AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 BENJ. IDE WHEELER, President 
 
 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE thomas forsyth hunt, dean and director 
 
 H. E. VAN NORMAN, Vice-Director and DEAN 
 University Farm School 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 IE OF AGRIC 
 
 BERKELEY 
 
 CIRCULAR No. 107. 
 
 October, 1913. 
 
 SPRAYING WALNUT TREES FOR BLIGHT AND 
 APHIS CONTROL. 
 
 By Ralph E. Smith. 
 Assisted by T. Francis Hunt and W. H. Nixon. 
 
 There are many orchards of thrifty, large seedling walnut trees in 
 the State, particularly in Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, and 
 Orange counties, which would be much more profitable than at present 
 were it not for the attacks of walnut blight and aphis. The develop- 
 ment of new walnut varieties more resistant to blight presents no relief 
 to the owners of these groves, since most of their best walnut land is 
 already occupied by large trees, and these trees, moreover, are of a good 
 commercial type and would yield very good returns save for these two 
 pests. The only apparently feasible means of combating blight and 
 aphis on such trees lies in the development of some practical spraying 
 method. 
 
 The necessity of controlling aphis as well as blight is apparent to 
 every walnut grower, since this pest has in recent years become really 
 more serious than the much dreaded blight. Spraying experiments car- 
 ried on by this Division several years ago seemed to show the impracti- 
 cability of controlling blight by sprajdng, on account of the time and 
 expense required for treating such large trees by ordinary spray 
 methods. Recent developments, however, in sprayers and nozzles have 
 made it possible .to spray large trees more quickly and cheaply than 
 could be done a few years ago, and we therefore decided last year to 
 try out again the possibilities in this direction. In this connection a 
 considerable acreage of walnut trees was sprayed, using various methods 
 and mixtures. As a result of the work, it may be said in brief that one 
 method gave particularly promising results, especially in the control of 
 the aphis. This method consisted in spraying the trees, while they were 
 in a dormant condition, with lime-sulphur solution. 
 
 Effect on Blight. 
 
 The results of the spraying upon the walnut blight were difficult to 
 establish on account of the slight occurrence of the disease in the 
 sprayed districts during the past season. In this respect the work was 
 
— 2 — 
 
 inconclusive, although there appeared to be at least some blight control 
 by the lime-sulphur spraying. It is further to be said that there is 
 some experience to indicate that continued spraying with the lime- 
 sulphur for two or three seasons gradually decreases the amount of 
 blight. 
 
 Effect on Aphis. 
 
 Walnut aphis has in recent years become a worse pest than blight in 
 many of the most important districts. This insect spreads the blight 
 and multiplies its infections by carrying the germ as it crawls about the 
 trees. Further, it reduces the vitality of the tree, checks its growth, 
 reduces the size and weight of the nuts and contributes to the occurrence 
 of "perforation," "stick-tights" and other conditions which decrease 
 the crop and increase the cost of handling the nuts. The effect upon 
 aphis of spraying trees with lime-sulphur during the winter time has 
 been well marked in our work during the past season. Well sprayed 
 trees remained comparatively free of aphis long after the insect had 
 become abundant on unsprayed trees. The nuts of sprayed trees were 
 larger and cleaner, the foliage cleaner and more vigorous looking and the 
 growth of the trees continued later in the season. The spraying was 
 done in each case upon a few rows surrounded by unsprayed trees and 
 from the latter the aphis finally spread to some extent to the trees which 
 were sprayed. It is reasonable to expect that if whole orchards had 
 been treated the aphis control obtained would have been still better. 
 The results of these experiments were so promising that we feel justified 
 in carrying the work farther and urging growers to take up the work on 
 their own account during the coming season. 
 
 Formula. 
 
 Our best work was done with the following mixture : 
 
 Commercial lime-sulphur solution 5 gallons 
 
 Quick lime 25 pounds 
 
 Water 95 gallons 
 
 The lime is slaked, strained and then added to the mixture. So far 
 as we know the addition of the lime is not necessary to the effect of the 
 spray, but this was added in order to make it easier to see it upon the 
 trees. The trees are usually large and without the addition of lime it is 
 very difficult, especially for inexperienced workmen, to cover the trees 
 thoroughly without missing more or less of the twigs and branches. 
 
 Time of Spraying. 
 
 The work was intended to be done while the trees were in a dormant 
 condition, i. e., during the months of February and March. The solu- 
 tion burned the foliage severely if any leaves were out when the work 
 was done, but it is possible that the aphis is more susceptible at this 
 time. 
 
— 3 — 
 
 Outfit. 
 
 In order to spray by this method, a power outfit must be used which 
 will maintain a constant pressure with two lines of hose of 200 to 250 
 pounds. A pressure of 200 pounds at the very least is necessary in 
 order to cover the tops of tall trees thoroughly by this method. 
 
 In regard to nozzles, our best results were obtained by spraying the 
 trees with the so-called M. A. C. nozzle — a special nozzle made in the 
 East for this sort of work. Some preferred using an outfit with two 
 lines of hose, one man spraying the upper part of the trees with this 
 nozzle while the other sprayed the lower parts with an ordinary Bor- 
 deaux or Cyclone type of nozzle. The largest walnut trees can be 
 spra} r ed entirely from the ground by the use of the M. A. C. nozzle if 
 the proper pressure is maintained. 
 
 Method. 
 
 The whole success of the work depends upon thoroughly coating the 
 trees out to the tips of the smallest twigs with the spray solution. This, 
 with large walnut trees, is a somewhat difficult and laborious task and 
 also an expensive one. By using the type of nozzle suggested, how- 
 ever, and working with intelligence toward covering all the growth 
 quickly and at the same time thoroughly, workmen can acquire much 
 skill in this respect and the work can be done economically enough to 
 more than justify its expense. Herein, however, lies the whole secret 
 of the operation : that is, spraying rapidly and yet thoroughly. 
 
 Amount of Material Required. 
 
 In our work last winter the amount of material used varied in differ- 
 ent places from 25 to 67 gallons per tree. These were trees of varying 
 size, but it is still to be considered that as the work progressed and the 
 workmen became more experienced, it became possible to spray larger 
 trees with a smaller amount of material and at the same time do the 
 work even more thoroughly. It may be said upon this point that about 
 25 gallons of spray to a tree will be required to cover fair to middle- 
 sized walnut trees thoroughly — that is, trees of average size up to about 
 ten years of age — while large trees will average about 40 gallons per 
 tree. 
 
 Time Required. 
 
 With a power sprayer having three men on the outfit and another to 
 mix, or seven men to two outfits, we averaged about 85 large trees per 
 day to each outfit. In one case an average of 110 fair sized trees per day 
 was made, while in another case 40 per day was averaged for trees of the 
 very largest size. The time required varies naturally with the facilities 
 for loading up. In our work the spray outfit went after its load each 
 time to the mixing station and the distance thus covered varied in dif- 
 ferent places. A little time could be saved profitably in extensive work 
 by hauling or piping the mixture out to the spray rig in the orchard. 
 
— 4 — 
 
 Expense. 
 
 Materials were purchased at a price of $10 per 50 gallon barrel of 
 commercial lime-sulphur solution, and $1.10 per hundredweight for 
 lime. On this basis the spray in the proportion recommended above 
 cost $.01275 per gallon. The expense of application was estimated on 
 the following basis for each power outfit : 
 
 Per day. 
 
 Four men at $2.00 each , $8 00 
 
 Two horses at $1.00 each 2 00 
 
 Depreciation of outfit 2 00 
 
 Oil and gasoline 1 00 
 
 Total $13 00 
 
 On this basis the expense of application per gallon varied from $.004 
 to $.007. Assuming an average expense of application at $.00525 and 
 that for material at $.01275, we get a total expense of $.018 per gallon on 
 the tree. At this rate, 25 gallons per tree would cost $.45, while 40 
 gallons would cost $.72 per tree, total expense of material and 
 application. 
 
 Consideration of Expense. 
 
 It will be seen that the cost of this work is by no means prohibitive if 
 even a moderate degree of blight and aphis control be obtained. It is 
 also to be considered that beneficial effects would almost certainly be 
 cumulative, so that after spraying trees for two, or at most three, suc- 
 cessive seasons the work could very probably be discontinued for a year 
 or two without throwing the trees back into as bad condition as they 
 were in the beginning. 
 
 Furthermore, it is altogether probable that the cost estimated above 
 could be reduced to a considerable extent by carrying on systematic work 
 on a large scale. In the expense for material and labor the cost of the 
 commercial lime-sulphur solution amounts to an average of about 55 per 
 cent of the total cost. The labor item averages about 30 per cent of the 
 total and the lime makes up the remaining 15 per cent. It is probable 
 that the lime could be omitted altogether when the workmen became 
 skilful enough to spray the trees thoroughly without such an indicator 
 to make the material more easily seen; this, so far as we know, is the 
 only object of using the lime. The lime-sulphur solution is estimated 
 at the prevailing retail price and it is possible that by buying in large 
 quantities (for instance, through walnut associations), a better rate 
 could be obtained. It is also possible that the associations or even the 
 growers could prepare the materials themselves at a lesser cost than that 
 estimated. The labor item will be reduced as the workmen become more 
 skilful and could also be lessened to some extent, at least in large work, 
 by arranging to deliver the material to the spraying outfits in the 
 orchard more rapidly than was done in our experiments. Two ex- 
 
— 5 — 
 
 perienced men could spray and run the outfit, rather than the three 
 which we have estimated. One man could also mix the spray for a 
 number of outfits. The amount of material used per tree can also 
 be reduced somewhat as the workmen become more experienced. 
 Altogether, it appears to us possible that the expense of spraying trees 
 of average large size by this method may be ultimately reduced to about 
 fifty cents per tree. We do not, however, look for much further reduc- 
 tion than this, unless some much cheaper spray material is found to be 
 effective. The work can not be done properly without using compara- 
 tively large amounts of time and material. At $.50 per tree, a very 
 moderate degree of success in aphis control alone would be a most 
 profitable investment in the increased growth of the tree and yield of 
 nuts, as well as the improvement in quality and reduction in cost of 
 handling the nuts. 
 
 Further Work. 
 
 We recommend to large growers and associations especially that work 
 along this line be taken up during the coming season, in order to test 
 more fully the value of this spraying. We recommend that entire 
 orchards or blocks of trees be sprayed, in order that a more complete 
 test may be obtained than that which results from spraying a few trees 
 or rows in the midst of other unsprayed trees. We do not guarantee 
 spectacular results from such work, but do believe that if it is done 
 thoroughly the effect will more than justify the expense. On the part 
 of the University we expect to continue experimental spraying another 
 season, testing some other promising materials, and will also agree to 
 furnish co-operation to all who undertake the work to the extent of 
 general oversight, information and suggestions. We should also be glad 
 to take up the matter of the purchase of apparatus with all who con- 
 template walnut spraying, in order that they may obtain the right sort 
 of appliances and have them in ample season. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE RESULTS. 
 
 Bishop Ranch, Goleta: Very large, old trees. March 26-30, 1913. 
 Formula. 
 
 5 gallons Ortho lime-sulphur solution, 25 pounds lime, to 100 gallons of 
 spray mixture. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 11,600 gallons applied to 173 trees. 
 Labor. 
 
 4^ days at $13.00 $58 50 
 
 3 spray men at $2.00 $6 00 
 
 1 mixer at $2.00 2 00 
 
 2 horses at $1.00 2 00 
 
 Depreciation of outfit 2 00 
 
 Oil and gasoline 1 00 
 
 Total $13 00 
 
 Labor = $.005 per gallon. 
 
— 6 — 
 
 Material. 
 
 580 gallons lime-sulphur at $.20 _ $110 00 
 
 2,900 pounds lime at $1.10 31 90 
 
 $147 90 
 
 Material $.01275 per gallon 
 
 Labor .005 per gallon 
 
 Total $.01775 per gallon 
 
 Total Amount Applied. 
 
 67 gallons per tree = $1.19, total expense per tree. 
 Expense Summary. 
 
 Labor $58 50 = 281 per cent 
 
 Lime-sulphur 116 00 = 56^ per cent 
 
 Lime 31 90 = 15 per cent 
 
 RESULTS. 
 
 This work was done with extreme thoroughness and some wasting of 
 material. The trees were some of the largest in the State, however, and 
 very difficult to cover thoroughly. Not enough blight developed during 
 the following season to afford definite indications as to blight control by 
 the spraying. The effect upon aphis was well marked, the sprayed trees 
 being noticeably free from this pest quite late in the season. The 
 foliage on trees which were partly in leaf at the time of the spraying was 
 badly burned by the solution. 
 
 Robert Main Ranch, Goleta: Medium sized trees. March 31-April 1, 1913. 
 Formula. 
 
 5 gallons Ortho lime-sulphur solution, 25 pounds lime, to 100 gallons of 
 spray mixture. 
 Quantity. 
 
 4,800 gallons applied to 165 trees. 
 Labor. 
 
 U days at $13.00 $19 50 
 
 3 spray men at $2.00 $6 00 
 
 1 mixer at $2.00 2 00 
 
 2 horses at $1.00 2 00 
 
 Depreciation of outfit 2 00 
 
 Oil and gasoline 1 00 
 
 Total $13 00 
 
 Labor = $.00406 per gallon. 
 Material. 
 
 240 gallons lime-sulphur solution at $.20 $48 00 
 
 1,200 pounds lime at $1.10 13 20 
 
 $61 20 
 
 Material $.01275 per gallon 
 
 Labor .00406 per gallon 
 
 Total $.01681 per gallon 
 
 Total Amount Applied. 
 
 29 gallons per tree = $.48749, total expense per tree. 
 Expense Summary. 
 
 Labor $19 50 = 24* per cent 
 
 Lime-sulphur 48 00 = 59i per cent 
 
 Lime 13 20 = 16 per cent 
 
— 7 — 
 
 RESULTS. 
 
 The foliage on these trees was considerably advanced when the spray- 
 ing was done and the leaves and yonng shoots were badly burned, so that 
 a large amount of the new growth fell off. Another growth developed 
 on the trees, but the crop was considerably cut down by this injury. 
 The effect on aphis control was excellent, the sprayed trees being 
 noticeably clean late in the summer, the nuts and leaves larger and 
 the growth of the trees more vigorous later in the season. There 
 appeared to be rather less blight on the sprayed than on unsprayed 
 trees, but the disease was not abundant enough to warrant positive 
 conclusions. 
 
 Limoneira Ranch, Santa Paula: Medium large trees. April 2-4, 1913. 
 Formula. 
 
 5 gallons Ortho lime-sulphur solution, 25 pounds lime, to 100 gallons of 
 spray mixture. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 o.OOO gallons applied to 200 trees. 
 
 Labor. 
 
 (2 outfits). 
 
 1% days at $24.00 $36 00 
 
 6 spray men at $2.00 $12 00 
 
 1 mixer at $2.00 2 00 
 
 4 horses at $1.00 4 00 
 
 Depreciation of outfits 4 00 
 
 Oil and gasoline 2 00 
 
 Total $24 00 
 
 Labor = $.0072 per gallon. 
 
 Material. 
 
 250 gallons lime-sulphur at $.20 $50 00 
 
 1.250 pounds lime at $1.10 13 75 
 
 $63 75 
 
 Material $.01275 per gallon 
 
 Labor .0072 per gallon 
 
 Total $.01995 per gallon 
 
 Total Amount Applied. 
 
 25 gallons per tree = $.50, total expense per tree. 
 
 Expense Summary. 
 
 Labor $36 00 = 36 per cent 
 
 Lime-sulphur 50 00 — 50 per cent 
 
 Lime 13 75 = 14 per cent 
 
 RESULTS. 
 
 These trees were scarcely in leaf when the spraying was done and con- 
 sequently no serious burning resulted. The sprayed trees were notice- 
 ably more free from aphis than the unsprayed quite late in the season. 
 The leaves and the nuts were cleaner and somewhat larger and more 
 thrifty. The trees also seemed to maintain their growth later in the 
 season. This grove was situated upon heavy land, with irrigation, and 
 did not develop as much aphis upon unsprayed trees as in most cases. 
 
SUMMARY. 
 
 Aphis and blight are the two most serious pests of the English walnut. 
 In the experiments described in this circular very promising results in 
 the control of aphis were obtained and there is reason to believe that 
 blight may be controlled, to some extent at least, by the same means. 
 
 The best results were obtained by spraying the trees while in a dor- 
 mant condition (or just as the first growth was starting), with lime- 
 sulphur solution. The proportion used consisted of 5 gallons of com- 
 mercial lime-sulphur to 95 gallons of water. Twenty-five pounds of 
 quicklime, slaked and strained, was also added, to make the spray 
 more visible upon the trees. 
 
 The problem of spraying such large trees quickly and economically 
 was met by the use of high power sprayers and a special nozzle (the 
 so-called M. A. C), making it possible to cover the largest trees com- 
 pletely from the ground. 
 
 The essential thing for success in this work is to cover the trees abso- 
 lutely with the spray, from the trunks to the tips of all the twigs. 
 
 The amount of material required for spraying good sized trees 
 thoroughly averaged from 30 to 50 gallons per tree. 
 
 The average cost of material was $.01275 per gallon ; that for labor and 
 other expenses of application $.0055 per gallon; the average total cost 
 per tree being about $.55. This may probably be reduced to $.50 per 
 tree for average large trees, by having experienced workmen and buying 
 or making the spray material in large quantities. 
 
 An average of 85 large trees per day was sprayed by one outfit with 
 four men (or seven men to two outfits) . 
 
 The results obtained, while not accurately measurable the first year in 
 pounds of walnuts, seemed to more than justify the cost in improved 
 condition and increased growth of the trees, nuts and foliage.