whimsical piece of Architect, said I, was design'd as a Musical Summer House for the entertain- ment of Quality, where they might meet. . . . But the Ladies of the Town, finding it as convenient a Rendezvous for their purpose . . . drove away their private Enemies, and Entirely possess'd themselves of this moveable Mansion, which they have occupied ever since, very much to their advantage. . . . We no sooner enter'd but we had as many Ladies staring us in our Faces, as if we had been either handsom to admiration, or ugly to a Miracle . . some dancing as they mov'd to show the Airyness of their Temper ; some ogling the Gallants, and others crowded into Boxes like Passengers into a Western Wherry, sat smoaking their Noses, and drinking Burnt Brandy, to defend their Stomachs from the chill Air upon the Water. ... In short, it was such a confused Scene of Folly, Madness, and Debauchery, that we step'd again into our Boat without Drinking to avoid the Inconveniences that attend mixing with such a Swarm of Caterpillars, who are always dangerous to the Unwary, and destructive to the Innocent.' 1 The ordinary freight barges were, both as to build and rig, extremely similar to those of the present day, and there was one passenger and freight sailing boat which went to the then Ultima Thule of a Londoner's experience — the Gravesend Tilt boat — of which we have an interesting reminiscence in the ' Rates for Carrying of Goods in the Till Boat between Graves- end and London 2 — s. d. An Half Firkin — 1 An Whole Firkin — 2 An Hogshead 2 — An Hundred Weight of Cheese, Iron, or any Heavy Goods — 4 Sack of Salt, or Corn, Ordinary Chest, Trunck or Hamper — 6 Every Single Person in the Ordinary Passage — 6 The Hire of the Whole Tilt Boat 22 6 There was a horse ferry (from whence the name Horseferry Road) between Westminster and Lambeth for passengers, horses, coaches, etc. The rates were — s. d. For a Man and Horse — 2 ,, Horse and Chaze 1 — ,, Coach and 2 Horses 1 6 » - » 4 >• 2 — „ 6 „ 26 , , a Cart Loaden 2 6 , , a Cart, or Waggon each 2 — Whilst on the subject of the river Thames, mention of one of its tributaries, the Fleet Ditch, should not be omitted. Taking its rise in Hampstead it meandered along, until it fell into the river at Blackfriars, where it formed a wide and shallow mouth called a 1 A Walk Round London and Westminster. 2 An Useful Companion. 362 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Fleet, which was once of such extent that ships of considerable burden could get up it some little distance. In Anne's time, how- ever, it had become a black and fetid sewer. Nobody had a good word for it. Gay never mentions it without abuse. Or who that rugged Street would traverse o'er, That stretches, O Fleet Ditch, from thy black Shore. 1 and — If where Fleet Ditch with Muddy Current flows. Ward says, ' from thence we took a turn down by the Ditch side, I desiring my friend to inform me what great advantages this Costly Brook contributed to the Town, to Countervail the Expence of Seventy four Thousand Pounds, which I read in a very Credible Author was the Charge of its making ; He told me he was wholly unacquainted with any, unless it was now and then to bring up a few Chaldron of Coles to 2 or 3 pedling Fewel Merchants, who sell them never the cheaper to the poor for such Conveniency : And as for those Cellers you see on each side, design'd for Warehouses, they are rendered by their dampness so unfit for that purpose, that they are wholly useless, except for Lightermen to lay themselves in, or to harbour Frogs, Toads and other Vermin. The greatest good that ever I heard it did, was to the undertaker, who is bound to acknowledge he has found better Fishing in a muddy Stream, than ever he did in clear Water.' CHAPTER XXXV. THE STREETS. Size of London — Pall Mall— London in wet weather— Early morning — Street cries : a list of them — Roguery in the streets— Orderly regulations— State of the roads — Rule of the road — Street signs — Description of the streets — Milkmaids on May Day — Hyde Park ; its regulations — Lighting the streets — The streets at night. London, it is scarcely necessary to remark, was very circumscribed in its area compared to its overgrown present dimensions. The northern bank of the river was well occupied from Shadwell to Westminster, opposite Lambeth. On the west the houses went down the northern side of Piccadilly, as far as Apsley House; but Bond Street was only partially built, and there were no houses westward of it. The Edgware Road and Tottenham (or, as it was then called, Hampstead) Road were in existence, but few were the houses in either of them. At the Back of Montague and South- ampton Houses, and generally north of Theobald's Road and Clerkenwell, there was nought but fields, dotted here and there * Trivia, THE STREETS. 363 with farmhouses — with the hills of Hampstead and Highgate for a background. Houses ceased, on the eastern side, after Shoreditch, and shortly after passing Whitechapel Church ; so that a walk all round inhabited London — skirting the north bank of the river to begin with — might be done in about twelve miles. Covent Garden was the centre of social life. Soho and Leicester Squares, and thence westward, comprised the limits of the court and fashionable society — that land of luxury for which Gay sighed, but which yet was not perfect. O bear me to the Paths of fair Pell Mell, Safe are thy Pavements, grateful is thy Smell ! At distance, rolls along the gilded Coach, Nor sturdy Carmen on thy Walks encroach ; No Less would bar thy Ways, were Chairs deny'd, The soft Supports of Laziness and Pride ; Shops breathe Perfumes, thro' Sashes Ribbons glow, The Mutual Arms of Ladies, and the Beau. — Yet still ev'n Here, when Rains the Passage hide Oft' the loose Stone spirts up a Muddy Tide, Beneath thy careless Foot ; and from on high, Where Masons mount the Ladder, Fragments fly ; Mortar, and crumbled Lime in Show'rs descend, And o'er thy Head destructive Tiles impend. A STREET SCENE. If, when it was wet weather, the ground was so bad in * fair Pell Mell, J what was it elsewhere? Here is a little scene out in the fields going to St. Pancras Church— a wedding party. 1 'The morning being rainy, methought the march to this wedding was but too lively a picture of Wedlock itself. They seemed both to have a month's mind to make the best of their way single ; yet both tugged arm in arm : and when they were in a dirty way, he was but deeper in the mire, by endeavouring to pull out his com- panion, and yet without helping her, The bridegroom's feathers Taller, No. 7. 364 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. in his hat all drooped ; one of his shoes had lost an heel. In short, he was, in his whole person and dress so extremely soused, that there did not appear one inch or single thread about him un- married? 1 Swift 2 gives an excellent metrical description of a shower in those days. * Now in contiguous drops the flood comes down, Threatening with deluge this devoted town. To shops in crouds the draggled females fly, Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy. The Templar spruce, while every spout's abroach, Stays till 'tis fair, yet seems to call a Coach. The tuck'd up sempstress walks with hasty Strides, While streams run down her oil'd umbrella's sides. Here various kinds, by various fortunes led, Commence acquaintance underneath a shed. Triumphant Tories and desponding Whigs Forget their feuds, and join to save their wigs. Box'd in a Chair the Beau impatient sits, While spouts run clattering o'er the roof by fits ; And ever and anon with frightful din The leather sounds ; he trembles from within. Those gutter spouts, sending their streams not quite clear of the pavement, must have been a terrible nuisance to a generation of men innocent of umbrella or Mackintosh ; and Gay advises any- one, in wet weather, to maintain his privilege of taking the wall, but not to quarrel for it. When from high Spouts the dashing Torrents fall, Ever be watchful to maintain the Wall ; For should'st thou quit thy Ground, the rushing Throng Will with impetuous Fury drive along ; All press to gain those Honours thou hast lost, And rudely shove thee far without the Post. Then to retrieve the Shed you strive in vain, Draggled all o'er, and soak'd in Floods of Rain. Yet rather bear the Show'r, and Toils of Mud, Than in the doubtful Quarrel risque thy Blood. Let us take the streets throughout the day ; and let, as usual, contemporary writers give their own account of them in their own language. Steele 3 begins with a description of London in the morning. Now hardly here and there an hackney Coach Appearing, show'd the ruddy morn's approach. The slipshod 'prentice, from his master's door, Had par'd the street, and sprinkled round the floor ; Now Moll had whirl'd her mop with dextrous airs, Prepar'd to scrub the entry and the Stairs. The youth with broomy stumps began to trace The kennel edge, where wheels had worn the place. 1 A play upon the word unmarred (unspoilt), 2 Tat/er, 238. 3 /did., No. 9. THE STREETS. 365 The small coal man was heard with cadence deep, Till drown'd in shriller notes of Chimney sweep. Duns at his Lordship's gates began to meet ; And brick dust Moll had scream'd thro' half a street : The turnkey now his flock returning sees, Duly let out a' nights to steal for fees. The watchful bailiffs take their silent stands ; And school boys lag with satchels in their hands. It is only in the poorer neighbourhoods that street cries, nowa- days, flourish, and it is only by a visit to them that we can at all realise the babel of sounds that the streets gave forth in the reign of Anne. Luckily, as they differ so much from anything we know of, and are so suggestive of the petty industries then practised, they have been preserved for us by Marcellus Lauron, in his some- what scarce book, 1 from which many illustrations used in this book have been taken. Here is a list of them : — Any Card Matches or Save Alls. Pretty Maids, Pretty Pins, Pretty Women. Ripe Strawberryes. A Bed Matt or a Door Matt. Buy a fine Table Basket. Old Shoes for some Broomes. Hot bak'd Wardens Hott. 2 Small Coale. Maids, any Cunny 3 Skins, Buy a Rabbet, a Rabbet. Buy a Fork or a Fire Shovel. Chimney Sweep. Crab, Crab, any Crab. Oh Rare Shoe. 4 Lilly White Vinegar 3 pence a quart. Buy my Dutch biskets. Ripe Speragas. Maids, buy a Mopp. Buy my fat Chickens. Buy my flounders. Old Cloaks Suits or Coats. Fair Lemons and Oranges. Old Chairs to mend. Twelve pence a peck Oysters. Troope, every One. Old Satten, Old Taffety or Velvet. Ha, Ha, Ha, Poor Jack. Buy my Dish of great Eeles. Buy a fine Singing bird. Buy any Wax or Wafers. Fine Writeing Inke. A Merry new Song. Buy a new Almanack. Buy my fine singing Glasses. 5 Any Kitchen StufTe have you, Maids. Knives, Combs or Ink homes. Four for six pence, Mackrell. Any Work for John Cooper. Four paire for a Shilling, Holland Socks. Colly Molly Puffe. 6 Six pence a pound fair Cherryes. Knives or Cissors to grinde. Long thread Laces, long and Strong. Remember the Poor prisoners. A Brass Pott, or an Iron Pott to mend. Buy my four Ropes of Hard Onyons. London Gazettes here. Buy a White line, a Jack line, or a Cloathe line. Any old Iron, take money for. Delicate Cowcumbers to pickle. Any Baking Pears. New River Water. 1 Habits and Cryes of the City of London, 1709. 2 Pies. 3 Rabbit. 4 Raree Show. 5 Glass Horns. 6 An itinerant pastrycook, mentioned in Spectator, 362, &c. 366 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE, This does not pretend to be an exhaustive list ; in fact, they were so numerous and varied that, as Addison says (Spectator^ 251), * There is nothing which more astonishes a Foreigner, and frights a Country Squire, than the Cries of London. My good friend Sir Roger often declares, that he cannot get them out of his Head, or go to sleep for them, the first Week that he is in Town. On the contrary, Will. Honeycomb calls them the Ramage de la Ville, and prefers them to the sounds of Larks and Nightingales, with all the Musick of the Fields and Woods.' The whole of this Spectator is on street cries, and is very interesting reading. Trim, in Steele's comedy of ' The Funeral,' tells a lot of ragged soldiers : c There's a thousand things you might do to help out about this Town, as to cry — Puff — Puff Pyes. Have you any Knives or Scissors to grind— or, late in an Evening, whip from Grub Street strange and bloody News from Flanders — Votes from the House of Commons— Buns, rare Buns — Old Silver Lace, Cloaks, Sutes or Coats — Old Shoes, Boots or Hats. Successive Crys the Season's Change declare, And made the Monthly Progress of the Year. There was yet another noise in the streets, that of the ballad- singer, or singers, for they generally went in couples. People were warned against them. Let not the Ballad-Singer's shrilling Strain Amid the Swarm thy list'ning Ear detain : Guard well thy Pocket ; for these Syrens stand, To aid the Labours of the diving hand ; Confed'rate in the Cheat, they draw the Throng, And Cambrick Handkerchiefs reward the Song. The streets ought to have been kept in fair order, if the inhabit- ants had complied with the law ; but they evidently neglected it, and had to be reminded of their duties by a notice in the Gazette^ April 12/14, 1711. According to 8 & 9 Will. III. cap. 37, everyone had, on Wednesdays and Saturdays, to sweep and cleanse the road in front of his house, building, or wall, and heap up the dirt for the scavenger to remove, under penalty of 10s. That no one should throw any ashes, dirt, etc., into the open street before his house, under penalty of 5^., or if it was thrown before any other building, 20s. ; but they must deliver the dust to the scavenger (2 Will, and Mary, cap. 8), who must come round daily to collect it, giving notice by ringing a bell or otherwise, or penalty 40^. All householders, or, if empty, the owners of house, to keep the pavement before said house in repair, or pay 20s. per rod, and 20s. per week, till the same be sufficiently repaired. THE STREETS. 367 While it was being done, the self-same sign was hung out as now — Does not each Walker know the Warning Sign, When Wisps of Straw depend upon the Twine 'Cross the Close Street ; that then the Pavior's Art Renews the Ways, deny'd to Coach and Cart. The dust carts were not unmixed blessings — The Dustman's Cart offends thy Cloaths and Eyes When through the Street a Cloud of Ashes flies. And there were other ways of ' offending Cloaths.' When Drays bound high, they never cross behind, Where bubbling Yest is blown by Gusts of Wind: And when up Ludgate Hill huge Carts move slow, Far from the straining Steeds, securely go, Whose dashing Hoofs, behind them, fling the Mire, And mark, with muddy Blots, the gazing Squire. In walking the rule was the same as now : everyone should take the right-hand side of the path ; and the courtesies of giving way on special occasions are clearly pointed out in the following lines, showing there was a time to concede and a time to retain the right to the wall : — Let due Civilities be strictly paid. The Wall surrender to the hooded Maid ; Nor let thy sturdy Elbow's hasty Rage Jostle the feeble Steps of trembling Age : And when the Porter bends beneath his Load, And pants for Breath ; clear thou the crouded Road. But above all, the groaping Blind direct, And from the pressing Throng the Lame protect. You'll sometimes meet a Fop, of Nicest Tread, Whose mantling Peruke veils his empty Head, At ev'ry Step he drce.ds the Wall to lose, And risques, to save a Coach, his red heel'd Shoes ; Him like the Miller, pass witli Caution by, Lest from his Shoulder Clouds of Powder fly. But when the Bully, with assuming Pace Cocks his Broad Hat, edg'd round with tarnished Lace, Yield not the Way ; dene his strutting Pride, And thrust him to the Muddy Kennel s side ; He never turns again, nor dares oppose, But mutters Coward Curses as he goes. The shops were low, and mostly with overhanging pent-houses, which were inconvenient. Where the low Penthouse bows the Walker's head, And the rough Pavement wounds the yielding Tread : Where not a Post protects the narrow Space, And strung in Twines, Combs dangle in thy Face. The ^oods were very much exposed ; in fact, such conduct now 368 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. in a shopkeeper would rouse the virtuous indignation of any metropolitan magistrate ; but there was generally an apprentice on the look-out. Our modern costermonger's barrows had a prototype. 1 We mov'd on till we came to Fleet Bridge, where Nuts, Ginger bread, Oranges and Oysters, lay Pil'd up in Moveable Shops that run upon Wheeles, attended by 111 looking Fellows, some with but one Eye, and others without Noses.' 1 The street signs, which were necessary, as houses were not numbered, were very numerous and large, and some were exceed- ingly costly. Misson was very much struck with them. ' At London they are commonly very large, and jutt out so far, that in some narrow Streets they touch one another ; nay, and run across almost quite to the other Side. They are generally adorn'd with Carving and Gilding ; and there are several that, with the Branches of Iron which support them, cost above a hundred Guineas. They seldom write upon the Sign the Name of the Thing represented in it ; so that here is no need of Moliere's Inspector. Out of London, and particularly in Villages, the Signs of Inns are suspended in the middle of a great Wooden Portal, which may be look'd upon as a Kind of triumphal Arch to the Honour of Bacchus.' Brown draws a vivid if somewhat unpleasant picture of the streets. 2 ' Some Carry, others are Carried : Make way there, says a gouty leg'd Chairman, that is carrying a Punk of Quality to a Morning's Exercise ; or a Bartholomew Baby Beau, newly launched out of a Chocolate House, with his Pockets as empty as his brains. Make room there, says another Fellow driving a Wheel- barrow of Nuts, that spoil the Lungs of the City Prentices. One draws, another drives. Stand up there you blind Dog, says a Carman, Will you have the Cart squeeze your Guts out? One Tinker knocks, another bawls, Have you a Brass Pot, Iron Pot, Kettle, Skillet, or a Frying Pan to mend? Whilst another yelps louder than Homer's Stentor, Two a groat, and four for Sixpence Mackerel. One draws his Mouth up to his Ears, and howls out, Buy my Flounders, and is followed by an old burly Drab, that screams out the sale of her Mades and her Souls at the same Instant. ' Here a sooty Chimney Sweeper takes the Wall of a grave Alderman, and a Broom man justles the Parson of the Parish. There a fat greasie Porter runs a Trunk full butt upon you, while another salutes you with a Flasket of Eggs and Butter. Turn out there you Country Putt, says a Bully with a Sword two yards long jarring at his heels, and throws him into the Kennel. By and by comes a Chtistning, with the Reader screwing up his Mouth to deliver the Service a la mode de Pans, and afterwards talk im- moderately nice and dull with the Gossips, and the Midwife 1 The London Spy. 2 Amusements Serious and Comical, calculated for the Meridian of London. THE STREETS. 3^9 strutting in the front, and young Original Sin as fine as Fippence, follow'd with the Vocal Musick of Kitchen Stuff ha' you Maid, and a damn'd Trumpeter calling in the Rabble to see a Calf with Six Legs and a Top Knot. There goes a Funeral with the Men of Rosemary after it, licking their Lips after three hits of White, Sack and Claret at the House of Mourning, and the Sexton walking before, as big and bluff as a Beef Eater at a Coronation. A Poet Scampers for 't as fast as his Legs will carry him, and at his heels a brace of Bandog Bailiffs, with open Mouths ready to devour him and all the Nine Muses.' Let us turn to a prettier street scene. It is May Day, and, although maypoles are banished to the country, where they still hold their own, London celebrates it in another fashion. The milkmaids hold their festival, and even Gay's ' Sallow Milkmaid's ' cheeks must have brightened at the prospect of such a treat. Confiding customers lent them silver plate, and women's taste and a few ribbons make a gorgeous trophy. Misson could not help being struck with it : ' On the First of May, and the five or six Days following, all the pretty young Country girls that serve the Town with Milk, dress themselves up very neatly, and borrow abundance of Silver Plate, whereof they make a Pyramid, which they adorn with Rib- bands and Flowers, and carry upon their Heads, instead of their common Milk Pails. In this Equipage, accom- pany'd by some of their fellow Milk Maids, and a Bag pipe or a Fiddle, they go from Door to Door, dancing before the Houses of their Customers, in the Midst of Boys and Girls that follow them in Troops, and every Body gives them something.' And Steele notices : * 'I was looking out of my parlour window this morning, and receiving the honours which Margery, the milk maid to our lane, was doing me, by dancing before my door with the plate of her Customers on her head J etc. In the daytime, after dinner, Hyde Park was the fashionable resort either for promeanding, riding, or driving. * Here the Tatler, 166. B B MILKMAID ON MAY DAY. 370 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. people take the Diversion of the Ring : In a pretty high place which lies very open they have surrounded a Circumference of two or three hundred Paces Diameter with a sorry Kind of Ballustrade, or rather with Poles plac'd upon Stakes, but three Foot from the Ground ; and the Coaches drive round and round this. When they have turn'd for some Time round one Way, they face about and turn t'other : So rowls the World.' 1 But it evidently was falling into evil habits, for on July i, 17 12, the Queen found it necessary to issue some rules and directions " ' for the better keeping Hyde Park in good Order.' The gate- keepers were to be always on duty, and not to sell ale, brandy, or other liquors. No one should leap over the ditches, or fences, or break the latter down. ' No Person to ride over the grass on the South side of the Gravelled Coach Road . . . excepting Henry Wise, who is permitted to pass cross that Part of the Park leading from the Door in the Park Wall, next his Plantation.' No grooms or others were to ride over the banks, or slopes, of any pond. No stage coach, hackney coach, chaise with one horse, cart, waggon, or funeral should pass through the park ; and no one should cut or lop any of the trees. As evening drew on the lamps were lit, i.e. if there were not a full moon, or in the summer time ; but should the pavement be up, or a sewer open, a lantern was specially provided. Where a dim Gleam the paly Lanthorn throws O'er the mid* Pavement ; heapy Rubbish grows, Or arched Vaults their gaping Jaws extend, Or the dark Caves to Common Shores descend. Oft' by the Winds, extinct the Signal lies. Or smother'd in the glimm'ring Socket dies, E'er Night has half roll'd round her Ebon Throne ; In the wide Gulph the shatter'd Coach o'erthrown, Sinks with the Snorting Steeds ; the Reins are broke, And from the cracking Axle flies the Spoke. Lighting was so far from universal that Thoresby 2 ' could not but observe that all the way, quite through Hyde Park to the Queen's palace at Kensington, has lanterns for illuminating the road in the dark nights, for the Coaches.' 1 Instead of Lanterns, they set up 3 in the Streets of London Lamps, 4 which by Means of a very thick Convex Glass, throw out great Rays of Light, which illuminate the Path for people that go on Foot tolerably well. They begin to light up these Lamps at Michaelmas, and continue them till Lady Day ; they burn from Six in the Evening till Midnight, and from every third Day after the Full Moon to the sixth Day after the New Moon.' 5 There was an improvement on the convex lamp, a new one, called the conic lamp, being introduced, and apparently answering very well. In the Gazette, Dec. 30 to Jan. 2, 1706-7, is this adver- tisement : l Whereas Her most Gracious Majesty Queen Anne has been pleased to grant her Letters Patent for enlightening the 1 Misson. 2 Diary, June 15, 1712. 5 At every tenth house. 4 The invention of Edmund Heming. 5 Misson. THE STREETS. 371 Suburbs of London and City of Westminster, and all other Cities and Places in England, by new Invented Lights, or Lamps called Conic Lamps, for 14 years ; and whereas the Letters Patent for the Convex Lamps are long since expired ; These are to certify whom it may concern, That by an Act of Parliament made in the 2d Year of their late Majesties King William and Queen Mary of ever Glorious Memory, all persons paying to any Lamps, distanced by two of Her Majesty's Justices of the Peace, are exempted from hanging out a Lanthorn and Candle and indemnified from the Penalties contained in the said Act.' In 1709, however, is an advertisement of yet another lamp. * There is a new Sort of Light call'd a Globe Light, at St. James's Coffee House, near St. James's Palace, which is observ'd to enlighten the Street, and all Parts near it, with a true steady Light, and no way offensive to the Eye. The Person who con- triv'd it and set it up, may be heard of there, having obtain'd Her Majesty's Letters Patent for the Same.' l Ward draws a picture of the streets at night, too repulsive for reproduction — doubtless a true one — but one taken from the very lowest haunts. Gay's gentle verse, on the contrary, depicts more the inconveniences of the badly lit streets, and their results : — That Walker, who regardless of his Pace, Turns oft' to pose upon the Damsel's Face From Side to Side by thrusting Elbows tost, Shall strike his aking Breast against the Post ; Or Water, dash'd from fishy Stalls, shall stain His hapless Coat with Spirts of Scaly Rain. But if unwarily he chance to stray, Where twirling Turnstiles intercept the Way, The thwarting Passenger shall force them round, And beat the Wretch half breathless to the Ground. Let constant Vigilance thy Footsteps guide, And wary circumspection guard thy Side ; Then shalt thou walk unharm'd the dang'rous Night, Nor need th' officious Link-Boy's smoaky Light. Thou never wilt attempt to cross the Road, Where Alehouse Benches rest the Porter's load, Grievous to heedless Shins ; No Barrow's Wheel, That bruises oft the Truant School Boy's Heel, Behind thee rolling, with insidious Pace, Shall mark thy Stocking with a miry Trace. Let not thy vent'rous Steps approach too nigh, Where gaping wide, low steepy Cellars lie ; Should thy Shoe wrench aside, down, down you fall And overturn the scolding Huckster's Stall. The scolding Huckster shall not o'er thee moan, But Pence exact for Nuts and Pears o'er thrown. Where the nail'd Hoop defends the painted Stall Brush not thy sweeping Skirt too near the Wall ; Thy heedless Sleeve will drink the colour'd Oil, And Spot indelible thy Pocket soil. 1 Taller, Nov. 19/22. 372 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. CHAPTER XXXVI. CARRIAGES, ETC. Smithfield — Horse courses — Waggons — Stage coaches : travelling in them described — Bad roads — Posting — Hackney coaches : their Fares — Hackney coachmen — State coaches — Other carriages — Suburban drives — A Mechani- cal coach — Mourning coaches — Harness — Sedan chairs— Chairmen. Among the many places swept away, and yet which many of us well remember, is Smithfield, where both cattle ancl horses were sold ; and Ward gives a very amusing account of the horse sales there. l From thence we proceeded to the Rails, where Country Carters stood Arm'd with their Long Whips, to keep their Teams (upon Sale in a due Decorum,) who were drawn up into the most sightly order with their fore feet Mounted on a Dunghill, and their Heads dress'd up to as much advantage as an Inns of Court Sempstress, or the Mistress of a Boarding School : Some with their Manes Frizzled up, to make 'em appear high Wither'd, that they look'd as Fierce as one of Hungess's Wild Boars. Others with their Manes Plaited, as if they had been ridden by the Nightmare : And the fellows that attended 'em made as uncouth Figures as the Monsters in the Tempest; amongst these Cattel, here and there, was the Conductor of a Dung Cart, in his Dirty Surplice, wrangling about the Price of a Beast, as a wary Pur- chaser ; and that he ought not to be deceived in the Goodness of the Creature, he must see him stand three fair Pulls at a Post, to which the Poor Jade is ty'd, that he may exert his Strength, and shew the Clown his excellencies ; for which he strokes him on the Head, or claps him on the Buttocks, to recompence his Labour. * We went a little further, and there we saw a parcel of Ragged Rapscallions, mounted upon Scrubbed Tits, scowring about the Rounds, some Trotting, some Galloping, some Pacing, and others Stumbling. ' Pray friend, said I, what are those Eagle Look'd Fellows in their Narrow Brimm'd White Beavers, Jockeys Coats, a Spur in one Heel, and Bended Sticks in their Hands, that are so busily peeping into every Horses Mouth ? . . . Those Blades, says my friend, are a Subtle Sort of Smithfield Foxes, called Horse Coursers, who Swear every Morning by the Bridle, that they will not, from any Man, suffer a Knavish trick, or ever do an Honest one. They are a sort of English Jews, that never deal with any Man but they Cheat him ; and have a rare Faculty of Swearing a man out of his Senses, Lying him out of his Reason, and Cozening him out of his Money ; If they have a Horse to sell that is Stone Blind, they'll call a Hundred Gods to Witness he can see as well CARRIAGES, etc. 373 as you can. If he be downright Lame, they will use all the Asseverations that the Devil can assist 'em with, that it is nothing but a Spring Halt ; and if he be Twenty Years old, they'll Swear he comes but Seven next Grass, if they find the Buyer has not Judgment enough to discover the Contrary.' This horse market was of importance to the metropolis, which was supplied from the country fairs, from which the horses came up in droves. ' A Set of Geldings and Mares, just from a Journey to be sold Cheap.' So many were wanted for riding, carriages, and draught purposes. Horse-stealing was a crime so extremely prevalent, that is difficult to take up a paper that does not contain an advertisement respecting a lost or stolen horse. Some of the inland traffic was still done by means of pack- horses. * These are to give Notice to all Gentlemen or others that have occasion to send Goods, or travel from London to Exeter or Plymouth, or from Exeter and Plymouth, or any parts of Cornwall or Devonshire to London ; that they may be accommodated for Expedition by Pack Horse Carriage, who set out from the Cross Keys Inn in Wood Street London every Saturday, and from the Mermaid Inn in Exon every Monday. Perform'd, if God permit, by Ebenezer Brookes/ But there were also waggons, which, by the divine permission, started for every town of note in England. Stage coaches ran to most of the towns ; and we may judge of the time they took over their journeys, Gloucester, 82 miles, in one day, and Hereford, 134 miles, in one day and a half. Their fares may be somewhat approximately guessed at : Bath, 16^. ; Bristol, 15^. to 18.?. ; and Gosport, 9^. Steele gives an amusing description in the Spectator (No. 132) of stage-coach travelling : how the cap- tain was subdued by the good plain sense of Ephraim the Quaker. 1 We can not help it, Friend, I say ; if thou wilt, we must hear thee. . . . To speak indiscreetly what we are obliged to hear, by being hasped up with thee in this publick Vehicle is in some degree assaulting on the high road.' The captain took the rebuke in good part, and thorough good-fellowship prevailed. ' Faith, Friend, I thank thee : I should have been a little impertinent if thou hadst not reprimanded me.' In * A Step to the Bath ' we get an insight into stage-coach travelling. ' Enquiring of the Tapster what Company I was like to have, he said more he believ'd than I desir'd ; for there was four Places taken just after I went, and three of the Passengers were in the House, and to Lye there that Night ; the other was for a Mer- chant of Bristol. Then asking what those in the House were, he told me two Gentlewomen and their Maid Servant, who were just going to Supper. Whereupon I bid him go and give my Service to 'em, and tell 'em I was to Travel with 'em to morrow, and should take it as a great favour, if they would please to Honour me so far, as to admit me of their Company, for I was alone. The Fellow brought word they desir'd me to walk in, and they should be very glad of mine. . . . Supper being ended, they call'd for a Bill, 374 SOCIAL LTFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. which was presently brought ; out I lugg'd and was going to Dis- charge, but they begg'd my Pardon, and would by no means suffer me ; telling me that I must submit to the Rule that is generally observ'd in Travelling, for the Major of either Sex to Treat the Minor.' They breakfasted at Colebrook, dined at Reading, and then drained the merchant's bottle of * Right Nants ' ; after which one of the ladies told a story. They stopped at Theale to taste Old Mother Cleanly's bottled ale and plum cake ; then the mer- chant told a story ; and the day's journey terminated at Newbury. There they supped, and grumbled loudly at the bill. * For a brace of Midling Trouts they charged us but a Leash of Crowns, Six Shillings for a Shoulder of Mutton and a Plate of Gerkins, Three and Sixpence for Six Rowles, and three Nipperkins of Belch ; and two Shillings more for Whip in drinking our Healths. Their Wine indeed was good, so was their price ; and in a Bill of two pound four Shillings, they made a mistake but of Nine ; I ask'd what Countrey-man my Landlord was ? answer was made, Full North ; and Faith 'twas very Evident, for he had put the Yorkshire most damnably upon us.' Next morning one of the ladies presented them with a pot of chocolate of her own preparing ; they refilled the merchant's bottle, and started, beguiling the way with stories. Came to Marl- borough, where the road was so bad that the brandy bottle was broken ; and there they breakfasted. They seem to have dined at Calne or Chippenham, complaining bitterly of the roads, the last portion of which was got over at the rate of two miles in three hours. Here they stopped at a famous house, where ' there was more Coaches and Waggons drawn up before her Gate, than Hacks in Palace Yard, during the Session of Parliament, or Term Time. All her Entertainment is Loins of Mutton or Rabbits ; and she makes more Broth in a day than all the Chop Houses in Castle Alley in a Week.' ' Having Din'd, we proceeded on our Journey, but with a great deal of difficulty ; for the Road was so Rocky, Unlevel, and Narrow in some places, that I am persuaded the Alps are to be passed with less Danger,' and they finally reached Bath that evening. The roads were bad almost everywhere, and no one travelled more than they could help. The coaches were heavy and strong, to stand the fearful wear and tear ; but, to the passengers, a journey was simply the time spent in torture. Even in London the stones jolted terribly. Says Ward, c When our Stratford Tub by the assistance of its Carrionly Tits of different Colours, had outrun the Smoothness of the Road, and enter'd upon London Stones, with as frightful a rumbling as an empty Hay Cart, our Leathern Con- veniency being bound in the Braces to its good Behaviour, had no more Sway than a Funeral Herse, or a Country Waggon ; That we were jumbled about like so many Pease in a Child's Rattle, running at every Kennel Jolt a great hazard of a Dislocation : This CARRIAGES, etc. 375 we endured till we were brought within White Chappel Bars, where we lighted from our stubborn Caravan with our Elbows and Shoulders as Black and Blew as a Rural Man that has been under the pinches of an angry Fairy? Posthouses were at convenient stages all over the kingdom, and the postmaster was bound to provide horses for all comers, either to ride or drive. His duties and tariffs were as follows :— i The Post Master is obliged to receive of every Person, Riding Post with Horses and Guide, thus 3d. per Mile for each Horse Hire and 4a 1 . per Stage for a Guide. 'And no Person carrying a Bundle that doth not exceed 80 lbs. Averdupoise, shall be charged for it. 1 Jf through the default of the Post Master, any Person Riding Post shall fail of being furnished, he shall forfeit 5/. Or if the Post Master cannot, or do not furnish any Person with Horses for Riding Post, then they are at Liberty to provide Horses for them- selves ; but no Horses to be seized without the Owner's Consent. HACKNEY COACH. ' The other way that Gentlemen commonly Travel is in Stage Coaches, which is from about 2d. Farthing to 3d. per Mile. The Flying Coach is a Stage Coach, that is drawn by 6 Horses, and will sometimes run 90 or 100 English Miles on one day. ' It may also be noted that Carriage by Waggon or Pack Horses, is about 5 Shillings for carrying 112 Pound Weight 100 Miles; and so in proportion ; though 'tis something cheaper in the Summer than Winter.' 1 The Hackney coach was a very useful institution, in spite of all said against it. We have read Ward's description of the bumping he had in one ; in another part of the London Spy he says : ' Would you have me, said I, undergo the Punishment of a Coach again, when you Know I was so great a Sufferer by the last, that it made my Bones rattle in my Skin, and has brought as many Pains about me, as if troubled with the Rheumatism. That was a 1 British Curiosities in Nature and Art, 17 13. 376 SOCIAL LIFE in Die reign of QUEEN ANNE. Country Coach, says he, and only fit for the Road ; but Londo7\ Coaches are hung more loose, to prevent your being Jolted by the roughness of the pavement.' The ordinary hackney coaches do not seem to have been pro- vided with glasses. ' For want of Glasses to our Coach, having drawn up our Tin Sashes, pink'd like the bottom of a Cullender, that the Air might pass thro' the holes, and defend us from Stifling.' By the 5 & 6 Will, and Mary, cap. 22, the number of hackney coaches was fixed at 700, and a tax was imposed of 4/. per annum each, 1/. to be paid every quarter day, besides a fine of 50/. for their first licence for 21 years ; and 8/. per annum on stage coaches. To look after these hackney carriages there were five commis- sioners, at a salary each of 200/., and their office was in Surrey Street, Strand. The fares were not very heavy, even taking the difference of the value of money into consideration, and the fact that they had two horses. s. d. For one day of 12 Hours 10 — For one Hour 1 6 For every hour after the first 1 — From any of the Inns of Court to any part of St. James's or City of Westminster, except beyond Tuttle Street " 1 — From the Inns of Court, or thereabouts, to the Royal Exchange 1 — From any of the Inns of Court, to the Tower, Aldgate, Bishops- gate Street or thereabouts 1 6 And the same Rates back again, or to any Place of the like Distance. And, if any Coachman shall refuse to go at, or exact more, for Hire, than the Rates hereby limited, he shall for every such Offence forfeit 40 Shillings In 1 7 10 the number of coaches was increased to 800 by the 9 Anne, cap. 23, which also provided that they were to pay five shillings weekly, and were to go a mile and a half for one shilling, two miles for one shilling and sixpence, above two miles two shillings, and greater distances in the same proportion. The hackney coachmen petitioned against the tax, and said they were willing to pay the old one. One petition was entitled ' Some Reasons most humbly Offered to the Consideration of the Right Honourable the House of LORDS and the Honourable the House of Commons ; by all the 700 Hackney Coachmen and their Widows to Enable them to pay the Great Tax laid upon them ; ' and another was \ The Hackney Coachmen's case. Humbly pre- sented to the Right Honourable House of Commons with a pro- posal to raise for her Majesty 200,000/. per annum.' This was proposed, very coolly, to be done by laying a tax on all coaches and carriages not licensed, on passengers going by stage coaches, and on goods carried by waggons and packhorses. The coaches were numbered, although I can only find one notice of it : ' So that, rather than to stand a Vapulation, one of them took Notice of his Number ; ' * and the coachmen were 1 London Spy. CARRIAGES, etc. 377 noted for their incivility. Of course they did not come from a very high class, and the habits and language of the lower class of that time were extremely coarse. ' We discharged our Grumbling Coachman, who Mutter'd heavily, according to their old Custome, for t'other Sixpence ; till at last moving us a little beyond our Patience, we gave an Angry Positive Denial to his Unreasonable Importunities ; for we found, like the rest of his Fraternity, he had taken up the Miserly Immoral rule, viz. Never to be Satisfied? Gay gently hints at their incivility : — I f Wheels bar up the Road, where Streets are Crost, With gentle Words the Coachman's Ear accost : He ne'er the Threat, or harsh Command obeys, But with Contempt the spatter'd Shoe surveys. And, according to him, they were not only surly but pugnacious. Now Oaths grow loud, with Coaches, Coaches jar, And thezfsmart Blow provokes the sturdy War ; From the high Box they whirl the Thong around, And with the twining Lash their Shins resound : Their Rage ferments, more dang'rous Wounds they try, And the Blood gushes down their painful Eye. And now on Foot the frowning Warriors light, And with their pond'rous Fists renew the Fight ; Blow answers Blow, their Cheeks are 'smeared with Blood 'Till down they fall, and grappling, roll in Mud. STATE COACH. State coaches were very handsome, being elaborately painted, carved, and gilt, a fine coach and many servants being indispen- sable to a person of rank. But even in that age of luxuriously appointed equipages every- one was astonished at the magnificence of that of the Venetian ambassador. Luttrell notes it on May 20, 1707 : ' Yesterday the Venetian ambassadors made their publick entry thro' this citty to Somerset House in great state and splendour, their Coach of State embroidered with gold, and the richest that ever was seen in England : they had two with 8 horses, and eight with 6 horses, trimm'd very fine with ribbons, 48 footmen in blew velvet cover' d 37* SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. with gold lace, 24 gentlemen and pages on horseback, with feathers in their hats.' And the novelty does not seem to have worn off, for, four years afterwards, Swift writes to Stella : ' This evening I saw the Venetian Ambassador coming from his first public audience. His coach is the most monstrous, huge, fine, rich, gilt thing that ever I saw. 5 He also writes her, Feb. 6, 17 12 : ! Nothing has made so great a noise as one Kelson's Chariot, that cost nine hundred and thirty Pounds, the finest was ever seen. The rabble huzzaed him as much as they did Prince Eugene.' Anybody with any pretension to wealth and fashion drove six horses, as says Mrs. Plotwell l : ' I must have Six Horses in my Coach, four are fit for those that have a Charge of Children, you and I shall never have any ; ' and Luanda tells Sir Toby Doubtful 2 : 'You'll at least keep Six Horses Sir Toby, for I wou'd not make a Tour in High Park with less for the World ; for me thinks a pair looks like a Hackney.' The coachman, however, did not drive all six, one of the leaders being always ridden by a STATE COACH. postilion. These carriage horses were heavy, long-tailed Flemish ones, and naturally went at a sedate and sober trot. It was not everyone that could afford six, or even four, horses, so there were lighter vehicles, as the chariot, the calash, and the chaize or chaise. The latter was adapted for one or two horses, and sometimes was highly ornamented. ' A very fine Chaize, very well Carved, gilded and painted, and lined with blue Velvet, and a very good Horse for it, are to be sold together, or apart &c. — The Horse is also a very good Horse for the Saddle.' ' A very fine pair of young Stone Horses, and a very neat Chaize, well Carved, gilt and painted, and lined with Scarlet, and but little the worse for using to be sold.' ' A Curious 4 Wheel Shaze, Crane Neck'd, little the worse for wearing, it is to be used with one or 2 Horses, and there is a fine Harness for one Horse, and a Reputable Sumpture Laopard Covering.' The ordinary chaises, however, were much plainer, and they 1 The Beau s Duel, Mrs. Centlivre. - Loves Contrivance, Mrs. Centlivrre. CARRIAGES, etc. 379 were built strongly, to stand the strain of bad pavements and roads ; but it is probable that very few were put to such a severe test as the following : ' At the Greyhound Inn in West Smithfield is to be sold a Two Wheel Chaise, with a Pair of Horses well match'd : It has run over a Bank and a Ditch 5 Foot High ; and likewise through a deep Pit within the Ring at Hide Park, in the presence of several Persons of Quality ; which are very satisfied it cannot be overturn'd with fair Driving. It is to be Lett for ys. 6d. a Day, with some Abatement for a longer Time. 5 There should be a history attaching to the following advertise- ment : 'Whereas, upon the 10th of Octob. last, a Gentleman brought a Calash and one Horse, to the Duke of Grafton's Head at Hide Park Corner, and on the 20th of the same Month fetched away the Horse, but left the Calash as a pawn for what was due for the same. If the Owner will come and pay what is due, he may have his Calash again, else it will be appraised and sold in 10 days time.' The innkeeper had waited six months before he advertised. Here is another curious advertisement connected with coaches. * Lost the 26th of February, about 9 a Clock at Night, between the Angel and Crown Tavern in Threadneedle Street, and the end of Bucklers Berry, the side Door of a Chariot, Painted Coffee Colour, with a Round Cypher in the Pannel, Lin'd with White Cloath embos'd with Red, having a Glass in one Frame, and White Canvas in another, with Red Strings to both Frames. Whosoever hath taken it up are desir'd to bring it to Mr. Jacob's a Coachmaker at the corner of St. Mary Ax near London Wall, where they shall receive 30?. Reward if all be brought with it ; or if offer'd to be Pawn'd or Sold, desire it may be stop'd and notice given, or if already Pawn'd or Sold, their money again.' In very many advertisements of the sale of second-hand car- riages, it is mentioned that the glasses are complete. One would imagine from this that glass was dear, but it was not particularly so. ' These are to give notice to all Persons that have occasions for Coach Glasses, or Glasses for Sash Windows, that they may be furnished with all sorts, at half the prises they were formerly sold for. 5 And it goes on to say that 12 inches square was is. 6d., and increased up to 22 inches, nearly at the rate of 6d. per inch, or Ss. 6d. ; 23 inches was 10s. 6d., and so on at about is. 6d per inch to 28 inches, which was 20^., until it culminated at 36 inches square for £1 10s. If this, really, was half the previous cost, and if we reckon the difference in the value of money then and now perhaps some economical people would think twice before having a broken glass repaired. There were also a ' Chasse maree Coach, 5 and a ' Curtin Coach for Six People. 5 They used to take nice little drives, too, in these clumsy old carriages — but they took their time over the journey. Thoresby s ( kind friend Mr. Boulter, brought his chariot from Chelsea, pur- 380 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. posely to carry him to see Hampton Court.' They started about eleven, and, ' having passed through the City, we passed the Gravel Pits, 1 and had a clear air (whither the Consumptive are sent by the physicians) and delicate pleasant Country to Acton and Brentford ; the Duke of Somerset's Seat at Sion House looked most charmingly, and was the first time I had observed the lime trees in the avenues cut in a pyramidal form, even to a great distance from the palace, which looked very Noble ; thence through Thistleworth and Twitnam, a very pleasant road.' After their visit to Hampton, they stopped for the night at Richmond Wells, returning next day vid Kew, Mortlake, Putney, and Wandsworth. His friend Boulter, on another occasion, 'took me in his Coach to Hampstead, where we dined with his mother ; and after viewing that pleasant town, and taking a view of the Country from the Hill beyond it, we took a tour to Highgate, Mussel Hill and other Country villages, and a pleasant Country, and returned by Islington and Newington home again.' There was a mechanical curiosity which appeared in 171 1, and of which the following is an advertisement. ' An Invention of a wonderful Chariot, in which Persons may travel several Miles an Hour, without the assistance of Horses, and Measure the Miles as they go ; it turns or goes back ; having the Praise of all Persons of Quality, and ingenious Men that have seen it. Note that it is convenient for any Gentleman that is incapable of walking thro' lameness, to ride about his Park or Garden, without damaging his Tarris-Walks or Grass-Plats. The Invention is so highly approv'd that there is one already bespoke by a Person of Quality, which is to go on four Wheels, and swing in the Nature of a large Coach ; which according to a modest Computation, will travel at the Rate of 7 or 8 Miles an Hour. If any Person of Quality is desirous to use them with Horses, they may either travel as far again in a Day as they can with, another Coach, or can go as far with a Pair of Horses, as the Coaches hitherto in Use can with 6. Note that such as are bespoke for Parks or Gardens only, will come very reasonable, others at proportionable Prices.' It was the fashion to use a mourning coach all the time mourn- ing was worn, and this rendered it incumbent upon people to possess such a vehicle ; consequently they were frequently advertised for sale — ' At Mr. Harrison's, Coach Maker, in the Broadway, Westminster, is a Mourning Coach and Harness, never used, with a whole Fore Glass, and two Door Glasses and all other Materials (the Person being deceased) ; also a Mourning Chariot, being little used, with all Materials likewise, and a Leather Body Coach, being very fashionable with a Coafoay Lining and 4 Glasses, and several sorts of Shazesses, at very reasonable Rates.' The reins were not of leather, but of worsted, and sometimes of gay colours. Pepys, on that Memorable May Day in 1669 when 1 At Kensington. CARRIAGES; etc. 38i he started his pretty gilt coach, and had the hoises' manes and tails tied with red ribbons, had 'green reins, that people did mightily look upon us.' French harness seems to have been most fashion- able, although there is * a pair of fine new Rumpee Town Harness' advertised ; and hammer-cloths were used on the coach-boxes. A singular industry sprang up — that of stealing these hammer-cloths. * Lost off a Gentleman's Coach Box a Crimson CofToy Hammer Cloth, with 2 yellow Laces about it' i Lost off a Gentleman's Coach Box, a Blue Hammer Cloth, trimm'd with a Gold colour'd Lace that is almost turn'd yellow.' ' Lost a Red Shag Hammock Cloth, with white Silk Lace round it, embroider' d with white and blue, and 3 Bulls Heads and a Squirrel for the Coat of Arms. The sedan chair was a conveyance that was getting into vogue in Anne's reign. Taking its name from the town of Sedan in THE SEDAN CHAIR. France, it was first used in England in 1581, and in London in 1623. In 171 1 an Act (9 Anne, c. 23 ) was passed licensing 200 public sedan chairs at ten shillings each yearly, and their fare was settled at is. per mile. Next year, another Act (10 Anne, c. 19) was passed, licensing 100 more, but keeping the fares unaltered. Like coaches, their adornment was indicative of the wealth and position of their owners — although, perhaps; none ever came up to Anne's royal present. 1 * The Queen has made a present of a chair value ^8000 to the King of Prussia, which is ordered for Berlin.' Still they were highly ornamental, as the following, which was the property of Sir Joseph Williamson, deceased, will show. * A Cedan (or Chair) lin'd with Crimson Velvet, trim'd with Gold and Silver, and a new Mourning Chair &c.' The prefix ' Sedan ' was seldom used, and these conveyances 1 Luttrell's Diary, Dec. 10, 1709. 382 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. were generally termed * Chairs.' That they were considered some- what of a novelty in Anne's reign is evidenced by that line of Gay's * Nor late invented Chairs perplex'd the way,' and also by the fact that then the public chairs were first licensed, and the number, a very small one, regulated. They were not particularly comfortable, as the Marquis of Hazard describes l : * Hey, let my three Footmen wait with my Chair there — the Rascals have come such a high trot — they've jolted me worse than a Hackney Coach — and I am in as much disorder as if I had not been drest to day.' And they were some- times dangerous too. Or, box'd within the Chair, contemn the Street, And trust their Safety to another's Feet. The drunken Chairman in the Kennel Spurns, The Glasses shatters, and his Charge o'erturns. Gay evidently did not like either chairs or chairmen, for he warns his reader thus : — Let not the Chairman with assuming Stride, Press near the Wall, and rudely thrust thy Side : The Laws have set him Bounds ; his servile Feet Should ne'er encroach where Posts defend the Street. Yet who the Footman's Arrogance can quell, Whose Flambeau gilds the Sashes of Pell Mell ? When in long Rank a Train of Torches flame, To light the Midnight Visits of the Dame ? Others, perhaps, by happier Guidance led, May where the Chairman rests, with Safety tread ; When e'er I pass, their Poles, unseen below, Make my Knee tremble with the jarring Blow. CHAPTER XXXVII. THE MOHOCKS. Scourers, etc. — Bully Dawson — Two outbreaks — That in 1712 — Hawkubltea — Exploits of the Mohocks — Sir Roger de Coverley — Swift's fear of them — Emperor of the Mohocks — Gog and Magog — The Queen's proclamation — Decline of the scare — Constables and watchmen. In every age and country young blood is hot blood, and in this reign it was particularly so. The wild blood of the Cavaliers still danced in the veins of the beaus in Anne's time, and nightly frolics and broils were of frequent occurrence. They had their predeces- sors in this work — as Sir Tope says in ShadwelPs play of ' The Scowrers ' : * Puh, this is nothing, why I knew the Hectors ', and 1 The Gamester, THE MOHOCKS, 383 before them the Muns and the Titire Tus, they were brave fellows indeed ; in those days a man could not go from the Rose Tavern to the Piazza once, but he must venture his life twice. 5 And Whackum, in the same play, describes the doings of the fraternity of Scourers. * Then how we Scour'd the Market People, over- threw the Butter Women, defeated the Pippin Merchants, wip'd out the Milk Scores, pull'd off the Door Knockers, dawb'd the Gilt Signs. 5 In Anne 5 s reign these roysterers were called Mohocks— why, I know not, except that it was then a sort of generic term for North American Indians. In a later age this furore was termed Tom and Jerryism ; but then it had an intelligible origin, from Pierce Egan's ' Life in London, or the Day and Night Scenes of Jerry Hawthorn Esq. and his elegant Friend Corinthian Tom &c. 5 It still exists, although it has no special name. Brown, in his i Letters from the Dead to the Living, 5 says in that * From Bully Dawson x to Bully W . . . . n 5 : ' Therefore if ever you intend to be my Rival in Glory, you must fight a Bailiff once a Day, stand Kick and Cuff once a Week, Challenge some Coward or other once a Month, Bilk your Lodgings once a quarter, and Cheat a Taylor once a year, crow over every Coxcomb you meet with, and be sure you kick every jilt you bully into submission and a compliance of treating you ; never till then will the fame of W. . . . n ring like Daw sot? s in every Coffee House, or be the merry subject of every Tavern Tittle Tattle. 5 There seem to have been two special outbreaks of Mohocks — one in 1709, and the other in 17 12. Of the first Steele says: 2 * When I was a middle-aged Man, there were many societies of Ambitious young men in England, who, in their pursuits after same, were every night employed in roasting Porters, smoaking Coblers, knocking down Watchmen, overturning Constables, break- ing Windows, blackening Sign Posts, and the like immortal enter- prizes, that dispersed their Reputation throughout the whole Kingdom. One could hardly find a knocker at a door in a whole street after a midnight expedition of these Beaux Esprits. I was lately very much surprised by an account of my Maid, who entered my bed chamber this morning in a very great fright, and told me, she was afraid my parlour was haunted ; for that she had found several panes of my Windows broken, and the floor strewed with half-pence. I have not yet a full light into this new way, but am apt to think, that it is a generous piece of wit, that some of my Contemporaries make use of, to break windows, and leave money to pay for them. 5 Gay notices the Mohocks, and their window-breaking thus : — 1 Bully Dawson is supposed to be the original of Captain Hackum in Shad- well's play of 'The Squire of Alsatia/ and is mentioned by Steele in No. 2 of the Spectator, when he speaks of Sir Roger de Coverley having ■ kick'd Bully Dawson in a publick Coffee House for calling him Youngster.' 2 Tatler, jj. 384 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE Now is the Time that Rakes their Revells keep ; Kindlers of Riot, Enemies of Sleep. His scatter'd Pence the flying Nicker flings, And with the Copper Show'r the Casement rings. Who has not heard the Scowrers Midnight Fame? Who has not trembled at the Mohock's Name ? Was there a Watchman took his hourly Rounds, Safe from their Blows, or new invented Wounds? I pass their desp'rate Deeds, and Mischiefs done, Where from Snow Hill black Steepy Torrents run ; How Matrons, hoop'd within the Hogshead's Womb, Were tumbled furious thence, the rolling Tomb O'er the Stones thunders, bounds from Side to Side. So Regulus to save his Country dy'd. The greatest scare, however, was in March 17 12, and that exercised the popular mind as much as the garotters of modern times. People, of course, were more frightened than hurt, and there is very little doubt but that this outbreak was much ex- aggerated. Still, we can only take the contemporary accounts, and this is one of them. 1 ' The Town Rakes, or the Frolicks of the Mohocks or Haivkubites. With an Account of their Frolicks last night, and at several other Times : shewing how they slit the Noses of several Men and Women, and wounded others ; Several of which were taken up last Night by the Guards, and committed to several Prisons, the Guards being drawn out to disperse them. ' There are a certain set of Persons, amongst whom there are some of too great a Character, to be nam'd in these barbarous and ridiculous Encounters, did they not expose themselves by such mean and vulgar Exploits. ' These Barbarities have been carry'd on by a Gang of 'em for a considerable time, and many innocent Persons have receiv'd great Injury from them, who call themselves Hawkubites ; and their mischievous Invention of the Word is, that they take people betwixt Hawk and Buzzard, that is, betwixt two of them, and making them turn from one to the other, abuse them with Blows and other Scoffings ; and, if they pretend to speak for themselves, they then Slit their Noses, or cut them down the Back. ' The Watch in most of the Out-parts of the town stand in awe of them, because they always come in a body, and are too strong for them, and when any Watchman presumes to demand where they are going, they generally misuse them. 4 Last Night they had a general Rendezvouz, and were bent upon Mischief ; their way is to meet People in the Streets and Stop them, and begin to Banter them, and if they make any Answer, they lay on them with Sticks, and toss them from one to another in a very rude manner. ' They attacked the Watch in Devereux Court and Essex Street, 1 Brit. Mus. 8l6m - I 9 74- THE MOHOCKS. 385 made them scower ; they also slit two Persons' Noses, and cut a Woman in the Arm with a penknife that she is lam'd. They like- wise rowled a Woman in a Tub down Snow Hill, that was going to Market, set other Women on their Heads, misusing them in a barbarous manner. ' They have short Clubs or Batts that have Lead at the End, which will overset a Coach, or turn over a Chair, and Tucks l in their Canes ready for Mischief. 1 One of these Persons suppos'd to be of the Gang, did formerly slit a Drawer's Nose at Greenwich, and has committed many such Frolicks since. They were so outrageous last Night, that the Guards at White Hall was alarm'd, and a Detachment order'd to Patrole ; and 'tis said, the Train Bands will be order'd to do Duty for the future, to prevent these Disorders ; several of them were taken up last Night, and put into the Round Houses till order is taken what to do with them.' The Spectator, whose living was by making the most of any popular subject of the hour, was specially exercised over the Mohocks. 'An outrageous Ambition of doing all possible hurt to their Fellow-Creatures, is the great Cement of their Assembly and the only Qualification required in the Members. In order to exert this Principle in its full Strength and Perfection, they take Care to drink themselves to a pitch that is beyond the Possibility of attend- ing to any Motives of Reason and Humanity ; then make a general Sally, and attack all that are so unfortunate as to walk the Streets through which they patrole. Some are knock'd down, others stabb'd, others cut and carbonado'd. To put the Watch to a total Rout, and mortify some of those inoffensive Militia, is reckon'd a Coup d'eclat. The particular Talents by which these Misanthropes are distinguished from one another, consist in the various kinds of Barbarities which they execute upon their Prisoners. Some are celebrated for a happy Dexterity in tipping the Lion upon them ; which is perform'd by squeezing the Nose flat to the Face, and boring out the Eyes with their Fingers ; Others are called the Dancing Masters, and teach their Scholars to cut Capers by running Swords thro' their Legs ; a new Invention, whether originally French I cannot tell ; A third sort are the Tumblers, whose office it is to set Women on their Heads, and commit certain Indecencies or rather Barbarities on the Limbs which they expose.' 2 Sir Roger de Coverley was even somewhat nervous about them when he went to the play — and ■ asked me, in the next place whether there would not be some danger in coming home late, in case the Mohocks should be Abroad 5 ; and we learn how, finally, the party went to the theatre. ' The Captain, who did not fail to meet me there at the appointed Hour, bid Sir Roger fear nothing, for that he had put on the same Sword which he made use of at 1 A tuck was a short sword. 2 Spectator, 524. CC 386 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. the Battle of Steenkirk. Sir Roger's Servants, and among the rest my old Friend, the Butler, had, I found, provided them- selves with good Oaken Plants, to attend their Master upon this occasion.' Swift was in mortal fear of them, and, in his ' History of the Four Last Years of Queen Anne/ declares it was part of a deliberate plan to raise riot, during which Harley might have been assassinated — and accuses Prince Eugene of setting it afloat. He writes Stella — in Letter 43 — fragmentary jottings of his feelings during this period of terror. ' Did I tell you of a race of Rakes, called the Mohocks, that play the devil about this town every night, slit peoples noses, and bid them, &c. . . . Young Davenant was telling us at Court how he was set upon by the Mohocks, and how they ran his chair through with a Sword. It is not safe being in the streets at Night for them. The Bishop of Salisbury's son is said to be of the gang. They are all Whigs ; and a great lady sent to me, to speak to her father and to lord treasurer, to have a care of them, and to be careful likewise of myself; for she heard they had malicious intentions against the Ministers and their friends. ... I walked in the Park this evening, and came home early to avoid the Mohocks Here is the devil and all to do with these Mohocks. Grub Street papers about them fly like lightning, and a list printed of near eighty put into several prisons, and all a lie ; and I almost begin to think there is no truth, or very little, in the whole Story. He that abused Davenant was a Drunken gentleman ; none of that gang. My man tells me, that one of the lodgers heard in a Coffee House, publicly, that one design of the Mohocks was upon me, if they Could Catch me ; and though I believe nothing of it, I forbear walking late, and they have put me to the Charge of some shillings already. ... I came home in a Chair for fear of the Mohocks. ... I came afoot but had my Man with me. Lord treasurer advised me not to go in a Chair, because the Mohocks insult Chairs more than they do those on foot. They think there is some mischievous design in those villains. Several of them, lord-treasurer told me, are actually taken up. I heard at dinner, that one of them was killed last night. . . . Lord Winchelsea told me to day at Court, that two of the Mohocks caught a maid of old Lady Winchelsea's at the door of their house in the Park, with a candle, and had just lighted out somebody. They Cut all her face, and beat her without any provocation. ... I staid till past twelve, and could not get a Coach, and was alone, and was afraid enough of the Mohocks.' This dreaded association was supposed to be under the orders of a chief or ' Emperor,' who wore a crescent on his forehead, and is so described both in the Spectator and in Gay's very amusing play of * The Mohocks,' which is a delicious burlesque on the scare. Here is a sample of it. Some of the watch are talking about this dreaded band, and their doings. Says one : ' I met about five or six and thirty of these Mohocks — by the same token THE MOHOCKS. 387 'twas a very windy Morning — they all had Swords as broad as Butcher's Cleavers, and hack'd and hew'd down all before them — I saw — as I am a Man of credit, in the Neighbourhood — all the Ground covered with Noses — as thick as 'tis with Hail Stones after a Storm.' Says another : ' That is nothing to what I have seen — I saw them hook a Man as cleverly as a Fisher Man would a great Fish — and play him up and down from Charing Cross to Temple Bar — they cut off his Ears, and eat them up, and then gave him a swinging slash in the Arm — told him bleeding was good for a fright, and so turned him loose.' A third relates his experience : ' Poh ! that's nothing at all — I saw them cut off a Fellow's Legs, and, if the poor Man had not run hard for it, they had Cut off his Head into the bargain.' And the fourth tells how, ' Poor John Mopstaff^ Wife was like to Come to damage by them — for they took her up by the Heels, and turn'd her quite inside out — the poor Woman, they say, will ne'er be good for anything More.' Gay also wrote another skit on these awful beings. l An Argu- ment proving from History, Reason, and Scripture, that the pre- sent Mohocks and Hawkubites are the GOG and Magog mentioned in the Revelations, and therefore, That this vain and Transitory World will shortly be brought to its final Dissolution/ It is not particularly amusing, being a parody on scriptural prophecy, and it winds up with the following : — From Mohocks and from Hawkubites Good Lord deliver me, Who wander through the Streets by Night Committing Cruelty. They slash our Sons with Bloody knives, And on our Daughters fall ; And if they ravish not our Wives, We have good Luck withal. Coaches and Chairs they overturn, Nay Carts most easily ; Therefore from Gog and eke Magog Good Lord, deliver me. Public feeling on the matter, however, was so strong, that on March 17, 17 12, the Queen issued a Royal Proclamation. 4 Anne, R. The Queen's Most Excellent Majesty being watch- ful for the Publick Good of Her Loving Subjects, and taking notice of the great and unusual Riots and Barbarities which have lately been committed in the Night time, in the open Streets, in several parts of the Cities of London and Westminster, and Parts adjacent, by numbers of Evil dispos'd Persons, who have combined together to disturb the Publick Peace, and in an inhuman manner, without any Provocation, have Assaulted and Wounded many of her Majesty's good Subjects, and have had the Boldness to insult the Constables and Watchmen, in the Execution of their Office, to the 3 88 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. great Terror of Her Majesty's said Subjects, and in Contempt and Defiance of the Laws of this Realm, to the Dishonour of Hei Majesty's Government, and the Displeasure of Almighty God &c. &c. &c. ... Her Majesty doth hereby promise and declare, That whosoever shall before the First Day of May now next ensuing discover to any of Her Majesty's Justices of Peace, any Person who, since the First Day of February last past, hath, without any Provocation, Wounded, Stabb'd or Maim'd, or who shall before THE WATCH. the said First Day of May, without any Provocation, Wound, Stab, or Maim, any of Her Majesty's Subjects within the said Cities of London and Westminster, and Parts adjacent, so as such Offender be brought to Justice, shall have and receive the Reward of One Hundred Pounds, &c.' Can the following advertisement have any possible relation to the midnight orgies of the Mohocks ? Post Boy, Dec. 18/20, 1712 : ' Lately found, several Pair of Stockings, some Night Caps, and several Pair of Shooes, with two Brazill Rolling Pins, and some Brass Knockers of Doors. 5 THE MOHOCKS. 3*9 Brass knockers evidently were attractive, for in 17 14 we find a genius advertising, * There is to be Sold at the Sign of the Plow on Fleet Ditch, New Fashion Brass Knockers of all Sizes that cannot be broke off so easily as any that have yet been made. However, this is to Satisfy all Gentlemen and others that do buy any of them, that if any should be broke off, upon their bringing me a Piece of that which I sold, I will give them gratis one as good and as large as they bought/ The fright soon passed off, for we find Budgell * writing on April 8, 17 12, that some began to doubt ' whether indeed there were ever any such Society of Men. The Terror which spread itself over the whole Nation some Years since, on account of the Irish % is still fresh in most Peoples Memories, tho' it afterwards appeared there was not tl\e least Ground for that general Consternation. The late Panick Fear was, in the opinion of many deep and penetrat- ing Persons, of the same Nature. 5 But there is no doubt there was a substratum of reality, mixed with a great deal of exaggeration. The civil power was utterly unable to cope with riots of this description. What were the watch- men like ? From the time of Dog- berry to the institution of the pre- sent police they have ever been a laughing-stock. Old, infirm men, badly paid, incumbered with a long staff and a lantern, perambu- lated the streets under the au- thority of a constable. Who cared for them ? Certainly not a Mohock. Nay, their very honesty was called in question. ' Two of them like honest fellows, handed me home to my Chambers, without so much as stealing my Hat or picking my pockets which was a Wonder.' Ward gives an amusing little sketch of their venality. ' Civil and Sober Persons, said he, how do I know that, Mr. Prattle Box? You maybe Drunk for ought I know, and only feign yourselves Sober before my presence to escape the penalty of the Act. ' My Friend puts his Hand in his Pocket, plucks out a Shilling, Indeed, Mr. Constable, says he, we tell you nothing but the Naked Truth. There is something for your Watch to Drink ; We know it is a late Hour, but hope you will detain us no longer. 1 Spectator, 347. CONSTABLE. 390 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. 1 With that Mr. Surly Cuff directs himself to his right hand Janizary, Hem, hah, Aminidab, I believe they are Civil Gentlemen; Ay, ay, said he, Master, you need not question it ; they don't look as if they had Fire balls about 'em. Well, Gentlemen, you may pass ; but Pray go civilly home. Here, Colly, light the Gentlemen down the Hill, they may chance to Stumble in the Dark, and break their Shins against the Monument.' What sings Gay of watchmen ? Yet there are Watchmen, who with friendly Light, Will teach thy reeling Steps to tread aright ; For Sixpence will support thy helpless Arm, And Home conduct thee, safe from nightly Harm ; But if they shake their Lanthorns, from afar, To call their Brethren to confed'rate War, When Rakes resist their Pow'r ; if hapless you Should chance to wander with the Scow'ring Crew ; Though Fortune yield thee Captive, ne'er despair, But seek the Constable's consid'rate Ear ; He will reverse the Watchman's harsh Decree, Mov'd by the Rhetrick of a Silver Fee. Thus, would you gain some fav'rite Courtier's Word ; Fee not the petty Clarks, but bribe my Lord. CHAPTER XXXVIII. DUELLING. Its prevalence — Bullying — Fielding's duels — Favourite localities— Its illegality — Col. Thornhill and Sir Cholmley Dering : their quarrel and duel — Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun — Story of their duel. The senseless custom of duelling was much in vogue in this reign, although perhaps it had not reached to the height it afterwards did. The custom of wearing swords rendered the arbitrament of every dispute liable to be settled by those weapons. A few hasty words and the sword was whipped out, and probably one or other of the combatants had reason to regret his loss of temper. Indeed, to such a pitch had it come that the Code of Old John Selden, ' The duels or single combat,' printed in 1610, was reprinted in 171 1 for the benefit of Queen Anne's subjects, as was also Sir William Hope's ' New Method of Fencing &c.' Fencing-masters naturally adver- tised. ' Peter Besson a Waldense, born in Piedmont, teaches the use of the Italian Spadroon ; and does invite all Gentlemen that are curious in the Sword to see him perform his Exercises at St. Amant's Coffee House by Charing Cross, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, from 10 of the Clock in the Morning till 1. He hath been in most Princes Courts of Europe, from whom he hath ample Certificates of his great Dexterity and Ability this Way, and in a very short time can make Gentlemen compleat Masters of this DUELLING. 391 sort of Sword.' There were also the numerous fencing-masters who performed at Hockley in the Hole, who were always available as teachers. Steele, who had himself fought his man and run him through the body, did all he could to discountenance the practice ; as he says in Tatler 25 : ' I shall talk very freely on a Custom which all men wish exploded, though no man has courage enough to resist it.' And not only does he write against it in that number, but also in Nos. 26, 28, 29, 38, and 39. As a specimen of the hectoring and bullying then in vogue among a certain class, let us take the following extract from Ward * : ' As we came down Ludgate Hill, a couple of Town Bullies (as I suppose from their Behaviour) met each other, Damn ye, Sir, says one, wny did you not meet me Yesterday Morning according to Appointment ? Damn you, Sir, for a Cowardly Pimp, reply' d the other, I was there and waited till I was Wet to the Skin, and you never came at me. You lie like a Villain, says t'other, I was there, and stay'd the time of a Gentleman ; and draw now, and give me Satisfaction like a Man of Honour, or I'll Cut your Ears off. You see, says the Valiant Adversary, I have not my Fighting Sword on, and hope you are a Man of more Honour than to take advantage of a Gentleman. Then go home and fetch it, says Don Furioso, like a man of Justice, and meet me within an Hour in the King's Bench Walks in the Temple, or the next time I see you, by JovJs Thunderbolts, I will Pink as many Eylet holes in your Skin, as you have Button holes in your Coat ; and therefore have a Care how you Trespass upon my Patience. Upon the Reputation of a Gentleman, I will Punctually 1 London Spy. 392 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. meet you at your Time, and Place ; reply'd the other, and so they Parted.' Very early in the reign we hear of duels. The Flying Post, Dec. 15/17, 1702, tells us of two. ' On Monday last Col. Fielding, commonly called Handsom Fielding, was dangerously wounded in a Quarrel with one Mr. Gudgeon, a Gentleman, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. ... On Tuesday night last, one Mr. Cusaick, an Irish Gentleman, and Capt Fullwood, quarrelled at the New Theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, and afterwards fought ; Captain Fullwood fell on the Spot, and Mr. Cusaick was dangerously wounded.' In the same paper for Dec. 22/24, l 7° 2 , we r ead : ' Mr. Fullwood, who fought with Mr. Cusaick last Week in Lincoln's Inn Fields, was very decently buried on Sunday last in the Evening at St. Clement's Danes in the Strand. His Corps was brought from the Hay Market in a Hearse, attended by many Gentlemen of Note, and some of Quality ; they had all Favours and Gloves .... Two Gentlemen of the Guards fought a Duel in the Meuse ; one was kilPd upon the Spot, and the other dangerously wounded.' We find ' handsom Fielding' at it again in 1704. ' On Friday last my Lord de la Ware, and Mr. Fielding one of Her Majesty's Equerries, fought a Duel at Windsor : His Lordship was dangerously wounded.' * There were pet places for these combats, as there were also in the later days of duelling with pistols, when Wimbledon Common, Wormwood Scrubs, and Chalk Farm were fashionable localities. In Anne's time the favourite spots were Lincoln's Inn Fields, or the fields at the back of Montague and Southampton Houses, St. James's Park, and Barn Elms between Putney and Mortlake. ' 29 May 1705. Saturday last, Mr. Kennet, a young Kentish gentleman of the Temple, was killed in a duel behind Montague House, supposed by one Mr. Medlicot, who made his escape.' 2 ' 23 June 1705. A duel was this week fought in St. James's Park between Foot Onslow Esq, and Dr Shadwell : the latter wounded and disarmed.' It was illegal to fight duels, but the law was seldom acted on. Still, it was put in force when appealed to. '25 Feb. 1703. Upon Notice given, that Sir Stafford Fairborn and admiral Churchill designed to fight a Duel, they were both Confined, to prevent the same.' Whilst on this subject, notice of two famous duels fought in this reign must not be omitted — those between Col. Thornhill and Sir Cholmley Dering, and between the Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun ; because they throw so much light on the then procedure in these matters. Swift 3 notices the former thus : ' Dr. Freind came this morning to visit Atterbury's lady and children as physician, and persuaded me to go with him to town in his Chariot. He told me he had been an hour before with Sir Cholmley Dering, Charles Dering's nephew, 1 Daily Courant, Sept. 18, 1704. 2 Luttrell's Diary, 3 Journal to Stella, May 9, 1711. DUELLING. 303 and h*ad of that family in Kent, for which he is Knight of the Shire. He said he left him dying of a pistol Shot quite through the body, by one Mr. Thornhill. They fought at sword and pistol this morn- ing in Tuttle Fields ; their pistols so near, that the muzzles touched. Thornhill discharged first, and Dering having received the shot, discharged his pistol as he was falling, so it went into the Air.' This duel created an immense sensation at the time, and several accounts of the trial, etc., are preserved. From one of these * we will take our facts, premising that the trial took place at the Old Bailey, May 18, 171 1. 'The first Evidences were such as related to the quarrel, begun at the Toy at Hampton Court April 27th past, who depos'd that at an Assembly of about Eighteen Gentlemen met there at that Time, a Difference happen'd between the Deceas'd and the Prisoner, upon their struggling and contending with each other, the Wainscoat of the Room broke in, and Mr. Thornhill falling down, had some Teeth struck out by Sir Cholmley Deerings stamp- ing upon him ; that upon this, the Company immediately interpos'd to prevent further Mischief; and Sir Cholmley being made sensible of his fault, declafd himself ready to ask Mr. ThomhilPs Pardon which he did not think sufficient for the injury done him in beating out his Teeth ; but upon his requiring further Satisfaction, Sir Cholmley reply'd, He did not know where to find him, which Mr, Thornhill said 'twas a Lie ; soon after this the company broke up, and 'twas observ'd that those Two Gentlemen went home in different Coaches. ' It appeared that after this the Deceas'd made overtures of Accommodation.' At the trial the doctors deposed that ThomhilPs injuries were very severe, that he had had fever, and might have died, had he not had an excellent constitution. As soon as he recovered a little, he sent his antagonist the following challenge. ' May the 8th, 1711. 4 Sir, I shall be able to go Abroad to Morrow Morning, and de- sire you would give me a Meeting with your Sword and Pistols, which I insist on ; the Worthy Gentleman my Friend, who brings this, will concert with you for the Time and Place. I think Tuttle Fields will do well, Hide Park will not, this Time of the Year being full of Company. 4 1 am, Your Humble Servant, ' Richard Thornhill.* His servant deposed that on the morning of the 9th of May ' Sir Cholmley came into his Master's dining Room with a Brace of Pistols in his Hands ; upon which he inform'd his Master, Sir Cholmley was there ; who thereupon came to him, and ask'd Sir Cholmley if he would drink a Dish of Tea, which he refus'd, but 1 Brit. Mus. K I( ff 2 4- 394 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. drank a Glass of Small beer. Mr. Thornhill having dress'd him- self, they went together in a Hackney Coach to Tuttle Fields. Upon their being there, the Evidence depos'd, That they Came up like Two Lions with their Pistols advanc'd, and when within Four Yards of each other, discharg'd so equally together, that it could not well be discover' d who Shot first/ Sir Cholmley fell, and the usual scene took place ; the quondam friend rushed forward, and regretfully wished to be of service to the dying man. A surgeon was sent for, and before his death Sir Cholmley not only freely forgave his adversary, but admitted that ' this Misfortune was my own Fault, and of my own Seeking. 5 For the defence < Several Persons of Quality and Worth declared as to Mr. ThornhilVs Character, That they never knew him to be ,<^ DUEL BETWEEN DUKE OF HAMILTON AND LORD MOHUN of a Quarrelsome Disposition ; but that on the Contrary, Sir Cholmley Deering was given to be unwarrantably Contentious.' The judge summed up very clearly, but against the prisoner, pointing out to the jury the difference between manslaughter and murder ; but the jury brought in a verdict of manslaughter. Thornhill did not survive his adversary long. Swift writes Stella, Aug. 21, 171 1 : 'Thornhill, who killed Sir Cholmley Dering, was murdered by two men on Turnham Green last Monday Night. As they stabbed him, they bid him remember Sir Cholmley Dering. They had quarrelled at Hampton Court, and followed and stabbed him on horseback.' His remorse at his killing Dering is commented on by Steele in Spectator 84, under the name of Spinamont. The duel between the Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun has been frequently described ; and, had only the dissolute Mohun have been killed, few would have regretted its having taken place. As DUELLING. 395 it was, the Duke being the leader of the Jacobite faction in Scot- land, and Mohun being a violent Whig, the duel was invested with a political colouring ; and the Tories, enraged at Hamilton's fall, did not scruple to call it a Whig murder, and denounce Lord Mohun's second, General Macartney, as having unfairly stabbed him ; but from all the evidence 1 it is impossible to believe it. The story of the duel is briefly this. The two noblemen were opposing parties in a lawsuit, and on Nov. 13, 17 12, met in the chambers of a Master in Chancery, when the Duke remarked of a witness — ' There is no truth or justice in him.' Lord Mohun re- plied, * I know Mr. Whitworth ; he is an honest Man, and has as much truth as your Grace.' This, fanned into flame by officious friends, was enough ; and on Nov. 15, or two days afterwards, they fought, early in the morning, in Hyde Park ; their seconds — Col. Hamilton and General Macartney — also fighting, or, as they ex- pressed it, ' taking their share in the dance.' Lord Mohun fell, dead, and the Duke atop of him, mortally wounded. The seconds left off fighting, and went to the assistance of their principals ; and it was then, it was averred, that Gen. Macartney treacherously stabbed the Duke. Macartney fled ; but Col. Hamilton remained, took his trial, and was only found guilty of manslaughter. He accused Macartney of the foul deed, and great was the hue and cry after him. The Duchess was naturally enraged, and offered a reward of 300/. for his apprehension, and the Government offered 500/. more, but he got off safely. When things were quieter, he returned, stood his trial at the Queen's Bench, Colonel Hamilton's testimony was con- tradicted, and he was acquitted of the murder — but found guilty of manslaughter. The punishment for this, by pleading benefit of clergy, which of course was always done, was reduced to a very minimum, something amounting to the supposed burning of the hand with a barely warm or cold iron — and he was restored to his rank in the army and had a regiment given him. J Brit. Mus. 5 * 5 l a 396 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. CHAPTER XXXIX. THE ARMY AND NAVY. Sale of commissions — General practice — Its illegality — Arrears of pay — De- scriptions of officers — Army chaplains — The rank and file — Description of them — Irregularity of pay — Rations — Recruiting — Bounty — Gaol birds — Vagrants — Desertions — Story of seditious drummers — Train bands — The Navy: its deeds — Unpopularity of the service — Pressing — Desertion— Re- wards for capture— Pay — Description of Admiralty — Mercantile marine. 1 Colonel Southwell has sold his regiment for 5,000/. to Colonel Hansam of the guards ; ' * and doubtless the latter made money by the transaction, for it seems to have been the practice then for the colonel to sell the smaller commissions in his regiment. Hear what Brown says on the subject : 2 * We observ'd there a Colonel and his Agent, upon whom a pretty brisk Youth of about Seventeen attended at three or four Yards distance in the Rear, and made his Honours upon every occasion, we happen'd to place ourselves very near, and immediately express'd himself as follows : "This young Gentleman has a Particular Regard to your Honour, and a desire to learn the Art of War under so experienc'd an Officer ; 'tis true, he can't boast of any Antiquity of Blood or Service in the Army, to recommend him to so considerable a Post, as that of Ensign to your Honour. But, Sir, he has deposited a Hundred Guineas in the hands of Sir Francis Child, which, I presume, will plead his Merit very weightily; besides an Acknowledgement to your humble Servant." The Favour was granted, and the young Beau dismiss'd to his satis- faction.' This is not an exaggeration ; the thing was openly talked about, and even advertised. ' This is to give Notice, That Whosoever has a Mind to treat about the purchasing Commissions in the Army, either in old Regiments, or others, let them apply themselves to Mr. Pyne at his Coffee House under Scotland Yard Gate, near White- hall, and they will be further inform'd about it.' This advertisement seems to have aroused the authorities, for in the Gazette of Oct. 23 /25, 171 1, is the following official notice : ' Whereas a scandalous Advertisement has been twice published in the Post Boy, giving Notice, That whoever has a mind to treat about the Purchasing Commissions in the Army, either in the old Regiments or others, might apply to Mr. Pyne, at his Coffee house under Scotland Yard Gate near Whitehall, and they should be further inform'd about it ; which being directly contrary to Her Majesty's express Will and pleasure, sometime declared and signify'd, as well at home, as to all her Generals abroad, against the Sale of Commissions upon any account whatsoever ; it is thought fit to give this publick Notice, to prevent any abuses or 1 Luttrell, June 12, 1708. 2 A Walk round London and Westminster. THE ARMY AND NAVY. 397 Impositions that might happen therefrom ; and whoever shall discover to Her Majesty's Secretary at War, at his Office in Whitehall, the Authors of the said Advertisement, shall have due Protection and Encouragement.' A colonel clothed his regiment too, and there must have been money made out of that : and a military conversation recorded by Brown throws much light on the manners of the army at that time. 1 We had pass 1 d the Horse Guards and enter'd the oderiferous Park of St. James's, we found it a High Change on the Parade, Red Coats and Laced Hats spread everywhere. . . . Here is decided the Price of Commissions, which are openly bought and sold, as if a lawful Merchandize. . . . Here you may hear all this General's Miscarriages fully accounted for ; that General's success magnify'd and describ'd ; that Colonel damn'd for being put over this Captain's Head ; that Agent curs'd for tricking the Regi- ment out of their Pay, or by raising such Contributions with the Colonel's Connivance, that Estates are now got at this end of the Town, as well as by Stock Jobbing in the City. Here honest Pain, and Potter, and divers others of that fraternity, take their mid-day's Perambulation, to Agree with Spendthrift Officers, for advancing their Money at 30 per Cent.' The pay of all ranks in the army was always in arrear and hard to be got at, so these agents had a fine time of it. Lord Hardy. Were you at the Agent's ? Trim. Yes. Lord Hardy. Well, and how? Trim. Why, Sir, for your Arrears, you may have Eleven Shillings in the Pound ; but he'll not touch your Growing Subsistence, under Three Shillings in the Pound Interest ; besides which, You must let his Clerk Jonathan Item, Swear the Peace against you to keep you from Duelling, or insure your life, which you may do for Eight per cent. On these terms He'll Oblige you ; which he would not do for any Body else in the Regiment, but he has a Friendship for you. Lord Hardy. Oh, I'm his Humble Servant ; But he must have his own terms, we can't Starve, nor must my Fellows want. 1 Was an officer killed in action, his wife would be entitled to a pension — but it seems to have been somewhat problematical whether it would be available. ' One must Sneak to the Govern- ment, for a Pension of twenty Shillings a Week to Subsist half a Score Children, and hammer out the rest with Washing and Starching.' 2 The * Officer and Gentleman ' hardly went together ; the rough life of the camp told, and almost all contemporary writers agree in painting him as a swaggering, dicing bully. Farquhar's descrip- tion 3 will serve for all :— Silvia. I'm call'd Captain, Sir, by all the Coffee men, Drawers, and Groom porters in London ; for I wear a Red Coat, a Sword, a Hat hi en troussi, a M artial Twist in my Cravat, a fierce knot in my Perriwig, a Cane upon my Button, Picquet in my Head, and Dice in my pocket. 1 The Funeral. 2 Tunbridge Walks. 5 The Recruiting Officer. 398 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Scale. Your Name : pray Sir. Silvia. Capt. Pinch : I cock my Hat with a Pinch, I take Snuff with a Pinch, pay my women with a Pinch, In short, I can do anything at a Pinch, but fight and fill my Belly. In Bickerstaff's c Lottery for the London Ladies,' another class of officer is spoken of. ' Young spruce Beauish non fighting Officers, often to be seen at Man's Coffee House, Loaded with more Gold Lace than ever was worn by a thriving Hostess upon her Red Petticoat, all Ladies Sons of a fine Barbary Shape, Dance admir- ably, Sing charmingly, speak French fluently, and are the Darlings of their Mothers \ have large Pay for little Service, are kept at home by the Interest of their Friends, to oblige the Ladies, and hate the thought of going on Board Ships, because their nice Noses are unable to endure the smell of Tar, or the stink of Belg Water ; besides they are as much afraid of dawbing their Cloaths as they are of ventering their Carcases.' Who can this be ? c The first Gentleman I happen'd to cast my Eyes upon, was my old Friend and Fellow Collegian Bartholomew Cringe. I wondered who in the Devil's Name had equipt him with a Wig large enough to load a Camel. ... His Sword in length resembled a Footman's, who asserts the Reputation of his Mistriss, which, for divers good Causes and Reasons, he is very nearly Con- cern'd in. His Coat was as blue as the Sky ; and his Hat boldly erected its Sable Penthouse to play with greater vivacity the ruddy Complexion of its Owner. . . . Says he, Dear friend, Tom, you're surpriz'd to find your old Friend in this Place and Habit. I wear this Dress and Garniture as the Emblems of my Militant Capacity. I have the Honour to perform the Duties of my Office under the Protection of that worthy Gentleman Lieutenant General in Quality of Chaplain to his Regiment.' l Even their commissions were the subject of traffic. * If any Gentleman that is Chaplain to a Regiment is willing to dispose of his Commission, he is desired to acquaint therewith the Master of the Tilt Yard Coffee House near Whitehall.' What were the rank and file of this period ? Hear a contem- porary opinion. 2 ' A Foot Soldier is commonly a Man, who for the sake of wearing a Sword, and the Honour of being term'd a Gentle- man, is coax'd from a Handicraft Trade, whereby he might Live comfortably, to bear Arms for his King and Country, whereby he has the hopes of nothing but to Live Starvingly. His Lodging is as near Heaven as his Quarters can raise him ; and his Soul generally is as near Hell as a Profligate Life can sink him. To speak without Swearing, he thinks a Scandal to his Post ; and makes many a Meal upon Tobacco, which keeps the inside of his Carcase as Nasty as his Shirt. He's a Champion for the Church, because he Fights for Religion, tho' he never hears Prayers except they be Read upon a Drum Head. He often leads a Sober Life against his Will ; but he never can pass by a Brandy shop with 2d. X A Walk round London and Westminster* 3 The London Spy, THE ARMY AND NAVY. 399 in his Pocket, for he as N aturally loves Strong Waters as; a Turk loves Coffee. ... He is a Man of Undaunted Courage ; and dreads no Enemies so much as he does the Wooden Horse, which makes him hate to be mounted ; and rather chuses to be a -Foot Soldier. He's a Man, that when upon guard, always keeps his word, and obeys his Officer as Indians do the Devil, not thro' Love but Fear ; . . . When once he has been in a Battle it's a hard matter to get him out of it ; for where ever he comes he's always talking of the Action, in which he was posted in the greatest danger ; and seems to know more of the matter than the General. Scars, tho' got in Drunken Quarrels, he makes Badges of his Bravery ; and tells you they were Wounds receiv'd in some Engagement, tho' perhaps given him for his Sawciness. He's one that loves Fighting no more than other Men ; tho' perhaps a dozen of Drink and an affront, will make him draw his Sword ; yet a Pint, and a good Word, will make him put it up again. Let him be in never so many Campaigns in Flanders he contracts but few Habits of a Dutchman, for you shall oftener see him with his Fingers in his Neck than his Hands in his Pockets. He has the Pleasure once a Week, when he receives his Subsistence, of boasting he has Money in his Breeches ; and for all he is a Soldier owes no man a Groat, which is likely enough to be true, because no Body will trust him. Hunger and Lousiness are the two Distempers that Afflict him ; and Idleness and Scratching the two Medicines that Palliate his Miseries. If he spends Twenty years in Wars, and lives to be Forty, perhaps he may get a Halbert ; and if he Survives Three Score, an Hospital. The best end he can expect to make, is to Die in the Bed of Honour ; and the greatest Living Marks of his Bravery, to recommend him at once to the World's Praise and Pity, are Crippled Limbs, with which I shall leave him to beg a better Lively Hood.' To a Coblers Aul, or Butcher's Knife, Or Porter's Knot, commend me ; But from a Souldier's Lazy Life, Good Heaven pray defend me. Here, then, we have an unvarnished description of the soldier of the period, his virtues, his vices, his destitution, his uncleanliness ; but the authorities could not afford to be too particular in those days, and, besides, the men did not get their pay regularly. True, they were promised that ' If any Able bodied Men are willing to serve Her Majesty in the Train of Artillery abroad, let them repair to Captain Silver, Master Gunner of England, at his House in St. James's Park, they shall enter into present Pay of Seven Shillings a Week, and be further encouraged and advanced as they shall deserve.' Did they get this pay regularly? I fear not always. Ward speaks of ' that unfortunate Wretch, who in time of War hazzards his Life for Six pence a pay, and that perhaps ne'er paid him ; ' and there is an ominous advertisement, 1 ' The Paymaster General 1 Post Boy \ Oct. 7/9, 171a. 400 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. of Her Majesty's Guards, Garrisons &c. in Great Britain, has given Notice, that Money is issued for the Subsistance of the Troops and Regiments under his Care, to the 24th instant, inclusive.' If it were the usual practice to have the money in hand, there would have been no necessity for advertising it in this case. Discipline seems to have been rather lax just then, for in the Gazette^ Oct. 11/14, 1712, there is a notice : * Her Majesty is pleased to order, that all the Officers of the Regiments of Harvey, Peppar, Harrison, Wade, Bowles, Dormer, and Windress, do forthwith repair to the Castle of Dublin, and there receive such Orders as shall be given them by the Lords Justices of that Kingdom, upon pain of being checked of their Pay.' The uniforms in the army were plain and serviceable ; the most picturesque being that of the Grenadiers, who, Evelyn says, were first introduced in 1678. Some idea of the food given to the soldiers in garrison, may be gained by perusal of the following contract for rations. 1 'The Most Honourable the Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain having received Her Majesty's Pleasure, That a Contract shall be made for Victualling Her Majesty's Garrisons at Minorca, to consist of 1 Gazette, Sept. 23/27, 1712. THE ARMY AND NAVY. 401 about 4000 Men, and at Gibraltar, to consist of about 2000 Men, according to the Proportions underwritten for each Man for Seven Days, viz. ' 7 Pound of Bread, or (when desir'd by the Commanders in Chief) a pint of Wheat instead of a Pound of Bread. '2 Pound and half of Beef 4 1 Pound of Pork * 4 Pints of Pease c 3 Pints of Oatmeal * 6 Ounces of Butter * 8 Ounces of Cheese. . .' Not a too liberal dietary for a soldier. How did they recruit for the army? for, during the long war which lasted nearly the whole of Anne's reign, men had to be fur- nished to fill the cruel gaps made by slaughter, wounds, and disease. First of all, a recruiting officer, with his sergeant and drummer, would be quartered in some country town, and * beat up for recruits.' Of a recruiting officer we get some notion in Spectator \yi^ and in Farquhar's play. Let Sergeant Kite himself tell us the qualifica- tions for a recruiting sergeant. 4 So that if your Worship pleases to cast up the whole Sum, viz. Canting, Lying, Impudence, Pimping, Bullying, Swearing, Drinking, and a Halbard, you will find the Sum Total amount to a Recruiting Sergeant.' The Queen's shil- ling, once being taken, or even sworn to have been taken, and attestation made, there was no help for the recruit, unless he was bought out. In 1703 these means seem to have failed, for men could not be got in sufficient quantities without the inducement of a bounty. 4 This is to give Notice, That his Grace the Duke of Schombergh is raising a Regiment of Dragoons for Her Majesty's Service ; all such Persons who shall have a mind to List themselves therein, may repair either to his Grace's in Pall Mall, or to Mr. Brerewood in Norfolk Street, in the Strand, near Temple Bar, Agent to the same, where such Persons as have been formerly in the Army and are still fit for Dragoons, shall receive 40.S. in hand for Levy Money, besides all fitting Accoutrements, and such as have not been already in the Service shall have 30.S. and Accoutrements.' In 1706 an Act was passed (4 & 5 Anne, cap. 21) 'For the better recruiting Her Majesty's Army and Marines,' which gave the power to justices, assisted by their subordinates, ' to raise and levy such Able bodied Men as have not any lawful Calling or Imployment or visible Means for their Maintenance and Lively hood to serve as Soldiers.' A volunteer was to have a bounty of 40?. given him, and ' shall not be liable to be taken out of Her Majesty's Service by anyProcess other than for someCriminal Matter.' This shows to what straits they were reduced for men, and the following exemplifies the class of recruits that were then going into tne army : 4 Smith, who some time was half hanged x and cut 1 See page 409. D D 402 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. down, having accused about 350 pickpockets, housebreakers, &c who gott to be soldiers in the guards, the better to hide their roguery, were last week upon mustering the regiments drawn out, and immediately shipt off for Catalonia ; and about 60 Women, who lay under condemnation for such Crimes, were likewise sent away to follow the Camp.' 1 The Act of 1706 either fell partially in abeyance, or did not fulfil its requirements, for in the Gazette of Jan. 26/29, l 7°7-%i 1S a proclamation by the Queen calling attention to it, and promising, for the better carrying of it out, and ' for the greater Incouragement of all Parish Officers to perform the Duty injoin'd them by that Act, That such Parish Officers, for every Person they should bring before the Magistrate, who should be Impressed should Receive the Sum of Twenty Shillings ; and that every Volunteer, for his better Incouragement to come into our Service, and List himself according to the Intention of the said Act, should Receive the sum of Four Pounds, and also that such Volunteer should be Discharg'd after Three Years Service, if he deserved it.' This was the outcome of a fresh Act (7 Anne, cap. 2). Of course these men deserted in shoals, but that they had always done, from the first year of the Queen's reign. The reward offered, by their officers, for their apprehension generally ranged from one to two guineas, and occasionally they were entreated to return, of their own free will, when they would be forgiven. Once only can I find that a severe example was ever made of them, and that was in 1703. '6 Dec. This day a Soldier of Colonel Gorsuck's Company was shot in Hide Park for Desertion.' Probably they ran the gauntlet, as did that soldier in 1702 : * Yesterday a Soldier ran the Gantlet (as he well deserved) in St. James's Park, for speaking some reflecting words on his late Majesty, and is to run twice more.' In the last year of Anne's reign there were some wicked drummers, whose story is told very graphically in the Post Boy, Feb. 11/13, 17 14. 'John Needham, Constable and Beadle of the Ward of Farringdon within, warding at Ludgate the Sixth Instant, (the Queen's Birth Day) by Order of the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen ; was sent for to the Crown Tavern on Ludgate Hill, to make a Gentleman Easy, who was in Drink. The Constable having made him and the rest Friends, the Gentleman would have him to the Queen's Arms Tavern, a little below, where they drank a Glass of Wine together : But the Constable hearing some Drums beat, ran into the Street, with his long Staff in his Hand, and the Gentle- man with him, who saw a very great Tumult of disorderly Persons arm'd with huge Clubs, and several with Cleavers &c., and in- numerable Lights, and Streamers. Among the rest came Three of H — M 's Drummers beating their Drums ; whereupon the Gentleman ran up to the Drum Head, and ask'd, Who they were for? They said, The House of Hanover. He repli'd G — D — you* what before the Queen is dead? Drummers, lit give you Sixpence, Luttrdlt March 12, 1706. THE ARMY AND NAVY. 403 beat a Point of War jor Queen Anne, here by the Constable. But the Constable said, No, let them go into the Tavern, and beat out of the Crowds and they shall have Money and Wine too. So he made way for them with his Staff, and they went into the Tavern, where they beat and drank till the Tumult was gone by. After which, the Constable had them up to Ludgate, and from thence to the Compter. The next Evening, about Four a Clock, he carry'd them before Sir William Withers, who demanded their Names, and those of their Colonels, which are as follows, Thomas Hawes under Colonel P tt \ Charles Bannister under Colonel E 11 ; and William Taylor under Brigadier F s belonging to the F R of G 's. And after Sir William Withers had examin'd them, and the said Constable, and another Constable (whose Hat the Rioters beat off, because he did not pull it off to them, tho' he was on his Duty with his long Staff in his Hand) he was of Opinion their Crime would amount to High Treason, and was so much the blacker, because they were the Q 's own S ts, and therefore Committed them to Newgate.' In cases, however, of civil commotion, the train bands were generally called out. These citizen soldiers were ever the laughing stock of the wits of their day, and Steele cannot help having his joke upon them. 1 'The Chief Citizens, like the noble Italians, hire Mercenaries to carry arms in their Stead ; and you shall have a fellow of desperate fortune, for the gain of one half Crown, go through all the dangers of Tothill Fields, or the Artillery Ground, clap his right jaw within two inches of the touch-hole of a Mus- quet, fire it off, and huzza, with as little concern as he tears a pullet.' He laughs, too, at the officers, and at their method of promo- tion. 'But the point of honour justly gives way to that of gain ; and, by long and wise regulation, the richest is the bravest man. I have known a Captain rise to a Colonel in two days by the fall of stocks ; and a Major, my good friend, near the Monument, ascended to that honour by the fall of the price of Spirits, and the rising of right Nantz.' And a great part of Tatler 41 is taken up by a laughing criticism on 6 An Exercise of Arms,' which took place on June 29, 1709, and was supposed to represent the putting down of a revolt. The sister service had no easy task under Anne, but were always hard at work, either at fighting or convoying, or transport work, besides being always cruising about and snapping up prizes ; and there were some good commanders in those days, whose names have descended to ours. What Englishman can forget the names of Benbow, Rooke, and Cloudesley Shovel ? They were not always successful — as in the case of the first-named old sea-dog. On August 19, 1702, he sighted the enemy's squadron, under Du Casse ; on the 20th he engaged — but not till the 24th did he come to close quarters. His ship, the Breda, was then able to close with the sternmost French ship, which he himself boarded three 1 Tatler, No. 28. DD 2 464 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNS. times, and was twice wounded. He afterwards had his right leg shattered by a chain shot, and was carried below, but would insist on being carried on deck, where he remained the rest of the action. He disabled his opponent, but her consorts came to her relief, when four cowardly captains of his basely deserted him, in spite of his signals ; so he had to give up the pursuit, and proceeded with his squadron to Jamaica, where he died Nov. 4. On Oct. 12, 1702, Sir George Rooke burnt the French and Span- ish shipping in Vigo, and sacked the town. This, be- sides the damage done to the foreign navies, was notori- ous for the enor- mous quantity of booty taken, both in specie, snuff, and other goods. What the specie amounted to is not now known, but it was not so much as was expected, for by far the larger portion had been landed and sent into the interior of the country. Still it furnished a very handsome prize money for all con- cerned, although,, as is usual in such, cases, it was long before it was real- ised. A special coinage was made from this specie, and Ruding gives specimens of five-, two-, and one-guinea and half-guinea pieces — and silver crowns, half-crowns, shillings, and sixpences of this type. Some had the date 1702, others 1703, but in every case the word VIGO was under the Queen's bust. Luttrell gives a little anecdote about it. '20 Mar. 1703. This week ^1000 of new mill'd money coyned* out of the plate taken at Vigo was brought from the Tower to sir AN ADMIRAL. THE ARMY AND NAVY. 405 Christopher Musgrave's office in the exchequer, and lock't up for her majestie's use, haveing the word Vigo under the queen's effigie. It is not within the province of this book to go into details of the victories of the British navy in this reign, but we must not forget that Sir George Rooke won us, in 1704, the rock of Gibraltar. The damage done to the French shipping during the long war must have been almost incalculable, not a daily paper or report from the sea-ports being without mention of some prizes. Yet the service was not a popular one, at least with seamen, the way the navy was generally manned, by impress, being quite sufficient to make Jack fight shy of it. We hear of this impressing in the very first year of the reign. ' The Post Letter says there are 6 Press Ketches at Falmouth, which have pressed a considerable number of Men for her Majesty's Service.' x l Irish Letters of the 26th past say, they continue to beat up for Soldiers at Dublin, where abundance list themselves, and that some Press-Ketches in that Harbour have pressed 400 Seamen within a few Days, and that a great many are voluntarily come in.' 2 But though pressed, Jack was hard to hold, if he got a chance to get away. * Hull, 1 March. Last week a Lieutenant came hither with a Press Gang, and had so good Success, that he soon Glean'd up a considerable number ; but having no vessel to put them on board, he tum'd them into an upper Room in the Town Gaol, and on Saturday they broke out through the top of the House and Escap'd.' 3 All means were tried to get men, and a bribe was held out by the Act 1 Anne, cap. 19, which provided for the discharge of every male prisoner for debt under ^20, and who had been in prison for six months, who should enlist either in the army or navy, and the same was afterwards tried by 4 & 5 Anne, cap, 6. This serves to show the condition of the poor debtors, who were thus invited to ameliorate their position, by exchanging it for the * Inferno ' of a man-of-war of that period. Still we read early in 1704 : 'There is great impressing of Seamen for Her Majesties Service, she being resolved to have the Navy early at sea.' The bounty system was tried, and on Dec. 14, 1704, the Queen issued a proclamation, offering two months' pay to every sailor volunteering, and one month's to every landsman. This proclamation also vowed vengeance against deserters, ordered officers of press gangs to press no old men, boys, or infirm persons, and promised them 1 Twenty Shillings for each Seaman, and Sixpence per Man for each Mile he shall be brought, if under twenty Miles, and Ten Shillings for each Seaman that shall be brought above Twenty Miles, over and above the said Twenty Shillings.' This arbitrary system of impressing was so cruel, that one feels heartily glad to find that it is possible there might be another side to the question, and that a man might be punished for it. ' Yester- * Flying Post, April 2/4, 1702. 2 Ibid. April 4/7, 1703, 3 Daily Courant, March 4, 1703. 406 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. day one Philpot was by the court of Queen's Bench fined 10 Nobles, and to stand in the pillory on Tower Hill, for wrongfully pressing one Gill, and taking 4 Guineas for his discharge.' l One man seems to have had the courage to speak against it, and I regret I have been unable to get his pamphlet. ' Just Published. The Old and True Way of Manning the Fleet, Or how to Retrieve the Glory of the English Arms by Sea, as it is done by Land ; and to have Sea- men always in readiness, without Pressing. In a Letter from an old Parliament Sea Commander, to a Member of the present House of Commons, desiring his Advice on that Subject. Printed in the Year 1707. 5 The pay was not so bad, £4 a month ; 2 but the service was un- popular — the officers were rough and foul-mouthed, whose creed was, ' I hate the French, love a handsome Woman and a Bowl of Punch J 3 — so the men deserted whenever they could. It was no use issuing proclamations offering a reward of twenty shillings for every such deserter delivered up on board ship ; they kept their pay back, and tried to allure them from the joys of freedom and the shore by bidding them repair on board their ships to receive their pay due six months back, still keeping six months in hand. Jack was proof against such blandishments : so the authorities tried another plan — the magnanimous — and promised to forgive the deserters, if only they would come back ; anything to get the dear fellows on board, all would be forgotten and forgiven, and joy and peace should reign henceforth. ' All such Seamen that are made run, for not repairing to their Duty, shall have their R's taken off, and be continued in Wages from the times they have been absent, provided they do forthwith repair on board.' As this is the only instance I can meet with of this bait being held out, one rather suspects Jack was not quite such a fool as they imagined him, and, once free, had no wish to get into the trap again. Brown 4 gives a description of the Admiralty in his time : ' By this time we were come to the Admiralty Office, the outside invited us in, and here we found only a Company of Tarrs, walking to and fro with their Hands in their Pockets, as on the Quarter Deck aboard ; in one Room there was a company of Lieutenants, some had serv'd twenty Years without being rais'd, because they either knew not how to Bribe in the right Place, or were so tenacious of what they had so hardly purchas'd, that their only hopes were now Half Pay or Superannuation. In another place were Seamen's Wives with Petitions, and pressing Deputy B , who was as surly to them, as a true Whigg in Office ; but tho' he demanded no Fee, he could be mollified by a little Fellow feeling, that like a Sop to Cerberus, let Petitions and Men pass too ; Then you fall in betwixt Scylla and Charybdis, the Clerks on one Side, and Sea Captains on the other ; where Cowards that have lost one Ship, easily get another ; and Men of Valour, without Interest, wait in vain for Preferment, 1 Luttrell, July 14, 1709. 2 Ibid, Oct. 31, 1702. 5 Th& Basset Table. 4 A Walk round London and Westminster, THE ARMY AND NAVY. 407 from those who dispose of what they do not understand ; for here the Land determines of the Main, and he that never see the North Foreland, disposes of things, as if he knew all the Creeks and Bays, Shelves, Sands, and Nations of the Universe.' From contemporary descriptions Jack's nature has not much altered since Anne's time. Ward thus sums him up : ' I could not but reflect on the unhappy Lives of these Salt Water kind of Vaga- bonds, who are never at Home but when they're at Sea, and always are wandering when they're at Home ; and never contented but when they're on Shore ; They're never at ease till they've receiv'd their Pay, and then never satisfied till they have spent it ; And when their Pockets are empty, they are just as much respected by their Landladies (who cheat them of one half, if they spend the other) as a Father is by his Son-in-Law, who has Beggar'd himself to give him a good Portion with his Daughter.' In the mercantile marine, there was a large trade done with India and China. Dampier fitted out his third semi-piratical expe- dition, Alexander Selkirk was discovered and brought home, and Captain Edward Cooke circumnavigated the globe. The map pub- lished in his book 1 is a very fair sample of hydrography. ' New Zealand, Dimens Land, and New Holland ' are just indicated in their proper positions, but New Guinea is represented as being joined to the north of Australia, and California is shown as an island. CHAPTER XL. CRIME. Capital punishment — Its frequency — An execution described — Behaviour on the scaffold and way to execution — Revival after hanging — Peine forte et dure — Hanging in chains — Highwaymen — Claude du Val lying in state — Ned Wicks and Lord Mohun : their swearing match — A highwayman hanged — Highwaymen in society — Highway robberies — Footpads — Burg- lars—John Hall — Benefit of clergy — Coining — Pickpockets — Robbery from children— Perjury — Sharpers — Begging impostors — Gipsies — Constables — Private detectives — Commercial frauds — 'Society for the Reformation of Manners ' — Statistics of their convictions — The pillory — Ducking-stool. The repression and punishment of crime is the duty of every Government, and it was performed in Anne's reign as well as an imperfect police would allow. Capital punishment was, of course, more frequent than in our days, because there were so many more offences punishable by it. In London alone, from the commence- ment of Sir Thos. Abney's mayoralty in 1701, to the end of that of Sir Richard Hoare in 17 13, 242 malefactors were hanged at Tyburn and other places. 1 A Voyage to the South Sea and round the World perform d in the Years 1708, 1709, 17 10, and 17 1 1, etc. 4 o8 SOCIAL LIFE in the reiqn of QUEEN ANNE. It was of such frequent occurrence that men got callous about it, nay, joked of it. ' Mr. Ordinary visits his melancholy Flock at Newgate by Eight. Doleful Procession up Holbom Hill about Eleven. Men handsome and proper, that were never thought so before, which is some Comfort however, Arrive at the fatal Place at Twelve. Burnt Brandy, Women and Sabbath breaking repented of. Some few Penitential Drops fall under the Gallows. Sheriffs Men, Parson, Pickpockets, Criminals, all very busie. The last concluding peremptory Psalm struck up. Show over by One.' Misson gives a far longer account, full of detail, of an execution in those days. He says : ' Hanging is the most common Punish- ment in England. Usually this Execution is done in a great Road l about a quarter of a League from the Suburbs of London, The Sessions for trying Criminals being held but eight Times a Year, there are sometimes twenty Malefactors to be hang'd at a Time. * They put five 2 or six in a Cart (some gentlemen obtain leave to perform this journey in a coach) and carry them riding back- wards with the Rope about their Necks, to the fatal Tree. The Executioner stops the Cart under one of the Cross Beams of the Gibbet, and fastens to that ill-favoured Beam one End of the Rope, while the other is round the Wretches Neck : This done, he gives the Horse a Lash with his Whip, away goes the Cart, and there swings my Gentleman Kicking in the air. * The Hangman does not give himself the Trouble to put them out of their Pain ; but some of their Friends or relations do it for them. They pull the dying Person by the Legs, and beat his Breast to dispatch him as soon as possible. The English are People that laugh at the Delicacy of other Nations, who make it such a mighty Matter to be hang'd ; their extraordinary Courage looks upon it as a Trifle, and they also make a Jest of the pre- tended Dishonour, that in the Opinion of others, falls upon their Kindred. t He that is to be hang'd, or otherwise executed, first takes Care to get himself shav'd, and handsomely drest, either in Mourning, or in the Dress of a Bridegroom. This done, he sets his Friends at Work to get him Leave to be bury'd, and to carry his Coffin with him, which is easily obtain'd. When his suit of Cloaths, or Night Gown, his Gloves, Hat, Perriwig, Nosegay, Coffin, Flannel Dress for his Corps, and all those Things are brought and prepar'd, the main Point is taken Care of, his Mind is at Peace, and then he thinks of his Conscience. Generally he studies a Speech, which he pronounces under the Gallows, and gives in Writing to the Sheriff, or the Minister that attends him in his last Moments, desiring that it may be printed. Sometimes the Girls dress in White, with great Silk Scarves, and carry Baskets full of Flowers and Oranges, scattering these Favours all the Way they go. But to represent Things as they really are, I must needs own that if a pretty many of these People dress thus gayly, and go to it with sue}} 1 Tyburn. * Usually three. CRIME, 409 an Air of Indifference, there are many others that go slovenly enough, and with very dismal Phizzes. * I remember, one Day, I saw in the Park, a handsome Girl, very well drest, that was then in Mourning for her Father, who had been hang'd but a month before at Tyburn for false Coinage. So many Countries, so many Fashions.' There were sad and revolting scenes at the gallows. The notorious Captain Kidd, the pirate, went to his death drunk, which as Paul Lorrain, the Ordinary of Newgate, observes, 'had so decomposed his Mind, that now it was in a very bad frame.' The rope broke, and he fell to the ground, which somewhat sobered him, and before he was finally strangled he listened to the chap- lain's ministrations. A previous chaplain, in 1691, was roughly treated by one Tom Cox, a highwayman, 1 'for before he was turn'd off, Mr. Smith, the Ordinary, desiring him to join with the rest of his Fellow Sufferers in Prayer, he swore a great Oath to the contrary, and kickt him and the Hangman too off the Cart.' When one Dick Hughes, a housebreaker, was in 1709 going to execution, 2 ' his wife met him at Saint Giles's Pound, where, the Cart stopping, she stept up to him, and whispering in his Ear, said, My dear, who must find the Rope that's to hang you, We or the Sheriff? Her husband reply'd, The Sheriff, Honey ; for who's obliged to find him Tools to do his Work ? Ah ! (reply'd his Wife) I wish I had known so much before, 'twould have sav'd me two Pence, for I have been and bought one already. Well, well, (said Dick again) perhaps it mayn't be lost, for it may serve a second Husband. Yes (quoth his Wife) if I've any Luck in good Husbands, so it may.' Another story is told, in the same book, of one Jack Withering ton, a highwayman, who, when going up Holborn Hill to execution, ' he order'd the Cart to stop, then desiring to speak to the Sheriff's Deputy, who attends Criminals to the Place of Execution, he said to him, I owe, Sir, a small Matter at the Three Cups Inn, a little farther, for which I fear I shall be arrested as I go by the Door, therefore I shall be much obliged to you if you'll be pleased to carry me down Shoe Lane, and bring me up Drury Lane again to the Place for which I'm designed. Hereupon the Deputy Sheriff telling him that if such a Mischance should happen, he would Bail him ; Jack, as not thinking he had such a good Friend to stand by him in time of Need, rid very contentedly to Tyburn.' The system of strangulation then in vogue was favourable to the recovery of life, as is shown by the following extract from the Flying Post, Dec. n/13, 1705: 'Yesterday one John Smith, 3 Condemned last Sessions for House breaking, was carried from Newgate to Tyburn to be executed. Some minutes after he was turned off, a Reprieve came for him, and being immediately cut 1 History of the Lives of the most noted Highwaymen, etc., by Capt. Alex* ancier Smith, 17 4. 2 Ibid. 3 See page 40J. 4 io SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. down, he soon reviv'd, to the admiration of all Spectators, and was brought back to Newgate.' The Newgate Calendar reports that, ' being asked what were his sensations, after he was turned off; he answered That at first he felt great pain, but that it gradually subsided, and that the last thing he could remember, was the appearance of a light in his eyes, after which he became quite insensible. But the greatest pain was, when he felt the blood returning to its proper channels/ He received a free pardon a few weeks afterwards, and one would have imagined would have altered his ways, after so narrow an escape ; but he was apprehended for a similar offence, tried at the Old Bailey, and was acquitted on a point of law. Yet once more was he caught, and this time was acquitted by the death of the prosecutor. His ultimate fate is not known. But this was nothing to the marvellous resuscitation of Anne Greene, who was hanged at Oxford, Dec. 14, 165 1, and was after- wards revived — and got quite well. She was condemned for the murder of her child, which was afterwards discovered to have been stillborn ; and that there was no deception in her execution her history x assures us, for she was hanging by the neck for the space of almost half an hour, some of her friends in the meantime thumping her on the breast, others hanging with all their weight upon her legges ; ' sometimes lifting her up, and then pulling her down againe with a suddaine jerke, thereby the sooner to despatch her out of her paine ; insomuch that the Under- Sheriff, fearing lest thereby they should breake the rope, forbad them to do so any longer.' And not only so, but when she was taken in her coffin to Dr. Petty, the professor of anatomy, ' she was observed to breathe, and obscurely to ruttle ; which being perceived by a lusty fellow that stood by, he (thinking to do an act of Charity in ridding her o the small reliques of a painful life) stamped several times on her breast and Stomack with all the force he could.' This considerate treatment could not overcome the girl's vitality, for by dint of bleeding and good nursing she entirely recovered, and went to her own home, taking with her her coffin, and a goodly sum of money, which had been subscribed for her benefit, and which remained after defraying all charges necessary to her recovery. The scaffold still lingered on Tower Hill, but this was reserved for political offenders. A remnant of the barbarous use of torture still remained (indeed it was not abolished until the year 1772) in the peine forte et dure. This punishment was inflicted when a prisoner refused to plead ' guilty ' or i not guilty,' which was then necessary before the trial could be gone on with. Now, if a prisoner refuses to plead, he is regarded as pleading ' not guilty,' and the trial goes on. People have died under this torture rather than plead, because by that 1 Brit. Mus. K 625 14. CRIME. 4U means they preserved their property to their friends, which would have been confiscated had they pleaded and been found guilty of felony. Misson gives the following description of the ' Pei?ie forte et dure, or pressing to death. When a Felon, punishable with Death, takes a Resolution not to make any Answer to his Judges, after the Second Calling upon, he is carry' d back to his Dungeon, and is put to a Sort of Rack called Peine forte et dure. If he speaks, his Indictment goes on in the usual Forms ; if he continues dumb they 'peine forte et dure.' leave him to die under that Punishment. He is stretched out naked upon his Back, and his Arms and Legs drawn out by cords, and fasten'd to the four Corners of the Dungeon : A Board or Plate of Iron is laid upon his Stomach, and this is heap'd up with Stones to a certain Weight. c The next day they give him, at three different times, three little Morsels of Barly Bread, and nothing to Drink : the next Day, three little Glasses of Water, and nothing to Eat : And if he continues in his Obstinacy, they leave him in that Condition 'till he 412 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. dies. This is practis'd only upon Felons, or Persons guilty of Petty Treason. Criminals of High Treason, in the like Case, would be condemn'd to the usual Punishment ; their Silence would Condemn them.' Hanging in chains was a distinction to which highwaymen and pirates were entitled, after having combined murder with theft. It consisted of fastening the body into a sort of cage, made of iron hoops, and then hanging it upon the gibbet — which was bound to be on the very road where the crime was committed. Highway robbery was, unfortunately, very common in this reign ; but the perpetrators were mostly pitiful wretches, whose career, while it lasted, was far from brilliant, and generally it v/as a very short one. All the romance of the highway died with Claude Du Val, who was executed on Jan. 21, 1670, in the 27th year of his age. His short career ended ingloriously, for he was taken, when drunk, at the ' Hole in the Wall/ in Chandos Street. Whatever caused the furore over the poor rogue? We are told : 1 i There were a great Company of Ladies, and those not of the meanest Degree, that visited him in Prison, interceded for his Pardon, and accompany'd him to the Gallows, with swolPn Eyes, and Cheeks blubber'd with Tears under their Vizards. After he had hang'd a Convenient Time, he was cut down, and by Persons well dress'd carry'd into a mourning Coach, and so Convey' d to the Tangier Tavern in St. Giles* s, where he lay in State all that Night, the Room hung with black Cloth, the Herse cover'd with Scut- cheons, eight Wax Tapers burning, as many tall Gentlemen with long Cloaks attending ; Mum was the Word, and great Silence expected from all that visited, for Fear of disturbing the sleeping Lion. And this ceremony had lasted much longer, had not one of the Judges sent to disturb this Pageantry. . . . He was bury'd with many Flambeaus, and with a numerous Train of Mourners, most whereof were of the beautiful Sex \ he lyes in the Middle Isle of Covent Garden Church, under a White Marble Stone, whereon are curiously engrav'd the Du Val's Arms.' The stories of their feats are very much alike, varied only in their degree of brutality. One however, if true, is somewhat out of the ordinary ruck, and it is told 2 of the same Lord Mohun (' Dog Mohun,' as Swift calls him) who fought the Duke of Hamilton. ' Another time Ned Wicks meeting with the late Lord Mohun on the Road betwixt Windsor and Colebrook^ attended only with a Groom and one Footman, he commanded his Lordship to stand and deliver, for he was in great Want of Money, and Money he would have before they parted. His Honour, pretending to have a great deal of Courage, swore he should fight for it then. Wicks very readily accepted the Proposal, and preparing his Pistols for an Engagement, his Lordship seeing his Resolution, he began to hang back, which his Antagonist perceiving, he began to be Cock 1 Smith's Lives of Highwaymen. 2 Ibid, crime. 413 on hoop, saying c * All the World knows me to be a Man ; and tho' your Lordship was concern'd in the Cowardly murdering of Mumjord the Player, and Captain Cout, yet I'm not to be frighten' d at that ; therefore down with your Gold, or else expect no Quarter." His Lordship now meeting with his Match, it put him into such a passionate Fit of swearing, that Wicks not willing to be outdone in any Wickedness, quoth he, " My Lord, I perceive you swear perfectly well ex tempore) come, I'll give your Honour a fair Chance for your Moneys, and that is, he that swears best of us two, shall keep his own, and his that loseth." His Lordship agreed to this Bargain, and throwing down a Purse of 50 Guineas, which Wicks match'd with a like Sum \ after a quarter of an Hours Swearing most prodigiously on both Sides, it was left to his Lord- ship's Groom to decide the Matter ; who said, " Why, indeed your Honour Swears as well as ever I heard a Person of Quality in my Life ; but, indeed, to give the Strange Gentleman his Due, he has won the Wager if 'twas for a thousand Pounds." Whereupon Wicks taking up the Gold, he gave the Groom a Guinea, and rid about his Business.' A highwayman certainly carried his life in his hand — he was a Wolfs head, and, every man's hand being against him, he was shot whenever he could be, and a reward of forty pounds was given for the capture of one of them. In 17 12 one Joseph Reader, a miller of Shaftesbury, was attacked by a highwayman, who fired twice at him, and missed doing him any injury. The miller, judging that he had expended his ammunition, closed with him, knocked him off his horse with his cudgel, and beat him senseless. He then dragged him to a tree, and hanged him with his own belt. For this, Reader was tried at Dorchester, and acquitted ; and a subscription was got up for him in court, which amounted to over 30/. Ward describes a typical highwayman : ' Another you needs must take particular notice of, that pluck'd out a pair of Pocket Pistols, and laid them in the Window, who had a great Scar cross his Forehead, a twisted Wig, and lac'd Hat on ; the Company called him Captain \ he's a man of Considerable Reputation amongst Birds of the same Feather^ who I have heard say thus much in his Praise, that he is as Resolute a Fellow as ever Cocttd Pistol upon the Road ; and indeed I do believe he fears no Man in the World but the Hang Man) and dreads no death but Choaking. He's as generous as a Prince, treats any Body that will keep him Company ; loves his friends as dearly as the Ivy does the Oak, will never leave him till he has Hugd him to his Ruin. He has drawn in twenty of his Associates to be Hang'd, but had always • Wit and Money enough to save his own Neck from the Halter. He has good friends at Newgate, who give him now and then a Squeeze when he is in full Juice ', and give him their Words to stand by him, which he takes as a Verbal Policy of Insurance from the Gallows^ till he grows Poor thro' Idleness^ and then, (he has 4 I4 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Cunning enough to know) he may be Hanged thro' Poverty. He's well acquainted with the Ostlers about Bishopsgate Street, and Smithficld\ and gains from them Intelligence of what Booties goe out that are worth attempting. He accounts them very honest Tikes, and can with all safety trust his Life in their Hands, for now and then Gilding their Palms for the good Services they do him. He pretends to be a Disbanded Officer, and reflects very feelingly upon the hard usage we poor Gentlemen meet with, who have hazarded our Lives and Fortunes for the Honour of our Prince, the Defence of our Country, and Safety of Religion ; and after all to be Broke without our Pay, turn'd out without any consideration for the dangers and difficulties we have run thro' ; at this rate, Wounds, who the Devil wou'd be a Soldier ?' Their personal appearance — which, it is needless to say, was not the gold-laced costume so beloved of the stage and penny dreadfuls — is given in the following advertisement : ' Stolen from Sam. Brett Servant to Mr. Bayly of Romford in Essex by two Highwaymen, one in a light coloured Suit trim'd with the same, a light coloured Wig and hood, the other in a light coloured Coat trim'd with Black Button holes on each side, and dark brown Hair,' etc. And their style of doing business may be learnt from the following : c On Wednesday night the Cambridge, Norwich, and Linn Stage Coaches, were all 3 robbed by one single Man in Epping Forest.' 'Stafford 17 Feb. We have had great Robbing lately in these parts by a Gang of Highway men : On the 30th past, they set upon the Shrewsbury Stage Coach and plunder'd all the passengers ; and afterwards met with 3 Country Attorneys, which they Robb'd also ; one of them having put 20 Guineas into his Shooes, the Rogues for haste, cut the Straps of the Port Mantle, and threw the Shooes away ; after they were gone, the Attorney took up both Shooes and Gold. On the 9th instant they set upon two Drovers coming from New Castle Fair, took a great deal of Money, kill'd one of them on the Spot, and dangerously wounded the other. On the nth May set upon the High Sheriff of the County with his Lady and Servants, coming from Lichfield Fair took 60 Guineas from them, and cut off one of the Servants Hands. Since which several of them are taken, of which two are com- mitted to Warwick Gaol, two to Stafford, and two men and three Women to Litchfield ; one of the Women was dress'd in Man's Apparel when they robb'd the Stage Coach.' ' The Mails due at London the 10th of Sept. from Ireland and Chester, having been seiz'd by 3 Highwaymen between Dunstable and St. Alban's, and several Letters opened. These are to give Notice thereof, that care may be taken to prevent the payment of such Bills as have by this means been intercepted.' Advertisements frequently occur of men being taken up on suspicion of being highwaymen, but one would fancy there could be but little doubt of the profession of this gentleman. ' There is now in Custody in her Majesty's Gaol of Newgate in London, CRIME. 415 James Biswick, alias Bissick, a middle siz'd Man, Aged about 40, having a high Bridge Nose, a thin Visage, pale Complexion, stoop- ing in the Shoulders, was Apprehended the 25th of August last, suppos'd to have committed divers Robberies on the Highway, he having in his Pockets a brace of Pistols loaded and prim'd, a Mask with Strings to it and other cords ; also a black Jet Mare 13 Hands high, 7 years old, a Short Bob Tail, a Scar on the near knee, a Blood Spavin behind ; is suppos'd to be Stolen, is to be seen at the Swan and Hoop near More gate.' * The foot pads are very troublesome in the evenings on all the roads leading to this Citty, which renders them very unsafe,' writes Luttrell in 1702, and that he did not exaggerate, take these two instances occurring in that year. * Last Wednesday Night, a Fencing Master coming to Town from Pancrass, was set upon by some Foot Pads, who, finding he had no Money about him, beat him so barbarously, that his Life is despaired of.' ' On Thursday night, between eight and nine, a Gentleman, who lives at Little Chelsea, was set upon by four Ruffians on this side Chelsea College, who knocked him down, rifled him of all he had of Worth about him, and left him miserably bruis'd and beaten ; but another Gentleman and his Man happening to come by, and seeing him, they together pursued the Rogues, recovered the Gentleman's Hat, Sword, Perriwig, and most of his Money, and took two of the Rogues, who are since committed ; but the other two escaped with the Gentleman's Watch and Seal.' In 1703, '3 strowling Gipsies are ordered down to Huntington to be Tryed for Robbing two Women, and leaving them bound together on the Road Naked.' In 1704, 'A Gentleman going from St. James's to Ken- sington was met and attacked in Hide Park by two Foot Pads, who took from him his Sword, Watch, Perriwig, and Rings, in all to the value of 130/. and left him in a deplorable condition.' These are a few examples only, but they are sufficient to show us the insecurity of the public roads at that time. The Newgate Calendar gives a long list of crime in this reign, but they are all of the ordinary type — murder, highway robberies, and burglaries with violence, which last was a capital offence ; and so indeed it ought to be, were there many such burglaries as this : * We hear that on Tuesday night last, five Housebreakers broke into Sir Charles Thorn's House near Bedington in Surrey, and having Jagg'd 1 his Servants, got into his Bed Chamber. At their Entrance Sir Charles fir'd a Pistol at them, which unhappily miss'd doing Execution ; upon this they bound and Jagg'd him, and afterwards one of them attempted to insult his Lady ; at which Sir Charles being exasperated, with much struggling he got his Hands at Liberty, and flung a Perriwig block at the Villain's Head ; who in revenge stabbed Sir Charles, then cut his throat from Ear to Ear, and left him Dead on the Spot. They afterwards Ransack' d the House, and it's said, carried oft to the value of £900 1 Gagged. 416 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. in Money and Plate. The Lady Thorn is so ill by this barbarous Treatment, that her Life is despaired of? There was a most famous housebreaker in this reign — one John Hall, a chimney-sweep, who has a small literature entirely devoted to him — besides having dis-' honourable mention' in the Newgate Calendar, and his biography written by no less a person than Paul Lorrain, the Ordinary of Newgate (who is mentioned both in Tatler 63 and Spectator 338). He had a long poetical elegy com- posed on him, after the fashion of the times — and an epitaph : — Here lies Hall's Clay At judgment day, I'd better say Thus swept away ; He'd make essay Here lies Jack Hall, If bolt or key To get away : And that is all. Obliged his Stay Be 't as it may, An Act passed in the fifth year of Anne's reign offered a Government reward of ^40 and a pardon to any person concerned in breaking open houses, who shall discover two or more of his accomplices, upon their conviction ; whilst the 6 Anne, cap. 9, which deals with simple burglaries, housebreaking, or robbery in shops, etc., repeals the 10 Will. III., cap. 12, sec. 6, which provided that 'every Person and Persons, who should be convicted of or for any Theft or Larceny, and should have the Benefit of the Clergy allowed thereupon, or ought to be burnt in the Hand for such Offence : instead of being burnt in the Hand should be burnt in the most visible part of the left Cheek nearest the Nose ; ' and settles that henceforth they shall be burnt in the hand. This 'Benefit of the Clergy 5 is thus described by Misson : 'About 600 Years ago in the reign of William the Second, the People of England were so strangely ignorant, that the very Priests could hardly read. The King, in order to bring the People out of such a State of Darkness made a Law, that in certain Cases (as Man Slaughter, Theft, (for the first Time) not exceeding the Sum of £5 Sterling, and committed without Burglary, or putting the Person robb'd into bodily Fear, Polygamy, &c.) the Convict might save his Life, and escape with no other Punishment but burning in the Hand, if he were so great a Scholar as to be able to read ; and tho' at present there is hardly the meanest Peasant in England but what can read, yet the Law is still in Force. They say to the Criminal, Thou N, who art convicted of having committed such and such a Crime, what hast thou to demand in Favour of thy self, to hinder Sentence of Death being pass'd upon thee ? The Criminal answers, I demand the Benefit of the Clergy. His demand is granted, and the Ordinary of Newgate gives him a Book, printed in the old Gothic^ Letter, in which the Criminal reads a few Words. Then the Lord Mayor, or one of the Judges, asks the Ordinary Legitne vel non ? And the Ordinary answers Legit ut Cle) icus. 1 However, when the Criminal has a Right to demand the Benefit of the Clergy, they seldom give themselves the trouble to 1 Black letter, which was of later date than that text now termed Gothic, CRIME. 417 examine whether they can read or no ; be he the greatest Scholar in the World, or the greatest Blockhead, tis all a Case, so he gives but a little Spite of Money to the Ordinary, who tells him in a low Voice (which the whole Court may hear) three or four words, which he pronounces, and there's an End of the matter. 'Tis always taken for granted that a Peer can read, and he is never burnt in the Hand when he claims the Benefit of the Clergy? By the 6 Anne, cap. 9, this ceremony of reading was abolished, although the privilege remained the same, and this singular custom was not altogether, and entirely, done away with until 1 841, 4 & 5 Vict. 22. Coining, as infringing the king's prerogative, and being a serious injury to the commonweal, was, of course, a capital offence. One can understand coiners of base metal being punished ; those who were cunning in ' the Art of making Black Dogs, which are Shillings, or other pieces of Money made only of Pewter, double Wash'd. What the Professors of this Hellish Art call George Plateroon, is all copper within, with only a thin Plate about it ; and what they call Compositum, is a mix'd Metal, which will both touch and cut, but not endure the fiery Test ' ; but by what reasoning should the fol- lowing gentleman be found guilty of crime ? ' Sir Richard Blackham, formerly a Merchant, was at the sessions house in the Old Baily this week found guilty of Misprision of treason for melting down the coin of England, and making foreign coins of it.' x The ordinary pickpocket was common enough. Let us hear what Gay says of him : — Here dives the skulking Thief, with practis'd Slight, And unfelt Fingers make thy Pocket light. Where's now thy Watch, with all its Trinkets, flown ? And thy late Snuff Box is no more thy own. But lo ! his bolder Thefts some Tradesman spies, Swift from his Prey the scudding Lurcher flies ; Dext'rous he scapes the Coach, with nimble Bounds, While ev'ry honest Tongue Stop Thief resounds. So speeds the wily Fox, alarm' d by Fear, Who lately filch'd the Turkey's callow Care ; Hounds following Hounds, grow louder as he flies. And injur'd Tenants joyn the Hunter's Cries. Breathless he stumbling falls : 111 fated Boy ! Why did not honest Work thy Youth employ? Seiz'd by rough Hands, he's dragg'd amid the Rout, And stretch'd beneath the Pump's incessant Spout : Or plung'd in Miry Ponds, he gasping lies, Mud Choaks his Mouth, and plaisters o'er his Eyes. In every age the question may be asked, ' Ouis custodiet ipsos cnstodes?' and it might have been d firoftos in 1703, when 'A Thieftaker was also brought upon his Tryal for Picking a Man's Pocket in Bartholomew Fair, and Acquitted' : so, let us hope, he was innocent. Luttrell, Aug. 31, 1706. EE 418 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Of course, if people were so stupid as to bedizen their children with gold chains, they could not well grumble, and only had them- selves to blame, if ' fat squat ' wenches occasionally took advantage of their trustfulness and appropriated the trinkets. ' A Child about 6 Years Old being led away by a Fat Squat Wench, on Monday, being the 13th Instant, at 5 of the Clock in the Evening, from Brook Street in Ratcliffe to Golden Lane without Cripplegate, being robbed of a Gold Chain marked A. H. and a Silver Thimble and Purse. Whoever can discover the Wench, so as to be taken, shall have a Guinea Reward, or if Pawn'd or Sold their Money again at Thos. Townsend's at the Jamaica Coffee House in Cornhill.' As a rule, people were only too glad to get back their property, and felonies were compounded in the most unblushing way — ' No questions asked ' being almost universally a portion of an advertise- ment for missing or stolen property. One parish was very zealous in its work of criminal purgation. ' A Reward for Apprehending of Thieves in the Parish of Stoak Newington, in the County of Middlesex, that shall commit the Fact in the said Parish. * Whosoever shall apprehend, or cause to be apprehended, any Person or Persons for Felony or Burglary, or for any petty Larceny, committed within the said Parish within one year from the date hereof, shall receive for every person so apprehended and convicted of petty Larceny, 40^. which shall be paid by the Church Wardens of the said Parish, upon demand, after Such Conviction, and the said Church Wardens shall be at all Charges of the Prosecution, they being ordered to do so at a Vestry held for the said Parish, on the 26th of December 1704.' ' Knights of the Post ' have been previously mentioned, but, for a bit of hard swearing, the following anecdote will hold its own. It is told of a vagabond who was hanged in 1704. 1 ' Another Time Tom Sharfie being very well dress'd, he went to one Councellor Manning's Chambers in Grafs Inn, and demanded 100 Pounds which he had lent him on a Bond. The Barrister was surpris'd at his Demand, as not knowing him \ and looking on the Bond, his Hand was so exactly Counterfeited, that he could not in a manner deny it to be his own Writing ; but that he knew his own Circum- stances were such, that he was never in any Necessity of borrowing so much Money in all his Life of any Man ; therefore, as he could not be indebted in any such Sum, upon the account of borrowing, he told Tom, he would not Pay 100 Pounds in his own Wrong. Hereupon To?n, taking his Leave, he told him, he must expect speedy Trouble ; and in the meantime, Mr. Manning expecting the same, sent for another Barrister, to whom opening the matter, they concluded it was a forg'd Bond ; whereupon Mr. Manning's Council got a general Release forg'd for the Payment of this 100 Pounds ; and when Issue was join'd, and the Cause came to be try'd before 1 Smith's Lives of Highwaymen, etc* CRIME. 419 the late Lord Chief Justice Holt, the Witnesses to Tom Sharpens Bond, swore so heartily to his lending of the Money to the Defen- dant that he was in a very fair way of being cast ; 'till Mr. Mannings Council moving the Court in behalf of his Client, acquainted his Lordship that they did not deny the having borrow'd 100 Pounds of the Plaintiff, but that it had been paid for above three Months. Three Months ! (quoth his Lordship) and why did not the Defen- dant then take up his Bond, or see it cancell'd ? To this, his Council reply'd, that when they paid the Money, the Bond could not be found, whereupon the Defendant took a general Release for Pay- ment thereof ; which being produced in Court and two Knights of the Post swearing to it, the Plaintiff was cast. Which putting Tom Sharpe into a great Passion, he cry'd to his Companions, as he was coming through Westminster Hall, Was ever such Rogues seen in thisWorld before, to swear they paid that which they never borrow'd ?' There were plenty of 'Chevaliers d'lndustrie 5 in those days, and many were the traps set for the gullible and unwary. ' Like a couple of Sweetners in search of a Country Gudgeon, who thro' Greediness of Gain, would Bite at his share in a drop'd Half Crown, a Gilded Ring, or Rug and Leather.' Who can the various City Frauds recite, With all the petty Rapines of the Night? Who now the Guinea Dropper s Bait regards, Trick'd by the Sharper's Dice, or Juggler's Cards ? Why shou'd I warn thee ne'er to join the Fray, Where the Sham Quarrel interrupts the W 7 ay ? Lives there in these our Days so soft a Clown, Brav'd by the Bully's Oaths, or threat'ning Frown? I need not strict enjoy n the Pocket's Care, When from the crouded Play thou lead'st the Fair ; Who has not here, or Watch, or Snuff Box lost, Or Handkerchiefs that India's Shuttle Boast? 'To prevent People being imposed upon by Beggers, The Presi- dent and Governors for the Poor of the City of London give Notice, that on the 18th of this instant April one Eliza Cozens was brought into the Workhouse for Begging, with a Paper on her Breast, viz. These are to certifie all Persons whom it may concern, that the Bearer hereof, Eliza Cosens, a Captive among the Turks for the Space of 1 1 years and more, and because she would not renounce the Christian Religion they cut out her Tongue. Being ransomed with some other poor Slaves 6 years ago, in the Reign of the late King William, coming to her Native Country of England, and having no Friend to help her, she being reduc'd to the utmost poverty. We whose Names are hereunto set, do grant her this Certificate for her more secure Travelling, that she might partake more easier of all good Christian's Charity wherever she comes. Ralph Freeman ( Two of Her Ma J est y ?s Justices of the Peace for Thomas Burorief 1 the Count y of Har tford, at our Meeting, being inomasbuigriet v the Petty Sessions at Buttingford. E E 2 420 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. ' This Woman hath a Tongue, and no Impediment at all in her Speech, and this Certificate seems to be as much a Counterfeit as herself. She is now at the Workhouse in Bishopsgate Street, to be seen by any that please.' Another somewhat similar notice was issued by the same autho- rities, about one Mary Welch, and two children, who were sent to the workhouse ' for Begging on Horseback, Rapt up in Sheets and Blankets, pretending to be burnt in their Limbs by a Fire which consumed their House in Lincolnshire ; the said Mary Welch usually begs in a Country Habit with a High Crown'd Hat, and this Trade she hath follow : d several Years. All which Fact is noto- riously untrue, the said Mary and her two Children being sound of their Limbs, and no ways scorch'd by any Fire.' And there are other advertisements of like import, of which the following is most worthy of notice, as the impostor got his de- serts : — ' . . . There is now in their Workhouse in Bishopsgate Street, one Rob. Cunningham, a Man of about 40 years of Age, who went begging up and down this City, and other Places, with this Paper following : — To the Pious Reader. Remember that God gave out the Law, To keep the People of the World in awe. Hope without Faith availeth not indeed, Faith without Works, you may be sure is dead ; Without Charity there is no Salvation, Poverty Causes a sorrowful Vexation. Excuse the Writer, if bold he seems to be, He is DEAF and DUMB, and desires Charity. He came last from Londonderry, Where he lost his Speech and Hearing. The occasion may be told. It was Sickness, Famine and Cold. At last Confln'd within the Town, For a Dog's Head paid half a Crown, He does now for a Pension wait, The which he is promis'd to get. But the old Proverb you may observe, While the Grass grows the Horse may Starve. Rob. Cunningham. Surdus & Mutus Scotia Natus. * This Man being Committed to the Workhouse for begging in the City in the Manner aforesaid, was there detected the 13th of this instant September before the Committee there present, he having no Infirmity in his Speech or Hearing, and he will shortly be sent a Soldier in her Majesty's Service. He is the 4th pretended Dumb Person who hath been here lately detected.' Among the rogues and vagabonds may be classed the gipsies, who led their nomadic life then, as now, and their description one hundred and seventy years ago might be written to-day : ' As I was Yesterday riding out in the Fields with my Friend Sir Roger, CRIME. 42 1 we saw at a little Distance from us a Troop of Gypsies. Upon the first Discovery of them, my friend was in some doubt whether he should not exert the Justice of the Peace upon such a Band of Law- less Vagrants ; but not having his Clerk with him, who is a neces- sary Counsellor on these Occasions, and fearing that his Poultry might fare the worse for it, he let the Thought drop : But at the same time gave me a particular Account of the Mischiefs they do in the Country, in stealing People's Goods and spoiling their Ser- vants. If a stray Piece of Linnen hangs upon an Hedge, says Sir Roger, they are sure to have it ; if the Hog loses his Way in the Fields, it is ten to one but he becomes their Prey ; our Geese can- not live in Peace for them : if a Man prosecutes them with Severity, his Hen roost is sure to pay for it ; They generally straggle into these Parts about this Time of the Year ; and set the Heads of our Servant Maids so agog for Husbands, that we do not expect to have any Business done as it should be whilst they are in the Country. I have an honest Dairy Maid, that crosses their Hands with a Piece of Silver every Summer, and never fails being promised the handsomest young fellow in the Parish for her Pains. Your Friend the Butler has been Fool enough to be seduced by them ; and, though he is sure to lose a Knife, a Fork or a Spoon every time his fortune is told, generally shuts himself up in the Pantry with an old Gypsie for above half an Hour once in a Twelvemonth. Sweet- hearts are the things they live upon, which they bestow very plenti- fully upon all those that apply themselves to them. You see now and then some handsome young Jades among them : The Sluts have often white Teeth and black Eyes.' l The laws were cruelly severe against them, as Misson notes. * By Acts of Parliament and Statutes made in the Reign of Henry 8th and his two Daughters, all those People calling themselves Bohemians or Egyptians, are hangable as Felons at the Age of 14 Years, a Month after their Arrival in England, or after their first disguising themselves. Before the Month is out, they escape with the Loss of their Goods, Money, &c, if they have any. This Law is not put in Execution : 'Tis true they have very few of those People in England? In 1704 the president and governors of the poor of London set a good example to the other municipalities of the kingdom by issu- ing a proclamation against * Rogues, Vagabonds, and Sturdy Beggars,' and promised to anyone who should apprehend one of these objectionable persons, and, taking him before a justice of the peace, get him committed to the Workhouse, a reward of twelve pence ' towards the Charges of this so doing,' and it further recited the pains and penalties contained in the 29 Eliz. cap. 7, and 1 Jas. I. cap 7, on those people who hindered their apprehension, and neglect of duty on the part of constables and others. Perhaps it was as well to, now and then, remind the constables 1 Spectator, 130. 422 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUE EX ANNE. of their duties, for, if we may believe Ward, they were a very queer lot. ' He always walks Arm'd with a Staff of Authority, Seal'd with the Royal Arms, and all Wise People think the Fellow that Carries it a great Blot in the Scutcheon. . . . They are the only En- couragers of what they pretend to Suppress, Protecting those People, for Bribes, which they should punish ; Well Knowing each Bad house they break is a Weekly Stipend, out of their own Pockets.' Here is a case in which they were made to eat the leek. ' On Tuesday last, at Guild Hall, came on the Tryal of the Constables for their insolent Behaviour the last Year, when the Honourable Plaintiffs, at the humble Request of the Defendants, out of pure Compassion for them and their indigent Families, were charitably pleas'd to forgive 'em, upon the following Submission : 1 Whereas we, Francis Violet and John Bavis, Constables of the Ward of Broad Street, did on the 8th day of Febr., 1707, 1 rudely Take the Right Hon. Bazil, Earl of Denbigh, and William, Lord Craven, Sir Cholmley Dering, Bar. James Butler, Esq. and Thomas Leigh, Esq. out of Mr. Calwads House near the Royal Exchange, and commit 'em to the Poultry Compter ; We do hereby declare, that they were not Gaming, or any ways disorderly or offensive in their Behaviour : and that we were guilty of this great Imprudence, without any just Cause ; for which we are heartily sorry, and most humbly beg Pardon in open Court. Francis Violet. John Bavis.' 2 Pollaky and the private inquiry offices were foreshadowed by the subjoined. ' This is to give notice that those who have sus- tained any loss at Sturbridge Fair last, by Pick Pockets or Shop lifts : If they please to apply themselves to John Bonner in Shorts Gardens, they may receive information and assistance therein ; also Ladies and others who lose their Watches at Churches, and other Assemblies, may be served by him as aforesaid, to his utmost power, if desired by the right Owner, he being paid for his Labour and Expences.' Nor do we enjoy the monopoly of gigantic commercial swindles and official peculations : human nature was pretty much the same. 1 This day, one Mr. C , a great exchange broker, who dealt mostly in Stocks, went off, as said, for above ^100,000.' 3 4 26 Oct., 1703. The Commons of Ireland divided, whether Sir Wm. Robertson, vice-treasurer there, not giving an account of about ,£130,000 of the publick money, should be uncapable of ever serving her majestie, and be committed to the Castle : noes, 96 ; yeas, 104.' '23 Dec, 1703. Yesterday the lords examined several Wit- nesses about abuses committed in Victualling the Fleet ; and it ap- pearing that one Hoar, who made some discovery therein, had since 1 This of course should read 1708. 2 The Post Boy, March 5/8, 1709. 3 Luttrell, Aug. 14, 1703. CRIME. 423 been almost killed by persons in masks, the Commissioners of the victualling office were ordered to attend the 5th of January.* '7 Mar., 1704. The Commons considered the report of the Commissioners of accounts, wherein they charge the earl of Rane- lagh with ^72,000 of the publick money not accounted for, and Ordered an addresse to the queen, that the attorney-generall may prosecute him in the exchequer by way of extent upon his estate.' ' 14 Mar., 1704. This day the Commons resolved, that the late Commissioners of the Victualling office, in neglecting to keep regular accounts, in making out perfect bills to clear imprests without vouchers, and in not keeping a regular course in pay- ment of their bills, and not making regular assignments thereof, have been guilty of a breach of trust, and acted contrary to their instructions. 'That Philip Papillion, esq., late cashier of the Victualling (Office) has been guilty of a breach of his instructions, by paying several bills without being signed by three Commissioners. 'And that an addresse be presented to her Majestie to direct an immediate prosecution against him, to compell him to account according to the Course of the Exchequer.' '3 Oct., 1710. Yesterday Richard Dyot, esq., a justice of the peace for Middlesex, and one of the Commissioners of the stamp Office, was taken into Custody, being accused of counterfeiting stamps : implements for that purpose were taken in his house. Mr. Thomas Welham, deputy register of the prerogative office at Doctor's Commons, and others, were also seized and examined, being concern'd with him.' These are not examples of a pleasant social state, and yet it seems that things might have been worse. ' 1 happen'd to be in a Company t'other day, among some persons who were very well acquainted with both London and Paris, where it was made a Question, Which of those two famous Cities was most debauch 'd ? 'Twas urg'd that the excessive Clemency of the English Laws gave Room for abundance of ill Actions that would not else be committed. Their Punishments have nothing terrible in them but Death. A Rack is not known among them ; and their Examination of Criminals is not at all severe. The Judges are extremely favour- able to them ; false Witnesses lie under but a slight Penalty ; and there is a Relaxation which may be call'd an Inexecution of the Laws. Then as to Bankruptcies, and other Villanies of that Nature, the City of London is so full of privileg'd Places, where such Thieves may take Shelter, that upon the whole it must be Confess'd there is much less Danger in being wicked at London than at Paris ; and yet we came to a Resolution, That there is more Vice, and more Roguery at Paris than at London', more infamous Actions, more Cruelty, and more Enormity.' l To remedy the very imperfect and lax enforcement of the laws, a society had been started in 1696, 'For the Reformation of Man- 1 Misson. 1708. 1709. 1255 794 5i 32 30 10 n87 T523 626 575 150 42 424 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. ners in the Cities of London and Westminster ' ; and in their eighth year (1703) they published a list of 858 ' Leud and Scandalous Persons' convicted by their means in the previous year: in 1704, the convictions were 863; in 1707, only 706; whilst afterwards they increased enormously. Lewd and Disorderly Men and Women Keepers of disreputable and disorderly Houses Keepers of Common Gaming Houses I Exercising their Trades or ordinary Callings on the Lord's Day Prophane Swearing and Cursing Drunkenness Looking at the above figures, the society must have done a sensible amount of good in morally purging the metropolis. There were miner punishments : the stocks and the pillory, the former used for petty, the latter for somewhat graver, offences. Defoe had to stand in the latter, and celebrated his defiance of his punishment in * a Hymn to the Pillory.' It was all very well for him to write — Hail Hi roglyphick State Machin, Contriv'd to Punish Fancy in : Men that are Men, in thee can feel no Pain, And all thy Insignificants Disdain — but even his proud boasting has to recognise unpleasantly — The undistinguish'd Fury of the Street, Which Mob and Malice Mankind Greet, No Byass can the Rabble Draw, But Dirt throws Dirt without respect to Merit or to Law. Everyone is familiar with the general features of the pillory, but yet a contemporaneous account, by a keen-sighted witness, will materially help to bring it vividly before us. ' This Punishment is allotted for those who are convicted of any notorious Cheat, or infamous Imposture \ of having publish'd defamatory Libels against the King or Government ; of false Testimony, and of publick Blasphemy ; They are expos'd in a high Place, with their Heads put thro' two Pieces of notch'd Wood ; the uppermost whereof being made to slide down, shuts the Neck into the Notch. The Criminal's Hands are confin'd on each Side his Head in the same Manner ; and thus he stands in this ridiculous Posture for more or less time, or with more or fewer Repetitions, according to his Sentence. If the People think there is nothing very odious in the Action that rais'd him to this Honour, they stand quietly by, and only look at him ; but if he has been guilty of some Exploit dislik'd by the Tribe of "Prentices, he must expect to be regaled with a hundred thousand handfuls of Mud, and as many rotten Eggs as can be got for Money. It is not lawful to throw Stones, but yet CRIME. 425 His often done. Generally the honest Man wears a large Sheet of Paper like a Cravat, containing his Elogium in great Letters.' * There was a lawful punishment for scolding women in the ducking-stool, of which Gay sings : — I'll speed me to the Pond, where the high Stool On the long Plank hangs o'er the muddy Pool ; That Stool, the Dread of every scolding Quean, Yet, sure a Lover should not die so mean. 2 The cucking stool is often used as being synonymous with ducking stool, but in reality it is not. The cucking stool is by far the more ancient, and is described in Domesday Book (speaking of Chester) as * Cathedra Stercoris.' It was a solidly made chair with a hole in the seat, and a rail in front to keep the offender in ; and at first the punishment was confined to exhibition of the scold in front of her house, where, for a certain length of time, she was exposed to the jeers of the neighbourhood. Afterwards it was mounted on wheels, being then called a tumbrel, or trebucket, and moved about the town. It then was improved by ducking the offending woman in some pond ; and at last permanent ones were set up in divers towns and villages, as described by Gay, and especially well by Misson, who says : ' The way of punishing Scolding Women is Pleasant enough ; They fasten an Arm Chair to the end of two Beams, twelve or fifteen Foot long, and parallel to each other : So that these two Pieces of Wood, with their two Ends, embrace the Chair, which hangs between them upon a Sort of Axel ; by which Means it plays freely, and always remains in the natural horizontal Position in which a Chair should be, that a Person may sit Conveniently in it, whether you raise it or let it down. They set up a post upon the Bank of a Pond, or River, and over this Post they lay, almost in Equilibrio, the two Pieces of Wood, at one End of which the Chair hangs just over the Water ; they place the Woman in this Chair, and so plunge her into the Water, as often as the Sentence directs, in order to Cool her immoderate Heat.' CHAPTER XLI. PRISONS. Dreadful condition of Prisons — Bridewell — Description of — Flogging — Houses of Correction — Compters — Description of the Poultry compters — ' Garnish ' — Newgate— Description of— Marshalsea— Queen's Bench — Fleet and Lud- gate — Poor Debtors — Kidnappers— Country prisons — Bankrupts. Perhaps one of the foulest social blots in this reign was the loathsome pollution, moral and physical, of the prisons. It was not that public attention was not called to it. Every writer who 1 Misson. 2 The Shepherd's Week—T\iQ Dumps. 426 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. touched at all upon the subject was loud in exposing their terrible condition, and the villanies practised in them, without effecting any amelioration in them; and so they continued until the time of Howard. They are a portion of the Social Life of the Reign of Queen Anne, and must be spoken of; but their description must be very modified, as the plain, unvarnished statements made by contemporary writers would not be held as exactly fitting for general perusal in these days. 1 A Prison is the Grave of the Living, where they are shut up from the World, and the Worms that gnaw upon them, their own Thoughts, the Jaylor, and their Creditors. A House of Meagre Looks and ill Smells ; for Lice, Drink, and Tobacco are the Compound. . . . Men huddle up their Life here as a thing of no use, and wear it out like an old Shirt, the faster, the better; and he that deceives the time best, best spends it. It is the Place where Strangers are best Welcomed ; and their Joys are never greater than when they hear of the increase of their miserable Companions, because they are in hopes of a Garnish. This Place teaches Wisdom, but commonly too late ; and a Man had better be a Fool than come here to learn Wit.' l The prisons in London, in their alphabetical order, were as follows : Bridewell ; Clerkenwell House of Correction ; Clerken- well New Prison ; Counters, or Compters, in the Poultry and Wood Street ; Fleet ; Gate House, Westminster ; Ludgate ; Marshalsea ; Newgate ; Queen's Bench ; Westminster House of Correction ; and White Lyon Prison, Southwark ; besides a sort of prison at Whitechapel, and one exclusively for debtors in the precinct of St. Catharine's Tower — a precinct which had the privilege of freedom of arrest for debt, except by an order of the Board of Green Cloth. Bridewell, which had originally been a royal residence, was situated between Fleet Ditch and Bride Lane ; and * It is a prison and House of Correction for idle Vagrants, loose and disorderly Servants, Night Walkers, Strumpets &c. These are set to hard Labour, and have Correction according to their deserts, but have their Cloaths and Diet during their Imprisonment at the Charge of the House.' 2 Ward, of course, is in his element in describing Bridewell 3 ; but his account is not exaggerated. 'We then turn'd into the Gate of a stately Edifice, my Friend told me was Bridewell, which to me seem'd rather a Prince's Palace, than a House of Correction ; till gazing round me, I saw in a large Room a parcel of ill looking Mortals, pounding a Pernicious Weed, which I thought from their unlucky aspects, seem'd to threaten their Destruction. These, said I, to my Friend, I suppose are the Offenders at Work ; pray what do you think their Crimes may be ? Truly, said he, I cannot tell you ; but if you have a mind to Know, ask any of them their 1 Hickelty Pickelty. 2 Hatton's New View of London, 1708. 5 Loudon Spy. PRISONS. 427 Offence, and they will soon satis fie you. Prithee Friend, said I, to a Surly Bull neck'd fellow, who was thumping as lazily at his Wooden Anvil, as a Ship Carpenter at a Log in the King's Yard at Deptford^ What are you Confin'd to this Labour for? My Hempen Operator, leering over his shoulder, cast at me one of his hanging Looks, which so frightened me, I step'd back, for fear he should have knocked me on the Head with his Beetle, Why, Mr. Tickletail, says he, taking me, as I believe, being in Black, for some Country Pedagogue, I was committed hither by Justice Clodpate, for saying I had rather hear a Black bird Whistle Walsingham? or a Peacock Scream against Foul Weather, than a Parson talk Nonsense in a Church, or a Fool talk Latin in a Coffee House : And I'll be judg'd by you who are a Man of Judgment, whether in all I said there be one Word of Treason to deserve a Whipping Post. * The Impudence of this Canary Bird so dash'd me out of Countenance, together with his unexpected Answer, I had nothing to say, but heartily wish'd myself well out of their Company ; and, just as we were turning back, to avoid their further Sawciness, another calls out to me, Hark you, Master in Black, of the same colour of the Devil, can you tell me how many thumps of this Hammer will soften the Hemp so as to make a Halter fit Easie, if a man should have occasion to wear one ? A third crying out, I hope, Gentlemen, you will be so Generous to give us something to Drink, for you don't know but we may be hard at work for you ? We were glad, with what Expedition we could, to escape their Impudence. * Going from the Work room to the Common side, or place of Confinement (where they are Lock'd up at Night) through the frightful Grates of which uncomfortable Apartment, a Ghastly Skeleton stood peeping, that from his terrible Aspect I thought some Power Immortal had imprison'd Death that the World might Live for ever. I could not speak to him without dread of danger, least when his Lips open'd to give me an Answer, he should poison the Air with his Contagious Breath, and Communi- cate to me the same Pestilence which had brought his infected Body to a dismal Anatomy : Yet mov'd with pity towards so sad an Object, I began to enquire into the Causes of his sad appearance, who, after a Penitential Look, that call'd for Mercy and Compas- sion, with much difficulty he rais'd his feeble Voice a degree above silence, and told me he had been Sick Six Weeks under that sad Confinement, and had nothing to comfort him but Bread and Water, now and then the refreshment of a little small beer. I asked him further what Offence he had Committed that brought him under this unhappiness ? To which he answer'd, He had been a great while discharg'd of all that was charg'd against him, and was detain'd only for his Fees, which for want of Friends, being a Stranger in the Town, he was totally unable to raise. I ask'd him 1 See Appendix. 428 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. what his Fees amounted to ; who told me Five Groats — Bless me ! thought I, what a Rigorous, Uncharitable thing is this. 1 From thence we turn'd into another Court, the Buildings being like the former, Magnificently Noble ; where straight before us was another Grate, which prov'd the Women's Apartments ; we follow'd our Noses and Walk'd up to take a View of their Ladies, who we found where shut up as close as Nuns ; but like so many Slaves, were under the Care and Direction of an Over Seer, who walk'd about with a very flexible Weapon of Offence, to Correct such Hempen Journey Women who were unhappily troubled with the Spirit of Idleness. . . . They look'd with as much Modesty as so many Newgate Saints, canonized at the Old Baily ; being all 777TTV\ BEATING HEMP. FLOGGING A WOMAN. as Merry over their shameful Drudgery, notwithstanding their Miserable Circumstances, as so many Jolly Crispins in a Garret. . . . 1 Being now both tired with, and amaz'd at the Confidence and Loose Behaviour of these Degenerate Wretches, who had neither Sense of Grace, Knowledge of Vertue, Fear of Shame, or Dread of Misery, my Friend reconducted me back into the first Quad- rangle, and led me up a pair of Stairs into a spacious Chamber, where the Court was sat in great Grandeur and Order. A Grave Gentleman, whose Awful Looks bespoke him some Honourable Citizen, being mounted in the Judgment Seat, Arm'd with a Hammer, like a Change-Broker at Lloyd's Coffee House — and a Woman under the Lash in the next Room, where Folding Doors were open'd, that the whole Court might view the Punishment ; at last down went the Hammer, and the Scourging ceas'd ; that I protest, until I was undeceiv'd, I thought they had sold their Lashes by Auction. The Honourable Court, I observ'd was chiefly Attended by Fellows in Blew Coats, and Women in Blew Aprons. Another PRISONS. 429 Accusation being then deliver'd by a Flat Cap aginst a poor Wench, who having no Friend to speak in her Behalf, Proclamation was made, viz. All you who are willing E — th T 11 should have present Punishment, Pray hold up your Hands ; which was done accordingly ; And then she was ordered the Civility of the House, and was forced to shew her tender Back and Breasts to the Sages of the Grave Assembly, who were mov'd by her Modest Mein, together with the whiteness of her Skin, to give her but a gentle Correction.' The Houses of Correction at Clerkenwell, White Lyon Prison at South wark, and Westminster, were similar institutions. The new prison at Clerkenwell was simply a House of Detention, where the prisoners awaited trial, and was intended to ease Newgate. Wood Street and Poultry Compters received not only ' debtors upon Actions in the Lord Mayor's and Sheriffs Courts, but such as disturb the Peace of the City in the Night.' Ward describes at considerable length a night spent in the Poultry Counter. He says, c The Turnkey was so civil to offer us Beds, but upon such un- conscionable terms, that we thank'd him for his Love, but refus'd his Courtesies Afterwards he was put in the Common Side of the prison, and this is what it was like. ' When first we entered this Apartment, under the Title of the King's Ward, the mixtures of Scents that arose from Mundungus-Tobacco, foul Sweaty Toes, D rty Shirts, stinking Breaths, and uncleanly Carcases, Poison'd our Nostrils far worse than a Southwark Ditch, a Tanner's Yard, or a Tallow Chandlers Melting Room. The 111 looking Vermin, with long Rusty Beards swaddled up in Rags, and their heads, some covered with Thrum Caps, and others thrust into the tops of old Stockings ; some quitted their Play they were before engag'd in, and came hovering round us, like so many Canibals, with such devouring Countenances, as if a Man had been but a Morsel with 'em all crying out Garnish, Garnish, as a Rabble in an Insurrection, crying Liberty, Liberty, We were forc'd to submit to their Doctrine of Non resistance, and comply with their demands, which extended to the Sum of Two Shillings each. Having thus Paid our Initiation Fees, we were bid Welcome into the King's Ward, and to all the Privileges and Immunities thereof.' We will not follow Ward through his night's experiences, which are far too graphically told — but in the morning, he says, ' Now I must confess, I was forc'd to hold my Nose to the Grate, and SnufT hard for a little fresh Air ; for I was e'en choak'd with the unwholesome Fumes that arose from their uncleanly Carcasses : Were the Burning of Old Shoes, Draymen's Stockings, the Dipping Card Matches, and a full Close Stool Pan, to be prepared in one Room, as a Nosegay to torment my Nostrils, it could not have prov'd a more effectual Punishment.' More than once we have come across the word Garnish. The following scene will assist us in thoroughly grasping its meaning : — 430 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. Scene — Newgate. 1 Storm. I defie the World to say I ever did an ill thing. I love my Friend — but there is always some little Trifle given to Prisoners, they call Garnish ; we of the road are above it, but o' t'other side of the House, Silly Rascals that come voluntarily hither. Such as are in for Fools, sign'd their own Mittimus, in being bound for others, may perhaps want it : I'll be your faithful Almoner. Bookwit. O, by all means, Sir. (Gives him Money.) Storm. Pray, Sir, is this your Footman ? Bookwit. He is my Friend, Sir. Storm. Look you, Sir, the only time to make use of a Friend is in Extremity ; do you think you cou'd not hang him, and save your self? Sir, my Service to you, your own Health. (Gives it to next Prisoner.) ist Pris. Captain, your Health. ind Pris. Captain, your Health. Storm. But perhaps the Captain likes Brandy better. So ho ! Brandy there — (Drinks.) But you don't perhaps like these strong Liquors. Sider ho ! Drink to him in it — Gentlemen all. But Captain, I see you don't love Sider neither. You and I will be for Claret then. Ay marry ! I knew this wou'd please (Drinks) you. (Drinks again.) Faith we'll make an end on't. I'm glad you like it. Turnkey. I'm sorry, Captain Storm, to see you impose upon a Gentle- man, and put him to Charge in his Misfortune. If a petty Larceny Fellow had done this But one of the Road ! Storm, I beg your Pardon, Sir, I don't question but the Captain under- stands there is a Fee to you for going to the Keeper's side (Bookwit and Latin give him Money) (Exeunt Turnkey, Si?non following). Nay, Nay, you must stay here. Simon. Why I am Simon, Madam Penelope's Man. Storm. Then Madam Penelope's Man must strip for Garnish ; indeed, Master Simon, you must. Simon. Thieves ! Thieves ! Thieves ! Storm. Thieves ! Thieves ! Why you senseless Dog, do you think, there s Thieves in Newgate ? Away with him to the Tap House. (Pushes him off.) We'll drink his Coat off. Come my little Chymist, thou shalt transmute this Jacket into Liquor, Liquor that will make us forget the evil Day. And while Day is ours, let us be Merry. Perhaps the best contemporary account of Newgate is in a pamphlet, published in 1708, called ' Memoirs of the Right Villa- nous John Hall] etc. ; and this is the scene attending the initiation of a prisoner into the Common Side : — 1 Those Scholars that come here have nothing to depend on but the Charity of the Foundation, in which Side very exact Rules are observ'd ; for as soon as a Prisoner comes into the Turn Key's Hands Three Knocks are given at the Stair Foot, as a Signal a Collegian is coming up ; which Harmony makes those Convicts that stand for the Garnish as joyful as One Knock, the Signal of the Bakers coming every Morning, does those poor Prisoners, who, for want of Friends, have nothing else to Subsist on but Bread and Water : And no sooner are the Three Strokes given, but out jumps Four Trunchion Officers from their Hovel, and with a sort of ill mannerly Reverence receive him at the Grate ; then taking him into their Apartment, a couple of the good natured Sparks hold him 1 The Lying Lover* PRISONS. 43! whilst the other Two pick his Pockets, claiming Six Pence apiece, as a Priviledge, belonging to their Office ; then they turn him out to the Convicts, who hover about him for Garnish, which is Six Shillings and Eight pence, which they, from an old Custom, claim by Prescription Time out of Mind for entring in the Society, other- wise they strip the poor Wretch, if he has not wherewithal to pay it. ' Then Cook Ruffia?i comes to him for Three pence for dressing the Charity Meat, which charitable disposed Persons send in every Thursday, whereon Earthen Dishes, Porringers, Pans, Wooden Spoons, and Cabbage Nets, are Stirring about against Dinner Time, whilst the Cook sweats in Porriging the Prisoners, who stand round him like so many poor Scholars begging at the Kitchin Door for College Broth. ' But yet the caged Person is not clear of his Dues, for next, Two other Officers, who have a Patent for being Swabbers, demand Three Half pence apiece more for clearing the Gaol of its Filth, which requires the Labour of Sisiphus, and is never to be ended. Then at the signal of the Grey Pease Woman, which is between Seven and Eight, he is conducted down Stairs, with an Illumination of Links, to his Lodging, and, provided he has a Shilling for Money, may lye in the Middle Ward, which (to give the Devils their due) is kept very neat and clean, where he pays One Shilling and Four Pence more to his Comrades, and then he is Free of the College and Matriculated? The Lower Ward was a shocking place, as was also a i large Room call'd Tangier, which next to the Lower Ward, is the nastiest place in the Gaol. The Miserable Inhabitants hereof are Debtors. 5 There was a large room called High Hall, for recreation, and a cellar where liquors were sold, in unlimited quantities, to moneyed prisoners. We can imagine the effects of drink among this de- praved lot, and the fearful brawls and fights that took place ; but, were the riot very serious, then two pulls of the big bell, which hung over the High Hall stairs, would bring the turnkeys, who stood no nonsense among that unruly crew, and the ringleaders were ironed and thrown into dark dungeons. The press-room, where non-pleading criminals were pressed, and a room where the hangman seethed the quartered limbs of rebels and traitors in a mixture of pitch, tar, and oil, were among the apartments in Newgate. When the fettered prisoners were tried, if they did not give the gaolers half a crown to be put in the Bail Dock, they were put, men and women together, into the Hold, where a singular custom prevailed of a prisoner exacting a shilling apiece from the youngest for Hold Money ; and were anyone lucky enough to be acquitted, he had to spend a Quit Shilling for their delight. Of the Marshalsea Prison Hattonsays : ' It is now the County Gaol for Felons, the Admiralty Gaol for Piracy and other Offences committed at Sea, and is the Gaol to the Marshals court for Debt and Damage. It was in Southwark ; and another contemporary 1 1 Smith's Lives of Highwaymen* 432 SOCIAL LIFE i?i the reign of QUEEN ANNE. says it * is situated on such a Cursed Piece of Land, that the Son is asham'd to be his Father's Heir in't. It is an infected Pest house all the Year long ; and Lord have Mercy upon us may well stand upon these Doors.' The Gate House, Westminster, Ms the chief Prison for the City of Westminster Liberties, not only for Debt but Treason, Theft and other Criminal Matters ; the Keeper has that place by Lease from the Dean and Chapter of Westminster? The Queen's Bench Prison had ' its Rules of a considerable Extent and Allowance, somewhat better than in the Common Gaols, for which reason many Debtors elsewhere confin'd, do by Habeas Corpus remove into this Prison, which is the proper place of Con- finement in all Cases tryable in the Queeiis Bench Court, whether for Debt, Dammage, Treason, Murther, &c.' The Fleet and Ludgate were purely for debtors, in contradis- tinction to the others, which accommodated not only debtors but criminals. Imprisonment for debt has not very long been done away with — indeed, it now exists under the name of i contempt of court ' ; and what renders it more illogical and oppressive, is that people can only be imprisoned for owing small sums, the debtors who operate on a larger scale having perfect immunity from restraint. However, in Anne's time large and small were taken indiscriminately ; the smaller debtors, as being the weaker, natu- rally getting the worst of it ; their chances of ever getting out being very remote. We have seen in Newgate that Tangier was the worst place but one in the gaol. 'The Miserable Inhabitants hereof are Debtors, who put what sorry Bedding they enjoy upon such an Ascent where Soldiers lye when on Guard at the Tilt Yard. But in this Apartment lye, besides real Debtors, such as are call'd your Thieving Debtors ; who, having for Theft satisfy'd the Queen, by being Burnt in the Face, or Whipt, which is no Satisfaction to the wrong'd Subject, their Adversaries bring an Action of Trover against them, and keep them there till they make Restitution for Things stolen . . . here is a lightsome Room call'd Debtor's Hall, so nam'd from such unfortunate Men lying there, where every Man shews like so many Wrecks upon the Sea ; here the Ribs of £10, here the Ruins of a good Estate, Doublets without Buttons, and a Gown without Sleeves ; and a pair of Stairs higher lye Women that are Fines and Debtors, thinking, like their suffering Companions below them, every Year Seven till they get abroad.' 1 The Warden of the Fleet must have made a good thing out of the necessities of his victims. If they had any money at all, he got it out of them. If their nature revolted at the moral and actual filth of the Common Side, they could rent a small room of him, the lowest price being about 8s. per week. This accommodation entailed paying besides is. 6d. a week to the chamberlain, and a double fee of 4d. to the chaplain. ' There are some who lie on the Common Side, 1 Hall's Memoirs, PRISONS. 433 or Wards, without Beds allowed to them, who pay but is. 2d. per week, and 34$. 4d. Commitment Fee, and 2d. per week to the Parson ; but that place in the Fleet is Dark, Unwholesome, and is a Curb upon the rest to pay those Great Rates the Gaoler Exacts ; he unmercifully threatning all for Non Payment, with Dungeons and Irons, not distinguishing between a Criminal and a Debtor.' Ludgate was more comfortable, and rather more aristocratic ; it was c purely for Insolvent Citizens of London, Beneficed Clergy, and Attorneys at Law. Fees at Coming in from the Counter — is. 2d. ; at going out — 35*. 2d. ; and to the Turnkey— 1 s. For their being here they pay on the Com- mons Side is. 2d. per Week, and on the Master's side — is. gd. They have among the Prisoners a sort of Government, as a Steward chosen the 1st Tuesday in every Month ; also 7 Assistants.' 1 But both here and at the Fleet, in spite of charitable bequests, there were some of the prisoners in a state of absolute destitution. To aid these, the prisoners took it in turns to perambulate the rules, and solicit help in money or kind, whilst another had to stand at the window-grating, rattling a box, and chanting the monotonous wail ot ' Pray remember the poor Debtors !' 'Passing under Ludgate, the other Day, I heard a Voice bawl- ing for Charity, which I thought I had somewhere heard before. Coming near to the Grate, the Prisoner called me by my Name, and desired I would throw some- thing into the Box. I was out of Countenance for him, and did as he bid me, by putting in half-a-Crown.' 2 Once in a debtor's prison, almost all hope had to be given up — even the release offered by Government on condition of joining the army or navy was limited to debtors of small amount, who must have been six months in prison ; and, besides, it was only going to other privations, and, in the army, almost certainly meant wounds or death. No wonder, then, if, when a man was in difficulties, he sometimes adopted the desperate resource of selling himself for a time in bondage to one of the Plantations. Poor wretch ! he knew it was bad to do so, by common report ; but he had to find out what the life of a i Redemptioner ' really was, by bitter J3\ 'remember the poor prisoners.' 1 New View of London. 2 Spectator, 82. F F 434 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. experience. First, a little money advanced for his outfit ; then, on his arrival at his destination, his body would be seized for his passage money, which had been promised him free ; and then he must be sold to Work for so many years, to some one who paid his debt for him. Put on the same footing, as to food and government, with the convicts, his life was awful, whilst his master always managed to keep him sufficiently in debt for clothes and tobacco, &c, so that he never could free himself. Men were ever on the prowl, about London, to catch the miser- able. i Those fine Fellows who look like Foot men upon a Holy day, crept into cast Suits of their Masters, that want Gentility in their Deportments answerable to their Apparel, are Kidnappers, who walk the Change, and other parts of the Town, in order to Seduce People, who want Services, and young Fools crost in Love, and under an uneasiness of Mind, to go beyond Seas, getting so much a head of Masters of Ships, and Merchants who go over, for every Wretch they trapan into this Misery. Those Young Rakes, and Tatterdemallions you see so lovingly herded, are drawn by their fair Promises to sell themselves into Slavery, and the Kid- nappers are the Rogues that run away with the Money.' 1 Bad as the prisons where debtors were confined were in London, they were infinitely worse in the country ; indeed, one can scarcely credit the treatment they received. There is, however, a most interesting little book, called ' The Cry of the Oppressed/ which goes minutely into the details in many of the country prisons, and the engravings alone show the cruel treatment debtors had to endure : catching mice for subsistence ; being dragged on hurdles, dying of starvation and malaria ; covered with boils and blains ; imprisoned in underground dungeons ; assaulted by the gaolers ; having to live with the hogs, with wooden clogs chained to their legs ; having to herd with condemned criminals ; and being tor- tured with thumbscrews, etc. Nobody ever seems to have bothered their heads about it — it was not their business. Luttrell says, '3 Nov., 1702. This day ordered a Bill to be brought in for regulating the King's Bench and Fleet Prisons,' but nobody took sufficient interest in it, and it never became an Act. Arrest for debt was so common in those days that we find that even the sacred person of an ambassador was not exempt. * Saturday, 24 July, 1708. Thursday, the Muscovite envoy, who is leaving this kingdom, was arrested in his Coach in the Haymarket for a debt of ^360, which he has since paid, but complained to her Majestie of the affront, who ordered the officers to be prosecuted, and promised him all possible satisfaction. 27 Jul. The Queen has ordered the persons who caused the Muscovite ambassador to be arrested to beg his pardon upon their knees.' 2 In the Daily Courant^ Oct. 11, 1705, is a most pathetic appeal 1 London Spy. 2 Lutirdls Diary. PRISONS 435 from a bankrupt to his creditors. ' To the Creditors of James Fol- kingham, late of London, Merchant. The Mottos of Sic transit Gloria Mundi, and Hodie mihi, eras tibi, have been frequently made use of to express the uncertainty of Humane Affairs in all their Divisions, even from the greatest Monarch to the Meanest Peasant, so I may occasionally lay Claim to them. This premised, I shall not entertain you Gentlemen, my Creditors, with the Num- ber, Variety, and Severity of my Misfortunes, nor how far my folly, want of Judgment, Inadvertency, &c. may have contributed thereto ; but rather plead Guilty to the Indictment of having Injured you, unwillingly, of a great deal of Money, and my own near Relations of as much, and throw myself on your Mercy ; in order to entitule me to which, I promise upon Oath to resign all I have, and shall be required by the Persons deputed, directly or indirectly ; provided I may be forthwith set at Liberty, with a Security not to be molested hereafter. That my all is no more, is matter of Concern to me, as well as Disappointment to you. If God Almighty ever permit me to be able, my generous, honest Temper will oblige me to make you farther Satisfaction, for to Digg I will endeavour, tho' to Begg I am ashamed. * Your Disconsolate Debtor and Humble Servant, * James Folkingham.' In one case, that of Thomas Pitkin, a bankrupt linen draper, who absconded, an Act of Parliament (3 and 4 Anne, cap. 11) was passed for the relief of his creditors, and for his apprehension, and he was afterwards captured at Breda in Holland. The Act of 4 and 5 Anne, cap. 4, ' to prevent Frauds frequently committed by Bankrupts,' gave liberty to a large number, the Gazette of June 6/10, 1706, having as many as forty-six bankruptcy petitions, whereas formerly seven or eight was an average. CHAPTER XLII. WORKHOUSES, HOSPITALS, ETC. The London Workhouse — Life therein — Bedlam — Its building — Regulations — Description of interior — Governors — Bartholomew Hospital — St. Thomas's — Almshouses. The London Workhouse, in Bishopsgate Street, was, perhaps, one of the first of these municipal institutions, and there the rogues vagrants, and sturdy beggars were really set to work, and the women were employed in sewing or washing linen, beating hemp, and picking oakum. The children, who were either vagrants or parish children, were taught spinning wool and flax, sewing, knit- ting, winding silk, and making their clothes and shoes ; but they also received some elementary instruction in reading, writing, and F F2 436 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNM. arithmetic. Hatton thus gives the daily life of these little ones : 1 The Bell rings at 6 a Clock in the Morning to call up the Children, and half an Hour after, the Bell is rung for Prayers, and Break- fast ; at 7 the Children are set to work ) 20 under a Mistress to spin Wool and Flax, to Knit Stockings, to wind Silk, to make and Sew their Linen, Cloaths, Shooes, Mark &c. All the Children are called down for an Hour every Day to Read, and an Hour every Day to Write {viz.) 20 at a time. 'At 12 a Clock they go to Dinner, and have a little time to play till One, then they are set to work again till 6 a clock : They are rung to Prayers, to their Supper, and allowed to play till Bed time. 1 Every Nurse combs her Children with a small tooth comb 3 times a Week ; mends the Children's Cloaths ; makes their beds, washes their Wards ; and sees that the children go neat and clean, and that they wash and comb themselves every day. 1 Some Children earn a \d., some id. and some 4d. per day. ' The Children are taught their Catechism, and often Catechised by the Minister, especially every Sunday. 1 When Children are grown up to 12, 13 or 14 years of Age they are put forth Apprentices to Masters of Ships, and other Sea faring Men, and to Handycraft Trades and others, and the Governors give with them a good ordinary Suit of Cloaths or 20s. in Money at the Election of the Master or Mistress. ' . . . The Seal or Badge of this Corporation is an Orphan, his Left Hand resting on the Head of a Sheep, with this Motto, God's Providence is our Inheritance? The hospitals, in the modern acceptation ol the word, were Bethlehem, or Bedlam, St. Bartholomew's, and St. Thomas's — Guy's not having yet been founded. Of Bethlehem Hatton says : ' It was formerly a mean House situate between the E. side of Moor-fields, and Bishopsgate Street. . . . This Hospital for poor distracted Persons, growing Old and Ruinous, and too small to accommodate so great numbers, for whom Applications were made ; the City of London granted to the Governours of the said Hospital, Ground on the S. Side of Moor- fields (a Situation much more Commodious as to Air &c.) for the benefit of Lunatick Persons, and in the year 1675, the present spacious Structure was begun to be erected, which was finished Anno 1676, being well built of Brick and Stone, the Wings at both ends and the Portico, being all adorned with each 4 pilasters/ etc. — c and on a Pediment over the Gate are the figures of 2 Lunaticks curiously Carved.' These figures, which are now in the hall of Bethlehem Hospital, represent Raving and Melancholy Madness, and were the work of Caius Gabriel Cibber (father of the cele- brated Colley Cibber). They are carved in Portland stone, and one of them was the portrait of Oliver Cromwell's porter, then in Bedlam. In Anne's time it was not overcrowded. ' Distracted persons WORKHOUSES, HOSPITALS, etc. 437 who went out cured in the Year ending at Easter 1707 — 59 ; buried in that time 24. Brought into the Hospital in 1706 — 82 — and remaining at Easter aforesaid in this Hospital under Cure, 142.' ' The Method of receiving, continuing and curing Lunaticks in this Hospital is. When any Person is minded to get a Friend or Relation into the Hospital, it must be by Petition to the Committee who sit at Bethlehem 7 at a time weekly ; this must be signed by the Church Wardens or other reputable Persons who know the Lunatick, and also recommended to the said Committee by one of the Governours ; and this being approved by the President and Governours, and entered in a Book, upon a vacancy (in their turn) an Order is granted for their being received into the House, where the said Lunatick is accommodated with a Room in a good Air, proper Physick, and Diet Gratis. The Diet is very good and wholesome, being commonly boyled Beef, Mutton or Veal and Broth with Bread for Dinners on Sundays, Tuesdays, and Thurs- days, the other Days, Bread, Cheese and Butter, or on Saturdays Peas, Pottage, Rice Milk, Fermity or other Pottage ; and for Suppers they have usually Broth or Milk Pottage, always with Bread ; and there is this farther care taken, that some of the Committee go weekly to the said Hospital to see the Provisions weighed, and that the same be good and rightly expended. * There is also care taken, That no distracted Person be abused by the Servants of the House &c. ; the Men Servants of the House attend the Lunatick Men, and the Women Servants the Women, and no loose Person or Apprentice is suffered to loyter away the time in this Hospital, nor any Person to be admitted to come or stay in (as a Spectator) after Sun Setting; and the Servants are particularly enjoyned to keep good Hours.' This looks admirable, on paper — but, practically, it was the reverse. It ranked, as we know, with the Lions and Westminster Abbey, as one of the principal sights of London. Ward describes a visit : ' Accordingly we were admitted in thro* an Iron gate, within which sat a Brawny Cerberus of an Indico Colour, leaning upon a Money box ; we turned in thro' another Iron Barricado, where we heard such a rattling of Chains ', drumming of Doors, Ranting, Hollowing, Singing and Running that I could think of nothing but Don Quevedds Vision, where the Damn'd broke loose, and put Hell in an Uproar.' He describes the lunatics as being filthy in their persons, their habits, and their conversation, and the visitors as no better than they ought to be : 1 'tis a new Whetstone's Park 1 — now the old one's Plough'd up, where a Sportsman at any Hour in the Day may meet with Game for his Purpose.' So he and his friend * redeemed their Liberties from this Prison, at the Expence of Two Pence ' — and went away. There were the names of good men on the List of Governors — take that for 17 1 1, for instance. All the aldermen were so, ex officio, 1 A narrow alley leading from Lincoln's Inn Fields to Holborn. 438 SOCIAL LIFE in the reign of QUEEN ANNE. and there were the Earls of Abingdon, Anglesea, Ailesford, Lords Craven, Gower, Harcourt, and St. John of Bletsoe ; the Earl of Scarsdale, Doctor Jonathan Swifts Dean of St. Patrick. The Earl of Thanet and Sir Philip York, the Attorney- General. Of St. Bartholomew's Hospital Hatton says : — This Hospital of St. Bartholomew's the last Year 1706 curd and dis- charg'd of wounded, sick and maimed Souldiers, Seamen, and 1 other diseased Persons from several Parts of the Queen's Dominions (and from Foreign Parts) who have been relieved with money and I 2293 other Necessaries, notwithstanding the greatest part of the Revenue of this Hospital was consumed by the lamentable Flames in 1666 to the Number of J Buried in the Year 1706, after much Charge on them 141 And at the beginning of the Year 1707, there remained Persons at the ) Charge of the Hospital under Cure \ 37 1 St. Thomas's Hospital escaped the fire of 1666, and also a very bad one that happened in South wark May 26, 1676, when 500 houses were burnt. It performed its share of merciful work, for in 1706 it discharged (cured) 2,820 persons, buried 174, and had 362 in hospital. Of Almshouses there were plenty in existence, such as the Trinity, those of the different City companies, and of private benefactors ; but the stream of charity seems to have flowed, in this reign, in a different channel, that of founding charity schools, and I can find no new almshouses recorded, 439 APPENDIX. LILLI-BURLERO. From 'The Dancing Master,' 15 Ed. 1713. Brit. Mus. C. 31, b. 21. j fcuuu^ H. PURCELL. stB. 3=c qs^p 3-j-^ jt *E^S ^ W-t p— P^— jT3 - 3^ s fcadfe: |g f fg E^^ q*^ f ( ^ —^-7^(^ — 1—— - 1 ■?=W=i£v=£^ =f=2= SE ^ ^ s it=itL=t hunt r/ffi SQUIRIL. LONGWAYS FOR AS MANY AS WILL. ©00© Men. • Dancing Master,' Ed. 1713. > > ) > Women. Sfe^F^F =g=FF H :St=p=^: -?2- ^^ **: s ?=2=22: ttt. 1 — I — y ^=p=^= m :%*:: 3 :*-?=<--z=t r*=£r»: 440 APPENDTX. --W-&- -^r-fi'- --m-- 3=t :^t==^ -P- :t= 32j & 'W-=^ zat=sb Note. — Each Strain must be played twice over, to each Part of the Dance. The first Man Heys x on the We. side, the 1st Wo Heys on the Men's side at the same time (a). The 1st Man Heys on the Men's side, the Wo, on the We. side, till they come into their own Places (b). The 1st cu. cross over and turn (a) then the 2 cu. do the same (b). The 1st Man figures the Figure of 8 on the Man's side, his Partner follows after him the same time, then she slips into her own Place (a). Then the 1st Wo. cast off on the out side of the 3 Wo. and half figures with the 3 and 2 We. her Partner follows her at the same time, then the Man slips into his own Place (b) the 1st cu. being at the top, the I man changes over with the 2 Wo. and the 1st Wo. changes over with the 2 Man, then Hands half round all four, the I cu. being at the top cast off (a). Then right and left quite round, and turn your partner (b). MOLL PEATLEY. LONGWAYS FOR AS MANY AS WILL. 1 Dancing Master, ' Ed. 1713. ©00© Men. ) ) ) ) Women. I =& =P=£: ££=T^ -m- m£ J£- Kfc* ±z The 1 Man begins on the Women's side, the I cu. sides to the 2 cu. of one side, and then of the other side ; then hit your right elbows to^ gether, and then your left, and turn with your left hands behind, and your right hands before, and turn twice round ; and then your left Elbows together and turn as before, and so to the next. 1 The figure half round is the Hey half round, the whole figure is the Hey all four round. , (a) For a strain of the tune played once over. (b) For a strain played twice over. APPENDIX. 441 A LIST OF ALL THE PERSONS TO WHOM RINGS AND MOURNING WERE PRESENTED UPON THE OCCASION OF MR. PEPYS'S DEATH AND BURIAL. Rings of Persons Mourning 1 ios.\ i$s. \os. " Mr. Saml. & John Jackson his 2 2 Suits & 2 Nephews io Broad pieces to Samuel. Capt. Sir Michel, his brother in Law .... I I Suit. Ditto, his daughter, Mrs. Mary I I » Earl of Sandwich . I Relations Dr. Montagu, Dean of Durham I viz Mr. Pickering. Mr. Roger Pepys of Impington I I Mr. & Mrs. Matthews . 2 2 „ & io Broad pieces to each. Mr. Tim Turner, Minister of Tooting .... I L Mr. Bellamy .... I ' Mr. Saml. Gale, Mr. P.'s God- son ..... I Godchildren Lt. Edwards do. . I viz Mrs. Frances Johnson, his Goddaughter I > Mrs. Mary Skynner I I Suit Domestics at ' Ditto her Maid I „ his Death viz His own 7 men & women Servants .... Mr. Richard Gibson Mr. Paul Lorrain . Ditto his Wife John Wetton .... $aml. Holcroft • , . I I I I I 7 » 442 APPENDIX. Rings of Mourning 2oy. 15*. 10 s. f Mrs. Jane Penny . . I I Suit & 6* Mr. Pepys's guineas. former Mrs. Jane Fane . I Servants and h Mrs. Mary Ballard . I ii Dependents Ditto her Husband . I viz Mrs. Eliza Hughson \ Ditto her Husband • • • I I ,» f -m- • • ( Dr. Sloane . Physicmns{ Dr>shadwell _ I I Suit. I I » Chirurgeon, Serjt. Bernard I Apothecary, Mr. Ethersey I I ,» Retainers Lawyer, Judge Powis I General viz Scrivener, Mr. West Ditto, his Clerk, Mr. Martin . Goldsmith, Sir Rd. Hoare Ditto, his Foreman Mr. Arnold Bookbinder, Mr. Beresford . Ditto his Sewer, Mr. Wetton . I I I I I I Self as Executor I 1 » ' Mr. & Mrs. Samuel . 2 2 „ Edgley- Ditto their 3 Children Mr. Arthur 3 1 3 » Blackburn, Mr. Wm. and Isaac 2 [Mrs. The Mother . 1 Mr. Hewer's H Relations ' Crawley j D °^ & VMr. John' *• Sergison Mr. . Daughters Margaret vide Navy • Office 2 1 1 Mr. Forbes, Chaplain 1 Domestics . • Mr. Foster, Steward , Ditto his Wife Mr. Saville the Minister . Mr. Home, late Lecturer 1 1 I 1 Suit. Clapham • " Mr. Pritchard, present Ditto . Mr. Urban Hall . Mr. Juxon .... Sir John Hoskins President 1 1 1 1 Royal Society ■ Mr. Abraham Hill . , Mr. Hunt Operator r Dr. Quadring, Master of Mag. Coll Dr. Bentley, Master of Trin. { Coll 1 I Cambridge • - I I ' Dr. Aldrich, Dean of Christ Oxford . Church .... I . Dr. Wa His Professor • • I APPENDIX, 443 Oxford . Admiralty Commis- sioners Officers Navy Clerks , Auditors Clergy Persons Dr. Charlet, Master of Univer- sity Coll. . ^ Dr. Gregory Professor Mr. Burchett Secretary . Sir Thos. Littleton Treasurer (a Supporter) Sir Richd. Haddock, Controlle Mr. Furzer Surveyor Mr. Sergison, Clerk of the Act Mr. Atkins Mr. Tollett . Mr. Hammond Mr. Lyddall . Mr. Greenhill . Mr. Tunewell . Mr. Johnson . Mr. John Crawley . House keeper, Mrs. Griffin ***** l£ %& : Archbishop of Canterbury Bishop of London . Dean of Worcester, who per formed the Service Dr. Smith Dr. Millington Dr. Gibson Archdeacon Baynard Mr. Coppyn - Munster of Crutched Fryars Ditto his Reader ( Clarendon (a Sup Earls of -j porter ( Feversham (ditto) Ilonble. M, {Hauon (ditto. Sir Anto Deane (ditto) William Hodges Ditto His Son Mr. Hodges Ditto his Partner Mr. Haines Sir Henry Shere Sir Richard Dutton . Sir William Gore . . Bowdler-Thomas Degateni&re Mons. et Mdlle. Rings of 20s. 1 5 s. IOS. Mourning I Suit. APPENDIX. Rings of Mourning , 20J. i5*. IOJ. Dubois, Charles I Evelyn, John, Grandfather & 2 I Suit Grand- Grandson .... father. Gawden, Benjamin . I Houblon, Wynne & James 1 2 2 „ Houghton, Apothecary . I Hunter, Saml. I * »J Isted I Lowndes .... 1 I Martin, Joseph, Father & Son . 2 Monro .... I Mussard I Nelson .... I Penn, William I Snow, Ralph .... I Wind, Captain I LORD MA YORS DELIGHT. LONGWAYS FOR AS MANY AS WILL. Dancing Master,' Ed. 1713. B 3 z&i :p=p: ±=t= si 0©O© ff HP I -r--^- P=F& s=± n »rf: S= J? t=t £=P=* The 1 Man cast off below the 2 Man, then back to back with the 2 Wo. and stand in the 2 Man's place. The I Wo. cast off below the 2 Wo. and go back with the 2 Man being in the I Man's place, and stand in the 2 Wo. place. All four hands half round, then fall back and turn with one hand. APPENDIX, 445 Cross over with your own Partner, then the I Couple Sett to their part- ners and Cast oft'. WALSINGHAM. Chappell's ' Popular Music of the Olden Time.' 3=E*--? J: --!- rr ?: 33 | I As I went to Wal-sing-ham, To the shrine with speed ; w^m :^= £ =P=J=F rp:*rP ^ £2: Met I with a jol - ly pal - mer, In a pil - grim's weed, li ^-^ =pg :=!= 3 =P=*r rpfc ±=t Is in Queen Elizabeth's Virginal book, but is probably much older. Is mentioned very frequently ; see * Knight of the Burning Pestle.' Also Act 5 of Fletcher's 'The Honest Man's Fortune,' a servant says : * I'll renounce my five mark a year, and all the hidden art I have in carving, to teach young birds to whistle Walsingham? THE CHILDREN IN THE WOOD. m Slowly. Chappell's ' Popular Music of the Olden Time.' *t -0 • ^t=A- =t 5 ~+t-Z: Now pon - der well, You parents dear, These H 5 446 APPENDIX. ~Wr- -00*4. -M- ~=fc i=* -jrr-9- "ST? words which I shall write ; A dole - ful sto - ry ^• : §==! : »: =t==P fek I =1= you shall hear, In time brought forth to light, ito= A LIST OF SOME OF THE COFFEE-HOUSES IN LONDON DURING QUEEN ANNE'S REIGN, 1702-1714. Adam's, Chancery Lane. Adlamb's, Little Turnstile. Admiralty, next the Admiralty Office. Adulan's, Lincoln's Inn Fields. African, Leadenhall Street. Alder's, Maiden Lane. Alder's, Bull Inn Court, Ivey Bridge, Strand. Aldersgate, without Aldersgate. Alice's, at the Parliament House. Allen's, Pope's Head Alley (for- merly Bridge's). Amsterdam (old), behind the Royal Exchange. Anderton's, Fleet Street. Andlaby's, Greek Street, Soho. Andrew's, Devereux Court, in Mid. Temple. Andrew's, Bell Yard, Gracechurch Street. Angel (the), Exeter Change. Angel and Crown, Threadneedle Street. Antegoe (the), Finch Lane. Atkin's, Burr Street. Auction (the), Burleigh Street. Bagnio (the), Newgate Street. Baker's, Exchange Alley. Baldrey's, next the Church, without Aldgate. Bank (the), Grocer's Alley. Barbadoes and Jamaica, Water Lane. Barcelona, Birch in Lane. Barndall's, Old Palace Yard. Barnes's, Newgate Street. APPENDIX. 447 Batson's, Cornhill. Baulder's, Church Lane, Hounds- ditch. Bay Tree (the), St. Swithin's Lane. Bear Key (Quay). Bedford (the), Tavistock Street. Bedford Court, Covent Garden. Bell (the), Bell Yard, Fleet Street. Bell (the), Behind St. Clement's, Strand. Bentley's, Opposite Bow Lane, Cheapside. Best's, Cornhill. Betts', Devonshire Street, in Red Lion Square. Betty's, Jermyn Street. Bickerstaff's, Russell Street, Covent Garden. Bigg's, Turnstile in Holborn. Billingsgate. Bird's, Old Palace Yard, West- minster. Bird's, New Palace Yard, West- minster. Bishop's, Aldersgate Street. Blackborn's, Great Russell Street. Black boy, Ave Maria Lane. Black boy, Prescot Street, Good- man's Fields. Blacknall's, Cross Street, Hatton Garden. Bland's, Catherine Wheel Alley, Whitechapel. Blenheim, by St. James's Church, Piccadilly. Blue Coat, St. Swithin's Lane. Blue Coat Boy, Thames Street. Boarn's, near Guildhall. Boddy's, Peter Street, near Clare Market. Bolland's, near the Bear in the Strand. Bond's, near St. Dunstan's Church. Booth's, Nicholas Lane. Boulton's, Church Court, St. Martin's. Bourne's, Cateaton Street. Bourn's, Finch Lane. Boyden's, Tower Street. Bradshaw, near the Tennis Court Cockpit, Whitehall. Bracqes, Silver Street. Braxton, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. Bridges, Pope's Head Alley, Cornhill. Bright's, Friday Street. Brightman's, near Wapping Old Stairs. Britannia, Bartholomew Lane. Britannia, Charing Cross. British, opposite Suffolk Street. British, Great Wild Street, near Clare Market. Brome's, King Street, Covent Gar- den. Brown's, Bell Yard, near Temple Bar. Brown's, Mitre Court, Temple. Brown's, Fenchurch Street. Brown's, King Street, Westminster. Brown's, by the Nag's Head, Cheapside. Brown's, Ormonde Street. Buckeridge's, Aldersgate. Bull's Head, Corner of Tower Street. BurchilPs (Capt. John), Crutched Friars. Burton's, King Street, St. James's. Button's, opposite Tom's, Covent Garden. Camisards (the), St. Martin's Lane. Carey's, Oxenden Street. Carlisle, Laurence Lane. Carolina, Birchin Lane. Cecilia (Saint), St. Martin's Lane. Chancery, Head of the Parliament Stairs. Chapman's (Widow), Germain Street. Child's, St. Paul's Churchyard. Christian (the), West Smithfield Bars. Clement's Inn, back side of St. Clement's. Clifford's Inn, against the Temple. Cole's, Birchin Lane. Cole's (Wat), Bartholomew Lane. Collin's, Old Fish Street. Colton's, New Round Court, Strand. Cooper's, RussellCourt, Drury Lane. Cope's, St. Martin's Court. 44 8 APPENDIX. Couzen's, Maiden Lane, Covent Garden. 'Covent Garden, Upper End of the Little Piazza. Cowper's, Cornhill. •Cox's, near the Castle Tavern, Fleet Street. 'Cross's, Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields. Crowforth's, near King Edward's Stairs. Crown (the), behind the Royal Exchange. Crown (the), Chancery Lane Crown (the), without Cripplegate. Crown (the), Smithfield. Daniel's, Gerrard Street. Davis's, Bishopsgate Street. Dennis', Finch Lane. Dick's, from Will's, Bell Yard, Gracechurch Street. Dick's, Fleet Street. Digory's, by the Seven Dials. Doctors' Commons, Carter Lane. Dowglass's, or Duglace's, St. Mar- tin's Lane. Dowse 's, near the Royal Exchange. Draper's, opposite Leadenhall Gate. Dunstan's (St.), Fleet Street. Dutch (? Amsterdam), behind the Exchange. East India, Leadenhall Street. Edwardson's, Buckingham Street, York Buildings. Elford's, George Yard, Lombard Street. Eller's, Westminster Hall Gate. Elliott's, Albemarle Street. Essex (the), Mitre Court, Fleet Street. Essex (the), W r hitechapel. Eteridge's, Birchin Lane. Everitt's, Crutched Friars. Exchange, Cornhill. Exchequer, Mitre Court, Cornhill. Faulck's, St. Martin's-le-Grand. Fellowe's, opposite the Half Moon Tavern, Aldersgate Street. Finch's, Minories. Fitche's, Great Carter Lane. Fountain, Cheapside. Frampton's, Fenchurch Street. Frank's, Little St. Andrew Street, Seven Dials. Freeman's, Cheapside. Friday Street, Friday Street, Cheapside. Garraway's, Exchange Alley. Garter (the), behind the Exchange. Garter (the), at the Custom House. Garter (the), Jermyn Street. Gaunt, Pall Mall. George's, top of the Haymarket. George (the), Pall Mall. George's, Piccadilly. Gerald's, Queen Street, West- minster. Gerrard's, Broad Street. Gibson's, near Cripplegate. Gilbert's, near St. James's Church. Giles', Pall Mall. Gillard's, Market Street, by New- port Market. Gloucester, Cateaton Street. Godlington's, Mitre Court, Fleet Street. Grant's, Channel Row, West- minster. Great Turnstile, High Holborn. Grecian, Devereux Court, Temple. Greyhound, King Street, Soho. Greyhound, Monmouth Street. Greyhound, Compton Street, Soho. Grigsby's, Threadneedle Street (altered to Smith's in 1 712). Guildhall, King Street, Cheapside. Gun (the), Mansfield Street, Good- man's Fields. Gurney's, Garlick Hill, near Bow Lane. Gyde's, Bow Lane. Half Moon, Cheapside. Hall's, Bell Savage Yard, Ludgate Hill. Hall's, Great Wild Street, near Lincoln's Inn. Ham's, near Lincoln's Inn, New Square. Hamburg, Birchin Lane. APPENDIX. 449 Hamlin's, Swithin's Alley, Cornhill. Hammeit's, at the Gate, London Bridge. Hampton Court, Newport Street. Hanover, corner of Suffolk Street, Pall Mall. Hanover, Finch Lane. Hargrave's, without Bishopsgate Street. Harris's, Love Lane. Harris's, Ormonde Street. Hart's, Lincoln's Inn. Harwood's, Little Eastcheap. Hatton's, Basinghall Street. Hatwell, near St. Catherine's Stairs. Haverse's, Whitechapel Bars. Heming's, Holborn. Hepworth's, Old Fish Street Hill. Heyford's, Queen Street, Cheapside. Hilliard's, Bread Street. Hogarth's, St. John's Gate, Clerken- well. Holland's, Bridge Row. Holland's, near St. Antholin's pump, Watling Street. Holme's, Bartholomew Lane. Hood's, Pudding Lane. Howard's, behind the Exchange. Howel's, Wild Street. Hugh's, Charles Street, West- minster. Hunt's, Friday Street. Hurt's, against Catherine Street, Strand. Italian (the), Catherine Street, Strand. Ives's, Bartholomew Lane. Jack's, Sweeting's Alley, by the Exchange. Jack's, King Street, Cheapside. Jack's (Thos.), Birchin Lane. Jacob's, Threadneedle Street. Jamaica, Cornhill, by the Ship and Turtle. James's Street, St. James's Street, (Elliot, proprietor). Jerusalem, near Garra way's. Joe's, Hatton Garden. Joe's, by Moorgate. Joe's, Bucklersbury. Joe's, St. James's Market. John's, Fuller's Rents. John's, Swithin's Alley (? same as Jack's). John's, Birchin Lane. John's, Great Old Bailey. John's, Earl's Court, Bow Streev. John's, Shire Lane, Temple Bar. John's, St. Martin's Lane. John's, Gracechurch Street. Johnson's, near St. James's Church, Piccadilly. Jonathan's, Exchange Alley. Jones's, Finch Lane. Jones's, Mountford's Court, Milk Street. Jones's, St. Martin's Lane. Jordan's, near Rotherhithe Stairs. Keeble's, Snow Hill. Kentish, near the Custom House. Kidd's, Catherine Street, Strand. Kigg's, James Street, Golden Square. Kimpton's, Fenchurch Street. King's Arms, Customs House. King's Head, in the paved Stones in West Smithfield. Kirk's, Corner of Panton Square. Knight's, Essex Street. Knight's, Fish Street Hill. Lamb's, opposite Devonshire Square, Bishopsgate Lane, King Street, Golden Square. Laurence's, Freeman's Court, Cornhill. Leadenhall, Leadenhall Street. Leonard's, Finch Lane. Lewenden's, Giltspur Street. Lincoln's Inn, Chichester Rents. Linnett's, George Alley, Snow Hill. Lisbourne (Lisbon), Threadneedle Street. Lloyd's, Lombard Street. Lloyd's (Widow), at the Victualling Office Gate, Little Tower Hill. London, Threadneedle Street. London's, opposite Somerset House London Bridge. London Stone, Cannon Street. Lucas's, G G 45o APPENDIX. Lyon's, near Doctors' Commons. Lyth's, Freeman's Yard, Cornhill. Macham's, West Smithfield. Mackerell's, Bartlett's Buildings, Holborn. Man's, Birchin Lane. Man's, Chancery Lane. Man's (old), Tilt Yard, Charing Cross. Man's (young), Charing Cross. Man's (young), Crooked Lane. Man's (New), Charing Cross. Manwaring's, Falcon Court, Fleet Street. Margaret's, Cheapside. Marine, Birchin Lane. Marine, Piccadilly. Marlborough (the), Wellclose Square. Marlborough (the), Corner of Great Marlborough Street. Martial's, White Horse Court. Martin's, Guildhall Yard. Martin's Street, Northumberland House. Mason's, Bartholomew Lane. Mawl's, within Newgate. Mead's, Minories. Meakin's, corner of East Cheap and Fish Street Hill. Meare's, east end of St. Paul's. M ears', by St. Austin's. Mill's, Gerrard Street. Mitchell's at the Navy Office, Crutched Friars. Mitre, Mitre Court, Fleet Street. Moncrieth's, Threadneedle Street. Montpellier's, behind the Exchange. More's, Peter's Street, Bloomsbury. Morris's, Essex Street, Strand. Mynshill's, Three Crown Court, South wark. Nag's Head, Nag's Head Court, Gracechurch Street. Nando's, Inner Temple Gate, Fleet Street. Navy, against the Navy Office. Ned's, in the Old Jewry. Ned's, Birchin Lane, Ned's, Ludgate Hill Ned's, Mitre Court, Temple. Needham's, Castle Yard, Holborn Bars. New England, Minories. New Inn, Wych Street. Nixon's, Mitre Court, Temple. North's, King Street, Cheapside. Norton's, near St. Margaret's Church, Westminster. Norwich (the), Threadneedle Street. Okeley's, Old Bailey. Oliver's, Westminster Hall Gate. Owen's, Symond's Inn. Oxford (the), without Temple Bar. Ozinda's, St. James's Street. Pall Mall, Pall Mall. Palsgrave's Head, without Temple Bar. Paris, Suffolk Street, Charing Cross. Parliament, Old Palace Yard. Paul's Street, St. Paul's Churchyard. Pear's, Broad Street, Ratcliffe Cross. Pen's, Queen Street. Pensilvania, Birchin Lane. Perry's, Great Russell Street. Peters, Threadneedle Street. Pickering's, Cornhill. Picket's, Clerkenwell Close. Picking's, Clerkenwell Close. Plantation (the), Water Lane. Plough (the), Coleman Street. Ponce's, or Pon's, Cecil Court, St. Martin's Lane. Toole's, without Bishopsgate. Portugal, Sweeting's Alley. Potter's (Widow), St. James's Street. Powell's, Cornhill. Power's, near Queen's Arms, Pall Mall. Pratt's, Cateaton Street. Prince's, Paul's Alley. Prince of Orange, end of the Hay- market. Purcell's, within the Nag's Head Tavern, Cheapside. Queen's Arms, Custom House. Queen's Square, near Petty France, Westminster. APPENDIX. 45 1 Queen's Square, Devonshire Street, behind Red Lion Square. Queen Street, Queen Street, West- minster. Rainbow, Temple Bar. Rainbow, Cornhill. Rainbow, Corner of St. Martin's Lane. Rainbow, by Fleet Bridge. Rainbow, Ivy Lane. Rainbow, Hoxton Square. Rainbow, Newgate Street. Randall's, Newport Street. Rawle's, near the Maypole, Hors- leydown. Read's, Blackfriars, by Ludgate. Rice's, Haymarket. Richard's, near the Temple. Rive's, by Clare Market. Robin's, Exchange Alley. Robin's, Basing Lane, near Cheap- side. Robinson's, Dean Street, Soho. Robinson's, Berry Street, St. James's. Roll's (the), Chancery Lane. Rose (the), Covent Garden. Royal (the), back gate of Lin- coln's Inn. Royal (the), St. James's Street. Royal (the), Exchange Alley. Royal Fishery (the), Thames Street. Royal Union, by the Exchange. Rowe's, Bridge Foot, Southwark. Royce's, Clare Market. Rudkin's, in the Rules of the Queen's Bench. Salutation (the), Threadneedle Street. Salutation (the), Tower Street. Salutation (the), Bartholomew Lane Salter's (Don Saltero's), Chelsea. Sam's, Ludgate Hill. Sam's, near the Custom House. Sandal's, opposite the Custom House. St. Amand's, on the pav'd Stones over against Tom's Coffee House, in St. Martin's Lane. Sarah's, Cornhill. Sarah's, between Laurence Lane and King Street, Cheapside. Sarah's, Fleet Street. Say's, Ludgate Hill. Scot's, near St. Dunstan's Church, Fleet Street. Seager's, Haymarket. Seago's, near Barnard's Inn. Searl's, or Serle's, corner of Lin- coln's Inn Square. Serjeant's Inn, Chancery Lane. Sews, Bow Lane, Cheapside. Sheffield's, Temple Exchange. Shipton's, Swithki's Alley. Shiringham's, White Hart Court, Whitechapel. Slaughter's, St. Martin's Lane. Smart's Quay, near Billingsgate. Smith's, Stock's Market. Smith's, Gerrard Street, Soho. Smith's, Silver Street, near Blooms- bury Market. Smyrna (the), Pall Mall. Smyrna (the), Peter's Alley, Corn- hill. Smyther's, Custom House. South Sea, Broad Street. Spentley's, near the Playhouse, Drury Lane. Spurrett's, Bedford Court, Covent Garden. Square's, Orange Street. Squire's, Fulwood's Rents, Holborn. Stal's, or Steel's, Bread Street. Staple's Inn, Holborn. Star (the), Mitre Court, Fleet Street. Star (the), in the Mint. Star (the), Crutched Friars. Star (the), by the Royal Exchange. Star (the), Exchange Alley. Stephen's, Bloomsbury. Steward's, 3 King's Court, by Water Lane, Fleet Street. Storer's, King Street, by Old Street Square. Stylyard, near the Stylyard, Thames Street. Sun (the), behind the Exchange. Sun (the), Queen Street, Cheapside. Sun (the), Threadneedle Street. 452 APPENDIX, Sun (the), Holbourne Conduit. Sun (the), York Buildings. Sun (the), Chancery Lane. Sun (the Old), opposite the Navy Office. Sunderland's, Warwick Lane Swan (the), Bloomsbury. Swan's, Throgmorton Street. Tarrant's, within Aldgate. Tart's, Bartholomew Close. Tawney's, Bell Savage Yard. Tayler's, in the Mint. Temple, Clifford's Inn Gate. Templeman's, Charing Cross. Thavies Inn, Bartlett's Buildings. Tilt Yard, Whitehall. Tom's, St. Martin's Lane. Tom's, Half Moon Court, Lud- gate Hill. Tom's, in the pav'd Court, Ful- wood's Rents. Tom's, Devereux Court, Temple. Tom's, Russell Street, Covent Garden. Tom's (Old), Birchin Lane. To well's, West Smith field. Tower (the), Tower Street. Turk's Head (the), Charles Street, Covent Garden. Turk's Head (the), Essex Street. Turk's Head (the), King's Gate Street. Turk's Head (the), opposite the Fountain, Strand. Turk's Head (the), Bell Savage Yard. Turney's, Cornhill. Twing's, Old Bailey Court. Union (the), Exchange Alley. Union (the), by King Edward's Stairs, Wapping. Vernon's (Widow), Bartholomew Lane. Viccar's, Court of Requests, Guild- hall. Victualling Office, Tower Hill. Vigus's, Court of Requests, West- minster. Vincent's, 3 Crown Court, West- minster. Virginia (the), St. Michael's Alley. Virginia (the), Birchin Lane. Waghorn's, New Palace Yard, Westminster. Waghorn's, Pope's Head Alley. Wakeford's, Pudding Lane. Walch's, Clare Market. Wallsall's, Nag's Head Court, Bartholomew Lane. Walton's, Warwick Lane. Walton's, Denmark Street, Rat- cliffe Highway. Webb's, West Smithfield. Wells (Mrs.), Scotland Yard Gate. Whitehall, Buckingham Court, Charing Cross. Wiat's, St. Olave's, Southwark. Widow's (the), Half Moon Alley, Cheapside. Widow's (the), Bedford Court. Wijert's, Earl's Court, Drury Lane. Will's, 1 Bow Street (Wm. Unwin, proprietor). Will's, Threadneedle Street. Will's, under Scotland Yard Gate. Will's, Cornhill, by the Exchange. Will's, Fuller's Rents. Will's, St. Lawrence Lane. Willet's, Threadneedle Street. Willey's, or Willis's, near the Custom House. William's, St. James's Street. Wilson's, Cornhill. Windsor's, opposite Northumber- land House. Wisdom's, King Street, West- minster Wither's, Jewin Street. Wood's, in the Herb market, Leadenhall. Wright's, Aldersgate Street. Wright's, Artillery Lane. Yate's, Leadenhall Street. Yeates, West Smithfield. APPENDIX 453 CHOCOLATE HOUSES. Chocolate House, on Blackheath. The Cocoa Tree, Pall Mall. Lindheart's, King Street, Blooms- bury. The Spread Eagle, Bridge Street, Covent Garden. White's, St. James's Street. SIR ROGER DE COVERLEY. In Chappell's ' Popular Music of the Olden Time,' the oldest account of this tune is given as follows : * According to Ralph Thoresby's MS. account of the family of Calverley, of Calverley in Yorkshire, the dance of Roger de Coverley was named after a knight who lived in the reign of Richard I. Thoresby was born in 1658. The following extract was communicated to Notes and Queries, vol. i. p. 369, by Sir Walter Calverley Trevelyan, Bart. : — Roger, so named from the Archbishop (of York), was a person of renowned hospitality, since, at his day, the obsolete known tune of Roger a Calvei'ley is referred to him, who, according to the custom of those times, kept his Minstrels, from that their Office, named Harpers, which became a family, and possessed lands till late Years in and about Calverley, called to this Day Harper's roids and Harper's Spring.' The earliest authentic notice I can find of it is in a very curious old tract, printed in the year 1648, or ten years before Thoresby was born, called * A Vindication or justification of John Griffith, Esq., against the horrid, malitious, and unconscionable Verdict of Coroner's Jury in Cheshire: which was packt by means of that Pocky, Rotten, Lying, Cowardly and most perfidious knave, Sir Hugh Caulverley Knight, onely to vent his in- veterate Hatred and Malice against me.' And, on page 5, Mr. Griffiths says : ' I purposely to vex Sir Hugh, and his Champion Dod, sent for a fidler, and during the time my fellow Coursers were drinking a Cup of Ale, we having run our Match, I and my Fidler, rid up to Sayton, and from one end of the town to the other, I made the Fidler play a tune called Roger of Caulverley : This I did to shew, that I did not fear to be dis- armed by them, and they may thank themselves for it, for if they had not first endeavoured to mischief me, I should not trouble myself to have vext them.' ROGER OF COVERLY. 'The Dancing Master,' 15 Ed. 1713. Brit. Mus. C. 31, b. 21. == — -** 1 1 T«J I i^ — I F ~i r^ quit 454 APPENDIX. — I 1— — — -j- 3fc ±?r*-*-& $ 3 -*-^T i^^^*%lg|^ -5t i^^^^^gs^ 3 *-*-^-*-*--^r =F CHRIST CHURCH BELLS IN OXON. ' Dancing Master,' Ed. 1713. Dean Aldrich. r ,# . m -Mzmz W-#- 4= P gfiHi^iil pp^S^I^ii^ S£ P • P p -* -FP- & m £--W- S« " P ~# P *»- «qF S — 1- — p — m - ■-■£-- sS sa APPENDIX. 455 CHESHIRE ROUNDS. LONGWAYS FOR AS MANY AS WILL, 'Dancing Master,' 1713. gg g g^ggj £§jSEgi g V t=a 3=t i^g -£=* &e£ £ =t J3l«Lj>«l ^j h K £=* 3 -*:==£ rfcrp: H -^O" I -4- SW^ititflp: s -m- w £~* afc: The 1 Man casts off and his Partner follows him, the man goes quite round ; the Woman slips up the middle; the Woman casts off and goes quite round. The 1 Man slips up the middle, the 1 cu. cross over below the 2 cus. and cross up into their own places again, then right and left quite round into the 2 couples place. THE NIGHTINGALE. 1 The Words by Mr. Welsted. Gently, Set by Mr. Carey. ^gmgM^smk m While in a Bow'r w th beau - ty blest, m&i 4- a <=*? 1 45^ APPENDIX. =fc=^= 33s -f-'JJJ y e lov - 'd y e lov - 'd A - MIN-TOR lies ; £w- =F*3 :^=*= While sink - ing ik - in? on Lu - - cin-da's . . breast, He h tfcg-i. mmi t=&z=&*±3iL fond - ly, fond - ly kiss - 'd her Eyes S^~ J=fr s^lEi *s mourn 'd, had mourn'd with - . ^-t=i i y e Shade, Ti . e . APPENDIX. 457 sweet - ly re - new'd her plain - tive Song, And rrV- Melodious Songstress ! cry'd ye Swain, To Shades, to Shades less happy go ; Or, if thou wilt with us remain, Forbear, forbear thy tuneful woe ; While in Lucinda's arms I lie, To Song, to Song I am not free ; On her soft bosome, when I die, I dis cord find in thee. Brit. Mus. I. B Jf. INDEX. ABDUCTION, 22 **■ Abel, the opera inger, 271 Academies (gaming-houses), 83 Acrobats, 211 Act, levying a bachelo-'s tax, 24; order- ing use of flannel for the dead, 41 ; im- posing a duty on cards, 80 ; repressing speculative insurances and lotteries, 87 ; for the abolition of the penny post, 101 ; the Game, 235 ; Newspaper, 306 Actors, characteristics of, 260-267 Actresses, 265-268 Addison (quoted), on infancy, 8; pin money, 26 ; on ladies receiving visits hi bed, 68 ; his diary of a fine lady, 69 ; on dancing, 77, 78 ; witches, 93 ; dress of the Cornish folk, 115 ; ladies' head-dress, 124 ; petticoats, 126 ; women's affectation of male attire, 127 ; political party divi- sions shown by differences in ladies' face patches, 130 ; at Squire's coffee-house, 172 ; on the Tower lions, 186 ; the tombs at Westminster, 188 ; on an English sportsman, 232 ; on country manners, 247 ; ladies at the theatre, 257 ; low comedians, 260 ; stage accessories, 270 ; Nicolini, the opera singer, 274 ; the Royal Society, 288 : newspaper stamp duty, 307 ; on the relative positions of members of the medical profession, 315 ; Sir Roger de Coverley at church, 337, 338 ; on the status of" chaplains, 340 ; the legal profession, 353 ; ' river wit,' 357 ; the street cries of London, 366 ; the Mohocks, 385 ; gipsies, 421 Admiralty, the, 406 Advertisements, in contemporary publi- cations (quoted)— of Daffy's Elixir, 5 ; medical, 6 ; necklace to cure fits, 9 ; hornbooks, 10 ; Latin-speaking club, 12 ; educational, it, 12 ; for runaway school- boys, 14 ; respecting a private marriage, 27 ; cheap marriage fees, 31 ; a hus- band's disclaimer of liability for wife's debts, 31 ; houses, 48 ; of leases and rents, 49 ; stained glass, 49 ; of the Thames Water Company, 53 ; New River Company, 54 ; of sale of China ware, 57 ; servants', 61 ; for runaway negro slaves, 62 ; insurance offices', 86 ; astrologers', 90, 91 ; of perfumes, 96 ; hair restorers, 98 ; Dockwra's, of the origin of the penny post, 99, 100 ; con- cerning the halfpenny post, 101, 102 ; of Sir Richard Hoare, the banker, 103, 104 ; hair collector's, 108: hairdresser's, in ; fine clothes, 113 ; clothiers', 114, 115 ; of blacking, 117 ; pocket-handkerchiefs, 117 ; for a lost sword, 119 ; of lace, 136 ; jewellery and plate, 137-139 ; wines, 152 ; tea, 154 ; coffee and chocolate, 155 ; chocolate-making machine, 155 ; tobacco, 157; fans, 184; theatrical and other entertainments at Bartholomew Fair, 189-193 ; Pinkethman's Droll Booth at May Fair, 197 ; ditto, at Southwark, 200 ; of zoological curiosities, 204 ; Clinch's, the mimic and ventrilo- quist, 212 ; Powell's puppet-shows, 215 ; Pinkethman's mechanical picture, 216 ; Winstanley's water- works, 219 ; of bear and bull baiting, 224 ; hounds, 234 ; servants with shooting qualifications, 236 ; archery, 237 ; cricket, 241 ; of my Lady Butterfield's country wake, 243 ; of her rival's, 244 ; concerning bowls, 244 ; of the Queen's Theatre, Dorset Gardens, 249 ; Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre, 251 ; Drury Lane Theatre, 251 ; Queen's ^ Theatre, Haymarket, 254 ; of Handel's operas, 271 ; of harpsi- chord, 277 : music, 277 ; paintings, drawings and prints, 283; scientific, mathematical, and chemical lectures, 289 ; of Savery's steam engine, 292 ; books^ 294 ; duty on, 307 ; of quack medicines, 314, 327, 328; concerning private mad-houses, 319, of the Epsom Wells season, 333 ; Hummums and bagnios, 336 ; for lost church furniture, 341 ; against false clergymen, 342 ; of carriages, 379 ; concerning the sale of army commissions, 396 ; relating to highway robberies, 414 Advertising, 307, 308 Agents,apprentices', 63 ; army, 397 Alchemists, 314 Aldersey's floating dam, 290 460 INDEX. ALD Aldrich Dean, 274 Ales, 150 Almanacs, tax on, 308 ; list of, 30S ; for- gery of stamps for, 312 Almshouses, 438 Amateur magazine, an, 313 American Indians, visit of, 208, 221, 222 Amicable Contributors Fire Company, 51 Aminadab (a name applied to Quakers), 35 1 Amsterdam, model of, exhibited, 217 Anatomy, 323 A nderton's coffee-house, 167 Angling, 234 Animals, domestic and wild, on exhibition, 202-207 Anne, Queen, desire of the nation that she should be the mother of their future sovereign, 2 ; death of her husband, Prince George, 2 ; petitioned by Parlia- ment to marry again, 2 ; furthers the design of charity schools, 16 note ; her visits on thanksgiving occasions to the City, 16, 185 ; her love for and encourage- ment of horse-racing, 229, 230 ; her partiality for hunting, 232 ; her indiffe- rence to the drama, 255 ; endeavours to heighten the tone of theatrical perfor- mances, 255, 256 ; ' touches' for the evil, 325, 326 ; surrenders the tax of first- fruits and tenths as a bounty to the poorer clergy, 345 ; her present of a magnificent Sedan chair to the King of Prussia, 382 Anthem on the Calves' Head Club, 181 Antidote to intoxicants, an, 154 Apothecaries, 315 Apothecaries' Hall, 316 Apprentices, 63 Archery, 237 Architecture, 285 Army, sale of commissions in the, 396 ; officers, 397 ; clothing, 397, 400 ; pay agents, 397 ; pensions, 397 ; chaplains, 398 ; pay, 399 ; discipline, 400 ; rations, 401 ; recruiting for the, 401, 402 ; deser- tion from the, 402 ; punishment in the, 402 Artificial teeth, 98 1 Aspectabund ' (see phrase), 262 Asses' milk, 148 4 A Step to the Bath, with a Character of the place ' (quoted), 330, 373 Aston, Anthony (quoted), on Betterton, 261 ; on Dogget, 262 ; on Mrs. Barry, 266 ; on Mrs. Bracegirdle, 266 ; on Mrs. Verbruggen, 268 Astrologers, 89 ; their pretensions to thief- detecting, 92, 93 Astrological almanacs, 310, 311 Astrology, 90, 91 Atheists, 339 Athletics, 241 Attornies, 355 1 Audfarandly ' (see phrase), 157 Austinfriars, Queen Anne houses in, 48 Authors, and their hardships, 294-296 "D ABIES, Steele's account of their early JJ treatment, 2, 3 ; Misson, on same, 4 ; Ward's description of a christening, 4 ; their medical treatment, 5-7 ; Addison on, 8 ; dolls called, 9 Bachelors, tax on, 24 Bagnios, 335 Bakers, regulations regarding, 147, 14^ Bales, John, the button-maker, aged no 35 Ballad-singers, 366 Ballet, originator of the, 76 Ballets, 268 Bankers, "03 Bankrupt*, 423, 435 Barbers, acting as bleeders and tootn- drawers, 323 Barges, Thames State and pleasure, 359, 360 ; freight, 361 1 Barmaids, pretty,' 165 Barn Elms, a duelling resort, 392 Barrel, the curious, exhibited, 221 Barristers, briefless, 354 Barry, Elizabeth, the actress, 266 Bartholomew Fair, character of entertain- ments at, 188-195 ; its revenue forms part of the Lord Mayor's income, 196 ; restrictions on, 196 Bartholomew Hospital, 438 Basset (card-playing), 79, 80 Batavian arrack, 153 Bat-fowling, 235 Bath, 6j ; visitors to, 329, 330 ; drinking of and bathing in its waters, 330 ; daily life and diversions at, 330, 331 ; gambling- houses at, 331 ; private entertainments, concerts, and dancing at, 331 ; character given of, 332 Bathing, hot, 330, 335 ; cold, 335, 336 Bath-shilling, a, 141 Bath-water, sold in London, 332 Batson's coffee-house, 167 Bavaria, Elector of, at the gaming-table, &$ Bay Tree coffee-house, 167 Bear-baiting, 223, 224 Bear-gardens, 224 Bear tavern, 178 Bears' grease, in Beaus, sketch of the daily life of, 67 ; analysis of one, 105 ; inventory of a, 106; their muffs, 118 Beauty patches, 130 Bedlam, 186, 188 ; its economy, 436, 437 Beds, 58 Beefsteak Club, the, 184 Beer, 150 Beggars, 419, 420 Begging petitions, 419, 420 Belle, definition of a, 124 Benbow, Admiral, 403 Benefices, traffic in, 341 Benefit of clergy, 416 Berdash, the (cravat), 112 Bethlehem Hospital, 436 Betterton, the actor, 260, 261 ; on Kynas- ton, the boy actor of women's characters, 265 ; on Mrs. Verbruggen, the actress, INDEX. 461 BET Betting, on horse-races, 230 231 ; on bowls, 245 Billiards, 242, 243 Billingsgate (bad language), 149 Billingsgate Market, 144 Bird-seed glasses, 76 Bird-shops, 76 Blackguard, derivation of name, 117 Blacking, 117 Bleach (disease), 313 Bleeding, as a medical remedy, 314 Blenheim, victory of, thanksgiving service for, 185 Blood puddings, 144 Bloom for the complexion, 97 Blow, Dr., the composer, 274 Blue-coat boys at public lotteries, 89 Blurton Spa-water, 334 Boarding schools, 12, 17 Boar's Head tavern, 178 Bob wigs, no Bodices, 126 • Bogdani, James, the painter, 281 ' Bohemians' (gipsies), 421 Boit, the enameller, 282 Booth, the actor, 263 Booths, stage dancing in, 194 Boots, 116, 117 Bottomed wigs, no Bounty, Queen Anne's, to the clergy, 345 ; present administration of same, 346 ; to soldiers, 401, 402 ; to sailors, 405 Bourchier, the gambler, 84, 85 Bouts rimes, 71 Bowling Green Lane cockpit, 226 Bowling-greens, configuration of, 245 Bowls, games at, 244, 245 Boys, childhood and education of, 1-17 Bracegirdle, Mrs., the actress, 266 Bradbery's hazard-table, 119 Brass knockers, and their attraction to the Mohocks, 389 Bread, regulations concerning, 147, 148 Breeches, 116 Bride's garters, 33 Bride's, St., charity school, 15 Bridewell, 426 British brandy, 153 Britton, Thomas, the * musical small coal man,' 55 ; his musical reunions, 274, 275 Broadcloth, 121 Brown, Tom (quoted), on ladies' visiting days, 73 ; gaming-houses, 82, 83 ; Lam- beth market-gardeners, 149 ; coffee- houses, 164 ; fashionable physicians, 314 ; the price of medicine, 317 ; Burgess and his meeting-house, 350 ; river slang, 357 ; his picture of street life, 368 ; on Bully Dawson, 383 ; the sale of army commissions, 396 ; his visit to the Ad- miralty Office, 406 Brunswick mum, 154 Buckinghamshire hog, exhibited, 202 Buckley, Samuel, the journalist, 298 Bud, Francis, the sculptor, 284 Budgell (quoted), on dancing, 20 ; on the Mohocks, 389 Bull-baiting. 224-226 CHI Bullies, 391 Bullock, the actor, 264 Bully Dawson, 383 Burgess, Daniel, the Nonconformist preacher, 302, 350, 351 Burglaries, 415 Burial, mode of, 36 ; certificates, 37 ; clubs, 38 ; by night, 39 Butter, 148 Button's coffee-house, io, Buxton Spa, 334 r^AFFAWS (room-decoration), 49 ^ Calashes, 379 Calligraphy, curiosities of, 13 Calves' Head Club, 179 ; history of, 180 ; character of its members, 181 ; anthem on the, 181; ceremonies at, 181 note', riotous behaviour of members, 182 Camisards, the sect of, 168 Camisards' coffee-house, 168 Campaign wigs, no; coats, 115 Canary wines, 152 Candle, sale by, 170 Candle-snuffer, the, at theatres, 258 Canes, varieties of ornament in, 120 Cantharides plaisters for lunatics, 319 Capital punishment, 407 Cards, undertakers, 37 ; characteristics ol playing, 78, 79 ; price of, 80 ; duty on, 80 ; designs on backs of, 79, 80 ; names of various games, 79 Card-table, a, 7^ Carey, Henry, the composer, 274 Carnival, on the anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's accession, 347 Carriage-horses, 378 Carriages, 372-382 Casts, plaster and lead, for garden orna- mentation, 284 Catholic Church vestments and furniture, public burning of, 348 Catholic priests, persecution of, 348, 349 Centljvre, Mrs. (quoted), description of ladies' dress, 125 Ceramics, 57 Chains, hanging in, 412 Chairs, Sedan, 381 Chaises, 378, 379 Challenges, to sword-play, 238 ; to duels, 393 Chamber-music and organs, 277 Chaplains, domestic, social position of, 339 ; snubbed by royalty, 340 ; army* 398 ; prison, 408, 409 Chariot, a mechanical, 380 Charity schools, 15, 16 Chatelaines, 140 Cheats, 418-420 Chelsea Hospital, 276 Chemistry, 289 Cheshire rounds, 191, 198 ; music, 455 Chevaliers d'lndustrie, 418-420 Children, medical treatment of, 4-7 ; lite- rature for, 9 ; education of, n ; marriage between, 23, 27 ; smoking tobacco, 157; bedizened with jewellery, 418 4-62 INDEX, CHI 1 Children in the Weed' (music), 445 Child's coffee-house, 167 China ware, 57 Chinese paints, for the complexic: Chocolate, prices of, 155, 166 ; duty on, 156 Chocolate-nouses, 16Y1 ; list of, 453 'Christ Church Bells in Oxon,' 174; (music), 454 Christening, 4 1 Christian astrology. ' co Church, daily attendance at, 63 ; a meet- ing place of beans and belles, 75 ; ser- vices, 337 ; inactivity of the, 337 ; vest- ments, 341 ; furniture, 341 ; neglect of church fabrics, 345 ; building of fifty new churches, 346 ; accommodation, 346 ; tone of the, 346 r, Coliev, poet and playwright, 105, 263 Cider, 154 Cisterns. 54 Clarke, Jeremiah, the composer, 274 Classical education, 12 Clergy, character of the, 339-344 ; dress cf, 340 ; disreputable, 342 ; Queen Anne's bounty to, 345 ; . 122, I32 Closten l .rtrait-painter, 281 Clothes, men's, 113 ; women's, 127 Clothiers, 114, 115 Clothing, material of, 114 ; army. 3; 7 Clubs, origin of name, 179 ; r n 179-184 ; suggested names for, 1S4 Cc aches, stage, 375~375 ; state, mourning. 380 Coal, prices of, 54, 55 ; dutv on, assigned for the building of new churches, Coal-ring, a, 55 Cocked hats, 100 Cocker, 'according to, 1 13 Cock-fighting. 22c, 227 Cockney hunts, 234 Cockpits, 226, 227 Cocks, fighting, matches between, 20^, 227 ; spurs of, 227 ; literature on, 227, 220 ; qualifications of, 228 ; their train- :. 228 tavern, 178 Cocoa-tree chocolate-house, 167 Coffee, prices of, 155 Coffee-houses, treated as places of univer- sal resort, 161 ; reg 163 ; the first, 163 ; number of, 163 ; alcoholic liquors sold at, 163 ; price of . . 164 ; interior of, 162, 164 ; barmaids at, 165 ; their frequenters, iff ; topics of conversation at, 166 ; their prices advanced, 166 ; waiters as pro- prietors, 166, 173 ; the chief, 167-175 ; list of, 446-452 Coffee-selling presented as a pu' ■-■ !-3 _■--. new, made fr^m specie captured at Vigo, 404 Coiners, 417 Colchester oysters, 145 Cciebatteen (material for ruffles), 113 DAN Coleman, Mrs._, the actress, 2:5 College education, 14 College of Physicians, 315 1 Colly Molly Puffe,' 365 Colours in clothing, 114 Combs, leader. Commissioners for hackney carriages, 376 Commissions in the army, sale of, 396" Commode, the, 123, 124 Complexion, art of making up the, 97 1 Composition for best wash-balls,' 97 Compounding felonies, 418 Compters, 429 Concert-rooms, 276 Concerts, 275-277 Condensation of" sea-water, 290 eve, the playwright, 255, 254, 266 Conjurers, 210, 211 Constables, 309 ; venality of, 421 ; thei' insolence, 422 Cook, Captain, the circumnavigator, 407 Cookery-books, 143 Cordials, 153 Corelli, the composer, 277 Cornwall, dress in, 115 Con-us Epilepticus, 318 Cosmetics, 95-98 Costermongers, 103, Coster's mining engines, 29] Cottons, 137 C JUgh, recipe for a child's, 6 County matches of fighting-cocks, 207 Courts of law, 355 Covent Garden, 363 Covent Garden Market, 75 Coverley (Calverley), Roger de, 453 Coveriey witch, the, 93 Cowper, Lord, 355, 356 Cowper, Spencer, 356 Cox, Tom, the highwayman, 409 Cradock, Luke, bird-painter, 275 Cremonas, 277 Cricket, 241, 242 Cries, street, list of, 565 Crime, 407-425 Crimps, 70 Crosse. Lewis, painter in water-colours, 273 Crowds (fiddles Crown and Anchor tavern, 178 Crow, the, used in medicine, 318 Cucking-stool, the, 425 . playing, 241 Cumming, Sir Alexander, his abduction cf Madame Dennis. 22 Cunningham, Robert, his begging peti- tion, 420 Cupping, 318 Sir John, 315 ' f"\AFFVS Famous Elixir Salutis,' 5 *-^ Dahl, Michael, portrait-painter, 282 1 Daily Courant,' 206 Daily life of a fine gentleman, 67 ; of a fine lady, 68 Dames de comptoir, 142, 164 Dampier, the buccaneer, 407 Dancers, stage, hired for private festivi- ties, 7 w INDEX. 463 DAN Dances, kinds of— the Louvre and Brit- tagne, 76 ; bouree and contretemps, 77 ; sissone, 77 ; other names of, 268 Dancing, 19, 20, 71, 76 ; diagrams of, 76, 77 Dancing-booths, 194 Dancing-masters, 19, 20, 78 Dancing-shoes, 109 Dawks's ' News Letter,' 299 Day schools, 12 Death and burial, 35-46 Death registers, 41 Debt, 434 Debts of honour, 85 Debtors, pressed for the navy, 405 ; treat- ment of, 43 2 -435 : begging, 433 Defoe's ' Hymn to the Pillory,' 424 De l'Epine, Mme., the singer, 272, 273 Dennis, the critic, on Italian Opera, 269, 270 Dentifrices, 98 4 Dentissick root,' 98 Dentists, 98 Dering, Sir Cholmley, the duellist, 392- 394 Deserters, from the army, 402 ; from the navy, 406 Detectives, private, 422 Devil tavern, the, 178 Diagrams of dancing, 76, 77 Diamonds, 138, 139 Dice, duty on, 80 Dick's coffee-house, 168 Dinner, constituents of, 141 ; hour of, 142 Discipline in the army, 400 Diseases, list of, 313 Dispensaries, 317 Dockwra, William, and the penny post, 99-101 Doctors, 315-317 Dog-fights, 226 Dogget, the actor, his loyalty and his legacy, 262 Dolls, called ' babies,' 9 Dolly's chop-house, 178 Dorset Gardens Theatre, 249 'Dowds' (women's head dress), 134 Downes, on Italian Opera, 254 ; on the plays to be presented before the Court, 255 ; on Betterton, 261 ; Verbruggen, 261 ; Estcourt, 262 ; Dogget, 262 ; Colley Cibber, 263 ; Wilks, 263 ; on Pinketh- man, 264 Downing, Sir G., case of, 22 Doyley, Thomas, linendraper, 137 ; suits, 114, 121 Dragon, Tregonwell Frampton's horse, Draining, 291 Drama, the, 248-268 Drap du Barri, 114 Drawings, 283 Drays, brewers', 367 Dress, men's, 105-123 ; women's, 123-140 Dresses, silk, price of, 135 ; varieties of stuffs used for, 135 Dressing-gowns, 122 Drinking, 42, 150, 151 Driving, 379, 380 FAI Drolls, 189-192, 196-198 Dromedaries, on exhibition, 204 Drummers, army, 402 Drums, at weddings, 27 Drury Lane Theatre Royal, 251 ; used for subscription concerts, 252 ; prices, 252 ; Mrs. Toft's apology for her servant's conduct at, 252 1 Dry'd nurses,' 66 Duels, famous, 390-395 Duelling resorts, 392 Duck-decoying, 235 Ducking-stool, 425 Dumb-bells, 241 Dust-carts, 367 D'Urfey, Tom, 274 Du Val, Claude, the highwayman, 412 ' Duvilliers' (wigs), 109 Dwarfs, on exhibition, 205-207 Dyer's ' News Letter,' 300 Dyes for the hair, 98 "P ACHARD, Dr. John, his satire on the *-* grounds for the prevailing contempt of the clergy, 339 Eating, 141 Ecclesiastical controversies, satire on, 343- 345 Edgworth, Colonel, 'prince of puppies,' 113 Editorial pay, 305 Education, 12, 17, 18 Effigies, waxwork, 213, 214 ; used on the anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's birth- day, 347 ,, . . N Egyptians (gipsies), 42 Electuaries, 327 Elegies, 38 Elopement, 23 Embalming, 44 Endell Street bath, 337 Engravings, 284 Epitaphs, 41, 311, 312 Epping Forest, wakes at, 243, 244 Epsom races, 230, 333 Epsom Wells, character of its visitors and amusements, 333 ; horse-races at, 230, 333 . , . „ . . Essays, introduction of, in journals, 306 Estcourt, the actor, 262 Evelyn, on Pepys's funeral, 40 ; on Lord Keeper Cowper, 356 ; his Table of Veins, Arteries, and Nerves, 323 ' Evening Courant,' 301 'Evening Post,' 301 _ Exchange, the, business hours at, 102 ; various nationalities represented on, 102 ; description of its exterior, 103 Executions, public, 93, 407-410 Experimental philosophy, 289 Eye-doctors, 323-325 TWAIN'S adaptation of precious stones to ■*■ the internal parts of watches, &c, 290 Fairs, Bartholomew, 188-196 ; May, 196- 200 ; Southwark, 200, 201 464 INDEX. FAI Fairy, 'living,' exhibited, 208 Fans, 132, 133 Favours, marriage, 32 Feathers, hat, 109 Felonies, compounded, 418 Fencing-masters, 390 Ferry, horse, between Lambeth and West- minster, 361 Fielding, Colonel, the duellist, 392 Finley, Mrs. (known as 'Lady Mary'), the dancer, 197 Fire Insurance Companies, 50 Firemen, 51 Fireplaces, 56 Fires, 50, 51 ; life-saving appliances for, .5° Fish, 144 Fishing, 234 Fish stalls, 144 Flannel for the dead, 41 ' Flask' tavern, Hampstead, 183 Fleet Ditch, 301 Fleet parsons, 29, 30 Fleet Prison, 432, 433 Flogging women, 428 1 Folly, the,' on the Thames, a fashionable resort, 360 ; dancing at the, 361 Food, solid, 141-150 ; liquid, 150-156 ; varieties of, 141-143 Football, 242 Footmen, position of, 59 ; their liveries, 59 ; wages, 59 ; at the theatre, 60, 257, 258 ; their ' Parliament ' at the House of Commons, 60, 61 ; as gamblers, 61 Footpads, 415 Foot-races, 241 Foot soldiers, 398-400 Fops, 65, 67, 105 Forgers, 418 Fountain, the Wonderful, 220 Fox-hunting, 233 Frampton, Tregonwell, the Father of the Turf, 231 Free schools, 12 French harness, 381 French red, for the complexion, 97 French tastes and fashions, affectation of, 66, 69 ; insular distaste to, 66 French wines, 151 Friendly Fire Society, 51 Fruit, varieties of, 149 Funeral expenses, 35, 42 ; invitations, 37, 38, 42 ; paraphernalia, 39 ; pomp, 40 ; procession, 44 ; will respecting, 44, 43 Furbelows, 108, 109 Furniture, 56-58 Furs, 132 r* ALLOWS, scenes at the, 408-410 ^-* Gambling and speculation, 78-89 Gambling for a wife, £5 Game Act, the, 235 Games, 71 Gaming, contemporary estimate of, 82, 83 Gaming-houses, licensed and unlicensed, 82 ; termed Academies, 83 Gardeners, 245, 246 HAC Gardens, 245 Gardening books, 246 ' Garnish' (prison slang), 429 431 Garra way's coffee-house, 168 Garters, 33, 116 Garth, Sir Samuel, his poem of the ' Dis- pensary,' 321 ; public funeral of, 321 Gasparini, Nicolino, the violinist, 277 Gay, the poet (quoted), on fires, 51 ; on shoes, 116; swords, 119; canes, 120; women's petticoats, 126 ; bear-baiting, 224 ; hare -coursing, 233 ; angling, 235 ; football, 242 ; on the labourer, 248 ; on chaplains, 340 ; Pall Mall, 363 ; the streets in rainy weather, 364 ; London at night, 371 ; hackney coachman, 377 ; Sedan chairs and chairmen, 382 ; on the Mohocks, 383, 387, 390 ; on pickpockets, 4i7 Gaynam, John, the Fleet parson, 29 Geography, state of, 407 Geology, 288_ ' German Princess ' (the cheat), anecdote of, 39 George, Prince, his encouragement of horse-racing, 229 German Spa waters, sold in London, 334 German sweating house, Bartholomew Close, 336 German wines, 152 Giants, home and foreign, on exhibition, 208 Gibbons, Grinling, 284 Gipsies, 420, 421 Girardeau, Isabella, the singer, 273 Girls, childhood and education of, 17-22 Glass-blowing, 218 Glass, stained, 49 Gloucester, Duke of, son of Queen Anne, his life in epitome, 1, 2 Gloves, with silver fringe, 117 Gog and Magog of the Revelations, proved to be the Mohocks and Hawk- ubites, 387 Goose-dung, used in medicine, 317, 318^ Governors, for fashionable travelling youth, 66 Grant, Dr. Roger, the Queen's sworn oculist, his puffing and practice, 325 Gravesend tilt boat, the, 361 Grecian coffee-house, 168 Green bags carried by lawyers, 354, 355 Green, Anne, her resuscitation after being hanged, 410 Greenwich, concerts at, 277 Gnmaldi, Nicolini, the singer, 273 Griffith, Sarah, the witch, 94 Grinning-matches, 243 Groom Porter's (gaming-house), 82, 84, 189 Gresham College, 287 Grub Street, 307 Guildhall coffee-house, 168 Gutter-spouts, 364 1-JABERDASHERS, 112 L Hackney-coaches, 375 ; fares of, 376 Hackney-coachmen, 376 INDEX. 465 HAC Hack-writers, 295 Hair, as an article of trade, io3 Hair-dyes, 98 Hair-powder, hi Halfpenny post, the, 101 Hall, Jack, chimney-sweep *ind house- breaker, 416 ; (quoted) on Newgate, 430-432 / Hamilton, Duke of, his dyel with Lord Mohun, 394 Hammer-cloths, 381 Hampstead, cock-pits ab( 227 ; cockney hunts at, 234 ; Wells, Mie, as a spa re- sort, 277, 333 j Handel, the composer, 2A1 Hand-in-Hand Fire Office, 51 Hanging, frequency of, 407 ; brutal mode of, 408 ; cases of resuscitation from, 409, 410 ; in chains, 412 Harness, 381 Harpsichords, 277 Hatbands, 38 ; gold and silver lace, 109 Hats, shape, colour, and material of, 109 ; feathers, 109 ; beaver, 132 ; high- crowned, 132 Hatton (quoted), on workhouses, 436 ; on Bethlehem Hospital, 436 ; on Bartholo- mew's Hospital, 438 Hawking, 235 * Hawkubites,' 384, 387 Hazard-tables, 119 Healing, royal gift of, 325 1 Heaven ' tavern, 178 Heiresses, elopements with, 22 Helen and Judith, the Hungarian joined twins, on exhibition, 210 'Hell 'tavern, 178 'Helliscope' from Argier, exhibited, 198 Hemp-beating, 427, 428 Heningberg, Countess of, ' miraculous * accouchement of, 213 Herbal medicines, 314 1 Hercules Pillars ' tavern, 178 Hickford's dancing-room, 276 High-churchism, 343 Highwaymen, 412-415 Highway robbery, 412-415 Hoare, Sir Richard, his singular advertise- ment, 103, 104 ; advertises for a petti- coat, 126 1 Hockley-in-the-Hole,' bear garden at, 224, 237, 238, ; proceedings at, used as a simile to travesty ecclesiastical con- troversy, 343-345 Hogarth's coffee-house, 12 Holidays, 63, 64 Holy Well, the, near Clare Market, 334 1 Homunculusses,' 199 Honeymoon, the, 34 Hoods, 131, 132 Hooped petticoats, 126 Hornbooks, 10, 11 Horse-coursers, 37a Horse-exercise, 75 Horse-markets, 373 Horse-racing, 228-232 ; curious match against time, 230 Horse-stealing, 373 JOC Horses, performing, 207 ; race, 230, 231 ; carriage, 378 Hospitals, 436-438 Hounds, 234 House of Correction, Clerkenwell, 429 House of Detention, Clerkenwell, 429 Housebreaking, 415 Houses, Dutch origin of, 46 ; and their furniture, 46-58 ; construction of, 48 ; rents, 49 ; sanitary arrangements of, 52 ; heating of, 54, 55 Howard, Hugh, portrait-painter, 279 1 Hudibras' (quoted), 223, 244 Hughes, Dick, the housebreaker, and his wife at the gallows, 409 Hughes, John, his inventory of a beau, 106 Hughes, the singer, 271 < Hungarian, twins, exhibited, 210 ; legless male, exhibited, 209 Hungerford, Sir E., extraordinary wig of. 108^ Hunting, 233, 234 ' Hunt the Squirrel ' (music), 439 Hyde Park, as a fashionable resort, 369 370 Hydraulic machinery, 291 Hymns, thanksgiving, sung by charity children, 16 IMPRESSMENT, 405 1 Indian stuffs, for ladies' dresses, list of, 135, 136 > Indians, American, visit of the sachems, 221, 222 Industries indicated, 365 Inn signs, 368 Insurance companies, 50, 51 Insurances, speculation in, 86, 87 Inventions, patented, 290, 291 Irish butter, 148 ; legislation, 348 Irish Parliament, the, its vote of supply to the Queen, 157 Italian Opera, introduction of, 253, 268 ; the Queen's Theatre, Haymarket, built for, 253 ; temporary failure of, 254 ; mixture of languages in, 269 ; denounced by the critics, 270 Italian opera-singers, advent of, 269 Italian wines, 152 Italy, the home of sculpture, 284 ' TACK ashore,' 407 J Jack-boots, 117 'Jack Pudding,' 249 Jackson's invention for preventing the up- setting of carriages, 290 Jamaica coffee-house, 168 Jersey oysters, 146 Jerusalem coffee-house, 169 Jervas, Charles, the painter, 279 Jesuits' bark, 314 Jewellery, 137, 418 ' Jockey field, betwixt Bedford Row and Gray's Inn,' 230 H II 466 INDEX. joe Jockeys, 231 Johnson, Dr., 'touched' by Queen Anne, 326 Jonathan's coffee-house, 168 Journalism, 296-313 Juan Fernandez, island of, 166 TZ IDD, Captain, the pirate, 409 *^ Kidnappers, 434 'King's Head' tavern, 178 Kissing, men, 67 ; women, 95 Kit Cat club, 179 ; origin of, 182 ; domi- ciles of, 183 ; the toasts engraved on its drinking-glasses, 183 Kit Cat pies, 183 Kneller, Sir Godfrey, Pope's test of his vanity, 280 ; his repartee to Dr. Rad- cliffe, 280 ; sale of his pictures, 281 ' Knights of the Post,' 355, 419 Knockers, 389 Kynaston, the boy actor o< women's parts, 265 T AEOURERS, 248 - L ' Lace, price of, 136 Lacquer-ware, 57 Ladies, their amusements, 71 ; at church, 75 ; their pets, 76; gambling, 80 ; their stakes at the gaming-table, 80 ' Ladies' Diary Almanac,' the, 308 ' Lady Mary ' (Mrs. Finley), the dancer, 190, 197 Laguerre, the painter, 282 Lambeth horse-ferry, rates of, 361 Lambeth market gardens, 148 Lamps, convex and conic, 370 ; globe. 371 1 Laetificating' (of an audience), 262 ( Lanterloo' (cards), 79, 82 Lanterns, 370 Latin-speaking club, a, 12 Latin used in epitaphs, 41, 45 Lauron, Marcellus, his list of street cries, 365 Law, 353-356 Law courts, 355^ Lawrence, the singer, 272 Lawyers, 354 ; their green bags, 354 ; , vvigs, 355 Lawless churches, 28 Laymen officiating at marriages, 30 Lead combs, 98 Leases, 49 Leicestershire ox. exhibited, 202 Leopard, on exhibition, 203 'Lest Man and Hors in the World,' ex- hibited, 205 Leveridge, Richard, the singer, 271 Libels, press, 302-306 Libraries, public, 294 Licences to sell wines, 152 Lighting, 370 Lillie, Charles, the perfumer, 96 ; on the introduction of snuff into England, 158 ,Lilly Burlero,' 19 ; music of, 439 LIT Lincoln's Inn Fields, Theatre in, 250, 25T as a duelling-place, 392 Linen, 137 Lions, on exhibition, 186, 205 Lion's-head letter-box at Button's coffee • house, 167 Lip salve, 98 Liqueurs, 153 _ Literature, chiefly contemporaneous, illus- trating the period (cited)—' Account of the Behaviour, Confession, and Last Dying Speech of Sir John Johnson,' 142 ; ' Adam and Eve stript of their Furbelows,' 79, 80; 'All for Love, or the World well Lost, 255 ; ' Almonds for Parrots,' 66 ; ' Amusements Serious and Comical,' 368 ; ' Atterbury's Corre- spondence,' 163 ; ' Baboon a la Mode,' 66, 108 ; ' Bacon's Abridgement,' 31 ; ' Bas- set Table,' 60, 142 ,406; ' Beau's Duel.' 67, 378 ; ' Beaux' Stratagem,' 163 ; ' Brit. Mus. MSS.,'93, 94, 180,384, 393, 395, 410; 'British Curiosities in Nature and Art,' 375 J ' Brown's Dispensary,' 314 ; 1 Busy Body,' 82 ; ' Careless Husband,' 105 : ' Chronological Historian,' 2 ; ' Col- lectanea Medica,' 6, 7 ; ' Comical View of London and Westminster,' 102, 172, 173, i£6, 354 ; 'Comparison between the Two Stages,' 261, 263 ; ' Counsellor's Plea for the Divorce of Sir G. D. and Mrs. F.,' 22 ; ' Daily Courant,' 35, 39, 41, 55, 56, 96, 99, 102, 108, 112, 170, 202, 213, 216, 230, 249-252, 256, 259, 269, 271, 281, 291, 298, 308, 313, 392, 405; ' Dancing Master,' 453-455 '> 'Diary of Ralph Thoresby.' 4 C > 5°> 57> 2 ° 2 > 2I2 > 2I 3> 2I 6, 288 ; ' Dis- pensary,' 316, 317 ; ' Dunciad,' 296 ; ' English Lady's Catechism,' 68, 340 ; ' English Post,' 85, 145, 213 : ' Epsom Wells,' 151, 245, 335; ' Family Physitian,' 7 ; ' Fan,' 128, 134 ; ' Female Folly,' 132 ; Female Tatler,' 133, 257 ; ' Flying Post,' 171* 348, 349> 405 ; Funeral,' 35, 397 ; ' Gamester,' 80, 382 ; ' Gamesters,' 109 ; ' Gay's Fables,' 226 ; ' Gentleman Cully,' 97, 109; 'Gentleman's Magazine,' 182; 'Groans of Great Britain,' 215 ; 'Guar- dian,' 34, no, 112, 119, 126, 150, 245 ; ' Habits and Cryes of the City of Lon- don,' 365 ; ' Harl. MSS.,'5, 13, 57, 58, 90, 91, in, 115, 195, 224, 226, 237, 238, 261, 264, 314 ; ' Hickelty Pickelty,' 102, 106, 165, 174, 245, 426 ; ' History of the Lives of the most Noted Highwaymen,' 409, 412, 418, 431 ; ' History of the English Stage,' 265 ; ' Howell's State Trials,' 304, 305 ; ' Humours of the Army,' 25 B ; 'Journal to Stella,' 50, 61, 71, 79, no, 112, 113, 122, 123, 134, 146, 150, 159, 161, 168, 177, 17:,, 180, 184, 232, 273, 325, 326, 340, 342, 352, 392 ; ' Lansdowne MSS.,' 29; Levellers,' 18, 24, 109; 'London Gazette,' 49, 52, 53, 82, 139, 145, 230, 257, 396, 400 ; ' London Post,' 156 ; ' London Spy,' 4, 52, 63, 72, 75, £3, 91, 103, 108, 109, 124, 131, 132, 150, 175, 179, 186, 191, 249, 287, 315, 328, 335, 369, INDEX. 467 LIT 376, 39i, 398, 426, 434 : ' Looking-glass for Swearers,' 227 ; ' Love Makes a Man,' 67, 107 ; ' Love's Contrivance,' 114, 142, 378; 'Lucas's Memoirs of Gamesters and Sharpers,' 84 ; ' Lut- trell's Diary,' 22, 54, 55, 87, 150, 161, 175, 196, 2co, 229, 232, 241, 325, 326, 349, 381, 392, 396, 402, 406, 417, 422, 434; 'Lying Lover,' 75, 119, 130, 142, 359, 43° » Marriage Promoted,' 24 ; Meditations upon a Broomstick,' 46 ; ' Memoirs of the Right Villanous John Hall,' 430, 432 ; ' Merry Wives of Wind- sor,' 223 ; ' Misson's Memoirs and Obser- vations in his Travels over England,' 4, 24, 25, 27, 32, 41, 73, 99, 105, 130, 141, 143, i44, 163, 164, 175, 225, 236, 239- 242, 252, 253, 294, 297, 325, 329, 338, 349, 35o, 352, 358, 3 6o » 3 68 -?7°» 408, 410, 416, 421, 423-425 ; ' Modish Hus- band,' 131 ; ' New View of London,' 46, 53, l0 3> 4-^6, 433 ; ' Observator,' 196 ; Perplexed Lovers,' 59; 'Petticoat,' 126 ; ' Platonick Lady,' 124, 130 ; ' Poem in praise of Tea,' 166 ; ' Postboy,' 27, 30, 31, 61, 89, 114, 171, 298, 299, 302, 393, 399, 4 22 » ' Postman, 28, 30, 31, 48, 109, 115, 147, 155, 199, 255, 271, 281, 292, 298, 209 ; ' Protestant Mercury,' 108 ; ' Protestant Post Boy,' 303, 347 ; ' Quaker's Art of Courtship,' 233 ; 'Re- cruiting Officer,' 397 ; ' Roscius Angli- canus,' 254, 261 ; ' Roving Husband Reclaimed,' 108 ; ' Rural Sports,' 233 ; ' Scowrers,' 18, 166, 383 ; ' Second Tale of a Tub,' 215 ; ' Shepherd's Week — Ditty,' 248; ditto, 'Dumps,' 425; 'Spectator,' 8,12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 26, 34, 59-61, 68, 69, 71, 74, 89, 93, 96, 107, no, 114, 116, 124, 127, 130, 131, 143, 148, I 5i> I54> I 59> 160, 164-166, 169, 172, 184, 118, 205, 215, 221, 232, 235, 239-241, 243, 245, 247, 257, 258, 260, 263, 274, 3*5, 329, 338, 339, 353, 385, 3 8 9, 421, 433 > ' Stage,' 259 ; ' St. James's Park,' 67; ' Stow's Survey,' 200; 'Tatler,' 2, 10, 13, 21, 25, 61-63, 77, io 6, no, 112, 113, 126, 132, 142, 151, 164, 169, 172, x 73, I 75, J 78, 184, 186, 200, 212, 221, 262, 264, 267, 270, 278, 279, 286, 288, 300, 320, 334, 340, 341, 353, 363, 364, 369, 371, 383, 403 ; ' Tender Husband,' 19, 26, 80 ; ' Theory and Practice of Gardening,' 245 ; ' The Wonder, a Woman keeps a Secret,' 160 ; ' Touch of the Times,' 360 ; ' Tripe Club,' 151, 161 ; 4 Trivia,' 27, 35, 41. in, 116, 120, 121, 133, 242, 327, 362 ; Tunbridge Walks,' 27, 59, 66, 67, 98, 229,^ 245, 247, 332, 397 ; ' Useful Companion,' 358, 361 ; Virtuoso,' 63, 67, 128, 130, 147, 150, 287 ; ' Walks round London and West- minster,' 214, 236, 361, 396, 398, 406 ; ' Weekly Comedy,' 346 Literature, general, 293-313 Literary men and their troubles, 295 Liveries, servants', 59 Lloyd's coffee-house, 169, 170 MAY Lodgings, cost of, 50 London, free schools in, 12 ; medicinal springs in, 334 ; size of, 362 ; street cries, 365 London Spa, Clerkenwell, 334 London Workhouse, Bishopsgate, daily life at, 435 Longevity, 35 ' Lord Mayor's Delight ' (music), 444 Lord Mayor's Show, the, 186 Lorrain, Paul, Ordinary of Newgate, 416 Lotteries, 86 ; legislation for and against, 87 ; superstition respecting lucky num- bers of tickets, 89 Luck in numbers, 89 Ludgate Prison, 433 Lunatics, treatment of, 319, 437 Luttrell (quoted), on abduction, 22 ; on racing, 230 ; on the Bill for the preser- vation of game, 236 ; on simony, 342 ; on the public entry of the Venetian am- bassador into London, 377 ; on the coin made from the plate captured at Vigo, 404 ; on coiners, 417 Lying in state, 42, 43 TV/rACARTNEY, General, the duellist, 1Vi 395 Mackerel, allowed to be sold on Sundays, 144 Mad-houses, private, 319 Madness, how treated, 437 Magazine, an amateur, 313 Maid servants, as men's body-servants 61 Mall, the, 72 Manley, Mrs., the authoress, 305 Man, Jenny, 171 Man's, Old and Young, coffee-houses, 171 Man tiger, on exhibition, 204 Manuscript postscripts to newspapers, 298 March Club, the, 180 Marine coffee-house, 170 Marine insurance, curious advertisem concerning, 86 Marionettes, Powell's, 222 Markets, 148, 373 Marlborough, Duke of, 185 ' Marmazet ' from Bengal, exhibited, jgx, 198 Marriage, between children, 23 ; settle- ments, 25 ; on the stage, 27 ; secret, in- conveniences of, 27 ; at taverns, a8 ; penalty for evading licences, 28, 30 ; at lawless churches,' 28; at prisons, 29 ; by laymen, 30 ; curious, 31 ; modes of avoiding payment of wife's ante-nuptial debts, 31 ; expenses connected with, 32 ; favours, 32 Marshalsea, the, 431, 432 Masks, riding, 76 ; disrepute of, 131 Mathematical fountain, a, 219 Mathematics, 289 May Day, 369 May Fair, evil repute of, 196 ; nature of its amusements and shows, 198, 199 ; abolition of, 200 H H 2 468 INDEX. MEA Mead, Dr. Richard, his duel with Wood- ward, 322 Mechanical coach, a, 380 Medical profession, 313-329 ; relative posi- tion of its several classes, 315 Medicinal snuffs, 161 ; spring waters, 333, 334 Medicine, 5-7 ; quack, 314 ; curious, pre- scribed, 317 Men, daily life of, 63-67 ; kissing, 67 ; their dress, 104-123 Mercantile Marine, the, 407 Merchants' waterworks, 53 ' Merlinus Liberatus ' almanac, Part- ridge's, 310 Merry Andrews, 195, 199 Methuen Treaty, the, 152 Milch-asses, 148 Milk, 148 Milkmaid's, 148 ; their festival in London, 369 Milliners' models, called babies, 9 Misson (quoted), 4 ; on valentines, 24, 25 ; on private marriages, 27 ; costliness of marriage festivities, 32 ; on funerals, 41 ; visits of ceremony, 73 ; the penny post, 99 ; beaus, 105 ; ladies' use of patches, 130; the English at table, 141; on the little bread and much meat eaten by the English, 141 ; his eulogy of plum pudding, 143 ; on fish, 144 ; coffee-houses, 163, 164 ; taverns, 175 ; bull-baiting, 225 ; cock-fighting, 226 ; professional sword-play, 239 ; on the English love of boxing, 240, 241 ; foot- ball, 242; the interior of Drury Lane theatre, 252, 253 ; public libraries, 294 ; the 'London Gazette,' 297 ; * touching ' for the evil, 325 ; Bath and its visitors, 329 ; Sunday in London, 338 ; the re- ligious sects, 349, 350 ; Quakers, 352 ; Thames wherries, 358 ; pleasure barges, 360 ; shop signs, 368 ; on the milkmaids' festival, 369 ; Hyde Park, 370 ; street lighting, 370 ; hanging criminals, 408 ; the peine forte et dure, 410 ; benefit of clergy, 416 ; gipsies, 421 ; the pillory, 424 ; ducking-stools, 425 ; the relative vice in London and Paris, 423 Mitre tavern, 178 1 Mob's Hole,' 64 Mobs (dress), 34, 71, 184 Moco stones (moss agates), 120, 137 Mohocks, the, 67, 382-384 ; as an associa- tion, 386 ; royal proclamation against, 387 Mohun, Lord, his duel with the Duke of Hamilton, 394 ; his adventure with Ned Wicks, the highwayman, 412 ' Moll Peatley ' (a dance), 20 ; music, 440 Moll White, the Coverley witch, 93 Money, value of, contrasted with that of the present day, 115 Monkeys, exhibited, 205 ' Monmouth cock,' the, 115 Monmouth Street clothiers, 114, 115 Monstrosities, on exhibition, 198, 199 Monteith, a (punch-bowl), 139 OCU Monumental statuary, 41 Moon, the, as an element in public amuse- ments, 276 Moore's almanac, 308 Mordike, Sarah, the witch, 93 Morrice-dancing, 244 Mortuary cloths, 44 Mother Griffith, 94, 95 Mourning, 36 ; hat-bands, 38 ; rings, 39, 45 ; gifts of, 40, 441-444 ; widows', 45 ; coaches, 380 Muffs, worn by men, 118 ; fur, 132 Mug-houses, 177 Mum, 154 ' Mundungus sellers/ 156 Mural tablets, 41 Murray, Robert, and the penny post, 99 Music, contemporary, 71, 439, 440, 444- m 446, 453-457 Musical instruments, 71, 277 ; publications, 278 Music-printing, 278 MANDO'S coffee-house, 172 iN Natural wigs, no, in Navy, condition of the^os, 406; impress- ment for, 405 ; the prisons raked for sea- men, 405 ; pay in the, 406 ; desertion in, 406 Neckcloths, 112 Necklace, to cure fits, 9 Negro slaves, 62 Netting, bird, 235 New Exchange, Strand, 74 ; shop-girls at, and their winning ways, 74 ; character of wares sold at, 75 1 Newgate Calendar/ 415 Newgate Ordinary, the, 408, 409 Newgate Prison, 430, 431 Newmarket races, 229, 230 New River water, 52 ; regulations con- cerning, 54 News in the journals, character of, 302- 305 Newsletters, 165 Newspapers, 296-313 ; list of, 297 ; stamp duty on, 306 ; the stamp, 307 ; price of, 306 Nicolini, the Italian opera singer, 273 Nightcaps, 122 Nightcap wigs, no Nightgowns, 122 'NightPost/ the, 301 ' Nightingale,' the (music), 455 1 Nipping,' 151 Noblemen, collars, stars, and ribands of, "4 Nonconformists, eminent, 350 Nost, Van, his collection of casts, &c, 284 Nursery, a, 8 (~\ATHS, polite, 67 ; vulgar, 358 ^^ October ale, 179 October Club, 179 Oculists, 323-325 INDEX. 469 OFF Officers, army, 397 Oil paintings, 283 Oldfield, Mrs., the actress, 38, 267 Ombre (cards), 78 One-and-thirty (cards), 79 Opera, 268-278 Orange trees, cultivation of, 149 Orange wenches, 258 Ordinaries, 14 Ordinary, the Newgate, 408, 409, 416 Organs, 277 'Origin and Progress of Letters,' Massey's, 13 Orrices, silver, 136 Orthopaedic mechanical appliances, 323 Ortolans, 147 Otter-hunting, 234 Oysters, plentifulness and cheapness of, Ozinda's coffee-house, 172 pACK-HORSES, 373 A Packs of hounds, 234 Pages, 59 Painters, ancient and modern, 283 Painting, on glass, 49 ; oil, 279-283 ; con- dition of, 282 Paints, Chinese, for the toilette, 97 Pall -bearers, 44 Palls, 39, 44 1 Palsgrave's Head ' tavern, 178 Pantheon, Pinkethman's, 216 Paper cravats, 257 Parkes, John, the gladiator, 241 * Parson has lost his cloak ' (indoor game), », 73 Parterres, 245 Partridge, the astrological almanac- maker, his 'Merlinus Liberatus' al- manac, 310; his elegy and epitaph, 3"j 312 Partndge-snaiing, 236 Pastimes, women's indoor, 73 Pastry schools, 19 Patches, on the face, for giving delicacy to the complexion, 129 ; political party feeling shown by mode of wearing, 130 Patents, list of, 29c, 291 Patrons, 340 Pattens, origin of the name, 133 Patty of calves' brains, Mr. Lamb's receipt for, 140 1 Paul's Scholar's Copy Book,' Rayner's, 13 Pawnbrokers, 80 Pearce, Dr. Zachary, on peripatetic quacks, 328, 329 Peculation, 422, 423 Pedestrianism, 241 Peine forte et dure, 410 Pelegrini, Antonio, the painter, 281 Penmanship, 13 Penn, William, the Quaker, 352, 353 Penny Post, the, originators of, 99 ; act for the abolition of, 101 Pens, 13 Pensions, army, 397 POT Pepys, funeral of, 40 ; list of persons to whom mourning was presented upon the occasion of his funeral, 441-444 Pepys (quoted), on Will's coffee-house, 175; at the 'Heaven' tavern, 178; on skating, 242 ; on Kynaston, the actor of women's parts, 265 ; on Italian opera, 268, 269 ; at the Folly, 360 Periwigs, origin of, 108 ; size and weight of, 109 ; curling water for, 109 ; price of, no; canonical, 341 Perjury, 418 Pets ; ladies', 76 Petticoats, 126 Pharmacopoeias, 317 Phcenix Fire Office, 50 Physicians, College of, 315 ; privileges of, 315 ; their fees, 316 ; dress of, 316 ; their dissensions with apothecaries, 316 ; their dispensary, 317 Pickpockets, 417 Pierault's Bagnio, St. James's Street, 336 Pies, Kit Cat, 183 Pillion, fashion of riding, 75 Pillory, the, 424 Pills, 327 Pinkethman, the actor, his address to footmen, 60 ; his Droll booth, May Fair, 197 ; his Pantheon, Bartholomew Fair, 216 ; mechanical moving picture, 216 ; theatre at Greenwich, 254 ; as a low comedian, 264 Pin money, 25 Pit, the, in theatres, 257 Plants, outdoor, 246 Plate, 139, 140 Playbills, 191-194, 265, 269, 271 1 Play book for Children,' a, 9 Plum pudding, 143 Pocket-handkerchiefs, printed, 117 Pomatums, in, 1x2 Pontack's tavern, 142, 148 'Poor Robin' almanac, literary character of, 308-310 ' Pope's Head' tavern, 178 Pope, the poet, and Sir Godfrey Kneller, 280 ; on the press, 295 ; on Sir John Cutler, 315 Popery, persecution of, 348 Portraits of members of the Kit Cat Club, 183 Portuguese dishes for the complexion, 97 ; wines, 152 Posset, the, 33 Posies, 26, 40 Post, the penny, inventors of, 99, 100 ; conditions and terms of use, 99 ; aboli- tion of, 101 ; general, foreign and inland post-letter days, 101 ; terms of carriage, 101 ; the halfpenny, 101, 102 'Post Boy,' 27, 298, 299 Post-houses, 375 Posting, 375 Postman,' 298, 299 Postmasters, 375 Posture-masters, 211 Pot-shots, 236 Pottery, 57 470 INDEX. POU Poultry, 147 Poultry Compter, the, 429 Povey's halfpenny foot-post, 101 ; abolition of, by Government, 102 Powell, Robert, his puppet-shows, 9, 215, 222 Powell, the actor, 263 Prayer, public, that the Queen might be the mother of the future sovereign of Great Britain, 2 Prescriptions, curious and nauseous, 317, 3 l8 Press, the, 296-313 ; news, 302 ; amenities of the, 302-304 Pressing for the navy, 405 Press-room, Newgate, the, 431 Priests, Catholic, persecution of, 348, 349 1 Princely Perfume,' the, 96 Printing-press^ a, 296 Prints, 283 Prisons, condition of the, 425-435 Private tuition, 11 Prize-fights with the sword, 237-240 Prize-money, 404 Protestantism, rampant, 346-349 Proverb-cards, 80 Prunes, essence of, an antidote to intoxi- cants, 154 Psalmanazar, George, the literary impos- tor, 294 ' Pulvis ^thiopticus,' composition of, 317 'Pulvis Ictericus,' its constituents, 317 Punch (liquor), 154 Punishment, capital, 407 ; by vote, 422 Puppet-shows, 193, 194, 215-218 Purging, practised as a medical remedy, 314 Purl-houses, 177 QUACK, medicines, 314 ; advertise- ments, 327, 328 ; the peripatetic, 328 Quackery, medical, 314, 325 Quakers, their pinners, 184 ; universal dislike to, 351 Quarterstaff, 241 Queen's Bench Prison, 30, 432 Queen's Theatre, Dorset Gardens, 249 Queen's Theatre, Haymarket, opening of the, 253 ; prices at, 254 Quilts, Culgee, 58 Quinine, 314 "DACECOURSES, 231 -^ t Racehorses, 228, 229 Racing memoranda, 230, 231 Radcliffe, Dr., anecdotes of, 320, 321 ; his boorishness to the Queen, 321 Raffling shops, 196,, 333, 334 Ramilies, thanksgiving service for the victory at, 185 _ Ramondon, the singer, 272 'Ranarum Hepata,' preparation of, 318 Rainbow coffee-house, 1 72 Raree-shows, 10 Rates, watermen's, 358 ; for the transit of goods on the Thames, 361 SAL Ravens, used in medicine, 318 Read,^ Sir William, the Queen's sworn oculist, his puffing and practice, 323- 325 Reader, Joseph, and his treatment of the highwayman, 413 Receipts, for children's disorders, 5-7 ; for a dish of fruits, 143 ; for making punch, 154 ; medical, 317, 318 Recruiting, 401, 402 Recruits, class of, 402 Red-heeled shoes, 116 Reins, 380 Relics, historical, 173 Religions, 337-353 Religious sects, accounts of, 350 ; feuds, satire on, 343-345 Rents, 49 Resuscitations from hanging, 410 Ricci, Sebastian, the painter, 281 Richardson, Jonathan, portrait-painter, 280 Rickets, an * experimental ' remedy for, 7 Riding, 75 ; wigs, no Rifle-matches, 236 Rings, mourning, 39, 45 ; memorial, 138 Roads, condition of the, 374 Robin's coffee-house, 172 ' Roger of Coverly' (music), 453 Rogers, Nehemiah, a typical Fleet parson 3° Roman Catholic funeral, a, 44 Rooke, Admiral Sir George, 404 Rope-dancers, 212 Rope-dancing, 190 Roper and Redpath, the journalists, in- stanced as an illustration of the ameni- ties of the press, 303 Roquelaures, 122 ' Rose ' tavern, 178 Rowe, N., on stage properties, 259 Royal Bagnio, Newgate Street, 336 Royal cockpit, the, 226 Royal gift of healing, the, 325, 326 Royal peace pudding, 144 Royal proclamation, against the license on the stage, 255, 256 ; against the Mo- hocks, 387 ; concerning the^ advertising of the sale of army commissions, 396 ; on army discipline, 400 Royal Society, the, 286, 288 ; Museum, 288, 323 { Rummer' tavern, the, 178 Rumpt furbelows, 125 C ABBATARIANISM, 338 ^ Sacheverell, Dr., episode concerning, 343 Sale by candle, 170 Salmon, regulations respecting, 145 Salmon's waxworks, 212 Salt, 147 Salter, John (nicknamed Don Saltero),i73 ; his collection of curiosities, 173 ; Steele's description of him, 174 Salter's coffee-house, 173 1 Salutation ' tavern, 178 INDEX. 47« SAM Samson, the English, exhibited, 201 Saturday Club, the, 184 Savery's continual blast bellows, 290 ; steam-engine, 292 Scaffold, the, 410 Scandal, 73 Scents, odoriferous, 96 ; list f, 97 School-books, 13 Schools, day, boarding, and free, 12, 17 ; charity, 15, 16 Science, advances in, 286-293 Scotch coals, 55 Scotch lords in Parliament, 61 Scotland, thanksgiving day for^ union of, with England, 185 ; religious intoler- ance in, 348 Sculpture, 284 Seals, 120 Seamen, navy, 405, 406 Sea-monster, exhibition of, 204 Sea-water, condensation of, 290 Sects, account of the religious, 350 Sedan-chairs, 381 Selkirk, Alexander, 166, 407 Servants, number of, 58 ; their duties, 60 ; accomplishments, 61 ; maid, acting as body-servants, 61 ; black, 61 ; appren- tices, considered as, 63 Shadwell, Charles, on ladies' dress, 125, 126 Shagreen watch-cases, 121 Sharpers, 419 Shirts, costliness of, 112 ; fashion of exhibiting fronts of, 113 Shoeblacks, 117 Shoe-buckles, 116 Shoes, 109, 116, 117 Shooting, game, restrictions on, 235 ; fly- ing and sitting, 236 Shop-girls at the New Exchange, 714 Shopping, 73, 74, 184 Shops, 367 Shrouds, 42 Sights of London, 185-223 Sight-seeing, 185, 323 Signs, shop, 368 Silk, pocket-handkerchiefs, 117 ; stockings, 116 ; dresses, 135 Simony, 341, 342 Simples, 314 Skating, 242 ' Skimmington Triumph,' a, 244 Slaughter's coffee-house, 174 Slaves, silver collars of, 62 Sloane, Sir Hans, 322 Smallpox, 314 Smith, John, the housebreaker, his resus- citation after having been hanged, 409 Smithfield Market, 372 Smoking, 95, 156 ; taught at school, 157 Smuggling, 151 Smyrna coffee-house, 172 Snuff, introduction of, into England, 158 ; varieties of, 159 ; prices of, 160 ; extra duty on, 161 ; medicinal, :6i Snuff-boxes, 120 Snuff-rasps, 159 Snuff- spoons, 169 STE Snuff-taking, 95, 158, 159 Soaps, 97 Society for the reformation of manners in the cities of London and Westminster, 423, 424 Society of Antiquaries, 178 Soldiers, character of, 398 ; their pay, 399 discipline, 400 ; uniform, 400 ; rations, 401 ; bounty, 401, 402 ; punishment, 402 Somers, Lord, 355 Sorocold's invention for cutting timber and twisting ropes, 290 South Sea bubble, the, 85 Southwark Fair, 200 Spanheim, Madam, the fashionable toast, 22 Spaniard, the grimacing, on exhibition, 209 Spaniels, hawking, 235 Spanish wigs, no ; wines, 152 Spas, 329-335 Spectacles, 98 Speculation, 85-89 Sports, rough, 223-228 Spinage tarts, 143 Spinets, 277 Squire's coffee-house, 172 Stage-coaches, times and fares of, 373 ; their passengers, 373 ; travelling by, 374, 375 Stage, dancers, 78 ; spectacles on the, 193 ; properties, 259 ; names of dances for the, 268^ Stag-hunting, 233 Stuffs, used for women's dresses, 135 Stained glass, 49 Staircases, narrow, 48 Stamp duty, newspaper, 306, 307 Standards, captured, 185 State coaches, 377 State lotteries, 87 State trials, for press libels, 305 Stationers' Hall, used as a concert-room, 275, 277 Stays, 126 St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 438 Steel (quoted), on the treatment of infants, 2-4 ; on the early education of children, 12 ; on Lilly's ' Latin Grammar,' 13 ; on Cambridge College life, 14, 15 ; on danc- ing, 19 ; pin money, 26 ; footmen, 59 ; gambling, 80 ; market gardeners, 148 ; snuff-taking, 159, 160 ; coffee-houses, 165 ; on Salter's coffee-house, 173 ; on professional sword-players, 239 ; stroll- ing actors, 257 ; beaus at the theatre, 258 ; Mrs. Oldfield, the actress, 267 ; the mixture of languages in the performance of Italian opera, 270 ; on the Royal Society, 288 ; on Dawks's ' News Letter,' 299 ; his expulsion from Parliament for libel, 305 ; on Partridge, the almanac- maker, 312; on Dr. Radclifle's equipage, 320 ; . Bath and its visitors, 329 ; on morning in the London streets, 364 ; street cries, 366 ; the milkmaids' festival, 369 ; stage-coach travelling, 373 : the Mohocks, 383 ; duelling, 391 ; the train- bands, 403 472 INDEX, STK Steinkirks, 112 Stenography, 13 Stillrooms, 153, 314 St. James's coffee-house, 168 St. James's Park, as a duelling-place, 392 Stockings, 116 ; ladies', 127 Stockjobbers, 102, 103 Stocks, the, 424 Stoves, 55 St. Paul's, Covent Garden, 75 Streets, condition of the, 363 ; sights and scenes in the, 364, 368, 369 ; cries, 365, 366 ; cleansing the, 366 ; singers, 366 ; rules for walking in the, 367 ; signs, 368; lighting, 370 Stroking for maladies, 209 Strolling actors, 257 St. Thomas's Hospital, 438 1 Stum,' 151 Sturgeon, caught in the Thames, 145 Suburban places of resort, 63 Suffolk hairy youth, exhibited, 210 Sunday, religious observance of, 338 Sunderland, Lady, the ' Little Whig,' 22, 253 . . Superstition, 89-95 Surfeit waters, 19 Surgeons, 3x5-3x7; 3 2 3 Surgery, 323 Surgical instruments, 323 Swendsen, Haagen, hanged for abduction, 22 Swift, Dean (quoted), on architectui«,47 ; on London lodgings, 50 ; on walking, 71 ; on men's caps, 122 ; taverns, 177 ; on the October Club, 179 ; his dilemma there, 180 ; at the Saturday Club, 184 ; gives a dinner at the Thatched House Tavern, 184 ; on Pontack's Tavern, 142 ; on oyster-eating, 146 ; skating, 242 ; on picture-buying, 282 ; on literary men and their troubles, 295 ; on the news- paper stamp duty, 306 ; on Partridge, the almanac-maker, 310, 311 ; Read, the oculist, 325 ; on ' touching ' for the evil, 326 ; chaplains, 340 ; on drunken par- sons, 342 ; concerning the carnival held on the anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's accession, 347 ; on Burgess, the Non- conformist preacher, 351 ; his dislike to Quakers, 352 ; on the streets in rainy weather, 364 ; the Venetian ambassador's coach, 378 ; the riotous proceedings of the Mohocks, 386 ; the duel between Colonel Thornhill and Sir Cholmley Dering, 392 Swindling, 422, 423 Sword-hilts, 119 Sword-knots, 119 Sword-play, professional, 237, 238 Swords, 118, 119 'T'ALLYMAN, the, and his pay-day, 137 Taunton dean ladies,' 135 Taverns, license at, 175 ; drinking one's own wine at, 177 ; immorality at, 177 ; TUM purl and mug houses, 177; list of, 177 178 Tax on bachelors, 24 Tea-leaves, manipulation of, for re-sale. i54 . Tea-parties, 73 Teas, prices of, 154 Teeth, artificial, 98 Tennis, 241 Thames, the, water used for drinking, 52 ; salient features^ of, 356-362 ; as a high- way, 356 ; picnics on, 359 Thames water-works, 53 Thanksgiving days, 16, 185 ' Thatched House ' tavern, 184 Theatres, the, 249-259 ; practice of keep- ing places at, 257 : influence of the wea- ther on attendance at, 259 ; stage pro- perties of, 259 ; novelties at, 259 Theorbo, the, 276, 277 Thiefcatchers, 92, 93, 422 Thoresby, Ralph (quoted), on taverns, 177 ; at the Tower of London, 187 ; on Brit- ton and his concerts, 275 ; on the royal gift of healing, 325 Thornhill, Colonel, the duellist, 392-394 Thornhill, Sir James, the painter, 280 Threshing-flails, bouts with, 241 Throwing the stocking, 33 Tide, the, as a factor in public amuse- ments, 276 Tiles, 48 Tilt-boat, the Gravesend, 361 Tippets, fur, 132 Toads, used in medicine, 317, 318 Toasts, origin of, 21 ; of the Kit Cat Club engraved on its drinking-gbsses, 183 Tobacco, 156-161 ; Customs duty on, 157 Tofts, Mrs., the prima donna, 272, 273 Toilette, the, 128 'Tom Doodle,' a, 4 Tompion, the watchmaker, 121 1 Tonitrous verbosity,' 149 Tonson, Jacob, founder of the Kit Cat club, 182, 183 Tooth-brushes, 98 Tooth-drawers, 174 Toothpick, the, as a mark of foppery, 105 Tooth-powders, constituents of, 98 1 Top China women,' 74 Town and country, antagonism between, 246 Toys, 9 ; mechanical, 216, 217, 219; glass, 218, 219 ; Winstanley's, 219-221 Trade, 99-104; characteristics of, 102, 103 ; enterprise, 185 Tradesmen, business habits of, 102 Train-bands, 403 Travelled fops, 65, 66 Travelling, stage-coach, 373-375 Tree-clipping, absurdities of, 245, 246 Trelawney, Bishop, 163 Trials for duelling, 393-395 Troop-horses, 9 Tucker, the, or ' modesty piece, 126 Tudway, the composer, 274 Tuition, private, 11 Tumbling, 211 INDEX. 473 TUN Tunbridge Wells, 67 ; visitors and diver- sions at, 332 ; its water-only drank, 333 Turf, the, 228-231 Turkish bath, the, 335, 336 Tutchin, John, trial of, for libel on the House of Commons, 304, 305 Tweezers, 106 Tyburn, executions at, 407, 409 Tympany (disease), 313 TTMBRELLAS, 132 ^ Unchastity, women's, turned into sport, 244 Underhill, Cave, the actor, 262 Underlinen, ladies', 127 Undertakers, charges of, 35, 38, 39 ; spe- cimen of their handbills, 36 Uniform, army, 400 Urban festivities, 65, 243 Usquebaugh, 153 V* fAART, John Vander, the painter, 281 Vails, 59, 60 Valentines, 24, 25 Vanbrugh, poet, playwright, architect, king-at-arms, 285 ; his house, 47 4 Vapulation,' 376 Vegetables, 148 Verbruggen, the actor, 261 Verbruggen, Mrs., the actress, 268 Vigo, capture of, by Sir G. Rooke, 404 tobacco and snuff taken at, 157, 158 thanksgiving for the successes at, 185 new coinage made from the plate and specie captured at, 404 Vigo cards, 80 Vigo-coloured clothes, 114 Vigo dance, 195 Vigo lapdogs, 69 _ Vipers, 76 ; used in medicine, 314 Virginia coffee-house, 174 Virtuosi, 286 Visiting, 72 Visitors, received by ladies in bed, 68 Vizards, 131 ' Vox Stellarum,' Moore's, 308 WAGGONS, stage, 373 vv Waistcoats, open-breasted, 113 Wakes, suburban, 243 Walcot's engines for making sea-water potable, 290 Walking, 71 ; rules and courtesies observed by pedestrians, 367 Walking-sticks, 120 Wall papers, 4S, 49 * Walsingham,' 427 ; music of, 445^ Ward, Ned (quoted), his description of a christening, 4 ; on the Mall as a prome- nade, 72 ; on the wares sold at the New Exchange, 75 ; gaming-houses, 83 ; as- trologers and their dupes, 91 ; on the exterior of the Royal Exchange, 103 ; on bankers, 104 : beaus, 105, 106 ; modish' ladies, 124 ; ladies' hats, 132 ; WIL Lambeth market-gardeners, 149 : smok- ing, 1 =;6 ; coffee-houses, 164; at 'Young Man's' coffee-house, 171 ; on taverns 175 ; the Lord Mayor's Show, 186; the Tower of London, 187 ; Bartholomew Fair, 188-193 ; on May Fair, 199 ; pro- fessional sword-playing, 239 ; on the Queen's Theatre, Dorset Gardens, 249; on the Royal Society, 287 ; on a physi- cian's privileges, 315 ; on cupping, 318 ; the public funeral of Sir Samuel Garth, 321 ; peripatetic quacks, their patter and nostrums, 328 ; his views (attributed) on Bath and its company, 330 ; on the Hummums, 335 ; his visit to a Quaker's tavern, 353 ; on attorneys, 355 ; con- cerning the Fleet Ditch, 362 ; Smithfield Market, 372 ; London street paving, 374 ; hackney-coaches, 375 ; on the venality of constables, 389 ; town bullies, 391 ; the private soldier, 398; the pay of soldiers, 399 ; his description of a typical highwayman, 413 : at Bridewell, 426- 429 ; the Poultry Compter, 429 ; his visit to Bethlehem Hospital, 437 Warden of the Fleet, the, 432 Wash-balls, 97 Watch-cases, 121 Watch-chains, 120 Watches, 120, 121, 140 Watchmen, 388 Watch-ribands, 121 Watch-seals, 120 Water-colour paintings, 283 Watermen, Thames, character of, 357 ; their rates of hire, 358 ; private gentle- men's, 360 Water-pipes, wooden, 53 Water supply, 52, 53 Waterworks, Merchants', 53 ; Winstan- ley's, 219, 220 Waxlights, 39 Waxwork exhibitions, 212-214 Weather, the, as a factor in business, 281 Westminster Abbey, tombs in, 186 ; wax- work figures at, 214 Westminster Gate House, 432 Westminster horse ferry, rates charged by, 361 Whale, ' Royal Parmacitty,' caught in the Thames, exhibited, 202 Wherries, Thames, 356-358 'Whetters,' 151 Whitehall cockpit, 226 White's chocolate-house, 40, 67,163,164,166 'White Hart' tavern, 178 Whyte Lyon Prison, South wark, 429 Wicks, Ned, the highwayman, anecdote of his adventure with Lord Mohun, 412 Widows, their period of mourning, 45 Wife, gambling for a, 85 Wife-beating, 34 Wig-powder, in Wigs, characteristics and varieties of, 108- in ; mode of stealing, 111 Wildfowl shooting, 235 Wilks, the actor, 263 Will's coffee-houses, 163, 164, 174 474 INDEX. WIL Wills, respecting funeral ceremonies, 44 ; of Dogget, the actor, 262 ; of a virtuoso, 2S6, 2S7 Wind-dial, the, 290 Window glass, 4S Wir.es, varieties and prices of, 151, 152 ; licences, 152 ; Customs duties on, 152 Wine merchants, 152 Winstanley, his exhibition of waterworks and hydraulic toys, 219 ; death of, 220 Wire, used in the making of coats, 114 Witchcraft, 93-95 es, execution of, 93; anecdotes re- spect: r.g. 94 Witherington, Jack, the hi ghwaym an, anecdote of, 403 Witnesses, hired false, 355 Woilaston, the portrait painter, 279 Women, daily life of, 68-78; in-door pas- times of, 73 ; their gambling propensities, 80; their hair as a trade comm: iity, ZOO 1:1; dress of, 123-140: aping men in their dress, 127 ; as smokers, 157 ; as snuff-takers, 159; at country 244 ; flogging of, 428 Wood Street Compter, 429 Woollens, to be used for the dead, 36, 37 Worcestershire, in Char'es II.'s reign, 157 Worcestershire mare, exhibited, 202 Workhouses, 435, 436 Worms, earth, uIn Angel's Portion. 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