THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
GIFT OF
Hubert E. Blackburn
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THE COMPLETE WORKS
OF
JOHN GOWER
G. C. MAC A UL AY
THE FRENCH WORKS
HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK
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THE COMPLETE WORKS
OF
JOHN GOWER
EDITED FROM THE MANUSCRIPTS
WITH INTRODUCTIONS, NOTES, AND GLOSSARIES
BY
G. C. MACAU LAY, MA.
FORMERLY FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
THE FRENCH WORKS
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1899
Ojrforb
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HOKACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
\
PR
1980
COS/.-^
PREFACE
The publication of this book may most conveniently be
explained by a short account of the circumstances which
brought it about.
While engaged some years ago in studying the Chaucer
manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, I incidentally turned
my attention also to those of the Confessio Avmntis. The
unsatisfactory character of the existing editions of that
poem was sufficiently well known, and it was generally
recognized that the printed text could not safely be referred
to by philologists, except so far as those small portions
were concerned which happened to have been published
from a good manuscript by Mr. A. J. Ellis in his Early
English Pronunciation ; so that, in spite of the acknow-
ledged importance of the book in the history of the
development of standard literary English, it was practically
useless for linguistic studies. I was struck by the excellence
of the authorities for its text which existed at Oxford,
and on further investigation I convinced myself that it
was here that the much needed new edition could best
be produced. Accordingly I submitted to the Delegates
of the University Press a proposal to edit the Confessio
Amantis, and this proposal they accepted on the condition
that I would undertake to edit also the other works, chiefly
in French and Latin, of the same author, expressly desiring
that the Spccnhun Meditaniis, which I had lately identified
vi PREFACE
while searching the Cambridge libraries for copies of the
Confessio Amafitis, should be included in the publication.
To this condition I assented with some hesitation, which
was due partly to my feeling that the English text was
the only one really needed, and partly to doubts about
my own competence to edit the French.
Considering, however, the extent to which the writings
of this author in various languages illustrate one another,
the help which is to be derived from the French works
in dealing with the Romance element in the English not
only of Gowcr, but also of Chaucer and other writers of
the time, and the clearer view of the literary position
of the Confessio Amantis which is gained by approaching
it from the French side, I am now disposed to think that
the Delegates were right in desiring a complete edition ;
and as for my own competence as an editor, I can only
say that I have learnt much since I first undertook the
work, and I have the satisfaction of knowing that I have
avoided many errors into which I should once have fallen.
For the faults that remain (I speak now of the contents of
the present volume) I ask the indulgence of those who
are more competent Romance scholars than myself, on
the ground that it was clearly desirable under the cir-
cumstances that the French and the English should have
,,the same editor. Moreover, I may fairly claim to have
given faithful and intelligible texts, and if I have gone
wrong in other respects, it has been chiefly because I
have wished to carry out the principle of dealing with
all difficulties fairly, rather than passing them over with-
out notice.
The English works will occupy the second and third
volumes of this edition. From what has been said it will
be understood that to publish a correct text of the CoJifcssio
Amantis has been throughout the main object. For this
the materials are so excellent, though hitherto almost
completely neglected, that we may with some confidence
claim that the work is now presented almost exactly as
it left the hand of the author, and that a higher degree of
PREFACE
Vll
security has been attained about the details of form and
orthography than is possible (for example) in regard to any
part of the writings of Chaucer. It is evident, if this be
so, that the text must have a considerable value for students
of Middle English, and none the less because it is here
accompanied by a complete glossary. Besides this, the
meaning of the text has been made clear, where necessary,
by explanation and illustration, and above all by improved
punctuation, and the sources of the stories and the literary
connexions of the work generally have been traced as
far as possible.
In the edition of the Vox Clainajitis, which with the
other Latin works will form the fourth volume of this
edition, the most important new contribution, besides the
account of the various manuscripts, is perhaps the view
presented of the author's political development, as shown
in the successive variations of the text. The historical
references generally, both in this work and in the Cronic-a
Tripertita, have been compared with the accounts given
of the same events by other contemporary writers. This
volume will also contain a statement of such facts as it
is possible to gather with regard to the life of the author.
To a great extent this edition breaks fresh ground,
and there are unfortunately but few direct obligations to
be acknowledged to former workers in precisely the same
field. At the same time the very greatest help is afforded
to the editor of Gower by the work that has been done
upon Chaucer and other fourteenth-century writers both
by societies and individuals, work for which in this country
Dr. Furnivall and Professor Skeat, and on the Continent
Professor ten Brink, are perhaps most largely responsible.
Much of my work has been done in the Bodleian Library
and with Bodleian manuscripts, and I should like to
acknowledge the courtesy which I have always received
there from the Librarian. My thanks are also due to
the Librarians of those Colleges, both at Oxford and Cam-
bridge, which possess Gower manuscripts, and to Dr. Young
of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, for the trouble which
viii PREFACE
they have taken in giving me facilities for the use of their
books, and especially to the Cambridge University Librarian,
Mr. Jenkinson, for assistance of various kinds in connexion
with the manuscript of the Mirotir de rOinme. I am
obliged to the Provost and Fellows of Trinity College,
Dublin, for the loan of their manuscript of the Vox Claviantis,
and to several private owners, the Duke of Sutherland,
the Marquess of Salisbury, the Marquess of Bute, the Earl
of Ellesmere, Lord Middleton, and J. H. Gurney, Esq., for
having allowed me to make use of their manuscripts.
Finally, my thanks are due to the Delegates of the Oxford
University Press for having undertaken the publication
of a book which can hardly be very profitable, and for
the consideration which they have shown for me in the
course of my work.
Oxford, 1899.
CONTENTS
4*
PAGE
Introduction xi
MiROUR DE L'OmME I
CiNKANTE BALADES 335'
TrAITI^ POUR ESSAMPLER LES AMANTZ MARIETZ . . 379
Notes 393
Glossary and Index of Proper Names .... 475
Index to the Notes 563
INTRODUCTION
From a statement in Latin which is found in many of the
Gower manuscripts, and undoubtedly proceeds from the author
himself, we learn that the poet desired to rest his fame upons
three principal works, the first in French, the second in Latin,
and the third in English. These are the three volumes which,
lying one upon another, form a pillow for the poet's eflfigy in
the church of Saint Saviour, Southwark, where he was buried.
They are known by the Latin names, Speculum Meditantis, Vox
Clamantis, Co?ifessio Amaniis, but the first of the three has until
recently been looked upon as lost. In addition there are minor
poems in each of the three languages, among which are
two series of French balades. It will be my duty afterwards
to prove the identity of the Mirour de rOmme printed in this
volume with our author's earliest principal work, commonly known
as Speculum Meditatitis, but named originally Speculum Hominis ;
in the mean time I shall ask leave to assume this as proved,
in order that a general view may be taken of Gower's French
writings before we proceed to the examination of each particular
work.
The Anglo-Norman ' literature, properly so called, can hardly
^ I prefer the term 'Anglo-Norman ' to ' Anglo-French,' partly because it
is the established and well-understood name for the language in question,
and partly for the reasons given in Paul's Grundriss der genii. Philologie,
vol. i, p. 807. It must however be remembered that the term indicates
not a dialect popularly spoken and with a true organic development, but
xii INTRODUCTION
be said to extend beyond the limits of the fourteenth century,
and these therefore are among its latest productions. The interest
of this hterature in itself and its importance with a view to the
Romance element in the English language have been adequately
recognized within recent years, though the number of literary
texts printed is still too small. It is unnecessary therefore to
do more here than to call attention to the special position
occupied by the works published in this volume, and the interest
attaching to them, first on their own merits, then on account
of the period to which they belong and the author from whom
they proceed, and lastly from the authenticity and correctness
of the manuscripts which supply us with their text.
As regards the work which occupies the greater part of the
present volume, it would be absurd to claim for it a high
degree of literary merit, but it is nevertheless a somewhat
noticeable and interesting performance. The all-embracing
extent of its design, involving a complete account not only of
the moral nature of Man, but of the principles of God's dealings
with the world and with the human race, is hardly less remarkable
than the thoroughness with which the scheme is worked out
in detail and the familiarity with the Scriptures which the writer
constantly displays. He has a far larger conception of his subject
as a whole than other authors of ' Specula ' or classifiers of
Vices and Virtues which the age produced. Compare the
Miroiir de VOvime with such works as the Speculum Vitae or the
Manuel des Pechiez^ and we shall be struck not only with the
greater unity of its plan, but also with its greater comprehensive-
ness, while at the same time, notwithstanding its oppressive
lengthiness, it has in general a flavour of literary style to which
most other works of the same class can lay no claim. Though
intended, like the rest, for edification, it does not aim at edification
alone : by the side of the moralist there is occasionally visible
also a poet. This was the work upon which Gower's reputation
rested when Chaucer submitted Troilus to his judgement, and
a courtly and literary form of speech, confined to the more educated class
of society, and therefore especially liable to be influenced by continental
French and to receive an influx of learned words taken directly from Latin.
The name implies that in spite of such influences it retained to a great
extent its individuality, and that its development was generally on the
lines of the Norman speech from which it arose.
INTRODUCTION xiii
though he may have been indulging his sense of humour in
making Gower one of the correctors of his version of that —
' geste
De Troylus et de la belle
Creseide,'
which the moralist had thought only good enough for the indolent
worshipper to dream of in church {Mir. 5253), yet the dedication
must have been in part at least due to respect for the literary
taste of the persons addressed.
If however we must on the whole pronounce the literary value
of the Specuhiin Afeditatitis to be small, the case is quite different
with regard to the Ba/ades, that is to say, the collection of about
fifty love-poems which is found in the Trentham manuscript.
These will be discussed in detail later, and reasons will be given
for assigning them to the later rather than to the earlier years of
the poet's life. Here it is enough to say that they are for the
most part remarkably good, better indeed than anything of their
kind which was produced in England at that period, and superior
in my opinion to the balades of Granson, ' flour of hem that make
in France,' some of which Chaucer translated. But for the accident
that they were written in French, this series of balades would have
taken a very distinct place in the history of English hterature.
The period to which the Speculum Meditantis belongs, about
the beginning of the last quarter of the fourteenth century, is
that in which the fusion of French and English elements from
which the later language grew may be said to have been finally
accomplished. Thanks to the careful work of English and
German philologists in recent years, the process by which French
words passed into the English language in the period from
the beginning of the thirteenth to the end of the fourteenth
century has been sufficiently traced, so far as regards the actual
facts of their occurrence in English texts. Perhaps however
the real nature of the process has not been set forth with suf-
ficient clearness. It is true that before the end of the reign of
Edward III the French element may be said to have been almost
fully introduced into the vocabulary ; the materials lay ready
for those writers, the Wycliffite translators of the Bible, Chaucer,
and Gower himself, who were to give the stamp of their authority
to the language which was to be the literary language of England.
Nevertheless, French words were still French for these writers,
xiv INTRODUCTION
and not yet English ; the fact that the two languages were still used
side by side, and that to every Englishman of literary culture the
form of French which existed in England was as a second mother
tongue, long preserved a French citizenship for the borrowed
words. In the earlier part of this period they came in simply as
aliens, and their meaning was explained when they were used,
' in desperatince, that is in unhope and in unbileave,' ' two ?fiafiere
temptaciuns, two kunne vondunges ' ; and afterwards for long, even
though they had been repeatedly employed by English writers,
they were not necessarily regarded as English words, but when
wanted they were usually borrowed again from the original source,
and so had their phonetic development in French rather than
in English. When therefore Anglo-Norman forms are to be
cited for English etymology, it is evidently more reasonable
that the philologist should look to the latter half of the fourteenth
century and give the form in which the word finally passed into
the literary language, than to the time of the first appearance
of the word in English, under a form corresponding perhaps
to the Anglo-Norman of the thirteenth century, but different
from that which it assumed in the later Anglo-Norman, and
thence in English. More precision in these citations is cer-
tainly to be desired, even though the time be past when
etymologists were content to refer us vaguely to 'Old French,'
meaning usually the sixteenth-century French of Cotgrave,
when the form really required was of the fourteenth century
and Anglo-Norman. It is not unreasonable to lay down the
rule that for words of Anglo-Norman origin which occur in
the English literary language of the Chaucer period, illustration
of forms and meanings must first be looked for in the Anglo-
Norman texts of that period, since the standard writers, as
we may call them, that is those who contributed most to fix
the standard of the language, in using them had the Anglo-
Norman of their own day before their minds and eyes rather
than any of the obscure English books in various dialects, where
the words in question may have been already used to supply
the defects of a speech which had lost its literary elements.
Moreover, theories as to the pronunciation of the English
of Chaucer's day have been largely supported by reference
to the supposed pronunciation of the French words imported
into English and the manner in which they are used in rhyme.
INTRODUCTION xv
Evidently in this case the reference ought to be to the Anglo-
Norman speech of this particular period, in the form in which it
was used by those writers of English to whose texts we refer.
But this is not all : beside the question of language there is
one of literary history. At the beginning of the fourteenth
century Anglo-Norman literature had sunk into a very degraded
condition. Pierre de Peccham, William of Waddington, Pierre
de Langtoft, and the authors of the Apocalypse and the Descente
de Saint Paul make the very worst impression as versifiers upon
their modern French critics, and it must be allowed that the
condemnation is just. They have in fact lost their hold on all
the principles of French verse, and their metres are merely \
English in a French dress. Moreover, the English metres which
they resemble are those of the North rather than of the South.
If we compare the octosyllables of the Manuel des Pechiez with
those of the Prick of Conscience we shall see that their principle
is essentially the same, that of half-lines with two accents each,
irrespective of the number of unaccented syllables, though naturally
in English the irregularity is more marked. The same may be
said of Robert Grosseteste's verse a little earlier than this, e.g.
' Deu nus doint de li penser,
De ky, par ki, en ki sunt
Trestuz li biens ki al mund sunt,
Deu le pere et deu le fiz
Et deu le seint esperiz,
Persones treis en trinite
E un sul deu en unite,
Sanz fin et sanz comencement,' &c.
It cannot be proved that all the writers of French whom I have
named were of the North, but it is certain that several of them
were so, and it may well be that the French used in England was
not really so uniform, ' univoca,' as it seemed to Higden, or at
least that as the South of England had more metrical regularity
in its English verse, witness the octosyllables of The Owl and
the Nightingale in the thirteenth century, so also it retained
more formal correctness in its French. However that may be,
and whether it were by reason of direct continental influence
or of the literary traditions of the South of England, it is certain
that Gower represents a different school of versification from
that of the writers whom we have mentioned, though he uses
the same (or nearly the same) Anglo-Norman dialect, and writes
xvi INTRODUCTION
verse which, as we shall see, is quite distinguishable in rhythm
from that of the Continent. Thus we perceive that by the side
of that reformation of English verse which was effected chiefly
by Chaucer, there is observable a return of Anglo-Norman verse
to something of its former regularity, and this in the hands of
the very man who has commonly been placed by the side of
Chaucer as a leader of the new school of English poetry.
In what follows I shall endeavour to indicate those points
connected with versification and language which are suggested
by a general view of Gower's French works. Details as to his
management of particular metres are reserved for consideration
in connexion with the works in which they occur.
Gower's metre, as has already been observed, is extremely
regular. He does not allow himself any of those grosser licences
of suppression or addition of syllables which have been noticed
in Anglo-Norman verse of the later period. Like William of
Waddington, he apologizes for his style on the ground that he
is an Englishman, but in his case the plea is very much less
needed. His rhyming also, after allowance has been made
for a few well-established Anglo-Norman peculiarities, may be
said to be remarkably pure, more so in some respects than that of
Frere Angier, for example, who wrote at least a century and a half
earlier and was a decidedly good versifier. It is true that, like
other Anglo-Norman writers, he takes liberties with the forms
of words in flexion in order to meet the requirements of his
rhyme, but these must be regarded as sins against grammar
rather than against rhyme, and the French language in England
had long been suffering decadence in this respect. Moreover,
when we come to examine these vagaries, we shall find that
they are by no means so wild in his case as they had been in
that of some other writers, and that there is a good deal of
method in the madness. The desired effect is attained principally
by two very simple expedients. The first of these is a tolerably
extensive disregard of gender, adjectives being often used
indifferently in the masculine or the feminine form, according
to convenience. Thus in the Balades ' we have ' chose humein '
xxiv. 3, but ' toule autre chose est veine ' xxxiii. 2, ' ma fortune
' The references to tlic Balades and Traiiii' are by stanza, unless other-
wise indicated.
LANGUAGE xvii
est assi's^ ix. 5, 'la fortune est fai/t' xx. 3, 'corps humeine'' xiv.
I, 'I'estee vienty?!?/-/' ii. i, ' I'estee he.dXflori'' xx. 2, but 'La cliere
estee ' xxxii. 2, and the author says ' ce (ceo) lettre ' (ii. 4, iii. 4),
or *■ ceste lettre' (xv. 4), according as it suits his metre. Similarly
in the Miroiir 1. 92 ff.,
'Siq'en apres de celle issue,
Que de leur corps serroit estrait,
Soit restore q'estoit perdue' See,
for estraite, perdu^ 1. 587 hony for honie, 719 'la Char huniein^
911 replenis for repkfiies, 1096 ' deinz son cuer maHdo7ise.' From
the use of du, an by our author nothing must be inferred
about gender, since they are employed indifferently for the
masculine or feminine combination, as well as for the simple
prepositions de, a ; and such forms as celestial, in Bal. Ded. i. i,
cordial, enfernals, mortals, Mir. jij, ion, 1014, are perhaps
reminiscences of the older usage, though the inflected feminine
is also found. The question of the terminations e, ee will be
dealt with separately.
No doubt the feeling for gender had been to some extent worn
away in England ; nevertheless the measure in which this affects
our author's language is after all rather limited. A much more
wide-reaching principle is that which has to do with the ' rule
of i'.' The old system of French noun inflexion had already
been considerably broken up on the Continent, and it would
not have been surprising if in England it had altogether dis-
appeared. In some respects however Anglo-Norman was rather
conservative of old forms, and our author is not only acquainted
with the rule, but often shows a preference for observing it,
where it is a matter of indifference in other respects. Rhyme
however must be the first consideration, and a great advantage
is obtained by the systematic combination of the older and the
newer rule. Thus the poet has it in his power either to use
or to omit the s of inflexion in the nominatives singular and
plural of masculine nouns, according as his rhymes may require,
and a few examples will show what use he makes of this licence.
In Bal. Dcd. i. 3 he describes himself as
'Vostre Gower, q'est trestout vos soubgitz,'
but in rhyme with this the same form of inflexion stands for the
plural subject, ' u sont les ditz floriz,' and in xxvi. i he gives us
nearly the same expression, 'q'est tout vostre soubgit^ without
* b
xviii INTRODUCTION
the inflexion. So in iv. 3 we have ' come tes loials amis ' (sing,
nom.), but in the very same balade ' ton ajui serrai,' while in
Trait, iii. 3 we have the further development of s in the oblique
case of the singular, ' Loiale amie avoec loials amis! In Bal.
xviii. I metiu is apparently fern. pi. for enemies, while avenu,
rhyming with it, is nom. sing. masc. ; but so also are conuz,
retenuz, venuz, in xxxix, while veeuz is sing, object., and in
the phrase 'tout bien sont conteyiuz^ there is a combination
of the uninflected with the inflected form in the plural of the
subject. Similarly in the Mirour we have principals, desloyals,
11. 63, 70, as nom. sing., and so governals, desloyals 627, 630,
but espirital 709, pri7icipal, E77iperial^ 961 ff., are forms used
elsewhere for the same. Again as nom. sing, we have rejdiz
462, ruez, hononrez, 7nalnrez 544 ff., &:c., and as nom. plur.
enamou7-e 17, reto7-7i'e 792, 7narie (f) loio, 7iee 1017, i7ialiire
1 1 28, /'/ 25064 ; but also ena7nour'e 220, prive 496, 77ie7ie 785, &c.,
as nom. singular, and perturbez, tiiez, 3639 ff., travaillez,
abando7inez, 5130 ff., as nom. plural: 'ce (^\?,t ly sage' 1586, but
* il est 7wunsages ' 1 754, and ' Zy sages dist ' 3925, ly soverein 76, but
ly capiteins 4556, and so on. We also note occasionally forms
like that cited above from the Traitic, where the s (or z) of the
termination has no grammatical justification at all ; e.g. e7igi7iez
552, confondus 1904, 'fort et haltei7is^ (ot)j.) 13024, cp. offenduz,
Bal. xxxix. 2, and cases where the rules which properly apply
to masculine nouns only are extended to feminines, as in perdice
(pi.) 7831, hii7/iilitcs, pites {smg.), 12499, 13902.
Besides these two principal helps to rhyme the later Anglo-
Norman versifier might occasionally fall back upon others. In
so artificial a language as that in which he wrote, evidently the
older forms of inflexion might easily be kept up for literary
purposes in verbs also, and used side by side with the later.
Thus in the ist pers. pi. of the present tense we find lison {lisotm)
repeatedly in rhyme, and occasionally other similar forms, as soioTi
18480. The I St pers. sing, of the present tense of several strong
verbs is inflected with or without .$• at pleasure : thus from
dire we have di, dy, as well as dis; /aire gives // or /a is ;
by the side of sia's (sum), sui or si/y is frequently found ; and
similarly we have croy, say, voi. In the same part of first-
conjugation verbs the atonic final e is often dropped, as pri,
appdl, 7nir, 7/ies>nai, suppli. In the third person singular of
LANGUAGE xix
the preterite of / verbs there is a variation in the ending
between -it {-ist) and -/ (-_>'). Thus in one series of rhymes we
have nasquit, s'esjdit (in rhyme with dit, &c.), 268 ff., in another
s'esj'o}', ckery, servi (in rhyme with y), 427 ff.; in one stanza
fiiyt, partist, 11416 ff., and in the next respondt, 11429; so
chdit {chdist) and chay, obe'it and obe'i, &c. It may be doubted
also whether such words as testnoignal, surquidance, presumement,
bestial (as subst.), reiinquir, &c., owe their existence to any
better cause than the requirements of rhyme or metre. In
introducing e?it, 11471, for the usual en the poet has antiquity
on his side : on the other hand when he writes a repeatedly
in rhyme for the Anglo-Norman ad (which, except in these
cases, is regularly used) he is no doubt looking towards
the ' French of Paris,' which naturally tended to impose itself
on the English writers of French in the fourteenth century. By
the same rule he can say either houre or heure, flour or fleur,
crestre or croistre, crere or croire ; but on the whole it is rather
surprising how little his language seems to have been affected
by this influence.
The later Anglo-Norman treatment of the terminations -e and -ee
in past participles and in verbal substantives would seem to
demand notice chiefly in connexion with rhyme and metre, but
it is really a question of phonology. The two terminations,
as is well known, became identified before the beginning of the
fourteenth century, and it is needless to quote examples to show
that in Gower's metre and rhymes -ee was equivalent to -e. The
result of this phonetic change, consisting in the absorption of
the atonic vowel by the similar tonic which immediately preceded
it, was that -e and -ee were written indiscriminately in almost all
words with this ending, and that the distinction between the
masculine and feminine forms was lost completely in pronuncia-
tion and to a very great extent also in writing. For example
in Mir. 865 ff. we have rhyming together degre^ nw7ite (fem.),
inue, descoloure (fem.), enbroude, poudre (fem. plur.) ; in 1705 ff.
there is a series of rhymes in -ee, bealpinee, engaiopee, asseinblee,
ascoultee (pi.), malsenee, doublee, all masculine except the substan-
tive assemblee; and in other stanzas the endings are mixed up
anyhow, so that we have ais?iee, ttialure, 244 f., both feminine,
me7ie, heritce, 922 f., the first feminine and the second masculine,
ymaginee, adrescce, Bal. \'\, both masculine. In all Gower's
b 2
XX INTRODUCTION
French verse I can recall only three or four instances where
an atonic final e of this kind is counted in the metre : these
are a lee chtere, ove lee {liee) Mere, du lee port^, Mir. 5179, 155 18,
I 7122, 28337, and Et ta pensee celesiine 29390. In the last the
author perhaps wrote pe?iseie, as in 14404, since the condition
under which the sound of this -e survived in Anglo-Norman was
usually through the introduction of a parasitic /-sound, which acted
as a barrier to prevent the absorption of the final vowel '^ So Mir.
10117 we have a ^Nord pareies, in rhyme with the substantives
pareies (walls), veies, tScc, which I take to be for partes, fem. plur.
of the participle, and in the same stanza journeies, a modification
oi jour7i'ees : cp. valeie, jounieie, in Middle English.
I proceed to note such further points of the Phonology as
seem to be of interest.
i. French e, ie, from Lat. a, e, in tonic syllables.
The French diphthong ie, from Lat. a under the influence
of preceding sound and from e, was gradually reduced in Anglo-
Norman to e (i. e. close e). Thus, while in the earliest writers
ie is usually distinguished in rhyme from e, those of the thirteenth
century no longer keep them apart. In the Vie de S. Aiibati
and the writings of Frere Angier the distinction between verbs
in -er and those in -ier has been, at least to a great extent,
lost : infinitives and participles, &c., such as enseign{i)er, l>ris{t)er,
eshauc{i)er, mang{i)er, jug{i)e, less{i)e, dresc{i)e, sach{i)ez, and
sulTStantives siflch as cong[i)e, pecchj)e, rhyme with those which
have the (French) termination, -er, -e, -ez. At the same time
the noun termination -ier comes to be frequently written -er,
as in aumosner, chevaler, dener, sectiler, &c. (beside aumosnier,
chevalier, denier, seculier), and words which had ie in the stem
were often written with e, as bref, chef, cher, pere (petram), se,
though the other forms brief, chief, chier, piere, sie, still continued
to be used as alternatives in spelling ''. It is certain that in the
fourteenth century no practical distinction was made between
' But the same word in other connexions is a monosyllable, as q'ils
lees en soiont 28132, and rhymes with magestc, degre, &c., 27575, 28093,
28199.
- We have in Mir. 61 15 Oscc dist en prophecie, and so too Osee iroi8,
Judee 2oo6-], and G(*///rt' 29239, but Galilee in rh3'me with ni rove 28-^^8'].
■* Cp. Romania, xii. 194. I am much indebted to M. Paul Meyer's notes
on the yie de S. Gregoire, as well as to his other writings.
PHONOLOGY xxi
the two classes of verbs that have been indicated : whether
written -ier, -it, -tez, or -er, -e, -ez, the verbal endings of which
we have spoken rhymed freely with one another and with the
similar parts of all verbs of the first conjugation, and the infini-
tives and past participles of all first-conjugation verbs rhymed
with substantives ending in \i)er, -{^)^, -^ : thus pecchc, enamoure,
cof?imence, bestialite, Alir. i6 ff., resemble, charge, saintete, 1349,
coroiicie, piee, degre, 5341, are good sets of rhymes, and so also
are de liter, seculer, plenier, 27 ff., coroucer, par Ier, mestier, seculier,
considerer, 649 ff., and leger, archer, amender, comparer, 2833 ff.
The case is the same with words which have the original (French)
ie in the stem, but notwithstanding the fact that the diphthong
sound must have disappeared, the traditional spelling ie held
its ground by the side of the other, and even extended itself
to some words which had never had the diphthong sound at all.
Thus in the fourteenth century, and noticeably in Gower's
works, we meet with such forms as clier, clief, mier (mare),
miere (matrem), piere (patrem), pier (parem), prophiete, tiel, &c.,
beside the normal forms cler, clef, mer, mere, &c. This pheno-
menon, which has caused some difficulty, is to be accounted for
by the supposition that ie, having lost its value as a diphthong, came
to be regarded as a traditional symbol in many cases for long closed
e, and such words as rhymed on this sound were apt to become
assimilated in spelling with those that originally had ie and partly
preserved it ; thus tel in rhyme with del, Jiel, might easily come
to be written tiel, as Mir. 6685 ; clere, pere, rhyming with maniere,
adversiere, &c., might be written cliere, piere, as in Mir. 193 ff., merely
for the sake of uniformity, and similarly tie/ when in rhyme with
ch{i)ef, relief, iscc, sometimes might take the form nief; and finally
these spellings might become established independently, at least
as alternatives, so that it was indifferent whether labourer, seculer,
bier, or labourier, sectilier, ber, stood as a rhyme sequence, whether
clere, appere was written or cliere, appiere. It may be noted that
pere, mere, frere, belonged to this class and were rhymed with e.
They are absolutely separated in rhyme from terre, guerre, enquere,
affere, confrere, &c. The adjective ending -el rhymes with -iel and
often appears as -iel: so in 3733 ff. we have the rhymes mortiel,
Michel, fraternel, viel, in 6685 ff., desnaturel, del, fiel, espiritiel,
and in 14547 ff. celestiel, mortiel, del, te7nporiel, &c. Questions
have been raised about the quality of the e in this termination
xxii INTRODUCTION
generally \ but the evidence here is decidedly in favour of e, and
the rhymes bel, apell, flaiell^ are kept apart from this class. It
must be observed however that fel (adj.), spelt also feel, appears
in both classes, 4773, 5052, The variation -al, which, as might
be expected, is extremely common, is of course from Latin and
gives no evidence as to the sound of -el, from which it is quite
separate in rhyme. Before a nasal in verbs like vietit, tie?it, ie
is regularly retained in writing, and these words and their com-
pounds rhyme among one another and with crietit, ghient, 7iietif,
fient, &c. Naturally they are separated from the / of aprent, coj/i-
jnencement, sagement, &:c. The forms den, tnen, re?i, which occur
for example in the Vie de S. Grcgoire for bien, iiiiefi, rien,
are not found in Gower. Finally it may be noticed that beside
fiere, appiere, compiere, ixo\y\ ferir, apparer, d'C, we Yi'A.yo.fere, appere,
compere, which in rhyme are as absolutely separated from fere
(= faire), terre, reqiiere (inf.), as fieri, piert, quiert, &c., are from
apert, overt, pert. More will have to be said on the subject
of this ie when we are confronted with Gower's use of it in
English.
ii. French ai in tonic syllables.
(rt) ai before a nasal was in Anglo-Norman writing very com-
monly represented by ei. This is merely a question of spelling
apparently, the sound designated being the same in either case.
Our author (or his scribe) had a certain preference for uniformity
of appearance in each set of rhymes. Thus he gives us first
solein, plein, soverein, certein, itiein, Evein, in Alir. 73 ff., then vaiti,
grain, main, gain, pain, vilain, 2199 ff. ; or again haltaines, paines,
acompaines, cotnpaines, restraines, certaities, 603 ff., but peine,
cofistreine, vileine, peine (verb), aleitie, procheine, 2029 ff. Some-
times however the two forms of spelling are intermixed, as vein,
pain, main, &c., 16467 ff., or meine, humeine, capitaine, 759 ff.
Some of the words in the ai series, as pain, gain, compaine,
are spelt with ai only, but there are rhyme-sequences in -ain
without any of these words included, as 6591 ff., main, prochain,
vilain, certain, vain, sain ; also words with original French ei,
such as peine, constrcine, restreines, enseigne, plein (plenus), veine
' See Sturmfels in Aiiglia, viii. 220, and Behrens, Fram. Siudicn, v. 84.
I take this opportunity of saying that I am indebted both to the former's
Altftauz. Vokniisinus iiii Miitcliiiglisclicn and to the latter's Bcitrage sur
Geschiclite der fransiisischen Spraclie in England.
PHONOLOGY xxiii
(vena), meinz (minus), atteins, feinte, exteinte, enter into the same
class. Thus we must conclude that before a nasal these two
diphthongs were completely confused. It must be noted that
the liquid sound of the nasal in such words as enseigne, plaigne,
had been completely lost, but the letter g with which it was
associated in French continued to be very generally written, and
by the influence of these words g was often introduced without
justification into others. Thus we have the rhymes ordeigne,
meine, semeigne {=■ semaine), desdeigne, peine, 2318 ff . ; peigne
(^=. peme\ compkigne, pleine, meine, /la/feigfie, atteigne, in Bal. iii ;
while in gciign, bargaign, rhyming with grain, prochain, &:c., g is
omitted at pleasure. Evidently in the Anglo-Norman of this
period it had no phonetic value,
{b) When not before a nasal, ai and ei do not interchange freely
in this manner. Before /, //, it is true, ei has a tendency to
become ai, as in conseil consail (also consal), consei l)ler
consail{l)er, merveille mervaille ; also we have contrefeite, souffreite,
6305 ff., eie for aie {avoir), eir for air 13867, gleyve 14072,
ineistre 24714, eide (eyde) for aide in the rubric headings, /«/;>
{palois) for palais, and vois (representing veis) sometimes
for vais (vado); also in ante-tonic syllables, cheitif, eiant, eysil,
leiter, ineisoiai, meistrie, oreisoun, peisible, pleisir, seisine, venei-
soim, beside chaitif, allaiter, viaisoiin, maistrie, paisible,
plaisir, saisine. This change is much less frequent, especially
in tonic syllables, than in some earlier texts, e.g. the Vie
de S. Gri'goire.
The Anglo-Norman reduction of the diphthong ai and some-
times ei to e, especially before r and s, still subsists in certain
words, though the Continental French spelling is found by
its side. Thus we have fere, affere, forsfere, mesfere, plere,
trere, attrere, retrere, tere, debonere, confrere, rhyming with terre,
guerre, quer{r)e, &c. ; also mestre, nestre, pestre, rhyming with
esire, prestre ; and pes, fes (fascem), fetz, mes, janwies, reles{s),
in rhyme with ades, pres, apres, deces{s), Mcyses, dess, mess,
coftfess. (This series of rhymes, which has §, is of course kept
distinct from that which includes the terminations -es [-ez) in
participles, «Sz;c., and such words as ees, dees, lees, prees, asses, malfes,
&c., which all have e.) We find also ese (with the alternative
forms aese, ease, as well as aise), frel, ele, megre, plee {p/ai,
plait), trete, vinegre, and in ante-tonic syllables appeser, enchesoun.
xxiv INTRODUCTION
fesance, fefure, lesser, mesoun, mestrie, phesant, pleder, pksance,
plesir, sesoun, tresoun, treter. In the case of many of these
words the form with ai is also used by our author, but the
two modes of speUing are kept apart in rhymes (except 1. 18349 ff.,
where we have tere, terre, a(/uerre,faire, viesfaire), so that affere,
nttrere, rhyme with terre, but affaire, attraire, with haire, esdaire,
adversaire, and, wiiile jammes is Hnked with apres, ades, pes,
we find jammais written when the rhyme is with cssais, lais,
paix. This may be only due to the desire for uniformity
in spelling, but there is some reason to think that it indicates
in these words an alternative pronunciation.
It is to be observed that on the neutral ground of e some
words with original ei meet those of which we have been
speaking, in which ai was reduced to e in rather early Anglo-
Norman times. Thus we have (rr^ri? rhyming with terre, affere, &c. ;
crestre, acrestre, descrestre, with estre, nestre ; and encres, descres,
inalves, with apres, pes. These forms, which have descended
to our author from his predecessors, are used by him side by
side with the (later) French forms croire, croistre, acroistre,
descroistre, encrois, descrois, and these alternative forms must
undoubtedly be separated from the others in sound as well
as in spelling. This being so, it is not unreasonable to suppose
that the case was the same with the ai words, and that in
adopting the Continental French forms side by side with the
others the writer was bringing in also the French diphthong
sound, retaining however the traditional Anglo-Norman pro-
nunciation in both these classes of words where it happened
to be more convenient or to suit his taste better.
{c) The French terminations -aire and -oire, from I^at. -arius,
oria, -orius, are employed by Gower both in his French and
f^nglish works in their Continental forms, the older Anglo-
Norman -arie, -orie, which passed into English, being hardly
found in his writings. The following are some of the words
in (luestion, most of which occur in the Confessio Aniantis
in the same form : adversaire, contraire {contrere), doaire,
essatnplaire, lettuaire, necessaire, saintuaire ; consistoire, Gregoire,
histoire, memoire, purgatoirc, vidoire. ^Ve have however ex-
ceptionally rectorie 16 136, accented to rhyme with simotiye,
and also (from Tat. -eriuni) misterie (by the side of misteire)
accented on the ante-penultimate.
PHONOLOGY XXV
iii. French ei not before a nasal.
This diphthong, which appears usually as ei in the Anglo-
Norman texts of the thirteenth century, is here regularly repre-
sented by oi and levelled, as in the French of the Continent,
with original French oi. In its relations to c and ai it has
already been spoken of; at present we merely note that the
later French form is adopted by our author with some few
exceptions both in stems and flexion. Isolated exceptions
are deis (debes) for dois^ heir by the side of hoir., lampreie,
vialveis (also j?ialvois, i?ia/ves), teiile, and vei (vide) from veoir\
also in verbs of the -ceivre class and in derivatives from them
it is often retained, as resceivre (but recoit, rescoivre), receipte,
coiiceipt (also con(oii), conceive, deceite, &:c. Under the influence
of rhyme we have in 6301 ff. espleiie, esfreite, coveite, rhyiping
with deceite, contrefeite, soiiffreite, and 10117 ^. pareies (parietes),
veies,_preies, moneies rhyming with pareies dind. Journeies {{or paries,
journees) ; but elsewhere the forms are exploite, estroite, covoite,
voie, proie, monoie, and, in general, Anglo-Norman forms such
as 7nei, rei, fei, freis, Engleis, have disappeared before the'
French nioi, roi,foy, trois, Sic.
The terminations of infinitives in -cir have become -oir, except
where the form has been reduced to that of the first conjugation ;
and those of imperfects and conditionals (imperfects reduced
all to one form) have regularly oi instead of ei. There is no
intermixture of ei and oi inflexions, such as we find in Angier,
in the Fie de S. Aubari, and in Bozon. In a few isolated
instances we have ai for this oi of inflexion, ^s poait in Mir. 795,
solait 10605 ^c. (which last seems to be sometimes present rather
than imperf.), and volait 13763. Also occasionally in other cases,
as curtais, 5568, in rhyme with mais, mesfais, &c., elsewhere
curtois, array, 18964, rhyming with nay, essay, usually array,
and desplaie, manaie, Bal. xxvii. 2, elsewhere desploie, matioie.
There is however nothing like that wholesale use of ai for ei {oi)
which is especially characteristic of Langtoft, who besides the
inflexion in -ait has (for example) may, cray, ray, for inoi,
croy, roi.
In ante- tonic syllables we may note the ei of beneicoiin, freidiire,
leisir (usually loisir), Maiveisie, peitrine (also poitritie), veisin
(beside voisin), veisdye, &:c., and ai in arraier, braier.
iv. The diphthong oe (i/e) is written in a good many words,
xxvi INTRODUCTION
but it may be doubted whether it had really the pronunciation
of a diphthong. The following list contains most of the words
in which it is found in the tonic syllable : avoec, boef, coecs
(coquus), coer, controeve, demoert, doe/, joefne, vioeble, mod, moet
f/ioeve (from viovoir), inoers ??ioert moerge (from fnorir), noeces,
noef, noet, oef, oel, oeps, oevre, poeple, poes poet, proesme, soe,
soeffre, soen, troeffe, troeve, voegle, voes (also voe/s), voet (also
voeit). In the case of many of these there are variations of
form to 0, u, ue, or ui ; thus we have ciier (the usual form
in the Mirour), controve, jqfne, noces, owes (dissyll. as plur.
of oef, also oefs, oes), ovre, pueple, pus {2i\so puiss), puet {also poot\
prosme, sue, truffe, trove, volt, and (before an original guttural)
nuit, oill (oculum). Two of these words, cuer and oel, occur
in rhyme, and they both rhyme with e : mortiel, oel, fraternel,
^'^t'/, 3733 ff., and cuer, cu?-er, pritner, 131 29 ff., by which it
would appear that in them at least the diphthong sound had
been lost : cp. suef in rhyme with chief, relief, Bal. l. 2 . The same
rhyming of cuer {quer) occurs in the Vie de S. Auba7i, in Langtoft
and in Bozon (see M. Meyer's introduction to Bozon's Co?ttes
Moralizes), ^^'ith avoec we also find aveoc and avec, veot occurs
once for voet, and illeoc, illeoqueis), are the forms used from
Lat. illuc.
V. French q [eu, ou) from Latin (not before nasal).
The only cases that I propose to speak of here are the
terminations of substantives and adjectives corresponding to
the Latin -orem, -osus, or in imitation of these forms. Our
author has here regularly ou ; there is hardly a trace of the
older forms in -or, -ur, and -os, -us, and surprisingly few
accommodated to the Continental -etir and -eus. The following
are most of the words of this class which occur with the -eur, -eus,
endings : pescheur (piscatorem),_/?(?z/r, greigneur, honeur, meilleur,
seigneur (usually flour, greignour, honour, meillour, seignour) ;
boscheus, honteus (usually hontous), joyeuse (fem.) but joyous
(masc), oiceus (oiseus), perceus, piteus (more often pilous).
We have also blasphemus, 2450, which may be meant for
blasphemous, and prodegus, 8425 ff., which is perhaps merely
the Latin word ' prodigus.' Otherwise the terminations are
regularly -our, -ous, except where words in -our vary to -ure,
as chalure, for the sake of rhyme. The following arc some
of them, and it will be seen that those which passed into
PHONOLOGY xxvii
the literary English of the fourteenth century for the most part
appeared there with the same forms of spelling as they have
here. Indeed not a few, especially of the -ous class, have con-
tinued unchanged down to the present day.
In -our : ardour, blanchoiir, brocour, chalour (also chaiiire),
colour, combatour, confessour, conquerour, correctoiir, curroiu;
desirour, despisoiir, devorour, dolour, emperour (also empereour,
emperere), executour, favour, gouvernour, guerreiour, hisdour,
honour, irrour, labour, langoiir, lecchour (also lecchier), liquour,
mockeour, palour, pastour, persecutour, portour, possessour, pour-
chafour (also potirchacier), priour, procurour (also procurier),
professour, proverbiour {-ier, -er), questour {-I'er), rancour, robbeour,
seignour, senatour, supplantour, terrour, tricheoiir, valour, ven{e)our,
venqueour, vigour, visitour.
In -ous : amorous, averous, bataillous, bounfevous, busoignous,
chivalerous, cotitagious, coragojis, corou^ous, covoitous, da?igerous,
despitous, dolourous, enginous, envious, famous, fructuous, glorious,
gracious, grevous, irrous. Joyous, laborious, kccherous, litigious,
maleticolious, merdous, merveillous, orguillous, perilous, pilous,
precious, presumptuous, ruinous, solicitous, tricherous, vetii/nous,
vergondous, vertuous, vicious, victorious, viscous.
vi. French o before nasal, Latin o, o, u.
[a) Except where it is final, 07t usually remains, whether
followed by a dental or not. The tendency towards ou, which
produced the modern English amoufit, account, abound, profound,
announce, &c., is here very slightly visible. Once blounde occurs,
in rhyme with monde, coitfonde, &c., and we have also rounge 2886
(runge 3450) and sounge 5604 (also ronge, songe), and in ante-
tonic syllables bounte, bonntevous, nouncier (also noncier), plunger
(also plonger), sounger, and words compounded with noun, as
nounsage, nouncerteiti, &c. On the other hand seconde, faconde,
monde, abonde, rebonde, responde, 120 iff., monde (adj.), bonde,
redonde, 4048 ff., surofide, confonde, 8199 ff., fnonde, onde, confonde,
10838 ff., amonte, hoJite, accompte, conte, surmonte, demonte, 1 501 ft
The -Glint termination in verbal inflexion, which is common in
Bozon, ount, sount, fou7it, dirrount, &c., is not found here except
in the Table of Contents.
{b) When a word ends with the nasal, -on is usually developed
into -oun. In Gower's French a large proportion of the words with
this ending have both forms (assuming always that the abbrevia-
xxviii INTRODUCTION
tion -oh is to be read -oun, a point which will be discussed here-
after), but -oun is the more usual, especially perhaps in rhyme.
The older Anglo-Norman -un has completely disappeared. Words
in -oun and -on rhyme freely with one another, but the tendency
is towards uniformity, and at the same time there is apparently
no rhyme sequence on the ending -on alone. The words with
which we have to deal are, first, that large class of common
substantives with terminations from Lat. -onem ; secondly, a few
outlandish proper names, e.g. Salomon, Simon, Pharaon, Figmalion,
with which we may class occasional verbal inflexions as lison,
soion ; and, thirdly, a certain number of other words, chiefly mono-
syllables, as bo(ti)n, doun, mo{ii)n, 7io{u)n, { = non\ noun {=znom),
reboun, renoun, so[u)n (pron.\ so7ifi (subst.), fo{i/)n, also respoitn
(imperative). In the first and third class -oun is decidedly
preferred, but in the second we regularly find -on, and it is
chiefly when words of this class occur in the rhyme that
variations in the others are found in this position. Thus 1. 409 i{.
we have the rhymes 7102m, temptacioun, soun, resoun, baroun,
garisoun ; 689 ff". contemplacioun, tribulacioun, temptacioun, colla-
cioun, delectacioun, elacioun; so also in 1525 ff., and even when
Salomon comes in at 11. 1597 and 1669, all the other rhymes
of these stanzas arc -oun : presumpcioun, respoun, resoun, ?ioun,
doun, &c. At 2401 however we have maison, noun, contradiccioun,
lison; 2787 Salomon, lefon, enchesoun, resoun; 4069 noun, teiifon,
compaignoun, felouti, Catoun, confessioun ; and similarly ya/'<7« 6108,
religion (with lison) 7922, lison, lion, giroun, enviroun, lecon, noun,
16801 ff. (yet lisoun is also found, 24526). On the whole, so far
as the rhymes of the Mirour are concerned, the conclusion must
be that the uniformity is broken chiefly by the influence of those
words which have been noted as written always, or almost always,
with -on. In the Balades and Traitie, however, the two termina-
tions are more equally balanced ; for example in Bal. xxxv we
find convocacion, compaignofi, comparison, regioun, noun, supplica-
cion, eleccion, condicioun. Sec, without any word of the class referred
to, and Traitie xii has four rhymes in -on against two in -oun.
On the whole I am disposed to think that it is merely a question
of spelling, and it must be remembered that in the MSS. -oun
is very rarely written out in full, so that the difference between
the two forms is very slight even in appearance.
vii. The Central-French u was apparently identified in sound
PHONOLOGY xxix
with eUy and in some cases not distinguished from tii. The
evidence of rhymes seems quite clear and consistent on this
point. Such sequences as the following occur repeatedly :
abatii, ponrveji^ decu, lieu, perdu , sahi, 315 ff.; tmis, perduz,
Hebrus, tis, Jus, condus, 1657 ff. ; hebreu, fern, eeu, tetm, tieveu,
rendu, 4933 ff. ; plus, lieus, perdus, conguz, huiss, truis, 6723 ff.;
fu, In (for lieu\ offendu, dieu, in Bal. xviii ; and with the ending
-ure,-eure: demeure, Veiire, nahire, verdure, desseure, mesure, 937 ff.:
painture, demesure, aventure, jure, hure, cotitroveure, 1947 ff, &c.
This being so, we cannot be surprised at such forms as hebrit
for hebreu, lit for lieu, fu for feu, hure, demure, plure, for the
Continental French heure, de?tieure, pleure, or at the substitutions
of u for ui, or ui for u {eu), in aparcut apar^uit, huiss huss,pluspluis,
pertuis pertus, puiss pus, construire construre, destruire destrure,
estruis estrus, truis trieus. As regards the latter changes we may
compare the various spellings oi fruit, bruit, suit, eschuie, suie\
in Middle English. It should be mentioned however that luy
rhymes regularly with -/ {-y), as chery, servi, dy. In some
cases also ui interchanges with oi, as in buiste beside boiste, en-
puisontier beside poisoun. This is often found in early Anglo-
Norman and is exemplified in M.E. buyle boyle, fuysoun foysoun,
destroye destruien. On this change and on that between ui
and u in Anglo-Norman see Koschwitz on the Voyage de Charle-
fjiagne, pp. 39, 40.
viii. aun occurs occasionally for an final or before a consonant
e.g. in aun (annum) Mir. 6621, Bal. xxiii. 2,saunte{e) Mir. 2522,
Ded. ii. 5, &c., domineer 17610, paunce 8542, fiautice, sufficaunce,
Bal. iv, govertiaunce, fraunchise, fraunchement, in the Table of
Contents; but much more usually not, as Alisandre, an (1932),
avant, dance (1697), danger, dajiter, France, change, fiance {Bal.
xiii. &:c.), lance, lande, pance (5522 &c.), sergant, sujficance
(1738 &c.), vante, and in general the words in -atice.
ix. Contraction or suppression of atonic vowels takes place in
certain cases besides that of the termination -ee, which has already
been discussed.
(a) When atonic e and another vowel or diphthong come
together in a word they are usually contracted, as in asseurer,
cotmneu, eust, receu, veu (2387), vir (for veir), Beemoth, beneure,
^ Those who quote escliiue, sine, as from Gower, e. g. Sturmfels, in AngUa,
ix, are misled by Ellis.
XXX INTRODUCTION
betwit, deesce, eviperoiir, 7tiirour, obeissance, raticon, sear, Szc,
but in many instances contraction does not take place, as c/ieeii,
ecu, veeii, veir, veoir, emfiercoiir (23624), kesce, ftiireour (23551),
tricheour, veiiqiieoi/r, iiieement, ^c.
(b) In some words with -te termination the accent falls on the
antepenultimate, and the i which follows the tonic syllable is
regularly slurred in the metre and sometimes not written. Such
words are accidie, coiitumelie, fajuilie, misterie, perjiirie, pluvie,
remedie, vittiperie, and occasionally a verb, as encordie.
The following are examples of their metrical treatment : —
' Des qiieux run Vituperie ad noun,' 2967 ;
' Et sa familie et sa maisoun,' 3916 ;
' Car pluvie doit le vent suir,' 4182 ;
' Maint contumelie irrous attaint, ' 4312 ;
' Perjurie, q'ad sa foy perdu,' 6409 ;
' Qui pour mes biens m'encordie et lie,' 6958, &c.
Several of these words are also written with the ending -e for -ie,
as accide, faf?iile, encorde.
Such words are similarly treated in Gower's English lines, e.g.
' And ek the god Mercuric also ' [Conf. Am. i. 422) ;
cp. Chaucer's usual treatment of words like vidorie, g/orie, which
are not used in that form by Gower.
{c) In come [comme), sicome, and ove the final e never counts as
a syllable in the metre. They are sometimes written com and oji.
In another word, ore, the syllable is often slurred, as in Alir. 37,
1775, 3897, &c., but sometimes sounded, as 4737, 11377, Bal.
xxviii. I. So perhaps also dame in Mir. 6733, 13514, 16579,
and Bal. ii. 3, xix. 3, xx. 2, &C.
X. The insertion of a parasitic e in connexion with r, and especially
between v and r, is a recognized feature of the Anglo-Norman
dialect. Examples of this in our texts are avera, devera, saveroit,
coverir, deliverer, overir, vivere, livere, oevere, overage, fovere,
yvere, &c. As a rule this e is not sounded as a syllable in the
metre, and in most of these words there is an alternative spelling,
e.g. avra, savra, corrir, delivi-er, ovrir, vivre, oevre, &c., but it is not
necessary to reduce them to this wherever the e is mute. Les usually
the syllable counts in the verse, e.g. overaigne in Mir. ^f^^'ji, overage
8914, cnyverer 16448, avera 18532, deveroit, beveroit in 20702
ff. viverai, vivera in Bal. iv.* i, Mir. 3879, descoverir in Bal. ix. i.
PHONOLOGY xxxi
xi. About the consonants not much need be said.
(a) Initial c before a varies in some words with c/i, as caccher,
caitiff ca7nele, caf?ij>, carboun, caste/l, cafeU, by the side of chacer,
chaifif, chameal, champ, charbomi, chaste/, chateaux; cp. acater,
achater. Before e, t, we find som*etimes an interchange of ^ and s, as in
ce for se in Mir. 1 147, Bal. xviii. 3 ; c'i/ for s'il in Mir. 799 &c.; and,
on the other hand, sent for cent in BaL \\\. 2, si for ci in the title
of the Cinkante Balades, siliox cilm Bal. xlii. 3, sercheriox cercher in
Mir. 712 &c., also s for sc in septre, sintilk, and sc for s in scilence.
{/>) We find often ^ant, qe, qelle, qanqe, &c., for quatit, que, Sec,
and, on the other hand, the spelling quar for the more usual car. In
words like gtmign, guaire, guaite, guaratit, guarde, guarir, guaster,
u is very frequently omitted before a, also occasionally before other
vowels, as gik, 2 1 394, for guik : w is used in warder, reivarder, way.
(c) The doubling of single consonants, especially /, m, n, p, s,
is frequent and seems to have no phonetic significance. Especially
it is to be observed that ss for s at the end of a word makes
no difference to the quantity or quality of the syllable, thus,
whether the word be deces or decess, reles or reless, engres or engress,
bas or bass, las or lass, huiss or huis, the pronunciation and the
rhyme are the same. The final s was sounded in both cases,
and not more when double than when single. The doubling
of r in futures and conditionals, as serray, dirray, &c., belongs
to the Norman dialect.
{d) The final s of inflexion is regularly replaced by z after
a dental, as courtz, desfaitz, ditz, excellentz, fitz, fortz, regentz,
seintz, and frequently in past participles of verbs (where there
is an original dental), as perturbez, enfanteez, rejdiz, perduz ; but
also elsewhere, especially with the termination -able, as refusablez,
delitablez, in rhyme with acceptables. Sometimes however a dental
drops out before s, as in apcrs, desfais, dis, dolens, presens. In
all these cases however the difference is one of spelling only.
(e) Lastly, notice may be directed to the mute consonants
either surviving in phonetic change or introduced into the spelling
in imitation of the Latin form. The fourteenth century was a time
when French writers and copyists were especially prone to the
vice of etymological spelling, and many forms both in French
and English which have been supposed to be of later date may
be traced to this period. I shall point out some instances,
etymological and other, most of which occur in rhyme.
xxxii INTRODUCTION
Thus b is mute in doiibte (also doute) rhyming with boute, and
also in debte beside dette, soubdeinefnent beside soudeinefnent, &c. :
/ in temps, accompte, corps, hanaps, descript, rhyming with senSy
honie, tors, pas, dit, and in deceipte beside deceite;
d before s in ribalds rhyming with vassals ;
t before z in such words as fortz, courtz, certz, overtz, fitz, dttz,
aletz, decretz, rhyming with tors, destours, vers, envers, sis,
dignites, ees ;
s in such forms as dist, promist, quidasmes, &c., in rhyme with
esjdit, espirit, dames ; possil)ly however the 3 pers. sing. pret.
of these verbs had an alternative pronunciation in which s was
sounded, for they several times occur in rhyme with Crist, and
then are always written -ist, whereas at other times they vary this
freely with -/'/.
g in words like baraign, pleigne, soveraigne, rhyming with gain,
peine ;
c before s in clercs (also clers) rhyming with vers ;
I in almcs, ascoulte, moult, which rhyme with fames, route,
trestout. and in oultrage, estoicltie, beside outrage, estoutie.
On the other hand v is sounded in the occasional form escrivre,
the word being rhymed with vivre, in Mir. 6480.
As regards the Vocabulary, I propose to note a few points
which are of interest with reference chiefly to English Etymology,
and for the rest the reader is referred to the Glossary.
A certain number of words will be found, in addition to those
already cited in the remarks on Phonology, § v, which appear in
the French of our texts precisely as they stand in modern English,
e. g. able, afinoy, archer, carpefiter, claret, courser, dean, draper,
ease, fee, haste, host, mace, mess, noise, soldier, suet, treacle, truant,
&c., not to mention ' mots savants ' such as abject, absent, official,
parable, and so on.
The doubling of consonants in accordance with Latin spelling
in accepter, accord, accuser, commander, commun, tkc, is already
common in these texts and belongs to an earlier stage of Middle
English than is usually supposed.
ambicioun : note the etymological meaning of this word in the
Mirour.
appetiter : Chaucer's verb should be referred directly to this
French verb, and not to the English subst. appetit.
VOCABULARY xxxiii
assalt: usually assaut in 14th cent. French and English.
audit: the English word is probably from this French form,
and not directly from Latin : the same remark applies to several
other words, as complete concluder, curei, destitute elat, &c.
avouer : in the sense of ' promise.'
bega?it, beggerie, begityner, beguinage : see New JEng. Did. under
'beg.' The use of beguinage here as equivalent to beggerie is
confirmatory of the Romance etymology suggested for the word :
begant seems to presuppose a verb beg{ii)er, a shorter form of
beguiner; cp. beguard.
braier, M. E. brayen, ' to bray in a mortar.' The continental
form was breier, Mod. broyer.
brusch : the occurrence of this word in a sense which seems
to identify it with brusque should be noted. The modern brusque
is commonly said to have been introduced into French from
Italy in the i6th century. Caxton however in 148 1 has brussly,
apparently equivalent to ' brusquely ' ; see New Eng. Did.
buillofi, in the sense of ' mint,' or ' melting-house,' is
evidently the same as 'bullion' in the Anglo-Norman statutes
of Edward III (see New Eng. Did.). The form which we
have here points very clearly to its derivation from the
verb buikr, 'boil,' as against the supposed connexion with
' bulla.'
chitoun, ' kitten.' This is used also in Bozon's Conies Moralizes.
It seems more likely that the M. E. kitoun comes from this form
of chatton with hardening of ch to k by the influence of cat, than
that it is an English ' kit ' with a French sufifix.
Civile, i.e. 'civil law': cp. the use of the word as a name in
Piers Plowman.
eneauer, ' to wet,' supplies perhaps an etymology for the word
enewing or ennuyng used by Lydgate and others as a term of
painting, to indicate the laying on or gradation of tints in
water-colour, and illustrates the later Anglo-French words enewer,
enewage, used apparently of shrinking cloth by wetting; see
Godefroy (who however leaves them unexplained).
flaket, the same as the M. E. flakett, flacket (French flaschet).
The form flaquet is assumed as a Northern French word by
the New Eng. Did., but not cited as occurring.
leisour, as a variation of loisir, leisir.
lusard: cp. Piers Plowman, B. xviii. 335.
* c
xxxiv INTRODUCTION
menal, meytial, adj. in the sense of ' subject.'
nice: note the development of sense from 'foohsh,' Mir. 1331,
7673, to ' foohshly scrupulous,' 24858, and thence to 'delicate,'
'pleasant,' 264, 979,
papir, the same form that we find in the English of Chaucer
and Gower.
par/esie, M. Y,. parlesie, pa/esie.
perjurie, a variation of perjure, which established itself in
English.
phesant: early M. Y,. fesaun, Ch^ucQx fesaiinf.
pki/osophre, as in M. E., hes\d& phi/osophe.
queinte, a{c)queintance : the forms which correspond to those
used in English ; less usually quoi7ite, aquoiniance.
reverie, ' revelry,' which suggests the connexion of the English
word with 7-ever, rather than with reveler from 'rebellare.' However,
revel and reveller occur also in our texts.
reviler. Skeat, Etym. Did., says 'there is no word reviler or
viler in French.' Both are used in the Mirour.
rejvarder, rezvardie, rewardise, in the sense of the English
'reward.'
sercher, Eng. 'search,' the more usual form for cercher.
somo7ice : this is the form required to account for the M. E.
somoutis, ' summons.'
traicier, traifour, names given (in England) to those who made
it their business to pack juries.
trote, used for ' old woman ' in an uncomplimentary sense.
universite, ' community.'
voiage (not viage) : this form is therefore of the 14th century.
MIROUR DE L'OMME.
Authorship. — The evidence of authorship rests on two distinct
grounds : first, its correspondence in title and contents with
the description given by Gower of his principal French work ;
and secondly, its remarkable resemblance in style and substance
to the poet's acknowledged works.
We return therefore to the statement before referred to about
the three principal books claimed by our author : and first an
explanation should be made on the subject of the title. The
MIROUR DE L'OMME xxxv
statement in question underwent progressive revision at the
hands of the author and appears in three forms, the succes-
sion of which is marked by the fact that they are connected
with three successive editions of the Confessio Amnniis. In the
two first of these three forms the title of the French work is
Speculufti Hominis, in the third it is Speculutn Afeditantis, the
alteration having been made apparently in order to produce
similarity of termination with the titles of the two other books '.
We are justified therefore in assuming that the original title was
Speculum Hominis, or its French equivalent, Mirour de fomme.
The author's account, then, of his French work is as follows :
' Primus liber Gallico sermone editus in decem diuiditur partes,
et tractans de viciis et virtutibus, necnon et de variis huius seculi
gradibus, viam qua peccator transgressus ad sui creatoris
agnicionem redire debet recto tramite docere conatur. Titulus
(que) libelli istius Speculum hominis {al. meditantis) nun-
cupatus est.'
We are here told that the book is in French, that it is divided
into ten parts, that it treats of vices and virtues, and also of
the various degrees or classes of people in this world, and
finally that it shows how the sinner may return to the knowledge
of his Creator.
The division of our Mirour into ten parts might have been a
little difficult to make out from the work itself, but it is expressly
indicated in the Table of Contents prefixed :
' Cy apres comence le livre Francois q'est apelle Mirour de
I'omme, le quel se divide en x parties, c'est assavoir ' &c.
The ten parts are then enumerated, six of them being made out
of the classification of the different orders of society.
The contents of the Mirour also agree with the author's
description of his Speculum Hominis. After some prefatory
matter it treats of vices in 11. 841-9720 of the present text; of
virtues 11. 10033-18372 ; of the various orders of society 11. 18421-
26604 J of I'low man's sin is the cause of the corruption of the
world 11. 26605-27360; and finally how the sinner may return
to God, or, as the Table of Contents has it, 'coment I'omme
peccheour lessant ses mals se doit reformer a dieu et avoir
pardoun par I'eyde de nostre seigneur Jhesu Crist et de sa
* Tanner remarks, ' est tamen nescio quid in nominibus mysterii et, ut ita
dicam, conspiratio, utpote unius ab altero pendentis.' Biblioth. p. 336.
C 2
xxxvi INTRODUCTION
doulce Miere la Vierge gloriouse,' 1. 27361 to the end. This
latter part includes a Life of the Virgin, through whom the
sinner is to obtain the grace of God.
The strong presumption (to say no more) which is raised
by the agreement of all these circumstances is converted into a
certainty when we come to examine the book more closely and
to compare it with the other works of Gower. Naturally we
are disposed to turn first to his acknowledged French writings,
the Cinkante Balades St.nd the Traitie, and to institute a comparison
in regard to the language and the forms of words. The
agreement here is practically complete, and the Glossary of
this edition is arranged especially with a view to exhibit this
agreement in the clearest manner. There are differences, no
doubt, such as there will always be between different MSS.,
however correct, but they are very few. Moreover, in the
structure of sentences and in many particular phrases there are
close correspondences, some of which are pointed out in the
Notes. But, while the language test gives quite satisfactory
results, so far as it goes, we cannot expect to find a close
resemblance in other respects between two literary works so
different in form and in motive as the Miroiir and the Balades.
It is only when we institute a comparison between the JZ/Vw/r and
the two other principal works, in Latin and English respectively,
which our author used as vehicles for his serious thoughts, that we
realize how impossible it is that the three should not all belong to
one author. Gower, in fact, was a man of stereotyped convictions,
whose thoughts on human society and on the divine government
of the world tended constantly to repeat themselves in but slightly
varying forms. What he had said in one language he was apt to
repeat in another, as may be seen, even if we leave the Mirour
out of sight, by comparison of the Confcssio Amantis with the Vox
Cianiantis. The Mirour runs parallel with the English work in
its description of vices, and with the Latin in its treatment of the
various orders of society, and apart from the many resemblances
in detail, it is worth while here to call attention to the manner in
which the general arrangement of the French work corresponds
with that which we find in the other two books.
In that part of the Mirour which treats of vices, each deadly
sin is dealt with regularly under five principal heads, or, as
the author expresses it, has five daughters. Now this fivefold
MIROUR DE L'OMME
xxxvu
division is not, so far as I can discover, borrowed from any
former writer. It is of course quite usual in moral treatises
to deal with the deadly sins by way of subdivision, but usually
the number of subdivisions is irregular, and I have not found
any authority for the systematic division of each into five.
The only work, so far as I know, which shares this characteristic
with the Miroidr is the Confessio Amantis. It is true that in
this the rule is not fully carried out ; the nature of the work
did not lend itself so easily to a quite regular treatment, and
considerable variations occur : but the principle which stands
as the basis of the arrangement is clearly visible, and it is the
same which we find in our Mirour.
This is a point which it is worth while to exhibit a little more
at large, and here the divisions of the first three deadly sins are
set forth in parallel columns :
Mirour de Vomyne.
Confessio Amantis.
i. Orguil, with five daughters, viz.
i. Pride, with five ministers, viz.
Ipocresie
Ypocrisie
Vaine gloire
Inobedience
Surquiderie
Surquiderie
Avantance
Avantance
Inobedience,
Veine gloire.
ii. Envie
ii. Envie
Detraccioun
Dolor alterius gaudii
Dolour d'autry Joye
Gaudium alterius doloris
Joye d'autry mal
Detraccioun
Supplantacioun
Falssemblant
Fals semblant.
Supplantacioun.
iii. Ire
iii. Ire
Malencolie
Malencolie
Ten90un
Cheste
Hange
Hate
Contek
Contek
Homicide.
Homicide.
In the latter part of the Confessio Amantis the fivefold division
is not strictly observed, and in some books the author does not
profess to deal with all the branches ; but in what is given above
there is quite enough to show that this method of division was
recognized and that the main headings are the same in the two works.
Next we may compare the classes of society given in the
Mirour with those that we find in the Vox Clamantis. It is not
necessary to exhibit these in a tabular form ; it is enough to say
xxxviii INTRODUCTION
that with some trifling differences of arrangement the enumeration
is the same. In the Fo^: Clamaiitis the estate of kings stands last,
because the author wished to conclude with a lecture addressed
personally to Richard II; and the merchants, artificers and la-
bourers come before the judges, lawyers, sheriffs, &c., because it is
intended to bring these last into connexion with the king ; but
otherwise there is little or no difference even in the smallest
details. The contents of the ' third part ' of the Miroiir, dealing with
prelates and dignitaries of the Church and with the parish clergy,
correspond to those of the third book of the Vox Clamantis ; the
fourth part, which treats of those under religious rule, Posses-
sioners and Mendicants, is parallel to the fourth book of the Latin
work. In the Miroiir as in the Vox Clamantis we have the
division of the city population into Merchants, Artificers and
Victuallers, and of the ministers of the law into Judges, Advocates,
Viscounts(sheriffs), Bailiffs, and Jurymen. Moreover what is said of
the various classes is in substance usually the same, most notably
so in the case of the parish priests and the tradesmen of the town ;
but parallels of this kind will be most conveniently pointed out in
the Notes.
To proceed, the Mirour will be found to contain a certain
number of stories, and of those that we find there by much the
greater number reappear in the Confessio Amantis with a similar
application. We have the story of the envious man who desired to
lose one eye in order that his comrade might be deprived of two
(1. 3234), of Socrates and his scolding wife (4168), of the robbery
from the statue of Apollo (7093), of Lazarus and Dives (7972),
of Ulysses and the Sirens (10909), of the emperor Valentinian
(17089), of Sara the daughter of Raguel (17417), of Phirinus, the
young man who defaced his beauty in order that he might not be
a temptation to women (18301), of Codrus king of Athens (19981),
of Nebuchadnezzar's pride and punishment (21979), of the king
and his chamberlains (22765). All these are found in the Mirour,
and afterwards, more fully related as a rule, in the Cofifessio
Afiiatitis. Only one or two, the stories of St. Macaire and the
devil (12565, 20905), of the very undeserving person who was
relieved by St. Nicholas (15757), of the dishonest man who built
a church (15553), together with various Bible stories rather alluded
to than related, and the long Life of the Virgin at the end of the
book, remain the property of the Mirour alone.
MIROUR DE L'OMME xxxix
If we take next the anecdotes and emblems of Natural History,
we shall find them nearly all again in either the Latin or the
English work. To illustrate the vice of Detraction we have the
'escarbud,' the 'scharnebud,' of the Confessio A/natifis, which
takes no delight in the flowery fields or in the May sunshine, but
only seeks out vile ordure and filth (2894, Conf. Am. ii. 413).
Envy is compared to the nettle which grows about the roses and
destroys them by its burning (3721, Conf. Am. ii. 401). Homicide
is made more odious by the story of the bird with a man's features,
which repents so bitterly of slaying the creature that resembles it
(5029, Conf. Am. iii. 2599):; and we may note also that in both
books this authentic anecdote is ascribed to Solinus, who after all is
not the real authority for it. Idleness is like the cat that would eat
fish without wetting her paws (5395, Cotif Am. iv. 1108). The
covetous man is like the pike that swallows down the little fishes
(6253, Conf. Am. v. 2015). Prudence is the serpent which
refuses to hear the voice of the charmer, and while he presses one
ear to the ground, stops the other with his tail (15253, Conf Am.
i. 463), And so on.
. Then again there are a good many quotations common to the
Mirour and one or both of the other books, adduced in the same
connexion and sometimes grouped together in the same order.
The passage from Gregory's Homilies about man as a microcosm,
partaking of the nature of every creature in the universe, which we
find in the Prologue of the Confessio and also in the Vox Claniantis,
appears at 1. 26869 of the Alirour; that about Peter presenting Judea
in the Day of Judgement, Andrew Achaia, and so on, while our
bishops come empty-handed, is also given in all three {Alir. 20065,
Vox. CI. iii. 903, Conf Am. v. 1900). To illustrate the virtue
of Pity the same quotations occur both in the Mirour and the
Confessio Amantis, from the Epistle of St. James, from Constantine,
and from Cassiodorus {Alir. 13929, 23055 ff., Conf. Am. vii. 3149',
3161*, 3137). Three quotations referred to 'Grace' occur in the
Mirour, and of these three two reappear in the Confessio with the
same author's name {Mir. 3801, 10948, 23370, Conf Am. vi. 1513,
vii. 3581). Now of these two, one, as it happens, is from Ovid and
the other from Juvenal ; so that not only the quotations but also the
false references are repeated. These are not by any means all the
examples of common quotations, but they will perhaps suffice.
Again, if we are not to accept the theory of common authorship.
xl INTRODUCTION
we can hardly account for the resemblance, and something more
than resemblance, in passages such as the description of Envy
{Mir. 3805 ff., Conf. Am. ii. 3095, 3122 ff.), of Ingratitude {Mir.
6685 ff., Conf. Am. V. 4917 ff.), of the effects of intoxication {Mir.
8138, 8246, Conf. Am. vi. 19, 71), of the flock made to wander
among the briars {Mir. 2016 1 ff., Conf. Am. Prol. 407 ff.), of the
vainglorious knight {Mir. 23893 ff., Cotif. Am. iv. 1627 ff.), and
many others, not to mention those lines which occur here and there
in the Confessio exactly reproduced from the Mirour, such as iv. 893,
' Thanne is he wys after the hond,'
compared with Mir. 5436,
' Lors est il sage apres la main.'
Conf. Am. Prol. 213,
* Of armes and of brigantaille,'
compared with Mir. 18675,
* Ou d'armes ou du brigantaille,'
the context in this last case being also the same.
The parallels with the Vox Clamantis are not less numerous
and striking, and as many of them as it seems necessary to mention
are set down in the Notes to the Miroiir, especially in the latter
part from 1. 184 21 onwards.
Before dismissing the comparison with the Cmfessio Amantis,
we may call attention to two further points of likeness. First,
though the Mirour is written in stanzas and the Confessio in
couplets, yet the versification of the one distinctly suggests that of
the other. Both are in the same octosyllabic line, with the same
rather monotonous regularity of metre, and the stanza of the
Mirour., containing, as it does, no less than four pairs of lines
which can be read as couplets so far as the rhyme is concerned,
often produces much the same effect as the simple couplet.
Secondly, in the structure of sentences there are certain definite
characteristics which produce themselves equally in the French
and the English work.
Resemblances of this latter kind will be pointed out in the Notes,
but a few may be set down here. For example, every reader of
Gower's English is familiar with his trick of setting the conjunctions
' and,' ' but,' &c., in the middle instead of at the beginning of the
clause, as in Conf. Am. Prol. 155,
' With all his herte and make hem chiere,'
MIROUR DE L'OMME xli
and similarly in the Ba/ades, e. g. xx. i,
' A mon avis mais il n'est pas ensi.'
Examples of this are common in the Mirour, as 1. loo,
* Pour noble cause et ensement
Estoiont fait,'
cp. 415, 4523, 7739, 7860, &c.
In other cases too there is a tendency to disarrangement of
words or clauses for the sake of metre or rhyme, as Mir. 15941,
17996, compared with Conf. Am. ii. 2642, iv. 3520, v. 6807, &c.
Again, the author of the Cojifessio Amantis is fond of repeating
the same form of expression in successive lines, e.g. Prol. 96 ff.,
'Tho was the lif of man in helthe,
Tho was plente, tho was richesse,
Tho was the fortune of prouesse,' &c.
Cp. Prol. 937, V. 2469, &c.
This also is found often in the Mirour, e. g. 4864-9 :
' Cist tue viel, cist tue enfant.
Cist tue femmes enpreignant,' &c.
and 8294-8304,
' Les uns en eaue fait perir,
Les uns en flamme fait ardoir,
Les uns du contek fait morir,' &c.
The habit of breaking off the sentence and resuming it in a
different form appears markedly in both the French and the
English, as Mir. 89, 17743, Conf. Am. iv. 2226, 3201 ; and in
several passages obscure forms of expression in the Confessio
Amantis are elucidated by parallel constructions in the Mirour.
Finally, the trick of filling up lines with such tags as en son
degre, de sa partie, &c. (e. g. Mir. 373, 865), vividly recalls the
similar use of 'in his degree,' 'for his partie,' by the author of the
Confessio Amajitis (e.g. Prol. 123, 930).
The evidence of which I have given an outline, which may be
filled up by those who care to look out the references set down
above and in the Notes, amounts, I believe, to complete demon-
stration that this French book called Mirour de romme is
identical with the Speculum Hominis (or Speculum Meditantis')
which has been long supposed to be lost ; and, that being so,
I consider myself at liberty to use it in every way as Gower's
admitted work, together with the other books of which he claims
the authorship, for the illustration both of his life and his literary
characteristics.
xlii INTRODUCTION
Date. — The Speculum Hominis stands first in order of the three
books enumerated by Gower, and was written therefore before the
Vox Clamantis. This last was evidently composed shortly after
the rising of the peasants in 1381, and to that event, which
evidently produced the strongest impression on the author's
mind, there is no reference in this book. There are indeed
warnings of the danger of popular insurrection, as 24104 ff.,
26485 ff., 27229 ff., but they are of a general character, suggested
l)erhaps partly by tlie Jacquerie in France and partly by the local
disturbances caused by discontented labourers in England, and
convey the idea that the writer was uneasy about the future, but
not that a catastrophe had already come. In one passage he
utters a rather striking prophecy of the evil to be feared, speaking
of the strange lethargy in which the lords of the land are sunk,
so that they take no note of the growing madness of the commons.
On the whole we may conclude without hesitation that the book
was completed before the summer of the year 1381.
There are some other considerations which will probably lead us to
throw the date back a little further than this. In 2142 ff. it seems
to be implied that Edward III is still alive. 'They of France,'
he says, 'should know that God abhors their disobedience, in that
they, contrary to their allegiance, refuse by way of war to render
liomage and obedience to him who by his birth receives the right
from his mother.' This can apply to none but Edward III, and
we are led to suppose that when these lines were written he was
still alive to claim his right. The supposition is confirmed by the
manner in which the author speaks of the reigning king in that
l)art of his work which deals with royalty. Nowhere does he
address him as a child or youth in the manner of the Vox
Clamantis, but he complains of the trust placed by the king in
flatterers and of the all-prevailing influence of women, calling
upon God to remedy those evils which arise from the monstrous
fact that a woman reigns in the land and the king is subject to
her (22807 ff ). This is precisely the complaint which might have
been expected in the latter years of Edward III. On the other
hand there is a clear allusion in one place (1881 7-18840) to the
schism of the Church, and this passage therefore must have been
written as late as 1378, but, occurring as it does at the conclusion
of the author's attack upon the Court of Rome, it may well have
been added after the rest. The expression in 1. 22191,
MIROUR DE L'OMME xliii
' Ove deux chiefs es sanz chevetein,'
refers to the Pope and the Emperor, not to the division of the
papacy. Finally, it should be observed that the introduction of the
name Innocent, 1. 18783, is not to be taken to mean that Innocent
VI, who died in 1362, was the reigning pope. The name is no
doubt only a representative one.
On the whole we shall not be far wrong if we assign the
composition of the book to the years 1376-1379.
Form and Versification. — The poem (if it may be called so)
is written in twelve-line stanzas of the common octosyllabic verse,
rhyming aab aab bba bba, so that there are two sets of rhymes
only in each stanza. In its present state it has 28,603 lines,
there being lost four leaves at the beginning, which probably
contained forty-seven stanzas, that is 564 lines, seven leaves,
containing in all 1342 lines, in other places throughout the
volume, and an uncertain number at the end, probably con-
taining not more than a fev/ hundred lines. The whole work
therefore consisted of about 31,000 lines, a somewhat formidable
total.
The twelve-line stanza employed by Gower is one which was in
pretty common use among French writers of the ' moral ' class.
It is that in which the celebrated Feis de la Mort were composed
by Helinand de Froidmont in the twelfth century, a poem from
which our author quotes. Possibly it was the use of it by this
writer that brought it into vogue, for his poem had a great
popularity, striking as it did a note which was thoroughly con-
genial to the spirit of the age ^ In any case we find the stanza
used also by the ' Reclus de Moiliens,' by Rutebeuf in several
pieces, e. g. La Complainte de Coiistanthwble and Les Ordres de
Paris, and often by other poets of the moral school. Especially it
seems to have been affected in those ' Congies ' in which poets took
leave of the world and of their friends, as the Congies Adan
d' Arras (Barb, et Meon, Fabl. i. 106), the Congie Jehan Bodel
(i. 135), &c. As to the structure of the stanza, at least in the
hands of our author, there is not much to be said. The pauses
in sense very generally follow the rhyme divisions of the stanza,
which has a natural tendency to fall into two equal parts, and the
last three lines, or in some cases the last two, frequently
* A list of poems in which this stanza is used is given in Romania, ix.23t,
by M. Gaston Raynaud.
xliv INTRODUCTION
contain a moral tag or a summing up of the general drift of
the stanza.
The verse is strictly syllabic. We have nothing here of that
accent-metre which the later Anglo-Norman writers sometimes
adopted after English models, constructing their octosyllable
in two halves with a distinct break between them, each half-
verse having two accents but an uncertain number of syllables.
This appears to have been the idea of the metre in the mind
of such writers as Fantosme and William of Waddington. Here
however all is as regular in that respect as can be desired. Indeed
the fact that in all these thousands of lines there are not more
than about a score which even suggest the idea of metrical
incorrectness, after due allowance for the admitted licences of
which we have taken note, is a striking testimony not only of
the accuracy in this respect of the author, but also to the correctness
of the copy which we possess of his work. The following are
the lines in question :
276. ' De sa part grantement s'esjoit.'
397. ' Ly deable grantement s'esjoit'
2742. ' Prestre, Clerc, Reclus, Hermite,'
2955. 'Soy mesmes car delivrer'
3116. ' Q'avoit leur predicacioun oi'e,'
3160. 'Si Tune est male, I'autre est perverse,'
4745. ' Molt plussoudeinent le blesce '
4832. ' Ainz est pour soy delivrer,'
6733. 'Dame Covoitise en sa meson'
(And similarly 13514 and 16579)
9617. 'Mais oultre trestous autrez estatz '
9786. ' Me mettroit celle alme en gage,'
10623. ' L'un ad franchise, I'autre ad servage,'
10628. ' L'un ad mesure, I'autre ad oultrage,'
13503. ' Dieus la terre en fin donna,'
14568. 'Et I'autre contemplacioun enseine.'
19108. ' D'avoltire et fornicacioun '
24625. 'Doun, priere, amour, doubtance,'
26830. 'Homme; et puis de I'omme prist'
27598. ' Qant Tangle ot ses ditz contez,'
This, it will be allowed, is a sufficiently moderate total to be
placed to the joint account of author and scribe in a matter of
more than 28,000 lines— on an average one in about 1,500 lines.
Of these more than half can be corrected in very obvious ways :
in 276, 397, we may read 'grantment' as in 8931 ; in 2955, 4832,
we should read 'deliverer,' and in 9786 'metteroit,' this e being
MIROUR DE L'OMME xlv
frequently sounded in the metre, e.g. 3371, 16448, 18532; we
may correct 3160, 9617, by altering to 'mal,' 'autre'; in 4745
' plussoudeinement ' is certainly meant; 13503 is to be corrected
by reading 'en la fin,' as in 15299, for 'en fin,' 19108 by
substituting 'avoltre' for 'avoltire,' and 27598 by reading 'angel,'
as in 27731 and elsewhere, for 'angle.' Of the irregularities
that remain, one, exemplified in 31 16 and 14568, consists
in the introduction of an additional foot into the measure,
and I have little doubt that it proceeds from the scribe,
who wrote ' predicacioun ' and ' contemplacioun ' for some
shorter word with the same meaning, such as ' prechement '
and ' contempler.' In the latter of these cases I have corrected
by introducing ' contempler ' into the text ; in the former, as
I cannot be so sure of the word intended, the MS. reading
is allowed to stand. There is a similar instance of a hyper-
metrical line in Bal: xxvii. i, and this also might easily be
corrected. The other irregularities I attribute to the author.
These consist, first, in the use of ' dame ' in several lines as
a monosyllable, and I am disposed to think that this word •
was sometimes so pronounced, see Phonol. § ix (f); secondly,
in the introduction of a superfluous unaccented syllable at
a pause after the second foot, which occurs in 10623, 10628
(and perhaps 3160); thirdly, in the omission of the unaccented
syllable at the beginning of the verse, as :
' Prestre, Clerc, Reclus, Hermite,' — 2742 ;
' Doun, priere, amour, doubtance,' — 24625 ;
* Homme ; et puis de I'omme prist ' — 26830.
Considering how often lines of this kind occur in other Anglo-
Norman verse, and how frequent the variation is generally
in the English octosyllables of the period, we may believe that
even Gower, notwithstanding his metrical strictness, occasionally
introduced it into his verse. It may be noted that the three
lines just quoted resemble one another in having each a pause
after the first word.
With all this 'correctness,' however, the verses of the Mirour
have an unmistakably English rhythm and may easily be dis-
tinguished from French verse of the Continent and from that of
the earlier Anglo-Norman writers. One of the reasons for this
is that the verse is in a certain sense accentual as well as syllabic,
the writer imposing upon himself generally the rule of the alternate
xlvi INTRODUCTION
beat of accents and seldom allowing absolutely weak syllables ' to
stand in the even places of his verse. Lines such as these
of Chretien de Troyes,
' Si ne semble pas qui la voit
Qu'ele puisse grant fcs porter,'
and these of Frere Angler,
' Ses merites et ses vertui;,
Ses jeiines, ses orcisons,
Et sa volontaire poverte
Od trestote s'autre desserte,'
are quite in accordance with the rules of French verse, but
very few such lines will be found in the Mirour. Some there
are, no doubt, as 3327:
' D'envie entre la laie gent,'
or 3645 :
'Que nuls en poet estre garny.'
So also 2925, 3069, 4310 (S:c., but they are exceptional and
attract our notice when they occur. An illustration of the
difference between the usage of our author and that of the
Continent is afforded by the manner in which he quotes from
Helinand's Vers de la Mort. The text as given in the Hist.
Lift, de la France, xviii. p. 88, is as follows (with correction of
the false reading 'cuevre'):
Gower has it
'Tex me couve dessous ses dras.
Qui cuide estre tous fors et sains.'
' Car tiel me couve soubz ses dras,
Q'assetz quide estre fortz et seins.'
He may have found this reading in the original, of which
there are several variants, but the comjiarison will none the
less illustrate the difference of the rhythms.
Subject-matter and Style. — The scheme of the Speculmn
Hominis is, as before stated, of a very ambitious character. It
is intended to cover the whole field of man's religious and
moral nature, to set forth the purposes of Providence in dealing
with him, the various degrees of human society and the faults
chargeable to each class of men, and finally the method which
' Under this head I do not include tin- termination (^-ont or -enf) of the
3 pers. pi. pros, tense, which was apparcntl3' to some extent accented,
see 11. 1265, 1803, 1820, &c., and in one stanza even bears the rliyme
(20294 ff.).
MIROUR DE L'OMME xlvli
should be followed by man in order to reconcile himself with
the God whom he has offended by his sin. This is evidently
one of those all-comprehending plans to which nothing comes
amiss ; the whole miscellany of the author's ideas and know-
ledge, whether derived from books or from life, might be poured
into it and yet fail to fill it up. Nevertheless the work is not
an undigested mass : it has a certain unity of its own, — indeed
in regard to connexion of parts it is superior to most medieval
works of the kind. The author has at least thought out his
plan, and he carries it through to the end in a laboriously
conscientious manner. M. Jusserand in his Literary History
of the English People conjectured reasonably enough that if
this work should ever be discovered, it would prove to be
one of those tirades on the vices of the age which in French
were known as ' bibles.' It is this and much more than this.
In fact it combines the three principal species of moral com-
positions all in one framework, — the manual of vices and virtues,
the attack on the evils of existing society from the highest place
downwards, and finally the versified summary of Scripture history •
and legend, introduced here with a view to the exaltation and
praise of the Virgin. In its first division,"which extends over nearly
two-thirds of the whole, our author's work somewhat resembles
those of Frere Lorenz, William of VVaddington and other writers,
who compiled books intended to be of practical use to persons
preparing for confession. For those who are in the habit of
constant and minute self-examination it is necessary that there
should be a distinct classification of the forms of error to which
they may be supposed to be liable, and sins must be arranged
under headings which will help the memory to recall them and
to run over them rapidly. The classification which is based
upon the seven mortal sins is both convenient and rational,
and such books as the Sottwie des Vices et des Vertus and the
Manuel des Pechiez, with the English translations or adaptations of
them, were composed for practical purposes. While resembling
these in some respects, our author's work is not exactly of
the same character. Their object is devotional, and form is
sacrificed to utility. This is obvious in the case of the first-
named book, the original, as is well known, of the Ayetibite
of Inwyt and of Chaucer's Persones Tale, and it is also true
of the Manuel des Pechiez, though that is written in verse
xlviii INTRODUCTION
and has stories intermingled with the moral rules by way of
illustration. The author of this work states his purpose at once
on setting forth :
' La vertu del seint espirit
Nus seit eidant en cest escrit,
A vus les choses ben mustrer,
Dunt horn se deit confesser,
E ausi en la quele manere. '
Upon which he proceeds to enumerate the various subjects of
which he thinks it useful to treat, which are connected by no tie
except that of practical convenience : ' First we shall declare the
true faith, which is the foundation of our law . . . Next we shall
place the commandments, which every one ought to keep ; then
the seven mortal sins, whence spring so many evils . . . Then you
will find, if you please, the seven sacraments of the Church, then
a sermon, and finally a book on confession, which will be suitable
for every one.'
On the other hand the Mirour de Pomme is a literary production,
or at least aspires to that character, and as such it has more
regularity of form, more ornaments of style, and more display of
reading. The division aiid classification in this first part, which
treats of vices and of virtues, have a symmetrical uniformity ;
instead of enumerating or endeavouring to enumerate all the
subdivisions under each head, all the numerous and irregularly
growing branches and twigs which spring from each stem, the
author confines himself to those that suit his plan, and constructs
his whole edifice on a perfectly regular system. The work is in
fact so far not a manual of devotion, but rather a religious allegory.
The second part, which is ingeniously brought into connexion
with the same general plan, resembles, as has been said, such
compositions as the Bible Guiot de Frovins, except that it is very
much longer and goes into far more elaborate detail on the various
classes of society and their distinctive errors. Here the author
speaks more from his own observation and less from books than
in the earlier part of his poem, and consequently this division is
more original and interesting. Many parts of it will serve usefully
to confirm the testimony of other writers, and from some the
careful student of manners will be able to glean new facts. The
last 2,500 lines, a mere trifle compared with the bulk of the whole,
contain a Life of the Virgin, as the principal mediator between God
MIROUR DE L'OMME xlix
and man, and the book ends (at least as we have it) with not
unpoetical praises and prayers addressed to her.
It remains to be seen how the whole is pieced together.
Sin, we are told, is the cause of all evils, and brought about first
the fall of Lucifer and of his following from Heaven, and then the
expulsion of Adam from Paradise. In a certain sense Sin existed
before all created things, being in fact that void or chaos which
preceded creation, but also she was a daughter conceived by the
Devil, who upon her engendered Death (1-2 16). Death and Sin
then intermarrying produced the seven deadly Vices, whose names
are enumerated, and the Devil, delighted by his progeny, sent Sin
and her seven daughters to gain over the World to his side, and
then called a conference with a view to defeating the designs of
Providence for the salvation of Man, and of consummating the
ruin which had already been in part effected (217-396). They
resolved to send Temptation as a messenger to Man, and invite
him to meet the Devil and his council, who would propose to him
something from which he would get great advantage. He came,
but before his coming Death had been cunningly hidden away in
an inner chamber, so that Man might not see him and be dis-
mayed. The Devil, Sin and the World successively addressed
him with their promises, and Temptation, the envoy, added his
persuasion, so that at length the Flesh of Man consented to be
ruled by their counsels. The Soul, however, rejected them and
vehemently expostulated with the Flesh, who was thus resolved
to follow a course which would in the end ruin them both (397-6 1 2).
The Flesh wavered and was in part dismayed, but was unable
altogether to give up the promised delights ; upon which the Soul
informed her of Death, who had been treacherously concealed
from her view, and to counteract the renewed enticements of Sin
called in Reason and Fear to convince the Flesh of her folly, "bi
Reason was overcome in argument by Temptation, but Fear took ^
the Flesh by the hand and led her to the place where Death lay ^
concealed. The Flesh trembled at sight of this horrid creature, \
and Conscience led her back to Reason, who brought her into )
agreement with the Soul, and thus for the time the designs of the
Devil and of Sin were frustrated (613-756). The Devil demanded
that Sin should devise some remedy, and she consulted with the
World, who proposed marriage between himself and the seven
daughters of Sin, in order that from them offspring might be
* d
I INTRODUCTION
produced by means of which Man might the more readily be
overcome. The marriage was arranged and the daughters of Sin
went in procession to their wedding. Each in turn was taken in
marriage by the World, and of them the first was Pride (757-1056).
By her he had five daughters, each of whom is described at length,
namely Hypocrisy, Vainglory, Arrogance, Boasting and Disobe-
dience, and lastly comes the description of Pride herself (1057-
2616). The same order is observed with regard to the rest. The
daughters of Envy are Detraction, Sorrow for others' Joy,
Joy for others' Grief, Supplanting and Treachery (Fals semblant)
(2617-3852). Anger has for her daughters Melancholy, Conten-
tion, Hatred, Strife, and Homicide (3853-5124). Sloth produces
Somnolence, Laziness (or Pusillanimity), Slackness, Idleness,
Negligence (5 12 5-6 180). Avarice bears Covetousness, Rapine,
Usury, Simony and Niggardy (6 18 1-7 704). Gluttony's daughters
are Voracity, Delicacy, Drunkenness, Superfluity, Prodigality
(7705-8616). Finally, Lechery is the mother of Fornication,
Rape, Adultery, Incest and Vain-delight (8617-9720). The
Devil assembled all the progeny of the Vices and demanded the
fulfilment of the promise made by the World, that Man should
be made subject to him, and they all together made such a violent
attack upon Man, that he surrendered himself to their guidance
and came to be completely in the power of Sin, whose evil influence
is described (9721-10032). Reason and Conscience prayed to
God for assistance against the Vices and their progeny, and God
gave seven Virtues, the contraries of the seven Vices, in marriage
to Reason, in order that thence offspring might be born which
might contend with that of the Vices (10033-10176^ Each of
these, as may readily be supposed, had five daughters. Humility,
who is the natural enemy of Pride, produced Devotion to set
against Hypocrisy, Fear against Vainglory, Discretion against
Arrogance, Modesty against Boasting, and Obedience against
Disobedience, and after the description of all these in succession
follows that of Humility herself (10177-12612). So of the rest;
the five daughters of Charity, namely Praise, Congratulation,
Compassion, Help and Goodwill, are opposed each in her turn
to the daughters of Envy, as Charity is to Envy herself (126 13-
^33^°'- Patience, the opponent of Anger, has for her daughters
Good-temper, Gentleness, Affection, Agreement and Mercy
^[13381-14100). Prowess, the opposite of Sloth, is the mother of
MIROUR DE L'OMME li
Watchfulness, Magnanimity, Resolution, Activity and Learning for
Knowledge), to the description of which last is added an exhortation
to self-knowledge and confession of sins (14101-151 80). Generosity,
the contrary of Avarice, produces Justice, Liberality, Alms-giving,
Largess and Holy-purpose, this fifth daughter being the opposite
of Simony, the fourth daughter of Avarice, as Largess is of
Niggardy, the fifth (15181-16212). Measure, the contrary of
Gluttony, is the mother of Dieting, Abstinence, Nourishment,
Sobriety, Moderation (16213-16572). Chastity, the enemy of
Lechery, has for her daughters Good-care (against Fornication),
Virginity, Matrimony, Continence and Hard-life (16573-18372).
Let us now, says our author, observe the issue of this strife for
the conquest of Man, in which the Flesh inclines to the side of
the Vices, and the Soul to that of Reason and the Virtues. We
must examine the whole of human society, from the Court of Rome
downwards, to decide which has gained the victory up to this
time, and for my part I declare that Sin is the strongest power in
this world and directs all things after her will and pleasure
(18373-18420). Every estate of Man, therefore, is passed in
review and condemned — the Pope and the Cardinals (1842 1-
19056), the Bishops (19057-20088), the lower dignitaries of the
Church, Archdeacons and others (20089-20208), the parish
priests, the chantry priests, and those preparing for the priesthood
(20209-20832), the members of religious orders, first the monks
and then the friars (20833-21780), the secular rulers of the world,
Emperors and Kings (21 781-23208), great lords (23209-23592),
knights and men of arms (23593-24180), the men of the law,
pleaders and judges (24 18 1-248 16), the sheriffs, reeves and jury-
men (24817-25176), the class of merchants and traders (25177-
25500), that of artificers (25501-25980), victuallers (25981-26424),
labourers (26425-26520). In short, all estates have become
corrupted ; whether the lay people are more to blame for it or the
priests the author will not say, but all agree in throwing the
blame on the world (or the age) and in excusing themselves
(26521-26604). He addresses the world and asks whence comes
all the evil of which he complains. Is it from earth, water, air or
fire? No, all these are good in themselves. Is it from the
heavenly bodies, sun, moon, stars, planet or comet ? No, for the
prayer of a good man can overcome all their influences. Is it from
plants, birds, or beasts ? But these all follow nature and do good.
d 2
lii INTRODUCTION
From what then is this evil ? It is surely from that creature to whom
God has given reason and submitted all things on earth, but who
transgresses against God and does not follow the rules of reason.
It is from Man that all the evils of the age arise, and we read in
prophecy that for the sin of Man all the world, with the creatures
which it contains, shall be troubled. Man is a microcosm, an
abridgement of the world, and it is no wonder that all the
elements should be disturbed when he transgresses (26605-26964).
On the other hand the good and just man can command the
elements and the powers of the material world, as Joshua com-
manded the sun and moon to stand still and as the saints have
done at all times by miracles, and he is victorious at last even
over Death, and attains to immortality by the grace of God
(26965-27120). Surely, then, every man ought to desire to repent
of his sin and to turn to God, that so the world may be amended
and we may inherit eternal life. The author confesses himself to
be as great a sinner as any man ; but hope is his shield by the aid
and mercy of Jesus Christ, notwithstanding that he has so idly
wasted his life and comes so late to repentance (27 12 1-27360).
But how can he escape from his sins, how can he dare to pray,
with what can he come before his God? Only by the help of his
Lady of Pity, Mary, maid and mother, who will intercede for him
if he can obtain her favour. Therefore he desires, before finishing
his task, to tell of her conception and birth, her life and her death
(27361-27480). Upon this follows the tale of the Nativity of the
Virgin, as we find it (for example) in the Lege?ida Aurea, her
childhood and espousal, the Nativity of Jesus Christ and the joys
of our Lady, the Circumcision and the Purification, the baptism
of our Lord, his miracles and his passion, the Resurrection, the
sorrows of our Lady and her joys, the Ascension and the descent
of the Spirit, the life of the Virgin Mary with St. John, her death,
burial, and assumption ; and the poet concludes his narrative with
a prayer to both Son and Mother that they will have mercy upon
his pain because of the pains which they themselves suffered, and
give him that joy in which they now rejoice. Especially he is
bound to celebrate the praise of his Lady, who is so gentle and
fair and so near to God who redeemed us (27481-29904). He
begins therefore to tell first of the names by which she is called,
and with the praises of her, no doubt, he ended his book, which,
as we have it, breaks off at 1. 29945.
MIROUR DE L'OMME 1
111
This, it will be seen, is a literary work with due connexion of
parts, and not a mere string of sermons. At the same time
it must be said that the descriptions of vices and virtues are
of such inordinate length that the effect of unity which should
be produced by a well-planned design is almost completely lost,
and the book becomes very tiresome to read. We are wearied
also by the accumulation of texts and authorities and by the
unqualified character of the moral judgements. The maxim in
I. 25225,
' Les bons sont bons, les mals sont mals,'
is thoroughly characteristic of Gower, and on the strength
of it he holds a kind of perpetual Last Judgement, in which
he is always engaged in separating the sheep from the goats
and dealing out to the latter their doom of eternal fire. The
sentence sounds like a truism, but it contains in fact one of the
grossest of fallacies. In short, our author has httle sense of
proportion and no dramatic powers.
As regards the invention of his allegory he seems to be to
some extent original. There is nothing, so far as I know,
to which we can point as its source, and such as it is, he is
apparently entitled to the credit of having conceived it. The
materials, no doubt, were ready to his hand. Allegory was entirely
in the taste of the fourteenth century, dominated as it was by the
influence of the Roman de la Rose, from which several of Gower's
personifications are taken. The Manage des Sept Aris was
a work of this period, and the marriage of the Deadly Sins was
not by any means a new idea. For example in MS. Fairfax
24 (Bodleian Libr.) there is a part of a French poem 'de
Maritagio nouem filiarum diaboli,' which begins,
' Li deable se vout marier,
Mauveiste prist a sa moiller:
• • • •
De ceste ix filles engendra
Et diversement les marya,' &c.
And no doubt other pieces of a similar kind exist.
The same is true as regards the other parts of the book,
as has been already pointed out ; the combination alone is
original.
The style is uniformly respectable, but as a rule very mono-
tonous. Occasionally the tedium is relieved by a story, but
liv INTRODUCTION
it is not generally told in much detail, and for the most part the
reader has to toil through the desert with little assistance. It must
not be supposed, however, that the work is quite without poetical
merit. Every now and then by some touch of description the
author betrays himself as the graceful poet of the Balades, his
better part being crushed under mountains of morality and piles
of deadly learning, but surviving nevertheless. For example, the
priest who neglects his early morning service is reminded of the
example of the lark, who rising very early mounts circling upward
and pours forth a service of praise to God from her little throat :
' Car que Ten doit sanz nul destour
Loenge rendre au creatour
Essample avons de I'alouette,
Que bien matin de tour en tour
Monte, et de dieu volant entour
Les laudes chante en sa gorgette.' (5635 ff.)
Again, Praise is like the bee which flies over the meadows in
the sunshine, gathering that which is sweet and fragrant, but
avoiding all evil odours (12853 ff-)- The robe of Conscience
is like a cloud with ever-changing hues (10114 ff.). Devotion is
like the sea-shell which opens to the dew of heaven and thus
conceives the fair white pearl ; not an original idea, but gracefully
expressed :
' Si en resfoit le douls rose,
Que chiet du ciel tout en celee,
Dont puis deinz soi ad engendre
La margarite blanche et fine ;
Ensi Devocioun en dee
Conceipt, s'elle est continue,
La Contemplacioun divine.' (10818 ff.)
The lines in which our author describes the life of the beggar
show that, though he disapproves, he has a real understanding
of the delights of vagabondage, with its enjoyment of the open-air
life, the sunshine, the woods, and the laziness :
' Car mieulx amont la soule mie
Ove I'aise q'est appartenant,
C'est du solail q'est eschaulfant,
Et du sachel acostoiant,
Et du buisson I'erbergerie,
Que labourer pour leur vivant' &c. (5801 ff.)
Other descriptions also have merit, as for example that of the
MIROUR DE L'OMME Iv
procession of the Vices to their wedding, each being arrayed and
mounted characteristically (841 ff.), a scene which it is interesting
to compare with the somewhat similar passage of Spenser, Faery
Queene, i. 4, that of Murder rocked in her cradle by the Devil
and fed with milk of death (4795), and that of Fortune smiling
on her friends and frowning on her enemies (22081 ff.).
Contemplation is described as one who loves solitude and
withdraws herself from the sight, but it is not that she may
be quite alone : she is like the maiden who in a solitary place
awaits her lover, by whose coming she is to have joy in secret
(10597 ff.). The truly religious man, already dead in spirit
to this world, desires the death of the body ' more than the
mariner longs for his safe port, more than the labourer desires his
wage, the husbandman his harvest, or the vine-dresser his vintage,
more than the prisoner longs for his ransoming and deliverance,
or the pilgrim who has travelled far desires his home-coming '
(10645 ff-)' Such passages as these show both imagination
and the power of literary expression, and the stanzas which
describe the agony of the Saviour are not wholly unworthy of
their high subject :
' Par ce q'il ot le corps humein
Et vist la mort devant la mein,
Tant durement il s'effroia,
Du quoy parmy le tendre grein
Du char les gouttes trestout plein
Du sane et eaue alors sua ;
Si dist : O piere, entendes 9a,
Fai que la mort me passera.
Car tu sur tout es soverein ;
Et nepourqant je vuil cela
Que vous vuilletz que fait serra,
Car je me tiens a toy certein.' (28669 ff.)
The man who wrote this not only showed some idea of the
dignified handling of a tragic theme, but also had considerable
mastery over the instruments that he used ; and in fact the
technical skill with which the stanza is used is often remarkable.
There is sometimes a completeness and finish about it which
takes us by surprise. The directions which our author gives
us for a due confession of our sins are not exactly poetical,
but the manner in which all the various points of Quomodo
are wrapped up in a stanza, and rounded off at the end of it
(14869 ff.) is decidedly neat; and the same may be said of the
Ivi INTRODUCTION
reference to the lives of the holy fathers, as illustrating the nature
of ' Aspre vie ' :
' Qui list les vies des saintz pieres,
Oir y puet maintes manieres
De la nature d'Aspre vie :
Les uns souleins en les rocheres,
Les uns en cloistre ove lour confreres,
Chascun fist bien de sa partie ;
Cil plourt, cist preche, cil dieu prie,
Cist June et veille, et cil chastie
Son corps du froid et des miseres,
Cist laist sa terre et manantie,
Cil laist sa femme et progenie,
Eiant sur tout leur almes cheres.' (18253 ^"0
In fact, he is a poet in a different sense altogether from his
predecessors, superior to former Anglo-Norman writers both in
imagination and in technical skill ; but at the same time he is
hopelessly unreadable, so far as this book as a whole is concerned,
because, having been seized by the fatal desire to do good in his
generation, ' villicacionis sue racionem, dum tempus instat, . . .
alleuiare cupiens,' as he himself expresses it, he deliberately deter-
mined to smother those gifts which had been employed in the
service of folly, and to become a preacher instead of a poet.
Happily, as time went on, he saw reason to modify his views in
this respect (as he tells us plainly in the Confessio Amatih's), and he
became a poet again ; but meanwhile he remains a preacher, and
not a very good one after all.
Quotations.— One of the characteristic features of the Miroiir
is the immense number of quotations. This citation of authorities
is of course a characteristic of medieval morality, and appears in
some books, as in the Liber Conso/a/ionis and other writings of
Albertano of Brescia, in an extreme form. Here the tendency
is very pronounced, especially in the part which treats of Vices
and Virtues, and it is worth while to inquire what range of
reading they really indicate. A very large number are from
the Bible, and there can be little doubt that Gower knew the
Bible, in the Vulgate version of course, thoroughly well. There
is hardly a book of the Old Testament to which he does not
refer, and he seems to be acquainted with Bible history even
in its obscurest details. The books from Avhich he most
frequently quotes are Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Isaiah, Jeremiah,
and Ecclesiasticus, the proverbial morality of this last book
MIROUR DE L'OMME Ivii
being especially congenial to him. The quotations are some-
times inexact, and occasionally assigned to the wrong book ;
also the book of Eccksiasticus, which is quoted very frequently,
is sometimes referred to under the name of Sidrac and sometimes
of Solomon : but there can be no doubt in my opinion that these
Biblical quotations are at first hand. Of other writers Seneca,
who is quoted by name nearly thirty times, comes easily first.
Some of the references to him seem to be false, but it is possible
that our author had read some of his works. Then come several
of the Latin fathers, Jerome, Augustin, Gregory, Bernard, and,
not far behind these, Ambrose. The quotations are not always
easy to verify, and in most cases there is nothing to indicate that
the books from which they are taken had been read as a whole.
No doubt Gower may have been acquainted with some portions of
them, as for instance that part of Jerome's book against Jovinian
which treats of the objections to. marriage, but it is likely enough
that he picked up most of these quotations at second hand.
There are about a dozen quotations from Cicero, mostly from
the De Offich's and De Amicitia, but I doubt whether he had
read either of these books. In the Confessio Amantis he speaks
as if he did not know that TuUius was the same person as Cicero
(iv. 2648). Boethius is cited four times, one of the references being
false ; Cassiodorus and Isidore each four times, and Bede three
times. Stories of natural history seem to be referred rather indis-
criminately to Solinus, for several of these references prove to be
false. Three quotations are attributed by the author to Horace
(' Grace '), but of these one is in fact from Ovid and another from
Juvenal. He certainly got them all from some book of common-
places. The same may be said of the passage alleged to be from
Quintilian and of the references to Aristotle and to Plato. ' Marcial,'
who is quoted three times, is not the classical Martial, but the
epigrammatist Godfrey of Winchester, whose writings were
in imitation of the Roman poet and passed commonly under
his name. The distichs of Cato are referred to five times, and
it is certain of course that Gower had read them. Ovid is
named only once, and that is a doubtful reference, but the
author of the Confessio At?iantis was certainly well acquainted at
least with the Metamorphoses and the Heroides. Valerius Maximus
is the authority for two stories, but it is doubtful whether he is
quoted at first hand. Fulgentius is cited twice, and 'Alphonses,'
Iviii INTRODUCTION
that is Petrus Alphonsi, author of the Disciplina Clericalis, twice.
' Pamphilius ' (i.e. Pamphilus, de Amove) is cited once, but not in
such a way as to suggest that Gower knew the book itself ; and so
too Maximian, but the passage referred to does not seem to be in
the Elegies. The quotation from Ptolemy is, as usual, from the
maxims often prefixed in manuscripts to the Almagest. Other
writers referred to are Chrysostom, Cyprian, Remigius, Albertus
Magnus, Helinand, Haymo, and Gilbert. We know from a
passage in the Cotifessio Ajuantis that Gower had read some of
the works of Albertus, and we may assume as probable that
he knew Gilbert's Opusculuvi de Virgifiitate, for his reference
is rather to the treatise generally than to any particular passage
of it.
He was acquainted, no doubt, with the Legenda Aurea or some
similar collection, and he seems to refer also to the Vitae Patrum.
The moral and devotional books of his own day must have been
pretty well known to him, as well as the lighter literature, to which
he had himself contributed {Mir. 27340). On the whole we must
conclude that he was a well-read man according to the standard
of his age, especially for a layman, but there is no need to
attribute to him a vast stock of learning on the strength of the
large number of authors whom he quotes.
Proverbs, &c. — Besides quotations from books there will be
found to be a number of proverbial sayings in the Mirour, and
I have thought it useful to collect some of these and display
them in a manner convenient for reference. They are given in
the order in which they occur :
1726. ' Chien dormant n'esveilleras.'
1783. ' Ten voit grever
Petite mosche an fort destrer.'
1944. ' Pour tout I'avoir du Montpellers.'
2119. Mais cil qui voet le mont monter,
Ain9ois I'estoet le doss courber,
Qu'il truist la voie droite et pleine.'
2182. ' Au despitous despit avient.'
5521. ' Om dist, manace n'est pas lance.'
5593. ' Endementiers que I'erbe es vals
Renaist et croist, moert \y cliivals.'
5668. ' Cil qui ne voet quant ad pooir
N'el porra puis qant ad voloir,'
581 1. ' Dieus aide a la cliarette.'
6660. ' Povcrte parte compaignie.'
MIROUR DE L'OMME lix
7138. 'Mais Ten dist, qui quiert escorchde
Le pell du chat, dont soil furree,
Luy fault aucune chose dire.'
7237. ' Comme cil qui chat achatera
El sac'
7319. ' pour le tresor de Pavie.'
7969. ' Oisel par autre se chastie.'
8789. ' Aviene ce q'avenir doit.'
8836. ' Mais en proverbe est contenu,
Ly cous ad tout son fiel perdu
Et ad dieu en son cuer devant.'
9307. ' Quant fole vait un fol querir,
Du fol trover ne poet faillir.'
9446. ' Ce que polain prent en danture
Toute sa vie apres dura.'
12724. ' Escript auci j'en truis lisant,
Au vois commune est acordant
La vois de dieu.'
131 16. 'du mal nage malvois port.'
13489. ' C'est un proverbe de la gent,
Cil qui plus souffre bonnement
Plus valt.'
14440. Ten dist en essampler
Qe dieus tous biens fait envoier,
Mais par las corns le boef n'apporte.'
15405. ' Ne fait, comme dire Ten soloit,
De I'autry quir large courroie.' (Cp. 24995.)
161 17. ' L'en dist ensi communement
Bon fin du bon commencement.'
16511. 'vendre
Son boef pour manger le perdis.'
16532. ' Du poy petit.' (Cp. 15499-)
16943. ' Qant piere hurte a la viole,
Ou I'ostour luite au russinole,
Savoir poetz q'ad le peiour.'
17257. 'Om dist, Tant as, tant vals.'
17555. 'Qant homme ad paie sa monoie,
Quoy valt ce lors a repentir?'
18013. 'L'en dist ensi communement,
Retrai le fieu bien sagement
Et la fumee exteinderas,'
18020. 'courser megre ne salt pas.'
20420. ' Cil qui sanz draps se fait aler,
Mal avera son gar9on vestu.'
21085. ' Ly moigne, ensi comme truis escrit,
Ne sent pas fait de leur habit.'
22927. ' la fortune a les hardis
S'encline.'
23413. 'Trop est I'oisel de mesprisure
Q'au son ny propre fait lesure.'
Ix INTRODUCTION
24230. ' L'un covoitous et I'autre fals
lis s'entracordont de leger.'
24265. ' Nul trop nous valt, sicomme Ten dist.'
24962. ' Sicome crepaldz dist al herice,
Maldit soient tant seigneurant.'
25010. ' Om doit seigneur par la maisnie
Conoistre.'
25015. 'tiel corsaint, tiel offrendour,*
25302. 'Te dourra craie pour fourmage.'
27867. ' qui bien ayme point n'oublie.'
28597. * De la proverbe me sovient,
Q'om dist que molt sovent avient
Apres grant joye grant dolour.'
Akin to the proverbs are the illustrations from Natural History,
real or fictitious, of which there is a considerable number in the
Miroiir. These are of very various classes, from simple facts
of ordinary observation to the monstrous inventions of the
I'jestiaries, which were repeated by one writer after another
with a faith which rested not on any evidence of the facts
stated, but upon their supposed agreement with the fitness
of things, that is, practically, their supposed aptness as moral
lessons, the medieval idea of the animal world being apparently
that it was created and kept in being largely for the instruction
of mankind. In taking the glow-worm as an illustration of
hypocrisy (1130), the lark of joyous thankfulness (5637), the
grasshopper of improvidence (5821), the lapwing of female
dissimulation (8869), the turtle-dove of constancy (17881), the
drone of indolence (5437), the camel of revengeful malice (4417).
and the blind kitten of drunken helplessness (8221), the author
is merely making a literary use of every-day observation. There
are however, as might be expected, plenty of illustrations of
a more questionable character. Presumption is like the tiger
beguiled with the mirror (1561); the proud man who is dis-
obedient to law is like the unicorn, which cannot be tamed
(2101) ; the devil breaking down the virtue of a man by raising
him high in his own conceit is like the osprey, which carries
bones high in the air and breaks them by dropping them upon
rocks (1849); Envy, who destroys with her breath the honour
of all around her, is like the basilisk which kills all vegetation in
the place where it is found (3745) ; the man-faced bird, which pines
away because it has slain a man, is produced as a lesson to murderers
MIROUR DE L'OMME Ixi
(5029) ; the bad father, who teaches his sons to plunder the poor,
is like the hawk, which beats its young and drives them from the
nest in order that they may learn to kill prey for themselves (7009) ;
the partridge is a lesson against stinginess (7671); the contagious-
ness of sin is illustrated by the fact that the panther infects other
animals with his spots (9253), and yet in another place (12865)
the sweetness of the human voice when it utters praise is compared
to the fragrance of the panther's breath. Contemplation is like
the ' chalandre,' which flies up at midnight to the sky, and when
on the earth will not look upon a dying person (10705) ; the fight
between Arimaspians and griffons for emeralds is an image created
for our instruction of the contest between the soul of man and
the devil (10717) ; Devotion, who opens herself secretly to heaven
and thus attains to the divine contemplation, is like the sea-shell
which opens to the dew by night and from it conceives the
pearl (108 13); the spittle of a fasting man (according to
Ambrose) will kill a serpent, and the fast itself will no doubt
be effectual against the old serpent our enemy (18025). The
bee does not come off well on the whole in these comparisons :
he is chosen as the likeness of the idle and luxurious prelate,
but this is for reasons which are not in themselves at all
obvious, except that he has a sting and is unduly fond of sweets
(19345). The prelate who protects his flock from encroach-
ments of the royal or other authority is like the big fish which
takes the smaller into its mouth to shelter them from the
storm (19909); Humility is like the diamond, which refuses
a setting of gold, but is drawn to the lowly iron, a confusion
with the load-stone, arising from the name ' adamant ' applied
to both (12463). These are some of the illustrations which
are drawn from the domain of Natural History, not original for
the most part, but worth noting as part of the literary baggage of
the period.
The Author and his Times. — We may gather from the
Mirour some few facts about the personality of the author, which
will serve to supplement in some degree our rather scanty
knowledge of Gower's life. He tells us here that he is a layman
(21772), but that we knew already; and that he knows little
Latin and little French, — 'Poi sai latin, poi sai romance' (21775),
but that is only his modesty ; he knows quite enough of both.
He has spent his life in what he now regards as folly or
Ixii INTRODUCTION
worse; he has committed all the seven deadly sins (27365);
moreover he has composed love poems, which he now calls ' fols
ditz d'amour' (27340) ; but for all this it is probable enough that
his life has been highly respectable. He comes late to repentance
(27299), and means to sing a song different from that which he has
sung heretofore (27347), to atone, apparently, for his former mis-
deeds. We may assume, then, that he was not very young at the
time when he wrote this book ; and we know that he considered
himself an old man when he produced the Confessio Amantis
(viii. 3068*) in the year 1390. Men were counted old before
sixty in those days, and therefore we may suppose him to
be now about forty-six. We may perhaps gather from 11. 8794
and 17649 that he had a wife. In the former passage he is
speaking of those who tell tales to husbands about their
wives' misconduct, and he says in effect, ' I for my part
declare (Je di pour moi) that I wish to hear no such tales of
my wife ' ; in the second he speaks of those wives who dis-
like servants and other persons simply because their husbands
like them, and he adds, ' I do not say that mine does so,'
' Ne di pas q'ensi fait la moie.' If the inference is correct,
then his union with Agnes Groundolf in his old age was a second
marriage, and this is in itself probable enough. We cannot come
to any definite conclusion from this poem about his profession or
occupation in life. It is said by Leland that Gower was a lawyer,
but for this statement no evidence has ever been produced, and if we
may judge from the tone in which he speaks of the law and lawyers
in the Mirour, we must reject it. Of all the secular estates
that of the law seems to him to be the worst (24805 ff.), and
he condemns both advocates and judges in a more unciualified
manner than the members of any other calling. He knows
apparently a good deal about them and about the 'customs of West-
minster,' but, judging by his tone, we shall probably be led to
think that this knowledge was acquired rather in the character of
a litigant than in that of a member of the legal profession.
Especially the suggestion of a special tax to be levied on
lawyers' gains (24337 ff.) is one which could hardly have come
from one who was himself a lawyer. Again, the way in which
he speaks of physicians, whom he accuses of being in league
with apothecaries to defraud patients, and of deliberately delaying
the cure in order to make more money (24301, 25621 ff.), seems to
MIROUR DE L'OMME Ixiii
exclude him quite as clearly from the profession of medicine,
the condemnation being here again general and unqualified.
Of all the various ranks of society which he reviews, that
of which he seems to speak with most respect is the estate of
Merchants. He takes pains to point out both here and in the
Vox Clamantis the utility of their occupation and the justice
of their claim to reasonably large profits on successful ventures
in consideration of the risks which they run (25177 ff.). He
makes a special apology to the honest members of the class for
exposing the abuses to which the occupation is liable, pleading
that to blame the bad is in effect to praise the good (25213 ff.,
25975 ff.), and he is more careful here than elsewhere to
point out the fact that honest members of the class exist.
These indications seem to suggest that it was as a merchant
that Gower made the money which he spent in buying his land ;
and this inference is supported by the manner in which he
speaks of 'our City,' and by the fact that it is with members
of the merchant class that h§ seems to be most in personal
communication. He has evidently discussed with merchants
the comparative value of worldly and spiritual possessions,
and he reports the saying of one of them,
* Dont un me disoit I'autre jour,'
to the effect that he was a fool who did not make money
if he might, for no one knew the truth about the world to come
(25915 ff.). He feels strongly against a certain bad citizen who
aims at giving privileges in trade to outsiders (26380 ff.), and
the jealousy of the Lombards which he expresses (25429 ff.)
has every appearance of being a prejudice connected with
rivalry in commerce. ' I see Lombards come,' he says, ' in poor
attire as servants, and before a year has passed they have
gained so much by deceit and conspiracy that they dress
more nobly than the burgesses of our City ; and if they need
influence or friendship, they gain it by fraud and subtlety,
so that their interests are promoted and ours are damaged at
their will and pleasure.'
If we are to go further and ask in what branch of trade
our author exercised himself, it is probable that we may see
reason to set him down as a dealer in wool, so enthusiastic is
he about wool as the first of all commodities, and so much
has he to say about the abuses of the staple (25360 ff.). No
Ixiv INTRODUCTION
doubt the business of exporting wool would be combined with
that of importing foreign manufactured goods of some kind.
It is known from other sources that Gower was a man who
gradually acquired considerable property in land, and the
references in the Mirour to the dearness of labour and the
unreasonable demands of the labourer (24625 ff.) are what we
might expect from a man in that position.
He tells us that he is a man of simple tastes, that he does
not care to liave 'partridges, pheasants, plovers, and swans'
served up at his table (26293 ff.); that he objects however to
finding his simple joint of meat stuck full of wooden skewers
by the butcher, so that when he comes to carve it he blunts
the edge of his knife (26237 ff.). We know moreover from
the whole tone of his writings that he is a just and upright man,
who believes in the due subordination of the various members
of society to one another, and who will not allow himself to
be ruled in his own household either by his wife or his servants.
He thinks indeed that the patience of Socrates is much over-
strained, and openly declares that he shall not imitate it :
* Qui ceste essample voet tenir
Avise soy ; car sans mentir
Je ne serray si pacient.' (4186 ff.)
But, though a thorough believer in the principle of gradation
in human society, he emphasizes constantly the equality of all
men before God and refuses absolutely to admit the accident of
birth as constituting any claim whatever to 'gentilesce.' The com-
mon descent of all from Adam is as conclusive on this point for
him as it was for John Ball (23389 ff.), and he is not less clear
and sound on the subject of wealth. Considering that his views
of society are essentially the same as those of Wycliff, and con-
sidering also his strong views about the corruption of the Church
and the misdeeds of the friars, it is curious to find how strongly
he denounces 'lollardie' in his later writings.
He has a just abhorrence of war, and draws a very clear-
sighted distinction between the debased chivalry of his day
and the true ideal of knighthood, the one moved only by
imi)ulses of vainglorious pride and love of paramours,
' Car d'orgiiil ou dii foldclit,
All jour present, sicomine Ten dist,
Chivalerie est maintenuc' (23986 ff.)
MIROUR DE L'OMME Ixv
and the other, set only on serving God and righting the wrong,
represented finely in the character of Prowess :
' II ad delit sanz fol amour,
Proufit sanz tricher son prochein,
Honour sanz orguillous atour.' (i5i76ff.)
Above all, our author has a deep sense of religion, and his
study has been much upon the Bible. He deeply believes in
the moral government of the world by Providence, and he feels
sure, as others of his age also did, that the world has almost
reached its final stage of corruption. Whatever others may
do, he at least intends to repent of his sins and prepare himself
to render a good account of his stewardship.
Let us pass now from the person of the author and touch
upon some of those illustrations of the manners of the time
which are furnished by the Mirour. In the first place it may
be said that in certain points, and especially in what is said of
the Court of Rome and the Mendicant orders, it fully confirms
the unfavourable impression which we get from other writers
of the time. Gower has no scruples at any time in denouncing
the temporal possessions of the Church as the root of almost
all the evil in her, and here as elsewhere he tells the story of
the donation of Constantine, with the addition of the angelic
voice which foretold disaster to spring from it. Of dispensations,
which allow men to commit sin with impunity, he takes a very
sound view. Not even God, he says, can grant this, which the
Pope claims the power to grant (18493). The Mendicant
friars are for him those ' false prophets ' of whom the Gospel
spoke, who should come in sheep's clothing, while inwardly
they were ravening wolves. He denounces their worldliness
in the strongest language, and the account of their visits to
poor women's houses, taking a farthing if they cannot get a
penny, or a single egg if nothing else is forthcoming (21379),
reminds us vividly of Chaucer's picture of a similar scene. But
in fact the whole of the Church seems to our author to be
in a wrong state. He does not relieve his picture of it by any
such pleasing exception as the parish priest of the Canterbtiry
Tales. He thinks that it needs reform from the top to the
bottom ; the clergy of the parish churches are almost as much
to blame as the prelates, monks and friars, and for him it is the
e
Ixvi INTRODUCTION
corruption of the Church that is mainly responsible for the
decadence of society (21685 ff.). These views he continued to
hold throughout his life, and yet he apparently had no sympathy
•whatever with Lollardism {Conf. Am. Prol. 346 ff. and elsewhere).
His witness against the Church comes from one who is entirely
untainted by schism. Especially he is to be listened to when
he complains how the archdeacons and their officers abuse the
trust committed to them for the correction of vices in the clergy
and in the laity. With the clergy it is a case of ' huy a moy,
demain a vous ' — that is, the archdeacon or dean, being immoral
himself, winks at the vices of the clergy in order that his own
may be overlooked ; the clergy, in fact, are judges in their own
cause, and they stand or fall together. If, however, an unfortunate
layman offends, they accuse him forthwith, in order to profit by
the penalties that may be exacted. ' Purs is the erchedeknes
helle,' as Chaucer's Sompnour says, and Gower declares plainly
that the Church officials encourage vice in order that they may
profit by it : ' the harlot is more profitable to them,' he says,
'than the nun, and they let out fornication to farm, as they let
their lands' (20149 ff.).
Setting aside the Church, we may glean from the Mirour some
interesting details about general society, especially in the city
of London. There is a curious and life-like picture of the
gatherings of city dames at the wine-shop, whither with mincing
steps they repair instead of to church or to market, and how
the vintner offers them the choice of Vernazza and Malvoisie,
wine of Candia and Romagna, Provence and Monterosso — not
that he has all these, but to tickle their fancies and make them
pay a higher price — and draws ten kinds of liquor from a single
cask. Thus he makes his gain and they spend their husbands'
money (26077 ff). ^^ fi"d too a very lively account of the
various devices of shopkeepers to attract custom and cheat
their customers. The mercer, for example, is louder than a
sparrow-hawk in his cries ; he seizes on peo[)le in the street
and drags them by force into his shop, urging them merely
to view his kerchiefs and his ostrich feathers, his satins and
foreign cloth (25285 ff.). The draper will try to sell you cloth
in a dark shop, where you can hardly tell blue from green, and
while making you pay double its value will persuade you that
he is giving it away because of his regard for you and desire
MIROUR DE L'OMME Ixvii
for your acquaintance (25321 ff.). The goldsmith purloins the
gold and silver with which you supply him and puts a base alloy
in its place ; moreover, if he has made a cup for you and you
do not call for it at once, he will probably sell it to the first
comer as his own, and tell you that yours was spoilt in the
making and you must wait till he can make you another
(25513 ff.). The druggist not only makes profit out of sin by
selling paints and cosmetics to women, but joins in league
with the physician and charges exorbitantly for making up the
simplest prescription (25609 ff.). The furrier stretches the fur
with which he has to trim the mantle, so that after four days'
wear it is obvious that the cloth and the fur do not match one
another (25705 ff.). Every kind of food is adulterated and
is sold by false weights and measures. The baker is a scoundrel
of course, and richly deserves hanging (26189), but the butcher
is also to blame, and especially because he declines altogether
to recognize the farthing as current coin and will take nothing
less than a penny, so that poor people can get no meat (26227).
Wines are mixed, coloured and adulterated ; what they call
Rhenish probably grew on the banks of the Thames (261 18).
If you order beer for your household, you get it good the first
time and perhaps also the second, but after that no more ;
and yet for the bad as high a price is charged as for the
good (26 16 1 ff.). Merchants in these days talk of thousands,
where their fathers talked of scores or hundreds ; but their fathers
lived honestly and paid their debts, while these defraud all who
have dealings with them. When you enter their houses, you
see tapestried rooms and curtained chambers, and they have
fine plate upon the tables, as if they were dukes ; but when they
die, they are found to have spent all their substance, and their
debts are left unpaid (25813 ff.).
In the country the labourers are discontented and disagreeable.
They do less work and demand more pay than those of former
times. In old days the labourer never tasted wheaten bread
and rarely had milk or cheese. Things went better in those
days. Now their condition is a constant danger to society,
and one to which the upper classes seem strangely indifferent
(26425 ff.).
Curious accounts are given of the customs of the legal pro-
fession, and when our author comes to deal with the jury-panel,
e 2
Ixviii INTRODUCTION
he tells us of a regularly established class of men whose
occupation it is to arrange for the due packing and bribing of
juries. He asserts that of the corrupt jurors there are certain
captains, -who are called ' tracers ' {f raiders), because they draw
(ireront) the others to their will. If they say that white is black,
the others will say ' quite so,' and swear it too, for as the tracer will
have it, so it shall be. Those persons who at assizes desire to have
corrupt jurymen to try their case must speak with these 'tracers,'
for all who are willing to sell themselves in this manner are hand
and glove witli them, and so the matter is arranged (25033 ff.).
The existence of a definite name for this class of undertakers
seems to indicate that ft was really an established institution.
These are a few of the points which may interest the reader in
the reflection of the manners of society given by our author's 'mirror.'
The whole presents a picture which, though no doubt somewhat
overcharged with gloom, is true nevertheless in its outlines.
Text. — It remains to speak of the text of this edition and
of the manuscript on which it depends.
In the year 1895, while engaged in searching libraries for
MSS. of the Confessio Ama?itis, I observed to Mr. Jenkinson,
I^ibrarian of the Cambridge University Library, that if the lost
French work of Gower should ever be discovered, it would in
all probability be found to have the title Speculimi Hominis, and
not that of Speculum Meditantis, under which it was ordinarily
referred to. He at once called my attention to the MS.
with the title Mirour de Vomme, which he had lately bought and
presented to the University Library. On examining this I was
able to identify it beyond all doubt with the missing book.
It may be thus described :
Camb. Univ. Library, MS. Additional 3035, bought at the
Hailstone sale, May 1891, and presented to the Library by the
Librarian.
Written on parchment, size of leaves about i2''x lx' , in eights
with catchwords ; writing of the latter half of the 14th century,
in double column of forty-eight lines to the column ; initial letter
of each stanza coloured blue or red, and larger illuminated letters
at the beginning of the chief divisions, combined with some
ornamentation on the left side of the column, and in one case,
f. 58 v°, also at the top of the page'. One leaf is pasted down to
the binding at the beginning and contains the title and table of
MIROUR DE L'OMME Ixix
contents. After this four leaves have been cut out, containing
the beginning of the poem, and seven more in other parts of the
book. There are also some leaves lost at the end. The first
leaf after those which have been cut out at the beginning has the
signature a iiii. The leaves (including those cut out) have now
been numbered i, i*, 2, 3, 4, &c., up to 162 ; we have therefore
a first sheet, of which half is pasted down (f. i) and the other
half cut away (f. i*), and then twenty quires of eight leaves
with the first leaf of the twenty-first quire, the leaves lost being
those numbered i*, 2, 3, 4, 36, 106, 108, 109, 120, 123, 124, as
well as those after 162.
The present binding is of the last century and doubtless later
than 1 745, for some accounts of work done by ' Richard Eldridge '
and other memoranda, written in the margins in an illiterate hand,
have the dates 1740 and 1745 and have been partly cut away
by the binder. The book was formerly in the library of Edward
Hailstone, Esq., whose name and arms are displayed upon a
leather label outside the binding, but it seems that no record
exists as to the place from which he obtained it. From the
writing in the margin of several pages it would seem that about
the year 1745 it was lying neglected in some farm-house. We
have, for example, this memorandum (partly cut away) in the
margin of one of the leaves : ' Margat . . . leved at James ... in
the year of our Lord 1745 and was the dayre maid that year . . .
and her swithart name was Joshep Cockhad Joshep Cockhad
carpenter,' On the same page occurs the word 'glosterr,' which
may partly serve to indicate the locality.
The manuscript is written in one hand throughout, with the
exception of the Table of Contents, and the writing is clear, with
but few contractions. In a few cases, as in 11. 4109, 41 16, 28941 f.,
corrections have been made over erasure. The correctness of
the text which the MS. presents is shown by the very small
number of cases in which either metre or sense suggests
emendation. Apart from the division of words, only about thirty
corrections have been made in the present edition throughout the
whole poem of nearly thirty thousand lines, and most of these are
very trifling. I have little doubt that this copy was written under
the direction of the author.
As regards the manner in which the text of the MS, has
been reproduced in this edition, I have followed on the whole the
Ixx INTRODUCTION
system used in the publications of the ' Societe des Anciens Textes
Frangais.' Thus u and v, i and y, have been dealt with in
accordance with modern practice, whereas in the MS. (as usual in
French and English books of the time) v is regularly written as
the initial letter of a word for either ii or v, and u in other positions
(except sometimes in the case of compounds like avient, avoegler,
envers, e?iv!e, &c.), while, as regards / and J, we have for initials
either /or I[J), and in other positions /. Thus the MS. has vn,
ajioir, while the text gives for the reader's convenience ?/«, avoir ;
the MS. has ie or le, tour or lour, while the text g\\&?, Je, Joiir.
Again, where an elision is expressed, the MS. of course combines
the two elements into one word, giving lamoiir, quil, qestoit, while
the text separates them by the apostrophe, Vamour, qiiil, q'estoit.
Some other separations have also been made. Thus the MS. often,
but by no means always, combines //?^j' with the adjective or adverb
to which it belongs : plusbass, pliisauant ; and often also the word
€71 is combined with a succeeding verb, as enmangeast, enserroit:
in these instances the separation is made in the text, but the MS.
reading is recorded. In other cases, as with the combinations
sique, sicomme, nounpas, envoie, &:c., the usage of the MS. has been
followed, though it is not quite uniform.
The final -e {-es) and -ee {-ees) of nouns and participles have been
marked with the accent for the reader's convenience, but in all
other cases accents are dispensed with. They are not therefore
used in the terminations -ez, -ees, even when standing for -es, -ees,
as in festoiez, neez, nor in asses, sachies, &:c., standing for assez,
sachiez (except 1. 28712), nor is the grave accent placed upon the
open e of apres, jainmes, &c. Occasionally the diaeresis is used
to separate vowels ; and the cedilla is inserted, as in modern
French, to indicate the soft sound of c where this seems certain,
but there are some possibly doubtful cases, as sujjlcance, naiscance,
in which it is not written.
With regard to the use of capital letters, some attempt has been
made to qualify the inconsistency of the MS. In general it may
be said that where capitals are introduced, it has been chiefly in
order to indicate more clearly the cases where qualities or things
are personified. It has not been thought necessary to indicate
particularly all these variations.
The punctuation is the work of the editor throughout ; that of
the MS., where it exists, is of a very uncertain character.
CINKANTE BALADES Ixxi
Contractions, &c., are marked in the printed text by italics,
except in the case of the word et, which in the MS. is hardly ever
written in full except at the beginning of a line. In such words as
pest, pfit, pfaire^ there may be doubt sometimes between per and
par, and the spelling of some of them was certainly variable.
Attention must be called especially to the frequently occurring -oh
as a termination. It has been regularly written out as -oun, and I
have no doubt that this is right. In Bozon's Contes Moralizes the
same abbreviation is used, alternating freely with the full form -oun,
and it is common in the MSS. of the Confessio Amantis and in the
EUesmere MS. of the Canterbury Tales (so far as I have had the
opportunity of examining it), especially in words of French origin
such as devociotm, cotitricioun. In the French texts this mode of
writing is applied also very frequently to the monosyllables moii,
ton, son, bon, don, non, as well as to bonte, 7ionpas, noncertein, &c.
The scribe of the Mirour writes doun in full once (24625) with
don in the same stanza, in Bal. xxi. 4 nou7z is twice fully written,
and in some MSS. of the Traitie (e. g. Bodley 294) the full form
occurs frequently side by side with the abbreviation. A similar
conclusion must be adopted as regards ah (annum), also written
aun, glah, dancer, and the termination -once, which is occa-
sionally found.
BALADES.
The existence of the Cinkante Balades was first made known
to the public by Warton in his History of English Poetry,
Sect, xix, his attention having been drawn to the MS. which con-
tains them by its possessor. Lord Gower. After describing the
other contents of this MS., he says : ' But the Cinkante Balades
or fifty French Sonnets above mentioned are the curious and
valuable part of Lord Gower's manuscript. They are not men-
tioned by those who have written the Life of this poet or have cata-
logued his works. Nor do they appear in any other manuscript of
Gower which I have examined. But if they should be discovered
in any other, I will venture to pronounce that a more authentic,
unembarrassed, and practicable copy than this before us will
not be produced. . . . To say no more, however, of the value
which these little pieces may derive from being so scarce and
so little known, they have much real and intrinsic merit. They
are tender, pathetic and poetical, and place our old poet Gower
Ixxii INTRODUCTION
in a more advantageous point of view than that in which he
has hitherto been usually seen. I know not if any even among
the French poets themselves of this period have left a set
of more finished sonnets ; for they were probably written when
Gower was a young man, about the year 1350. Nor had yet
any English poet treated the passion of love with equal delicacy
of sentiment and elegance of composition. I will transcribe
four of these balades as correctly and intelligibly as I am able ;
although, I must confess, there are some lines which I do
not exactly comprehend.' He then quotes as specimens Bal.
xxxvi, xxxiv, xliii, and xxx, but his transcription is far from
being correct and is often quite unintelligible.
Date. — The date at which the Cinkatite Balades were composed
cannot be determined with certainty. Warton, judging apparently
by the style and subject only, decided, as we have seen, that
they belonged to the period of youth, and we know from a
passage in the Mirour (27340) that the author composed love
poems of some kind in his early life. Apart from this, however,
the evidence is all in favour of assigning the Balades to the
later years of the poet's life. It is true, of course, that the
Dedication to King Henry IV which precedes them, and the
Envoy which closes them, may have been written later than
the rest ; but at the same time it must be noted that the second
balade of the Dedication speaks distinctly of a purpose of
making poems for the entertainment of the royal court, and the
mutilated title which follows the Dedication confirms this, so far
as it can be read. Again, the prose remarks which accompany
Bal. V and vi make it clear that the circumstances of the poems
are not personal to the author, seeing that he there divides them
into two classes, those that are appropriate for [jersons about to
be married, and those that are ' universal ' and have application
to all sorts and conditions of lovers. Moreover, several of these
last, viz, xli-xliv and also xlvi, are supposed to be addressed by
ladies to their lovers. It is evident that the balades are only to
a very limited extent, if at all, expressive of the actual feelings
of the author towards a particular person. As an artist he has
set himself to supply suitable forms of expression for the feelings
of others, and in doing so he imagines their variety of circum-
stances and adapts his composition accordingly. For this kind
of work it is not necessary, or perhaps even desirable, to be
CINKANTE BALADES Ixxiii
a lover oneself; it is enough to have been a lover once: and
that Gower could in his later life express the feelings of a lover
with grace and truth we have ample evidence in the Confessio
Amantis. No doubt it is possible that these balades were
written at various times in the poet's life, and perhaps some
persons, recognizing the greater spontaneity and the more grace-
fully poetical character (as it seems to me) of the first thirty or
so, as compared with the more evident tendency to morahze in
the rest, may be inclined to see in this an indication of earlier
date for the former poems. In fact however the moralizing
tendency, though always present, grew less evident in Gower's
work with advancing years. There is less of it in the Confessio
Amantis than in his former works, and this not by accident
but on principle, the author avowing plainly that unmixed
morality had not proved effective, and accepting love as the
one universally interesting subject. When Henry of Lancaster,
the man after his own heart, was fairly seated on the throne,
he probably felt himself yet more free to lay aside the self-
imposed task of setting right the world, and to occupy himself
with a purely literary task in the language and style which
he felt to be most suitable for a court. In any case it seems
certain that some at least of the balades were composed with
a view to the court of Henry IV, and the collection assumed
its present shape probably in the year of his accession, 1399,
for we know that either in the first or the second year .of
Henry IV the poet became blind and ceased to write.
Form and Versification. — The collection consists of a Dedi-
cation addressed to Henry IV, fifty-one (not fifty) balades of
love (one number being doubled by mistake), then one, un-
numbered, addressed to the Virgin, and a general Envoy. The
balades are written in stanzas of seven or eight lines, exactly
half of the whole fifty-four (including the Dedication) belonging
to each arrangement. The seven-line stanza rhymes ab ab bcc
with Envoy be be, or in three instances ab ab baa, Envoy ba ba ;
the eight-line stanza ordinarily ab ab be be with Envoy be be,
but also in seven instances ab ab ba ba with Envoy ba ba.
The form is the normal one of the balade, three stanzas with
rhymes alike and an Envoy ; but in one case, Bal. ix, there
are five stanzas with Envoy, and in another, xxxii, the Envoy
is wanting. Also the balade addressed to the Virgin, which
Ixxiv INTRODUCTION
is added at the end, is without Envoy, and there follows a
general Envoy of seven lines, rhyming independently and referring
to the whole collection.
The balade form is of course taken from Continental models,
and the metre of the verse is syllabically correct like that of
the Mirour. As was observed however about the octosyllabic
line of the Mirour, so it may be said of the ten-syllable verse
here, that the rhythm is not exactly like .that of the French
verse of the Continent. The effect is due, as before remarked, to
the attempt to combine the English accentual with the French
syllabic measure. This is especially visible in the treatment
of the caesura. In the compositions of the French writers
of the new poetry — Froissart, for example — the ten- (or eleven-)
syllable line has regularly a break after the fourth syllable.
This fourth syllable however may be either accented or not,
that is, either as in the line,
'Se vous voulcz auciine plainte faire,'
or as in the following,
' Prenez juge qui soit de noble afaire.'
The weaker form of caesura shown in this latter line occurs
in at least ten per cent, of the verses in this measure which
Froissart gives in the Tresor Amoureux, and the case is much
the same with the Balodes of Charles d'Orleans, a generation
later. Cower, on the other hand, does not admit the unaccented
syllable (mute e termination) in the fourth place at all; no such
line as this,
' Dc ma dame que j'aime et ameray,'
is to be found in his balades. Indeed, we may go further
than this, and say that the weak syllable is seldom tolerated
in the other even places of the verse, where the English ear
demanded a strongly marked accentual beat. Such a line as
'Vous mc poctz sicom vostre dcmeine ' {Bal. xxxix. 2)
is quite exceptional.
At the same time he docs not insist on ending a word on the
fourth syllable, but in seven or eight per cent, of his lines the word
is run on into the next foot, as
' Et vous, ma dame, croictz bien cela.'
This is usually the form that the verse takes in such cases, the
CINKANTE BALADES Ixxv
syllable carried on being a mute e termination, and the caesura
coming after this syllable ; but lines like the following also occur,
in which the caesura is transfered to the end of the third foot :
'Si fuisse en paradis, ceo beal manoir, ' v. 3.
' En toute humilite sans mesprisure/ xii. 4.
So xvi. 1. 2, XX, 1. 20, &c., and others again in which the syllable
carried on is an accented one, as
'Si femme porroit estre celestine,' xxi. 2.
*Jeo ne sai nomer autre, si le noun;' xxiv. i.
It must be noticed also that the poet occasionally uses the
so-called epic caesura, admitting a superfluous unaccented syllable
after the second foot, as
' Et pensetz, dame, de ceo q'ai dit pie9a,' ii. 3.
' Qe mieulx voldroie morir en son servage,' xxiii. 2.
So with da file, dames, xix. 1. 20, xx. 1. 13, xxxvii. 1. 18, xlvi.
1. 15^; and with other words, xxv. 1. 8, &c., ainie, xxxiii. 1. 10,
nouche, xxxviii. 1. 23, grace, xliv. 1. 8, fame. In xx. i the same
thing occurs exceptionally in another part of the line, the word
roe counting as one syllable only, though it is a dissyllable in
Mir. 10942. Naturally the termination -ee, as in iii. 2,
' La renomee, dont j'ai I'oreile pleine,'
does not constitute an epic caesura, because, as observed else-
where, the final e in this case did not count as a syllable in Anglo-
Norman verse.
On the whole we may say that Gower treats the caesura with
much the same freedom as is used in the English verse of the
period, and at the same time he marks the beat of his iambic
verse more strongly than was done by the contemporary French
poets.
Matter and Style. — As regards the literary character of these
compositions it must be allowed that they have, as Warton says,
' much real and intrinsic merit.' There is indeed a grace and
poetical feeling in some of them which makes them probably the
best things of the kind that have been produced by English writers
of Erench, and as good as anything of the kind which had up
to that time been written in English. The author himself has
' Perhaps, however, dame was in these cases really a monosyllable, as
apparently in Mir. 6733, 13514, 16579.
Ixxvi INTRODUCTION
marked them off into two unequal divisions. The poems of the
first class (i-v) express for us the security of the accepted lover,
whose suit is to end in lawful marriage :
*Jeo sui tout soen et elle est toute moie,
Jeo I'ai et elle auci me voet avoir ;
Pour tout le moiul jco ne la changeroie.' {Bal. v.)
From these he passes to those expressions of feeling which
apply to lovers generally, ' qui sont diversement travailez en la
fortune d'amour.' Nothing can be more graceful in its way than
the idea and expression of BaL viii, ' D'estable coer, qui nuUe-
ment se mue,' where the poet's thought is represented as a falcon,
flying on the wings of longing and desire in a moment across
the sea to his absent mistress, and taking his place with her till he
shall see her again. Once more, in BaL xv, the image of the
falcon appears, but this time it is a bird which is allowed to fly
only with a leash, for so bound is the lover to his lady that he
cannot but return to her from every flight. At another time
{Bal. xviii) the lover is in despair at the hardness of his lady's
heart : drops of water falling will in time wear through the
hardest stone ; but this example will not serve him, for he
cannot pierce the tender ears of his mistress with prayers,
how urgent and repeated soever; God and the saints will
hear his prayers, but she is harder than the marble of the
quarry — the more he entreats, the less she listens, 'Com plus
la prie, et meinz m'ad entendu.' Again (xiii) his state is like
the month of March, now shine, now shower. When he looks
on the sweet face of his lady and sees her 'gentilesse,' wisdom,
and bearing, he has only pure delight ; but when he perceives
how far above him is her worth, fear and despair cloud over his
joy, as the moon is darkened by eclipse. But in any case he
must think of her (xxiv) ; she has so written her name on his heart
that when he hears the chaplain read his litany he can think of
nothing but of her. God grant that his prayer may not be in
vain ! Did not Pygmalion in time past by prayer obtain that
his lady should be changed from stone to flesh and blood, and
ought not other lovers to hope for the same fortune from prayer ?
He seems to himself to be in a dream, and he questions with
himself and knows not whether he is a human creature or no,
so absorbed is his being by his love. God grant that his prayer
CINKANTE BALADES Ixxvii
may not be in vain ! He removes himself from her for a time
(xxv) because of evil speakers, who with their slanders might injure
her good name ; but she must know that his heart is ever with her
and that all his grief and joy hangs upon her, ' Car qui bien aime
ses amours tard oblie.' But (xxix) she has misunderstood his
absence ; report tells him that she is angry with him. If she knew
his thoughts, she would not be so disposed towards him ; this
balade he sends to make his peace, for he cannot bear to be out
of her love. In another (xxxii) he expresses the deepest dejection :
the New Year has come and is proceeding from winter towards
spring, but for him there is winter only, which shrouds him in the
thickest gloom. His lady's beauty ever increases, but there is no
sign of that kindness which should go with it ; love only tortures
him and gives him no friendly greeting. To this balade there
is no Envoy, whether it be by negligence of the copyist, or
because the lover could not even summon up spirit to direct it to
his mistress. Again (xxxiii), he has given her his all, body and
soul, both without recall, as a gift for this New Year of which he
has just now spoken : his sole delight is to serve her. Will she
not reward him even by a look? He asks for no present from
her, let him only have some sign which may bid him hope, ' Si
plus n'y soit, donetz le regarder.' The coming of Saint Valentine
encourages him somewhat (xxxiv) with the reflection that all nature
yields to love, but (xxxv) he remembers with new depression
that though birds may choose their mates, yet he remains alone.
May comes on (xxxvii), and his lady should turn her thoughts
to love, but she sports with flowers and pays no heed to the
prayer of her prisoner. She is free, but he is strongly bound;
her close is full of flowers, but he cannot enter it ; in the sweet
season his fortune is bitter. May is for him turned into winter :
' Vous estes franche et jeo sui fort lie.'
Then the lady has her say, and in accordance with the preroga-
tive of her sex her moods vary with startling abruptness. She has
doubts (xli) about her lover's promises. He who swears most
loudly is the most likely to deceive, and some there are who will
make love to a hundred and swear to each that she is the only one
he loves. 'To thee, who art one thing in the morning and at
evening another, I send this balade for thy reproof, to let thee
know that I leave thee and care not for thee.' In xliii she is fully
convinced of his treachery, he is falser than Jason to Medea or
Ixxviii INTRODUCTION
Eneas to Dido. How different from Lancelot and Tristram and
the other good knights ! ' C'est ma dolour que fuist aingois ma
joie.' With this is contrasted the sentiment of xliv, in which the
lady addresses one whom she regards as the flower of chivalry and
the ideal of a lover, and to whom she surrenders unconditionally.
The lady speaks again in xlvi, and then the series is carried to its
conclusion with rather a markedly moral tone. At the end comes
an address to the Virgin, in which the author declares himself
bound to serve all ladies, but her above them all. No lover
can really be without a loving mistress, for in her is love
eternal and invariable. He loves and serves her with all his
heart, and he trusts to have his reward. The whole concludes
with an Envoy addressed to 'gentle England/ describing the
book generally as a memorial of the joy which has come to
the poet's country from its noble king Henry, sent by heaven
to redress its ills.
Printed Editions. — The Balades have been twice printed.
They were published by the Roxburghe Club in 1818, together
with the other contents of the Trentham MS. except the English
poem, with the title ' Balades and other Poems by John Gower.
Printed from the original MS. in the library of the Marquis of
Stafford at Trentham,' Roxburghe Club, 18 18, 4to. The editor
was Earl Gower. This edition has a considerable number of small
errors, several of which obscure the sense ; only a small number
of copies was printed, and the book can hardly be obtained.
In 1886 an edition of the Balades and of the Traitie
was published in Germany under the name of Dr. Edmund
Stengel in the series of ' Ausgaben und Abhandlungen aus dein
Gebiete der romanischen Philologie.' The title of this book
is 'John Gower's Minnesang und Ehezuchtbiichlein : LXXII
anglonormannische Balladen . . . neu herausgegeben von Edmund
Stengel.' Marburg, 1886. The preface is signed with the initials
D. H. The editor of this convenient little book was unable
to obtain access to the original MS., apparently because he
had been wrongly informed as to the place where it was to be
found, and accordingly prfntcd the Balades from the Roxburghe
edition with such emendations as his scholarship suggested. He
removed a good many obvious errors of a trifling kind, and in
a few cases he was successful in emending the text by conjecture.
Some important corrections, however, still remained to be made,
CINKANTE BALADES Ixxix
and in several instances he introduced error into the text either by
incorrectly transcribing the Roxburghe edition or by unsuccessful
attempts at emendation. I do not wish to speak with disrespect
of this edition. The editor laboured under serious disadvantages
in not being able to refer to the original MS. and in not having
always available even a copy of the Roxburghe edition, so that
we cannot be surprised that he should have made mistakes.
I have found his text useful to work upon in collation, and some
of his critical remarks are helpful.
The present Text. — The text of this edition is based directly
on the MS., which remains still in the library at Trentham Hall
and to which access was kindly allowed me by the Duke of
Sutherland. I propose to describe the MS. fully, since it is
of considerable interest, and being in a private library it is not
generally accessible.
The Trentham MS., referred to as T., is a thin volume, con-
taining 41 leaves of parchment, measuring about 6\ in.XQj in.,
and made up apparently as follows : a**, b', c", d — P (one leaf cut
out), g\ h\ V (no catchwords).
The first four leaves and the last two are blank except for
notes of ownership, &c., so that the text of the book extends only
from f. 5 to f. 39, one leaf being lost between f. 33 and f. 34.
The pages are ruled for 35 lines and are written in single
column. The handwriting is of the end of the fourteenth or
beginning of the fifteenth century, and resembles what I else-
where describe as the ' third hand ' in MS. Fairfax 3, though
I should hesitate to affirm that it is certainly the same, not having
had the opportunity of setting the texts side by side. There
is, however, another hand in the MS., which appears in the Latin
lines on ff. ;^;^ v" and 39 v".
The initial letters of poems and stanzas are coloured, but there
is no other ornamentation.
The book contains (i) ff. 5 — 10 v'^, the English poem in seven-
line stanzas addressed to Henry IV, beginning ' O worthi noble
kyng.'
(2) f. 10 v", II, the Latin piece beginning 'Rex celi deus.'
(3) f. II vo — 12 vo, two French balades with a set of Latin
verses between them, addressed to Henry IV (f. 12 is seriously
damaged). This is what I refer to as the Dedication.
(4) ff. 12 vo — 33, Cinkante balades.
Ixxx INTRODUCTION
(5) f. 33 v°, Latin lines beginning ' Ecce patet tensus,' incom-
plete owing to the loss of the next leaf. Written in a different
hand.
(6) fif. 34 — 39, 'Traitie pour ensampler les amantz marietz,'
imperfect at the beginning owing to the loss of the preceding
leaf.
(7) f- 39 v'', Latin lines beginning 'Henrici quarti,' written in
the hand which appears on f. ^t, v".
On the first blank leaf is the following in the handwriting
of Sir Thomas Fairfax :
' S"". John Gower's learned Poems the same booke by himself presented
to kinge Henry ye fourth before his Coronation.'
(Originally this was 'att his Coronation,' then 'att or before his
Coronation,' and finally the words ' att or ' were struck through
with the pen.)
Then lower down in the same hand :
' For my honorable freind & kinsman s"". Thomas Gower knt. and
Baronett from
Ffairfax 1656.'
On the verso of the second leaf near the left-hand top corner
is written a name which appears to be ' Rychemond,' and there
is added in a different hand of the sixteenth century :
'Liber Hen: Scptimi tunc comitis Richmond manu propria script.'
On the fifth leaf, where the text of the book begins, in the right-
hand top corner, written in the hand of Fairfax :
' ffairfax N° 265
by the gift of the learned Gentleman Charles Gedde Esq.
liuinge in the Citty of St Andrews.'
Then below in another hand :
' Libenter tunc dabam
Id tester Carolus Gedde
Ipsis bis scptenis Kalcndis
mensis Octobris 1656.'
On the last leaf of the text, f. 39, there is a note in Latin made in
1 65 1 at St. Andrews (Andreapoli) by C. Gedde at the age of seventy,
with reference to the date of Henry IV's reign. Then in English,
' This booke pcrtaineth to aged Charles Gedde/
and inserted between the lines by Fairfax,
'but now to ffairfax of his gift, Jun. 28. 1656.'
CINKANTE BALADES Ixxxi
Below follows a note in English on the date of the death of
Chaucer and of Gower, and their places of burial.
The first of the blank leaves at the end is covered with Latm
anagrams on the names ' Carolus Geddeius,' ' Carolus Geddie,'
or ' Carolus Geddee,' with this heading,
'In nomen venerandi et annosi Amici sui Caroli Geddei Anagrammata,'
and ends with the couplet :
' Serpit amor Jonathae (Prisciano labe) Chirurgo
Mephiboshae pedibus tarn manibus genibus,'
which is not very intelligible, but is perhaps meant to indicate
the name of the composer of the anagrams.
In the right-hand top corner of the next leaf there is written
in what might be a fifteenth-century hand, 'Will Sanders vn
Just ' (the rest cut away).
As to the statement made by Fairfax that this book, meaning
apparently this very copy, was presented by the author to
Henry IV, it is hardly likely that he had any trustworthy
authority for it. The book must evidently have been arranged
for some such purpose ; on the whole however it is more likely
that this was not the actual presentation copy, but another
written about the same time and left in the hands of the
author. The copy intended for presentation to the king, if such
a copy there were, would probably have been more elaborately
ornamented ; and moreover the Latin lines on the last leaf,
' Henrici quarti ' «S:c., bear the appearance of having been added
later. The poet there speaks of himself as having become blind
' in the first year of king Henry IV,' and of having entirely ceased
to write in consequence ; and in another version of the same lines,
which is found in the Glasgow MS. of the Vox Clatnantis, he
dates his blindness from the second year of King Henry's reign.
In any case it seems clear that his blindness did not come on
immediately after Henry's accession ; for the Cronica Tripertiia,
a work of considerable length, must have been written after the
death of Richard II, which took place some five months after
the accession of Henry IV. It would be quite in accordance
with Gower's usual practice to keep a copy of the book by
him and add to it or alter it from time to time ; the Fairfax MS.
of the Confessio Amantis and the All Souls copy of the Vox Cla-
mantis are examples of this mode of proceeding : and I should
f
Ixxxii INTRODUCTION
be rather disposed to think that this volume remained in the
author's hands than that it was presented to the king. As to its
subsequent history, if we are to regard the signature 'Rychemond '
on the second leaf as a genuine autograph of Henry VII while
Earl of Richmond, it would seem that the book passed at some
time into royal hands, but it can hardly have come to the Earl
of Richmond by any succession from Henry IV. After this
we know nothing definite until we find it in the hands of the
' aged Charles Gedde ' of St. Andrews, by whom it was given,
as we have seen, to Fairfax in 1656, and by Fairfax in the same
year to his friend and kinsman Sir Thomas Gower, no doubt
on the supposition that he belonged to the family of the poet.
He must have been one of the Gowers of Stittenham, and from
him it has passed by descent to its present possessor.
The text given by the MS. seems to be on the whole a very
correct one. For the Cinqante Balades it is the only manuscript
authority, but as regards the Traiti'c it may be compared with
several other copies contemporary with the author, and it seems
to give as good a text as any. There seems no reason to doubt
that it was written in the lifetime of the author, who may
however have been unable owing to his failing eyesight to correct
it himself. It was nevertheless carefully revised after being written,
as is shown by various erasures and corrections both in the
French and the English portions. This corrector's hand is
apparently different from both the other hands which appear in
the manuscript. The best proof however of the trustworthiness
of the text is the fact that hardly any emendations are required
either by the metre or the sense. The difficulties presented by
the text of the Roxburghe edition vanish for the most part on
collation of the MS., and the number of corrections actually made
in this edition is very trifling.
In a few points of spelling this MS. differs from that of the
Miroiir : for example, /(? {ieo) is almost always used in the Balades
for je (but ie in Ded. i. 4), and the -ai termination is preferred to
■ay, though both occur ; similarly suijoie, li, poi, where the Miroicr
has more usually suy, Joye, ly, poy, &c.
What has been said with reference to the Mlrour about the
use of u and v, i and y, applies also here (except that the scribe
of this MS. prefers / initially to / and sometimes writes u
initially), and also in general what is said about division of words,
TRAITIE Ixxxiii
accents and contractions. The latter however in the present
text of the Balades and Traitie are not indicated by itahcs. It
should be noted that que in the text stands for a contracted
form. The word is qe m the Balades^ when it is fully written
out, but quit, tanquil, &c., are used in the MS., qom must
evidently be meant for quoni, and we find qiie frequently in the
Mirour. Such forms as auerai, deuera, liuere, &:c., usually have
er abbreviated, but we also find saueroit (viii. 2), oi/era (xvi. 3),
aueray (xvii. i), written out fully. Where the termination -ance
has a line drawn over it, as in suffuahce, fiance (iv. 2), it has been
printed -ai/?ice^ and so ckancofi (xl. 3) ; but aun is v/ritten out fully.
In general it must be assumed that -otin ending a word represents
on, but in xxi. 4 we have noim written out fully in both cases.
In the matter of capitals the usage of the MS. is followed for
the most part. The punctuation is of course that of the editor,
and it may be observed that the previous editions have none.
TRAITI6,
This work, which is called by its author ' un traitie selonc les
auctours pour essampler les amantz marietz,' is a series of eighteen
balades, each composed of three seven-line stanzas without envoy,
except in the case of the last, which has an additional stanza ad-
dressed ' Al universite de tout le monde,' apologizing for the poet's
French and serving as a general envoy for the whole collection,
though formally belonging to the last balade. The stanzas rhyme
ab ab bcc, a form which is used frequently in the Cmkante Balades,
as also in Gower's English poem addressed to Henry IV and
in the stanzas which are introduced into the eighth book of the
Confessio Amantis. There are Latin marginal notes summarizing
the contents of each balade, and the whole is concluded by some
lines of Latin. As to the date, if we are to regard the Latin lines
'Lex docet auctorum' as a part of the work (and they are
connected with it in all the copies), we have a tolerably clear
indication in the concluding couplet :
' Hinc vetus annorum Gower sub spe meritorum
Ordine sponsorum tutus adhibo thorum.'
This was written evidently just before the author's marriage,
which took place, as we know, near the beginning of the year
1398 (by the modern reckoning), and therefore it would seem
f 2
Ixxxiv INTRODUCTION
that the Traitie belongs to the year 1397. It is true that one
MS. (Bodley 294) omits this concluding couplet, but in view of
the fact that it is contained not only in all the other copies, but
also in the Trin. Coll. Camb. MS., which seems to be derived
from the same origin as Bodl. 294, we cannot attach much
importance to the omission.
In several MSS. the Traitie is found attached to the Confessio
Amantis, and with a heading to the effect that the author, having
shown above in English the folly of those who love ' par amour,'
will now write in French for the world generally a book to instruct
married lovers by example to keep the faith of their espousals.
But though appearing thus as a pendant to the English work in the
Fairfax, Harleian, Bodley, Trin. Coll. Camb., Wadham, Keswick
Hall and Wollaton MSS., it does not necessarily belong to it. It
is absent in the great majority of copies of the Confessio Amantis,
and in the Fairfax MS. it appears in a different hand from that
of the English poem and was certainly added later. Moreover
the Traitie is found by itself in the Trentham book, and following
the Vox Clamantis in the All Souls and Glasgow MSS., in both
these cases having been added later than the text of that work and
in a different hand. We cannot tell what heading it had in the
Trentham or the All Souls MSS., but probably the same as that
of the Glasgow copy, which makes no reference to any other work.
'This is a treatise which John Gower has made in accordance with
the authors, touching the estate of matrimony, whereby married
lovers may instruct themselves by example to hold the faith of
their holy espousals.' This variation of the heading is certainly
due to the author, and we are entitled to regard the Traitie as
in some sense an independent work, occasionally attached by the
author to the Confessio Amantis, but also published separately.
As to the versification, the remarks already made upon that of
the Balades apply also to these poems.
The subject of the work is defined by the title : it is intended
to set forth by argument and example the nature and dignity of
the state of marriage and the evils springing from adultery and
incontinence. The tendency to moralize is naturally much
stronger in these poems than in the Cinkante Balades, and they
are consequently less poetical. The most pleasing is perhaps xv,
' Comunes sont la cronique et I'istoire ' : ' Still is the folly of
Lancelot and of Tristram remembered, that others by it may
TRAITIE Ixxxv
take warning. All the year round the fair of love is kept, where
Cupid sells or gives away hearts : he makes men drink of one
or the other of his two tuns, the one sweet and the other bitter.
Thus the fortune of love is unstable : the lover is now in joy and
now in torment, but the wise will be warned by others, as a bird
avoids the trap in which he sees another caught, and they will not
take delight in wanton love.' Many of the examples are from
stories already told in the Confessio Amantis, as those of Nec-
tanabus, Hercules and Deianira, Jason, Clytemnestra, Lucretia,
Paulina, Alboin and Rosamond, Tereus, Valentinian.
Text. — Of the Traitie there exist several contemporary copies
besides that of the Trentham MS. It is found appended to the
Confessio Amantis in MS. Fairfax 3, with a heading which closely
connects it with that poem ; it occurs among the various Latin
pieces which follow the Vox Clatuantis in All Souls MS. 98, and
again in much the same kind of position in the MS. of the Vox
Clainantis belonging to the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, The
first two of these copies are, I have no doubt, in the same hand-
writing, that which I call the ' second hand ' of MS. Fairfax 3,
and I am of opinion that the third (that of the Glasgow MS.) is
so also. This question of the handwritings found in contemporary
copies of Gower will be discussed later, when the MSS. in question
are more fully described : suffice it to say at present that these
copies are all good, and they agree very closely both with one
another and with that of the Trentham book, while at the same
time they are independent of one another. They have all been
collated throughout for this edition. Besides these original copies
there is one in Harleian MS. 3869, which appears to be taken
from Fairfax 3, and also in the following MSS., in all of which
the Traitie follows the Confessio Amatitis: Bodley 294, Trinity
College, Cambridge, R. 3. 2, Wadham Coll. 13, and the Keswick
Hall and WoUaton MSS. Of these Bodley 294 has been collated
for this edition, and the rest occasionally referred to.
The MSS. may be tabulated as follows, further description
being reserved for the occasions when they are more fully
used : —
F. — Fairfax 3, in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, containing the
Confessio Amantis, the Traitie pour essampler, ff. 186 vo-190, and
several Latin poems.
S. — All Souls College, Oxford, 98, containing the Vox
Ixxxvi INTRODUCTION
Clamantis, Cronica Tripertita, a miscellaneous collection of Latin
poems, and the Traitie, ff. 132-135.
T. — The Trentham MS., described above.
G. — HuNTERiAN Museum, Glasgow, T. 2. 17, with nearly the
same contents as S. The Traitie is ff. i24v«-i28.
H. — Harleian 3869, in the British Museum, agreeing with F.
B. — Bodley 294, in the Bodleian Library, containing the
Confessio Amantis, the Traitie, and a few Latin pieces.
Tr. — Trinity Coll. Camb. R. 3. 2, with nearly the same
contents as B.
W. — Wadhaim Coll. Oxf. 13, Confessio Amantis and Traitie^
the latter imperfect at the end.
K. — In the library of J. H. Gurney, Esq., Keswick Hall,
Norwich, with the same contents as F.
A.— Lord Middleton's MS., at Wollaton Hall.
The Traitie has been twice printed : first by the Roxburghe
Club from the Trentham MS. ^ and then by Dr. Stengel, in both
cases with the Cinkante Balades. The German editor unfortunately
took as the basis of his text the copy in B, which is much inferior
in correctness to those of several other MSS. which were within
his reach ^ He has also in many cases failed to give a correct
representation of the MS. which he follows, and his collation of
other copies is incomplete.
The text of the present edition is based upon that of F, which
is at least as good as any of the three other copies which I have
called contemporary, and has the advantage over two of them
that it is perfect, whereas they have each lost a leaf. These four
are so nearly on the same level of correctness that it matters little
1 It must not be assumed however that the text of the Roxburghe Club
edition accurately represents that of the MS. If such variations as autre
(^for lautre\ ii. 1. 21, En qui iv. 17, De vii. 6, Nest pas vii. 13, xiv. 7, &c.,
prendre x. 20, et uns xv. 15, El fait xvi. 18, and so on, are unnoticed in this
edition, that is not owing to the negligence of the present editor, but because
they arc not in fact readings of the MS.
- For example B gives us the following variations in the first two balades :
Trait, i. 1. 4 gouernance 6 discret 13 bon 20 et {^for a)
ii. 1. I. la spirit qui ert 2 Est 4 Qui ert o;«. dont
5 de(yb»-le) 7 bone.
There are more bad mistakes here in two balades than in the whole text of
the Traitie s& given by any one of the four best MSS. On the other hand,
' creatoris ' in the heading of the first balade, and ' hommc ' (for ' lomwe ') in
ii. II, are mistakes of the German editor.
TRAITIE Ixxxvii
on other grounds which of them we follow. A full collation is here
given of T, S and G, and the readings of B are occasionally
mentioned. H and K are probably dependent on F. Tr. is
a moderately good copy;, closely connected with B, but in view
of the excellence of the other materials it is not worth collating ;
A is a manuscript of the same class, but rather less correct. Finally
the text of W, which is late and full of blunders, may be set
down as worthless.
MIROUR DE L'OMME
OR
SPECULUM HOMINIS
Cy apres comence le livre Francois q'est apelle Mirour de I'omwe, le quel se
divide en x parties, c'est assavoir :
H la primere p^rtie est coment de la malice du diable pecche fuit conceu, et de la
maldite progenie des vices, qe puis de lui nasquirent, dont le frele hom;«e
a grant pml de noet et jour par forte guerre toutdys est assailli.
% la seconde partie est coment reso«n fuit conjoint al alme, dont les vertus morals
por I'omw/e defendre sont deinz la conscience par la divine grace inspirez
et fraunchement engendrez.
IT la tierce partie est por considerer parentre d'eux Testat des hommes sur terre,
especialmert de les haltz prelatz, ovesq«^ lour archediaknes, officials, deans
et autres, q'ont la governaunce de I'espiritiele cure, et sount lumere et
essample de bien et d'onest vie.
H la quarte partie trete I'estat des Religious, si bien possessioners come mendiantz,
q'ont lesse les vanites de cest present vie por contempler du ciel les joies
perdurables.
IT la quinte partie trete I'estat du temporiel governement selonc le corps, le quel
apprtrtient as Emperours, Rois et autres nobles Princes, qe devont main-
tenir la loy et doner justice a lour poeple liege.
^ la sisme partie trete I'estat de la chivalerie et de les gentz d'armes, qui devont
le droit de seint esglise et la fraunchise supporter et defendre, et qu'ils ne
lesserount lour prcpre paiis destitut por travaillier en estranges regions a
cause de veine gloire q'ils ont de la renomee mondeine.
II la septisme partie trete lestat des Ministres de la loy, c'est assavoir Jugges,
Pledours, Viscontes, Baillifs et Questours, qui sont juretz a foi tenir et
poiser le droit par tiele egalte que covetise ascunepart ne lour destorne.
U I'oetisme partie trete I'estat des Marchantz, Artificers et Vitaillers, qui selonc la
droite policie des Citees, si fraude et tricherie ne se mellont, sont au commun
profit honests et necessaires.
% la nocfisme partie trete de ceo que chescun en sou;/ endroit blasme le Siccle, et
coment le siecle des toutz partz notablcment s'escuse, forsque soulement
de I'omme pecchour, en qui defaute les autres creatures sont sovent a mes-
chief et mesmes dieux en est auci corussez.
H la disme partie trete coment rom;;;e peccheourlessant ses mals se doit reformer
a dicu et avoir pardoun par I'eydc dc uosirc seigneur ]hesu Christ et de sa
doulce Miere la Vierge gloriouse.
MIROUR DE UOMME
*
[After the Table of Contents four leaves are lost, containing probably about
forty-seven stanzas.]
Escoulte cea, chascun amant, f. 5
Qui tant pcrestes desirant
Du pecche, dont I'amour est fals :
Lessetz la Miere ove tout s'enfant,
Car qui plus est leur attendant,
Au fin avra chapeal de sauls :
Lors est il fols qui ses travauls
Met en amour si desloiauls,
Dont au final nuls est joyant.
Mais quiq' en voet fiair les mals, 10
Entende et tiegne mes consals,
Que je luy dirray en avant.
Ce n'est pas chose controvee,
Dont pense affaire ma ditee ;
Ainz vuill conter tout voirement
Coment les filles du Pecche
Font que tous sont enamoure
Par leur deceipte vilement.
He, amourouse sote gent,
Si scieussetz le diffinement 20
De ce dont avetz comwence,
Je croy que vos/re fol talent
Changeast, qui muetz au present
Reson en bestialite.
Car s'un soul homme avoir porroit
Quanq' en son coer souhaideroit
Du siecle, pour soy deliter,
Trestout come songe passeroit
En nient, et quant Ten meinz quidoit,
Par grant dolour doit terminer : 30
* MS. Camb. Univ. Add
Et puisq?/^ I'amour seculer
En nient au fin doit retorner,
Pour ce, si bon vous sembleroit,
Un poy du nient je vuill conter ;
Dont quant Ten quide avoir plenier
La main, tout vuide passer doit.
Au com;«encement de cast
oev^re, qui prrrlera des vices et
des vertus, dirra prmiiereme;/t
come/zt pecche anientist les crea-
tures et fuist cause originale dez
tous lez mals.
Tout estoit nient, quanq' om ore tient
Et tout ce nient en nient revient
Par nient, qui tout fait anie«tir : 39
C'est nient q'en soy tous mals contient
Du quoy tout temps quawt me sovient,
M'estoet a trere maint suspir,
Que je voi tantz mals avenir
Du nient, car tous ont leur desir
En nient q'au siecle se partient ;
Que nient les fait leur dieu guerpir
Pour nient, q'en nient doit revertir
Et devenir plus vil que fient.
Jehan I'apostre evangelist
En I'evangile qu'il escrist 50
Tesmoigne q'au commencement
Dieux crea toute chose et fist,
Mais nient fuist fait sanz luy, ce dist :
3035 12 .enauant
B 2
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Dont saint Gregoire sagement.
Qui puis en fist I'exponement,
Par le divin inspircmcnt
Du nient la forme nous aprist,
Disant que nient en soy comprent
Le no«n du pecchc soulement,
Car pecche tous biens anientist. 60
Primer quant dieus ot fait les cicux,
Des tous angres espiritieux
Un Lucifer fuist principals ;
Mais du pecche q'estoit mortieux
Chaoit de les cclestieux
Au nient dev«v-s les infernalx :
Pecche fuist source de les mals,
Tornant les joyes en travals,
De halt en has changeant les lieux :
Nient est pecchc ly dcsloyals, 70
Car par son vuill et ses consals
Volt anientir quanqwe fist dieux.
Cil Lucifer no»npas solein
ChaTst du cicl, ancois tout plein
Des autres lors furont peris
Par pecche, dont ly soverein
Leur fist chaoir, siq' en certein
Du pecche vint cc que je dis,
Dont I'angre furont anientiz :
Mais tous vous avetz bicn oiz, 80
Comme dieu puis de sa propre mein
Adam crea deinz paradis,
Et sa compaigne au droit divis
Le fist avoir du dame Evein.
Pour le pecchc, pour le forsfait,
Dont Lucifer avoit mesfait,
Dieus, q'en vist la desconvenue,
Cement son cicl cstoit dcsfait, —
Pour cc tantost Adam fuist fait
Et Eve auci tout nu a nue 90
En prrradis dessoutz la nue :
Siq' CM aprcs de cclle issue
Que de leur corps scrroit estrait,
Soit restore q'estoit perdue
Amont le cicl, a la value
Que Lucifer avoit sustrait.
Du noble main no duy parent
Estoiont fait molt noblement,
Car dieu le piere les forma :
Pour noble cause et ensement 100
Estoiont fait, quant tielement
A son ciel dieu les ordina :
En noble lieu dieu les crea
Et paradis tout leur bailla.
Que molt fuist noble au tiele gent ;
Mais Pen puet dire bien cela,
Helas ! quant le pecchc de la
Les anientist si vilement.
Chacun de vous ad bien oi'
Coment Adam se departi 1 10
De Paradis, mais nepoui'quant,
Solonc que truis en genesi
Vous en dirray trestout ensi :
Dont fait savoir primer avant
Q'cn Paradis avoit estant
Une arbre dieu luy toutpuissant,
Dont il les pommes deflfendi
A Adam, qu'il n'en fuist mangant,
Et dist, s'il en mangast, par tant
Du mort en serroit anienti. 1 20
Bicn tost apres, ce truis escrit,
Cil Lucifer dont vous ay dit
S'aparcut de la covenance ;
Et ot d'Adam trop grant despit,
Qu'il fuist a celle joye eslit,
Dont mcsmes par sa mescheance
Estoit chceuz : lors sa semblance
Mua, siqiie par resemblance
En forme d'un serpent s'assit
Dessur celle arbre, et d'aquointance 1 30
Pria dame Eve, a qui Constance
De sa nature ert entredit.
Au frele et fieble femeline
En la figure serpentine,
Dessur celle arbre u qu'il seoit,
Ly deable conta sa covine :
Si dist, * He, fcm/;/c, pren sesine
Du fruit qui tant purest benoit :
Car lors serras en ton endroit
55 cnfist
87 qcnvist
119 ciiinaiigast
113 cndirray
120 enserroit
118 ncnfuist
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Du bien et mal, du tort et droit, 140
Sachant come dieu.' O la falsine !
Par ce q'ensi la promettoit,
La fem;«e son voloir tornoit
Contre la volente divine.
La femme, qui par tricherie
Fuist du serpent ensi trahie,
Mangut le pomwe, helas, mortal :
Et quant ot fait la felonie,
Tantost s'en vait come fole amie
Pour tempter son especial ; 150
Et tant luy dist que parigal
Le fist de eel origenal ;
Le fruit mangut par compaignie.
Ensi ly serpent fuist causal
Au femme, et fem;/;e auci du mal
Causoit que rom;;/e fist folie.
Au mors du pom;«e tant amer
Mort et pecche tout au primer
Dedeinz Adam pristront demure :
Car il ne savoit excuser 160
Sa conscience, ainz accuser
De la mortiele forsfaiture.
Helas ! cil qui tant fuist dessure
Fuist tant dessoutz en si poy d'ure ;
Car dieux luy fist nud despoiler :
Come sa malvoise creature,
Atteinte ovesqw^ la menure
Le fist come traitre forsjuger.
C'estoit du dieu le Jugement,
Q'Adam serroit vilaynement 170
Botuz du Paradis en terre ;
U q'en dolour molt tristement
Sa viande et son vestement
Irroit a pourchacer et querre :
Sa femw'e auci pour son contrere,
De ce q'a dieu ne voloit plere,
Tons jours a son enfantement,
Quant vient au naturel affere,
Doit tous ses fils et files trere
En plour et en ghemissement. 180
Mais tout ce n'eust este que jeeu.
Si plus du paine n'eust eeu ;
Mais sur trestout c'estoit le pis
du
La mort, dont au darrein perdu
Furont loigns en enfern de dieu
Et piere et miere et file et fils,
Sanz fin pour demourer toutdis.
Lors pourray dire a mon avis,
Du pecche vient en chacun lieu
Ce dont ly bon sont anientiz,
Car ciel et terre et paradis
De sa malice ad corrumpu.
Pour ce vous dirray la maniere
Com77^ent Pecche nasquit primere,
Et de ses files tout ades ;
Si vous dirray qui fuist son piere,
Et u nasquist celle adv^rsiere
Trestout dirray cy en apres.
Ly deable mesme a son decess.
Quant il ptrdist sanz nul reless
Du ciel la belle meson cliere,
Lors engendra tieu fals encress.
Come vous orretz, si faitez pes ;
Car je vuill conter la matiere.
Com;;/ent Pecche nasquist
deble, et com;//ent Mort nasquist
du Pecche, et cement Mort espousa
sa miere et engendra sur luy les
sept vices mortieux.
Ly deable, qui tous mals soubtile
Et trestous biens hiet et revile,
De sa malice concevoit
Et puis enfantoit une file,
Q'ert tresmalvoise, laide et vile,
La quelle Pecche noun avoit.
II mesmes sa norrice estoit,
Et la gardoit et doctrinoit
De sa plus tricherouse guile ;
Par quoy la file en son endroit
Si violente devenoit.
Que riens ne touche que n'avile.
Tant p^rservoit le deble a gre
Sa jofne file en son degre
Et tant luy fist plesant desport,
Dont il fuist tant enamoure.
Que sur sa file ad engendre
Un fils, que Ten appella Mort.
f.6
190
200
210
220
198 enapres
213 plustricherouse
217 agre
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Lors ot le deable grant confort,
Car tout quidoit par leur enhort
De Tome avoir sa volente ;
Car quant ils deux sont d'un acort,
Tout quanq/rt' vient a leur resort
Le deble tient enherite.
Au piere furont molt cheris
Pecchc sa file et Mort son fils, 230
Car trop luy furont resemblant :
Et pour cela par son devis,
Pour plus avoir de ses norris,
La miere espousa son enfant :
Si vont sept files engendrant,
Qui sont d'enfern cnheritant
Et ont le mond tout entrepris ;
Come je vous serray devisant,
Des queux no?ms om ieur est nomant
Et du mestier dont sont apris. 240
Les no«ns des files du Pecche
L'un apres I'autre en leur degre
Dirray, des quelles la primere
Orguil ad no?m, cellc est I'aisnee,
La tresmalvoise nialurc,
Que plus resemble a son fals piere ;
L'autre est Envye, que sa chiere
Belle ad devant, et parderere
Plaine est du male volente;
Ire est la tierce, et trop est fiere, 250
Que jam/;;ais n'ot sa pes plenere,
Ainz fait trestoute adversite :
La quarte est cellc d'Avarice,
Que Tor plus que son dieu cherice ;
La quinte Accide demy morte,
Q'au dieu n'au monde fait service ;
La siste file en son office
C'est Glotonie, que la porte
Des vices gart, ct tout apporte
Ce dont la frele char supporte ; 260
Du foldelit c'est la norrice :
Mais la septime se desporte,
C'est Leccherie, que se porte
Sur toutcs autres la plus nice.
Ensi comwe je le vous ay dit,
Pecch6 du deable q'est maldit
354 lor with' erasure {prob. of a second r)
Primerement prist sa nescance,
Et puis du Pecche Mort nasquit,
Dont plus avant com;«e j'ay descript
Par si tresmalvoise alliance 270
Nasquiront plain du malfesance
Ly autre sept, que d'attendance
Au deble sont par tout soubgit ;
Dont cil qui tous les mals avance,
Quant naistre vit ytiele enfance,
De sa part grantment s'esjoit.
Com;;;ent le deable envoya
Pecch6 ovesq//t' ses sept files au
Siecle, et com;;/ent il tient puis son
p«;'lement pour Vovanie enginer.
Ly deable, q'est tout plain du rage,
Qua«t vist qu'il ot si grant lignage,
Au Siecle tous les envoia :
Pecchc la fole et la salvage 280
Ses propres files du putage
Parmy le Siecle convoia ;
Et tant y fist et engina
Que ly fals Siecle s'enclina
De faire tout par leur menage,
Par ceaux sa gloire devisa,
Par ceaux toutdis se conseila.
Par ceaux fist maint horrible oultrage.
Chascune solonc son endroit
Office scculiere avoit 290
Le Siecle pour plus enginer :
Orguil sa gloire maintenoit,
Envic ades luy consailloit,
Et d'Ire fist son guerroier,
Et dAvarice tresorer,
Accidie estoit son chamberer,
Et Glotonie de son droit
Estoit son maistre hotelier,
Et Leccherie en son mestier
Sur tous sa chiere amie estoit. 300
Cil qui trestous ceos mals engendre,
Quant vist les files de son gendre
Mener le Siecle a leur voloir,
Lors comcn9a consail a prendre
Coment eel hom/«e pot susprendre,
Le quel devant ot fait chaoir
269 plusauant 276 grantemcnt
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Du p(7radis le beau Manoir ;
Car bien scieust que par estovoir
Cel homtiie doit el siecle attendre,
Dont au petit tient son pooir, 310
Si romme n'en poet decevoir,
Pour faire en son enfern descendre.
Ly deable, qui tons mals engine,
Quant vist qu'il ot par sa falsine
Du paradis Vomme abatu,
Hors de la joye celestine
En la deserte salvagine,
D'un autre mal lors s'est pourveu,
Dont Vomnte q'an9ois ot de9u
Treroit encore au plus bass lieu, 320
U Pen languist sanz medicine,
Au fin q'ensi serroit perdu
Sanz esperance de salu :
Oietz qu'il fist de sa covine.
Au Siecle niesmes s'en ala,
Et tout son consail luy conta,
Et pria qu'il luy volt aider:
Tant luy promist, tant luy dona,
Que I'un a I'autre s'acorda,
Et le firont entrejurer ; 330
Mais pour son purpos achever
Comwmnement volt assembler
Tous ses amys, et pour cela
Un parlement faisoit crier,
Par queux se pourroit consailler
Comwe son purpos achievera.
Les bries tantost furont escris
A ceaux qui furont ses amys,
Que tous vienent au parlement,
N'en est un soul qui soit remis : 340
Pecche la dame du paiis
Ova ses sept files noblement
Vint primer a I'assemblement ;
Le Siecle y vient ensemblement
Ove belle route a son devis ;
Mais Mort venoit darreinement :
Et lors quant tous furont present,
Le deable disoit son avis.
Devant trestous en audience
Le deable sa reson commence, 350
370
f.7
Et si leur dist parole fiere :
' J'en ay,' fait il, ' al dieu offense
L'omwe abatu par ma science
Du paradis, u jadis iere,
Dont il est mis a son derere
En terre plaine de misere :
Mais plus avant de ma prudence
Si en enfern de la terrere
Le porray trere en tieu maniere,
Lors serroit fait ce que je pense. 360
' Par ceste cause je vous pri,
Sicom/we vous m'estez tout amy,
Consailletz moy en cest ovraigne,
Au fin que porray faire ensi.'
Pecche sa file respondi,
Si dist sa resoiin primeraine :
' Piere, tenez ma foy certaine,
Je fray tricher la char humaine
Ove mes sept files q'ay norri :
Car s'il d'icelles s'acompaigne,
Ne poet faillir de male estraine,
Dont en la fin ert malbailli.'
Le Siecle auci de sa partie
Promist au deable son aie,
Ensi le faisoit assavoir :
' Je fray,' ce dist, ' ma tricherie
De la richesce et manantie
Que je retiens en mon pooir ;
Du quoy trestout a ton voloir
Cel homme porray decevoir. 380
Du bien promettre faldray mie
Qu'il doit trestoute joye avoir,
Mais en la fin, sachiez du voir,
Je le lerray sanz compaignie.'
Apres le Siecle parla Mort,
Que toute vie au fin remort :
' De Vomme je te vengeray,
Car pour deduyt ne pour desport
Du moy ne poet avoir desport,
Que je son corps ne tuerai ; 390
Mais pour voir dire, je ne say
Si I'alme mortefieray.
Car ce partient a ton enhort :
Fay bien de I'alme ton essay,
320 plusbass
8
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Et je du corps responderay,
Ou'il doit venir a mon resort.'
Lv deable grantment s'csjoit
De ce que chacun lu}^ promist,
Dont chierement leur mercioit;
Et oultre ce consail enquist, 400
Et pria que chascun luy dist
De leur avis que sembleroit,
S'il apres rom;;?e manderoit
Pour savoir cc qu'il en dirroit.
Sur quoy chacuu luy respondist
Que bien affaire ce serroit,
Q'un messagcr a grant esploit
Apres luy maintenant tramist.
Cil messager par son droit notm
Je I'oi nom;;?er Temptacio^n, 410
Qui droit a rom;;/e s'en ala :
Sanz noise faire ne halt soiin
Dist son message, et sa resoz/n
El cuer de Vomnie il oreilla,
Depar le deable et luy pria
Q'au venir tost se hastera,
U sont ensemble ly barown ;
Et dist que quant venu serra,
Des tieux noveiles il orra
Dont doit avoir sa gariso»n. 420
Temptacio/m soutilement
Tant fist par son enticement
Que I'omme vint ovesque luy,
Pour savoir plus plenierement
La cause de tieu mandement :
Et maintenant, quant vcnoit y,
De sa venue s'esjoy
Ly deable, qui molt le chery
Ove tous les autres ensemcnt.
Chacun de sa part le scrvi, 430
Que I'omwe estoit tout esbahy
De I'onnour que chacun hiy tent.
Ly deble com;//ence a parler.
Si dist pour roni;;;e losenger
Devant trestout le remenant:
' Bealsire, je t'ay fait mander.
Pour ce que vuil a toy parler
Au fin que soiez mo»n servant ;
397 grantcmcnt
Et si te soit ensi plesant,
Je t'en vols loer promettant 4-10
Tiel come tu vorras demander :
Ne t'en soietz du rien doubtant,
Trestous les jours de ton vivant
Tu porras joye demener.
'lie, homwe, enten ce que j'ay dit,
Et n'eietz honte ne despit
Du que]q7^«' chose que te die :
Car si voes estre mon soubgit,
N'y ad honour, n'y ad proufit,
O'aprtrtient au presente vie, 450
Dont tu n'avras a ta partie
Si largement sanz nul faillie.
Que tu dirras que ce suffit :
Et si t'en fra sa compaignie
Pecche ma file sucf norrie,
Pour faire trestout ton delit.'
Pecche parloit apres son piere,
Q'estoit plesant de sa maniere :
' He, hom;y?e, croiez a ses dis.
Car de ma part te ferra}'' chiere : 460
Si tu voes faire ma priere,
Dont ton corps serra rejoiz,
Ce que mon piere t'ad promis
En ccstc vie t'ert complis ;
Car je serraj^ ta chamberere
Pour faire tout a ton devis
Et tes plaisirs et tes delis,
Dont dois avoir ta jo3^e entiere.'
Et puis le Siecle du noblcsce
Promist a I'omwe sa largesce, 470
Et si luy dist pour plus cherir :
' He, homwe, asculte ma promesse,
De mot/n avoir, dc ma richesse
Tc fray molt largement richir.
Car si mon consail voes tenir,
Tu dois no capitain servir ;
Et s'ensi fais, je t'en confesse
Que prest serray pour sustenir
Sf)l()nc que te vient au plesir
Ta vie plaine de leesce.' 480
Mais a celle houre nequedent
Mort cndroit soy n'y fuist present,
404 ciidirroit
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Auci pour Tomme consailler ;
Car plain estoit du maltalent,
Qu'il ne savoit aucunement
Ne bell promettre ne don«er:
Pour ce ne volt lors apparer,
Ainz en secre se fist muscer,
Et ce fuist par comz/nm assent ;
Car rom;//e pour plus enginer
Lors ne voloient molester
Du chose contra son talent.
Mais au darrein par son degre
Lors vint avant tout en celee
Temptacion ly decevant ;
C'estoit ly raessagier prive,
Qui primes I'omme ot amene,
Come je vous contay cy devant ;
Cil dist a I'om/ne en consaillant :
' He, homme, a quoy vas tariant
De recevoir tiele ameiste,
Dont tu pourras toutdis avant
Avoir le corps par tout joyant
Sanz point d'aucune adversete ? '
Mais cil qui lors ust bien oi
Temptacio//n come il blandi
Par la doucour de sa parole,
11 porroit dire bien de fi
Que ja n'oTst puisqu'il nasqui
Un vantparlour de tiele escole :
Car plus fuist doulce sa parole
Que n'estoit harpe ne citole.
Dont l'om;«e quant il I'entendi,
Au tiele vie doulce et mole
La char, q'estoit salvage et fole,
Tantost de sa part consenti.
La char de I'omwe consentoit
A ce que Ten luy promettoit.
Si fist homtiiage et reverence
Au deable, qu'il luy serviroit :
Mais I'Ahaie moult dolente estoit.
Quant vist sa char sanz sa licence
Avoir mesfait de tiele offense ;
Dont se complaint au Conscience
Que sur cela consailleroit,
Et maintenant en sa presence
499 enconsaillant
490
510
520
A resonwer sa char commence
Par ceste voie, et si disoit :
Com;;/e;/trAlmearesonalaChar,
q'avoit fait hom//4age au deable, et
com;/;ent au darrein par I'eide du
Reso?/n et de Paour le Char s'en
parti du diable et du Pecche et se
soubmist al govr/-nance de I'Alnie.
' He, fole Char, he, Char salvage,
530
540
Par quel folour, par quelle rage
Te fais lever encontre moy ?
Remembre toi q'al dieu ymage
Fui faite, et pour toun governage
Fui mis dedeinz le corps de toi.
He, vile Char, avoi, avoi !
Remembre aussi que tu la loy
Primer rompis en eel estage
U dieu nous avoit mis tout coi,
Dont nu3't et jour es en effroy.
Ne te suffist si grant danwiage?
' He, Char, remembre, car bien scies
Ly deable par ses malvoistes -
Du tieu barat te baratta,
Dont en dolour tu es ruez
Des haltes joyes honourez
Q'a toy dieu lors abandona.
He, Char, pren garde de cela,
Ainz qu'il plus bass te ruera :
Cil qui sur tout est malurez,
C'est cil qui jadis t'engina,
Et tons les jours t'enginera,
Tanqu'il t'avra pis enginez.
' He, Char, desserre ton oraille,
Enten, car je te le consaille ;
Et certes si tu m'en creras,
Tieu grace dieus te repp^^'aille
Que tu remonteras sanz faille
Au lieu dont jadys avalas :
Et autrement tout seur serras,
Si tu le deable serviras.
Quant ceste vie te defaille,
Tantsoulement pour to«n trespas
Et toi et moi saldrons si bas,
Dont dieux ne voet que Ten resaille.
528(R) senparti 548 plusbass
550
f. 8
560
lO
MIROUR DE L'OMME
come tu fais
grant
'He, Char,
folle,
O'au tide false compaignie
Si loigns de moy te fais attraire,
Que tout sont plain du tricherie :
Car tu scies bien que par envie
Le deble a toi est adversaire. 570
Pecche primer te porra plaire,
Mais au darrein te doit desplaire ;
Ly Siecle auci de sa partie,
S'il t'eust don«e tout so/ni doaire,
Au fin te lerra q'une haire,
Que plus n'en porteras tu mie.
' He, Char, des tieux amys fier
N'estoet, car prou n'en dois porter;
Come tu sovent as bien o'i,
Que bel promettre et riens donner 580
Ce fait le fol reconforter :
Aguar pour ce, ainz que trahi
Soietz, je t'amoneste et pri.
He, Char, pour dieu fai que te di,
Laissetz tieux fais amys estier ;
Car, Char, si tu ne fais ensi,
Je, lass ! serray pour toi hony,
Que mieux t'en doie consailler.
• He, Char, remembre auci coment
Entre nous deux conjoigntement 590
En un corps suismes sanz demise :
Dont fait que resonablement
Soions tout d'un acordement.
Car s'il avient que d'autre guise
No cause soit deinz soi devise,
Lors devons p^rdre la franchise
Q'au nos/rc franc pooir attent ;
C'est de montcr par bone aprise
En paradis, dont par mcsprise
Susmes cheeus si folement. 600
• He, Char, tu porras bien entendre,
Mieux valt remonter et ascendre
En cellos joyes plus haltaines,
Qe d'un bass en plus bass descendre,
U Ten ne doit socour attendre
Mais sanz fin les ardantes paines.
He, Char, s'au deable t'acompaincs
645 nensoicz
Et a les autres ses compaines,
Ne dois faillir du paine prendre :
Mais, Char, si tu ta char restraines, 6ro
Tes joyes serront si certaines
Que sanz fin nul t'en poet repr^ndre.'
La Char s'estuit et se pensa,
Et en partie s'esmaia
Do ce que I'Alme a luy disoit.
Mais d'autrcpart quant regarda
Les autres, tant s'en delita.
Que pour voirdire ne savoit
Au queu part trere se pourroit,
Mais au Pecche quant remiroit, 620
De son amour tant suspira
Et d'autrepart tant covoitoit
Le Siecle, qu'il tresoublia
Tout qanqiie I'Alme a luy precha.
Et lors quant I'Alme s'aparcuit
Que centre luy la Char s'estuit,
Dont devoit estre governals,
Trop avoit perdu son deduyt :
Et nepourquant apres luy suyt
Ensi disant, ' He, desloyals ! 630
Male es, pource te tiens as mals.
Mais bien verras que trop est fais
Cil anemy, qui te poursuit
Pour toi ruer es infernals :
Te fait moustrer les beals journals,
Dont pers memoire de la nuyt.
* He, Char, si fuissetz avisce
Come par tresozni ymagine
Ly deblc, qui te voet trahir,
Le riche Siecle t'a moustre 640
Et la plesance du Pecche,
Mais Mort, par qui tu dois morir,
Nc voet il fairc avant venir,
Ainz I'ad musce du fais conspir.
Que tu n'en soiez remembre !
Car il te vorra p^vvcrtir
Si fort que jamais convertir
Ne t'en lerra par nul degre.'
Lors prist ly deable a coroucer,
Quant I'alme oTst ensi parler, 650
Et com;«anda que maintcnant
MIROUR DE L'OMME
II
670
Pecche de son plesant mestier
Ove tout le vice seculier
Fuissent la Char reconfortant,
Et qu'ils la feissont si avant
A leur delices entendant,
Dont Mort pourroit tresoublier.
TrestoLit en firont son com;//ant,
Du quoy la Char fuist si joyant
Q'au Mort ne pot considerer. 660
Mais I'Alme, que tout fuist divine,
Quant vist sa char q'ensi decline,
Reson appelloit et Paour,
Qui sont sergant de sa covine ;
Car sovent par leur discipline
La frele Char laist sa folour.
Pour ce celle Alme en grand dolour
Fist sa compleinte et sa clamour,
Sique la Char par leur doctrine
Pourroit conoistre la verrour
Du Mort, que I'autre tricheour
Ont fait muscer de leur falsine.
Reson, q'a I'alme est necessaire,
Au Char de Pomme lors repaire,
Et Paour luy suioit apres :
Mais d'autrepart fuist au contraire
Temptacio^n ly secretaire,
Q'au Char tempter ne fait jam;;«es.
L'un volt entrer par honne pes,
Mais I'autre se tenoit si pres
Au Char tempter du tiel affaire,
Par quoy la Char sanz nul decess
A tieu delit se tient ades,
Que Reson ne Ten pot retraire,
Reso«n la Char areson«a,
Et tant come pot la conseila
Du honne contemplacio^m
Que sa folie lessera :
Et ce luy dist, q'au fin morra
En grande tribulacio^n.
Mais d'autrepart Temptaciown
Au Char fist sa collaciown,
Et tieux delices luy moustra,
Du pecche delectaciown
Et seculiere elaciown,
658 enfiront
Par quoy la Char desreson^a.
Et quant Paour ce vist, coment
La Char par si fals temptement
S'estoit du Reso«n departie,
Lors dist au Char tresfierement : 700
' He, Char tresfole et necligent.
He, Char mortiele, he, Char porrie,
Trop es decu du deablerie,
Q'au toi muscont par tricherie
La Mort que vient sodainement.
Mais vien devers ma compaignie,
Si te moustray I'erbergerie
U I'ont musce secretement.'
Paour q'estoit espirital
Lors prist la Char superflual, 710
Si I'amena droit par la main
Serchant amont et puis aval
Trestous les chambres de I'ostal,
Tanqu'ils troveront au darrein
U Mort I'orrible capitein.
Covert d'un mantelet mondein,
Deinz une chambre cordial
S'estoit musce trestout soulein,
En aguaitant la Char humein,
Quelle est sa proie natural. 720
Mais quant la Char vist la figure
De celle horrible creature,
Dedeinz soy comenga trembler,
Et tant se dolt en sa nature
Que tout tenoit a mesprisure
Ce dont se soloit deliter.
Vers Pecche n'osa plus garder,
Ne vers le Siecle au covoiter,
Ainz s'avisa du Mort tout hure :
Si volt vers Reso«n retorner, 730
Sa conscience d'amender
Et servir I'Alme en vie pure.
Paour ensi la Char rebroie,
Q'au Conscience la renvoie,
Et Conscience plus avant
Au honne Reso«n la convoie,
Et puis Resojni par juste vole
A I'Alme la fait acordant.
Dont I'Alme, q'ot este devant
719 Enaguaitant 735 plusauant
680
690
12
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Du Char folic languissant, 740
Reprist s'espiritale joye,
Et vait la Char si chastiant
Par quoy la Char molt repentant
S'en part du deble et sa menoie.
La Char du deble s'en parti
Et du Pecche tout autrecy,
Ne point el Siecle se fia :
I'aour I'avoit tant esbahy,
O'a Talma tout se converti
Sicome Reso?m I'amonesta. f.g
Mais quant ly deble vist cela, 751
Com;/;ent Reson ku' surmonta
Siq»<' de Voiniiie estoit failli,
Ove Pecche lors se conseilla,
Et puis au Sieele compleigna
Par grant tristour disant ensi :
Coni;//ent la Char de rom///e
sestoit pr?rtie du deable par le con-
seil du Reso/m et de Pao//r: lors
come^t le deble s'en complaig-
noit au Siecle et don;/a po//r ce lez
sept files du Pecche enmariage au
Siecle pour rom;«e plus enginer.
* He, Pecche, q'est ce que tu fais,
Par ton delit qua»t ne desfais
Paour du mort que rom//^e nieinc ?
He, Siecle, pour quoy te retrais, 760
Ou[e] tu de ton honour n'attrais
Pour moy servir la Char humeine ?
Paour du mort ensi I'estreine,
Dont Reso/m est la capitaine,
O'a moy s'acordera jani///ais :
Du ceste chose je me pleigne,
Car s'il eschape mo/m demeine,
Lors ay perdu tous mes essais.'
Pecche reconforta son piere,
Et si luy dist en tieu maniere : 770
' He, piere, je m'aviseray :
je suy des autres sept la miere,
Au Siecle auci je suy treschicre,
Dont leur consail demanderay ;
Et solonc que je troveray,
Par leur avis te conteray
761 Qu
Que soit affaire en la matiere.
Car endroit moy me peneray,
Le corps, si puiss, je tricheray,
Dont rom/«e dois avoir arere.' 780
Au Siecle lors s'en vait Pecche,
Si ad son consail demande,
Et ove ses files lors conspire
Come porront faire en leur degre
Que rom;;/e arere soit mene
Au deble qui tant le desire.
Mais nepourquant Paour le tire,
Q'a I'un ne I'autre ne remire,
Aincois les ad tous refuse ;
Siqwc le Siecle, pour voirdire, 790
Ne Pecche ne le pot suffire,
Mais sanz esploit sont retorne.
De ceste chose fuist dolent
Pecche, quant par s'enticement
Ne poait Tomw/e decevoir :
Mais ore oretz come falsement
Le Siecle par compassement
Au deable faisoit assavoir.
II dist que c'il a son voloir
Les files Pecche poet avoir ^00
En manage proprement,
N'estoet doubter q'a son espoir
II entrera tiel estovoir,
Dont I'omme ert tout a son talent.
Ly deable quant oyt cela,
Un petit se reconforta,
Et au Pecche de ce parloit
Pour savoir ce q'elle en dirra,
Et si luy plest q'ensi dorra
Ses files que I'en demandoit : S 10
Car quant a so}^, ce dist, sembloit
Le manage bien seoit,
Dont tiele issue engendrera
Que soiin lignage encresceroit,
Et Vomi/ie, qui tant desiroit,
Encontre Reson conquerra.
Pecche respont disant ensi :
* O piere, a ton voloir parmy
Mes files sont en ton servage :
Fay que t'en plest, q'atant vous dy, 820
808 en dirra
MIROUR DE L'OMME
13
Moult bon me semble et je I'ottry,
L'alliance et le manage.
Le Siecle est bien soutil et sage,
Dont m'est avis, sanz desporage
Mes fiUes puiss douner a luy,
Pour engendrer de no lignage,
Dont conquerras tiel avantage
Pour guerroier to//n anemy.'
Et pour voirdire courtement,
Tous s'acorderont d'un assent, 830
Le manage devoit prendre :
Et maintenant tout en prprenient
De tout le bien q'a I'alme appent,
Et ce tesmoigne bien ly sage.
El viele loy lors fuist ensi,
Que cil q'ot triche vers I'autri 6530
Du quelqj^e chose, il la rendroit
Entiere arere envers celluy
Qu'il ot triche, ovesque auci
La quinte plus que ce n'estoit,
Et puis offrende a dieu dorroit,
Du quoy son pecche rechatoit,
Sicom//ie la loy I'ot establi.
Mais ly Tricher q'est orendroit
Sur I'alme laist a faire droit,
Dont cent mil fois plus ert puny. 6540
Encore Triche de son lyn
Ad sa cousine et son cousin
Tout presde luy pour consailler ;
Ce sont et Fraude et Malengin.
Bien fuist, s'ils fuissent en I'engin
Pour loign jetter en halte mer ;
Car ce sont qui jam/»ais plener
Leur covenance font guarder
N'envers dieu n'envers leur voisin :
Ce sont cils qui de leur mestier 6550
Font nele ove le frument semer,
Dont decevont maint hom/;/e au fin.
Ce sont q'ont double la balance
Et la mesure en decevance,
L'un nieinz et I'autre trop comprt'nt ;
Du meindre vcndont au creance,
Du greindre par multipliance
Achatont de la povre gent :
Plus ont deservy jugement
Que lieres que Ten treine et pent. 6560
La bible en portc tcsnioignance,
Dieus en la viele loy defent
Mesure et pois que doublement
Se fait a la comwun nuisance.
Entre les autres pour servir
enporte
MIROUR DE L'OMME
77
Au Tricherie vient Conspir,
La torte cause q'ymagine ;
Et pour ce qu'il n'en doit faillir,
Confederacioz/n venir
Y fait, par qui le droit engine : 6570
Mais Champartie en leur covine
Se haste, et nuyt et jour ne fine,
De la busoigne au point finir.
Ce sont ly troy par qui falsine
Dame Equite vait en ruine,
Et tort se fait en halt tenir.
' U Tricherie vait, du pres
Vient Circumvencio/m apres,
Ove son compaign q'ad no?m Brocage :
Ce sont qui portont le grief fes 6580
Du Covoitise et tous les fetz
P(7rfont ; car I'un en son corage
Primer coviette I'avantage,
Et I'autre en fait le procurage
Solonc qu'il voit venir I'encress ;
Q'au paine ascuns serra si sage,
Qui n'ert deceu par leur menage,
S'ils par deux fois I'eiont confess.
La voegle Ingratitude vient
Apres les autres, et se tient 6590
Ove Covoitise main au main :
C'est ly pecches q'au cuer enprient
Oblivio//n, dont riens sovient
D'onour, du bien, que son prochain
L'ad fait devant, ainz com;/;e vilain
De chescun prent, mais en certain
A nul redon//e et tout retient :
C'est cil q'est toutdis fieble et vain
A I'autry prou, mais fort et sain
Au propre bien prest se contient. 6600
La foy, sicomme ly sages dist,
D'Ingratitude s'esvanist
Ensi comwe glace se relente ;
Car deinz brief temps trestout oublist
Le bien q'aingois ascuns luy fist, *
Q'au guerdon;?er ne se talente.
Fols est q'au tiel amy presente
Argent ou orr ou terre ou rente ;
Car quant plus don«er ne suffist,
6584
Lors le deguerpe et destalente, 6610
Et au busoign plus qw jumente
Irreson;?able I'escondist.
A l'om/;/e ingrat, tu dois savoir,
Que trop purest ce nownsavoir,
Si tu tes biens trestous dorroies ;
Car prest serra de recevoir,
Mais redon;?er de son avoir
Ja n'ert ce temps que tu le voies :
Et d'autre part, si toutes voies
Al homwe ingrat servy avoies 6620
Mill auns a ton loyal pooir,
En un soul jour tout le pert.
Larcine es foires et marchees
S'embat enmy les assemblees
Les riches bources pour copier
Et les culteals a les costees ;
N'en chalt a qui ils ont custees,
Quant n'est qui Ten vient a culper.
Et nepowrquant grant encombrer
Sovent eschiet de son mestier, 7040
Dont est des maintes gens huez,
Si q'au final pour Tamender
Lai St ses orailles enguager,
Que puis ne serront desguagez.
Larcine auci par autre guise,
Quant doit servir, son fait desguise
Au sire du qui la maiso«n
Govemera ; car lors sa prise
Div^rsement est de reprise,
Puis qu'il ad tout a sa bandon : 7050
Des toutes partz prent en\-iron
Et au garite et au dongon,
Ne laist braiel ne laist chemise,
Neis la \-alue d'un tison.
Dont il ne prent sa partison,
l*uisqu'0 la main ait a ce mise.
Office soutz la main du here
Siconi;»7e chandeUe en la maniere
Du poy en poy gaste et degoute ;
Car il sa main \-iscouse emblere 7060
Ja ne la poet tenir arere,
Aincois par tout u q'il la boute
Luy fault piler ou grain ou goute
Tout en celee, que point ne doute
D'acompte. si nuls le surquiere,
Ne de ce qu'il sa foj" ad route :
Qui tieux servans tient de sa route,
Poverte n'est pas loign derere.
Soubtilement de son'mestier
Larcine se sciet excuser: 7070
Car si n'en soit atteint au fait,
Ja nuls le sa\Ta tant culper,
Q'aincois se lerra perjurer
Que regehir ce q'ad mesfait :
Et s'om I'atteint de son forsfait,
Lors ses cauteles contrefait.
Que mer\'eille est de I'escoulter,
Pour soy guarir, plus que ne fait
Ly goupils qui fuiant s'en vait
Devant les chiens pour S03' garden 70S0
Rachel se mist en jupartie
De son honour et de sa vie,
Quant de Laban en tiele guise
Avoec Jacob s'estoit fuie,
Et par Larcine avoit saisie
Les dieus son piere; u la juise
Ot deserN'}', mais par queintise
Que femmes scievont de feintise
Ensi co\T3' sa felonwie,
Q'atteinte n'en estoit ne prise ; 7090
Du quoy la culpe fuist remise,
Dont elle avoit mort deservie.
MIROUR DE L'OMME
83
La statue d'Appollinis
Au Rome estoit par tieu devis
Fait deinz le temple antiquement ;
D'un fin drap d'orr mantell du pris
Avoit vestu, et en son vis
Grant barbe d'orr ot ensement,
Le destre bras portoit extent
L'anel ou doi moult richement ; 7100
Mais par Larcine un Dyonis
Tout luy despuilla plainement.
Mais ore oietz comme faitement
II s'escusa, quant il fuist pris.
Quant I'empprour luy demanda
Pour quoy le mantell d'or embla,
' Seignour,' ce dist, ' par vostre gree
J 'en vous dirray comment il sta.
L'orr en soy deux natures a ;
II est pesant, dont en estee 71 10
N'affiert que dieus I'ait affoublee,
Froid est auci, du quoy ly diee
El temps d'yvern refroidera :
Pour ce le mantell Pay houstee ;
Car s'il Tot guaire plus portee,
II le poet faire trop de mal.
Auci, seigno2/r, vous plest entendre
Ce que je fis del anel prendre :
Certainement il le m'oifry,
Car je le vi sa main estendre, 7120
Et je n'osay le dieu ofifendre,
Ainz en bon gre resceu de luy
Le doi/n en disant grant mercy :
La barbe d'orr je pris auci,
No/mpas que je le pensay vendre,
Mais pour ce que son piere vi
Sanz barbe, dont vouldray celuy
Resembler a son propre gendre.'
Fuist il soubtils cil q'a I'empire
Sceust s'excusaciorm confire 7130
De tieu response colouree ?
Certes oil ; et pour descrire
Le temps present, qui bien remire,
Hom voit pluseurs en tiel degre
Pilant, robbant leur veisinee,
Et ont leur cause compasse,
7123 endisant
Ou'il semble al oill que doit suffire :
Mais Ten dist, qui quiert escorchee
Le pell du chat, dont soit furree,
Luy fault aucune chose dire. 7140
Mais Sacrilege d'autre voie
Du sainte eglise prent sa proie,
Ou soit chalice ou vestement
Ou les offrendes de monoie :
Si dieus tiel homme ne benoie,
N'est pas mervaille, qant d'argent
Ou d'yvor celle buiste prent
U est repost le sacrament.
He, fol cristin, come il forsvoie
O'ensi despuille proprement 7150
Son dieu, et qua«t dieus est present,
Ne quide pas que dieus le voie !
Dieus des tons ceux fait sa que-
relle,
Du sacrilege et les appelle,
S'ils n'en font restituciown,
Ly quelq?/^ soit, ou cil ou celle,
Q'au tort detient, emble ou concele
Ses dismes duez de reso^n,
Ou tolt les biens de sa mesown,
Soit chose sacre ou sacre nown. 7160
Mais sacre chose, u que soit elle,
Ouiconq?/^ en fait mesprisioz/n,
Du sacrilege il est felo/m,
Comme s'il tolsist de la chapelle.
Trop est cil malfelown deceu
Q'ensi desrobbe maison dieu,
Et de ses biens fait le descres,
Par qui tout bien sont avenu :
Moult poy redoubte sa vertu
Qui sa maison ne laist en pes ; 7170
Car certes il se prent trop pres,
Q'au mesmes dieu ne fait reles,
Cil soldoier de Belsabu :
Mais il verra tieu jour apres,
Quawt veuldroit bien q'au double encres
Ust restore ce q'ad tollu.
Des les vengances qui lirroit
Dedeins la bible, il trouveroit
Oue dieus moult trescruelement
7162 enfait
G 2
84
MIROUR DE L'OMME
De sacrilege se vengoit. 718c
Nabuzardan I'un d'aux estoit
De qui dieus prist le vengemerit ;
Roy Baltazar tout cnsement,
Qant but de saint vessellement
Et en ce se glorifioit,
Lors apparust soudainement
La main q'escript son juggement
Devant la table u qu'il seoit.
En Babyloyne la Citce
Fuist la vengance no»ncice 7190
Que dieus a les malvois ferra
Q'ont son saint temple viole,
Solonc q'estoit prophetize
Par Jeremie : et ce serra
En bass enfern ; car par cella
Q'om Babj'loine nomwera,
La Cit d'enfern est figuree ;
U Sacrilege demorra
Ove I'angre qui se desacra,
Siq//^ jani;//ais n'ert resacre. 7200
Mais d'autre voie manifeste
Son sacrilege, qui la fcste
Des saintz ne guart q'est dediez,
Aincois labourt, dont il adqueste
Proufit et gaign du bien terreste
Es jours qui sont saintefiez
A dieu et privilegiez,
Sicom;;/e tesmoigne ly decrez.
La bible auci de vielle geste
Que rien soit vendu n'achatez 7210
Defent es festes celebrez,
Ainz en repos soit hom/;/e et beste.
Ore dirra de la tierce file d' Ava-
rice, la quelle ad no/m Usure.
La tierce file ad nown Usure,
Dont Avarice trop s'assure,
Si maint entour la riche gent, f. 43
Et sur les povres sans mesure
Et sanz mercy par mesprisure
Son gaign pourchace ; car I'argent
O'aprestcr doit al indigent
Sans surcrois au rcpaiemcnt, 7220
Jamwais appreste, ainz a toute hurc
7 18 1 aux itt ras 7224
Son gaign trete au com;;^encement ;
Car poy luy chault au finement,
Maisqu'il en rit, si Tautre plure.
Ses brocours et ses procuriers
Rctient ove luy com;//e soldoiers
Cil Usurer demz la Cite,
Qui vont serchans les chivaliers,
Les vavasours et I'escuiers :
Oant onl leur terres enguage 7230
Et vienont par necessite
D'aprompter, lors ly malure
Les font mener as usurers,
Et tantost serra compasse
Ce q'est de novel appelle
La chevisance des deniers.
Com;/ie cil qui chat achatera
El sac, aincois (\ue le verra,
Ensi vait de la chevisance :
Car qui deniers apromptera 7240
Fault achater, mais ce serra
Sanz veue, no?/n sanz repentance ;
Et lors fault faire sa fiance
Du paiement, et par semblance
Puis doit revendre q'achata
Au meindre pris. He, queu balance,
Q'ensi le crean90ur avance
Et le dettour destruiera !
El viel et novel testament
Usure mesmes dieux defent : 7250
Lors est soubtil a mon avis
Cil burgois, qui si faitement
Savra par son compassement
D'usure colourer le vis,
Et la vestir par tieu dcvis,
Siqw^ les autres de paiis
Ne la savront aucunement
Conoistre, ainz qu'ils en soient pris ;
Dont lo//r covient au double pris
Achater son aquointement. 7260
Du charite ne vient ce mye,
Q'Usure ad toutdis son espie
Sur ceux qui vuillont apromptcr :
Car con\i)ic plus ont mestier d'aie,
Taut plus s'estrange en sa partie,
emit 7258 ensoient
MIROUR DE L'OMME
85.
Pour phis attraire en son danger
Ceux que luy vuillont aquointer :
Mais ja se sciet nuls tant quointer,
Q'ain9ois q'il viegne au departie
Qe de son fait se doit loer; 7270
Ainz qui phts quiert d'acompaigner
Plus p^rdra de sa compaignie.
En les Cites ad une usage,
Qui prent long jour de son paiage
Sa perte verra plus prochein :
Comwe plus le debte monte en age,
De tant plus monte en halt estage
Le pris de ce dont fait bargein.
Que ceste chose est tout certein
Scievont tresbien ly chambrelein, 7280
Dont ]y seigno?^r ont grant dani;«age;
Pour cynk acate et paie ou mein
Pour sisz, si paiez au demein,
Car c'est d'usure I'avantage.
' Vien,' dist Usure, 'a ton plaisir,
Si te repose en mon papir,
Q'ert de ma propre main escrit.'
Mais je dy, si te fais tenir
En tieu repos, ne poes faillir
Q'au fin serras lass et sougit. 7290
Sicom;//e ly champs d'un grein petit
Se multeplie a grant proufit
Et fait ton large grange emplir,
Ensi la som;;;e q'est confit
El papir croist, mais d'autre plit
Ta bource vuide a son partir.
Trop vait d'usure soubtilant
Q'est mesmes d'usure apromptant,
Quawt voit q'il poet par aventure
La soum/«e apprester plus avant, 7300
Pour plus gaigner q'il p^rdevant
N'en p^rdist au primere usure.
Cil q'ensi doublement usure
Et fait le vice ou le procure,
Au deables est le droit marchant ;
Dont en la Cite q'est oscure
Pour gaign q'il pr^nt a present hure
Prendra le gaign del fieu ardant.
Soubtilite ne Faux compas
7275 plusprochein
7310
7320
Ove Malengin ne fauldront pas
Al usurer, qu'ils leur aie
Ne luy ferront a son pourchas,
Dont gaignera les six pour aas
Des busoignous q'attrappe et lie.
Mais par Osee en prophecie
De la marchande tricherie
Dieux se complaint, que par fallas
L'en fait usure en ceste vie ;
Mais pour le tresor de Pavie
N'estoet a morir en ce cas.
En les Cites no/m soulement,
Ainz d'autre part forainement
Usure maint en les contres,
Et vent a Noel son frument,
Mais pour ce que sa paie attent
Jusques a Pasques, ert doublez
Le pris d'icell. He, queu marchies !
Ce q'om achat en les marchies
Pour quatre souldz comwmnement,
Usure a ses accoustumwzez 7330
Pour six souldz par les chiminez
En attendant sa paie vent.
Les riches gens Usure endite,
Qua//t a la gent povre et petite,
Q'a labourer covient pour lour,
Devant la main pour une myte
Q'om leur appr^ste, et poy proufite,
Vuillont ravoir un autre jour
Deux tant ou plus de lour labour :
L'usure d'un tiel crean^our 7340
De la com/Hune est trop despite,
Et dieus ascoulte a leur clamour ;
Si q'en la terre est en haour,
Et en le ciel auci despite.
Ore dirra de la quarte file
d' Avarice, la quelle ad noun
Simonie.
La file quarte et averouse
Elle est clergesse covoitouse,
Quelle est appelle Simonie,
Du faculte trop enginouse ;
Car tant du siecle est curiouse,
Qe tout corrumpe sa clergie. 7350
7300 plusauant
86
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Ne lerrai maisqwe je le die,
Cil clers a qui celle est amie
Trop est sa vie perillouse ;
Car qui bien sciet et ne fait mie,
L'escole de philosophic
Est a son fait contrariouse.
Du Simonie ay tantoy,
Om puet tout temps de I'an prrrmy
Trover les foires au plener
Au Court de Rome, et qui vient y, 7360
Maisqu'il soit fort del orr garny,
Faillir ne puet de marchander.
Pluralites y puet trouver,
Et les prebendes achater,
Et dispensacions auci,
Pardo/m et indulgence entier:
Si bien sa bource puet parler,
Que I'eveschics irront ove luy.
Simon demeine grans desrois
Entre les clers as Courtz des Rois,
Que plus ne scievont que nature : 7371
Car de Canoz/n ne d'autres lois
N'entendont latin ne gregois,
Pour construer sainte escripture ;
Mais de la temporiele cure
Scievont malice sanz mesure,
A don«er un consail malvois :
Et nepourquawt ensi procure
Les k//res cil q'est sanz lettrure,
Qu'il est eslit au plus hault dois. 7380
Ore est ensi, chescuns le voit,
La penne plus de bien envoit,
Et plus enclinont a ses partz
Ly seigno?nfait, du quoy
Devant dieu soiez revestu,
Je tiens le temps tout a p^rdu,
Dont grant doubtance avoir je doy.
Le point seconde c'est, ' Quoy fais ? '
Si tu regardes a tes faitz, 1 1 390
Paour t'en dirra meintenant
Qe cent mil fois sont tes mesfaitz
Du greigno»r pois que tes bienfaitz.
Itiel acompte est mal seant.
Si es en doubte nepourqant
Du vivre au fin que I'amendant
Facez ; car Mort de ses aguaitz
Par aventure ert survenant,
Qant plus te vais glorifiant,
Dont ont este plusours desfaitz. 1 1400
Qe tu morras tout es certeins,
Mais au quelle houre es no?mc^vleins,
Ou en quel lieu tu n'en sav^ras :
Mestre Helemawns, qui fist toutpleins
Lez Vers du Mort, tesmoigne au
meinz
Qe mort t'ad dist com/;/e tu orras :
' Houstez voz troeffes et voz gas,
Car tiel me couve soubz ses dras
Q'assetz quide estre fortz et seins.'
Mort t'ad garny de ses fallas, 1 1410
Dont prt/' droit ne t'escuseras.
Si tu par luy soies atteins.
Deux autres pointz je truis escrit
En Genesis, que I'angel dist
MIROUR DE L'OMME
133
El grant desert, u qu'il trova
L'ancelle Agar, que s'en fuyt
Enceinte d'un enfant petit,
Danz Abraham quel engendra,
Et Ismahel puis luy noma ;
Dont celle ancelle s'orguilla, 11420
Et de sa dame tint despit,
Par quoy sa dame I'enchaca
Et la batist et desfoula,
Uont I'autre en paour s'en portist.
Mais qant eel angel, comwe vo?^s dy
Agar trova, lors dist a luy,
' Dont viens, Agar ? ne me celetz :
Et puis vous me dirrez auci,
U vas .' Agar luy respond!
Tout com;;/e devant oy avetz. 11430
' Agar,' dist I'angel, ' rettournez,
Au Sarre, q'est ta dame, irrez,
Dieus te comwande a faire ensi,
Et basse a luy te soubmettez ;
Car si pardoiin luy prieretz.
Trover pourras grace et mercy.'
Ensi Paour te dist, ' Dont viens ? '
Tu viens, caitifs, si t'en souviens,
De la taverne au deablerie,
U plus vileins q'esrage chiens 11440
Tu as despendu tous les biens
Que dieus ot mys en ta baillie,
Au fin que I'alme meulx garnie
En ust este ; mais la folic
Du veine gloire, que tu tiens,
Les t'ad hoste, dont en partie
Paour ta conscience escrie ;
Quo}'^ dirray lors, si n'en reviens ?
Je dy, revien et toy soubmette :
Paour t'appelle en sa cornette, 11450
Que porte molt horrible soun :
' Revien,' ce dist, ' a la voiette,
Qe ly malfies ne te forsmette
En la deserte regio^m :
Rettourne arere en ta maiso/m,
Et te soubmette a ta raiso«n.
Si fai ta conscience nette,
Et puis responde a ta leco^m,
1 1424 senpartist
U vas, si tu le scies u no//n ' :
Paour te chante en sa musette. 1 1 460
Paour te dist, ' U vas ? dy moy :
Au Mort, qui n'ad pite de toy,
Et puis apres au juggement
Devant luy q'est tant just en soy,
Qe n'est pour prince ne po?/r Roy
Dont voet flecchir aucunement ;
Et puis irrez sanz finement
A eel H erode le pulent.
Qui fait tenir le grief tournoy
En bass enfern du male gent. 1 1470
He, fol, si tu bien penses ent,
Molt doit ton cuer estre en effroy.'
Ce dist Jerom, qtte quoy qu'il face,
Mangut ou boit, plourt ou solace,
Paour toutdis le fait entendre,
Comme s'il oiast deinz brief espace
Un corn cornant, qui luy manace,
Et dist, ' Vien ton acompte rendre' :
Du tiel paour se fist susp;rndre,
Dont son penser faisoit descendre 1 1480
La jus en celle horrible place
En son vivant ; si ot plus tendre
La conscience pour ascendre
Amont a la divine grace.
Paour q'au droit se voet tenir,
Un fois le jour se vait morir,
Et en enfern fait la descente,
U qu'il ne voit forsq/r^ suspir,
Doloir, plorer, plaindre et ghemir,
En feu de sulphre u se tormente: 11490
Crepald, lusard, dragozm, serpente,
Cils font la paine violente,
Mais sur trestout, qant voit venir
Le deable, lors deinz son entente
En ceste vie il se repente,
Q'apres ne luy fait repentir.
Une autre fois deinz sa memoire
Paour s'en vait en pourgatoire,
Et voit y moult diverse peine
Laide et puiante, horrible et noire, 1 1 500
Plus que nuls cuers le porroit croire,
Ou langue dire q'est humeine :
1 1440 plusvileins
134
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Atant q'enfern celle est grieveine
Mais d'une chose tout souleine,
Q'en pourgatoire I'alme espoire
En fin d'avoir sa joye pleine,
RIais en enfern elle est certeine
Du perdurable consistoire.
Par droit Paour oil q'ensi pense
D'enfern la paine et la sentence, 11510
Que sanz mercy toutdis endure,
Et puis dedeins son cuer compe«se
Du pourgatoire I'evidence,
Quel froid y ad et quelle arsure,
Je croi q'il ad tresbon;;e cure
Trove ; et s'il apres tient cure
Du veine gloire, et reverence
Du siecle quiert, je ne I'assure
En celle gloire q'est dessure
II S20
Pour venir en la dieu prt'sence.
Ly sages dist en sa doctrine
Qe la coroune et la racine
Du sapience c'est paour,
Qant envers dieu soulein encline
Par droit amour et discipline ;
Car qui dieu crient ovesqtte amour,
Lors n'est vertu qui soit meillour.
Paour est mol plus que la flour,
Et plus poignant que n'est I'espine,
As bons est joye, as mals hidour;ii53o
Qui son cuer serche en tenebrour
Paour la chandelle enlumine.
Paour qui dieu aime et confesse,
C'est le tresor et la richesse
De Talme, ce dist Ysaie ;
Et David dist parole expresse,
'Qui dieu criemont en droite hu;«blesse
Dieus les eshaulce et glorifie.'
Ce dist la vicrge auci Marie,
' Du progenie en progenie 11540
La mercy dieu leur ert impresse.
Qui criemont dieu en ceste vie.'
Pour ce fols est q'a ce ne plie,
Qant elle en fait si beau promesse.
Du droit Paour je truis escript,
Saint Jeremie ensi le dist
1 1544 enfait
A dieu par droite humiliance :
'O Roys du poair infinit.
Qui est celluy sans contredit,
Qui ne doit criendre ta puissance ? 1 1550
Sur tout puiss faire ta plesance,
Car trestous susmes ta faisance,
Sibien ly grant com;«e ly petit.'
O dieus, pour ce c'est ma creance,
N'est creature en nuUe estance,
Q'a ton poair ne soit soubgit.
Ore dirra d ela tierce file de Hu-
milite, quelle ad no/m Discrec/o//n,
contra le vice de Surquiderie.
D'Umilite la tierce file
Ne laist que Surquidance avile
Celle alme q'est par luy gardee ;
Ain(;ois trestoute orguil exile, 1 1560
Et toute vertu reconcile,
Si est Discrecio/m nomee :
Qant sens, valour, force ou beaute.
Honour, richesce ou parentee
Luy font des autres plus nobile,
Au dieu soulein rent grace et gre,
Pensant toutdis d'umilite
Qe sa nature est orde et vile.
Discreciown en governance
Ad toutquatreoils.en resemblance 115 70
Des bestes, dont par leur figure f. 66
L'apocalips fait remembrance :
De I'oill primer sanz variance
Voit cliercment sa propre ordure ;
De I'autre voit la grande cure
Du siecle que chascuns endure ;
Du tierce oil voit la p/andement en as ;
Auci d'almoisne herbergeras
Celluy qui n'ad meson u gise.
15732 aderere 15742 enas
MIROUR DE L'OMME
183
Auci d'almoisne visiter
Tu dois malade et prison«er
De tes biens et de ta presence :
D'almoisne donwe ton denier,
U meulx le quidez assener,
Nownpas a chascun qui te tence, 15750
Ainz du suffraite I'evidence
Tu dois sercher de ta prudence,
Et u tu vois greigneur mestier,
Dorretz du large main extense ;
Mais la plus grevouse indige/?se
C'est riche en povrete towmer.
Je lis d'un homme qui pie^a
Fuist riche, et puis luy fortuna
Q'il devint povre, et po«r soy pestre
Trois de ses filles ordina 15760
Au bordell, siqu'il par cela
Viv^roit, qant meulx ne poait estre.
Mais celle nuyt pai' sa fenestre
Saint Nicholas, qui scieust bien I'estre,
Argent et orr aval rua,
Siqite Talmoisne de sa destre
Les files ove leur fol ancestre
Du pecche tint et remonta.
O quel essample nous entrait
Cil saint, q'ensi fist son aguait 15770
De nuyt pour ses almoisnes faire ;
Assetz le pot bien avoir fait
Du jour, mais il volt son bienfait
Celer sanz sa loenge en traire ;
De tant estoit s'almoisne maire.
Ly sages dist, ' Si voes dieu plaire,
Fai que ly povres almoisne ait
Musce trestout en secretaire
Deinz son giro//n, car ly bienfaire
De tiele almoisne a dieu s'en vait.'
Ensi I'almoisne de tes biens 15781
Dorras, et puis fait une riens,
Qe si plus sages es d'autry
Et tu d'almoisne au droit soviens.
En tous les lieus u que tu viens
Ton sen dorras a chascuny,
Q'est du bon consail desgarny :
Car Salomon te dist ensi,
15755 plusgreuouse
15774 entraire
Qe s'au tiel point ton sen detiens,
Tu pecchez, car I'orr enfouy 15790
Et sens musce, qant n'est oy,
Ne I'un ne I'autre vale riens.
En general I'almoisne est grant.
Qui plus sciet ou plus est puissant,
Qant son voisin voit en destresse
Du charge qui trop est pesant,
Aider luy doit de maintenant
De sa force et de sa vistesce.
Pour supporter I'autry fieblesce ;
Car c'estoit la doctrine expresse 15800
Du saint Apostre en son vivant :
Pour ce jofne homme a la vielesce
Et ly viels homme a la jofnesse,
Chascun vers I'autre soit aidant.
Ly saint prodhomme sont tenu
Prier, car c'est en chascun lieu
Almoisne al alme et grant profit.
Du bon saint Piere j'ay bien lieu,
Combien q'il d'orr n'estoit po?/rveu.
Pour ce s'almoisne n'escondisf 158 10
Au povre clop, aincois luy dist,
' Va t'en tout sein,' et cil guarist :
Mais au jour d'uy n'est pas veeu
L'almoisne q'est ensi confit,
Et nepourqant c'est un excit
Q'om doit don;«er almoisne a dieu.
Du petit poy serra donne,
Du nient Ten dorra volente ;
Car si tu n'as du quoy donwer,
Encore as tu la liberte 15820
D'avoir le cuer piteus et lee :
Poverte n'en dois allegger ;
Cil n'est pas povere a droit jugger
Q'ad poy ou nient ove large cuer,
Ainz cil est povre et maluree
Q'ad molt et plus voet convoitcr ;
Mais qui la savcra bien garder,
Poverte est noble et beneuree.
Le philosophre en son aprise
Poverte en sept manures prise ; 15830
Si dist a son commencement
Qe c'est un bien que Pen despise.
15783 plussages 15813 au lourduy
184
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Si nous agardons la divise,
Bonne est, car dieus tout franchemeiit
Son ciel don//e a la povre gent ;
L'estat du povre il ensement
Eslut, qant vint a sa juise,
Dont fuist despit trop vilement :
Lors m'est avis, qui bien renp;rnt,
C'est un estat du bon//e enprise. 15840
Celle est auci la droite mere
Du saunte et la remuere
De toute cure et de destance ;
Car n'est gloutouse ne lechiere,
Dont maladie luy surquiere,
Ne trait phisique a sa queintawce :
Foverte auci de s'alliance
Ne fait avoir la guerre en France,
N'est mj^e as armes ccustum;//ere ;
N'ad pas le siecle en governance, 15S50
Ainz en quiete et en souflfrance
Met toute cure loign derere.
Foverte auci du sapience
Fait controver I'expmence
De dieu servir, ainer, doubter :
Qu'iqiie debat ou crie ou tence,
N'est qui la quiert en evidence,
Dont ait destourbe le penser
D'ymaginer, de contempler,
Pour biens et mals considerer, 15860
Tanq'il tout voit de sa prudence ;
Et lors est sage a terminer,
N'est autre q'un soul dieu amer,
Par qui tout bien fine et commence.
Pov/e fals recreant rendu
Au deable, qui le quiert surp/vndre.
Qui list les vies des saintz pieres,
O'lr y puet maintes manieres
De la nature d'Aspre vie :
Les uns souleins en les rocheres,
Les uns en cloistre ova \our confreres,
Chascun fist bien de sa partie ;
Cil plourt, cist pr^che, cil dieu prie,
Cist June et veille, et cil chastie 18260
Son corps du froid et des miseres,
Cist laist sa terre et manantie,
Cil laist sa fem/;/e et progenie,
Eiant sur tout leur almes cheres.
Par Aspre vie tout ce firont,
Du Foldelit dont desconfiront
Les griefs assaltz et les pointures,
Q'au frcle char ne consentiront :
Ainz qanq'al alme bon sentiront
Enpristront, et les aventures 18270
Oant la fortune envoia dures
Des corporieles impressures,
Sanz murm//;-du bon gre suffriro«t,
Pour plus avoir les almes pures :
Houstant trestoutes autres cures
En corps tant aspremewt vesquirowt.
C'est la vertu q'est tout divine,
Et est scmblable en sa covine
Au forte haie du gardin,
Q'om fait de la poignante espine, 18280
Par quoy n'y puet entrer vermine
Ou male beste en nul cngin ;
Ainz est tout saulf et enterin,
Fuil, herbe, fruit, grein et pepin,
De la morsure serpentine ;
Siqi<^ ly sires, en la fin
Qant vient, y trove sain et fin
Le bien, dont ad sa joye fine.
La sainte vertu d'Aspre vie
Est cellc quelle en prophecie 18290
David en son psalter loa,
Disant, par sainte gaignerie
En doel et triste lermerie
C'est celle qui ses champs sema,
Dont qant August apres vendra,
En grant leesce siera
Les biens dont s'alme glorifie.
Si m'est avis sages serra
Q'ensi se cultefiera,
Dont si grant bien luy multeplic. 18300
En les viels gestes de romeins
Valeire dist, des citezeins
Ot un jofne hom;«e a no;m Phirin,
Q'estoit de si grant bealte pleins
Q'en luy amer furont constreins
Pres toutes femmes du voisin :
Mais pour destruire leur engin,
Siq'au pecche ne soit enclin,
Coupa ses membres de ses meins,
Dont Foldelit mist en declin. 183 10
Vei la le fait du Sarasin
Pour nos/re essample plus ne meinz.
Cil fuist paien q'ensi fesoit.
Qui Leccherie despisoit
Tout proprement de sa vertu
Pour les ordures qu'il veoit
El vil pecche, dont abhosmoit.
He, cristien, di, que fais tu ?
Qant sainte eglise t'ad estru,
Bien duissetz pour I'amour de dieu 18320
Ta vile char mettre en destroit,
Dont Foldelit soit abatu :
Car molt valt peine dont salu
Celle alme sanz fin prendre doit.
Ore dirra la descripcio//n et la
com;;/endacion de la vertu de
Chastet^ par especial.
Des toutes vertus plus prive
Al alme est dame Chastete,
Come celle q'est sa chambreleine ;
Q'ensi la tiffe et fait paree,
Dont plus mynote et asceme
Appiert de fine bealte pleine, 18330
Sur toutes autres sov^reine :
Par quoy, sicomwe le livre enseine,
Dieus est de luy enamoure,
MIROUR DE L'OMME
213
Si prist de luy sa char humeine,
La quelle au ciel comme son demeine
A dieu le piere ad presente.
O Chastete, si je bien voie,
Toutes vertus te don«ent voie
Comwze a leur dame, et plus avant
Trestous les vices loigns envoie 18340
Toy fuiont, car dieus te convoie
Et p(7rderere et pardevant :
Plus que la pare daiamant
Attrait le ferr, es attraiant
La grace dont vient toute joye.
Toutes vertus par resemblant
Ne sont que lune, et tu luisant
Es comwe solail, qant s'esbanoie.
O Chastete, ne m'en doi tere,
Compaigne as angres es sur terre, 18350
Mais en le ciel plus noble auci ;
Dont nulle part te fait a querre
Meilleur de toy, qui tu requerre
Av^ras mestier, si noun celly
Q'est sur tons autres ton amy ;
C'est dieus ly toutpuissant, par qui
Ta volente par tout puiss faire :
Nous autres tous crions mercy,
Mais tu puiss dire gr<7nt mercy
A dieu, qui te ne laist mesfaire. 18360
O Chastete, par tiele assisse
Bonte verraie t'est assisse,
Qe creatour et creature
Chascuns endroit de soy te prise,
Fors soul le deable, a qui tu prise
As guerre, et par ta confiture
Tout I'as mis a desconfiture :
C'estoit qant dieus ove ta nature
Se volt meller, dont fuist compr/se
La deite soubz ta porture. f. 102
Quoy dirray plus mais dieus t'onure ?
Car autre a ce n'est qui suffise. 18372
Ore dirra compendiousement la
Recapitulacio^n de toute la nia-
tiere precedent.
Ore est a trere en reme;«bra«ce
18339 plusauant
18386
Comme je par ordre en la roma?/ce
Vous ai du point en point conte
Des vices toute la faisance ;
Prim^rement de la nescance
Du Pecche, dont en proprete
Mort vint, et puis par leur degre
Comment les sept sont engendre,
Les quelles par droite alliance 18381
Au Siecle furont marie,
Comme puis se sont multeplie,
Tout vous ai dit sanz variance.
Et puis apres vous dis auci
De Yomtne q'en fuist malbailli,
Dont TAlme a dieu se compleigna
Et comme puis dieus de sa mercy
Pour la pite q'il ot de luy
Les sept vertus lors maria 18390
A Reso//n, qui les espousa,
Et puis de ce qu'il engendra,
De Tun et I'autre avetz oy,
Mais ore apres me semblera
Bon est que Ten aguardera
L'estat de nous qui susmes cy.
Ore au final sont engendrez
Les vices, qui sont malurez,
Trop se font fort de leur partie :
Et d'autre part sont auci neez 18400
Les vertus, qui sont benurez,
A resister leur felonwie :
Sur quoy chascuns autre desfie,
L'un claime avoir la seignourie
De I'omme ove tous ses propretes,
Et I'autre dist qu'il n'av^ra mie ;
Ensi la guerre est arrainie,
U q'il y ad peril assetz.
La Char se tret trestout as vices,
Et r Alme voet que les services 1 8 4 1 o
Soient au Reso;m soulement ;
Mais ore agardons les offices
Des tous estatz, si les justices
Ou les malices au present
Sont plus fort en governement.
Je dis, ensi comw^e I'autre gent,
Qe plus sont fortes les malices,
qenfuist 18415 plustbrt
214
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Siq/^^ Pecchc comwunement
Par tout governe a son talent
L'escoles et les artefices.
18420
Puisq'il ad dit les propretes des
vices et des vertus, sicome vous
avetz 01, ore dirra en pcjrtie
I'estat de ceux q'ont noshre siecle
en govt';-nance : et com;;/encera
pr/m^rement a la Court de Rome.
Si nous parlons de ces prdatz
Qui sent sicom;;;e de dieu legatz
Ove la clergie app<:?;tiena«t,
lis sont devenuz advocatz
Du Pecche pour plaider le cas
Encontre I'Alme ; et oultre tant,
Si nous des Rois soions parlant,
lis vont le pueple ensi pilant,
Qe tous s'en pleignont halt et bas ;
Et si nous parlous plus avant 18430
Du gent du loy et du marchant,
Je voi peril en toutz estatz.
Je croy bien ferm que la imnchise
De luy q'est chief du sainte eglise
Soubz dieu, s'il se gowrne a droit,
Sur tous les autres est assisse ;
Mais ore est change celle assisse.
Car ce q'umilites estoit
Ore est ojguil, et puis Ten voit,
Ce que largesce estre souloit 18440
Ore est tourne du covoitise ;
Si chastete a ore y soit,
Ne say si Ten parler en doit.
Car je me tais de celle enprise.
Ce que jc pcnse escrire yci
N'est pas par moy. ainz est ensi
Du toute cm/iene gent
Murmur, compleintc, vois et cr}- ;
Que tous diont je ne desdi,
Q'au court dc Rome ore est regent
Simon del orr et de I'argent, 18451
Siq/r^ la cause al indigent
Serra pour mil clamour oy :
18430 plusauant 18439 lenvoit
Qui d'orr n"y porte le pri?sent,
Justice ne luy ert present,
Du charite ne la mercy.
Le fils de dieu voloit venir
Pour eslargir et amoUir
La loy ; mais cils du maintenant
La me font plus estroit tenir : 18460
Dont vuil les causes enquerir,
Si leur vois deux pointz demanda;?t ;
Ou ce q'ils m'en vont defendant
Estoit en soi pecche devant,
Car lor le doi bien eschuir ;
Ou si ce noMn, di lors avant
Pour quoy me vont establissant
Pecche de leur novel atir,
Ne puet descendre en ma reso^m
Q'ils du propre imposiciozm 18470
Font establir novel pecche ;
Ce q'en nul livre nous lison,
Qe le fils dieu de sa le(;oun
Par I'evangile en son decre
Fist establir : car charite
N'est que peril multeplie
Nous soit, par quelle addiciown
Soions plus serf; car rechate
Nous ad dieus, dont en liberte
Voet bien que nous plus franc soion.
Du loy papal est estably 18481
Qe tu ne serras point mary
A ta cousine, et d'autres cas
Plusours que je ne dirrai cy ;
Et diont que pour faire ensi
Mortielement tu peccheras :
Lors vuil que tu demanderas
Si tu po»r I'orr que leur dorras
Au court porras trover mercy :
Certainemcnt que si terras, 18490
La bource que tu porteras
Ferra le pape ton amy.
Mais si ce soit ensi mortiel,
Com///e ils le diont, lors au tiel
Four quoy vuillont devant la mein
Dispenser? Car ly dieus du ciel.
Qui plus du pape est droituriel ;
18443 odoit 18480 plustVrtnc
MIROUR DE L'OMME
2i:
Ne puet ce faire, ainz sui certain
Qe je conge priasse en vein
A dieu pour freindre I'endemein 18500
Sa loy et son precept, le quiel
Fist establir; mais ly romein,
Si j'eie d'orr ma bource plein,
M'ert plus curtois et naturiel.
' Com;«e I'oisellour plus tent ses reetz,
Plus tost en serront attrapez
Les oiseals, et par cas semblable
Comtne plus eions par noz decretz
Div^'rsez pecclies iniposez,
Plus tost en serretz vous coupable,
Et nous d'assetz plus seignourable :
Car tieus pecches sont rechatable 185 12
En nos/re Court, si vous paietz ;
Dont nous volons que nos/re table
Soit des mangiers, et nos/re estable
Des grantz chivalx plus efForciez.
' Qant nos/re sire estoit mene
Sus au montaigne et ly malfie
Du siecle luy moustra I'onour,
Je lis q'il I'ad tout refuse : 18520
Mais nous pour dire verite
L'avons rescu, siqite seignour
Soions en terre le maiour ;
Car n'est Roy, Prince ne contour
Qui nous ne baiseront le pie,
Et dorront largement de lour
Pour s'aqueinter de nos/re amour,
Dont plus soiont de nous prive.
'Q'il ne se duist soliciter
Pour sa vesture ou son manger 18530
Dieus a saint Piere comw/anda,
Ne qu'il deux cotes duist porter:
Mais nous ne volons pas garder
Le dieu precept solonc cela ;
Car pres ne loigns n"y avera
Delice que prest ne serra
Et en cuisine et en celer,
Et nos/re corps se vestira
Des robes dont om p^rchera
Plus que ne portont deux somen 18540
' Ensi tienons les cliefs es meins,
18506 enserront 18510 Plustost enserrelz
Dont nous serrons I'argent au meinz
Et les florins, mais rerement
Qant desserrons les coffres pleins
Pour la poverte a noz procheins
Aider ; aincois tout proprement
Volons avoir du toute gent,
Mais de noz biens n'est qui reprint.
Car noz tresors serront si seintz,
Qe nul ert digne a nos/re argent 1S550
Toucher. Vei la coni;«e noblement
Nous susmes chief des tons humeins !
'Les cliefs samt Piere ot en baillie f.103
Du ciel, et nous la tresorie
Du siecle, qui nous est meynal :
El temps saint Piere, si voir die,
Cil usurer du Lumbardie
Ne fist eschange a court papal,
N'a lors Requeste empmal
Ne le brocage au Cardinal 18560
Don;/eront voix a la clergie;
N'a lors le pape en son hostal
Pour nul bargain espirital
Retint Simon en compaignie.
' Mais nous q'avons la guerre enpm.
Par quoy volons monter en pris.
Fait que nous eions retenu
Simon, sique par son avis
Soient noz tresors eslargiz ;
Et ce nous fait main estendu 18570
Dire a Simon le bienvenu,
Car il nous rent bien no salu
De ses florins, qant vient toutdis :
Droitz est, puisq'il ad despendu,
Qe I'eveschie luy soit rendu,
Car nous l'avons ensi promis.
' O sainte croix, com;//e celle porte
Grant vertu, dont d'enfern la porte
Fist nos/re sire debriser !
Encore n'est la vertu morte 18580
En nos/re Court, ainz est plus forte,
Les huiss des chambres fait p^rcer :
Car qant la croix y vient hurter,
Tantost acurront cil huissier,
Et tout ensi com;«e celle enhorte
1 858 1 plusforte
2l6
MIROUR DE L'OMME
La font jusques a nous mener,
Voir as curtines voet entrer,
Dont nosfre cuer se reconforte.
' Unques le corps du sainte Heleine
Serchant la croix tant ne se peine, 18590
Qe nous ovesque nosfre Court
Assetz n'y mettons plus du peine
Chascune jour de la seineigne,
Voir la dymenche Ten labourt,
Del croix sercher : chascuns se tourt,
Et pour ce no message court
Far tout le siecle au tiel enseigne,
Et s'il la trove, Ten I'onourt ;
Mais cil q'ove vuide main retourt
N'ad pas de nous sa grace pleine. 18600
' Rende a Cesar ce q'est a luy ;
Ce q'est a dieu. a dieu tout si :
Mais nous et I'un et I'autre avoir
Volons, car d'un et d'autre auci
Portons I'estat en terre yci.
De dieu avons le plain pooir,
Par quoy la part de son avoir
Volons nous mesmes recevoir
Tout proprement, siqw^ nully
En partira, si ce n'est voir,
Qe nous porrons ap(7rcevoir
Q'au double nous ert remery.
' Ensi faisons le dieu proufit,
Qe riens laissons grant ne petit
De I'orr que nous porrons attraire ;
Car ly p/rlat nous sont soubgit,
Si sont ly moigne ove lour habit,
Q'ils n'osent dire le contraire
Du chose que nous volons faire,
Neis ly curet et ly viscaire :
Leur fait don;/er sanz contredit
Del orr, dont ils nous po»rront plaire,
Ou autrement leur saintuaire
Du no sentence ert entredit.
' Mais du Cesar prrsentement,
Portons le repr^'sentement
Car nous du Rome la Cite
Ore avons I'enheritement ;
Pour ce volons de toute gent
Tribut avoir par duete. 18630
Voir 1}^ Judieu en son degre,
Neis la puteine acoustum;«ee,
Ne serront quit du paiement :
Ce que Cesar ot oblie
En son temps, ore avons trove,
Les vices qui vont a I'argent.
' Je truis primer qant Costentin
Don/?oit du Rome au pape en fin
Possessioi^n de la terrestre,
Ly Rois du gloire celestin 18640
Amont en I'air de son divin
Par une voix q'estoit celestre
Faisoit crier, si dist que I'estre
Du sainte eglise ove tout le pr^'stre
Ne serront mais si bon cristin,
Comriie ainz estoiont leur ancestre,
Pour le venim qui devoit crestre
De ce q'ils ont le bien terrin,
' Le fils de dieu, qant il fesoit
Son testament, sa peas lessoit 18650
Au bon saint Piere, qu'il ama,
Siqu'il ne se contourberoit
Du siecle ; et I'autre en tiel endroit
La res9ut et molt bien garda,
Qe puis apres long temps dura :
Mais ore est change tout cela ;
Le pape claime de son droit
L'onour du siecle, et pour cela
La dieu pes s'est ale piega,
Q'au jour present nuls ne la voit. 18660
' Saint Piere ne se volt movoir
Par guerre, ainz fist son estovoir
Des bon«es almes retenir ;
Mais nous ne volons peas avoir,
Ainz les richesces et I'avoir
Du siecle pensons acuillir.
Piere ot coronwe du martir,
Et nous du ruble et saphir
En orr assiss. Lors di me voir,
La quelle part valt meulx tenir : 1S670
N'est pas la mort bonwe a souff'rir,
Tant comwe phisique puet valoir.
' Saint Piere jamwais a nul jour
1 8610 Enpartira
18610
1S620
MIROUR DE L'OMME
217
Retint dewers luy soldeour
Ou d'armes ou du brigantaille ;
Car ne volt estre conquerrour
Pour resembler a TEmpfrour
De ses conquestes en Ytaille.
Ainz en priere sa bataille
Faisoit, pour Talme de I'ouaille 18680
Defendre, ensi comnie bon pastour,
Centre malfe ; mais d'autre entaille
Ore est qtie nostre espeie taille,
Du siecle pour avoir I'onour.
' Ly fiis de dieu, ce dist I'istoire,
Ne vint querir sa propre gloire,
Ainz queist la gloire de son piere
Four mettre hors du purgatoire
Adam : mais nosfre consistoire
Se change tout d'une autre chere ; 1 8690
La terre quiert, q'il tient plus chere
D'Adam, dont arme sa banere,
Et trait le siecle en s'adjutoire,
Lessant les almes a derere :
Qe chalt si Ten occie et fiere,
Mais que nous eions la victoire ?
' En nosrre Court est bien parle
Com;/?ent la cristienete
Se trouble en guerre et en distance ;
Et nous avons sovent este 18700
Requis que peas et unite
Feissem?^5 d'Engleterre et France.
Mais que n'en donnons I'entendance
Trois causes en font destourbance :
L'une est petite charite ;
Car I'autri grief n'est pas grevawce
A nous, ainz en toute habondance
Volons tenir le papal see :
' Une autre cause est ensement,
Ne susmes pas indifferent, 18710
Ainz susmes part a la p^rtie.
Par quoy que nosfve arbitrement
Ne se puet faire ovelement :
La tierce cause est bien oie,
Qe guerre avons en Romanic,
Dont fait que nosfre seignourie
Du siecle soit primerement
18691 pluschere 18694 aderere
Des propres guerres establie :
Ces causes ne now5 suflFront mie
De faire peas a I'autre gent. 18720
' Et d'autre paz-t faisons que sage,
O'a nous et puis a no message
La guerre asses plus que la pees
Ferra venir grant avantage
De I'orr ; car lor pcmons brocage
De I'un Roy et de I'autre apres.
Chascuns nous quiert avoir plus p;'^s,
Mais nous nous enclinons ades
Au Roy qui plus del orr engage,
Dont no tresor ait son encress : 18730
Par quoy I'acord volons jammes,
Tant come trovons si bon paiage.
' Dieus a saint Piere comwandoit
Q'il noun du mestre ne querroit
Ne reverence entre la gent :
Je truis auci partiel endroit,
Qant saint Jehan enclin estoit
L'angre adourer, cil le defent ;
Si dist qu'il son enclinement
A soul dieu q'est omnipotent, 18740
Et noun a autre le ferroit :
Mais no5/re Court dist autreme«t,
Ne voet tenir I'essamplement
Dont I'angel dieus nous essamploit.
' De I'evangile a mon avis f. 104
Ne faisons point le droit devis ;
Car nous ne gardens tant ne qua«t
L'umilite de dieu le filz ;
De dieu le piere ain9ois le pris
Tollons, car soul au toutpuissant, 18750
" Sanctus," les angres vont chantant ;
Mais nous volons du maintenant
Avoir I'onour sur nous assis,
Et noun du saint par tout avant
Porter, mais tout le remenant
Du saintete nous est faillis.
' Combien que Piere estoit grant sire,
J a ne vist om du plom ne cire
Qu'il envoiast sa bulle close;
Ne ja n'orretz chanter ne lire 18760
Q'il fist ses cardinals eslire
18704 enfont 18727 plusprts
2l8
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Par ses chapeals, qui sont come rose
Vermaile au point qua»t se desclose.
Ainz tout orguil y fuist forclose,
Ne gule alors roster ne quire
De sa delice ascune chose
Savoit, mais ore Ten suppose
No court est autre, pour voir dire.
'Voir est en terre a son decess
Oe no5/re sire don//a pes, 18770
Mais contre ce nous combatons ;
Des pecches faisoit il reless,
Mais nous, qui susmes d'ire engress,
Pour poy de cause escomengons ;
II souflfrit mort et passions,
Et nous encontre ce tuons ;
II se tint de pov^rte pres,
Et nous la pov^/le esloignons ;
II gaigna poeple, et nous p(?rdons,
Ensi n'acorderons jamwes. 187S0
' L'estat du pape en sa nature
Ne porra faire forsfaiture
En tant com;;/e pape, ainz Innocent,
Qui tient l'estat papal en cure,
Cil puet mesfaire d'aventure.
Mais nous, qui susmes chief du gent,
O'en terre avons nul pier regent,
Volons pour I'orr et po//r I'argent
Piler trestoute creature ;
Car n'est qui pour repaiement 1S790
Nous poet mener en juggement,
Et c'est ce qtie nous plus assure.'
Q'est ce que Ten dist Antecrist
Vendra? Sainte escripture dist
Oe d'Antecrist le noun amonte,
Qui le contraire fait du Crist.
Quoy quidetz vous, si tiel vcnist
Encore .'' Oyl, par droite acompte
Orguil humilitc surmonte,
Dont chascun autre vice monte 18800
Que nosfre sire en terre hai'st ;
Siq'au present la foy desmonte
En nosfre court, car nuls tient conte
Tenir la loy qu'il establist.
Sicomwe ly scribe et pharisee,
18838
Qui jadis s'estoiont monte
Du Moj'sen sur la chaiere,
U la loy dieu ont sermone
As autres, mais en leur degre
Lour faitz furont tout loign derere;
Ensi vait ore en no matiere 188 1 r
Au jour present, car de saint Piere
Om monte et prent la dignete,
Le dyademe et la chymere,
Mais ja n'en font plus que chymere
Au remenant la duete.
Oant monstre naistdu quelq//^ ge;/dre,
Des mais procheins du dois entendre,
C'est la prenosticaciown ;
Mais ore qui voet garde prendre, 18820
Verra com;//ent Orguil engendre
D'Envie en fornicacio//n
Le monstre de dampnacio/m ;
Dont vient celle hesitacio/m,
Q'en un soul corps om poet comprie
Aincois q'il a son po2/rpos vient ;
Prelat auci qui la turelle
Fait ainz que moustier ou chapelle,
Du vanite trop lu}^ sovient,
Qant point ne sciet u ce devient ;
Car toute chose est frele et nient
Du quoy le siecle se revelle :
Mais fol prelat qui dieu ne crient
Bien quide par I'onour qu'il tient
Toutditz sa joye avoir novelle. 19^40
Les biens que Tees porra cuillir
Estroitement les fait tenir
Deinz sa maison en repostaille,
Mais au darrein Pen voit venir
Celuy qui tolt sanz revenir
Et la maison et la vitaille :
Du fol prHat ensi se taille.
Car il pour plegge ne pour taille
De son tresor ne voet souffrir
Qe Ten apreste ou donne ou bailie : r945o
S'll p^rde au fin ce n'est mervaille,
Q'as autres voet nul bien partir.
L'ees ensement hiet la fumee,
Au fin q'il n'en soit enfumee :
Prelat ensi sainte oreiso/m,
Q'est a la fume compare,
S'en fuit, q'il n'ad le cuer pare
Du sainte contemplacio«n,
Ainz ad sa meditacio^m
En seculiere elacio«n 19460
D'orguil et de prosperite ;
Car d'autre fumigacioz^n
Pour faire a dieu relaciown
Ne puet souffrir la duete.
L'ees ensement de tous puours
S'esloigne, ensi q'il les flaours
D'ascune part ne soit sentant :
h'evesque ensi de ces seignours
Les grans pecches, les grans errours,
Qui sont as toutez gens puant, 19470
Ne voet sentir, ainz s'est fuiant.
O quel prdat, o quel truant,
Q'ensi laist festrer les folours
Sanz medicine tant ne qant !
19454 nensoit
224
MIROUR DE L'OMME
N'est pas des cures bien sachant,
Combien q'il soit des curatours.
De Tees auci je truis escris
Q'il fuyt les noyses et les oris :
Le fol prelat tout ensement,
Qant voit noiser ses fols soubgitz, 19480
S'en part et les laist anemys,
Qant il les duist d'acordement
Repaiser amiablement.
Cil n'est ne Piere ne Clement,
Q'ensi laist errer ses berbis ;
Le toison dc I'ouaile prent,
Mais de la guarde nullement
Se voet meller, ainz s'est fuTz.
L'en dist, et puet bien estre voir,
Oe cil q'ad molt, voet pl//s avoir; 19490
Et ce piert bien de la clergie :
lis ont eglise, ils ont manoir,
Mais plainement a leur voloir
Trestout cela ne souffist mie,
S'ils n'eiont la chancellerie
Et la roiale tresorie
Deinz leur office et leur pooir.
Maisq' il en poet avoir baillie
I)u siecle dont se glorifie,
De I'autre ne luy poet chaloir. 19500
Pour le phesant et le bon vin
Le bien faisant et le divin
L'evesque laist a no/mchalure,
Si quiert la coupe et crusequin,
Ainz que la culpe du cristin
Pour corriger et mettre en cure,
Qe mol serras en cause mole ; f. 110
Mais si le siecle en soy tribole
Et bruyt d'ascun p^'rsecutour,
En tiel chalour lors te rigole,
Et moustre en fait et en parole
Comy«e ton cuer vole el dieu amour.
Ly serpens, ce nous dist Solyn,
Trestout le corps met en declin
Pour soulemcnt le chief defcndre :
Ensi prdat duist estre enclin 19900
Pour Crist, q'est chief de tout cristin,
Qant voit abeisser et descendre
Sa loy, par qui devons ascendre.
Car qui voet prelacie enprendre,
Non pour avoir I'onour terrin,
Mais pour proufit de I'alme apr^ndre,
L'apostre dist, bien le doit prendre.
Car ce luy vient du bon engin.
De les natures dont je lis
Truis un ensample ensi compris, 199 10
Q'un gr<7nt piscon y ad du mer,
Qui du pite tant est cheris,
Qe qant les autres voit petitz
De la tempeste periler,
II laist sa bouche ov^rte estier,
U q'ils porront tout saulf entrer;
Si les revolt com;;/e ses norris
Et salvement les fait garder,
Tanq'il les mals verra passer,
Et lors s'en vont saulfs et garis. 19920
Prelat ensi les gentz menuz,
S'il voit leur Roy vers eaux com;;mz,
Parmy sa bouche il aidera
Come ses fils et ses retenuz ;
Car en ce cas il est tenuz
Q'au parler s'abandon^era :
Et d'autre part qant il verra
Le poeple q'en pecche serra,
Pour ce ne serront destitutz ;
De bouche overte il priera 19930
A dicu, tanqu'il les avera
En corps et alme restitutz.
Ce veons bien que par nature
L'oill soul po?rrtous les membres plure,
Qant ascun d'eaux se hurte ou blesce:
Ensi revesq«(? en sa droiture
Pour ses soubgitz q'il tient en cure.
Qui d'alme ou corps sont en destresce,
Sur tous plus doit avoir tendresce
Et plourer pour la gent oppresse, 19940
Q'est la divine creature :
Car qant p;rlatz vers dieu s'adresce
Et verse lermes en sa messe,
C'est une medicine pure.
19498 cnpoet Afti)- 19506 two leaves, containing 384 tines, are tost.
19920 senvont
MIROUR DE L'OMME
22 =
De Samuel j'ay entendu,
Qant fuist requis del poeple hebreu
Qu'il dieu priast en leur aie,
Du charite n'ert esp^rdu,
Ainz dist que ' Ja ne place a dieu
Oe je pour vous ades ne prie, 19950
Dont vo5/re estat dieus salve et guie.'
Benoite soit la prelacie
Qui tielement ad respondu ;
Dont cil q'ore est de la clergie
Porra trover essamplerie,
Qant sa le9on av^ra parlieu.
Saint Jeremie dist atant :
' O qui ert a mes oels donwant
Des lermes la fonteine amere,
Dont sole au plentee lermoiant 19960
Sur le dieu poeple en compleignant
Leur mort, leur mals et leur misere?'
He, quel pastour, he, quel bealpere,
Eiant compassion si fiere,
Dont pour le poeple fuist plourant I
U est qui plourt en la manure ?
Ne say : pities s'en vait derere,
Les oils du pr^latz sont secchant.
Par son praphete nosfre sire
Se pleignt, et dist q'a son martire 19970
II ot souffert et attendu ;
Si agardoit, mais nul remire
Des gentz, qui po//r ses mals suspire,
Du sane qu'il avoit espandu
Dessur la croix en halt pendu.
C'estoit la pleignte de Jh^su,
Et ensi croy q'om porra dire
Au temps present soit avenu ;
Car n'est pour homwe ne pour dieu
Qe nostre prelat se detire. 19980
Valeire conte en son escrit
D'un Roy d'Athenes qui fuist dit
Chodrus, q'adonques guerroia
A ceaux d'Orense, car soubgit
Les volt avoir : et en tiel plit
Son dieu Appollo conseilla,
Devoutement et demanda
Qui la victoire enportera ;
19961 encompleignant
Et I'autre a ce luy repondit,
Son propre corps s'il ne lerra 19990
Occire en la bataille la,
Ses gentz sefroiont desconfit.
Et qant ly Roys 01st ce dire,
Qu'il I'un des deux estuet eslire,
Ou d'estre proprement occis,
Ou souffrir de sa gent occire,
Mieulx volt son propre corps despire,
Ainz que ly poeples fuist periz.
Dont changa ses roials habitz
Au jour q'il la bataille ot pris, 20000
Qe Ten ne le conoist pour sire,
Si fuist tue des anemys :
Pour la salut qe ses soubgitz
II souffrist mesmes le martire.
D'un tiel paien qant penseras,
Responde, Evesqwe, quoy dirras ?
Voes tu soul poitr ta gent morir ?
Tu puiss respondre et dire, Helas !
Qe tu le cuer si couard as,
Dont tu te voes bien abstenir : 20010
Aincois lerras trestous perir,
Q'un soul doy de ta main blemir.
Mais es tu donques bons prelatz ?
Certes nenil, mais pour cherir
Le corps, qui puis te fra venir
A I'evesche qui tient Judas.
Ne say a qui puiss resembler
Le fol prelat de son mestier,
Mais sicom;«e dieus le resembloit
Au prestre qui se fist passer, 20020
Et puis ly deacne, sanz aider
A I'omw/e qui naufre gisoit,
Et grant souffraite d'aide avoit :
Chascun des deux les mals veoit,
Mais nuls le voloit socourer,
Tanq'au darrein y survenoit
Unspaiens, qui le socourroit,
Kves(\ue, pour toy vergonder.
Mai fait le poeple q'est no/msage,
Pis font les clercs, qui sont plus sage,
Et meement qant sont pastour 20031
Et laissont deinz leur pastourage
20030 plussage
Q
226
MIROUR DE L'OMME
L'ouaile de leur fol menage
Tourner en chiewre de folour :
Pour ce dist dieu q'en sa furour
II est irrez du grant irrour
Sur les pastours de tiel oultrage ;
Si dist qu'il serra visitour
Du chiexrre auci, dont fait clamour
Danz Zakarie en son language. 20040
Saint Ysaie auci nous dist :
' Wa}' vous, prelatz, qui I'espirit
Du sapience en vous celetz,
Siqw? nul autre en ont proufit ! '
Ce n'est pas charite parfit,
Si vous soietz esluminez,
Et I'autre en tenebrour veietz
Errer et ne les socourretz :
Vo clarete dieus par despit
Esteign^ra, car c'est pecches, 20050
Oant ordre s'est desordinez
Et clerc fait contre son escrit.
Way vous, ce disoit Ysaie,
Qui les cliefs avetz en baillie,
Les huiss du ciel tout avetz clos,
Vous n'y entretz de vo partie,
Et d'autre part ne souffretz mie
Entrer les autres a repos :
Enpris avetz malvois pourpos,
Qant meulx ne gardetz le depos 20060
Quel dieus en vosfve prelacie
Vous ad bailie, q'arere dos
Voz almes mettetz et les noz :
Tous devons pleindre vo folie.
Saint Piere au jour du jugement,
Qant il a dieu ferra present
De la Judec qu'il guaigna,
N'apparra pas tout vuidement ;
Saint Paul, q'auci gaigna la gent,
Molt bell gaign y apportera, 20070
Et saint Andrcu lors appara,
Achaie a dieu presentcra,
U tous les saintz serront present :
Chascuns par ce qu'il conquesta
Lors sa coron;7C portcra
En joye pcrdurablemcnt.
20044
Mais las ! quoy dirrons no?^s pr^sentz,
Qui suismes fols et necligentz
Et point ne pensons de demain ?
Helas ! comme suismes mal regentz,
Qant pour noz almes indigentz 20081
Nul bien apporterons du gaign !
L'acompte serra trop vilain f. iii
Qant nows vendrons ove vuide main,
U tout le mond serra pr^sens ;
Par I'evangile il est certain.
Grant honte nous serra prochain
Devant trestous les bones gens.
Puisq'il ad dit de les Evesqes,
dirra ore de les Archedeacnes,
Officials et Deans.
L'EvesqM^ en ses espiritals
Ne poet soul porter les travals ; 20090
Ses Archedeacnes pour ce tient,
Ses deans et ses officials,
Qui plus luy sont especials,
As queux correccio?m p^rtient
De Palme, ensi comme meulx covient.
Mais ils le font ou mal ou nient.
Car pour les lucres temporals
En tous paiis u Ten devient
Achater poet quiconq?/^ vient
Les vices qui sont corporals. 20100
Le dean, qui son proufit avente,
Far tout met les pecches au vente
A chascun hom;;/e quelqu'il soit,
Maisqu'il en poet paier le rente :
La femme, ensi com;«e la jumente,
Voir et le prestre en son endroit
La puet tenir du propre droit ;
Maisq«^ la bource soit benoit,
Le corps ert quit de celle extente:
N'ad pas la conscience estroit, 201 10
De I'argent perdre est en destroit,
Mais du pecche ne se repente.
Si rom;;7e lais d'incontinence
Soit accuse, la violence
Du no.s/re dean tost y parra ;
Car devant tous en audience
enont
MIROUR DE L'OMME
227
Lors de somonce et de sentence,
S'il n'ait I'argent dont paiera,
Sicom/«e goupil le huera :
Mais la coron;7e, qui lirra 20120
De I'evangile la sequence,
Tu scies quel hom///e ce serra,
De son incest nuls parlera,
C'est un misterie de silence.
Au plus' so vent ce veons nous,
Si huy a moy, demain a vous
Sont les offices fortunant :
Pour ce le dean q'est leccherous
Les prestres qui sont vicious
A corriger s'en vait doubtant ; 201 30
Car cil par cas qui fuist devant
Accuse, puis ert accusant,
Et lors porra de son corous
A I'autre rendre tant pour tant :
Ensi s'en vont entrasseurant,
Ce que I'uns voet ce vuillont tous.
Ensi les prestres redoubtez
Ensemble se sont aroutez,
Qe I'un fait I'autre compaignie,
N'est par qui soiont affaitez : 201 40
De tant sont ils le plus haitez,
Q'ils sont du soy jugge et p^rtie,
Ensi vait quite la clergie.
Mais d'autre port deinz sa baillie
Les laies gens sont accusez
Par covoitise et par envye ;
Car plus d'assetz q'oneste vie
Le dean desire les pecches.
Asses plus fait proufit puteine
A nostre dean que la nonneyne ; 20150
Car pour le lucre et I'avantage
Que le chapitre ades y meine,
De tieux y ad, sicom;;/e demeine
Qe vient du terre et du gaignage,
Lessont au ferme le putage ;
Et qui le prent en governage
Meulx volt des putes la douszeine
Qe mil des chastes. O hontage
Des tieus pastours, qui lowr tollage
Pilont par voie si vileine ! 20160
20125 plussouent 20135
Q
Ensi le dean ove ses covines
Par conjectures et falsines
Ses berbis, come malvois pastour,
Par les destours, par les gastines,
Parmy les ronces et I'espmes
Laist errer, siqiie chascun jour
Ils ptrdont laine, et cil pilour
Revolt le gaign de leur errour,
Si monte en halt de leur mines.
Vei la com;7/e nos/re correctour 20170
Est de maltolt le collectour,
Tout plain des fraudes et ravines.
Bien te souffist le confesser
Vers dieu, si tu voldras laisser
Tes mals par juste repentance ;
Mais ce ne te puet excuser
Au dean, qui te vient accuser,
Pour dire que tu ta finance
As fait a dieu, ainz ta penance
Serra del orr, car la quitance 20 j 80
De dieu ne t'en porra quiter :
Trop sont les deans du -grant puis-
sance,
Qant il me font desallouance
De ce que dieus voet allouer.
Jamwais la dieu justice en soy
Poz/r un tout soul mesfait, ce croi.
Deux fois ne pune ; et nequedent,
Combien q'au pr^'stre tout en coy
M'ai confesse deinz mon recoy
Et pris ma peine duement. 20190
Le dean encore doublement
Voet oultre ce de mon argent
Avoir sa part, ne sai pour quoy :
Qant dieus m'ad fait pardonA^ement,
Ma bource estuet secondement
Faire acorder le dean et moy.
Ne sai ce que la loy requiert,
Mais mt'rveille est de ce q'il quiert
Dedeinz ma bource m'alme avoir :
A celle eglise se refiert 20200
Qe d'autre vertu ne me fiert,
Maisq?/^ luy don;/e mon avoir.
Des tieus pasto?/rs quoy poet chaloir,
senvont 20141 plushaitez
2
228
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Q'cnsi laissont a no?/nchaloir
Ce q'au praufit de I'alme affiert,
Et pour le lucre rescevoir
1 )e I'orr par tout le decevoir
De leur ypocrisie appiert ?
Puisq'il ad dit de les Correc-
toins du sainte eglise, dirra ore
des prrsones Curetz de les
paroches.
TMalvois essample no//5 apporte
De les prtroches cil qui porte 20210
La cure, qant il sanz curer
Le laist, et des noz biens enporte
La disme, dont il se desporte ;
Car ce ne voet il desporter,
Oe vainement soy desporter
Ne quiert, mais ce q'il supporter
Des almes doit, point ne supporte :
Dont I'en puet dire et reporter,
Oe cil n'est pas au droit portier
I'our garder la divine porte. 20220
Le temps present si vous curetz,
Veoir porras ces fols curetz
Divf-rsement laissant leur cure,
Si vont errant par trois degres :
L3' uns se feignt q'il les decretz
Selonc I'escole et I'escripture
Ap;vndre irra, mais la lettrure
Q'il pense illeoques a construire
Aingois serra des vanitcs,
De covoitise et de luxure, 20230
Qe d'autre bien ; c'efet ore al hure
L'escole de noz avancez.
Du bon«e aprise se descole
Oui laist sa cure et quiert escole,
IJ qu'il au vice escoloiant
S'en vait, qant celle pute acole,
Dont toute sa science affole.
() dieus, comwe cil vait foloiant,
Q'ensi le bien q'est appendant
Au sainte eglise est despendant, 20240
Pour entrer la chaiere fole,
U ja nuls clercs serra sachant,
20284 au
Ainz tant com;«e phis y vait entrant,
Tant plus sa reson entribole.
Par autre cause auci Ten voit,
Des fols curetz ascuns forsvoit,
Qant laist sa cure a nonchaloir,
Et pour le siecle se pourvoit
Service au court par tiel endroit
Q'il puist au siecle plus valoir, 20250
Et ensi guaste son avoir.
Mais le dieu gre n'en puet avoir,
Car nuls as deux servir porroit
Sanz Pun ou I'autre decevoir ;
Car cil qui fra le dieu voloir,
Servir au siecle point ne doit.
Cil q'est servant de la dieu co//rt
Et pour servir au siecle court,
Fait trop mal cours a mon avis ;
Car le fals siecle au fin tient court 20260
De tous les soens, mais dieus socowrt
Du bien sanz fin a ses amys.
N'est pas de I'evangile apris
Cil q'ad de la paroche pris
La cure, s'il a dieu ne tourt
Pour faire ce qu'il ad enpris ;
Car clercs qui tient du siecle pris
De sa clergie se destourt.
Clercs avancie n'est pas sanz vice, f. 112
Qui laist sa cure et quiert service 20270
Du chose que soit temporal,
Dont pile et tolt en son office,
Tout plain d'errour et d'avarice,
Siqu'il offent de double mal :
Vers dieu primer et principal
Mesfait, qant il I'espirital
Ne cure de son benefice ;
Au monde auci n'est pas loial,
Qant il le bien q'est mondial
Mespr^'nt par fraude et injustice. 20280
La loy ne voet que Ten compiere
Ou par brocage ou par priere
La cure q'est espiritals ;
Mais au jour d'uy voi la manure
De celle loj^ tourner arere.
Ce di pour ces clercs curials,
lourduy
MIROUR DE L'OMME
229
Qui leffres ont emperials
Pour prier a les cardinals,
Voir et au pape en sa chaiere ;
Dont plus profile as tieus vassals 20290
La penne que les decretals,
Qant Simonie est messagere.
Ensi je di des tieus y sont,
Qui de leur cure s'absentont
Pour servir a ces nobles courtz ;
Par covoitise tout ce font
D'encress avoir, q'ils esp^ront
Pour estre encoste les seignours :
Mais ils ne pensont pas aillours
Q'il sont des almes curatours, 20300
Ainz q'ils le corps avanceront ;
Dont ils laissont s'ouaile a Tours :
Au fin ne sai de tiels pastours
Cement a dieu responderont.
Des fols curetz auci y a,
Qui sur sa cure demourra
Non pour curer, mais q'il la vie
Endroit le corps plus easera ;
Car lors ou il bargaignera
Du seculiere marchandie, 20310
Dont sa richesce multeplie,
Ou il se donne a leccherie,
Du quoy son corps delitera,
Ou il se prent a venerie,
Qant duist chanter sa letanie,
Au bois le goupil huera.
Ce puet savoir chascun vivant,
Plus que nul bien du siecle avant
La disme, q'est a dieu don«e,
P^'rest en soy noble et vaillant, 20320
Car de la bouche au toutpuissant
La disme estoit saintefie,
Si est le prestre auci sacre ;
Dont sembleroit honestete
Qe disme et prestre droit curant
Ne duissont estre en leur degre
De la mondaine vanite
Ne marchandie ne marchant.
Et d'autre part qui residence
Fait en sa cure, et ove ce pense 20330
Corrumpre ce qu'il duist curer
D'incest et fole incontinence,
Trop fait horrible violence,
D'ensi ses berbis estrangler
Pour faire au deable son larder.
He, dieus, com/went porra chanter
Sa messe cil qui tielle offense
Ferra ? Car pis, au droit juger,
Est I'alme occire q'a tuer
Le corps, q'est plain du pestilence.
Si les curetz maritz ne soiont, ;o34i
Des femmes nepourqant s'esjoiont
Trestout en ease a leur voloir ;
Dont tiele issue multeploiont,
Qe si leur fils enheritoiont
Et de I'eglise fuissont hoir,
En poy des lieus, sicom?//e j'espoir,
D'escheate q'en duist escheoir
Au court de Rome gaigneroiont
Les provisours ; pour ce du voir 20350
N'en say la cause aparcevoir,
Si I'autre gent ne me disoioiit.
He, dieus, come sont les charites
Au temps pr^'sent bien ordinez !
Car qant viels hom;«e ad fem;«e belle
Deinz la paroche et les nuytees
Ne puet paier ses duetes,
Nosfre curiet, ainz q'om I'apelle,
Enprent sur soy I'autry querelle,
Si fait le paiement a celle, 20360
La quelle se tient bien paiez.
Vei la le haire et la cordelle,
Dont nostre curiet se flaielle,
Au fin q'il soit de dieu loez.
Les foles femmes mariez,
Qant n'ont du quoy estre acemez
Du queinterie et beal atir,
Lors s'aqueintont des fols curetz
Qui richement sont avancez,
Et par bargaign se font chevir, 20370
Dont Tun et I'autre ad son desir ;
La dame av^ra de quoy vestir,
Et I'autre av^ra ses volentes.
Des tiels miracles avenir
20307 maisqil
230
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Soventes fois om poet oir,
Ne sai si fable ou verites.
Plus que corbins ou coufle ou pie
Ensur volant toutdis espie
Caroigne dont porra manger,
Le fol curet de sa partie 20380
Matin et soir sanz departie
Enquerre fait et espier,
U la plus belle puet trover :
Mais lors I'estuet enamourer
A tant de la phisonomie,
Q'il tout I'offrende del aultier
Aincois dorra pour son louer,
Qu'il n'ait le cuill en sa baillie.
Om voit tout gaste et ruinouse
L'eglise q'est sa droite espouse, 20390
De celle ne luy puet chaloir,
Maisq//^ s'amie I'am^rouse
Soit bien vestue et gloriouse ;
A ce met trestout son pooir :
Du nos/re disme ensi I'avoir
Degaste en belle femme avoir.
O quelle cure perillouse
Pour nous essampler et movoir,
Qant meine encontre son devoir
Si orde vie et viciouse ! 20400
Dieus dist, et c'est tout verite,
Qe si I'un voegle soit mene
D'un autre voegle, tresbucher
P'alt ambedeux en la fossee.
C'est un essample compare
As fols curetz, qui sans curer
Ne voient pas le droit sentier,
Dont font les autres forsvoier,
Qui sont aprcs leur trace ale ;
Car fol errant ne puet guider, 20410
Ne cil comw^ent nous puet saner,
Qui mesmes est au mort naufrc ?
Comment respondra cil a dieu
Sur soy la cure q'ad receu
Del autry alme governer,
Qant il n'ad mesmes de vertu
Q'il de son corps s'est abstcnu,
Dont s'alme propre puet garder?
20375 Souentesfois 20383
L'en soloit dire en reprover,
' Cil qui sanz draps se fait aler, 20420
Mai avcra son garcon vestu ' ;
Ainz qant I'ivern vient aprocher,
Ne s'en porra lors eschaper
Du froid, dont il serra p^rdu.
Et tout ensi p^rdu serroiont
Cil qui I'essample suieroiont
De la voeglesce au curatour :
Qant I'un ne I'autre bien ne voiont,
Fait q'ambedeux tresbucheroiont
Par necligence et fol errour. 20430
Tiel est le siecle au prf'sent jour,
Car d'orguil ou de fol amour
Les clercs qui nous conduieroiont
Sont plein : ce piert par leur atour,
Car qui q'ait paine ne dolour,
lis se reposont et festoiont.
Les bons curetz du temps jadis,
Qui benefice avoient pris
Du sainte eglise, deviseront
En trois parties, come je lis, 20440
Leur biens, siq'au primer divis
A leur altier part en donweront,
Et de la part seconde aideront,
Vestiront et sauf herbergeront
De leur paroche les mendis ;
La tierce part pour soy garderont :
D'oneste vie ils essampleront
Et leur voisins et leur soubgitz.
Gregoire en sa morale aprise
Dist que les biens du sainte eglise 20450
Sont propre et due au pov^re gent ;
Mais no curiet d'une autre guise.
Qui du pellure blanche et grise
Et d'escarlate finement
Se fait vestir, dist autrement ;
Qe de les biens primerement
Son orguil clayme la reprise,
Mais qant il ad sccondement
Vestu s'amye gaiement,
Au paine lors si tout souffise. 20460
O fols curetz, entendetz 9a : f. 113
Osee a vous praphetiza
plusbelle 2044a endon;(eront
MIROUR DE L'OMME
231
D'orguil et fornicaciown :
' Et I'un et I'autre regnera
En vous,' ce dist, ' et pour cela
De dieu n'avetz avisioi/n :
Mai faitez vo provisio»n ;
Car qant de vo mesprisio//n
Dieus a reson vous mettera,
Pour faire la conclusiown 20470
Du vostre fole abusiown,
Orguil pour vous respondera.'
O fol curiet, di quoy quidetz,
Qui tantes pelli^o/ms avetz
Du vair, du gris, de blanche ermyne,
Dont portes tes manteals fourrez,
Serras tu d'orguil excusez,
Qant dois respondre au loy divine ?
Je croy que noun ; ainz en mine
Irretz, car fole orguil decline 20480
Tons ceaux qui sont de luy privez :
Dont m'est avis par reso«n fine,
Meulx valt ly sacs qui bien define,
Qe la pellure au fin dampnez.
O fol curiet, tu puiss savoir,
D'orguil ne dois socour avoir;
Mais de t'amye quoy dirras,
S'elle au busoigne puet valoir?
Non voir : de luy ne poet chaloir,
Tant meinz valt comwe plus I'am^ras.
Quoy Salomon t'en dist orras, 20491
Qu'il dist q'amye entre tes bras
C'est un fieu pour ton grange ardoir,
Q'autre proufit n'en porteras :
Ton ris se passe et tu plouras,
Siq'en la fin t'estuet doloir.
Puisq'il ad dit des Curetz, dirra
oredes autres p/rstres Annuelers,
qui sont sans cure,
lis sont auci pour noz deniers
Pr^stres qui servent volentiers,
Et si n'ont autre benefice, 20499
Chantont par a//ns et parquartiers
Po//r la gent morte, et sont suitiers
Communement a chascun vice.
20527
Molt valt du messe le service,
Mais qant les pr^stres sont si nice,
Ne say si ly droit Justiciers
Les voet oir de sa justice ;
Car de luxure et d'avarice
Dieus ne voet estre pflr9oniers.
Jadys le nombre estoit petit
Des prestres, mais molt fuist parfit,
Et plain d'oneste discipline 2051 1
Sanz orguil ne fol appetit ;
Mais ore ensi com;«e infinit
Om voit des prestres la cretine,
Mais poy sont de la viele line ;
Ainz, comjne la vie q'est porcine,
Chascun se prent a son delit,
Barat, taverne et concubine :
Ce sont qui tournont la doctrine
Du sainte eglise a malvois plit. 20520
Om dist q'un p;rstre antiquement
Valoit en soy tout soulement
Plus que ne font a ore trois ;
Et nepourqant au jour present
Un prestre soul demande et prent
De son stipende le surcrois
Plus que ne firont quatre ain^ois.
Qe chalt mais ils eiont harnois
Sicom;;/e seigno/^r du fin argent ?
Si vont oiceus par tons les moys, 20530
Tout plain des ris et des gabbois,
Et si despendont largement.
Qui prent louer d'autri vivant.
Par reso«n doit servir atant,
Ou autrement souffrir destresce
Du loy, si Ten n'est prtrdon//ant.
Quoy dirrons lors du prestre avant,
Qui pour chanter la sainte messe
Les biens du mort prent a largesce,
Mais pour luxure et yv^rcjce 20540
Ne puet tenir le covenant
A I'alme ardante peccheresse ?
Je croy le fin de sa lachesce
Serra d'orrible paine ardant.
Coni;y/ent auci bien priera
Qui point n'entent ce qu'il dirra?
Plasque
232
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Car ce nous dist saint Augustin,
Oe dieus un tiel n'escoultera.
O pr^stre lays, di quoy serra
De toy, q'ensi par mal engin 20550
As pris I'argent de ton voisin
Pour ton office q'est divin
Chanter, et tu n'as a cela
L'entendement de ton latin :
Trop en serras hontous au fin,
Oant dieus de ce t'accusera.
Et d'autre p^rt ce nous ensense
Uns clercs, que meulx valt innocence
Du pr^stre, combien q'il n'est sage,
Des ]effres que celle eloquence 20560
Qui s'orguillist de sa science
Et fait des pecches le folage.
O quel dolour, o quel dam;7/age
De la science en pr^sterage,
Oant ils de leur incontinence
Tienont I'escole de putage !
Ly fols berchiers q'est sanz langage
Mieulx fait des tieus sa providence.
Ce dist Clement, q'om doit choisir
Tiels qui sont able a dieu servir 20570
En I'ordre qui tant est benoit :
* Meulx valt,' ce dist, ' un poy tenir
Des bons, que multitude unir
Des mals ' ; et saint Jerom disoit
Q'un p/rstre lay meulx ameroit
I^ar si q'il saint prodhom/«e soit,
Q'un clerc malvois, qui contenir
De les pecches ne se voloit ;
Mais I'un ne I'autre souffisoit
A si saint ordre maintenir. 20580
Ly prestres porra bien savoir,
Qe ja n'ait 11 si grant savoir,
En cas q'orguil de ce luy vient
Dieus ne luy voet en pris avoir,
Et s'oriso»n pour nuHe avoir
Ne voet oir ; mais s'il avicnt
Qe prfstre ensi com;«e ly covient
Son latin sache et se contient
Solonc son ordre et son devoir,
Lors, qant bien sciet et bien se tien
20555 enserras
Dieus sa priere en gre retient, 20591
Si nous en fait le meulx valoir.
En s'evangile dieus du ciel
Dist, prestres sont du terre seel.
Si sont du monde auci lumere :
Ce fuist jadis, mais ore ticl
Ne sont ils point, car naturiel
Est que seel houste et mette arere
Corrupciozm, mais leur manure
Nous est corrupte et molt amere,
Et vers dieu prejudiciel ; 20601
Auci leur vie n'est pas cliere,
Ainz est oscure et angulere,
Tout plain du vice corporiel.
Sicom;;7e le livre nous aprent,
Seel ces deux pointz en soi comprint ;
L'un est qu'il guart en bon odour
Les chars, mais puis secondement
Toute la terre qu'il pourprent
Baraigne fait, siq'a nul jour 20610
Doit mais porter ne fruit ne flour:
Du seel jadys ly conquerrour
Firont semer le tenement
Dont ils estoiont venqueour,
Pour le destruire sanz rctour
En signe de leur vengement.
Au seel pour les gens savourer
Ne vuil les prestres comparer,
Combien q'ils soient seel nome ;
Mais je les doy bien resembler 20620
Au seel q'ensi fait baraigner,
Dont bon«es mours sont exile :
Car ils nous out ensi sale
Des vices dont sont mesale,
Qe nous ne poons droit aler ;
Car champs du neele q'est seme
Ne porra porter autre blee,
Mais tiel dont om I'ad fait semer.
De mal essample qui survient
Du pr^stre grant mal nows avient, 20630
Qe ce nous met en folc errance
Dont noit^ doubtons ou poy ou nient
Les vices ; car qant nous sovient
Comment d'aperte demoustrance
20592 enfait
MIROUR DE L'OMME
233
Veons du prestre I'ignorance,
Com«ient il salt, comwent il lance,
Com;«ent au bordel se contient,
De son barat, de sa distance,
De corps de nous est en grevance
Et I'alme ascun proufit ne tient. 20640
Jadis soloiont sanz offense
Ly prestre guarder pacience ;
Car dieus leur dist en la manure,
Oe s'om les bat ou fiert ou tence,
En pees devont la violence
Souffrir sanz soy meller arere :
Mais au jour d'uy s'acuns les fiere,
Plus fiers en sont que nulle fiere,
Et molt sovent d'inpacience
Ly prestres, ainz q'il ait matiere, f. 114
Soudainement plus que fouldrere 20651
Du maltalent I'assalt commence.
Responde, o prestre, je t'appelle,
Di q'est ce q'a ta ceinturelle
Tu as si long cutel pendu :
As tu vers dieu pris ta querelle
Ou vers le deable ? Ne me cele.
Bien scies dieus maint en si halt lieu
Oe tu ne puiss mesfaire a dieu ;
Ne tiel cutel unques ne fu 20660
Q'au deable espande la boelle ;
Et qant au siecle, bien scies tu,
A toy la guerre ont defendu
La viele loy et la novelle.
Mais de nature ensi je lis,
Qant s'abandon«e as fols delitz
La beste au temps luxuriant,
Devient plus fiers et plus jolis ;
Et si d'ascun lors soit repris.
Combat et fiert du meintenant : 20670
Ore ay la cause dit atant,
Dont vont les prestres combatant,
Au ruyteison qant se sont pris ;
Si vont oiceus par tout errant,
Les fem/z/es serchant et querant,
Dont font corrumpre les paiis.
O prestre, q'est ce courte cote ?
L'as tu vestu pour Katelote,
Pour estre le plus bien de luy ?
Ta coron«e autrement te note. 20680
Et d'autre part qant tu la note
Au lettron chanteras auci,
U est, en bon;7e foy me di,
Sur dieu ton penser, ou sur qui ?
Dieus ad la vois, mais celle sote
Av^ra le cuer. He, dieus mercy,
Comme est I'eschange mal party
Du chapellain q'ensi s'assote !
Mais sont ly pr^'stre baratier ?
Oyl ; et si sont taverner ; 20690
C'est lour chapelle et lour eglise :
Du tonel faisont leur altier,
Dont leur chalice font empler,
Si font au Bachus sacrefise,
Et de Venus en mainte guise
Diont par ordre le servise,
Tanq//<' yv^resce y vient entrer
Et pr^nt saisine en la pourprise,
Qe tout engage a la reprise
Et la legende et le psaltier. 20700
Aaron dieus ce comwandoit,
Au temps q'il entrer dev^roit
Le tabernacle, lors qu'il via
Ne autre liquour bev^roit,
Dont il enyverer porroit,
Du viele loy c'estoit le fin :
Mais au temps d'ore ly cristin
Par resown serroit plus divin ;
Et nepourqant par tout Ten voit.
Si prestre au soir ou a matin 20710
Porra tenir le crusequin,
Ne laist po«r dieu maisq'il en boit,
Le prestre en s'escusacioi^n
Dist, simple fornicacio«n
Est celle, qant fait sa luxure ;
Si dist qu'il du creaciown
Pour faire generaciown
Le membre porte et la nature,
Comme font ly autre creature.
Ensi s'excuse et se perjure ; 20720
20647 au lourduy
20668 plusfiers
20648 Plusfiers ensont
20679 plusbien
20651 plusqwe
20712 enboit
234
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Car combien q'inclinacio//n
Le meyne a naturele ardure,
II porte un ordre p^rdessure
Du chaste consecraciozm.
Ne sont pas un, je sui certeins,
Ly berchiers et ly chapelleins,
Ne leur pecche n'est pas egal,
L'un poise plus et I'autre meinz :
Car l'un ad consecrez les meins
Et fait le vou d'especial 20730
A chastete pour le messal,
Qu'il doit chanter plus secretal
A dieu, dent il est fait gardeins
De I'autre poeple en general ;
Par quoy les mals du principal
Del autry mals sont plus vileins.
O prestre, enten quo}' Malachie
Te dist, qant tu du leccherie
Ensi te voldras excuser :
II dist, qant tu de ta folie 20740
A I'autier en pollute vie
Viens enwrs dieu sacrefier,
Pour ton offrende ensi paier,
Tu fais despire et laidenger
Ton dieu. He, quelle ribaldie !
Tu qui nous duissetz essampler
Pour chaste vie demener,
Serras atteint de puterie.
Le pr^'stre en halt ad le chief rees
Rotond sanz angle compassez, 20750
Car angle signehc ordure,
Mais il doit estre nettoiez,
Descouvert et desvolupez
De toute seculiere cure :
Coron«e porte p<^frdessure,
Dont il est Roys a sa mesure,
Depuisq'il est abandon«ez
A dieu servir ; car I'escripture
Dist qite cil rcgne a bon droiture
(Jui s'est a dieu servir don«ez. 20760
Ly prestre auci s'en vont tondant
Entour I'oraille et pardevant,
Siqiie leur veue et leur oie
Soient tout clier aparceivant
Sanz destourbancc tant ne qant
Le port du no5/re frele vie,
Dont ils ont res(;u la baillie :
Mais qant ils sont de leur pa;lie
Contagious en lour vivant,
Ne sai quoy I'ordre signefie ; 20770
Mais nous suions leur compainie,
Et ils vont malement devant.
He, dieus, com;«e faisoit sagement
Cil qui par notm primerement
Les nom;«a prestres seculiers !
Car ils n'ont reule en vestement,
Ne reule en vivre honestement
Vers dieu, ain9ois come soldoiers
Du siecle sont et baratiers,
A trestout vice com//zuniers 20780
Plus qiw ne sont la laie gent :
Ensi sont p;vstre chandelliers
Du sainte eglise et les piliers
Sanz lum^re et sanz fondement.
Oredirrade I'estat des Clergons.
Des noz clergons atant vows di,
Primer pour parler de celly
Qui se poi^'pose plainement
As ordres p;rndre, cil parmy
Se doit du cuer et corps auci
En sa jovente estroitement 20790
Examiner primerement
S'il porra vivre chastement :
Car lors serra le meulx garni,
Qant il ad bon com;//encement ;
Et s'il commence malement,
Au fin serra le plus failly.
L'cn dist, et resoiin le consente,
Du bonne plante et de bon;/e ente
Naist puis bon arbre et fructuo«5 :
Icest essample repr^sente, 20800
Si clergons soit en sa jovente
De son corps chaste et vertuous,
A dieu servir et curious,
Et qu'il ne soit pas covoitous
A pr^'ndre I'ordre po«r la rente
Dont voit les autres orguillo«5,
Lors serra vers dieu gracious,
Qui sciet et voit le bon entente.
MIROUR DE LOMME
235
Clercs qui sert deinz la dieu mesozm
Doit estre lionweste par reso?m ; 20810
Car I'escripture ensi devise,
Disant par droit comparisoMn
En resemblance ly clergo/m
Fenestre sont du sainte eglise.
Car la fenestre y est assisse
Pour esclarcir deinz la po//rprise,
Dont tons voient cils envirown ;
Et ly clergons en tiele guise
As autres doit don/fer aprise
D'oneste conversacio^m. 20820
Mais pour descrire brief et court
Selonc le siecle q'ore court,
L'en voit que clergo7/n meintenant
NoMnpas a la divine court
Pour la vertu del alme tourt,
Ainz pour le vice s'est tournant:
C'est doel, car du malvois enfant
Croist malvois homme, puis suiant
Du mal clergon mal pr^stre sourt ;
Car qant le mal primer s'espant, 20830
Au paine est un du remenant
Qui de sa voie ne destourt.
Ore dirra de I'estat des Reli-
gious, et com;;/enct'ra primerement
a ceux qui sont possessioners.
Si nous regardons entre nous
L'estat de ces Religious,
Primer de les possessioniers,
Cils duissent estre curious
A prier dieu le glorious f. 115
Dedeinz leur cloistres et moustiers
Pour nous qui susmes seculiers :
C'est de leur ordre ly mestiers, 20840
Car pour ce sont ils plentevous
Doez des tons les biens pleniers ;
Sique pour querre les deniers
Aillours ne soient covoitous.
Saint Augustin en sa le^ozm
Dist, tout ensi com///e le pisconn
En I'eaue vit tantsoulement,
Tout autrecy Religio»n
Prendra sa conversaciorm
Solonc la reule du covent 20850
El cloistre tout obedient :
Car s'il vit seculierement,
Lors change la condicioMn
Del ordre qu'il primerement
Resceut, dont pert au finement
Loer de sa professiown.
Solonc la primere ordinance
Ly moigne contre la plesance
Du char s'estoiont professez,
Et d'aspre vie la penance 20860
Suffriront ; mais celle observance
Ore ont des toutez partz laissez :
Car gule gart tous les entrez,
Qe faim et soif n'y sont entrez
Po»r amegrir la crasse pance ;
Si ont des pelli^o/ms changez
Les mals du froid et estrangez,
Qe point ne vuillont s'aqueintance.
La viele reule solt manger
Piscown, mais cist le voet chang-er, 20870
Qant il les chars hakez menu
Ou bien braiez deinz le mortier
Luy fait confire et apporter,
Et dist que tieles chars molu
Ne sont pas chars, et ensi dieu
Volt decevoir et est degu :
Car il ad tant le ventre chier,
Q'il laist de I'alme ain9ois le pru,
Q'il ait un soul repast p^rdu,
Du quoy le corps poet enmegrer. 20880
Ne say qui dance ne qui jouste,
Mais bien say, qant sa large jouste
Ly moignes tient tout plein du vin,
Par grant revell v^rs soi I'adjouste
Et dist que c'est la reule jouste ;
Ne croi point de saint Augustin,
Ainz est la reule du Robyn,
Qui meyne vie de corbyn,
Qui quiert primer ce q'il engouste
Pour soi emplir, mais au voisin 20890
Ne don«e part, ainz comme mastin
Trestout devore, et mye et crouste.
Tout scievont bien que gloutenie
236
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Serra du nosfre compaignie,
Car nous avons asses du quoy
Dont nous mangons en muscerie
Le perdis et la pulletrie,
Ne chalt qui paie le pour quoy ;
Et puis bevons a grant desroy,
Et ensi prions pour le Roy, 20900
Q'est fondour du nostre Abbacie.
Si laissons dormir tout en coy
La charite que nous est poy,
Et faisons veiller danz Env>'e.
De saint Machaire truis lisant,
Q'il de ses cloistres vit venant
Le deable, q'ot dedeinz este.
Machaire luy vait conjurant,
Et Tautre dist sa loy jurant,
Q'il ot un poudre compasse, 20910
Le quel au cloistre avoit porte
Et deinz le chaperon souffle
De ses com;«oignes, que par tant
Ne serroit la fraternite
Jam;;/ais apres en charite
Ainz en Envye descordant.
Del chapipron aval ou pitz
S'est descendu de mal en pis
Le poudre dont ay dit dessure,
Et deinz le cuer racine ad pris ; 20920
Dont moigne sont d'envye espris,
Qe I'un de I'autre ne s'assure :
Trop fuist du male confiture
Le poudre, q'a desconfiture
Par force ad charite soubmis ;
Sique d'envie celle ardure
El cuer du moigne par nature
Demoert ct dcmorra toutdis.
Qui bons est, s'il bien se contient,
Droitz est et au resown partient 20930
Qu'il d'autres bons demeine joye.
Car autrement tout est pour nient.
Saint Jerom dist que ce n'avient
Qe de ma part je bien ferroie,
Si d'autry bien envieroie,
Car si bon suy, bons ameroie,
Scmblable I'un ove I'autre ticnt ;
Rose en Turtle a quoy querroic,
Ou com7;/ent je bons estre doie,
Qant male envde au cuer me prient ?
Ly moignes se solt professer, 20941
Qant il le siecle volt lesser ;
Ensi dions que nous lessons,
Mais c'est al oill, car du penser
L'onour et proufit seculier,
Ce q'ainz du siecle n'avoions,
Dessoubz cest habit le querrons ;
Car no?/5 qui fuismes ainz garcons
Pour sires nous faisons clamer.
La reverence et demandons : 20950
Ensi fuiant nous atteignons
Ce que nous soloit esloigner.
Cil moigne n'est pas bon claustral
Q'est fait gardein ou seneschal
D'ascun office q'est forein ;
Car lors luy fait selle et chival
Pour courre les paiis aval.
Si fait despense au large mein ;
II pr^'nt vers soy le meulx de grein,
Et laist as autres comwe vilein 20960
La paille, et ensi seignoral
Devient le moigne nyce et vein :
De vuide gr<7nge et ventre plein
N'ert pas I'acompte bien egal.
Du charite q'est inparfit,
' Tout est nos/re,' ly moignes dist,
Qant il est gardein du manoir :
En part dist voir, mais c'est petit ;
Car il de son fol appetit
Pl«s q'autres sept voet soul avoir : 20970
A tiel gardein, pour dire voir,
Mieulx fuist le cloistre q//^ I'avoir,
Dont tolt as autres le proufit.
Seint Bernards ce nous fait savoir,
Qe laide chose est a veoir
Baillif soubz monial habit.
Ly moignes qui se porte ensi,
II est sicom;//e mondein demy,
Si vait bien pres d'apostazie,
Qant il le siecle ad resaisi 20980
Et s'est du cloistre dissaisi.
Ne say du quoy se justefie,
O'il nait sa rcule en ce faillie:
MIROUR DE L'OMME
237
Ne je croy point que sa baillie
I)u terre ne de rente auci
Luy porra faire guarantie,
Vers dieu q'avoit sa foy plevie,
Pri increment qant se rendi.
Jerom nous dist que celle ordure
Oue moigne porte en sa vesture 20990
Est un signal exteriour
Qu'il sanz orguil et demesure.
l)u nettete q'est blanche et pure,
Ad le corage interiour :
Mais nos/re moigne au pri?sent jour
Quiert en sa guise bell atour
Au corps, et I'alme desfigure :
Combien q'il porte de dolour
La frocque, il ad du vein hono^/r
La cote fourre de pellure. 21000
En un histoire escript y a
Q'un grant seignour qui dieus ama
S'estoit vestu du vile haire,
Qant Roy Manasses espousa
Sa file ; mais pour tout cela
Volt sa simplesce nient retraire,
Ainz s'obeit en son affaire
Plustost a dieu q'a Yomme plaire ;
Dont il tons autres essampla,
Qe Ten ne doit au corps tant faire 2 10 10
Dont Ten porroit orguil attraire :
Ne say quoy moigne a ce dirra.
De cest essample, dont dit ay,
Cil moigne puet avoir esmay
Qui pour le mond se fait jolys,
Ne quiert la haire ainz quiert le say
Tout le plus fin a son essay,
Ove la fourrure vair et gris,
Car il desdeigne le berbis ;
L'aimal d'argent n'ert pas oubliz, 21020
Ainz fait le moustre et pent tout
gay
Au chaperon devant le pis :
Cest la simplesce en noz paiis
Des moignes et de leur array.
Le moigne sa religiown
Doit garder par discrecio/m
21017 plusfin
D'umilite et de simplesce;
Mais ce ne voet il faire no//n,
Ain^ois il hiet oir le no/m f. n6
Du moigne, au quel il se professe ;
Et nepourqant la bercheresse 21051
Estoit sa miere, et sanz noblesce
Par cas son piere estoit gar9on :
Mais qant le bass monte en haltesce,
Et la pov^'rte est en richesce,
N'est riens du monde si felown.
Trop erre encontre le decre
Le moigne qui quiert proprete,
Mais il du propre ad nepourqant
Les gr«ndes soumwes amasse, 21040
Dont il son lucre ad pourchacie
Du siecle, ensi come fait marchant,
Et pour delit tient plus avant
A la rivere oiseals volant,
La faulcon et I'ostour mue,
Les leverers auci courant
Et les grantz chivals sojo«mant,
Ne fait que femme mariee.
Du femwe ne say consailler,
Mais je me puiss esm^rvailler, 21050
Car j'ay de les enfantz oy
Dont no5/re moigne pourchacier
Se fist, qant il aloit chacer
Un jour et autre la et cy ;
Mais ijs ne poent apres luy
Enheriter; pour ce vous dy,
Les grandes soumw/es fait don«er
Dont ils serront puis enrichy :
Si charite le porte ensi,
A vosire esgard le vuil lesser. 21060
Mais moigne toutez les delices
Du siecle avoir ne les offices
Ne puet a nous semblablement ;
A luy sont maintes choses vices
Que nous poons a noz services
Avoir a tenir bon«ement :
Siqu'il le siecle q'est present
N'ad point, et s'il au finement
Pert I'autre pour ses injustices,
L'en porra dire voirement 21070
21043 plusauant
238
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Qe moigne sur toute autre gent
Ad deux fortunes infelices.
Ensi les moignes officers,
Les gardeins et les tresorers,
Erront du fole governance ;
Et si no//s prtHons des cloistrers,
lis sont des vices prrrconiers
De murmur et de malvuillance,
D'envie et de desobeissance ;
Chascuns s'en fuyt de la penance 21080
Pour les delices seculiers
Sanz garder la viele observance :
Si je dehors voie ignorance,
Auci voi je deinz les moustiers.
Ly moigne, ensi com;«e truis escrit,
Ne sont pas fait de leur habit ;
Combien q'ils Tordre eiont rescu,
Qant ils d'envie ont I'espirit,
Ne say quoy valdra leur merit.
Renars qui s'est d'aigneals vestu, 21090
Pour ce n'est autres q'ainz ne fu,
Ne cil larons q'au benoit lieu
S'en fuyt, par ce n'est pas parfit ;
Ne moigne auci qui s'est rendu,
Combien q'il soit en halt tondu,
Par ce n'est pas prodons eslit.
Hom;«e fait saint lieu, mais lieu -par
droit
Ne fait saint hom;;?e en nul endroit ;
Ce piert d'essamples, car je lis
Qe Lucifer du cicl chaoit 21 100
En la presence u dieus estoit ;
Si fist Adans de paradis ;
Auci d'encoste dieu le fitz
Judas perist, q'cstoit malditz :
Par quoy chascun bien savoir doit
Qe par I'abit que moigne ont pris,
Ne par le cloistre u sont assis,
Ne serront seint, si plus n'y soit.
En basses caves se loggieront
Jadis ly moigne et eshalcieront 21 no
De Jhesu Crist la droite foy ;
Du sac et haire vestu eront ;
Del eauc bcurent, et mangeront
Del hcrbe : mais helas ! avoy !
Ly moigne a ore ensi com;;/e Roy
En grandes sales a desroy
Se loggont et delices quieront :
Grant nombre sont, mais petit voy
Qui gardont la primere loy 21119
De ceaux qui I'ordre com/;;encero«t.
Par ceaux fuist nulle fem;//e enceinte,
De ceaux envie fuist exteinte,
En ceaux n'iert orguillouse offense,
Par ceaux silence n'ert enfreinte,
De ceaux n'ert faite ascune pleinte
Deinz leur chapitre en audience ;
Ainz sobrete et continence
En unite et pacience
Du charite ne mye feinte
Lors governoit leur conscience : 2 1 1 30
Chascuns fist autre reverence
Et servoit dieu en vie seinte.
Mais ore est autre que ne fu ;
Danz Charite n'ad mais refu,
Car danz Envie I'ad tue,
Et danz Hayne y est venu,
Q'a no covent ad defendu
Qe mais n'y soit danz Unite ;
Danz Pacience est esrage,
Danz Obeissance s'est ale, 21 140
Qui danz Orguil nous ad tollu ;
Et danz Murmur ad en secre
Danz Malebouche professe,
Qui pres tout I'ordre a confondu.
Mais danz Incest, qant ly plerra,
Sur les Manoirs visitera,
Si meyne danz Incontinence
Ovcsqiic luy, et puis vendra
Danz Delicat, qui se rendra
Pour les don«er plaine evidence : 2 1 1 50
Ces sont les trois par qui despense
Povrrte vient et Indigence,
Puis vient Ruine apres cela,
Qui les maisons en sa presence
Degaste ensi comme pestilence
Par les Manoirs u qu'il irra.
Ensi com///e Moigne, ensi Cano/m
21 129 nemye
MIROUR DE L'OMME
239
Ne tient la reule du cano^m ;
Mais I'un et I'autre nepo^rqant
La fourme de Religio/ai 21 160
Gardont, mais la matiere no/m :
Car de la clocque vont gardant
hoitr houre et lour chapitre avant,
Et quanq'al oill est apparant ;
Mais qant a leur condicio//n,
Le poudre dont ay dit devant
Toutdis d'envie tapisant
Demoert dedeinz le chap^ro^m.
Mais pour final governeme«t 21 169
Danz Vice est Abbes au present,
Far quoy danz Gule et danz Peresce
Sont fait par le com;;mn assent
Ses chapellains ; et ensement
Danz Veine gloire se professe,
A qui nostre Abbes se confesse ;
Danz Avarice ad la richesce,
Qui danz Almoisne ascuneme«t
Ne laist a faire sa largesce ;
Ensi danz Conscience cesse,
Qui soloit garder le covent. 21 iSo
Puisq'il ad dit des Religious
possession^rs, ore dirra del ordre
des freres mendiantz.
Si nows agardons plus avant,
L'estat du frere mendiant,
N'ert pas de moy ce qite je dis,
Mais a ce que Ten vait parlant
Ensur trestout le remenant,
Cist ordre vait du mal en pis :
Et nepourqant a leur avis
lis diont q'ils a dieu le fils
Sont droit disciple en lour viva^t ;
Mais j'ay del ordre tant enquis, 21 190
Qe freres ont le siecle quis
Et sont a luy tout entendant.
Mais d'une chose nequedent
Les freres font semblablement
Com>«e les disciples lors fesoiont ;
De les disciples indigent
Un soul n'estoit, ainz tielement
21181
Com;«e riens eiant tr^'stout avoiont :
A cest essample tout se ploiont
Les freres et se multiploiont 212C0.
Des biens, mais c'est tout autreme«t ;
Car les disciples departoiont
As povres gentz ce q'ils tenoiont,
Mais cist le gardont proprement.
lis diont, la felicite
Des freres c'est mendicite,
Dont vont en ease par la rue :
Car cil q'ad terre en proprete
Fait labourer en son degre,
Mais ils n'ont cure de charue, 212 10
Ain9ois ont plus que la value,
Car riche pecche les salue,
Qui de ses biens leur ad donne
Si largement en sa venue,
Qe plus ad celle gent menue
Qe I'autre q'ad ses champs semd.
Ils nous prechont de la pov^rte,
Et ont toutdis la main overte f. 117
Pour la richesce recevoir ;
La covoitise ils ont coverte 21220
Deinz soy, dont I'ordre se p^rverte
Pour enginer et decevoir;
Les eases vuillont bien avoir,
Mais les labours po//r nul avoir,
Ainz vont oiceus com;we gent deserte ;
De nulle part font leur devoir :
Dont m'est avis pour dire voir
Q'ils quieront loer sanz decerte.
lis ont maison celestial,
lis ont vesture espirital, . 21230
lis ont la face simple et seinte,
lis ont corage mondial ;
lis ont la langue liberal,
Dont la men^onge serra peinte,
Ils ont parole belle et queinte
Dont font deceipte a lo//r aqueinte,
lis sont ministre especial
Du vice et ont vertu restreinte,
lis ont soubz lo;/r simplesce feinte
Musce du siecle tout le mal. 21240
Deux freres sont de la partie,
plusauant
240
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Qui vont ensemble sanz partie
Les paiis pour environ;/er;
Et I'un et I'autre ades se plie
Au fin que bien leur multeplie
Du siecle ; dont sont menconger,
Pour blandir et pour losenger
Et pour les pecches avancer :
L'un ad noun frere Ypocresie,
Qui doit ma dame confesser, 21250
Mais I'autre la doit relesser,
Si ad noun frere Flaterie.
Ipocresie vient au lit,
Et est pour confessour eslit
Pour ce q'il semble debon«aire ;
Et qant ma dame ad tr^stout dit,
Lors Flaterie la blandist,
Qui point ne parle du contraire,
Car ce n'est pas de son affaire,
Q'il quiert contricio/ni attraire 21260
De nul ou nulle, ainz po//r profit
Assolt sanz autre paine faire ;
Et ensi gaigne le doaire
De sa viande et son habit.
Le frere qui son lucre avente
Dist a ma dame que jovente
Du fem/;/e doit molt excuser
La frelete de son entente ;
Dont il sovent plus entalente
Le pecche faire que laisser, 21270
Qant pour si poy voet relaisser.
Mais s'om voldroit des mals cesser,
Lors sciet le frere et bien le sente
Qe de son ordre le mestier
Ne serroit plus a nous mestier,
Et powr ce met les mals au vente.
Ipocresie tielement
Du dame et seignour ensement
Quiert avoir la confessio//n ;
Mais Flaterie nequedent 21280
Par I'ordinance du covent
En dorra I'absoluciown,
Car il ad despensacio«n
Solonc recompensaciomi,
Que vient du bource au riche gent,
Qu'il puet don«er remissio//n
Sanz paine et sanz punicio/m,
Pour plus gaigner de leur argent.
Ensi Flatour et Ipocrite
Les gentz de noz paiis visite, 21290
Et s'ils par cas vienont au lieu
U dame Chastete habite,
Ipocrisie lors recite
Du continence la vertu ;
Et s'ils par cas soient venu
U Leccherie ont aparc^u,
Lors Flaterie au plus I'excite
Et est du consail retenu ;
Car il s'acorde bien al jeu
Et prent sa pai-t de la maldite. 21300
Qant Flaterie professe
Ad Leccherie confesse,
Sa penitence luy dorra
D'incestuose auctorite ;
Car Incest est acompaigne
Au Flaterie, u qu'il irra :
Sovent avient il pour cela,
Qant dame soy confesse a
Au frere, de sa malvoiste
Peiour la laist q'il ne trova ; 21 310
Mais qant nuls s'en parceivera,
Tout quidont estre bien ale.
Frere Ipocrite, u qu'il vendra,
D'onestetc tout parlera
Pour soy covmr dc sa parole,
Dont il les oills avoeglera
De ces maritz, qant tretera
Les fem;»es quelles il affole :
Car qant il truist la dame fole.
The folloivhig af'f'cars on the margin of the MS., opposite II. 21266-78 ; the ends of the lines
have been cut aivay by the binder: —
No/a q«od siip^r hii . . | que in ista pa . . | secundum commune dictum d . . | Vihus
scripta pa . . | t^rtnsgrcssos si;«p (?^ . . | ct won alios mater . . | tang«'/ : vnde h . . | qui
in ordine . . | gressi sunt ad . . | reur;1;entes pn'us . . | in fouea>« cada . . | hac eminente . . |
tura cerci«s pre . . | niant//;'.
21282 Endurra 21311 senp«;x:eiuera
MIROUR DE L'OMME
241
II fait sermon de tiele escole 21320
Qu'il de son ordre la fera
Sorowr : voir dist ; mais c'est frivole,
Car par ce q'il la dame acole,
Leur alliance se prendra.
D'incest des freres mendiantz
Je loo as tons jalous amantz
Q'il vuillent bon«e garde prendre ;
Car tant y ad des limitantz
Par les hostealx et visitantz,
Q'au painenuls s'en poetdefendre. 21330
Mais je vous fais tresbien entendre,
O'ils nulle femnie forsq» tendre
Et belle et jofne vont querantz ;
Siq'en la femeline gendre
Sovent avient que frere engendre,
Dont autre est piere a les enfantz.
Qui bien regarde tout entour,
Ipocrisie, Incest, Flatour
Trois freres sont de gmnt puis-
sance ;
N'est tiele dame ne seignour 21340
Q'al un des trois ne porte amour.
D'especiale retenance
Des toutes courtz ont I'aqueintaMce
Et des cites la bienvuillance ;
Chascun les pr^nt au confessour :
Si ont le siecle en governance,
Mais tant comtite dure celle usance,
N'est qui nous poet mettre en hono//r.
Ipocrisie je vous dy,
Q'ad Flaterie presde luy, 21350
Vait les paiis environ«er
Pour sermoner et precher y ;
Et qant il est en halt sailly,
Lors voet les vices arguer,
Oiant le poeple en le moustier :
Mais en la chambre apres disner
La cause n'irra pas ensi ;
Car lors ne voet il accuser,
Ainz voet des vices excuser
Le seignour et la dame auci. 21360
Ipocresie no bealpiere
Ove Flaterie son confrere
21396 PIusq?/encera primerement aparler
de I'estat des Empfrours au temps
q'ore est.
Dieus doint que soions bon«e gent,
Car qui regardc au jour present
Com;;/ent le siecle est tribole,
\^(ir reso»n serra molt dolent ;
Car les mals vont communement,
Qe nul estat ont respite
Mais nc puiss dire tout com;;«ent f. 121
De les batailles proprcment 21980
Que Nabugodonosor fist,
Tiel fuist son no«n, et nequedent
Fortune estoit de son assent
Et sur sa roe en halt I'assist.
yl/(er 2 1 786 one leaf, contaifU)ig 1 92 litL
Sur tous Fortune I'alleva,
Dont son orguil crust et monta,
Mais qant meulx quide estre au dess«5,
Pour son orguil qu"il demena
Sodeinement dieus le rua,
Si q'unqes Rois de sus en jus 21990
N'estoit si fierement confus.
Car sa figure, com;«e je truis.
En une beste se mua,
Dont de son regne estoit exclus
Et fuist au bois sept a«ns depuis,
U qu'il del herbe pastura.
O tu, qui cest essample orras.
Deux choses noter en porras :
L'un est que tu ne dois despire
Les povfres, qant tu les verras, 22000
Car n'est si pove're qui par cas
Porra tenir un grant empire,
Ne ja n'ert hom/;/e si grant sire
Q'ascune foitz ce qu'il desire
Luy doit faillir de halt en bass :
Mais si tu voes le mond descrire,
Ascoulte a ce que m'orras dire,
Et puis t'avise quoy ferras.
Je truis escript du poeple hebru,
Disz tribes s'estoiont esmu 22010
Devf;'s Damas po«r guerroier ;
De leur force et de leur vertu
Quideront tout avoir venqu :
Mais tout changa lour fol quidcr,
L'orguill qui les faisoit aler,
Car pr^st \our sont a I'encontrer
Ly Sirien et ly Caldieu,
As queux Fortune volt aider;
Si firont les Hebreus tuer,
Dont leur orguil ont abatu. 22020
Puis sont en leur orguil leve
Ly Surien et ly Caldiee,
Mais deinz brief temps se passera ;
Fortune leur changa le dee
Et desmontoit ce q'ot monte :
Car l'un a I'autre puis mella,
Mais les Caldieus alors halga
Et la victoire leur don«a,
:s, is lost. 21998 enporras
MIROUR DE LOMME
247
Dont Surien sont avale ;
Mais leur pris guaires ne dura, 22030
Car celle qui les fortuna
Deinz brief les ot desfortune.
Qant ly Caldieu furont amont
Et de Surrie mestres sont,
Lors moevont guerre centre Pefse,
De leur orguill bataille y font ;
Mais Fortune ove sa double front,
Quelle est et ert toutdis diverse,
Lors fuist a les Caldieus adverse,
Contrariouse et tant p^;'v;'se 22040
Q'a celle jour tout perdu ont ;
As P^rsiens s'estoit converse,
Mais tost ap;rs sa roe verse
Par autre guise et les confont.
Qant ly Caldieu sont ensi pris,
As P^rsiens lors fuist avis
Avoir le mond a leur menage ;
Mais celle qui les ot en pris
Monte, les ad bien tost repris,
C'estoit Fortune la salvage : 22050
Car Alisandre ove son barnage
Les venquist, et en son servage
Par guerre puis les ad conquis ;
Ore est cil Rois de tiel oultrage,
Oe tout le mond ly rent truage,
Mais ce ne dura pas toutdis.
Qant Alisandre estoit dessure,
Et q'il le monde avoit en cure,
Quidetz pour ce q'il fuist certein
De la fortune en qui s'assure? 22060
Non fuist pour voir; ainz en poi d'ure
Fortune luy changa sa mein,
Huy luy fist Roys, et I'endemein
L'enpuison^^a, siq'au darrein
Morust et ot sa sepulture :
Ore est tourne s'onour en vein,
Les Regnes sont sanz chevetein,
Et la conqueste en aventure.
L'en voit sovent, qui bien s'avise,
Royalme q'est en soy divise 22070
Covient a estre desolat.
Lors 11 avient en tiele guise,
22096
Les gentz du Roy par covoitise
Comen^ont guerre et gr^nt debat,
Chascuns volt estre potestat,
Ce que I'un halce I'autre abat,
Siq'au darrein par halte enprise
La grande Rome ove ceaux combat
Et les venquist, dont leur estat
Fortune hosta de sa reprise. 22080
O tu Fortune I'inconstante,
Du double face es variante,
L'une est en plour, I'autre est en ris ;
Plus que solaill l'une est luisante.
Belle et pitouse et avenante
Et graciouse au droit devis,
Dont tu regardes tes amys ;
Mais I'autre pl/Y5 q'enfern volcis
Purest oscure et malvuillante,
Dont tu reguardes les chaitis, 22090
Qant par ta sort les as soubmis
D'adv^rsite contrariante.
O tu Fortune la nozmstable,
En tous tes faitz es deceivable,
Car quelle chose que tu fras
Plus que ly ventz purest changable ;
Qant tu te fras plus amiable,
Plustost les gentz deceiveras,
Car qui tu hier en halt montas
Demein les fais ruer en bass : 22100
Trop est ta roe ades muable,
Le dee du quell tu jueras
Ore est en sisz, ore est en as,
Fols est q'en toy se tient creable.
O tu Fortune la marage.
Ore es tout coye au sigle et nage,
Menable et du paisible port ;
Ore es ventouse, plein du rage,
Des haltes ondes tant salvage.
Que l'en ne puet nager au port : 221 10
Tu es d'estee le bell desport
Flairant, mais plus sodain que mort
Deviens lutouse et yvernage ;
Tu es le songe qant Pen dort,
Qe tous biens par sembla«te apport,
Mais riens y laist de I'avantage.
Plusqw^
248
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Fortune, endroit du courtoisie
Tu ne scies point, ainz malnorrie
Par droit Ten te porra prover : 22 1 19
Car qui plus quiert ta compainie
Et plus te loe et magnifie,
Tu plus celluy fais laidenger,
Et qui fuir et aviler
Te quiert, celluy fais honoi/rer :
C'est une eschange mal partie,
Ne say reson dont excuser
T'en puiss, si noun q'au droit juger
Tu as la voegle maladie.
Fortune, tu as deux ancelles
Pour toy servir, si volent celles 22130
Plus q'arondelle vole au vent,
Si portont de ta court novelles ;
Mais s'au jour d'uy nous portent belles,
Demein les changont laidement :
L'une est que vole au noble gent,
C'est Renomee que bell et gent
D'onour les conte les favelles,
Mais I'autre un poy plus aspr^ment
Se vole, et ad nown proprement
Desfame, plaine de querelles. 22140
Cist duy par tout u sont volant
Chascune entour son coll penda«t
Porte un grant corn, dont ton message
Par les paiis s'en vont cornant.
Mais entrechange nepourqant
Sovent faisont de leur cornage,
Car Renome, q'ier vassellage
Cornoit, buy change son langage,
Et d'autre corn s'en vait sufflant,
Q'est de miscre et de hontage : 22150
Siqwf de toy puet estre sage
Sur tcrre nul qui soit vivant.
He, comtnc Fortune par tout vole,
Ore est tressage, ore est trcsfole,
Ore est doulcettc, ore est amere,
Ore est commune et ore est sole.
Mais quiq'en voet savoir I'escole,
Regarde Rome, a qui fuist mere
Fortune et la droite emp^rere.
Uestclleore? Elle est dercre ; 22.60
22133 lowrduy
De Rome nuls ne tient parole,
Plus que I'aignelle a sa berchiere
Rome est soubgite, et la banere
Jadis d'onour ore est frivole.
Molt fuist jad^'s la renomee
De Rome, qant elle ert nome
Cite de la paiene gent :
Troian, q'en ot la dignete,
Lors moustra sa benignete,
Qu'il fist et gardoit ensement 22170
La loy du bon governement ; f. 122
Mais du prouesce et hardement
Fuist Rome auci la plus loe
Au temps Cesar le fort regent,
Du qui noblesce au jour present
L'en parle et ad toutdis parlee.
Mais ore, helas ! nous quoy dirrons,
Q'en dieu par droite foy creons ?
Si est la Cite malbaillie,
Dont no//6- la seignourie avons. 221 So
Pour la creance que tenons
Bien say ce n'est avenu mye,
Ainz est pour nosfre fole vie.
O chiefs du toute prdacie.
Part de la cause a vous donons,
Et I'Emperour avera partie ;
Ne sai de vous qui pis la guye,
La coulpe sur vous deux lessons.
O Rome, jadys chief du monde,
Mais tu n'es ore la seconde, 22190
Ove deux chiefs es sanz chevetein :
L'un est qui sainte eglise exponde ;
A son poair n'est qui responde,
Cc piert en toy chascun demein,
Car s'il avient qu'il t'est prochein,
Lors tolt de toj' le flour et grein,
Et laist la paile deinz ta bonde,
Et puis se tient de toy forein :
C'est un dcs chiefs le primerein,
Par qui Fortune te confonde. 22200
Un autre chief duissetz avoir,
Mais vocgles ad les oills po»r voir.
Si ad tout sourdes les oreilles ;
Ne puet oir, ne puet veoir,
22168 qenot
MIROUR DE L'OMME
249
Si mal te vient, q'en poet chaloir ?
Helas, Fortune, as tes merveilles ;
C'est I'aigle d'orr qui tu n'esveilles,
C'est cil qui tient les nefs sanz veilles
Et les chivalx sanz removoir.
He Rome, jadys sanz pareilles, 22210
N'est ore honour dont t'ap«reilles,
Tes chiefs te font le corps doloir.
Helas ! qant cils qui duissont estre
Pour tout le mond en chascun estre
Du corps et alme noz gardeins,
L'un chivaler et I'autre prestre,
Laissont noblesce ensi descrestre,
Nonpas tout soul de les Romeins,
Ainz de tous autres plus et meinz,
Nuls est de son estat certeinz, 22220
Qant fait I'essample de son mestre :
Dont vont errant tous les humeinz
Par quoy prions as joyntez meins
Remede de la court celestre.
Ore qu'il ad dit de I'estat des
Emperours, dirra de I'estat des
Roys.
Apres r Empire le seconde
Pour gov^rner les gentz du monde
L'estat du Roy fuist ordine :
Ly Rois, sicome le livre exponde,
S'il a sa Roialte responde,
Doit guarder toute honestete : 22230
De sa primere duete,
Doit sainte eglise en son degre
Defendre, que nuls la confonde,
Et puis doit de sa Roialte
Selonc justice et equite
Guarder la loy dedeinz sa bonde.
Tiele est la duete des Roys,
Amer et servir dieu ain^ois,
Et sainte eglise maintenir,
Et garder salvement les loys : 22240
Mais ils font ore nul des trois ;
Car ils n'ont cure a dieu servir,
Et d'autre part vuillont tollir
Du sainte eglise, ainz q'eslargir
Ne les franchises ne les droitz ;
Et nulle loy vuillont tenir
Mais ce qui vient a leur plesir,
Sicomwe dist la com;;nme vols.
Rois sainte eglise trop enpire,
Qant il nient joustement s'aire 22250
Encontre ascun q'est son prelat,
Et sur cela luy fait occire :
Combien q'il soit son lige sire,
II duist doubter si saint estat ;
Qui sainte eglise ensi rebat
Encontre mesmes dieu combat,
Mais il ne le puet desconfire ;
Ainz tant comme plus ove luy debat,
Tant plus serra du guerre mat,
Qant il son ease plus desire. 22260
Et d'autre p^rt trop desavance
La sainte eglise Rois q'avance
Clerc a la cure d'eveschee.
Qui sciet ne latin ne romance,
Du bible ne de Concordance,
Ne de Civile ne decre.
Pour governer sa dignete,
Mais soul pour ce q'il est prive
Du Roy, pour faire sa plesance
En la mondaine vanite. 22270
Rois qui tiel clerc ad avance
Ne serra quit de la penance.
O Rois, fai ce que tu porras,
Qe sages soient tes prelatz,
A ce qu'ils facent leur devoir ;
Et lors tu les desporteras,
Que malgre leur ne porteras
Du sainte eglise ascun avoir :
Et d'autre part t'estuet savoir,
Qant dois coron«e rescevoir, 22280
D'evesqw^ la resceiv^ras ;
Dont m'est avis, pour dire voir,
Celluy q'onour te fait avoir
Par reson tu n'avileras.
O Roys, si je le serement
Q'au jour de ta coron«ement
As fait a dieu et sainte eglise
Remembre, lors ne saj' comment
Le dois falser, car Rois qui ment
250
MIROUR DE L'OMME
N'est digne a tenir sa franchise, 22290
^\inz dieus le hiet et le despise ;
Car verite par halte enprise
L'appelle et tient en jugement,
Et le met a recreandise :
Pour ce bon est que Roy s'avise
Pour la bataille qu'il attent.
O Roys, dieus ne s'agree mye,
Qant tu franchise ou manantie
Que ton Ancestre a luy don«a
Luy voes tollir de ta maistrie ; 22300
Car dont I'eglise est enpovrie,
Jam;«ais ly Roys se richera:
Mais Rois doit bien savoir cela,
Quanqz/^ I'eglise tient et a
A dieu p<7rtient, dont courtoisie
Unques n'estoit ne ja serra,
Qant a celluy qui tout bailla
Ne laist avoir sa pourpartie.
O Roys, laissetz en pes la bonde ;
Combien que sainte eglise habonde,
Tu ne t'en dois entremeller : 2231 1
Du Salomon je truis q'il fonde
Le temple dieu, et a large onde
])es biens le fist supf/fluer ;
Mais je say nuUe part trover
Qu'il en toUist un soul denier,
Car la science q'ot parfonde
Luy fist toutdis considerer,
Qe cil q'au dieu voet guerroier
Ne puet avoir sa pes au monde. 22320
Du Roy d'Egipte truis lisant,
Qu'il ses taillages demandant
Des p;'(?stres moeble ne fiorin
Pour I'amour son dieu Ternaga;/t
Ne volt tollir ne tant ne quant :
C'estoit le fait du Sarazin ;
Avoy pour honte ! o Roy cristin,
N'iert dieus amc plus q'Appolin?
Q'est ce que tu t'en vais pilant
Des pr^stres, qui sent tout divin ? 22330
Crois tu par ce mener au fin
Ta guerre ? No//n, jam»;ais par tant.
Lysias, qui Vast de Surrie
22316 entollist 22340 ya Af/er
Menoit soubz sa con«establie,
As tous les a»ns avoir quida
El temple dieu de la clergie
Tribut : mais dieus ne le volt mie,
Ain^ois son angel envoia,
Q'encontre luj^ le derresna,
Et de son host occis y a 2234c
Bien dousze Mil. O la folic,
Si Rois ne s'en essamplera !
Car si dieus lors son temple ama,
S'eglise est ore plus cherie.
O Rois qui piles sainte eglise
Et tols a tort la dieu franchise,
Scies tu que dieus t'en ad promis ?
Par son prophete il te devise
La paine q'il t'en ad assisse,
Si dist qu'il tourn^ra son vis 2235c
Encontre toy partiel divis,
Qe tu serras tant esbahis
Du paour et recreandise,
Qe si nes uns t'ait poursuVz
Tu fuieras. O dieu merciz,
Trop serra dure la reprise.
O Rois, je loo, si tu bien fes,
Laissetz la sainte eglise en pes,
P'ai ce q'a ta coron«e appent ;
Mais cil q'estoit du sage port, f. 125
C'est Daniel, au Roy report
L'exponement, disant ensi :
' Mane, ton pueple t'ad guerpi ;
Techel, tu n'as bonte par qui
Qe dieus t'en voet don;/er confort;
Phares, ton regne est departi, -22750
Car dieus voet q'autre en soit saisi,
Et tu serras du pecche mort.'
O Rois, prcn guarde et te pourvole,
Qe tiele hV/re ne t'envoie
Dieus, qui les Rois tient en justice ;
En trop de vin ne te festoie,
Dont ta luxure multeploie.
Car c'est en Roy trop orde vice :
Et d'autre part pour I'avarice
22359 iivo leaves are lost. 22751 ensoit
MIROUR DE L'OMME
251
Ne fai a I'orr ton sacrefice, 22760
Car Rois doit estre toute voie
F/rtncs en toutz pointz, mais trop est
nice
Cil Rois q'en servitute esclise,
Et de franchise se desvoie.
Dedeinz la bible escript je lis
D'un Roy qui demandoit jadis
Des quatre de ses chambreleins,
Kt grant loer leur ad promis,
Uui meulx dirroit au droit divis 22769
Q'est ce que plus du force est pleins :
Si lottr don«a trois jours au meinz
D'avisenient, dont plus certeinz
Fuissent pour dire leur avis.
L'un dist que sur trestous humeinz
Du force Roy fuist souvereinz ;
Car Roy tous autrez ad soubgiz.
Mais ly secondes respondy,
Qe femw^es sont plus fort de luy ;
Car fem;«es scievont Roy danter :
L'essample veons chascun dy, 22780
Maint Roy en est trop malbailly,
Q'au peine nuls se sciet garder.
Ly tierce dist, q'au droit juger,
Le vin trestout puet surmonter,
Par force qant les ad saisy ;
Car Roy et femme en son danger
Retient, et tolt leur force et cuer,
Et tout le membre ovesqw^ auci.
Le quarte dist que verite
Toute autre chose ad surmonte ; 22790
Car verite de son droit fin,
Qant tous serront ovel juge,
Tout veint la fole vanite
Du Roy, des femwes et du vin.
Cil qui ce dist ot le cuer fin
Du sapience et bon engin,
Dont sa response tint en gr^
Ly Rois, ensi comme d'un divin.
Bien doit pour ce le Roy cristin
Amer justice et loyalte. 22800
Rois doit la verite cherir
Sur toute chose et obeir,
22778
Ce dist Sidrac ; et nepourqant
Ore voit om Roy tous ceaux hair
Qui voir diont, mais qui blandir
Luy vuillont, cils serront mana«t.
Voir dist qui dist femwe est puissant,
Et ce voit om du meintenant :
Dieus pense de les mais guarir,
Q'as toutes loys est descordant, 22810
Qe femme en terre soit regnant
Et Rois soubgit pour luy servir.
Rois est des femmes trop de9u,
Qant plus les ayme que son dieu,
Dont laist honour pour foldelit :
Cil Rois ne serra pas cremu,
Q'ensi voet laisser son escu
Et querre le bataille ou lit.
Du Roy David je truis escrit
Que pour son charnel appetit 22820
Du Bersabee, qu'il ot conu,
Vilainement fuist desconfit ;
Car Rois ne serra ja parfit
Q'est de sa frele char vencu. -
Dedeinz la bible qui lira
Des Rois, sovent y trov^ra
Qe pour les mais que Rois faisoit
Non soulement dieus se venga
Sur le Roy mesme, ainz pour cela
Trestout le pueple chastioit ; 22830
Mais par contraire en nul endroit
Ne lis qu'il sur le Roy vengoit
Les mais du pueple cy ne la :
Rois est le chief solonc son droit,
Dont si le chief malade soit,
N'est membre qui dolour n'ara.
Ensi le mal du Roy ceux fiert
As queux le pecche point n'affiert ;
Car ce dont Rois son dieu oflfent
Sovent le pueple le compiert, 22840
Par quoy du Roy, com;//e bien apiert,
Les pecches sont trop violent.
Dieu ne se venga proprement
De David q'ot fait folement,
Ainz pour le Roy le poeple quiert:
Bien doit ly Rois estre dolent
plusfort
2^2
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Oant il au pueple tielement
Pour ses pecchcs vengance adquiert.
Le lis, qant David s'aparcoit
Qe sur son pueple tourneroit 22850
Ce q'il ot mesmes deservy,
Pour le dolour q'il lors avoit
Dicus la vengance repaisoit,
Oant vist coment se repenti ;
Car tost comwe il s'en conv^rti
Vers dieu, il en trova mercy,
Dont il son dieu remercioit,
Et puis se contienoit ensi,
Qu'il soy et tout le pueple auci
Al dieu plesance governoit. 22860
O Rois, retien en remembrance
Du Roy David la repentance :
Hostetz de toy le fol desir,
Qui fait amerrir ta puissance,
Hostetz de toy fole ignorance,
Que ta justice fait blemir ;
Et si tu voes au bien venir,
D'orguil ne te dois sovenir :
Pren consail sage en t'alliance,
Et sur tout te dois abstenir 22870
Du covoitise, et lors tenir
Porras la bon»e governance.
Ly Rois David, comwe dist Vauctottr,
Estoit des six pointz essamplour,
Dont chascun Roy puet essampler :
Ly Rois David estoit pastour,
Ly Rois David estoit harpour,
Ly Rois David fuist chivaler,
Ly Rois David en son psalter
Estoit prophete a dieu leer, 22880
Ly Rois David en doel et plour
Estoit penant, et pour regner
David fuist Rois, si q'au parler
As autrez Rois il fuist mirour.
Au pastour fait primrrement
Q'il ses berbitz discretement
Les ruignous houste de les seins :
Bons Rois covient qu'il tielement
Deinz son hostcll la bonz/e gent
Retiene et hoste les vileins. 22890
22856 entroua
Berbis q'est de la ruigne atteins
Les autres qui luy sont procheins
Entusche : et Vomme q'est present
Entour le Roy fait plus ne meinz ;
Des males mours dont il est pleins
Corrumpt les autres malement.
Au bon harpour fait de nature
Mettre en accord et attemprure
Les cordes de sa harpe, ensi
Qe celle corde pr/rdessure 22906
Ne se descorde a la tenure,
Et puis q'a I'un et I'autre auci
Face acorder la corde enmy ;
Mais au darrein covient a luy
Qu'il de Musique la droiture
Bien garde ; et lors ad tout compli,
Dont cils q'aront la note oy
S'esjoyeront de la mesure.
Ensi fait que ly Rois en terre
Sache attemprer et I'acord fere 22910
Du pueple dont la gov^^rnance
I] ad res9U, siq'au bienfere
Chascuns endroit de son affere
Soit temprez en droite ordinance,
Le seigno?/r soit en sa puissance
Et la commune en obeissance,
L'un envers I'autre sanz mesfere :
Rois q'ensi fait la concordance
Bien porra du fine attempra«ce
La harpe au bon;/e note trere. 22920
David bon chivaler estoit
Du cuer et corps, dont surmontoit
La force de ses anemys ;
Qant pour la foy se combatoit,
Dieus son miracle demoustroit,
Dont il avoit loenge et pris.
Car la fortune a les hardis
S'encline, mais Rois q'est eschis
A batailler qant il ad droit,
II n'est pas de David apris ; 22930
Mais s'il defende son paiis,
Lors fait cela que faire doit.
Prophete estoit le bon Davy,
Loyal, certain, car tant vous dy,
22874 dix
MIROUR DE L'OMME
253
Ce qu'il disoit ne fuist pas fable.
Rois qui s'essamplera de luy f, 126
Covient tricher envers nully,
Car Roys doit estre veritable
De sa parole, et non changable ;
Et autrement, s'il soit muable, 22940
II ad sa Roialte failly :
Mais Rois q'en verite s'estable,
Par ce son regne fait estable,
Si ert a dieu prochein amy.
David estoit auci penant,
Du cuer contrit et repentant,
De ce qu'il dieu ot offendu,
Dont fist penance sufficant
Par quoy soy mesmes tout ava«t
Et puis le pueple en sa vertu 22950
Guarist de la vengance dieu :
O Rois, ensi covient que tu
Par repentance eietz garant
De tes pecches, dont absolu
Estre porretz, ainz que vencu
Soietz del ire au toutpuissant.
Mais au final David fuist Rois,
Qui bien guardoit les bonnes lois.
Mais pour retourner a cela
Des pointz dont vous ay dit aincois,
Le temps est ore plus malvois, 22961
N'est qui David essamplera:
Pres du pastour ore om verra
Berbis ruignous, dont trop y a ;
Et del harpour diont Fran9ois,
La harpe est en discord pie9a.
U est qui bien nous harpera ?
Je ne say dire a ceste fois.
Pour parler de chivalerie
De David et sa prophecie, 22970
Du prouesce et du verite,
N'est pas a moy que je le die,
Mais om dist que I'essamplerie
Du nos/re terre en est ale,
Et qtie David s'estoit pene
Po«;-ses pecches, ore est tourne
Pour Tease avoir de ceste vie,
Et la justice en Roialte
22964 ya 22974 enest
Que David tint, desloyalte
De mal consail Tad forsbannie. 22980
O Rois, enten, si fretz que sage,
Danz Tullius t'en fait message,
Disant que c'est au Roy grant honte,
Qui par bataille et fier corage
Tons veint, et soy laist en servage
Du covoitise, et tant amonte
Q'il n'est pas Rois a droit acompte :
Del une part car si Pen conte
Qu'il ad prouesce et vassallage,
Del autre part son pris ne monte ; 22990
Qant covoitise luy surmonte,
L'onour du Roy se desparage.
O Rois, d'orguil ton cuer retien,
De I'escripture et te sovien.
Dieus dist, ' A la coronwe way
Q'est orguillouse ! ' car n'est rien
Que dieus tant hiet, ce savons bien ;
Plusours en ont trove I'essay :
Mais d'autre part tresbien le say,
O Rois, si voes servir au pay - 23000
Ton dieu, humblesce en toy maintien,
Com;«e fist David, ensi le fay :
L'essample vous en conteray,
Ascoulte, Rois, et le retien.
Molt ot David humble espirit,
Ce parust bien qant il oit
Semey, qui luy vint maldire
En son meschief par grant despit,
Et il le fist du mort respit,
D'umilite restreigna Fire : 23010
Auci Ten puet de Saiil lire
Qu'il querroit David pour I'occire,
Pour ce David point ne I'occit,
Qant ot poer, dont nos/re sire
Puis saisist David de I'empire
Et Roy Saiil fuist desconfit.
Sicom/;/e la force eschiet du Roy
Par son orguil et par desroy,
Ensi s'avance humilite.
Ce parust en la viele loy, 23020
Senacherib ove son buffoy
Qant Ezechie ot manace
22998 enont 23003 enconteray
254
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Et cil s'estoit humilie,
Dieus son miracle ad demoustre :
03^tante Mil et cynk, ce croy,
Del host paiene il ad tue,
Et puis luy mesme en sa centre
Ses fils tueront en reco}'.
O Roys, tu es a dieu conjoj^nt,
Oant par les meins d'evesq/r^ enoint
Es du sainte oile, et pour cela 23031
Remembre a ce que t'est enjoint,
De vertu ne soietz desjoynt,
Car Rois par droit le vice harra :
De sa nature Toile esta
Mol et per(;ant, dont Rois serra
Pitous et joust, siq'en nul point
AI un n'al autre falsera ;
Pite joustice attemprera,
Qu'il crualtc ne ferra point. 23040
O Rois, si bien fais ton devoir,
Deux choses te covient avoir,
Ce sont pites et jugement,
Ne I'un sanz I'autre poet valoir :
Tu ne te dois tant esmovoir
Du pite, dont la male gent
Soit inpunie, et autrement
Tu dois sanz pite nullement
Juger de ton roial pooir
Pour nul corous que toi suspr^nt, 23050
Ainz du pite benignement
Fai la malice removoir.
Senec le dist q'a Roialt6
Plus q'a nul autre affiert pite,
Et le bon Emp^rour Constant
Nous dist que cil s'est bien prove
Seigneur en droite verite.
Qui du pite se fait servant:
Cassodre auci ce vait disant,
Qe tout le rcgne en ad garant, 23060
U que pites s'est hcrbergc ;
Et qui la bible en vait lisant
Verra justice molt vaillant,
Qant du mercy serra mellee.
Ly Rois q'est joust et debon;;ere
N'estuet doubter le fait du guerre
23060 cnad
23062
Pour multitude de la gent
Q'au tort vienont pour luy surquere ;
Car mesmes dieu leur est contrere
Et les maldist molt fierement, 23070
Coni;»e Ysaie nous aprent :
Ly Machabieus tout ensement,
O'assetz savoit de tiel affere,
Dist que victoire ne se prent
En multitude, ain^ois attent
En dieu, si Roys luy voet requere.
O Rois, si estre voes pr/rfit,
Fai ce pour quoy tu es eslit,
Justice au pueple fai don^zer ;
Ly Rois qui par justice vit 23080
Ja n'ert du guerre desconfit.
Ce dist David en son psalter,
'Justice et pes s'en vont aler
Comwe mere et file entrebaiser ' :
Car de justice pes nasquist ;
Pour ce justice est a guarder
Au Roy qui voldra pes amer.
Car c'est le chief de son habit.
O Rois, si tu del un oil voies
Les grans honours, les grandes joyes
De ta coronwe et ta noblesce, 23091
De I'autre part repenseroies
Comwe es chargez diversez voies
De ce dont dieus t'ad fait largesce.
Si tu bien gardes la promesse,
Com;«e ta coron«e le professe,
Et ton devoir n'en passeroies,
Lors sanz faillir, je me confesse,
Les charges passont la richesce,
Si I'un ove I'autre compensoiez. ;3roo
L'estat du Roy est honourable,
Mais eel honour est descheable
Au siecle qui ne puet durer;
Car mort que ja n'ert nK^rciable
Ne truist le Roy plus defensable
Q'un povre vilein labourer,
Et tout ensi naist au primer
Le Roy comwe fait le povre bier,
Nature leur fait resemblable,
Mais soul I'estatz font diverser; 231 10
envait 23086 aguarder
MIROUR DE L'OMME
255
Dont si ly Rois ad plus poer,
Tant plus vers dieu est acomptable.
Qui plus en halte estage monte,
S'il en cherra, mal se desmonte,
Dont trop se blesce ; et tout ensi
Par cas semblable tant amonte
Ly Rois, qui tous estatz surmonte ;
S'il soit des vices assailly
Et soit vencu, tant plus failly
Serra coupable et malbailly, 23120
Qant a son dieu rendra I'acompte,
Qui la personne de nully
Respite. O Rois, pour ce te dy,
Pren garde a ce que je te conte.
C'est bien reso//n, si Rois mal fait,
Qe s'alme plus du paine en ait
Q'uns autres de menour degre :
Car si la povre gent mesfait, f. 127
Sur eaux reverte le mesfait,
Dont sont du siecle chastiee ; 23130
Mais si ly Rois fait malvoiste,
N'est qui pourra sa Royalte
Punir, ainz quit de son forsfait
Irra tout a sa volente,
Tanqj/^ la haulte deite
Luy fait ruer de son aguait.
O Rois qui meines vie fole,
Ain9ois que I'ire dieu t'affole,
Fai amender ta fole vie ;
Car qant tu vendras a I'escole 23 140
U t'alme doit respondre sole,
Ne te valdra chivalerie,
Ne Roialte ne seigneurie,
Ainz la reso?/n q'as deservie
Du ciel ou d'infernal gaiole
L'un dois avoir sanz departie :
Ore elisetz a ta partie
Le quel te plaist, ou dure ou mole.
Ainz q'autre chose a dieu prioit
Rois Salomon, q'il luy voldroit 23150
Don/^er ytielle sapience
Par quelle du justice et droit
Son pueple en sauf governeroit :
Dont sa priere en audience
231 14 encherra 23126 enait
Vint pardevant la dieu presence,
Et pour ce que sa conscience
Au proufit de son poeple estoit,
Dieus luy don;7a I'expmence
Du bien, d'onour et de science,
Plus q'unqz/es Rois deva«t n'avoit. 23160
L'essample au Salomon le sage
Loign du memoire ad pris passage,
N'est Rois qui le voet repasser
Pour le tenir deinz son corage,
Ainz prent du poeple son pilage
Et laist justice oultrepasser.
Si dieus consail du losenger
D'entour le Roy ne voet hoster,
Trop avons p^rdu I'avantage ;
Car chascun jour renoveller 23170
Veons les mals et adverser,
Dont chascuns sente le damwage.
Essample y ad du meinte guise,
Qe Rois consail du covoitise
Doit eschui'r, car ce defent
Ly philosophre en son aprise ;
Car tiel consail honour ne prise
Ne le com;/mn profitement,
Ainz quiert son lucre proprement.
De fals Judas I'essamplement 23180
Bon est que chascun Roy s'avise ;
Car il pour lucre de I'argent
Son Roy trahist au male gent.
Qui puis en suffrit la juise.
Mais cil qui mal consail dorra,
Ly mals sur soy revertira,
Qant il meinz quide qtie ce vient :
Ce dist Sidrac, et de cela
Achitofel nous essampla,
Qant Absolon ove soit retient 23190
Cusy, a qui consail se tient
Et le pourpos volt guarder nient
Q'Achitofel luy consailla ;
Dont il tant anguissous devient,
Q'as ses deux mains le hart enprie«t
Au propre coll et s'estrangla.
O dieus, qant ly plus seigneural
Pier de la terre et principal
23173 yad 23184 ensuffrit
256
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Apres le Roy n'osent restreindre
Les mals, ainz sustienont le mal, 23200
Com;;;ent dirront ly com;«unal ?
Ou a qui lors se porront pleindre,
Qant cils q'apr(?s le Roy sont greindre
N'osent voirdire, ainz vuillont feindre,
Pour double ou pour I'amour roial ?
N'est verite qui puet remeindre,
Dont ont oppress le pueple meindre
Du maint errour superflual.
Ore qu'il ad dit I'estat des Roys,
dirra I'estat des autres seignours.
Apres les Rois pour Regime^zt
Seignours om voit div<'rseme/2t 23210
Par les cites, par les paiis,
Qui sont ensi coni;;/e Roy regent,
Et si ne portont nequedent
Le no/m du Roy, ain^ois sont ditz
Dues, Princes, Contes et Marchis.
Chascuns, solonc qu'il ad enpris
L'onour, doit porter ensement
Les charges, dont il m'est avis,
Seignour doit garder ses soubgitz
En loy du bon gov^niement. 23220
N'est pas pour ce que dieus n'avoit
Assetz du quoy dont il porroit
Avoir fait riche chascuny,
Q'il les gens povres ordinoit ;
Ainz fuist pour ce que dieus voloit
Essaier les seignours ensi,
S'ils ussent leur corage en luy :
Car qui q'est riclie et joust auci,
Laissant le tort pour fairc droit,
II ad grant grace deservi, 23230
Qant pour les biens q'il fait yci
Les biens sanz fin puis avoir doit.
Ascuns diont q'cn Lombardie
Sont les seignours dc tirandic,
Qui vivont tout au volente
Sanz loy tenir d'oneste vie,
Ain^ois orguil et Icccherie
Et covoitise ont plus loe.
D'orguil ont sainte eglise en hee,
Qu'ils la sentence et le decre 23240
Po//r dieu n'en vuillont garder mie,
Et de luxure acoustume
Comwmne font la mariee
Et la virgine desflourie.
Et d'avarice, dont sont plein,
lis font piler et mont et plein,
N'est uns qui leur puet eschaper
Qui soit a leur poer prochein :
Trestous les vices ont au mein,
Mais ore, helas ! trop com;;/uner 23250
S'en vait par tout leur essampler ;
De^a et pardela la mer
Chascuns s'en plaint, p;rs et longtein,
Qe la malice en seigneurer
Confont le povre labourer,
Et le burgois et le forein.
De ces Lombardz om solait dire
Q'ils sont sur tons les autrez pire
En gov^rnant leur seignourage ;
Mais certes ore, qui reniire 23260
L'estat du siecle pour descrire,
Om voit plusours de tiel estage,
Seignours du jofne et du viel age ;
Chascuns en sente le dam;«age,
Mais nuls en puet trover le mire :
Si dieus ne pense au tiel oultrage
Rescourre, endroit de mon corage
Ne sai ce q/zt" j'en dole escrire.
Avoy, seigneur, q'es en bon plit
Sibien d'onour com///e de proufit, 23270
Tu es du deble trop com/;mz,
Qant tout cela ne te souffit,
Ain^ois de ton fol appetit
Pour covoitise d'avoir plus
Pais guerre, dont serront confus
Les povrez gens et abatus
Les droitz : mais seigno//r q'ensi vit
Du charite trop est exclus ;
Meulx luy valdroit estre rcclus, 23279
Qant pour son gaign le poeple occit.
Des tieus seignours le mal avient
23241 ncnvuillont
23251 Senvait
23265 enpuet
23259 Enpouf^Tiant
23268 iendoie
23264 cnsente
MIROUR DE L'OMME
257
Par quoy no siecle mal devient ;
Car seignour ont le poeste
Du poeple, siq'au gent covient
La reule que du mestre vient
Sui'r comwe par necessite.
Dont semble que la malvoiste
Du quoy no siecle est tribole
A leur prtrtie plus se tient,
Des queux la gent est gov^rne ; 23290
Ce sont seignours par leur degre :
Ne sai si je le dirray nient.
Sicom;«e les gr^ns seignowrs amont
De leur errour malice font,
Autres y ad, ce semble a moy,
Ly quel ne Due ne Prince sont
Ne Conte, et nepourqant il ont
Diversement poer en soy,
Chascuns en son paiis, du quoy,
Ou en ap^Tt ou en recoy, 23300
Le pueple de sa part confont :
Siqw^ par tout, u que je voy,
Du justice et de bon;/e foy
Entorciown ad freint le pont.
Mais certes par le mien avis
De toy me pleigns q'es seignouris.
Quant oultre ce que dieus te don«e
T'enforces nepourqant toutdiz
D'extorciown en ton paiis
Piler du povre la p^rson;7e : 23310
Qant tu as ce qui te fuison;?e,
Du povere gent qui t'environ«e
Ne serroit ton pilage pris ;
Combien que I'autre mot ne son«e,
Cil dieux vers qui le mal reson«e
Ne lerra tiels mals inpunitz.
Et d'autre part trop mal se guie
Seignour puissant du seignoz/rie, f. 128
Qant il les com;;mns baratours
Pour la petite gaignerie 23320
Supporte de sa tirannie ;
Dont nous vienont les grans errours :
Car qant seignowr sont maintenowrs,
La loy com;;nme pert son cours,
Par quoy le tort se justefie,
23326
Dont la justice est a rebours :
Tiel seignour et tiels soldeiours
Mettont en doubte nosfre vie.
O seigneur, qant orguil te prent,
Enten que Salomon t'aprent, 23330
Qui dist : ' Le jofne enfant q'est sage,
Discret, hon;7este et diligent,
Combien q'il soit du povre gent
Et n'ad de rente n'eritage.
Plus valt endroit de son corage
Qe ly vielardz q'ad seigneurage,
Qant il est fol et necligent.'
Povcrte en soy n'est pas hontage,
Si des vertus ait I'avantage,
Mais la richesce est accident. 23340
Sanz terre valt prodhomwe asses,
Mais sanz prodhomme sont quassez
La terre et la richesce en vein.
Ja n'ait malvois tant amassez,
Qant les vertus luy sont passez,
De soy n'est autre que vilein ;
Mais I'autre, si richesce au mein
Luy fait, il puet par cas demein
Avoir grans terres et cites
Par les vertus dont il est plein : 23350
Car les vertus sont plus certein
Qe les richesces maleurez.
Par les vertus om puet acquerre
Toutes richesces de la terre,
Mais les richesces nepourqant
Ne sont en soy digne a conquerre
Le meindre que Ten porroit querre
De les vertus, ne tant ne qant.
O seigneur, qui fais ton avant,
Pour ce n'es pas a ton devant, 23360
Qe tu fais ta richesce attrere,
Si des vertus soies faillant ;
Mais cil est riche et sufticant
Q'est vertuous en son affere.
Achilles fuist le plus proise
En I'ost des Grieus, qant la cite
De Troie furont assiegant ;
Un autre y fuist q'estoit nome
I Tersites, le plus malure ;
arebours
S
258
MIROUR DE L'OMME
!338o
Dont dist Orace a son enfant, 23370
' Meulx vuil que toy soit engendrant
Tersites, maisq//^ tu vaillant
Soies d'Achilles essample,
Oe si fuissetz filz Achillant
Et a Tersites resemblant
De la malvoise renomee.'
O seignour, tu porras savoir
Par ce q'ai dit que c'est tout voir,
Quiq'a I'enfant soit piere ou mere
De ce ne puet au fin chaloir,
Maisqu'il de soy porra valoir
Du sen, du port et de maniere ;
Et ja n'ait om si noble piere,
Voir s'il fuist fils a I'Emp^'rere,
S'il ne se sache au droit avoir,
Meulx valt le fils de la berchere:
Car solonc que Ten voit matiere,
Chascuns son pris doit rescevoir.
Tons suismes d'un Adam issuz,
Combien que I'un soit au dessus 2
En halt estat, et I'autre en bass ;
Et tous au mond nasquismes nudz,
Car ja nasquist si riches nuls
Qui de nature ot un pigas.
O tu q'en servitute m'as,
Si je meinz ay et tu plus as
Richesce, et soietz sanz vertus,
Si tu malfais et je bien fas,
Dieus changcra tes sis en as,
Tu meinz aras et j'aray plus.
Seigneur de halt parage plain,
Ne t'en dois faire plus haltain,
Ne I'autre gent tenir au vil ;
Tous suismes fils dc dame Evain
Seigneur, tu qui me dis vilain,
Com;«ent voes dire q'es gentil ?
Si tu le dis, je dy nenil :
Car certes tout le flom de Nil
Ne puct hoster le sane prochain
De toy, qui te fais tant nobil,
Et du vilein q'en son cortil
Labourt pour sa vesture et pain.
Trop est I'oisel de mcsprisure
Q'au son ny propre fait lesure,
Qu'il duist honestement garden
Seigneur auci se desnature,
Les povres gens de sa nature
Qu'il fait despire et laidenger ;
Car tous tieux membres pier au pier
En rom;//e povre puet mirer -3420
Comme mesmes ad ove I'estature
Tout auci beal, auci plener
Du sen, du reso/m, de parler,
Et de semblant et de figure.
He, quel orguil te monteroit,
Seigneur, si dieus foiirme t'avoit
D'argent ou d'orr ou de perrie,
Siqw^ ton corps ne purriroit :
Mais certes n'est de tiel endroit,
Ainz est du vile tay purrie, 23430
Sicome la gent q'est enpovrie.
Si viens tu povre en ceste vie,
Et ton lass fin povre estre doit :
Si ta richesce n'as partie
As povres, falme au departie
Pov^rte as tous les jours res9oit.
Seignour, ton orguil dieus reprint
En s'evangile, et si t'aprent
Qe tant com;;/e tu soies maiour,
Te dois tenir plus humblement 23440
Envers dieu et env^rs la gent ;
Car ensi fesoit le seignour
Q'estoit fils au supeine
Si deinz le mois avoir porras 25551
Q'il t'ad promis deinz la semeine :
Ainz mainte guile et mai«te treine
T'en fra, et molt sovent par cas
Au fin del tout tu failleras,
Ou autrement tu plederas,
Car si la loy ne luy constreigne,
Du loyalte ne tient il pas.
Ensi fait Triche son pourchas
Du mestier qui I'orfev^re meine. 25560
Et des jeualx avient auci
Q'ascune fois Triche est saisi ;
Mais lors a les seigno//rs s'en vait,
Et fait le moustre et jure ensi,
Q'ain9ois q'il d'eaux serra parti,
Les grandes somiiies il en trait
De leur argent. Mais lors malfait,
Qant il la piere ad contrefait,
Que ne valt point un parasi,
Et par deceipte et par aguait 25570
Le vent ; car qui q'en soit desfait
Ne chalt, maisq'il soit enrichi.
Je ne say dire tout pour quoy,
Que j'ay oy sovent en coy
Les gens compleindre et murmwrer,
N'en say la cause ne ne voi,
Mais que Ten dist avoy, avoi !
Qe sur tons autres le mestier
Des perriers est a blamer.
N'est Due ne Conte ne Princer, 25580
Voir ne le propre corps du Roy,
Qui s'en porront bien excuser ;
Trestous les ad fait enginer
Ly perriers ove son desroy.
Om dist que dieus en trois parties
Ad grandes vertus departies ;
35563 senvait 25566 entrait
Ce sont, sicomwe Ten vait disant.
Paroles, herbes et perries ;
Par ceaux fait hom;«e les mestries
Et les mervailles tout avant, 25590
Mais ore est autre que devant,
Les perriers sont phis plesant
Qe les saphirs ne les rubies ;
Mais je ne say pas nepowrqant
Si celle grace soit sourdant
Ou des vertus ou des soties.
Triche est auci de nos/re ville
Riche Espicier; mais il avile
Au plus sovent sa conscience,
Q'il sa balance ad trop soubtile 25600
Du double pois, dont se soubtile f. 140
A faire I'inconvenience
De fraude, dont son fait commence ;
Car n'est espiece ne semence
Dont il son malvois gain ne pile :
De la balance point ne pense
Dont Micheux en la dieu presence
Luy poisera les faitz du guiie. -
Triche Espiecer du pecche gaigne,
Qant les colo;;;ais reverretz
Ne par amour ne par constrcinte.
L'en voit ascuns de ticle enprise
Qui par deceipte et p<7r queintise 25850
25846 auiici 25853 senfuiont
Al oill passont tout lo?/rvoisin ;
Mais ce n'est pas honeste guise,
Qant puis s'en fuiont au franchise
De saint Piere ou de saint Martin,
Q'attendre n'osent en la fin
Deinz la Cite, mais au chemin
Se mettont vers la sainte eglise.
Maldit soient tiel pelerin,
Q'ensi vienont au lieu divin
Pour faire au deable sacrefise. 25860
Car tiel y ad qui tout du gre
Aprompte sanz necessite,
Et puis s'en vait ove tout fuir
Au sainte eglise en salvete.
Mais ore oietz la falsete,
Q'il ne se voet de la partir,
Ainz quiert de I'autry bien partir,
Tanq'il pardown porra tenir
Du tierce pai't ou la moytee ;
Et lors se ferra revertir 25870
A son hostell tout par loisir,
Et dist que tout est bien ale.
L'en dist pov^'rte est chose dure,
Ce sciet qui la poverte endure,
En part poverte excuse errour ;
Mais cil q'est riche a demesure
Et fait enqore mesprisure
Ne puet excuser sa folour.
Mais com;«e l'en dist au present
jour,
Le riche est ore tricheour, 25880
Plus que le pov^re en sa mesure ;
Car Triche n'ad de dieu paour,
Et d'autre part ne porte amo//r
Envers nulle autre creature.
Roy Salomon ce nous ensense,
Qui molt fuist plain de sapie;/ce,
Et dist, 'Qui sa richesce adquiert
Sanz soy blemir en conscience
Molt fait honeste providence ' :
Mais d'autre voie qui la quiert, 25890
En ceste vie luy surquiert
Vengance, s'au dicu nc rcquiert
Pardoun et face penitence,
25863 senvait 25881 Plusqwe
MIROUR DE L'OMME
287
Ou autrement sa paine affiert
Apr^s la mort, qant dieus le fiert,
Et I'alme en paie la despense.
En I'evangile truis escrit,
Dieus nous demande quel profit
Homwe ad pour tout le mond gainer,
Qant il en pert son espirit : 25900
C'est un eschange mal confit
Pour chose que ne puet durer.
Mais Triche ain9ois en marcha«der
Quiert le proufit de son denier,
Qe tout le bien q'est infinit ;
Quiqwf luy doit desallouer,
II pr^nt du siecle son louer,
Mais au final ne s'esjoyt.
Ne sai pour quoy je pr^cheroie
As tieux marchans del autre joye 25910
Ou autrement de la dolour ;
Car bien scievowt, qui multiploie
En ceste vie de monoie
II ad au meinz du corps I'onoMr:
Dont un me disoit I'autre jour,
Cil qui puet tenir la doulgour
De ceste vie et la desvoie,
A son avis ferroit folour,
Q'aprt's ce nuls sciet la verrour,
Queu part aler ne quelle voie. 25920
Ensi desputont, ensi diont,
Ensi communement reppliont
Ly marchant q'ore sont present;
Pour bien du siecle, a quel se pliont,
Le bien del alme tout oubliont,
Du quel ils sont trop indigent :
Et nepo^rqant qui les reprint,
Tout lour estat par argument
Du marchandie justefiont ;
Al oill respondent sagement, 25930
Mais de si faint excusement
hour almes point ne glorifiont,
Soubtilement sciet Triche usure
Covrir et faire la vesture,
Siq'en apert ne soit conue ;
Mais s'il sa conscience assure,
Fols est, car dieus la voit dessure
25896 enpaie
Trestoute ov^rte et toute nue ;
Par quoy si Triche ne se mue
De sa falsine et s'esvertue 25940
De loyaute, verra celle hure,
Qant dieus les faitz de tous argue,
Sa fraude serra desvestue,
Dont deble avra la forsfaiture.
Des marchans ore luy alqant
Le siecle blament nepourqant,
Et I'un et I'autre en sa partie
Vait mainte cause enchesonant :
L'un dist arere et I'autre avant,
Mais riens parlont du tricherie 25950
Q'ils mesmes font en marchawdie ;
Ainz chascun d'eulx se justefie
Et blamont tout le remenant :
Dont m'est avis que la folie
De jour en jour se multeplie
Sanz amender ne tant ne qant.
lis sont marchans, ils sont mestiers,
Des queux nous avons grans mes-
tiers,
S'ils bien gardassent loyalte ;
Mais Triche est un des p«r9oniers 25960
Qui tant covoite les deniers
Qu'il point n'ad garde d'equite.
N'est un mestier d'ascun degre
Dont Triche, si luy vient a gre,
N'ait vingt et quatre soldoiers,
Qui le bienfaire ont refuse,
Et ce nous trouble en la Cite
Les burgois et les officiers.
Meistre Aristole ce nous dist,
Qe les mestiers sont infinit, 25970
Nuls puet nombrer la variance :
Pour ce ne suy je pas parfit
Qe tous les mette en mon escrit
D'especiale remembrance.
Mais chascune art en sa substance,
De ce qtie donne sustienance
A luy qui de son mestier vit.
Est honne en bon«e gov^vnance :
Si nuls la mette en male usance,
Pour ce n'est pas Part inpaz-fit. 25980
25900 enpert
288
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Puisq'il ad dit del erro//r de
ceaux qui trichent en marchandie
at en I'estat des Artifices, dirra
ore del erroiii- des Vitaillers.
L'estat del hom;;/e ensi se taille, f. 142
Oe sur tout fait avoir vitaille,
Dent Ten porra boire et ma«ger :
Pour ce n'est mie de mervaille,
Si je n'oublie ne tressaille
A parler et a reconter
De ceaux qui sont dit vitailler ;
Car Triche y est pour consailler,
Q'au fraude chascuns s'apprtraille :
Je p;rns tesmoign du Taverner, 25990
N'est pas sanz guile le celier
Q'il tient dessoubz sa gov^maille.
Du Taverner fai mon appell,
Oant il le vin del an novell
Ove I'autre viel del an devant,
Qui gist corrupt deinz son tonell
Et n'est ne sein ne bon ne bell,
De sa falsine vait mellant,
Et ensi le vait tavtrnant :
Mais qui luy fuist au droit renda«t,
La goule par le haterell 26001
As fourches ly serroit pendant,
Car il occit maint entendant
Au boire de si fals revell.
Trop est malvoise la mellee,
Qant le vin est ensi melle,
Dont cil qui boit ne puet faillir
De deux mals dont serra greve :
L'un est qant il avra paie
Ce dont nul bien luy puet venir, 26010
Et I'autre que luy fra languir
Et grrtnde enfermete souftVir,
Et molt sovent renfcrmete
Le meine jusques a niorir.
Qui voet tavfrne ensi tenir
N'est pas exempt du falsete.
Qant Must vcndra primeremewt,
Molt le vent Triche chicrcmcnt,
Mais lors sa fraude renovelle :
Com;«e cil qui fait trop queinteme«t,
25982 auor 26044
Tout en secre I'aqueintement 26021
Ferra du viele et de novelle
Et l'un ove I'autre Must appelle ;
Sovent entrouble sa tonelle,
Si fait crier Must a la gent,
N'en chialt a qui dolt la cervelle,
Maisqu'il sa falsete concelle,
Dont porra gaigner de Yargent.
Dieus voit bien la falsine atteinte,
Qant taverner la rouge teinte 26030
Met au vin blanc pour tav^-z-nage ;
Mais Triche est tant soubtil et queiwte
Q'ensi les deux colours aqueinte
Deinz un vaissell par mariage,
Qe qant du blanc voit le visage
Devenir jaune, Triche est sage,
Et du vermail tantost le peinte,
Sicom;«e Ten fait la viele ymage :
Ensi decoit son voisinage
Et don;/e cause de compleignte. 26040
Et si le vin trop rouge soit,
Encore Triche nous decoit,
Qant le vin blanc fait adjouster,
Et puis le nom;«e a luy q'en boit
Colour de paile, dont Ten doit
Du colour plus enamourer :
Et pour le terrage attemprer
Fait del Oseye entremeller,
Dont porra faire son exploit :
Comwe Mareschals qui doit curer
Les maladies du courser, 26051
Ensi fait il de son endroit.
Triche est tout plein de deceva«ce,
Qant il par si fait alliance
Tantz vins divers fait faire unir
D'Espaigne, Guyene et de France,
Voir et du Ryn fait la muance,
Du quoy le gaign puet avenir :
Mais s'il porra fort vin tenir, 26059
Bien sciet del eaue fresche emplir
Sa pynte, et fait tiele attempra«ce
Dont cil q'au boire en voet venir
Boit l'un ove I'autre, et au partir
Paier luy fait sanz aquitance.
qenboit 26062 envoet
MIROUR DE L'OMME
289
A la taverne qant irray,
Si tast du vin demanderay,
Ly taverner au prim^rein
De son bon vin me don//e essay ;
Mais si mes flaketz empliray,
Qant du bon vin me tiens certain, 26070
Tantost me changera la mein ;
Car tout serra d'un autre grein
Le mal vin qwej'enporteray.
Qui plus se fie en tiel prochein
II doit bien savoir au darrein
Qe s'ameiste n'est pas verray.
Si unqes Triche au point voldras
Conoistre, tu le conoistras
De son pyment, de sa clarree,
Et de son novell ypocras ; 26080
Dont il ferra sa bource crass,
Qant les dames de la Cite,
Ainz q'au moustier ou au marchee
Vers la taverne au matinee
Vienont trotant le petit pass :
Mais lors est Triche bien paie,
Car chascun vin ert essaie,
Maisqu'il vinegre ne soit pas.
Et lors les ferra Triche entendre
Q'ils av^ront, s'ils vuillont attendre,
Garnache, grec et malvoisie ; 26091
Powr faire les le plus despendre
Des vins lour nomjiie mainte gendre.
Candy, Ribole et Romanic,
Provence et le Montross escrie,
Si dist q'il ad en sa baillie
Rivere et Muscadelle a vendre ;
Mais il la tierce part n'ad mie,
Ainz dist ce pour novellerie,
Au boire dont les puet suspr'na,
Fist a ses privez et ses drus
Leur lances prendre et leur escutz,
Et si leur dist et com«?anda,
Tous les enfantz q'om tuera
En Bethlem et environ la :
Q'il par ce quide estre au dessus
De luy q'au fin luy venquera ; 28270
Car celluy qui dieus aidera
Des tous perils ert defenduz.
Car dieus, qui tint son fils cher}',
Par songe en ot Joseph garny,
Et si luy dist, ' P^rnetz I'enfant,
Maisq// sa mere voise ove luy :
Aletz vous ent, fuietz de cy
Jusq'en Egipte tout avant,
U vuill que soies demourant.'
Et ils s'en vont du meintenant 28280
Vers la, ou q'ils se sont guari ;
Mais fals Herode le tirant
Tua d'enfantz le remenant
Sanz avoir pite ne mercy.
Drois est que Ten doit acompter
Pour les miracles recoiiter
Qe lors en Egipte aveneront,
Qant tu ma dame y vins pr/mer
Ove ton enfant pour habiter :
Car les ydoles tresbucheront 28290
En tous les temples u q'ils ero;/t,
Et lieu a ton chier fils donero«t,
Q'a sa puissance resister
Ne poent, ainz par tout tremblero;?t :
Les mescreantz E'esmtfrveilleront,
Dont tu, ma dame, as Joye au cuer.
Une arbre hake, belie et pleine
Auci, ma dame, en une pleine
En celle Egipte lors estoit,
Dont fuist la fame molt lo;/gteine, 28300
Q'au toute gent malade et seine,
Qui les racines enbevoit
Ou autrement le fruit mangoit,
Santc du corps asses don«oit :
Dont il avint une semeine
Qe ton chier fils par la passoit,
enot
MIROUR DE L'OMME
315
Et I'arbre au terre s'obeissoit
Pour I'onourer en son demeine.
O tu virgine et la dieu miere,
Qe ce t'estoit mervaille fiere, 28310
Qant si foreine creature
Conoist son dieu en la maniere ;
Dont ta loenge plus appiere
Par ton chier fils, q'est dieu dessure :
Car lors scies tu, de sa droiture
O'il estoit sire de nature
Et puet tourner I'avant derere,
C'est une chose que t'assure ;
S'lqiie, ma dame, en chascune hure
Te vient du Joye la matiere. 28320
Dieus au sovent la malfaisa«ce
Du male gent par sa souffrance
Laist pour un temps, mais au darrein
De sa justice il prent vengance :
Pour ce vous di que celle enfance,
Qe cil tirant moertrer vilein
Faisoit tuer, vient ore au mein :
Cil q'ad pover du tout humein
Le fist morir sanz powrvoiance
Par dolour qui luy fuist soudein, 28330
Dont cil te manda le certein
C)ui t'ad, ma dame, en reme///br«nce.
Des toutes partz te vient confort,
Car qui sur tous est le plus fort,
C'est ton chier fils, t'ad envoiez
Ses angles, qui te font desport,
Disantz que tu du lee port
En Israel retourneretz.
Je ne say dire les journes,
Mais qant tu viens a tes privez, 28340
Qui sont ove toy du bon acort,
Molt estoit dieus regraciez,
Qui toy, ma dame, ad remenez,
Et ton fils ad guari du mort.
Ensi, ma dame, d'umble atour
En Nazareth fais ton retour,
Ove tes parens pour sojourner ;
Et puis avint que par un jour
Parentre toy, ma dame, et lour
Au temple dieu t'en vas orer, 28350
28334
Si fais ton fils ove toy mener ;
Mais qant ce vint au retourner,
Tes joyes changont en dolour,
Car tu ne puiss ton fils trover,
Combien que tu luy fais sercher
En la Cite par tout entour.
O dame, je ne doubte pas
Que tu fecis maint petit pass,
Ainz que poes ton fils avoir,
Dont tu Joseph auci prias, 28360
Combien q'il fuist et viels et lass,
Q'il duist auci son pee movoir,
S'il te porroit aparcevoir :
Deux jours serchastes en espoir,
Qe tu, ma dame, riens trovas,
Mais I'endemain tu puiss veoir
Q'il ad conclus de son savoir
Les phariseus et les prelaiz.
Au tierce jour luy vas trovant
Dedeinz le temple desputant 28370
As mestres de la viele loy,
Qui prou ne scievont a I'enfant -
Respondre, ainz ont m^'rvaille grant
De sa doctrine et de sa foy.
Tu luy crias : ' Beal fils, pour quoy
Ne scies tu que ton piere et moy
T'aloms en grant dolour querant ? '
II lieve et puis excuse soy,
Si vait tout simplement ove toy,
Du quoy ton cuer fuist molt joya«t. 28380
Ton fils te suyt molt huwblemewt
Et tu t'en towrnes bellement
A Nazareth ton parente,
Q'ain^ois estoiont molt dolent,
Mais ore ont joye a leur talent,
Qe tu ton fils as retrove.
Bien tost apr^s en Galilee
Ot une feste celebre
Des noeces, u courtoisement,
Ma dame, Ten t'avoit prie 28390
Que ton chier fils y soit mene
Ove toy, ma dame, ensemblement.
Le feste ert riche et bien servi,
Maisqne bon vin leur est failly
plusfort
3i6
MIROUR DE L'OMME
En la maison Archideclin ;
Dont ton chier fils, qant il I'oi,
Les potz q'estoiont d'eaue empli
Fist changer leur nature en vin
Molt bell et bon et fresch et fin,
Dont tons bevoiont en la fin 28400
Et le rendiront grant mercy :
La moustra ]hesus son divin,
Dont le forein et le voisin
De I'escoulter sont esbahi.
O dame, qui scieust bien conter
Tous les miracles au plener
De ton fils en s'enfantel age,
Sanz nombre en porroit om trovrr,
Qe molt fesoiont a loer:
Des tous ne suy je mye sage, 28410
Mais q'il ert humble de corage,
Des tous paiis savoit langage
Pour bon«es gens acompaigner ;
Mais sur trestous a vo lignage
Chascun endroit de son estage
Faisoit grant joye demener.
Ore dirra com;;?ent no5/re sire
fuist baptiz6.
Dieus, qui volt changer en sa guise
La Sinagoge pour I'Eglise,
Faisoit la transmutacio//n
Q'estoit du viele loy assisse, 28420
Sique baptesme serroit prise
En lieu de Circumcisio«n ;
Par quoy de sa provisiojm
Ot un servant, Jehans par noun,
Qui molt estoit de sainte aprise,
Faisant sa predicacio/ni
Au pueple pour salvaciown
Du loy novclle et les baptize.
Oultrc le flom Jordan estoit
Jehan baptist, qui baptisoit 28430
Prechant au pueple la salu
Du loy novelle, et leur disoit
Qe cil qui noz pecches toldroit
Du ciel en terre ert descendu
Et s'est de nostre char vestu ;
28408 enporroit 28460
Et qu'il au pueple soit conu,
Jehans du doy le demoustroit
Disant, ' Vey cy I'aignel de dieu !
Vei cy qui tout le mond p^rdu
De sa mercy refourmer doit !' 28440
Jehan en le desert se tint
Par grant penance, u q'il s'abstint,
Q'il pain ne vin ne char gousta ;
Delice nulle a soy retint,
Du mell salvage ainz se sustint,
De I'eaue but, que plus n'y a, f. 155
Toute vesture refusa
Forsqi/<' des peals q'om escorcha
De ces Chameals, car bien sovint
Q'orguil du ciel I'angel rua, 28450
Et gule en paradis tua
Adam, dont nous morir covint.
De son pr^cher, de sa penance
Toutplein des gens a repentance
Solonc la loy novelle attrait,
Q'a luy vindrent par obeissance,
Et du baptesme I'observance
Res^oivent, sique son bienfait
Au loy novelle grant bien fait.
Par tous paiis la fame en vait, 28460
Dont Crist, q'en fist la po?/rvoiance,
Qui volt refaire no forsfait,
Vint a Jehan et quiert q'il ait
Baptesme, dont sa loy avance.
Jehans respont : ' Laissetz estier ;
Baptesme tu me dois don«er,
Qui viens de moy baptesme quere.'
' Souflfretz,' fait Crist, ' de ton purler.
Car ce pr7;tient a mon mestier :
Solonc la loy pm- tout bien fere 28470
Je viens pour estre debonwere,
Et pour cela t'estuet p«rfere
La chose dont je te requien'
Ensi disant sc fait attrere
En I'caue, u qtte de son affere
Jehans le faisoit baptiser.
La vols de ciel lors descendist,
Et com;;/e tonaire il parle et dist :
' Vei cy mon trcsdouls ame fils,
envait 28461 qenfist
MIROUR DE L'OMME
317
U toute ma plaisance gist.' 28480
Ove ce le ciel d'amont ovrist,
Et vint y ly saintz espmtz,
Qui la semblance au droit devis
D'un blanc collomb lors avoit pns,
Et pardessus sa teste assist.
De celle veue estoit suspris
Jehans, qui puis apres toutdis
Du grant miracle s'esjoyt.
Jehan, q'estoit le dieu amy,
Long temps deva«t en fuist garni 28490
Par I'angel, qui luy fist savoir
Disant, ' Qawt tu verras celluy
Venir, dessur la teste a qui
Le blanc colomb vendra seoir,
C'est le fils dieu, sachez pour voir.'
De tant fuist il en bon espoir ;
Mais puis quant dieus le fist ensi
Siq'il le puet des oills veoir,
De lors fist il tout son devoir,
Du quoy la foy soit plus cheri. 28500
Qui toute chose sciet et voit
Du providence se pourvoit,
Q'il par ses oeveres volt moustrer
Q'il fils de dieu le piere estoit ;
Dont deux miracles il faisoit,
Qui molt firont a m^rvailler,
Les queux bon est a reciter
Pour sa puissance remembrer
Et pour despire en leur endroit
Les mescreantz, qui baptizer 28510
Ne se voldront, dont excuser
Ne se porront par ascun droit.
Ore dirra en p^rtie des miracles
que nosfresetgiiour faisoit avant
sa mort.
Un temps avint q'en Bethanie
Lazar, de Marthe et de Marie
Qui frere estoit solonc natttre,
S'estoit passe de ceste vie ;
Dont il avoit la char purrie,
Car quatre jours en sepulture
Avoit este devant celle hure
28490
Que no5/re sire en aventure 28520
Y vint ; sique de nulle aye
L'en esperoit : mais qui sa cure
Puet faire en toute creature
De son poair la mort desfie.
Qant noshre sire y doit venir
Au monument, gette un suspir,
Et de ses oils il lermoia
Et de son corps se laist fremir,
Si dist, ' Lazar, vien toy issir.'
Dont I'espirit se retourna 28530
En luy, qui mort estoit piec^a,
Ses mains et pees om deslia,
Et il sanz plus du detenir
Se lieve et son dieu mercia.
Le pueple trop s'esmf;'veilla
Par tout u l'en le puet oir.
Une autre fois bien apparust
Qe son chier fils dieus reconust,
Qant cink mill homwes il ameine
Tanq'en desert, u point n'y ust 28540
Ascune riens que l'en mangust, -
Et la famine leur constreine ;
Mais un y ot q'a molt grant peine
Avoit cink pains en son demeine
Et deux piscons, sicomme dieu
plust.
La gent s'assist en une pleine,
Et dieus les faisoit toute pleine
Par son douls fils, qui lors y fust.
Cil q'est du fuiso«/n capitein
Les cink pains de sa sainte mein 28550
Et les pisco»ns tant fuisonoit
Que du relef ot au darrein
Des cophins dousze trestout plein,
Et chascun hom;«e asses mangoit :
Par quoy Ten sciet tr^sbien et voit,
N'est uns qui faire ce porroit
D'ascun poair qui soit humein ;
Siqu'ils diont et au bon droit,
Que Jh6-u Crist en son endroit
Estoit le fils du sov^rein. 28560
Et d'autre part com;;/unement
Par tout u q'il estoit pri^sent
enfuist
3i8
MIROUR DE L'OMME
II guarist toutes maladies,
C'estoit de la leprouse gent,
C'estoit des voegles ensement,
C'estoit de les forseneries,
Les gouttes, les 3'dropesies,
Les fievres et les parlesies,
De sa parole soulement
Faisoit que tout furont garies : 28570
Nuls en pot faire les maistries,
S'il ne fiiist dicus omnipotent.
O tu virgine, la dieu mere,
Tu es des autres la primere,
Qui du verraie experience
De dieu sentistes la matiere ;
Qua»t il entra deinz ta costiere,
Et puis nasquit sanz violence,
Et molt sovent en ta presence
Puis te moustra bon»e evidence 2S580
Q'il estoit fils de dieu le piere,
Et molt sovent par audience,
Dont chascun jour te recommence
La joye dont tu es pleniere.
O dame, pour tes grandes Joyes,
Que lors des tantes partz avoies
Molt pl//s que je confer ne say,
Je te pry, dame, toutes voies
Par ta pite que tu me voies ;
Car s'ensi fais, je guariray 28590
Des griefs pecches dont langui ay,
Et vers ton fils m'acorderay,
O dame, a qui si tu m'envoies
A sa mercy resceu serray,
Du quelle faillir ne porray,
Si tu sa mere mc convoies.
De la prov^rbe me sovient,
Q'om dist que molt sovent avient
Apr^s grant joye grant dolour,
Ainz que Ten sache ou quide nient :
Pour ce le di q'a toy survient 28601
Devant le Pasques par un jour
Soudaincment le grant dolour
De ton fils, dame, et ton scigno»r,
Dont pour conter ce que te vient
Trestout mon cuer deschiet en plour :
28571 enpot
Et nepourqant le creatour
Scieust q'ensi faire le covient.
Ore dirra de la passio^n de
no5/re seignour Jh<'5u Crist.
O Jhesu, je te cry mercy.
Si te rens grace et grant mercy, 28610
Qe tu deignas pour nous souffrir ;
Dont s'il te plaist, beal sire, ensi.
En ton honour je pense yci
Conter, que Ten le doit ol'r.
La passiown dont vols morir
Pour nous du male mort guarir :
Sur quoy. Jhi^su, je t'en suppli
Siq//^ j'en puisse ove toy partir,
Dont m'alme soit au departir
Sanz paine et sanz dolour auci. 28620
Les mestres de la viele loy,
Qui ne scievont respondre a toy,
Conceivont de leur propre envie
Sanz cause la malice en soy,
Au fin q'ils ta novelle foy
Puissont quasser en ceste vie,
Mais ils en ont leur art faillie :
Et nepourqant qtte Ten t'occie
Font compasser qant et pour quo}' ;
Si font de Judas leur espie, 28630
Qui leur p;omet tout son ai'e,
Maisq'ils gardent consail en coy.
Trente deniers il prent de lour,
Dont il son mestre et creatour f. 156
Vendist com;;/e traitre desloyal :
Tout s'acordont du lieu et jour,
Sur quoy Judas po//r son seigno///'
Conoistre leur don«a signal.
Si dist q' ' Ove vous a ce journal
Irray, et qui d'especial 28640
Lors baiseray comine pa>-an\our,
Celluy tenetz pour principal ;
C'est cil qui vous en communal
Querretz pour faire le dolour.'
Jhfvs-//s, qui tout savoit devant,
De ses disciples au devant
Mande au Cite pour ordiner
28627 enont
MIROUR DE L'OMME
319
L'ostell u qu'il serroit mangant
Sa cene, et puis lour vait suiant :
Et qant y vient, lors au primer 28650
II mesmes volt lo^/r pies laver
Humilite pour essampler,
Et puis ove tout le remenant
S'assist au Cene pour manger.
Qant ce fuist fait, apres souper
U s'en vait oultre meintenant.
Lors prist Jh^5«s ovesqiie luy
Piere et Jehan et Jaque auci
Et laist les autres a derere
Au ville de Gethseman}^ ; 28660
Et si leur dist, ' Attendetz y,
Qe je vois faire ma priere.'
Et lors passe oultre ove n\ourne
oh ere
Si loigns comwe Ten gette une pere,
Et as genoils s'est obey,
Ses mains levez vers dieu son piere ;
Si luy prioit en la maniere
,Com»/e vous m'orretz center yci.
Par ce q'il ot le corps humein
Et vist sa mort devant la mein, 2S670
Tant durement 11 s'effroia,
Du quoy p«rmy le tendre grein
Du char les gouttes trestout plein
Du sane et eaue alors sua ;
Si dist : ' O piere, entendes ca,
Fai que la mort me passera.
Car tu sur tout es sov^rein ;
Et nepourqant je vuil cela
Que vous vuilletz que fait serra.
Car je me tiens a toy certein.' 28680
Qant ot ce dit, il retournoit
A ses disciples et trovoit
Q'ils s'estoiont tous endormis,
Et par deux fois les esveilloit,
Et vait arere et dieu prioit
Semblablement com;«e je vows dis.
Au tierce fois leur dist : ' Amys,
Dormetz, car je me voi soubmis.
Vei la qui vient a grant esploit,
Cil fals Judas, qui m'ad trahis : 28690
28659 aderere 28692
Dormetz en peas, car je su}' pris,
N'est qui rescousse faire en doit.'
Au paine ot il son dit conte,
Qe cil Judas le malure
En route de la male gent
Y vint trestout devant au pie,
Si ad son mestre salue,
Et ove ce tricherousement
Luy baise ; et lors com;;/unement
Sur luy chascuns la main y tent, 2S700
De toutes partz estoit hue,
Si I'un luy boute, I'autre prent ;
Ensi fuist pris soudainement
Au venderdy la matinee.
Au prime tost apr^s suiant
Devant Pilat le mescreant
lis ont Jh^5Mm ove soy menez,
Des fals tesmoignes accusant :
Le corps tout nu luy vont liant
A un piler, ses oels bendez, 2S710
Et lors luy donwent les collees
Disant, ' O Crist, prophetises
Qui t'ad feru,' et plus avant
Luy ont d'escourges flaiellez,
Siq'en son corps n'y ot laissez
Un point que tout ne fuist sangla//t.
Al houre tierce en juggement
S'assist Pilat, et falsement
Au mort dampna le corps J//^5u
Par clamour de la male gent, 28720
Qui lors pristront un vesteme«t
Du pourpre et si I'ont revestu,
Et de I'espine trop agu
Luy font coron/?e, et le pie nu
Sa croix luy baillont propremewt
A porter, et ensi vencu
La croix portant s'en vait au lieu
U qu'il morra vilainement.
Al houre siste sur le mont
De Calvarie tout amont
Firont Jhesum crucifier ;
Des grosses cloues trois y sont,
Des deux les mains tr^'sp^rce ont,
Du tierce font les pies ficher ;
endoit 28727 senvait
>/ i'-
320
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Si font la croix ensus lever,
Et deux laro;/ns en reprover
D'encoste luy pendant y vont ;
Eysil et fiel puis font meller,
La soif Jhesu pour estancher ;
Des toutes p^rtz dolour lu}' font. 28740
Et puis, qant non;;e vint a point,
Jhesus, q'estoit en fieble point
Selonc le corps, a dieu pria,
Au fin q'il ne se venge point
De ceaux qui I'ont batu et point ;
Et lors a halte voix cria,
' Hely ! ' et soy recomwanda
Au dieu son piere, et en cela
De ceste vie il se desjoj'nt :
Mais lors tieus signes desmoustra, 28750
Qe nuls par droit se doubtera
Q'il n'est ove dieu le piere joynt.
L'eclips encontre sa nature
La cliere jour faisoit oscure ;
La terre de sa part trembloit,
Les grosses pierres par fendure
Sont routes, et la sepulture
De la gent morte ov^-rte estoit,
Dont il plusours resuscitoit ;
Levoill du temple, u q'il pendoit, 28760
Se fent en deux a mesme I'ure :
Centurio, qui tout ce voit,
Dist q'il le fils de dieu estoit,
Seignour du toute creature.
Un chivaler y ot Longis,
Qui du voeglesce estoit soubgis,
A luy bailleront une lance,
Qui de Jh^5U le cucr au pitz
Trt'sp^rce, et lors fuist tout complis
Du passiown la circumstance : 28770
Dont bon Joseph par la suffra«ce
Du Pilat en droite ordinance
Le corps d'en halt la croix ad pris,
Si Pad cnoignt du viele usance,
Et puis luy ad de powrvoiance
En un sepulcre ensevelis.
Mais lors se licve par envie
Dcs males gens la compaignie,
28773 denhalt 28779
Et au Pilat s'en vont pour dire
Comifient Jh^5//s s'avanterie 28780
Faisoit, qant il estoit en vie,
Q'il ot poair a desconfire
La mort, et c'estoit a despire :
' Pour ce no//s te prions, beal sire.
Nous vuilletz don//er la baillie
Du corps garder ' : et sanz desdire
Trestout ce que la gent desire
Leur gr^nte, que dieus le maldie.
Et lors qant ils en ont pooir
Del corps guarder, po//r estovoir 28790
Des chivalers quatre y mettoiowt.
Qui par trois jours sanz soy movoir
Le garderont matin et soir,
Qe ses disciples, s'ils vendroio;/t,
P«r nuyt embler ne luy porroio«t.
As chivalers grant sold donoio«t,
Siqu'ils bien facent leur devoir,
Et cils tresbien le promettoio«t ;
Mais contre dieu qant ils guerroio//t.
En vein ont mis leur fol espoir. 28800
Ore dirra de la Resureccio//n
nostreseigiiour, et la cause pour
quoy il voloit mesmes devenir
hom;«e et souflfrir la mort pour
le pecche de Adam.
Ore ay du passio//n escrit,
Come I'evangile nous descrit ;
Mais de sa Resurreccio«n
Savoir porretz. Cil qui nasquit
Par grace du saint espirit
Sanz paine et sanz corrupcio/m
De la virgine, et Lazaro//n
Resuscita, n'ert pas resown
Q'il ait son corps du mort soubgit :
Pour ce celle Incarnacio»n 28810
Mist a Resuscitacio/m
La tierce jour, dont il revit.
Mais cil, qui ne se volt celer,
Qant il s'ad fait resusciter,
Apparust a la Magdaleine,
Puis a Simon volt apparer,
senvont 28789 enont
MIROUR DE L'OMME
321
A Cleophas auci moustrer
Se fist, com;«e I'escripti^re enseigne ;
Et que la foy nous soit certeine,
Puis apparust a la douszeine, 28820
Et a Thomas faisoit taster f. 157
Le corps q'il ot du char humeine :
Cil qui ne croit a tiele enseigne
Ne say dont se puet excuser.
O jhesu Crist, endroit de moy
Qe tu es le fils dieu je croy,
Qui de la vierge as pris naisca«ce,
Et du baptesme auci la foy
Confesse en ta novelle loy ;
Et oultre ce j'ay ma creance 28830
Que tu ta mort et ta penance
Souffris pour no deliverance
Du deable, qui nous eust a soy
Soubgit ; et puis je n'ay doubtance ,
Q'au tierce jour de ta puissance
Resuscitas le corps de toy.
Mais tu, q'es Rois du tout celestre
Et d'infernal et du terrestre,
A gmnt m^rvaille je me pense
Coment, beal sire, se puet estre 28840
Que tu deignas en terre nestre
Et don«er mesmes ta presence,
Q'es plain du toute sapience.
Par qui tout bien fine et commence ;
Et puisq«<^ tu es si grant mestre,
Q'est ce que de ta providence
N'eussetz destourne la sentence
Du lance que te fiert au destre ?
Deux causes, sire, en ce je voi,
Q'a mon avis sont plain du foi, 2S850
L'un est justice et I'autre amour.
Justice voelt que chascun Roy
Droiture face et tiene loy ;
Pour ce covint que cell errour
Qui vint d'Adam nostre ancessour
Soit redresce d'ascun bon tour :
Mais qant a ce Adam de soy
N'ot le poair, q'ain^ois maint jour
Le deable come son peccheour
Le prist et tint a son desroy. 28860
Pris fuist Adam ove sa covine
P«r juggement du loy divine,
Dont faire estuet redempciown ;
Car dieus ne volt pas par ravine
Tollir du deable la saisine,
Ain9ois fist paier la ran^on.
Par qui fuist ce ? Far I'angel nown ;
Car ce n'eust pas este reso«m,
Depuisq'Adam fist la ruine :
Dont dieus de sa provisioun 28870
Fist faire sans corrupciown
Un autre Adam de la virgine.
Icest Adam en s'engendrure
Sanz culpe estoit du forsfaiture
Que le primer Adam faisoit;
Pour ce pot il de sa droiture
La ran9on faire a sa mesure,
Ou autrement de son endroit
Combatre au deable pour son droit :
Mais l'un et I'autre il enp^rnoit, 28880
Le corps qu'il ot de no nature
Au croix pour no ran^own paioit,
Com;«e cil qui nos/re frere estoit
Et nee de la virgine pure ;
Et pour parler de sa bataille.
Son espirit faisoit mervaille,
Car il enfern ot assiegez,
Dont par vertu les murs assaille,
Sa croix ou main, dont fiert et maille,
Tanqu'il les portes ad brisez, 28890
Et s'est dedeinz au force entrez ;
Dont il Adam ad aquitez,
Si tient le mestre deable en bailie
Des ferrs estroitement liez ;
Et puis au corps s'est retournez
Malgre le deble et sa merdaille.
Qant dieus q'estoit victorials
Ot despuille les enfernals,
Jusq'au sepulcre retournoit,
Comme cil q'estoit celestials ; 28900
Le corps q'ain9ois estoit mortals
Au tierce jour resuscitoit.
Miracle de si halt endroit
Unques nul hom;;;e ne faisoit,
Car c'estoit tout luy principals
Qui no5/re foy plu8 affermoit :
322
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Dont soit le noun de luy benoit,
Q'ensi rechata ses vassals.
Puisqu'il ad dit de la Passio//n.
nos/reseignour Jhcsu Crist, dirra
ore de la Compassio//n nostre
dame.
O vierge et mere dieu Marie,
Bien sai que tu n'es departie, 28910
Qant ton chier fils sa passiozm
Souffrist, ain^ois en compaignie
Y es ; s'lque de ta partie
T'estuet avoir compassioMn :
Dont en ma contemplaciown,
Ma dame, sanz elacio//n,
Que ta loenge en soit oie,
J'en frai la declaraciozm,
Siq«^ ta meditacio/m
Me puist aider en ceste vie. 28920
Mais certes je ne puiss suffire
De cuer penser, de bouche dire :
Le cuer me fait tout en pensant,
Pour reconter ne pour descrire
La grant dolour, le grant m.artire
Qe lors avetz pour ton enfant ;
Car unques femwe n'ama tant,
Ne unq«^s femme un autre amant
Avoit de si treshalt empire ;
Plus ert pour ce le doel pesant 28930
De toi, ma dame, al houre qant
Om luy voloit a tort occire.
Matin qant ton enfant fuist pn's
Et ses desciples sont fuiz,
Tu, dame, lors y aprochas ;
En suspirant ove plours et oris
Tu viens devant tes enemys
En la presence de Pilas :
Mais lors y ot nuls advocatz,
Ma dame, pour plcder ton cas 28940
A I'avantage de ton fils,
Dont par dolour sovent palmas ;
Mais autre m^rcy n'y trovas
Forsq'ils vo«s ont, dame, escharniz.
28917 ensoit 28923 enpensant
28941 f. in ras. 28955 '^"^s
O dame, ce n'estoit m^rvaille,
Qant tu ne troves que te vaille
Tour ton fils aider en destresce,
Si lors ta paine s'apparaille ;
Car la puante gent merdaille
Pour reviler ta gentillesce 38950
Mainte parole felon«esse
Plain de dolour et de tristesce
Te distront en leur ribaldaille ;
Des males gens auci la pr^sse
Tant fuist, que tu en es oppr^sse :
Vei la dolente com;;?encaille !
He, dame, enquore autre dolour
Te croist, que ly fals townnentour
Ton fils escourgent au piler,
Siq'il en pert sane et suour, 28960
Dont fuist sanglant par tout ento«r,
Et tu, ma dame, n'as poer
Ascunement de luy aider :
Nuls ne s'en doit esm^rvailler
Si lors te change la colour,
Car chascun cop de I'escourger
Te fiert, ma dame, en ton pe«ser
Solonc I'estat du fin amour.
Tristesce enqore et marremewt
Te vienont trop espessement, 28970
Ma dame, qant tu poes oi'r
Pilat don«er le juggement,
Et puis, ma dame, toy present
Laissa le pueple covenir ;
Lors vient en toy le sovenir,
Q'asses de doel te fait venir,
Pensant de son avienement,
Et q'il nasquit sanz fol desir ;
Pour ce ne duist il pas souffrir
A ton avis si grant towrment. 28980
He, dame, enqore croist ta peine,
Qant vois venir en la champeine
Des gens sanz nombre et estraier
Des citezeins et gent foreine :
Chascuns endroit de soy se peine
Com;;?e puet venir et aprocher.
Ton fils et toy pour esguarder,
28936 Ensuspirant
28960 enpert
MIROUR DE L'OMME
323
La qu'il venoit sa croix porter
Jusqes au mont par tiele enseigne
Qe Ten luy deust crucifier : 28990
En tiele chose consirer,
Ma dame, lors te fait aleine.
Bien tost apr^s lors voies tu
Les tourmentoiirs, q ont estendu
Ton fils po«r attacher au crois :
Lors escrias, * O fils Jh^su,
Je te suppli de ta vertu,
Laissetz morir ta mere ain^ois.'
Ensi disant deux fois ou trois
Palmas, et a chascune fois, 29000
Qant le poair t'ert revenu,
Tu dis, ' Helas ! ' a basse vois,
' Helas, Pilat ! helas, malvois !
Helas ! mon joye ay tout p^rdu.'
He, dame, pour mirer au droit
La fourme comme Pen estendoit,
Ton fils qant fuist crucifie,
Dont veine et nerf, u que ce soit,
Trestout au force debrisoit,
Tant sont tirez en long et lee, f. 158
Et tous les joyntz par leur degre 2901 1
Alors s'estoiont desjoigne,
O qui ta paine conteroit
Que lors te vient en la pensee ?
Le corps q'il ot ensi pene
Ton cuer pena de tiel endroit.
Mais sur trestout te multeplie
Le doel, qant ton chier fils se plie
Dessur la croix et haltement
Cria et laissa ceste vie. 29020
La vois que tu, ma dame, oie
Avetz t'eston;?e fierement,
Dont tu pasmas asses sovent :
Son cuer fendu ton cuer pourfent,
La mort de luy toy mortefie ;
Son corps morust, ton corps s'exte«t
Comme mort gisant piteusemewt,
Car toute joye t'est faillie.
Du mort qui t'ad fait dep«rtir
De ton amy tu voes partir, 29030
Q'a vivre plus tu n'as plesance ;
Tar quoy la Mort te vient saisir,
Mais Vie ne le voet souffrir,
Ensi com/7?ence la destance ;
Mort vient et claime I'aqueintance,
Et Vie a soy trait la balance,
Que I'un pr^ nt I'autre va tollir :
Ensi toy fait la sufficance,
Qe poMr le temps tu n'as puissance
De vivre tout ne tout morir. 29040
He, dame, bien prophetiza
Saint Simeon, qui toy conta
Comment I'espeie a sa mesure
Ta dolente alme passera.
O dame, ce signefia
Compassiown de ta nature.
Que lors t'avient a mesme I'ure
Qant ton enfant la mort endure :
L'espeie lors te trespcr^a,
Par quoy la mort te corust sure, 29050
Mais dieus, q'avoit ta vie en cure,
De sa puissance I'aresta.
He, qui dirroit ta paine fiere,
Qant il touma vers toy sa chiere,
Et a Jehan tout ensement,
Et si vous dist en la maniere,
' Vei ci ton fils, vei ci ta mere ! '
O comme I'eschange fuist dolent,
Qant pour ton fils omnipotent
II te fait prendre ton client ! 29060
Si pr^ns en lieu de ta lumere
La lanterne en eschangement ;
Du quoy je n'ay mervaillement
Si celle espeie lors te fiere.
Si toute paine et le martire
Que le martir et la martire
Souflfriront unqes a nul jour
Fuissont en un, ne puet souffire
Pour comparer ne pour descrire,
Dame, au reguard te ta dolour. 29070
Car celle paine q'ert de lour
C'estoit la paine exteriour,
Que soulement le corps enpire,
Mais ta paine ert interiour,
Dont t'alme sente la tristour
Plus que nul homme porroit dire.
Ce partient, dame, a ton devoir
Y 2
324
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Pour dolour et tristesce avoir
Plus que nulle autre en terre nee ;
Car tu scies, dame, bien du voir 29080
Ce que nul autre puet savoir,
Endroit de sa divinite
Q'il est fils de la trinite,
Et qu'il de toy s'est encharne.
Pour ce, qant tu luy poes veoir
Morir solonc I'umanite,
Le doel que lors tu as mene
N'est cuer qui le puet concevoir.
Quiqwe remaint, quiq//^ s'en vait,
Presde la croix sanz nul retrait, 29090
Ma dame, tu te tiens ensi
En compleignant le grant mesfait
Des males gens, qui tout sustrait
Le fils dieu, qui de toy nasqui :
Mais oil qui lors eust tout 01
Le dolour et la pleignte auci,
Que lors par toy sont dit et fait,
II porroit dire bien de fy
Que ja de nulle ou de nully
Ne receust cuer si grant deshait. 29100
Un temps gisoies en pasmant,
Un autre temps en lermoiant,
Ore en suspir, ore en conipleignte ;
Et molt sovent vas enbra^ant
La croix, u tu ton fils pendant
Reguars, du sane dont goutte meinte
T'ad du vermail, ma dame, teinte
Des plaies que par grief destreinte
Vienont d'en halt la croix corant :
O tu virgine et mere seinte, 29110
Le dolour de la femnie enceinte
A ta dolour n'est resemblant.
Mais puis, qant Joseph dependoit
Ton fils de la u qu'il pendoit,
Pitousement tcs oels Icvoies ;
Kt qant son corps au terre estoit,
Ton corps d'amour s'esvertuoit
Pour I'enbracer, u tu le voies,
Et enbra(;ant tu luy baisoies,
Et en baisant sur luy pasmoies, 29120
Sovent as chald, sovent as froit ;
29079 Plusqwf 29092 Encompleignant
Sovent ton douls fils reclamoies,
Des lermes tu son corps muilloies,
Et il ton corps du sane muilloit.
Tant come tu as son corps pre-
sent,
Enqore ascun confortement
En as ; mais deinz brieve houre
apr^'s,
Qant Joseph en son monumewt
Le mist, lors desconfortement
Te vient, ma dame, asses de pr^s : 29130
Dont tu Joseph prias ades
Q'il poitr ton cuer remettre en pes
Toi ove ton fils ensemblemewt
Volt sevelir, siqz/^ jam;«es
En ceste vie u que tu es
Ne soietz mais entre la gent.
Mais ce, nientmeinz que tu prias,
Joseph dedist, dont qant veias
Sanz toy ton fils enseveli,
Novel dolour recom/«en9as, 29140
Dont tu crias, ploras, pasmas,
Et regretas la mort de luy
Q'ert ton enfant et ton amy,
Sovent disant, ' Helas, aymy !
O si je ne reverray pas
Mon fils ! Helas, o dieu mercy !
Fai, sire, que je moerge yci
Pour la pite que tu en as.'
La mort, ma dame, pour certein
A toy lors eust este prochein, 29150
Si ton chier fils par sa tendresce
N'eust envoie tout prest au mein
De dieu son piere soverein
Ses angles, qui par grant humblesce
Te font confort a la destresce,
Si te diont joye et leesce,
Q'au tierce jour tout vif et sein
Verras ton fils ; et ensi cesse
Par leur novelle la tristesce
En bon espoir de I'endemein. 29160
Puisq'il ad dit de la Compas-
siown de nosfre dame, dirra ore
29109 denhalt 29127 Enas 29148 cnas
MIROUR DE L'OMME
325
de les joyes quelles elle avoit
apres la Resurreccio?i of this Balade
and of the next.
BALADES
337
Ore
est
be
Ore est
Par
d
C
D
O
P
V
A
Ca
4-
10
Du .
Ainz graunt
Car tiel amour q'est
Quant temps vendra joious louer regoit:
Ensi le bon amour q'estre soloit
El temps jadis de nostre ancesserie,
Ore entre nous recomencer om doit
Sanz mal pensier d'ascune vileinie.
O noble Henri, puissant et seignural,
Si nous de vous joioms, c'est a b(on droit)
Por desporter vo noble Court roiai. .
(Mon coer remaint toutditz en vostre grace.)
esperance
attens
ance
2.
• •
. gementz
ssetz mon purpens :
Car qoi qu'om dist d'amer en autre place,
Sanz un soul point muer de toutz mes sens
Moun coer remaint toutditz en vostre grace.
lO
Si dieus voldroit fin mettre a ma plesance,
Et terminer mes acomplissementz,
Solonc la foi et la continuance
Que j'ai garde sanz faire eschangementz,
Lors en averai toutz mez esbatementz :
Mais por le ^emps, quoique fortune enbrace,
Entre lez biens du siecle et les tormentz
Mon coer remaint toutdits en vostre grace.
20
4. Par cest escrit, ma dame, a vous me rens :
Si remirer ne puiss vo bele face,
Tenetz ma foi, tenetz mes serementz ;
Mon coer remaint toutditz en vostre grace.
21 enau^mi
BALADES 339
II. I. L'ivern s'en vait et I'estee vient flori,
De froid en chald le temps se muera,
L'oisel, qu'ain^ois avoit perdu soun ny,
Le renovelle, u q'il s'esjoiera:
De mes amours ensi le monde va,
Par tiel espoir je me conforte ades ;
Et vous, ma dame, croietz bien cela,
Quant dolour vait, les joies vienont pres.
2. Ma doulce dame, ensi come jeo vous di,
Saver poetz coment moun coer esta, lo
Le quel vous serve et long temps ad servi.
Tant com jeo vive et toutditz servira:
Remembretz vous, ma dame, pour cela
Q'a moun voloir ne vous lerrai jammes ;
Ensi com dieus le voet, ensi serra,
Quant dolour vait, les joies vienont pres.
3. Le jour qe j'ai de vous novelle 01,
II m'est avis qe rien me grievera :
Porceo, ma chiere dame, jeo vous pri,
Par vo message, quant il vous plerra, 20
Mandetz a moi que bon vous semblera,
Du quoi moun coer se poet tenir en pes :
Et pensetz, dame, de ceo q'ai dit pie9a,
Quant dolour vait, les joies vienont pres.
4. O noble dame, a vous ce lettre irra,
Et quant dieu plest, jeo vous verrai apres :
Par cest escrit il vous remembrera.
Quant dolour vait, les joies vienont pres.
III. I. D'ardant desir celle amorouse peigne
Melle d'espoir me fait languir en joie;
Dont par dolour sovent jeo me compleigne
Pour vous, ma dame, ensi com jeo soloie.
Mais quant jeo pense que vous serretz moie,
II 4 qil ses ioiera 17 nouett
z 2
340 BALADES
De sa justice amour moun coer enhorte,
En attendant que jeo me reconforte.
2. La renom^e, dont j'ai I'oreile pleine,
De vo valour moun coer pensant envoie
Milfoitz le jour, u tielement me meine, lo
Q'il m'est avis que jeo vous sente et voie,
Plesante, sage, belle, simple et coie :
Si en devient ma joie ades plus forte,
En attendant que jeo me reconforte.
3. Por faire honour a dame si halteigne
A toutz les jours sanz departir me ploie;
Et si dieus voet que jeo le point atteigne
De mes amours, que jeo desire et proie,
Lors ai d'amour tout ceo q'avoir voldroie :
Mais pour le temps espoir moun coer supporte, 20
En attendant que jeo me reconforte.
4. A vous, ma dame, ensi come faire dole,
En lieu de moi ceo lettre vous apporte ;
Q'en vous amer moun coer dist toute voie,
En attendant que jeo me reconforte.
nil. I. D'entier voloir sanz jammes departir,
Ma belle, a vous, en qui j'ai m'esperance,
En droit amour moun coer s'ad fait unir
As toutz jours mais, pour faire vo plesance :
Jeo vous asseur par fine covenance,
Sur toutes autres neez en ceste vie
Vostre amant sui et vous serrez m'amie.
2. Jeo me doi bien a vous soul consentir
Et doner qanque j'ai de bienvuillance ;
Car pleinement en vous Ten poet sentir 10
Bealtd, bounty, valour et sufificaunce :
Croietz moi, dame, et tenetz ma fiaunce,
Qe par doul^our et bone compaignie
Vostre amant sui et vous serretz m'amie,
III 10 tielmcnt 13 plusforte 14, 21, 25 Enattendant
BALADES 341
3. De pluis en pluis pour le tresgrant desir
Qe j'ai de vous me vient la remembrance
Q'en mon pensant me fait tant rejoir,
Qe si le mond fuist tout en ma puissance,
Jeo ne querroie avoir autre alliance :
Tenetz certain qe ceo ne faldra mie, 20
Vostre amant sui et vous serretz m'amie.
4. Au flour des flours, u toute ma creance
D'amour remaint sanz nulle departie,
Ceo lettre envoie, et croi me sanz doubtance,
Vostre amant sui et vous serretz m'amie.
nil* I. Sanz departir j'ai tout mon coer assis
U j'aim toutditz et toutdis amerai ;
Sanz departir j'ai loialment promis
For toi cherir tancome jeo viverai ;
Sanz departir ceo qe jeo promis ai
Jeo vuill tenir a toi, ma debonaire ;
Sanz departir tu es ma joie maire.
2. Sanz departir jeo t'ai> m'amie, pris,
Q'en tout le mond si bone jeo ne sai;
Sanz departir tu m'as auci compris so
En tes liens, dont ton ami serrai;
Sanz departir tu m'as tout et jeo t'ai
En droit amour por ta plesance faire ;
Sanz departir tu es ma joie maire.
3. Sanz departir I'amour qe j'ai empris
Jeo vuill garder, qe point ne mesprendray ;
Sanz departir, come tes loials amis,
Mon tresdouls coer, ton honour guarderai ,
Sanz departir a mon poair jeo frai
Des toutes partz ceo qe toi porra plaire;. 10
Sanz departir tu es ma joie maire.
nil* Itt the MS. this and tiu preceding Balade are both numbered llll.
342 BALADES
4. De coer parfit, certain, loial et vrai
Sanz departir en trestout mon affaire
Te vuil amer, car ore est a I'essai ;
Sanz departir tu es ma joie maire.
Y. 1. Pour une soule avoir et rejoir
Toutes les autres laisse a noun chaloir :
Jeo me doi bien a tiele consentir,
Et faire honour a trestout moun pooir,
Q'elle est tout humble a faire mon voloir :
Jeo sui tout soen et elle est toute moie,
Jeo I'ai et elle auci me voet avoir;
Pour tout le mond jeo ne la changeroie.
2. Qui si bone ad bien la devera cherir,
Q'a sa valour n'est riens qe poet valoir : 10
Jeo di pour moi, quant jeo la puiss sentir,
II m'est avis qe jeo ne puiss doloir.
EUe est ma vie, elle est tout mon avoir,
p:ile est m'amie, elle est toute ma joie,
Elle est tout mon confort matin et soir ;
Pour tout le mond jeo ne la changeroie.
3. La destinee qe nous ad fait unir
Benoite soit ; car sanz null decevoir
Je I'aime a tant com coer porra tenir.
Ceo prens tesmoign de dieu qui sciet le voir : 20
Si fuisse en paradis ceo beal manoir,
Autre desport de lui ja ne querroie ;
C'est celle ove qui jeo pense a remanoir,
Pour tout le mond jeo ne la changeroie.
4. Ceste balade en gre pour recevoir, Les baladcs d'amont
.^ , ^ ^ • iesqes enci sont i'ait espc-
Ove coer et corps par tout u qe leo soie, •' .7 '
^ '^ ^ ■' cialemcnt pour ceaux
Envoie a celle u gist tout mon espoir : q'attendont lours amours
Pour tout le mond jeo ne la changeroie. par droite mariage.
BALADES
VI. I. La fame et la treshalte renomee
Du sens, beaute, manere et gentilesce,
Qe Ten m'ad dit sovent et recontee
De vous, ma noble dame, a grant leesce
M'ad trespercie I'oreille et est impresse
Dedeinz le coer, par quoi mon oill desire,
Vostre presence au fin qe jeo remire.
343
Les balades d'ici jes-
qes au fin du liverc sont
universeles a tout le
monde, selonc les pro-
pretes et les condicions
des Amantz, qui sont
diversement travailez en
la fortune d'amour.
2. Si fortune ait ensi determinee,
Qe jeo porrai veoir vo grant noblesce,
Vo grant valour, dont tant bien sont parl^e,
Lors en serra ma joie plus expresse :
Car pour service faire a vostre haltesse
J'ai grant voloir, par quoi mon oill desire,
Vostre presence au fin qe jeo remire.
lO
Mais le penser plesant ymagin^e,
Jesqes a tant qe jeo le lieu adesce,
U vous serretz, m'ad ensi adrescee,
Qe par souhaid Milfoitz le jour jeo lesse
Mon coer aler, q'a vous conter ne cesse
Le bon amour, par quoi moun oill desire,
Vostre presence au fin que jeo remire.
20
4. Sur toutes flours la flour, et la Princesse
De tout honour, et des toutz mals le Mire,
P.our vo bealte jeo languis en destresce,
Vostre presence au fin qe jeo remire.
VIL I. De fin amour c'est le droit et nature,
Qe tant come pluis le corps soit eslongee,
Tant plus remaint le coer pres a toute hure,
Tanqu'il verra ceo qu'il ad desiree.
Pourceo sachetz, ma tresbelle honouree,
De vo paiis qe jeo desire I'estre,
Come cil qui tout vo chivaler voet estre.
VII 5 Pouceo
344 BALADES
2. De la fonteine ensi come I'eaue pure
Tressalt et buile et court aval le pree,
Ensi le coer de moi, jeo vous assure, lo
Pour vostre amour demeine sa pens^e ;
Et c'est toutdits sanz repos travail^e,
De vo paiis que jeo desire I'estre,
Come cil qui tout vo chivaler voet estre.
3. Sicome I'ivern despuile la verdure
Du beal Jardin, tanque autresfoitz Estee
L'ait revestu, ensi de sa mesure
Moun coer languist, mais il s'est esperee
Q'encore a vous vendrai joious et l^e ;
De vo paiis qe jeo desire I'estre, 20
Come cil qui tout vo chivaler voet estre.
4. Sur toutes belles la plus belle nee,
Plus ne voldrai le Paradis terrestre.
Que jeo n'ai plus vostre presence amee,
Come cil qui tout vo chivaler voet estre.
VIII. I. D'estable coer, qui nuUement se mue,
S'en ist ades et vole le penser
Assetz plus tost qe falcon de sa Mue ;
Ses Eles sont souhaid et desirer,
En un moment il passera la mer
A vous, ma dame, u tient la droite voie,
En lieu de moi, tanque jeo vous revoie,
2, Si mon penser saveroit a sa venue
A vous, ma doulce dame, reconter
Ma volente, et a sa revenue . 10
Vostre plaisir a moi auci conter,
En tout le mond n'eust si bon Messager;
Car Centmillfoitz le jour jeo luy envoie
A vostre court, tanque jeo vous revoie.
3. Mais combien qu'il ne parle, il vous salue
Depar celui q'est tout le vostre entier,
Q'a vous servir j'ai fait ma retenue,
Come vostre amant et vostre Chivaler :
VIII 12 sibon
BALADES 345
Le pensement qe j'ai de vous plener,
C'est soulement qe mon las coer convoie 20
En bon espoir, tanque jeo vous revoie.
Ceste balade a vous fait envoier
Mon coer, mon corps, ma sovereine joie :
Tenetz certein qe jeo vous vuill amer
En bon espoir, tanque jeo vous revoie.
IX. I. Trop tart a ceo qe jeo desire et proie
Vient ma fortune au point, il m'est avis;
Mais nepourquant mon coer toutdis se ploie,
Parfit, verai, loial, entalentis
De vous veoir, qui sui tout vos amis
Si tresentier qe dire ne porroie :
Q'apres dieu et les saintz de Paradis
En vous remaint ma sovereine joie.
2. De mes deux oels ain^ois qe jeo vous voie,
Millfoitz le jour mon coer y est tramis 16
En lieu de moi d'aler la droite voie
Pour visiter et vous et vo paiis :
Et tanqu'il s'est en vo presence mis,
Desir ades I'encoste et le convoie,
Com cil q'est tant de vostre amour suspris,
Qe nullement se poet partir en voie.
3. Descoverir a vous si jeo me doie.
En vous amer sui tielement ravys,
Q'au plus sovent mon sentement forsvoie,
Ne sai si chald ou froid, ou mors ou vifs, 20
Ou halt ou bass, ou certains ou faillis,
Ou tempre ou tard, ou pres ou loings jeo soie :
Mais en pensant je sui tant esbaubis,
Q'il m'est avis sicom jeo songeroie.
4. Pour vous, ma dame, en peine m'esbanoie,
Jeo ris en plour et en sant^ languis,
Jeue en tristour et en seurte m'esfroie,
Ars en gelee et en chalour fremis,
IX 7 Qa pres 19 plussouent
346 BALADES
D'amer puissant, d'amour povere et mendis,
Jeo sui tout vostre, et si vous fuissetz moie, 30
En tout le mond n'eust uns si rejois
De ses amours, sicom jeo lors serroie.
5. O tresgentile dame, simple et coie,
Des graces et des vertus replenis,
Lessetz venir merci, jeo vous supploie,
Et demorir, tanqu'il m'avera guaris ;
Car sanz vous vivre ne suis poestis.
Tout sont en vous li bien qe jeo voldroie,
En vostre aguard ma fortune est assis,
Ceo qe vous plest de bon gree jeo I'otroie. 40
6. La flour des flours plus belle au droit devis,
Ceste compleignte a vous directe envoie :
Croietz moi, dame, ensi com jeo vous dis,
En vous remaint ma sovereine joie.
X. I. Mon tresdouls coer, mon coer avetz souleine,
Jeo n'en puiss autre, si jeo voir dirrai ;
Q'en vous, ma dame, est toute grace pleine.
A bone houre est qe jeo vous aqueintai,
Maisqu'il vous pleust qe jeo vous amerai,
Au fin qe vo pite vers moi se plie,
Q'avoir porrai vostre ameiste complie.
2. Mais la fortune qui les amantz meine
Au plus sovent me met en grant esmai,
En si halt lieu qe jeo moun coer asseine, 10
Qe passe toutz les autres a I'essai :
Q'a mon avis n'est une qe jeo sai
Pareil a vous, par quoi moun coer s'allie,
Q'avoir porrai vostre ameistt^ complie.
3. S'amour me volt hoster de toute peine,
Et faire tant qe jeo m'esjoierai,
Vous estes mesmes celle sovereine,
Sanz qui jammais en ese viverai :
Et puis q'ensi moun coer done vous ai,
1^ 37 poestes 41 phisbelle X 9 plussouent
BALADES 347
Ne lerrai, dame, qe ne vous supplie, 20
Q'avoir porrai vostre ameiste complie.
4. A vo bealte semblable au Mois de Maii,
Qant le solail s'espant sur la florie,
Ceste balade escrite envoierai,
Q'avoir porrai vostre ameiste complie.
XI. I. Mes sens foreins se pourront bien movoir,
Mais li coers maint en un soul point toutdis,
Et c'est, ma dame, en vous, pour dire voir,
A qui jeo vuill servir en faitz et ditz :
Car pour sercher le monde, a moun avis
Vous estes la plus belle et graciouse,
Si vous fuissetz un poi plus amerouse.
2. Soubtz ciel n'est uns, maisqu'il vous poet veoir,
Qu'il ne serroit tantost d'amer suspris ;
Q'en la bealte qe dieus t'ad fait avoir 10
Sont les vertus si pleinement compris,
Qe riens y fait; dont Ten doit doner pris
A vous, ma doulce dame gloriouse,
Si vous fuissetz un poi plus amerouse.
3. Jeo sui del tout, ma dame, en vo pooir,
Come cil qui sui par droit amour soubgis
De noet et jour pour faire vo voloir,
Et dieus le sciet qe ceo n'est pas envis :
Par quoi jeo quiers vos graces et mercis ;
Car par reson vous me serretz pitouse, 20
Si vous fuissetz un poi plus amerouse.
4. A vous, ma dame, envoie cest escris,
Qe trop perestes belle et dangerouse :
Meilour de vous om sciet en null paiis.
Si vous fuissetz un poi plus amerouse.
XI 6 plusbelle 7, 14, 21, 25 plusamerouse 15 lieo
348 BALADES
XT I. I. La dame a la Chalandre comparer
Porrai, la quelle en droit de sa nature
Desdeigne I'omme a tiel point reguarder,
Quant il serra de mort en aventure.
Et c'est le pis des griefs mals qe j'endure,
Vo tresgent corps, ma dame, quant jeo voie
, Et le favour de vo reguard procure.
Danger ses oels destorne en autre voie.
2. Helas, quant pour le coer trestout entier,
Qe j'ai done sanz point de forsfaiture, lo
Ne me deignetz en tant reguerdoner,
Q'avoir porrai la soule reguardure
De vous, q'avetz et I'oill et la feture
Dont jeo languis ; car ce jeo me convoie,
Par devant vous quant jeo me plus assure,
Danger ses oels destorne en autre voie.
•&^
3. Si tresbeals oels sanz merci pour mirer
N'acorde pas, ma dame, a vo mesure :
De vo reguard hostetz pourceo danger,
Prenetz pitd de vostre creature, 20
Monstrez moi I'oill de grace en sa figure,
Douls, vair, riant et plein de toute joie;
Car jesq'en cy, ou si jeo chante ou plure,
Danger ses oels destorne en autre voie.
4. En toute humilite sanz mesprisure
Jeo me compleigns, ensi come faire doie,
Q'a moi, qui sui del tout soubtz vostre cure,
Danger ses oels destorne en autre voie.
XIII. I. Au mois de Marsz, u tant y ad muance,
Puiss resembler les douls mals que j'endure :
Ore ai trove, ore ai perdu fiance,
Siq'en amer truis ma fortune dure ;
Qu'elle est sanz point, sanz reule et sanz mesure,
N'ad pas egual le pois en sa balance,
Ore ai le coer en ease, ore en destance.
BALADES 349
2. Qant jeo remire al oill sanz variance
La gentilesce et la doulce figure,
Le sens, I'onour, le port, la contenance lo
De ma tresnoble dame, en qui nature
x\d toutz biens mis, lors est ma joie pure,
Q'amour par sa tresdigne pourveance
M'ad fait amer u tant y ad plesance.
3. Mais quant me vient la droite sovenance,
Coment ma doulce dame est a dessure
En halt estat, et ma nounsufifisance
Compense a si tresnoble creature,
Lors en devient ma joie plus obscure
Par droit paour et par desesperance, 20
Qe lune quant eglips la desavance.
4. Pour vous, q'avetz ma vie en aventure,
Ceste balade ai fait en remembrance :
Si porte ades le jolif mal sanz cure,
Tanq'il vous plest de m'en faire allegance.
XIIIL I. Pour penser de ma dame sovereine,
En qui tout bien sont plainement assis,
Qe riens y fait de ce dont corps humeine
Doit par reson avoir loenge et pris,
Lors sui d'amour si finement espris,
Dont maintenant m'estoet soeffrir la peine
Plus qe Paris ne soeffrist pour Heleine.
2. Tant plus de moi ma dame se desdeigne,
Come plus la prie ; et si jeo mot ne dis,
Qe valt ce, lors qe jeo ma dolour meine lo
De ceo dont jeo ma dame n'ai requis?
Ensi de deux jeo sui tant entrepris,
Qe parler n'ose a dame si halteine,
Et si m'en tais, jeo voi la mort procheine.
XIII 8 al loill 17 noMn suffisance 19 endevient
XIIII 2 Een
350 BALADES
3. Mais si pites, qui les douls coers enseine,
Pour moi ne parle et die son avis,
Et la fierte de son corage asseine,
Et plie au fin q'elle ait de moi mercis,
Jeo serrai mortz ou tant enmaladis,
Ne puiss faillir del un avoir estreine ; 20
Ensi, ma doulce dame, a vous me pleigne.
4. Ceste balade a vous, ma dame, escris,
Q'a vous parler me fait du bouche aleine ;
Par quoi soubtz vostre grace jeo languis,
Sanz vous avoir ne puiss ma joie pleine.
XV. I. Com I'esperver qe vole par creance
Et de son las ne poet partir envoie,
De mes amours ensi par resemblance
Jeo sui liez, sique par nulle voie
Ne puiss aler, s'amour ne me convoie :
Vous m'avetz, dame, estrait de tiele Mue,
Combien qe vo presence ades ne voie,
Mon coer remaint, que point ne se remue.
2. Soubtz vo constreignte et soubtz vo governance
Amour m'ad dit qe jeo me supple et ploie, 10
Sicome foial doit faire a sa liegance,
Et plus d'assetz, si faire le porroie :
Pour ce, ma doulce dame, a vous m'otroie,
Car a ce point j'ai fait ma retenue,
Qe si le corps de moi fuist ore a Troie,
Mon coer remaint, qe point ne se remue.
3. Sicome le Mois de Maii les prees avance,
Q'est tout flori quant I'erbe se verdoie,
Ensi par vous revient ma contienance,
De vo bealte si penser jeo le doie : 20
Et si merci me volt vestir de joie
Pour la bounte qe vous avetz vestue,
En tiel espoir, ma dame, uque jeo soie,
Mon coer remaint, qe point ne se remue.
XIIII 15 doules XV 17 lesprees
BALADES 351
A vostre ymage est tout ceo qe jeo proie,
Quant ceste lettre a vous serra venue ;
Q'a vous servir, come cil q'est vostre proie,
Mon coer remaiqt, qe point ne se remue.
XVI, I. Camelion est une beste fiere,
Qui vit tansoulement de I'air sanz plus ;
Ensi pour dire en mesme la maniere,
De soul espoir qe j'ai d'amour conguz
Sont mes pensers en vie sustenuz :
Mais par gouster de chose qe jeo sente,
Combien qe jeo le serche sus et jus,
Ne puiss de grace trover celle sente.
2. N'est pas ma sustenance assetz pleniere
De vein espoir qe m'ad ensi repuz ; ro
Ainz en devient ma faim tant plus amiere
D'ardant desir qe m'est d'amour accruz :
De mon repast jeo sui ensi deguz,
Q'ove voide main espoir ses douns presente,
Qe quant jeo quide meux estre au dessus
En halt estat, jeo fais plus grief descente
3. Quiqu'est devant, souhaid n'est pas derere
Au feste quelle espoir avera tenuz;
A volente sanz fait est chamberere :
Tiels officers sont aingois retenuz, 20
Par ceux jeo vive et vuill ceo qe ne puiss,
Ma fortune est contraire a mon entente;
Ensi morrai, si jeo merci ne truis,
Q'en vein espoir ascun profit n'avente.
4. A vous, en qui sont toutz bien contenuz,
Q'es flour des autres la plus excellente,
Ceste balade avoec centmil salutz
Envoie, dame, maisq'il vous talente.
XVI 7 Combien 11 endeuient 16 plusgrief"
26 plusexcellente
352
BALADES
XVII. I. Ne sai si de ma dame la durtee
Salvant I'estat d'amour jeo blamerai ;
Bien sai qe par tresfine loialt^
De tout mon coer la serve et serviray,
Mais le guardon, s'ascun deservi ai,
Ne sai coment, m'est toutdis eslonge :
Dont jeo ma dame point n'escuseray;
Tant meinz reprens, com plus I'averay done.
2. A moun avis ceo n'est pas egalte,
Solonc reson si jeo le voir dirrai, lo
A doner tout, coer, corps et volente.
Quant pour tout ceo reprendre ne porray
D'amour la meindre chose qe jeo sai.
Om dist, poi valt service q'est sanz fee ;
Mais ja pour tant ma dame ne lerray,
Q'a lui servir m'ai tout abandone.
3. Ma dame, qui sciet langage a plentde,
Rien me respont quant jeo la prierai ;
Et s'ensi soit q'elle ait a moi parlee,
D'un mot soulein lors sa response orrai, 20
A basse vois tantost me dirra, ' nay.'
C'est sur toutz autres ditz qe jeo plus hee ;
Le mot est brief, mais qant vient a I'essay,
La sentence est de grant dolour paree.
4. Ceste balade a celle envoieray,
En qui riens fait fors soulement pitee :
Ne puis lesser, maisque jeo I'ameray,
Q'a sa merci jeo m'ai recomande.
XVIII. I. Les goutes d'eaue qe chcont menu
L'en voit sovent percer la dure piere ;
Mais cest essample n'est pas avenu,
Semblablement qe jeo de ma priere
La tendre oraille de ma dame chiere
Percer porrai, ainz il m'est defendu :
Com plus la prie, et meinz m'ad entendu,.
BALADES 353
2. Tiel esperver crieis unqes ne fu,
Qe jeo ne crie plus en ma maniere
As toutz les foitz qe jeo voi temps et lu; lo
Et toutdis maint ma dame d'une chiere,
Assetz plus dure qe n'est la rochiere.
Ne sai dont jeo ma dame ai offendu ;
Com plus la prie, et meinz m'ad entendu.
3. Le del amont de la justice dieu
Trespercerai, si jeo les seintz requiere ;
Mais a ce point c'est ma dame abstenu,
Qe toutdis clot s'oraille a ma matiere.
Om perce aingois du marbre la quarere,
Q'elle ait a ma requeste un mot rendu ; 20
Com plus la prie, et meinz m'ad entendu.
4. La dieurte de ma dame est ensi fiere
Com Diamant, qe n'est de riens fendu :
Ceo lettre en ceo me serra messagiere ;
Com plus la prie, et meinz m'ad entendu.
XIX. I. Om solt danter la beste plus salvage
Par les paroles dire soulement,
Et par parole changer le visage,
Et les semblances muer de la gent :
Mais jeo ne voie ascun experiment,
Qe de ma dame torne le corage ;
Celle art n'est pas dessoubtz le firmament
Por atrapper un tiel oisel en cage.
2. Jeo parle et prie et serve et faitz hommage
De tout mon coer entier^ mais nequedent 10
Ne puis troever d'amour celle avantage,
Dont ma tresdoulce dame ascunement
Me deigne un soul regard pitousement
Doner; mais plus qe Sibille le sage
S'estrange, ensi qe jeo ne sai coment
Pour atrapper un tiel oisel en cage.
XVIII 12 plusdure 20 Qell XIX i plussalvage
Aa
354 BALADES
3. Loigns de mon proeu et pres de mon damage,
Jeo trieus toutdis le fin du parlemenl ;
Ne sai parler un mot de tiel estage,
Par quoi ma dame ne change son talent : 20
Sique jeo puiss veoir tout clierement
Qe ma parole est sanz vertu volage,
Et sanz exploit, sicom frivole au vent,
Pour atrapper un tiel oisel en cage.
4. Ma dame, en qui toute ma grace attent,
Vous m'avetz tant soubgit en vo servage,
Qe jeo n'ai sens, reson n'entendement,
Pour atrapper un tiel oisel en cage.
XX. I . Fortune, om dist, de sa Roe vire ades ;
A mon avis mais il n'est pas ensi.
Car as toutz jours la troeve d'un reles,
Qe jeo sai nulle variance en li,
Ainz est en mes deseases establi.
En bass me tient, q'a lever ne me lesse :
De mes amours est tout ceo qe jeo di.
Ma dolour monte et ma joie descresce.
2. Apres la guerre om voit venir la pes,
Apres I'ivern est I'estee beal flori, 10
Mais mon estat ne voi changer jammes,
Qe jeo d'amour porrai troever merci.
He, noble dame, pour quoi est il ensi?
Soubtz vostre main gist ma fortune oppresse,
Tanq'il vous plest qe jeo serrai guari.
Ma dolour monte et ma joie descresce.
3. Celle infortune dont Palamedes
Chaoit, fist tant qAgamenon chosi
Fuist a I'empire : auci Diomedes,
Par ceo qe Troilus estoit guerpi, 20
De ses amours la fortune ad saisi,
Du fille au Calcas mesna sa leesce :
Mais endroit moi la fortune est faili.
Ma dolour monte et ma joie descresce.
XIX 18 tout dis 24 Cage
BALADES 355
4. Le coer entier avoec ceo lettre ci
Envoie a vous, ma dame et ma dieuesce :
Prenetz pite de mon trespovere cri,
Ma dolour monte et ma joie descresce.
XXI. I. Au solail, qe les herbes eslumine
Et fait florir, jeo fai comparisoun
De celle q'ad dessoubtz sa discipline
Mon coer, mon corps, mes sens et ma resoun
Par fin amour trestout a sa bandoun :
Si menerai par tant joiouse vie,
Et servirai de bon entencioun,
Sanz mal penser d'ascune vilenie.
2. Si femme porroit estre celestine
De char humeine a la creacion, to
Jeo croi bien qe ma dame soit devine ;
Q'elle ad le port et la condicion
De si tressainte conversacioun,
Si plain d'onour, si plein de courtoisie,
Q'a lui servir j'ai fait ma veneisoun,
Sanz mal penser d'ascune vilenie.
3. Une autre tiele belle et femeline,
Trestout le mond pour sercher enviroun,
Ne truist om, car elle ad de sa covine
Honte et paour pour guarder sa mesoun, 20
N'i laist entrer ascun amant feloun :
Dont sui joious, car jeo de ma partie
La vuill amer d'oneste affeccioun,
Sanz mal penser d'ascune vilenie.
4. Mirour d'onour, essample de bon noun,
En bealte chaste et as vertus amie.
Ma dame, jeo vous aime et autre noun,
Sanz mal penser d'ascune vilenie.
XXI 18 Terstout
A a 2
356 BALADES
XXII. I. J'ai bien sovent o"i parler damour,
Mais ja devant n'esprovai la nature
De son estat, mais ore au present jour
|eo sui cheeuz de soudeine aventure
En la sotie, u jeo languis sanz cure,
Ne sai coment j'en puiss avoir socour :
Car ma fortune est en ce cas si dure,
Q'ore est ma vie en ris, ore est en plour.
2. Pour bien penser jeo truiss assetz vigour,
Mais quant jeo doi parler en ascune hure, lo
Le coer me fait de si tresgrant paour,
Q'il hoste et tolt la vois et la parlure ;
Q'au peine lors si jeo ma regardure
Porrai tenir a veoir la doul^our
De celle en qui j ai mis toute ma cure,
Q'ore est ma vie en ris, ore est en plour.
3. Quant puiss mirer la face et la colour
De ma tresdoulce dame et sa feture,
Pour regarder en si tresbeal mirour
Jeo sui ravi de joie oultre mesure : ao
Mais tost apres, quant sui soulein, jeo plure,
Ma joie ensi se melle de dolour,
Ne sai quant sui dessoubtz ne quant dessure,
Q'ore est ma vie en ris, ore est en plour.
4. A vous, tresbelle et bone creature,
Salvant toutdis I'estat de vostre honour.
Ceo lettre envoie : agardetz I'escripture,
Q'ore est ma vie en ris, ore est en plour.
XXIII. I. Pour un regard au primere acqueintance.
Quant jeo la bealte de ma dame vi,
Du coer, du corps trestoute m'obeissance
Lui ai done, tant sui d'amour ravi :
Du destre main jeo I'ai ma foi plevi,
Sur quoi ma dame ad resceu moun hommage,
Com son servant et son loial ami ;
A bon houre est qe jeo vi celle ymage.
XXII 19 ensi
BALADES 357
Par lui veoir sanz autre sustenance,
Mais qe danger ne me soit anemi, lo
II m'est avis de toute ma creance
Q'as toutz les jours jeo viveroie ensi ■.
Et c'est tout voir qe jeo lui aime si,
Qe mieulx voldroie morir en son servage,
Qe vivere ailours mill auns loigntain de li :
A bone houre est qe jeo vi celle ymage.
De son consail ceo me dist esperance,
Qe quant ma dame averai long temps servi
Et fait son gre d'onour et de plesance,
Lors solonc ceo qe j'averai deservi 20
Le ree^uerdoun me serra de merci ;
Q'elle est plus noble et Tranche de corage
Qe Maii, quant ad la terre tout flori :
A bon houre est qe jeo vi celle ymage.
Ceo dit envoie a vous, ma dame, en qui
La gentilesce et le treshalt parage
Se monstront, dont espoir m'ad rejoi :
A bon houre est qe jeo vi celle ymage.
XXI 1 1 1. I. Jeo quide qe ma dame de sa mein
M'ad deinz le coer escript son propre noun
Car quant jeo puiss oir le chapellein
Sa letanie dire et sa legoun,
Jeo ne sai nomer autre, si le noun ;
Car j'ai le coer de fin amour si plein,
Q'en lui gist toutc ma devocioun :
Dieus doignt qe jeo ne prie pas en vein !
2. Pour penser les amours de temps longtein,
Com la priere de Pigmalion
Faisoit miracle, et I'image au darrein
De piere en char mua de s'oreisoun,
J'ai graunt espoir de la comparisoun
Qe par sovent ])rier serrai certein
De grace ; et pour si noble reguerdoun
Dieus doignt qe jeo ne prie pas en vein !
XXIII 22 plusnoble
353 BALADES
3. Com cil qui songe et est en nouncertein,
Ainz semble a lui qu'il vait tout environ
Et fait et dit, ensi quant sui soulein,
A moi parlant jeo fais maint question, 20
Despute et puis responde a ma resoun,
Ne sai si jeo sui faie ou chose humein :
Tiel est d'amour ma contemplacion ;
Dieus doignt qe jeo ne prie pas en vein I
4. A vous, qe m'avetz en subjeccion,
Soul apres dieu si m'estes soverein,
Envoie cette supplicacion :
Dieus doignt qe jeo ne prie pas en vein !
XXV. I. Ma dame, si ceo fuist a vo plesir,
Au plus sovent jeo vous visiteroie ;
Mais le fals jangle et le tresfals conspir
De mesdisantz m'ont destorbe la voie,
Et vostre honour sur toute riens voldroie :
Par quoi, ma dame, en droit de ma partie
En lieu de moi mon coer a vous envoie ;
Car qui bien aime ses amours tard oblie.
2. lis sont assetz des tiels qui de mentir
Portont le clief pendant a lour curroie; 10
Du quoi, ma dame, jeo ne puiss sentir
Coment aler, aingois me torne envoie :
Mais sache dieus, par tout uque jeo soie,
D'entier voloir sanz nulle departie
A vous me tiens, a vous mon coer se ploie ;
Car qui bien aime ses amours tard oblie.
3. De vo presence a long temps abstenir
Grief m'est, en cas q'a force ensi feroie ;
Et d'autrepart, si jeo voldrai venir,
Sanz vostre esgard ceo faire ne porroie : 20
Comandetz moi ceo qe jeo faire en doie,
Car vous avetz de moi la seignorie.
Tout est en vous, ma dolour et ma joie ;
Car qui bien aime ses amours tard oblie.
XXV a plussovent 4 mout (?) 21 endoie
BALADES 359
As mesdisantz, dont bon amour s'esfroie,
De male langue dieus les motz maldie ;
Q'en lour despit a vostre amour m'otroie ;
Car qui bien aime ses amours tard oblie.
XXVI. i.Salutz honour et toute reverence,
Com cil d'amour q'est tout vostre soubgit,
Ma dame, a vous et a vostre excellence
Envoie, s'il vous plest, d'umble espirit,
Pour fare a vous plesance, honour, profit :
De tout mon coer entier jeo le desire,
Selonc le corps combien qe j'ai petit,
Sanz autre doun le coer doit bien suffire.
2. Qui donne soi, c'est une experience
Qe I'autre bien ne serront escondit : lo
Si plein com dieus m'ad de sa providence
Fait et forme, si plein sanz contredit
Soul apres lui, ma dame, en fait et dit
Vous donne ; et si Rois fuisse d'un Empire,
Tout est a vous : mais en amour perfit
Sanz autre doun le coer doit bien suffire.
3. Primer quant vi I'estat de vo presence,
En vous mirer me vint si grant delit,
Q'unqes depuiss d'ascune negligence
Mon coer pensant vostre bealte n'oublit : 30
Par quoi toutdis me croist celle appetit
De vous amer, plus qe ne porrai dire ;
Et pour descrire amour en son droit plit,
Sanz autre doun le coer doit bien suffire.
4. A vous, ma dame, envoie ceste escript,
Ne sai si vo danger le voet despire ;
Mais si reson soit en ce cas eslit,
Sanz autre doun le coer doit bien suffire.
XXVI 22 plusqe
360 BALADES
XXVII. I. Ma dame, quant jeo vi vostre oill [vair et] riant,
Cupide m'ad ferru de tiele plaie
Parmi le coer d'un dart d'amour ardant,
Qe nulle medicine m'est verraie,
Si vous n'aidetz ; mais cartes jeo me paie,
Car soubtz la cure de si bone mein
Meulx vuil languir qe sanz vous estre sein.
2. Amour de sa constreignte est un tirant,
Mais sa banere quant merci desplaie,
Lors est il suef, courtois et confortant : 10
Ceo poet savoir qui la fortune essaie ;
Mais combien qu'il sa grace me deslaie,
Ma dame, jeo me tiens a vous certein ;
Mieulx vuill languir qe sanz vous estre sein.
3. Ensi ne tout guari ne languisant,
Ma dame, soubtz I'espoir de vo manaie
Je vive, et sui vos graces attendant,
Tanque merci ses oignementz attraie,
Et le destroit de ma dolour allaie :
Mais si guaris ne soie enquore au plein, 20
Mieulx vuill languir qe sanz vous estre sein.
4. Pour vous, q'avetz la bealte plus qe faie,
Ceo lettre ai fait sanz null penser vilein :
Parentre deus combien qe jeo m'esmaie,
Mieulx vuill languir qe sanz vous estre sein.
XXVIII. I. Dame, u est ore cclle naturesce,
Qe soloit estre en vous tiel temps jeo vi,
Q'il ne vous plest de vostre gentilesce
Un soul salutz mander a vostre ami ?
Ne quier de vous forsque le coer demi,
Et vous avetz le mien trestout entier :
Om voit sovent de petit j^oi doner.
2. Les vertus de franchise et de largesce •
Jeo sai, ma dame, en vous sont establi ;
Et vous savetz ma peine et ma destresce, 10
BALADES 361
Dont par dolour jeo sui sempres faili
En le defalte soul de vo merci,
Q'il ne vous plest un mot a moi mander :
Om voit sovent de petit poi doner.
3. Tout qanque j'ai^ ma dame, a vo noblesce
De coer et corps jeo I'ai done parmi ;
Par quoi ne vous desplese, en ma simplesce
De vostre amour si jeo demande ensi ;
Car cil qui done il ad doun deservi,
Loial servant doit avoir son loer : 20
Om voit sovent de petit poi doner.
4. Ma doulce dame, qui m'avetz oubli,
Prenetz ceo dit de moi pour remembrer,
Et mandetz moi de vos beals ditz auci ;
Q'om voit sovent de petit poi doner.
XXIX. I. Par droite cause et par necessite,
Q'est sanz feintise honeste et resonable,
M'ai par un temps de vous, dame, eslonge,
Dont par reson jeo serroie excusable :
Mais fame, q'est par les paiis volable,
De vo corous me dist novelle ades ;
Si m'ad apris, et jeo le croi sanz fable,
Q'est d'amour loigns est de desease pres.
2. Si vous, ma dame, scieussetz ma pense,
Q'a vous servir remaint toutditz estable, jo
Ne serrai point sanz cause refuse :
Car jeo vous tiens si bone et merciable,
Qe jeo, q'a vous sui toutditz servi9able,
Et de mon gree ne vuill partir jammes,
Vo grace averai ; et c'est tout veritable,
Q'est d'amour loigns est de desease pres.
o-
Le fait de I'omme est en la volente,
Car qui bien voet par droit est commendable;
Et pourcella, ma tresbelle honouree,
Hostetz corous et soietz amiable : 20
362 BALADES
Si riens ai fait q'a vous n'est pas greable,
De vo merci m'en donetz un reles;
Q'ore a I'essai la chose est bien provable,
Q'est d'amour loigns est de desease pres.
4. Ma graciouse dame et honourable,
Ceste balade a vous pour sercher pes
Envoie ; car jeo sui assetz creable,
Q'est d'amour loigns est de desease pres.
XXX. I. Si com la Nief, quant le fort vent tempeste,
Par halte mier se torne ci et la,
Ma dame, ensi moun coer maint en tempeste,
Quant le danger de vo parole orra ; •
Le Nief qe vostre bouche soufflera
Me fait sigler sur le peril de vie :
Q'est en danger, fait qu'il merci supplie.
2. Rois Uluxes, sicom nous dist la geste.
Vers son paiis de Troie qui sigla,
N'ot tiel paour du peril et moleste, 10
Quant les Sereines en la Mier passa,
Et le danger de Circes eschapa,
Qe le paour n'est plus de ma partie :
Q'est en danger, fait qu'il merci supplie.
3. Danger, qui tolt d'amour toute la feste,
Unqes un mot de confort ne sona ;
Ainz plus cruel qe n'est la fiere beste,
Au point quant danger me respondera,
La chiere porte, et quant le nai dirra,
Plus que la mort m'estonc celle oie : 20
Q'est en danger, fait qu'il merci supplie.
4. Vers vous, ma bone dame, horspris cella
Qe danger maint en vostre compainie,
Ceste balade en mon message irra :
Q'est en danger, fait (^u'll merci supplie.
XXX 5 Le Nief] Perhaps rather Le vent 12 circes 20 Plusq«(f
BALADES
XXXI. I. Ma belle dame, bone et graciouse,
Si pour bealte Ten doit amour doner,
La bealte, dame, avetz si plentevouse,
Qe vo bealte porra nulls coers passer,
Qe ne Testoet par fine force amer,
Et obeir d'amour la discipline
Par soulement vo bealte regarder :
Car bon amour a les vertus encline.
2. Et si bounte, q'est assetz vertuouse
Da sa nature, amour porra causer,
Vous estes, dame, assetz plus bountevouse
Q'ascun amant le purra deviser :
Et ceo me fait vostre amour desirer
Secondement apres I'amour divine,
Pour chier tenir, servir et honourer;
Car bon amour a les vertus encline.
3. Et si la sort de grace est amourouse,
Lors porrai bien, ma dame, tesmoigner,
Vo grace entre la gent est si famouse,
Q'a quelle part qe jeo me vuil torner,
Jeo puiss oir vo grace proclamer :
Toutz en parlont et diont lour covine,
L'om est benoit qui vous purroit happer ;
Car bon amour a les vertus encline.
4. Ma dame, en qui sont trestout bien plener,
Tresfressche flour, honeste et femeline,
Ceste balade a vous fais envoier ;
Car bon amour a les vertus encline.
363
10
20
XXXII. I. Cest aun novell Janus, q'ad double face,
L'yvern passer et Testee voit venant :
Comparison de moi si j'ensi face,
Contraire a luy mes oills sont regardant,
Je voi I'ivern venir froid et nuisant,
Et I'estee vait, ne sai sa revenue ;
Q'amour me poignt et point ne me salue.
XXXI 16 ales
22 enpaHont
XXXII 5 nuisand
364 BALADES
2. La cliere Estee, qui le solail embrace,
Devient obscure a moi, siq' au devant
L'yvern me tolt d'amour toute la grace : 10
Dont par dolour jeo sui mat et pesant,
Ne sai jeuer, ne sai chanter par tant,
Ainz sui covert dessoubtz la triste Nue ;
Q'amour me poignt et point ne me salue.
3. Vo bealte croist, q'a null temps se desface ;
Pourceo, ma dame, a vous est acordant
Qe vo bounte se monstre en toute place :
Mais jeo, pour quoi qe sui tout vo servant,
Ne puis veoir de grace ascun semblant,
C'est une dure et forte retenue ; 20
Q'amour me poignt et point ne me salue.
XXX 111. i.Au comencer del aun present novell
Mon corps ove tout le coer a bone estreine
Jeo done a vous, ma dame, sanz repell,
Pour le tenir sicom vostre demeine :
Ne sai conter les joies que jeo meine
' De vous servir, et pour moi guardoner,
Si plus n'y soit, donetz le regarder.
2. Ne quier de vous avoir autre Juel
Fors soulement vostre ameiste certeine ;
Guardetz vo Nouche, guardetz le vostre anel, 10
Vo beal semblant m'cst joie sovereine,
Q'a mon avis toute autre chose est veine :
Et s'il vous plest, ma dame, sanz danger,
Si plu.s n'y soit, donetz le regarder.
3. L'en soit toutditz au feste de Noel
Rcprendre joie et hoster toute peine,
Et doner douns ; mais jeo ne demande el,
De vo noblesce si noun q'il vous deigne
Doner a moi d'amour ascune enseigne,
Dont jeo porrai ma fortune esperer : 20
Si plus n'y soit, donetz le regarder.
XXXII 9 si siqau devant
BALADES 365
A vous, ma doulce dame treshalteine,
Ceste balade vait pour desporter ;
Et pour le bounte dont vous estes pleine,
Si plus n'y soit, donetz le regarder.
XXXIIII. I. Saint Valentin Famour et la nature
De toutz oiseals ad en governement ;
Dont chascun d'eaux semblable a sa mesure
Une compaigne honeste a son talent
Eslist tout d'un acord et d'un assent :
Pour celle soule laist a covenir
Toutes les autres, car nature aprent,
U li coers est, le corps fait obeir.
2. Ma doulce dame, ensi jeo vous assure
Qe jeo vous ai eslieu semblablement ; 10
Sur toutes autres estes a dessure
De mon amour si tresentierement,
Qe riens y fait par quoi joiousement
De coer et corps jeo vous voldrai servir ;
Car de reson c'est une experiment,
U li coers est, le corps fait obeir.
3. Pour remembrer jadis celle aventure
De Alceone et Ceix ensement,
Com dieus muoit en oisel lour figure,
Ma volente serroit tout tielement, 20
Qe sanz envie et danger de la gent
Nous porroions ensemble par loisir
Voler tout francs en nostre esbatement :
U li coers est, le corps fait obeir.
4. Ma belle oisel, vers qui mon pensement
S'en vole ades sanz null contretenir,
Pren cest escript, car jeo sai voirement,
U li coers est, le corps fait obeir.
XXXV. I. Saint Valentin plus qe null Emperour
Ad parlement et convocacion
Des toutz oiseals, qui vienont a son jour,
366 BALADES
U la compaigne prent son compaignon
En droit amour ; mais par comparison
D'ascune part ne puiss avoir la moie :
Qui soul remaint ne poet avoir grant joie.
2. Com la fenix souleine est au sojour
En Arabia celle regioun,
Ensi ma dame en droit de son amour jo
Souleine maint, ou si jeo vuill ou noun,
N'ad cure de ma supplicacion,
Sique d'amour ne sai troever la voie :
Qui soul remaint ne poet avoir grant joie.
3. O com nature est pleine de favour
A ceos oiseals q'ont lour eleccion !
O si jeo fuisse en droit de mon atour
En ceo soul cas de lour condicioun !
Plus poet nature qe ne poet resoun,
En mon estat tresbien le sente et voie : 20
Qui soul remaint ne poet avoir grant joie.
4. Chascun Tarcel gentil ad sa falcoun,
Mais j'ai faili de ceo q'avoir voldroie :
Ma dame, c'est le fin de mon changoun,
Qui soul remaint ne poet avoir grant joie.
XXXVI. I, Pour comparer ce jolif temps de Maii,
Jeo le dirrai semblable a Paradis ;
Car lors chantont et Merle et Papegai,
Les champs sont vert, les herbes sont floris,
Lors est nature dame du paiis ;
Dont Venus poignt I'amant au tiel assai,
Q'encontre amour n'est qui poet dire Nai.
2. Qant tout ceo vol et qe jeo penserai
Coment nature ad tout le mond suspris,
Dont pour le temps se fait minote et gai, io
Et jeo des autres sui soulein horpris,
Com cil qui sanz amie est vrais amis,
N'est pas mervaile lors si jeo m'esmai,
Q'encontre amour n'est qui poet dire Nai.
XXXV IO dcson XXXVI 14 nai
BALADES 367
3. En lieu de Rose urtie cuillerai,
Dont mes chapeals ferrai par tiel devis,
Qe toute joie et confort jeo lerrai,
Si celle soule, en qui j'ai mon coer mis,
Selonc le point qe j'ai sovent requis,
Ne deigne alegger les griefs mals qe j'ai ; 20
Q'encontre amour n'est qui poet dire Nai.
4. Pour pite querre et pourchacer mercis,
Va t'en, balade, u jeo t'envoierai ;
Q'ore en certein jeo I'ai tresbien apris,
Q'encontre amour n'est qui poet dire Nai.
XXXVII. I. El Mois de Maii la plus joiouse chose
C'est fin amour, mais vous, ma dame chiere,
Prenetz a vous plustost la ruge Rose
Pour vo desport, et plus la faites chiere
Qe mon amour ove toute la priere
Qe vous ai fait maint jour y ad passe :
Vous estes franche et jeo sui fort \i6.
2. Jeo voi toutplein des flours deinz vo parclose,
Prive de vous mais jeo sui mis derere,
N'y puiss entrer, qe Ten tree m'est forclose. 10
Jeo prens tesmoign de vostre chamberere,
Qe sciet et voit trestoute la matiere,
De si long temps qe jeo vous ai ame :
Vous estes franche et jeo sui fort \\6.
3. Qant I'erbe croist et la flour se desclose,
Maii m'ad hoste de sa blanche banere,
Dont pense assetz plus qe jeo dire n'ose
De vous, ma dame, qui m'estes si fiere ;
A vo merci car si jeo me refiere,
Vostre danger tantost m'ad deslaie : 20
Vous estes franche et jeo sui fort lie.
4. En le douls temps ma fortune est amiere,
Le Mois de Maii s'est en yvern mue,
L'urtie truis, si jeo la Rose quiere :
Vous estes franche et jeo sui fort lie.
XXXVI 25 nai XXXVII i plusiolouse 3 Ruge 19 rcTicis
368 BALADES
XXXVIII I. Sicom la fine piere Daiamand
De sa nature attrait le ferr au soi,
Ma dame, ensi vo douls regard plesant
Par fine force attrait le coer de nioi :
N'est pas en mon poair, qant jeo vous vol,
Qe ne vous aime oultre niesure ensi,
Qe j'ai pour vous toute autre chose oubli.
2. Soubtz ciel n'est oill, maisq'il vous soit voiant,
Qu'il n'ait le coer tantost deinz son recoi
Suspris de vostre amour et suspirant : lo
De tout le monde si jeo fuisse Roi,
Trop fuist petit, me semble en bone foi,
Pour vous amer, car jeo sui tant ravi,
Qe j'ai pour vous toute autre chose oubli.
3. Toutes vertus en vous sont apparant,
Qe nature poet doner de sa loi,
Et dieus vous ad done le remenant
Des bones mours ; par quoi tresbien le croi
Qe jeo ne puiss amer meilour de toi :
Vostre bealte m'ad tielement saisi, 20
Qe j'ai pour vous toute autre chose oubli.
4. D'omble esperit, sicom jeo faire doi,
U toute grace son hostell ad basti
Ceo lettre envoie ove si tresfin otroi,
Qe j'ai pour vous toute autre chose oubli.
XXXIX I. En vous, ma doulce dame sovereine,
Pour remembrer et sercher les vertus,
Si bountc quier, et vous en estes pleine,
Si bealte t^uier, vous estes au dessus,
Si grace quier, vous avetz le surplus ;
Qe riens y fait de ceo dont char humeine
Doit avoir pris, car c'est tresbien conuz,
Molt est benoit q'ovc vous sa vie meine.
2. Qui vo persona en son corage asseine,
Trop ad dur coer s'il ne soit retenuz 10
XXXVUI 9 Quilnait 23 hostell- XXXIX 3 enestes
BALADES 369
Pour vous servir come a sa capiteine :
Pour moi le di, q'a ceo me sui renduz,
Et si vous ai de rien, dame, offenduz,
Vous me poetz sicom vostre demeine
Bien chastier; q'en vostre amour jeo trieus,
Molt est benoit q'ove vous sa vie meine.
3. N'est un soul jour de toute la semeine,
EI quell deinz soi mon coer milfoitz et pluis
De vous ne pense : ascune foitz me pleigne,
Et c'est quant jeo sui loign ; mais quant venuz
Sui en presence, uque vous ai veeuz, 21
Lors est sur tout ma joie plus certeine :
Ensi de vous ma reson ai concluz.
Molt est benoit q'ove vous sa vie meine.
4. Ma dame, en qui tout bien sont contenuz,
Ceo lettre envoie a vo noblesce halteine
Ove Mil et Mil et Mil et Mil salutz :
Molt est benoit q'ove vous sa vie meine.
XL. I . Om dist, promesses ne sont pas estables ;
Ceo piert en vous, ma dame, au tiele enseigne,
Qe les paroles avetz amiables,
Mais en vos faitz vous n'estes pas certeine.
Vous m'avetz fait com jadis fist Heleine,
Quant prist Paris et laissa Menelai ;
Ne puiss hoster, maisque de vous me pleigne :
Loials amours se provont a I'essai.
2. Si vos promesses fuissent veritables,
Sur vo parole q'estoit primereine 10
Vous ne serretz, ma dame, si changables,
Pour lesser qe vous avetz en demeine
Et prendre ailours la chose q'est foreine.
Vous savetz bien, ma dame, et jeo le sai,
Selonc qe le proverbe nous enseine,
Loials amours se provont a I'essai.
3. Qant verite d'amour se tome en fables,
Et qe vergoigne pas ne le restreigne
Parmi les voies qe sont honourables,
N'est un vertu qe la fortune meine. io
* B b
370 BALADES
Vostre ameiste vers un n'est pas souleine,
Ainz est a deux : c'est un chaun^on verrai,
Dont chanterai sovent a basse aleine,
Loials amours se provont a I'essai.
4. A dieu, ma joie, a dieu, ma triste peine, ,
Ore est yvern, qe soloit estre Maii ;
Ne sai pour quoi Cupide me desdeigne :
Loials amours se provont a I'essai.
XLI. I. Des fals amantz tantz sont au jour present,
Dont les amies porront bien doloir :
Cil qui plus jure et fait son serement
De bien amer, plus pense a decevoir.
Jeo sui de celles une, a dire voir,
Qui me compleigns d'amour et sa feintise ;
Par quoi, de fals amantz pour peas avoir,
Bon est qe bone dame bien s'avise.
2. Ascuns y ad qui voet bien amer sent,
Et a chascune il fait bien assavoir 10
Qu'il I'aime sanz nulle autre soulement :
Par tiel engin destorne le savoir
De I'innocent, qe quide recevoir
De ses amours la loialte promise :
Mais pour guarder s'onour et son devoir,
Bon est qe bone dame bien s'avise.
3. Les lievres de la bouche q'ensi ment
Cil tricheour tant beal les sciet movoir,
Q'a peine est nulle qe pariitement
Sache en ceo point le mal aparcevoir : 20
Mais cil q'ensi d'amour son estovoir
Pourchace, ad bien deservi la Juise :
Si dis pource q'a tiel mal removoir
Bon est qe bone dame bien s'avise.
4. Tu q'es au matin un et autre au soir,
Ceste balade envoie a ta reprise,
Pour toi guerpir et mettre a nonchaloir :
Bon est qe bone dame bien s'avise.
XLI 18 le sciet
BALADES 371
XLII. I. Semblables sont la fortune et les d^es
Au fals amant, quant il d'amour s aqueinte :
Sa loialte pleine est des falsetes,
Plustost de^oit, quant il se fait plus queinte :
A toi le di, q'as trahi femme meinte,
Ceo q'as mespris restorer ne poetz,
Et pourcella, de ta falsine atteinte
Si tu voldras briser I'estrein, brisetz.
2. Trop tard conu m'est ceo qe fait avetz,
Qe m'as hoste de toi par tiele empeinte, 10
Qe jammais jour ne serrai retournetz
Pour obeir n'a toi n'a ta constreignte.
He, fals amis, com ta parole est feinte !
Les viels promesses toutes sont quassetz,
Trop as en toi la gentilesce exteinte :
Si tu voldras briser I'estrein, brisetz.
3. O tu, mirour des mutabilitees,
Des fals amantz en toi I'image est peinte,
Tes sens se muent en subtilitees,
Sil q'ensi fait n'ad pas la vie seinte. 20
Tu as derrour la conscience enceinte,
Dont fraude et malengin sont engendrez ;
Tu as vers moi ta loialte si freinte,
Si tu voldras briser I'estrein, brisetz.
4. En les malvois malice n'est restreignte,
Tu n'en serras de ta part escusez ;
As toutz amantz jeo fais ceste compleignte :
Si tu voldras briser I'estrein, brisetz.
XLIII. I. Plus tricherous qe Jason a Medee,
A Deianire ou q'Ercules estoit,
Plus q'Eneas, q'avoit Dido lessee,
Plus qe Theseus, q'Adriagne amoit,
Ou Demephon, quant Phillis oublioit,
Je trieus, helas, q'amer jadis soloie :
Dont chanterai desore en mon endroit,
C'est ma dolour, qe fuist aingois ma joie.
XLII 4 plusqueinte 12 constregnte XLIII r Plustricheroiis
2 qercules 3 qeneas
B b 2
372 BALADES
2. Unqes Ector, q'ama Pantasilee,
En tiele haste a Troie ne s'armoit, lo
Qe tu tout nud n'es deinz le lit couche,
Amis as toutes, quelqe venir doit,
Ne poet chaloir, mais q'une femne y soit ;
Si es comun plus qe la halte voie.
Helas, qe la fortune me de^oit,
C'est ma dolour, qe fuist aingois ma joie.
3. De Lancelot si fuissetz remembr^,
Et de Tristrans, com il se contenoit,
Generides, Florent, Partonope,
Chascun de ceaux sa loialte guardoit. jo
Mais tu, helas, q'est ceo qe te forsvoit
De moi, q'a toi jammais null jour falsoie?
Tu es a large et jeo sui en destroit,
C'est ma dolour, qe fuist aingois ma joie.
4. Des toutz les mals tu q'es le plus maloit,
Ceste compleignte a ton oraille envoie ;
Sant^ me laist et langour me regoit,
C'est ma dolour, qe fuist aingois ma joie.
XLIIII. I. Vailant, courtois, gentil et renomee,
Loial, verrai, certain de vo promesse,
Vous m'avetz vostre corps et coer donn^,
Qe jeo resgoive et prens a grant leesce.
Si jeo de Rome fuisse I'emperesse,
Vostre ameiste refuserai jeo mie,
Q'au tiel ami jeo vuill bien estre amie.
2. La halte fame qe Ten m'ad recontee
De vo valour et de vo grant prouesse
De joie m'ad I'oreille trespercee, 10
Et confortd le coer, siq'cn destresce
Ne puiss languir, ainz de vo gentilesce
Pour remembrer sui des toutz mals guarie ;
Q'au tiel ami jeo vuil bien estre amie.
3. Et puisq'il est ensi de verity,
Qe I'ameiste de vous vers moi se dresce,
XLIII 19 par Tonope
BALADES 373
Le coer de moi vers vous s'est adresc^e
De bien amer par droite naturesce.
Tresdouls amis, tenetz ma foi expresse,
Ceo point d'acord tendrai toute ma vie, 20
Q'au tiel ami jeo vuill bien estre amie.
4. Par loialt^, confort, chierte, tendresce,
Ceste ma lettre, quoique nulls en die,
Ove tout le coer envoie a vo noblesce ;
Q'au tiel ami jeo vuill bien estre amie.
XLV. I. Ma dame, jeo vous doi bien comparer
Au cristall, qe les autres eslumine ;
Car celle piere qui la poet toucher
De sa vertu regoit sa medicine,
Si en devient plus preciouse et fine :
Ensi pour vo bountd considerer
Toutz les amantz se porront amender.
2. Vostre figure auci pour deviser,
La chiere avetz et belle et femeline,
Du quelle, qant- jeo me puiss aviser, 10
Jeo sui constreint, ensi com de famine,
Pour vous amer de tiele discipline,
Dont m'est avis qe pour vous essampler
Toutz les amantz se porront amender.
3. El Cristall dame om porra bien noter
Deux propretes semblable a vo covine :
Le Cristall est de soi et blanc et clier;
Dieus et nature ensi par double line
Vous ont de I'un et I'autre fait saisine :
Par quoi des biens qe vous avetz pleiner 30
Toutz les amantz se porront amender,
4. Ceste balade, dame, a vous encline
Envoie pour vos graces commender :
De vostre essample et de vostre doctrine
Toutz les amantz se porront amender.
XLIIII 23 endje XLV 5 endevient pluspreciouse
374 BALADES
XI. VI. I. En resemblance d'aigle, qui surmonte
Toute autre oisel pour voler au dessure,
Tresdouls amis, vostre amour tant amonte
Sur toutz amantz, par quel jeo vous assure
De bien amer, sauf toutdis la mesure
De mon honour, le quell jeo guarderai :
Si parler n'ose, ades jeo penserai.
2. Par les paiis la fame vole et conte
Coment prouesce est toute en vostre cure,
Et quant jeo puiss oir si noble conte lo
De vo valour, I jeo met toute ma cure,
A mon poair dont vostre honour procure :
Mais pour les gentz tresbien m'aviserai;
Si parler n'ose, ades jeo penserai.
3. Entre nous dames, quant mettons a la compte
Vo noble port et vo fiere estature,
Lors en deviens un poi rugge pour honte,
Mais jeo le tome ensi par envoisure,
Q'aparcevoir null poet la coverture :
Par tiel colour en joie jeo m'esmai ; 20
Si parler n'ose, ades jeo penserai.
4. A vous, q'avetz d'onour celle aventure,
Qe vos valours toutz passont a I'essai,
Droitz est q'amour vous rende sa droiture :
Si parler n'ose, ades jeo penserai.
XIA II. I. Li corps se tient par manger et par boire,
Et fin amour le coer fait sustenir,
Mais plus d'assetz est digne la memoire
De vrai amour, qui le sciet maintenir :
Pourceo, ma dame, a vous me vuill tenir,
De tiel amour qe ja ne falsera :
N'est pas oiceus sil qui bien amera.
2. Des tiels y ad qui sont d'amour en gloire,
Par quoi li coers se poet bien rejoir ;
Des tiels y ad cjui sont en purgatoire, 10
XLVI 17 endeviens
BALADES 375
Qe mieulx lour fuist assetz de mort morir ;
Ascuns d'espoir ont pris le vein desir,
Dont sanz esploit I'amant souhaidera :
N'est pas oiceus sil qui bien amera.
3. De fin amour qui voet savoir I'istoire,
II fait q'il sache et bien et mal suffrir ;
Plus est divers qe Ten ne porra croire :
Et nepourquant ne m'en puiss abstenir,
Ainz me covient amer, servir, cherir
La belle en qui moun coer sojournera : 20
N'est pas oiceus sil qui bien amera.
4. Demi parti de joie et de suspir
Ceste balade a vous, ma dame, irra ;
Q'en la sante d'amour m'estoet languir :
N'est pas oiceus sil qui bien amera.
XLVIII. I. Amour est une chose merveilouse,
Dont nulls porra savoir le droit certein ;
Amour de soi est la foi tricherouse,
Qe plus promette et meinz apporte au mein ;
Le riche est povere et le courtois vilein,
L'espine est moUe et la rose est urtie :
En toutz errours amour se justefie.
2. L'amier est douls et la doulgour merdouse,
Labour est ease et le repos grievein,
Le doel plesant, la seurte perilouse, ro
Le halt est bass, si est le bass haltein,
Qant Ten mieulx quide avoir, tout est en vein,
Le ris en plour, le sens torne en folie
En toutz errours amour se justefie.
3. Amour est une voie dangerouse,
Le pres est loign, et loign remaint proschein ;
Amour est chose odible et graciouse,
Orguil est humble et service est desdeign,
L'aignelle est fiere et le leon humein,
L'oue est en cage, la merle est forsbanie : 20
En toutz errours amour se justifie.
XLVIII 4 e {/or et) 8 La mier 11 La halt 20 forsbanie
376 BALADES
4. Ore est amour salvage, ore est soulein,
N'est qui d'amour poet dire la sotie ;
Amour est serf, amour est soverein ;
En toutz errours amour se justifie.
XI.IX. I. As bons est bon et a les mals malvois
Amour, qui des natures est regent ;
Mais I'omme qui de reson ad le pois,
Cil par reson doit amer bonement :
Car qui deinz soi sanz mal penser comprent
De bon amour la verite pleinere,
Lors est amour d'onour la droite miere.
2. Bon amour doit son dieu amer aingois,
Qui son dieu aime il aime verraiment,
Si ad de trois amours le primer chois ; 10
Et apres dieu il doit secondement
Amer son proesme a soi semblablement ;
Car cil q'ensi voet guarder la maniere,
Lors est amour d'onour la droite miere.
3. Le tierce point dont amour ad la vois,
Amour en son endroit ceo nous aprent
Soubtz matrimoine de les seintes lois.
Par vie honeste et nonpas autrement.
En ces trois pointz gist tout I'experiment
De boun amour, et si j'ensi le quiere, io
Lors est amour d'onour la droite miere.
4. De bon amour, pour prendre avisement,
Jeo vous ai dit la forme et la matiere ;
Car quique voet amer honestement,
Lors est amour d'onour la droite miere.
L. I. De vrai honour est amour tout le chief,
Qui le corage et le memorial
Des bones mours fait guarder sanz meschief :
De I'averous il fait franc et loial,
XLVIIl 25 touz XLIX I ales 19 cest
BALADES 377
Et de vilein courtois et liberal,
Et de couard plus fiers qe n'est leoun ;
De I'envious il hoste tout le mal :
Amour s'acorde a nature et resoun.
2. Ceo q'ainz fuist aspre, amour le tempre suef,
Si fait du guerre pes, et est causal lo
Dont toute vie honeste ad soun relief.
Sibien les choses qe sont natural,
Com celles qe sont d'omme resonal,
Amour par tout sa jurediccioun
Claime a tenir, et par especial
Amour s'acorde a nature et resoun.
3. Au droit amant riens est pesant ne grief,
Dont conscience en soun judicial
Forsvoit, mais li malvois plus qe la Nief
Est en tempeste, et ad son governal 20
D'onour perdu ; sique du pois egual
La fortune est et la condicioun
De I'omme, et sur tout le plus cordial
Amour s'acorde a nature et resoun.
4. N'est qui d'amour poet dire le final ;
Mais en droit moi c'est la conclusioun,
Qui voet d'onour sercher I'original,
Amour s'acorde a nature et reson.
I. Amour de soi est bon en toute guise,
Si resoun le governe et justifie ;
Mais autrement, s'il naist de fole emprise,
N'est pas amour, ainz serra dit sotie.
Avise soi chascuns de sa partie,
Car ma resoun de novell acqueintance
M'ad fait amer d'amour la plus cherie
Virgine et miere, en qui gist ma creance.
2. As toutes dames jeo doi moun servise
Abandoner par droite courtasie, 10
Mais a ma dame pleine de franchise
Pour comparer n'est une en ceste vie.
L 6 plusfiers LI 7 pluscherie
378 BALADES
Qui voet amer ne poet faillir d'amie,
Car perdurable amour sanz variance
Reniaint en luy, com celle q'est florie
De bien, d'onour, de joie et de plesance.
3. De tout mon coer jeo I'aime et serve et prise,
Et amerai sanz nulle departie ;
Par quoi j'espoir d'avoir ma rewardise,
Pour quelle jeo ma dame ades supplie : 20
C'est, qant mon corps lerra la compaignie
De m'alme, lors lui deigne en remembrance
D'amour doner a moi le pourpartie,
Dont puiss avoir le ciel en heritance.
O gentile Engleterre, a toi j'escrits,
Pour remembrer ta joie q'est novelle,
Qe te survient du noble Roi Henris,
Par qui dieus ad redresce ta querele :
A dieu purceo prient et cil et celle,
Q'il de sa grace au fort Roi corone
Doignt peas, honour, joie et prosperite.
Expliciunt carmina lohannis Gower, que Gallice composita
Balades dicuntur.
15 cett
TRAITIE
Puisqu'il ad dit ci devant en Englois par voie d'essample
la sotie de cellui qui par amours ainie par especial,
dirra ore apres en Fran9ois a tout le monde en general
un traitie selonc les auctours pour essampler les amantz
marietz, au fin qils la foi de lour seintes espousailes
pourront par fine loialte guarder, et al honotu: de dieu salve-
ment tenir.
I. r. Le creatour de toute creature, Qualiter creator
Qui I'alme d'omme ad fait a son ymage, omnium rerum deus
^ / D > hominemduplicis na-
Par quoi le corps de reson et nature ture, ex anima racio-
Soit attempre per iouste crovernage, "^'' ^^ humana carne,
^ ^ •' ° ° ' in pnncipio nobilem
II done al alme assetz plus d'avantage; creauit; et qualiter
Car il I'ad fait discrete et resonable, ^"'"^^ ^.^.,^"^ *^''^^''
cionis pnuilegio supe-
Dont sur le corps raison ert conestable. corpus dominium pos-
2. En dieu amer celle alme ad sa droiture,
Tant soulement pour fermer le corage
En tiel amour u nulle mesprisure lo
De foldelit la poet mettre en servage
The text is that ofY Fairfax 3) with collation o/S {All Souls' 98), G
{Glasgow, Hunterian Mus. T. 2. 17), and T ( Trentham Hall). A full
collation of B {Bodl. 294) is given for the heading and it is occasionally
cited afterwards.
Heading. In G as follows : Cest vn traitie quel lohan Gower ad fait
selonc les auctours touchant lestat de matrimoine dont les amantz
marietz se pourront essampler a tenir la foi de lour seintes espousailes.
S T are imperfect at the beginning.
I Puis qil B Pvsquil F cy B englois B 2 celluy B
3 franceis B 4 vn B vne F solonc lez B pur ensampler B
5 foy B seints B 6 purront B
1 Margin dominium possidebit] regimwis dominium possidebat B
7 Raison ert Conestable G
sidebit.
38o
TRAITIE
De frele char, q'est toutdis en passage :
Mais la bone alme est seinte et permanable ;
Dont sur le corps raison ert conestable.
3. En I'alme gist et raison et mesure,
Dont elle avera le ciel en heritage ;
Li corps selonc la char pour engendrure
Avera la bone espouse en manage ;
Qui sont tout une chose et un estage,
Qe I'un a I'autre soient entendable :
Dont sur le corps raison ert conestable.
20
Qualiter spiritus, vt JI j
celiim impleatur, cas-
titatem affectat, et cor-
pus, vt genus huma-
mim in terra multipli-
cetur, coniugii copu-
1am carnaliter concu-
piscit.
De I'espirit I'amour quiert continence,
Et vivre chaste en soul dieu contemplant ;
Li corps par naturele experience
'Quiert femme avoir, dont soit multipliant ;
Des bones almes I'un fait le ciel preignant,
Et I'autre emplist la terre de labour :
Si I'un est bon, I'autre est assetz meilour.
A I'espirit qui fait la providence
Ne poet failir de reguerdon suiant.
Plus est en I'alme celle intelligence,
Dont sanz null fin I'omme en serra vivant,
Qe n'est le corps en ses fils engendrant;
Et nepourqant tout fist le creatour :
Si I'un est bon, I'autre est assetz meilour.
JO
A I'espirit dieus dona conscience,
Par quelle om ert du bicn et mal sachant.
Le corps doit pas avoir la reverence,
Ainz ert a I'alme et humble et obeissant;
Mais dieus, qui les natures vait creant,
Et I'un et I'autre ad mis en son atour :
Si I'un est bon, I'autre est assetz meilour.
20
] 12 Du G 14, 21 Raison ert Conestable G 15 reson G
J J 9 The text o/T begins here 11 enserra T 13 toute T
TRAITIE
381
III. I. Au plus parfit dieus ne nous obligea,
Mais il voet bien qe nous soions parfitz.
Cist homme a dieu sa chastete dona,
Et cist en dieu voet estre bons maritz :
S'il quiert avoir espouse a son avis,
II plest a dieu de faire honeste issue
Selonc la loi de seinte eglise due.
2. Primerement qant mesmes dieus crea
Adam et Eve en son saint paradis,
L'omme ove la femme ensemble maria,
Dont ait la terre en lour semense emplis :
Lors fuist au point celle espousaile empris
Du viele loi, et puis, qant fuist venue,
Selonc la loi de seinte eglise due.
3. Et puisque dieus qui la loi ordina
En une char ad deux persones mis,
Droitz est qe l'omme et femme pourcela
Tout un soul coer eiont par tiel devis,
Loiale amie avoec loials amis :
C'est en amour trop. belle retenue
Selonc la loi de seinte eglise due.
Qualiter virginalis
castitas in gradu suo
matrimonio prefertur :
ambo tamen sub sacre
conversacionis dis-
ciplina deo creatori
placabilia consistunt.
10
20
IV. I. Ovesque amour qant loialte s'aqueinte,
Lors sont les noeces bones et joiouses;
Mais li guilers, qant il se fait plus queinte,
Par falssemblant les fait sovent doubtouses,
A I'oill qant plus resemblont amorouses :
C'est ensi come de stouppes une corde,
Qant le penser a son semblant descorde.
2. Celle espousaile est assetz forte et seinte,
D'amour u sont les causes vertuouses :
Si I'espousaile est d'avarice enceinte,
Qualiler honestas
coniugii non ex libi-
dinis aut auaricie
causa, set tantum-
modo quod sub lege
generacio ad cultum
dei fiat, primordia
sua suscepit.
10
III I plusp«Hit MSS. 4 The text o/S begins here 5 quiert
S T G quier F 7 seint ST 8 qwant T 14 seint S
esglise F G 21 esglise F
IV Margin libidine S i sa queinte G 3 lui G B guiliers
S r G plusqueinte T 6 com S T
382 TRAITI6
Et qe les causes soient tricherouses,
Ja ne serront les noeces graciouses ;
Car conscience toutdis se remorde,
Qant le penser a son semblant descorde.
3. Honest amour, q'ove loialte s'aqueinte,
Fait qe les noeces serront gloriouses ;
Et qui son coer ad mis par tiele empeinte,
N'estoet doubter les changes perilouses.
Om dist qe noeces sont aventurouses ;
Car la fortune en tiel lieu ne s'accorde, 20
Qant le penser a son semblant descorde.
yualiter matrimonii V. I. Grant mervaile est et trop contre reson,
sacramentum quod ex ^, ^^j^ ^^ ^ ^^^-^ ^^ femme eslire,
duorum miituo con- ^i 1 i-
sensu sub fidei iura- Et puis confermer celle eleccion
mento firmius astrin- p gg ^ile, et puis apres desdire
gitur, propter diuine ^ ^ t- t-
vindicte offensam eui- Sa foi, qant il de jour en jour desire
tandarnnullatcnusdis- ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ j^^ j^ ^^^^^ .
solui debet. '^ ^
Sa foi mentir n'est pas a I'omme honeste.
2. De I'espousailes la profession
Valt plus d'assetz qe jeo ne puiss descrire :
Soubtz cell habit prist incarnacion 10
De la virgine cil q'est nostre Sire :
Par quoi, des toutes partz qui bien reniire,
En I'ordre de si tresseintisme geste
Sa foi mentir n'est pas a I'omme honeste.
3. De I'espousailes celle benei^oun
Le sacrement de seinte eglise enspire :
C'est un liens, sanz dissolucioun
Q'om doit guarder; car quique voldra lisre
Le temps pass^, il avera cause a dire,
Pour doubte de vengeance et de moleste, 20
Sa foi mentir n'est pas a I'omme honeste.
IV 15 sa queinte T 20 sacorde S T
V I merveWe S resorm T 3 puiss T eleccioMn T
13 tr^ssentisme T 15 lespousails T beneicown F T
beneiceon S beneicon G 16 esglise S 17 dissolucion S
20 vengance T
TRAITIE
383
VI. I. Nectanabus, qui vint en Macedoine
D'Egipte, u qu'il devant ot rois est^,
Olimpeas encontre matrimoine,
L'espouse au roi Philipp, ad viole,
Dont Alisandre estoit lors engendre :
Mais quoique soit du primere envoisure,
Le fin demoustre toute I'aventure.
2. Cil q'est de pecche pres sa grace esloigne
Ceo parust bien, car tiele destinee
Avint depuis, qe sanz nulle autre essoine
Le fils occist le pere tout de gree.
Ore esgardetz coment fuist reveng^
D'avolterie celle forsfaiture :
Le fin demoustre toute I'aventure.
3-
Rois Uluxes pour plaire a sa caroigne
Falsoit sa foi devers Penolop^ ;
Avoec Circes fist mesnie la busoigne,
Du quoi son fils Thelogonus fuist nee,
Q'ad puis son propre piere auci tue.
Q'il n'est plesant a dieu tiele engendrure,
Le fin demoustre toute I'aventure.
Nota hie contra
illos qui nuper spon-
salia sua violantes in
penam grauis vindicte
dilapsi sunt. Etprimo
narrat qualiter Nec-
tanabus rex Egipti ex
Olimpiade vxore Phi-
lippi regis Macedonie
magnum Alexandrum
in adulterio genuit,
qui postea patrem
suum fortuito casu
interfecit.
10
Qualiter Vluxes
Penolope sponsus in
insula Cilli Circen
ibidem reginam adul-
terando Thelogonum
genuit, qui postea
propriis manibus pa-
trem suum mortaliter
iaculo transfodit.
VIL I. El grant desert d'Ynde superiour
Cil qui d'arein les deux pilers fichoit,
Danz Hercules, prist femme a son honour
Qe file au roi de Calidoine estoit ;
Contre Achelons en amies conquestoit
La belle Deianire par bataille.
C'est grant peril de freindre I'espousaile.
2. Bien tost apres tout changea cell amour
Pour Eolen, dont il s'espouse haoit :
Celle Eolen fuist file a I'emperour 10
D'Eurice, et Herculem tant assotoit,
Q'elle ot de lui tout ceo q'avoir voloit.
VI 7, 14, 21 demonstre T 8 eloigne S G 9 destine S 10 sanz
inii. S II piere S G T 18 De S sont S
VII Margin amwouit T 2 darrein T 4 de oni. S 6 bataile T
8 celle T 10 fiUe T
Qualiter Hercules,
qui Deianiram regis
Calidonie filiam de-
sponsauit, ipsam pos-
tea propter amorem
Eolen Euricie Impe-
ratoris filiam a se
penitus amouit. Vnde
ipse cautelis Achelon-
tis ex incendio postea
periit.
384
TRAITIE
N'ert pas le fin semblable au comensaile ;
C'est grant peril de freindre I'espousaile.
Unqes ne fuist ne ja serra null jour,
Qe tiel pecche de dieu veng^ ne soit :
Car Hercules, ensi com dist Tauctour,
D'une chemise, dont il se vestoit,
Fuist tant deceu, qu'il soi mesmes ardoit.
De son mesfait porta le contretaille ;
C'est grant peril de freindre I'espousaile.
20
Qualiter lason vxo-
rcm suam Medeam
relinquens Creusam
Creontis regis filiam
sibi carnaliter copu-
lauit : vnde ipse cum
duobus fiiiis suis pos-
tea infortuiiatus de-
cessit.
VIIT. I. Li prus Jason, q'en I'isle de Colchos
Le toison d'or par I'aide de Medee
Conquist, dont il d'onour portoit grant los,
Par tout le monde en court la renomde,
La joefne dame ove soi ad amenee
De son paiis en Grece, et I'espousa.
Freinte espousaile dieus le vengera.
2.
Qant Medea meulx quide estre en repos
Ove son mari, et q'elle avoit port^
Deux fils de lui, lors changea le purpos,
El quel Jason primer fuist oblige :
II ad del tout Medeam refuse.
Si prist la file au roi Creon Creusa.
Freinte espousaile dieux le vengera.
10
Medea, q'ot le coer de dolour clos,
En son corous, et ceo fuist grant pit^,
Ses joefnes fils, quex ot jadis enclos
Deinz ses costees, ensi come forsenee
Devant les oels Jason ele ad tue.
Ceo q'en fuist fait pecch^ le fortuna ;
Freinte espousaile dieus le vengera.
20
VII 16 vengee S G
taiie SGT
VIII 3 loos T 4 encoiirt S T
quelle T 15 cloos T 17 queux T
19 tant OM. S qil S G ao coiilre-
TO luy T
en clos MSS.
ir quell S Ci
18 com S T
TRAITIE
385
IX. T. Cil avoltiers qui fait continuance
En ses pecches et toutdis se delite,
Poi crient de dieu et Fire et la vengeance
Du quoi jeo trieus une Cronique escrite
Pour essampler; et si jeo le recite,
L'en poet noter par ceo qu'il signifie,
Horribles sont les mals d'avolterie.
Qualiter Egistus,
Climestram regis
Agamenontis vxorem
adulterando, ipsum
regem in lecto noc-
tanter dormientem
proditorie interfecit,
cuius mortem Orestes
filius eius crudelis-
sime vindicauit.
Agamenon, q'ot soubtz sa governance
De les Gregois toute la flour eslite,
A Troie qant plus fuist en sa puissance,
S'espouse, quelle estoit Climestre dite,
Egistus I'ot de fol amour soubgite,
Dont puis avint meinte grant felonie :
Horribles sont les mals d'avolterie.
10
Agamenon de mort suffrist penance
Par treson qe sa femme avoit confite ;
Dont elle apres morust sanz repentance :
Son propre fils Horestes I'ad despite,
Dont de sa main receust la mort subite ;
Egiste as fourches puis rendist sa vie :
Hori-ibles sont les mals d'avolterie.
30
X. I. La tresplus belle q'unqes fuist humeine,
L'espouse a roi de Grece Menelai,
C'estoit la fole peccheresse Heleine,
Pour qui Paris primer se faisoit gai ;
Mais puis tornoit toute sa joie en wai,
Qant Troie fuist destruite et mis en cendre
Si haut pecche covient en bass descendre.
Qualiter ex adul
terio Helena vxoris
Menelai regis Troia
magna in cineres
conuersa pro perpe-
tuo desolata perman-
sit.
2. Tarquins auci, q'ot la pense vileine,
Q'avoit pourgeu Lucrece a son essai,
Sanz null retour d'exil receust la peine ;
Qualiter ob hoc
quod Lucrecia Rome
Collatini sponsa vi
10 oppressa pre dolore
intenit, Tarquinus
IX Margin Clemestram S T G 4 croniqe S 6 ceo] se F
qil S T G 17 repentace S 18 Orestes T
X 3 Estoit S 4 quoi T se om. S 5 way T 6 Qitani T
7 halt T 8 Tarquinus T pensee S T G 10 nul T
c c
386
TRAITIE
ibidem rex vna cum
Arronte filio suo, qui
sceleris auctores ex-
titerant, pro perpe tuo
exheredati ex ilium
siibierunt.
Qualiter Mundus
Romane milicie prin-
ceps nobilem Paul-
inam in templo
Ysis decepit ; vnde
ipse cum duobus
presbiteris sibi confe-
deratis iudicialiter
perierunt.
Et la dolente estoit en tiel esmai,
Qe d'un cotell s'occist sanz null deslai :
Ceo fuist pite, mais Ten doit bien entendre,
Si haut pecche covient en bass descendre.
Mundus fuist prince de la Court Romeine,
Qui deinz le temple Ysis el mois de Maii
Pourgeust Pauline, espouse et citezeine :
Deux prestres enbastiront tout le plai,
Bani fuist Munde en jugement verai,
Ysis destruit, li prestres vont au pendre :
Si haut pecche covient en bass descendre.
20
Qualiter Helmeges
miles Rosemundam
regis Gurmondi filiam
Albinique primi regis
Longobardorum vxo-
remadulterauit : vnde
ipso rege mortaliter
intoxicato dictam. vxo-
rem cum suo adultero
dux Rauenne conuic-
tos pene mortis adiu-
dicauit.
XI. I. Albins, q'estoit un prince bataillous,
Et fuist le primer roi de Lombardie,
Occist, com cil qui fuist victorious,
Le roi Gurmond par sa chivalerie ;
Si espousa sa file et tint cherie,
La quelle ot noun la belle Rosemonde.
Cil qui mal fait, fait qu'il au mal responde.
2. Tiel espousaile ja n'ert gracious,
U dieus les noeces point ne seintifie :
La dame, q'estoit pleine de corous
A cause de son piere, n'ama mie
Son droit mari, ainz est ailours amie;
Elmeges la pourgeust et fist inmonde.
Cil qui mal fait, fait qu'il au mal responde.
3. Du pecche naist le fin malicious.
Par grief poison Albins perdist la vie :
Elmeges ove sa dame lecherous
Estoient arsz pour lour grant felonie ;
Le due q'ot lors Ravenne en sa baillie
En son paleis lour jugement exponde :
Cil (jui mal fait, fait qu'il au mal responde.
10
20
X Margin vnaw S 12 cotell F T G coutell S 14 halt T
Margin Paulinaw T {hy cor>-ection) G Paulinu;;; F S 18 embas-
tiront T 19 iuggement S T G 20 prestre S T G 21 halt T
XI Margin Elmeges S Gurmundi S G Abbinique F 5 fille T
8 Ciel T 9 seintefie T 12 aillours S 18 estoiont S T G ars S
19 quot T 20 iuggement S T G
TRAITIE
387
XII. I. Le noble roi d'Athenes Pandeon
Deux files ot de son corps engendre,
Qe Progne et Philomene avoiont noun :
A Tereiis fuist Progne mariee,
Cil fuist de Trace roi ; mais la bealte
De I'autre soer lui fist sa foi falser.
Malvois amant reprent malvois loer.
2. De foldelit contraire a sa reson
Cil Tereiis par treson pourpensee
De Philomene en sa proteccion
Ravist la flour de sa virginite,
Contre sa foi, qu'il avoit espousee
Progne sa soer, qui puis se fist venger :
Malvois amant reprent malvois loer.
Qualiter Tereiis rex
Tracie Prognem filiam
Pandeon regis Athen-
arum in vxorem duxit,
et postea Philomenam
dicte vxoris sue soro-
rem virginem vi op-
pressit. Vnde dicte
sorores in peccati
vindictam filium suum
infantem ex Progne
genitum variis decoc-
cionibus in cibos
transformatum com-
edere fecerunt.
10
Trop fuist cruele celle vengeisoun :
Un joefne fils qu'il ot de Progne n6
La miere occist, et en decoccion
Tant fist qe Tereiis I'ad devoree ;
Dont dieus lui ad en hupe transformee,
En signe qu'il fuist fals et avoltier :
Malvois amant reprent malvois loer.
20
XIII. I. Seint Abraham, chief de la viele loi,
De Chanaan pour fu'i'r la famine
Mena Sarrai sa femme ovesque soi
Tanq'en Egipte, u doubta la covine
, De Pharao, qui prist a concubine
Sarrai s'espouse, et en fist son voloir.
En halt estat fait temprer le pooir.
Qualiter pro eo quod
Pharao rex Egipti
Sarrai vxorem Abrahe
ob carnis concupis-
cenciam impudice
tractauit, pestilencia
per vniuersum Egip-
tum peccatum vindi-
cauit.
2. Cist Abraham, qui molt doubta le roi,
N'osa desdire, ainz suffrist la ravine,
Pour pes avoir et se tenoit tout coi :
XII Margin transmutatum STB
10 proteccio?
N'ert pas segeur de soi qui dieus ne guarde.
2. La bealte q'il veoit ensi lui meine,
Qu'il n'ot poair de son corps abstenir,
Maisqu'il chaoit d'amour en celle peine,
Dont chastes ne se poait contenir :
L'un mal causoit un autre mal venir,
L'avolterie a I'omicide esguarde :
N'ert pas segeur de soi qui dieus ne guarde.
10
Mais cil, qui dieus de sa pite remeine,
David, se prist si fort a repentir,
Q'unqes null homme en ceste vie humeine
Ne receust tant de pleindre et de ghemir :
Merci prioit, merci fuist son desir,
Merci troevoit, merci son point ne tarde.
N'ert pas segeur de soi qui dieus ne guarde.
20
XIII II falsisine F 17 esfroi T 19 eel T
XIV Margin Bersabe S sepulcro F B sepulture S T G
I lumainc T 3 la Bible S la bible T G enseigne S
8 quil S G 9 Qil S 10 Mais quil S la un autre] lautre F
TRAITIE
389
XV. I. Comunes sont la cronique et I'istoire
De Lancelot et Tristrans ensement ;
Enqore maint lour sotie en memoire,
Pour essampler les autres du present :
Cil q'est guarni et nulle garde prent,
Droitz est qu'il porte mesmes sa folie ;
Car beal oisel par autre se chastie.
2. Tout temps del an om truist d'amour la foire,
U que les coers Cupide done et vent :
Deux tonealx ad, dont il les gentz fait boire, i
L'un est assetz plus douls qe n'est pyment,
L'autre est amier plus que null arrement :
Parentre deux fait q'om se modefie,
Car beal oisel par autre se chastie.
Qualiter ob hoc
quod Laiiceolotus
Miles probatissimus
Gunnoram regis Ar-
thuri vxorem fatue
peramauit, eciam et
quia Tristram simili
modo Isoldam regis
Marci auunculi sui
vxorem violare non
timuit, Amantes ambo
predicti magno infor-
tunii dolore dies siios
extremes clauserunt.
o-
As uns est blanche, as uns fortune est noire;
Amour se torne trop diversement.
Ore est en joie, ore est en purgatoire,
Sanz point, sanz reule et sanz governement :
Mais sur toutz autres il fait sagement,
Q'en fol amour ne se delite mie ; 20
Car beal oisel par autre se chastie.
XVI. I, Om truist plusours es vieles escriptures
Prus et vailantz, q'ont d'armes le renoun,
Mais poi furont q'entre les envoisures
Guarderont chaste lour condicion.
Cil rois qui Valentinians ot noun
As les Romeins ceo dist en son avis,
Qui sa char veint, sur toutz doit porter pris.
2. Qui d'armes veint les fieres aventures,
Du siecle en doit avoir le reguerdoun ;
Mais qui du char poet veintre les pointures, 10
XV Owittg to a sliglit damage to the leaf the begimihigs of the first
ten lines and a few syllables of the marginal summa>y are wanting in F.
Margin exr^mos S G i lestoire SG 4deSG 61al
8 trust . . . ffoire T 11 plusdouls F T G 12 plusqw^ F G
14 oiseal T
XVI I es S G B et T de F 4 condiciown T 6 Romeines T
9 endoit FT 10 poeit S
Qualiter Princeps
qui sue carnis con-
cupiscenciani exupe-
rat pre ceteris laud-
abilior existit. Narrat
enimquod cum probus
Valentinianus Imper-
ator octogenarius in
armis floruit, et suo-
rum preliorum gesta
coram eo publice
decantabantur, asse-
ruit se de victoria
sue carnis. cuius ipse
motus illecebroij ex-
tinxerat, magis letari,
quam si ipse vniueisas
mundi partes in gladio
belliger subiugasset.
390
TRAITIE
Le del avera trestout a sa bandoun.
Agardetz ore la comparisoun,
Le quell valt plus, le monde ou Paradis :
Qui sa char veint, sur toutz doit porter pris.
Amour les armes tient en ses droitures,
Et est plus fort, car la profession
De vrai amour surmonte les natures
Et fait om vivre au loi de sa reson :
En manage est la perfeccioun ;
Guardent lour foi cils q'ont celle ordre pris : 20
Qui sa char veint, sur toutz doit porter pris.
10
Noia hie quod XVII. I. Amour est dit sanz partir d'un et une;
secundum iura eccle- ^ 1. 1 r • 1 • j ^
sie, vt sint duo in ^eo voet la foi plevie au destre mam :
carne vna tantuin ad Mais qant li tierce d'amour se comune,
sacri coniueii perfec- xt *. • j-^ u •
cionem et non aliter ^on est amouf, amz serra dit barguam.
expediens est. Trop se descroist q'ensi quiert avoir guain,
Qui sa foi pert poi troeve d'avantage,
A un est une assetz en mariage.
2. N'est pas compaigns q'est comun a chascune ;
Au soule amie ert un ami soulain :
Mais cil qui toutdis change sa fortune,
Et ne voet estre en un soul lieu certain,
Om le poet bien resembler a Gawain,
Courtois d'amour, mais il fuist trop volage :
A un est une assetz en mariage.
3. Semblables est au descroisgante lune
Cil q'au primer se moustre entier et plain,
Qant prent espouse, ou soit ceo blanche ou brune,
Et quiert eschange avoir a I'endemain :
Mais qui q'ensi son temps deguaste en vain
Doit bien sentir au fin de son passage,
JO
A un est une assetz en mariage.
XVI 1 1 baundown S G 12 Agardes G comparison S G
16 plusfort MSS. professiown S 18 resown S T 19 perfeccion
S G 20 cell S
XVII Margin due F 3 q»ont T 6 troue T 16 primere F
monstre (1) T 17 Qiiani T
TRAITIE
391
XVIII. I. En propret^ cil qui del or habonde
Molt fait grant tort s'il emble autri monoie :
Cil q'ad s'espouse propre deinz sa bonde
Grant pecche fait s'il quiert ailours sa proie.
Tiels chante, 'c'est ma sovereine joie,'
Qui puis en ad dolour sanz departie :
N'est pas amant qui son amour mesguie.
2. Des trois estatz benoitz c'est le seconde,
Q'au manage en droit amour se ploie ;
Et qui cell ordre en foldelit confonde
Trop poet doubter, s'il ne se reconvoie.
Pource bon est qe chascun se pourvoie
D'amer ensi, q'il n'ait sa foi blemie :
N'est pas amant qui soun amour mesguie.
3. Deinz son recoi la conscience exponde
A fol amant I'amour dont il foloie;
Si lui covient au fin qu'il en responde
Devant celui qui les consals desploie.
O come li bons maritz son bien emploie,
Qant I'autre fol lerra sa fole amie !
N'est pas amant qui son amour mesguie.
4. Al universite de tout le monde
Johan Gower ceste Balade envoie ;
^ Et si jeo n'ai de P>angois la faconde,
Pardonetz moi qe jeo de ceo forsvoie :
Jeo sui Englois, si quier par tiele voie
Estre excuse ; mais quoique nulls en die,
L'amour parfit en dieu se justifie.
Nota hie secundum
auctores quod sponsi
fideles ex sui regi-
minisdiscreta bonitate
vxores sibi fidissimas
conseruant. Vnde
ipsi ad inuicem con-
gaudentes felicius in
domino conualescunt.
10
20
Hie in fine Gower,
qui Anglieus est, sua
verba Galliea, si que
incongrua fuerint. ex-
eusat.
Quis sit vel qualis sacer ordo connubialis
Scripsi, mentalis sit amor quod in ordine talis.
Exemplo veteri poterunt ventura timeri ;
Cras caro sicut heri leuiter valet ilia moueri.
Non ita gaudebit sibi qui de carne placebit,
Quin corpus flebit aut spiritus inde dolebit :
XVIII Margin adinvieem T 2 cil S 4 aillours T 6 enad T
9 endroit T 12 Pourceo S T G purvoie S G 13 quil S G
naid G 14 sown F son S T G 19 com T 23 lehan S G
25 foruoie G 27 en die S endie F T G
392 TRAITlt
Came refrenatus qui se regit inmaculatus,
Omnes quosque status precellit in orbe beatus,
Ille deo gratus splendet ad omne latus.
Carmen de variis in amore passionibus breuiter com-
pilatum.
Est amor in glosa pax bellica, lis pietosa,
Accio famosa, vaga sors, vis imperiosa,
Pugna quietosa, victoria perniciosa,
Regula viscosa, scola deuia, lex capitosa,
Cura molestosa, grauis ars, virtus viciosa,
Gloria dampnosa, flens risus et ira iocosa,
Musa dolorosa, mors leta, febris preciosa,
Esca venenosa, fel dulce, fames animosa,
Vitis acetosa, sitis ebria, mens furiosa,
Flamma pruinosa, nox clara, dies tenebrosa, so
Res dedignosa, socialis et ambiciosa,
Garrula, verbosa, secreta, silens, studiosa,
Fabula formosa, sapiencia prestigiosa,
Causa ruinosa, rota versa, quies operosa,
Vrticata rosa, spes stulta fidesque dolosa.
Magnus in exiguis, variatus vt est tibi clamor,
Fixus in ambiguis motibus errat amor :
Instruat audita tibi leccio sic repetita ;
Mors, amor et vita participantur ita.
Lex docet auctorum quod iter carnale bonoruin
Tucius est, quorum sunt federa coniugiorum :
Fragrat vt ortorum rosa plus quam germen agrorum,
Ordo maritorum caput est et finis amorum :
Hec est nuptorum carnis quasi regula morum, 5
Que saluandorum sacratur in orbe virorum.
Hinc vetus annorum Gower sub spe meritorum
Ordine sponsorum tutus adhibo thorum.
T omits the ' Carmen de variis ' etc., ' Est amor . . . participantur
ita,' and combines the eight lines, ' Lex docet auctorum,' ivith the first puce
' Quis sit vol qualis '. S has the title thus: Carmen quod lohanncs
Gower sup^r amoris multiplici varietate sub compendio metrice,
composuit. 10 tenobrosa S The last two lines are omitted in B
NOTES
MIROUR DE L'OMME
Table of Contents. — This table is written in a hand which differs
somewhat from that of the text, and it has some peculiar forms of
spelling, as 'diable,' 'eyde,' 'por,' 'noet,' 'fraunchement,' 'fraunchise,'
'governaunce,' ' sount,' ' lesserount ' : some of these forms are also
found in the rubrics.
After the Table four leaves have been cut out, and the first leaf
that we have of the text is signed a iiii. It is probable that the first of
the lost leaves was something like i. 6 in the Glasgow MS. of the Vox
Clamanizs, which is blank on one side and has a picture and some
verses on the other (being, as this is, a half-sheet left over after the
Table of Contents), and that the text of the Mirour began with the
first quire of eight {a i). If this is so, three leaves of the text are
missing, probably containing forty-seven stanzas, i. e. 564 lines, an
allowance of twelve lines of space being made for title and rubrics.
The real subject of the book begins at 1. 37 of the existing text, as
will be seen by the rubric there, and what preceded was probably
a prologue dealing with the vanity of worldly and sinful pleasures :
see 11. 25-30,
1. Escotdte cea Sec. This is addressed to lovers of sin and of the
world, not to lovers in the ordinary sense, as we shall see if we read
the first stanzas carefully.
2. perestes : see ' perestre ' in Glossary. The 3rd pers. sing. ' perest '
is fully written out in the MS. several times, e.g. 1760, 2546.
4. ove tout s'enfafit, * together with her children,' ' s'enfant ' (for ' si
enfant ') being plural. For ' ove tout ' cp. 27662,
' Le piere et miere ove tout I'enfant,'
where ' I'enfant ' is singular. This shows that ' ove tout ' should be
combined, and not ' tout s'enfant.' For other adverbial uses of ' tout '
see Glossary. ' Ove ' counts always as a monosyllable in the verse,
and so also ' come ' : see 1. 28.
6. chapeal de sauls, the wreath of willow being a sign of mourning.
394 MIROUR DE L'OMME
23. Changeast : pret. subjunctive for conditional, a very common use
with our author.
25. porroit : conditional used for pret. subjunctive, cp. 170, 322, Bal.
i. 3, &c.
28. come, also written 'comme'and 'com,' has always, like ' ove,'
the value of a monosyllable in the metre.
31. V amour seculer, 'the love of the world.'
37. ore, counting as a monosyllable here, cp. 1775, &c., but as
a dissyllable 4737, 11377, Bal. xxviii. i.
39. fait anient ir, ' annihilates ' : see note on 1 135.
46. Que, ' For.'
51. The reference is to John i. 3 f , ' Omnia per ipsum facta sunt :
et sine ipso factum est nihil, quod factum est. In ipso vita erat,' &c.
This was usually taken with a full stop after 'nihil,' and then ' Ouod
factum est in ipso, vita erat.' It was read so by Augustine, who seems
to suggest the idea which is attributed below to Gregory, viz. that
the 'nothing' which was made without God was sin. ' Peccatum
quidem non per ipsum factum est ; et manifestum est quia peccatum
nihil est,' &c., Joan7i. Eva?ig. i. 13. Gregory also held that sin was
nothing : ' Res quidem aliquid habet esse, peccatum vero esse nullum
habet,' i. Reg. Exp. v. 14, but I do not know whether he founded
his opinion specially on this text. Pierre de Peccham expresses the
same idea :
' Pecche n'est chose ne nature
Ne si n'est la deu creature,
Einz est de nature corrupciun
Et defaute et destructiun,' &;c.
M.S. Bodl. 399, f. 21 v^
65. de les celestieux, 'from heaven,' cp. 27120, and such expressions
as ' les infernalx ' just below.
74. toutplein, 'a great number ' : often written as one word ' toutplein,'
so, for example, Bal. xxxvii. 2, Mir. 25276 &c. ; divided as here 1. 11021 .
83. att droit divis, ' rightly,' an adverbial expression which is often
used by our author to fill up a line : cp. 872 and Glossary under ' devis.'
84. du dame Evein, ' in the person of Eve ' : ' du ' for ' de,' see
Glossary.
85. For this kind of repetition cp. 473 and Cotif. Am. Prol. 60, 'So
as I can, so as I mai.'
89. The sentence is broken off and resumed under another form :
cp. 997 ff., 17743, &c., and Conf. Afu. vi. 1796 ff.
94. q'estoit perdue, 'that which was lost.' The {orm perdue \s not
influenced by gender but by rhyme.
100. For the position of ' et ' see note on 41 5.
115. avoit, ' there was,' for ' y avoit ' : so used frequently.
116. luy, a form oi ly, le, sec Glossary.
118. n^etifuist mangant, 'should not eat of them.' This use of pres.
participle with auxiliary instead of the simple tense is frequent not
NOTES. Lines 6-29G 395
only with our author but in old French generally : see Burguy, Gram-
maire ii. 258.
131. a qui consfatice &c., because of her nature as a woman.
135. u que, 'where': sometimes combined into 'uque,' 'uqe,'e.g.
Bal. XV. 3, but usually separate.
136. deable, also written 'deble,' and never more than a dissyllable
in the metre.
139. en ton endroit, ' for your part.' Phrases composed with ' endroit '
or ' en droit ' are among the commonest forms of ' fill up ' employed by
our author : cp. note on 1. 83, and see Glossary under ' endroit.'
163. Cp. Con/. A/n. i. 1610, ' Yor what womman is so abovej
168. lejist . .forsjuger, 'condemned him,' see note on 1135.
170. serroit: conditional for subjunctive, cp. 1. 25.
190. Ce doni, ' the cause whereby.'
194. Note that the capital letters of ' Pecch^,' ' Mort,' ' Char,' ' Alme,'
'Siecle,' indicating that they are spoken of as persons, are due to the
editor.
217 ff. Taut perservoit . . . doni ilfuisiScc. This use of 'dont' (instead
of que'), after such words as 'tant,' 'si,' &c., to introduce the conse-
quence, is very common with our author, see 544, 657, &c., cp. 682.
Compare the similar use of the relative in English, e.g. Conf. Am. i. 498.
Here there is a second consecutive clause following, which is introduced
by ' Que' : ' His daughter so kept him in pleasant mood and made him
such entertainment that he was enamoured of her so much that,' &c.
218. en son degrd, 'for her part ' : cp. note on 139.
230. vont . . . engendrant, equivalent to ' engendrent,' another
instance of the use of pres. partic. with auxiliary verbs for the simple
tense, which is common in old French: cp. 118, 440, 500, and the
conclusion of this stanza, where we have ' serray devisant ' and ' est
nomant ' for ' deviserai ' and ' nomme.'
238 ff. ' As I will describe to you, (telling) by what names people
call them and of the office in which they are instructed.'
253. celle d' Avarice, 'that which is called Avarice.' For this
apposition with 'de' cp. 84, 14197.
276. grantment: corrected here and in 397 from 'grantement,'
which would be three syllables. We have 'grantment' 8931.
296. Accidie. This counts as three syllables only in the metre,
and it is in fact written ' Accide' in 1. 255. A similar thing is to be
observed in several other words with this ending, as ' Vituperie ' 2967,
'familie' 3916, 'contumelie' 4067, 'perjurie' 6409, 'encordie' 6958,
'remedie' 10912, 'pluvie' 26716; and in general, when the accent
fell on the antepenultimate, there was a tendency to run the -ie into
one syllable. The accent, however, was variable (at least in Anglo-
Norman) according to the exigences of metre, and in some cases
where we should expect the above rule to apply we find the accent
thrown on the penultimate and all the syllables fully sounded, as 2362,
' Contumacie I'oi nommer.'
396 MIROUR DE L'OMME
301. ceos mals : equivalent to 'les mals,' so 'eel homme ' 305, 'celle
Alme ' 667, ' celle amorouse peigne ' Bal. iii. i. This use of demonstra-
tive for definite article is quite common.
305. poi, perhaps meant for subjunctive.
307. Cp. Bal. V. 3 : 'Si fuisse en paradis ceo beal Manoir.'
322. serroit, ' he might be,' conditional for subj. ; cp. 1. 25.
330. 'And swore it mutually' : see note on 1 135.
355. a son derere, ' to his harm.'
364, porray, fut. for subj.
373. de sa pariie, 'for his part': like 'en son endroit,' 'en son
degre,' 8lc., 11. 139, 218, &c.
397. grantinent : cp. 1. 276.
407. Q'un messager &c. 'So that he sent a messenger at once
after him in great haste.' This is better than taking ' tramist '
as subjunctive ('that he should send' &c.), because of ' Cil mes-
sager ' in the next stanza. For ' que ' meaning ' so that ' cp. 431, 485.
415. Depar le deable et. This position of the conjunction is charac-
teristic of Gower's English writing, e.g. Conf. Am. Pro/. 155, 521, 756,
&c., and it often occurs also in the present work: cp. 100, 1008, 2955, &c.
' Depar le deable ' evidently is better taken here with 'pria' than with
the preceding line. The words thus treated are 'et,' 'mais,' 'car,'
* ainz ' (24646).
416. /lastera : see note on 1184.
438. soiez, for ' soies,' 2 pers. singular ; so 645.
440. Je fen vois loer promei/ant, ' I promise you payment for it' :
' vois ' is for ' vais,' and this is a case of the construction noticed at
1. 230, &c.
442. ne fen soietz : the singular and plural of the second person
are often interchanged by our author: cp. 25839 fif., 27935, 29604, &c.
454. Et si, ' and also ' ; so 471.
488. sejist muscer, 'hid himself' ; see note on 1 135.
492. Du, as usual for ' de.'
500. vas tariant : cp. 230, 440, &c.
541. The rhyme of 'scies' with 'malvoistds' should be noted.
575. te lerra q'une haire, ' will leave thee (nothing) but sackcloth.'
The negative is omitted as with ' but ' in English.
581. Either 'Makes vain encouragement,' or 'Encourages the
foolish person.'
626. s'esluit : see note on 997.
637. sifuisseiz avis^e, 'if you only knew ! '
654. Ftdssent . . . recottfoj-tant, 'should encourage' : cp. 118.
658. en, ' with regard to this.'
667. celle Alnie, ' the Soul' : cp. 301.
682. Par quoy, used like ' dont ' to introduce the consequence : cp.
696, 743, and see note on 217, where the consecutive clauses are piled
up much as they are here.
688. lessera, future used as in 416.
NOTES. Lines 301-1085 397
740. Du Char folie, 'by reason of the wantonness of the Flesh':
' du ' belongs to ' folie.'
761. de ion honour^ 'bymeans of the honourwhich you have to bestow.'
780. ' So that you may have Man back again ' : for this use of ' dois '
see note on 11 93.
799. £■'//, for 's'ir : so ' ce'for 'se' 1147,' Ciriens'for ' Siriens' 103 14.
815. qui, ' whom ' : this form is quite freely used as an object of the
verb ; see Glossary.
865. en son degre: cp. 1. 139, &c.
912. le\ this is used (side by side with 'luy,' e.g. 921) as indirect
object masculine or feminine, though ' la' is also found.
940. We must take * deesce ' as a dissyllable. The usual form is
' duesse ' (' dieuesce ' Bal. xx. 4).
943. ce bitissoti, i.e. 'le buisson.'
948. This line occurs again 9453, and is practically reproduced Bal.
xiii. I :
' Quelle est sanz point, sanz reule et sanz mesure.'
It means here that the feasting was without limit. For the form
of expression cp. 984.
987. As grans hanaps Sec, i.e. 'a emplir les grans hanaps.' This
kind of combination is not uncommon, e.g. 5492, 'des perils ymaginer.'
988. par envoisure, ' in gaiety ': ' envoisure ' means properly ' trick,'
' device,' connected with such words as ' voisdie,' hence ' pleasantry/
' gaiety.'
992. les firont rejoir, 'delighted them': see note on 1135.
997. s'estuit. In 613 and 15144 this means 'was silent,' from
's'esteire,' and that sense will perhaps do for it here. However, the
form ' restuit ' below suggests ' esteir,' which presumably might be
used reflexively, and ' s'estuit ' would then mean ' stood.' This may be
the sense also in 626.
1008. Cp. 415.
1015. liiy, used for 'ly,' the def. article : see Glossary under 'ly.'
1016. 'Much resembled one another': cp. such compounds as
' s'entrecontrer,' ' s'entrasseurer,' &c.
1027. le livre. What ' book ' is our author following in his statement
that the Deadly Sins are ' hermafodrite,' as he calls it.^ Or does this
reference only apply to what follows about the meaning of the word ?
1030. ' If I lay upon them female names,' but ' enditer' is employed
in an unusual sense.
1061. au seiftte . . . quideroit, ' should believe her to be a saint.*
1066. Tant plus come, ' The more that,' answered by ' Tant plus '
in the next line.
1069. Apparently the meaning is that Hypocrisy in public separates
herself from others and stands apart: for 'singulere' cp. 15 13.
1081. 2 Kings XX. 12 ff.
1085. ' According to the divination of the prophet,' taking ' devinant'
as a substantive, like * vivant,' ' pensant,' &c.
39S MIROUR DE L'OMME
1094. For this use of the verb cp. Trait, iv. i, 'qant plus resemblont
amorouses.'
1100 fif. Cp. Conf. Am. i. 604 f.,
' And he that was a lomb beforn
Is thanne a wolf.'
1117. Matt, xxiii. 27.
1127. Probably Is. ix. 17.
1 1 35. q' 01)1 fait despire, ' which one abhors,' the auxiliary use of ' faire,'
which is very common in our author, like ' do,' ' doth,' in English :
cp. 39, 168, 368, 488, 992, 1320, Bal. iv. I, &c. In some places this
auxiliary (again like the English ' do') takes the place of the principal
verb, which is understood from a preceding clause, e.g. 3180, 10649.
These uses are common in Old French generally, but perhaps more
so in Anglo-Norman than in the Continental dialects.
1146. Bern. Serin, in Cant. xvi. 10.
1147. ce for ' se' : see note on 799.
1180. boit: indicative for subjunctive to suit the rhyme; so 'voit'
1185, 'fait' 1 401.
1184. gu'il serra poy mangant, 'that he shall eat little,' the future
being used in command as in 416, 688. For the participle with
auxiliary see note on 1. 118.
1193. Vett doit loer: ' should praise him ' : an auxiliary use of ' doit,'
which stands for ' may ' in all senses : cp. 780, 3294, 6672, 17041, &c.
1194. Similar sayings of Augustine are quoted elsewhere by our
author, e.g. 10411, 20547.
1244. qici lors prise, &c., ' when one praises her, she thinks not that
God can undo her by any means.' This is probably the meaning :
cp. such expressions as 'qui bien guarde en son purpens' 9055, 'qui
bien se cure' 16541, &c. Compare the use of ' who that' in Gower's
English, e. g. Conf. Am. Prol. 460.
1261. laisse nient que, &c., 'fails not to keep with him,' &c.
1273. Job xxi. 12, 13 : ' Tenent tympanum et citharam, et gaudent
ad sonitum organi. Ducunt in bonis dies suos, et in puncto ad infema
descendunt.'
1280. Perhaps Is. v. 14.
1285. The passage is Jeremiah xlv. 5. 'Ysaie' is a mistake for
'Jercmie,' which would suit the metre equally well and perhaps was
intended by the author.
1201. There is nothing exactly corresponding to this in the book of
Joel, but perhaps it is a general reference to the first chapter.
1317. Ecclus. XXV. 3. This book is sometimes referred to as
'Salomon,' and sometimes more properly as ' Sidrac' : cp. 2509.
1326. Ps. li. 3, ' Quid gloriaris in malitia, qui potens es in iniquitate ? '
1335. Job XX. 6, 7.
\^{]h. frise : a puzzling word. It ought to mean here 'blows,' or
' blows cold,' of the wind.
NOTES. Lines 1094-1684 399
1375. ' It is she who causes a man to be raised from a foot-page
to great lordship.'
1389. ' He plays them so false a turn ' : ' tresgeter ' came to be used
especially of cheating or juggling, hence ' tregetour.'
1400. Cp. 14473-
1401. fait: indie, for subj. in rhyme.
1416. Cp. 12780, 'N'ad pas la langue au fil pendant.'
1446. Perhaps ' pareill ' is here a substantive and means ' equality.'
1447. qui, ' whom.'
1460. est plus atnani, I.e. ^ a.ime..''
1495 fif. Cp. Ctmf. Am. i. 2409-2415, where the same idea of a wind
■of pride blowing away a man's virtue is suggested under the head
of ' Avantance.'
1518. 'Noli me tangere' is perhaps originally from John xx. 17, but
it has received a very different application.
1563. The story was that the hunter, having carried off the tiger's
cubs and being pursued, would throw behind him in the path of the
animal a sphere of glass, the reflection in which was supposed by
the tiger to be one of her lost cubs. This would delay her for a time,
and by repeating the process the man would be able to ride away
in safety with his booty : see Ambrose, Hex. vi. 4. The story is
founded on that told by Pliny, Nat. Hist. viii. 25.
1575. Perhaps an inaccurate reminiscence of John viii. 49.
1585. The reference is to Job xi. 12, ' Vir vanus in superbiam erigitur,
et tanquam pullum onagri se liberum natum putat.' The rest is due
to our author.
1597. Ecclus. xxxvii. 3. ' O praesumptio nequissima, unde creata
es . . . .' ' The rest is added by our author.
1618. Perhaps Bern, de Hum. Cond. 5, ' Stude cognoscere te :
quam multo melior et laudabilior es, si te cognoscis, quam si te
neglecto cognosceres cursum siderum,' &c.
1624. Matt. vii. i, 2.
1627. Probably Is. xxix. 14, but it is not an exact quotation.
1645. Job XXX. I, 'Nunc autem derident me iuniores tempore.'
1648. Job xii. 4, ' deridetur enim iusti simplicitas.'
1653. The reference is no doubt intended for the Elegies of
Maximianus, but I think no such passage occurs in them. Perhaps
our author was thinking of Cato, Distich, iii. 7,
Alterius dictum aut factum nee carpseris unquam,
Exemplo simili ne te derideat alter.
1662. /(7/j'tfz7, singular for the rhyme, with the excuse of 'chascun'
to follow.
1669. Perhaps Prov. xxiv..*9, 'abominatio hominum detractor,' or
xvi. 5, 'Abominatio Domini est omnis arrogans.'
1678. Ps. lix. ( Vtilg. Iviii.) 8 (9), ' Et tu, Domine, deridebis eos.'
1684 ff. It is suggested here that Malapert gets his name from
400 MIROUR DE L'OMME
discovering things which should be concealed, saying them 'en apert ' ;
but the word is rather from 'apert' in the sense of 'bold' 'impudent,'
whence the modern English ' pert.'
1688. serroit, 'ought to be,' a common use of the conditional: cp.
691 5, 8941, &c., and Vox Clam. iii. 1052 and elsewhere, where the Latin
imp. subj. is used in the same way.
1709 f. 'All set themselves to listen what he will say.'
1711. si nuls soil, ' if there be any.'
1717. Prov. ix. 7, ' Qui erudit derisorem, ipse iniuriam sibi facit.'
1740. ft'en dirroit plus avanl, ' would not go further in speaking of
it,' 'avant ' being probably an adverb : cp. 1762.
1758. Boeth. de Cons. iii. Pr. 8. ' Igitur te pulcrum videri non tua
natura sed oculorum spectantium reddit infirmitas.'
1762 f. si par tout avanl, &c., 'if he could go on further and see
the rest.'
1776. volt, used apparently for pret. subj., as 327 ; here in conditional
sense.
1784. Aug. in Joann. Ev. i. 15, 'Quid est quod te inflas, humana
superbia ? . . . Pulicibus resiste, ut dormias : cognosce qui sis.'
1790. Boeth. de Cons. iii. Pr. 3ff.
1795. de nounstable, ' instead of transient.'
1824. ' Often you see evil come (upon him).' The reference may be
to Prov. xvi. 18, or to some similar saying.
1825. Zephaniah iii. 11.
1828. Perhaps Jer. xlviii. 29 fF.
1837. Lukexviii. 9ff.
1848. par soy despisant: a characteristic use of the gerund for
infinitive : cp. 6093.
1849. The references to Solinus in this book are mostly false. Many
of the anecdotes may be found in Pliny, but not this. Isidore gives the
etymology, but the original of the story here is perhaps Albertus Mag-
nus de Animalibus (quoted by the Delphin editor on Plin. N. H. x. 3).
1868. Perhaps Ps. ci. 5. In any case the last lines of the stanza are
an addition by our author to the quotation.
1883. /<2z/ a reprendre, 'deserves to be blamed': cp. 5055, 9687,
12238, &c., and see the examples quoted by Burguy, Crat/if/iaire, ii. iGjl.
1887. The story is told at length in Coftf. Am. i. 27S5 ff.
1912 ff. Cp. Con/. Am. i. 2416 ff., but the parallel is not very close.
1942. parferroit. The contraction is thus written out in all parts
of this verb, because ' parfaire,' 'parfait,' occur in full, e.g. 4413.
Probably, however, there was fluctuation between ' par ' and ' per,' as
in ' parfit,' ' parigal.'
1944. It would perhaps be difficult to say why Montpelliers should be
a proverbially rich place, but Mr. Archer points out to me that such
expressions as this are common in the c/iansons de gesle, e.g. Chanson
d'Antioche ii. 628, ' II n'y vousist mie estre pour I'or de Monlpellier.'
Pavia is referred to in Mir. 7319 in the same way.
NOTES. Lines 1688-2353 401
2022. frocke et haire, i.e. the outer and the inner garment of a monk
or friar.
2037. Perhaps rather 'Tout mal dirra'; but the text may be trans-
lated ' he will curse continually.'
2067. Veil chasiie, ' may correct him for it ' : but perhaps we should
read ' I'enchastie ' without separation ; cp. 7917.
2090. Rom. v. 19.
2095. Moises : a dissyllable here, but elsewhere ' Moises,' &c.
2101. Sol. Collect. 52, * [Monoceros] vivus non venit in hominum
potestatem, et interimi quidem potest, capi non potest.'
2135 f. Cp. Conf. Am. i. 1240 ff.
2142. France is looked upon simply as a land which has revolted
from its lawful sovereign, Edward III, who has the right 'from his
mother,' 2148. This passage was apparently written before the death
of Edward III.
2169. 'Is dehvered up in slavery to him.'
2184. Dit permajiable vilenie, to be taken with 'rnort,' 'death comes
suddenly upon him bringing him to everlasting shame.'
2185. Is. xxxiii. i. ' Vae qui praedaris, nonne et ipse praedaberis ?
et qui spernis, nonne et ipse sperneris?' &c.
2197. Deut. xxviii. 38 fif.
2209. Ezek. xvii. I9ff.
2221. Prov. xvii. 5.
2224. Mal. ii. 10, ' Numquid non pater unus omnium nostrum ? num-
quid non Ueus unus creavit nos? Quare ergo despicit unusquisque
nostrum fratrem suum ? '
2242. Greg. Moral, xxiii. 31, ' Obstaculum namque veritatis est tumor
mentis.'
2275. Luke xiii. 14. The person who protested was the * ruler of the
synagogue,' whom our author calls ' un archeprestre,' and the miracle
was done upon a woman.
2281. Prov. xxix. 22, ' qui ad indignandum facilis est, erit ad peccan-
dum proclivior.'
2293. Prov. xxx. 13.
2301. Is. ii. II, or v. 15.
2305. Danger : see note on Bat. xii. 1. 8. Here Danger represents
the spirit which rejects advances of friendship from motives of pride.
2323. fait . . . appeller: see note on 1135.
2326. Cp. 2362, where we have 'oi' (monosyllable), as also 410.
2330. Numbers xiv. 30.
2341 fif. Numbers xvi.
2348. Que, ' For.'
2351 f, que plus avatit, &c., ' so that by this he gave warning to the
rest for the future ' (' plus avant ').
2353 ff. Acts ix. 5. In this stanza the word 'point' occurs no less
than six times in the rhyme. This is an extreme instance of a common
case, any difference in the meaning or manner of employment being
* Dd
402 MIROUR DE L'OMME
held both in French and English verse to justify the repetition of the
same word as a rhyme. Here ' point ' is the past participle of a verb
in 2357 and is used as an adverb in 2356: in the other four cases it is
simply the same substantive with differences of meaning.
2377. I Mace. iii. 13-24.
2384. I Mace. vi. 1-16.
2389. Deut. xxi. 18-21.
2405. Exod. xvii. 1-7.
2413. Deut. xxxii.
2425. I Mace. vii. 26-47.
2441. Perhaps Is. v. 20.
2443. 2 Kings xix (Is. xxxvii).
2449. Levit. xxiv. 16.
2452. Luke xxiii. 39 AT., but our author has characteristically reversed
the story, giving us the supposed punishment of the blasphemer instead
of the mercy shown to the penitent.
2462. C'est itn des ious, &c. Cp. the expression in fourteenth-
century English, 'oon the beste' &c.
2463. Rev. xiii. l,6f.
2509. Ecclus. X. 12 (14). The references of our author to * Sidrac '
are to this book, 'The wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirach,' but he
also quotes from it under the name of Solomon, cp. 131 7, and
curiously enough rhe very next quotation, taken from the same chapter,
is a case of this kind.
2513. Ecclus. x. 7, ' Odibilis coram Deo est et hominibus superbia.'
2534. fait plus a redoubt er: see note on 1. 1883.
2538. a son passage, * at his death.'
2548. Ecclus. x. 17, 'Sedes ducum superborum destruxit Deus, et
sedere fecit mites pro eis.'
2587. Mai. i. 6.
2629. Haymo: Bishop of Halberstadt, ninth century. The reference
is to his Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, i. 10,
' Detractio est aliorum bene gesta opera vel in malum malitiose
mutare, vcl invidcndo fallaci fraude diminuere,' &c. (Migne. Patrol.
cxvii. 377).
2653. Numbers xii. i.
2665. Probably the reference is to Is. xiv. 13-15, but the beginning
is loosely quoted : tlie latter part is closer, see verse 15, * ad infernum
detraheris in profundum laci.'
2677 {{. Cp. Conf. Am. ii. 388 ff., where ' Malebouche ' comes in as
the attendant of ' Detraccioun.'
2700. leiiteitiz, 'the less,' cp. 'ly pire' 2760, 'le plus' 12347, 'lemeulx'
14396.
2715. I do not understand this. By comparison with Conf. A/n. ii.
394ff.thepassagesliouldmean that he praises first, and then ends up with
blame, which overcasts all the praise : cp. Chaucer, Persrnes Tale, 494
(Skeat). Perhaps we ought to read ' primercment ' for ' darreinement.'
NOTES. Lines 2377-3160 403
2742. For the metre cp. 24625 and see Introduction, p. xlv.
2749. See du Cange under 'fagolidori' (Gr. (fiayoXoiSofwi), where the
passage of Jerome is quoted, but the word is set down as probablj-
a corruption of (piXoXniSopoi.
2761. Ps. X. 7 ( Vii/g. ix. 28).
2779. Ps. cxl. 3 ( Vu/^-. cxxxix. 4).
2790. Ps. xxxviii. 20 {Vu/g. xxxvii. 2i\ 'Qui retribuunt mala pro
bonis, detrahebant mihi, quoniam sequebar bonitatem.'
2799. Jer. xviii. 21 f.
2809. Ps. xxxi. 18 {Viilg. xxx. 19), cp. cxix. {Vtilg. Ixviii), 23.
2861. Jer. li. i, but the passage is misunderstood.
2865. Rom. i. 30, ' Detractores, Deo odibiles.'
2874. Bern. Itit. Dom. xxiii. 49, ' Detrahentes et audientes pari reatu
detinentur.'
2893. The disgusting habits of the hoopoe in nesting are often
referred to.
2894 ff. There is a close parallel to this in Conf. Am. ii. 413 ff.,
' Lich to the Scharnebudes kinde.
Of whos nature this I finde,' &c.
2908. Perhaps Prov. xxii. i.
2917 ff. Lukexvii. i, 2.
2923. Matt, xviii. 8, 9.
2931. Ps. 1. {Viilg. xlix.) 20, but it is a very much expanded
quotation.
2941. Deut. xxii. 13-19.
2955. See note on 415.
2959. Perhaps a general reference to Ezek. xviii.
2961. ne tient plait de, &c., 'does not hold discourse of example of
holy scripture.'
3109, Acts iv. I.
3116. This line is too long, no doubt by inadvertence, having five
measures instead of four. So in Bal. xxvii. the first line is of six
measures instead of five. Both might easily be amended, if it were
thought desirable : for example, here we might read
* Q'avoit leur prechement oie.'
The word 'prechement' occurs 18092, and very probably this is what
the author meant to write.
3133. Ps. vii. 16(17).
3137. The reference is perhaps to Ecclus. xxvii. 25-29.
3145. The reference is Jeremiah xlv. 3.
3158. Cp. Con/. Am. ii. 222, 'A vice revers unto this,' where the
author is speaking of the same thing as here.
3160. The MS. has 'male,' but perhaps the author meant to write
*mal,' for disregard of gender is common with him, while formal
irregularity of metre is exceedingly rare. Compare, however, 10623,
10628. For the form of expression cp. 3467.
D d 2
404 MIROUR DE L'OMME
."{180. faity used here to supply the place of 'escoulte.' 'As the fox
listens for the hounds, so doth he for other men's loss.' See note on
1135-
o233. Par si q\ ' provided that,' cp. 20576.
3234 ff. This is the tale told in illustration of the vice of ' Gaudium
alterius doloris,' in Conf. Am. ii. 291-364.
3240. 'When the game was thus set between them.' From this
kind of expression comes 'jeu parti,' 'jeupartie,' meaning a set
game or match between two parties, hence a risk or hazardous
alternative : Engl, 'jeopardy.'
3248. Ps. xxxviii. 16 (or xiii. 4).
3253. Ezek. xxv. 3 ff.
.3265 ff. John xvi. 20.
3271 ff. This is an addition by our author, who is always unwilling
to uvcrlook the punishment of the wicked.
3277. Ecclus. xix. 5, ' Qui gaudet iniquitate, denotabitur.'
3285. Matt. viii. 12, kc.
3294. doit siipplMiter, ' may supplant ' : see note on 1193.
3361. Cic. de Off. iii. 21.
3365. Conjecture, ' trickery ' : cp. 6389.
3367. ce que chalt : cp. 8905, 25269, 25712. Here and at 8905 it
stands by itself, but in the other cases it is followed by ' car,' or ' quant.'
It is apparently equivalent to ' it matters not,' or some such phrase.
3388. Ps.xli.9 ( Vulg. xl. 10) : 'magnificavitsuperme supplantationem'
is the Latin version.
3398. Ambiciou7t\ evidently not 'ambition' in the ordinary sense,
but the vice of those who go about prying into other people's affairs,
and playing the spy upon them with a view to some advantage for
themselves.
3415. Perhaps Habakkuk ii. 8, 9: cp. 3601, where Habakkuk is
certainly quoted as ' Baruch.'
3445. Jer. iii. 24.
3458. cele, used for definite article, see note on 301.
3457. Prov. xi. 3 fif.
3467. A favourite form of expression with our author, cp. 3160, and
Trait, ii. i ff.,
' Si I'un est bon, I'autre est assetz meilour.'
3487. Qui, ' He whom.'
3531. Prov. xxvi. 22.
3533. overseers of some kind, who do not efficiently superintend those
under their authority.
6082. 2 Tim. ii. 12.
6102. ou pis, for 'au pis,' ' in his heart': cp. 7100.
6103. James i. 23 f.
6109. Prov. xxxi. 4, 5.
6115. Hos. iv. 6.
6226. ne serroit partie, ' should not be a party interested in the suit.'
The conditional is used for subjunctive, as often.
6253 ff. Cp. Conf. y'lm. v. 2015 ff.,
* Bote as the Luce in his degre
Of tho that lasse ben than he
The fisshcs gricdili devoureth,' &.C.,
where the author is speaking, as here, of ' Covoitise.'
6303. The ' lot,' as a measure of wine, is about half a gallon.
NOTES. Lines 5758-6685 411
6313 ff. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 2859 ff., where Coveitise has two especial
counsellors, Falswitness and Perjurie.
6315. ' Chalenge ' (Lat. calumnia) is a claim or accusation against
a person in a court of law, usually in a bad sense.
6328. fait . . . pour retenir, ' it is necessary to retain ' : ' pour ' is
often used by our author instead of ' de ' or " a,' representing perhaps
the English 'forto ' : cp. 11. 7650, 10639, 29078, Bal. iv*. i, xlv. I, 2, &;c.
6345. Mai. iii. 5, 'et ero testis velox maleficis et adulteris et
periuris et qui calumniantur mercedem mercenarii,' &c.
6363. Jer. 1. 33 ff. 'Haec dicit Dominus exercituum : Calumniam
sustinent filii Israel . . . Gladius ad Chaldaeos, ait Dominus, et ad
habitatores Babylonis,' &c.
6386. Can this be Is. xix. 9, ' Confundentur qui operabantur linum
. . . texentes subtilia ' .'
6389. Cottjeciure, cp. 3365.
6391. Luke xvi. 8.
6397. Ambrose tells the story, Hex. v. 8, of the crab and the oyster,
' tunc clanculo calculum immittens, impedit conclusionem ostrei.' I do
not know the word ' areine.'
6409. Perjurie : see note on 1. 296.
6434. This was a charge commonly brought against swearers by the
preachers of the day : cp. Chaucer, Pardoneres Tale, 1. 12, &c., Persones
Tale, 591 (Skeat).
6445. Cp. Matt, xxiii. 21 f.
6451. Probably Is. xlviii. i.
6482. Zech. v. 1-4.
6496. si tresfalse noun, ' except (what was) utterly false ' : cp. 8853,
Bal. xxiv. I.
6498. Ps. Ixiii. 11.
6499. Mal. iii. 5 : cp. 6345.
6528. Perhaps Prov. i. 18, 'moliuntur fraudes contra animas suas.'
6529. Levit. vi. 2-7.
6539. ' Fails to do right at the risk of his soul,' and not merely of
his worldly goods, as by the old law.
6544. Cp. Bal. xlii. 3, where 'fraude et malengin' go together, as here.
6545 f. ' It were well if they were caught in the snare, to be thrown
far into the deep sea.'
6553 ff. Cp. Co7if. Am. v. 4396 ff., where the practice here mentioned
is ascribed to ' Usure.'
6556. an creance, ' on credit,' meanmg apparently that they charge
exorbitant prices when credit is given, cp. 7246, 7273 ff.
6561. Deut. xxv. 14.
6640. tout son propre adu7ie, 'gathers together everything for him-
self,' i.e. appropriates everything.
6672. quit doit vivre, ' that he should live ' : for this use of ' doit,'
cp. 1 193.
6685 ff. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 4917-4922.
412 MIROUR DE L'OMME
6733. For this treatment oi dameasa monosyllable in the metre, cp.
135 14, 16579, and Bal. xix. 3, xx. 2, &c.
6745. Cp. Co;!/. Am. v. 1971 (for the form of expression).
6750. Matt. xix. 24.
6758. I Tim. vi. 10.
6760. Senec. Dial. xii. 13, * si avaritia dimisit, vehementissima generis
humani pestis.'
6769. Prov. xxvii. 20.
6781. Conf. Am. vii. 2551.
6783 fif. 2 Chron. xxi. Our author is evidently familiar with ever>'
part of the Old Testament history.
6798. Ambros. Hex. vi. 24.
6841. Probably Ezek. xxii. 25.
6855. Job iv. 11,' Tigris periit, eo quod non haberet praedam.' The
English version is different.
6859. Prov. xi. 24.
6865. Is. xxxiii. i.
6869. Jer. xxx. 16.
6877. This time ' Baruch ' stands for Nahum, ii. 8 ff.
6886. Nahum ii. 10, 'et facies omnium eorum sicut nigredo ollae.'
6925 ff. The same three that are mentioned here. Robbery, Stealth,
and Sacrilege, are dealt with in the same order in the Confessio
Amanfis immediately after ' Ravine ' (v. 6075 ff.), though not as depen-
dent upon it.
6940 ff Cp. Conf. Am. v. 6089 ff..
' Forthi to maken his pourchas
He lith awaitende on the pas,' &c.
6958. vi'eftcordie : see note on 1. 296 ; but perhaps we should read
' m'encorde,' cp. 1. 7574.
6967. »e fait fas a demaitder, ' there is no need to ask ' : an im-
personal form of the construction noticed on 1. 1883.
6987. Ps. Ixii. 10.
6991. Prov. xxi. 7.
6999. Joshua vii.
7015. Ambros. Hex. v. 18, 'Accipitres feruntur in eo duram adversum
proprios fetus habere inclementiam, quod ubi eos adverterint tentare
volatus primordia, nidis eiciunt suis,' &c.
7025 f. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 6501-65 16, a close parallel. ' Stelthe '
(in the Latin margin ' secretum latrocinium ') corresponds to ' Larcine "
here.
70;:3ff. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 65 17-6521.
7081. Gen. xxxi. I9ff.
7093. This story is told Conf. Am. v. 7io5*-7207* under the head
of Sacrilege, with no essential difference except in the greater detail
and in the name of the person involved. Here it is ' Dyonis,' apparently
for convenience of rhyming, there Lucius.
NOTES. Lines 6733-7597 413
cTAppolUnis: the genitive form is also used in Conf. Am. v. 7109*,
* Unto the temple Appollinis.'
7109. Conf. Am. v. 71S6* ff.,
' Gold in his kinde, as seith the bok,
Is hevy bothe and cold also,' &c.
7153 ff. The distinctions of various kinds of Sacrilege, indicated in
this stanza, are more fully developed Conf. Am. v. 701 5* ff. : cp. Chaucer,
Persones Tale, 801 ff. (Skeat).
7177 ff. The same examples occur in Conf. Am. v. 7007 ff., with
the addition of Antiochus.
7181. 2 Kings XXV. 8 ff
7193. Jer. 1., li.
7209. Cp. Neh. x. 31, &c.
7215. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 4395, ' Usure with the riche duelleth.'
7227 ff. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 4387.
7249. Lev. xxv. 37, &c., Luke vi. 35.
7270. Qe, repeated from the line above.
7282. ou jnein, apparently for ' au meinz,' ' at least.'
7315. The reference seems to be a mistaken one.
7319. le tresor de Pavie, cp. 1. 1944. Pavia no doubt has its reputa-
tion of wealth from having been the capital of the Lombard kingdom.
7379. Les lettres : cp. Co7if. Am. Prol. 209.
7393 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. I233fif.
7416. Poverte avoir, 'that Poverty has.'
7429. Matt. xxi. 12.
7441. Rev. xi. i.
7453. Ezek. vii. 12.
7454. Is. xxiv. 2.
7459. 2 Kings v. 20 ff.
7475. concordance : that is, what we should call a ' harmony ' of the
Gospels or other parts of the Bible.
7499. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 4678, and the marginal Latin.
7507. Probably we should read ' tenont,' or ' tienont,' for ' tenoit ' ;
cp. 8459-
7511. prive de son secroy, 'privy to his secret counsels.'
7549. The reference is not really to the Psalter, but to the song of
Moses, Deut. xxxii. 13.
7562. Ecclus. xxxi. 29, * Nequissimo in pane murmurabit civitas.'
7569. 2 Cor. ix. 6.
7587. ' the right pit of helle,' as they said in English. The same
comparison is made Conf. Am. v. 29 ff. With these cp. Chaucer, Tale
of Melibeus : ' And therefore seith seint Austyn that the averous man
is likned unto heile ' &c.
7597. I fear that this is a rendering of 'Avaro autem nihil est
scelestius,' with additions by our author : Ecclus. x, 9.
414 MIROUR DE L'OMME
7603 ff. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 249 ff.
7609. Col. iii. 5, ' avaritiam, quae est simulacrorum servitus.'
7611. 2 Kings xxi. 21 ff.
7621 fif. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 363 ff., where the same comparison is made
in fuller detail.
7640. The author referred to as ' Marcial ' here and in 11. 15505, 15949.
is in fact Godfrey of Winchester, popularly called by the name of the
epigrammatist whom he not unhappily imitated. He was a native of
Cambrai, and prior of St. Swithin's in the twelfth century. His epi-
grams are repeatedly quoted under the name of Martial by Albertano
of Brescia in the Liber Consolationis. They will be found in Wright's
Satirical Poets of the Twelth Century {R-oW?, series). The reference
here is to Ep. cxxxvi,
' Non sibi, non aliis prodest, dum vivit, avarus :
Et prodest aliis et sibi, dum moritur.'
7645 ff. Cp. Conf Am. v. 49 ff., a very close parallel,
' To seie hou such a man hath good,
Who so that reson understod,
It is impropreliche seid,
For good hath him and halt him teid,' &c.
7650. Pour . . .fare : cp. 6328.
7678. Perhaps Jer. xv. 13.
7694. Bern. Serm. Resurr. iii. i, ' Et vero magna abusio et magna
nimis, ut dives esse velit vermiculus vilis, propter quem Deus maies-
tatis et Dominus sabaoth voluit pauper fieri.'
7728. farin : a form of 'frarin' (' frerin'j, 'beggarly,' hence ' wretched.'
7731. For this use of 'tire' cp. Conf. Ajh. vi, 817.
7739. See note on 415.
7777. Job XV. 27, ' Operuit faciem eius crassitude, et de lateribus
eius arvina dependet.' Perhaps our author read ' anima ' for ' arvina,'
unless he was also thinking of xl. 15 (11).
7791. ces, for ' les,' see note on 301.
7825 i{. Cp. Chaucer, Pardo7ieres Talc, 76 ff.
7827. Cp. Co7tf. Am. v. 870 (margin), ' Jupiter deus deliciarum.'
7883. allaita, apparently here ' sucked (milk) ' : 'he thinks not of
the former time when he sucked the simple milk and longed for it'
7896. ' Nor will they hunt in that wood,' that is, they will not share
in the sport : ' brosser,' ' bruisser,' a term of the chase, meaning to ride
or run through thick underwood, see Littre under 'brosser,' and New
Eng. Did. 'brush.'
7940. ' Martinmas beef was the meat salted in the autumn for the
supply of the household during the winter, in times when keep for
cattle in winter was hard to get.
7969. Cp. Trait, xv. i ff., ' Car bcal oisel par autre se chastie,' a pro-
verbial expression meaning that one shoidd take example by others.
7972. The story is told in the same connexion Conf Am. vi. 91^6 ff.
NOTES. Lines 7603-8916 415
7993. 2 Pet. ii. 12 ff.
~ 8049. Deut. xxxii. 15 ff.
8053. Is. xlvii. 8, 9.
8072. For the position of ' et ' see note on 415.
8077. Job XX. 15 f. The preceding stanza is mostly the invention
of our author.
8089. Job XX. 19 ff.
8103. Lam. iv. 5, 'qui nutriebantur in croceis, amplexati sunt stercora.'
Our author misunderstood ' in croceis.'
8138 f. Cp. Conf. Am. vi. 19-23.
8191. serroit govern^, ' should be ruled.'
8236. Gen. xix. 30 ff.
8246 ff. Cp. Conf. Am. vi. 71 f-,
' He drinkth the wyn, bot ate laste
The wyn drynkth him and bint him faste.'
8266. puis la mort, ' after death,' ' puis ' used as a preposition.
8269. Is. V. n.
8278. Prov. xxiii. 31 f., or Ecclus. xxxi. 32 ff.
8289. Jer. XXV. 15.
8294 ff. See note on 4864
8376. ou = ' ove.'
8403. The 'sestier' would be about a gallon and a half.
8459. I substitute devontiox devoit: cp. 7507.
8482. stiperflual: the adjective form is used instead of the name
' Superfluite ' lor the sake of the rhyme.
8495. Some correction seems to be required. Perhaps read ' Siqe '
for ' Siq'il.'
8501. Cp. Conf. A?n. v. 7755 f.,
' For thanne is ther non other lawe,
Bot " Jacke was a good felawe." '
8533. Senec. Ep. Ix. 2, ' Una silva elephantis pluribus sufficit : homo
et terra et mari pascitur '
8553. Cp. Conf. Am. vi. 60, ' And seith, " Nou bailiez ga the cuppe."'
8559. I Cor. vi. 13.
8581 ff. This stanza is a repetition, with slight variations, of 8041-
8052.
8815. conivreisoun. The dictionaries quote no examples of 'conniver'
or ' connivence' earlier than the sixteenth century.
8853. si de vo teste noun, cp. 6496.
8869. The bird meant is no doubt the lapwing : see note on Trait.
xii. 1. 19.
8905. ce que chalt'. cp. 3367.
8911. A reference to Wisd. iv. 3, ' spuria vitulamina non dabunt
radices altas,' a text not unknown in English history.
8916. Matt. vii. 26.
4i6 MIROUR DE L'OMME
8924. * Whereby she will deliver up her body free,' i.e. since she gives
presents as well as receiving them, she must be held not to sell herself,
but to give herself away to her lover ; and this, observes the author,
is the worse alternative, because it impoverishes her husband.
8941. creroie, ' ought to trust,' see note on 1688.
8942. verroie, conditional for pret. subj. : see note on 1. 25.
8952. Cp. Bal. xliii. 2, ' Si es comun plus qe la halte voie ' : also
9231 flf.
8984. soubgite et abandonne'e, ' as his subject and servant.'
9055. ' If we consider well, we shall see that ' &c. : see note on 1244.
9068. The reference is to Job xxxi. 9-12. The verse quoted is
' Ignis est usque ad perditionem devorans, et omnia eradicans genimina.'
9085. ' Incest ' is here used in a much wider sense than belongs
to the word in English. It includes the impure intercourse of those
who are near of kin, as we see in 11. 91 81 ff . ; but the cases of it which
are chiefly insisted on have to do with breach of the ecclesiastical vow
of purity, and this not only where the confessor corrupts his penitent
(who is his daughter in a spiritual sense), but also in general where
monk, nun, or priest commits fornication.
9130 ff. 'so that at last by reason of his inconstancy and habitual
sin we see Incest throw off his vows and leave the order.'
9132. The ' possessioners ' are the members of those religious orders
which held property, as distinguished from the mendicant orders
mentioned next.
9138. ses Abbes. If this is singular, the use of the subject form after
a preposition is very harsh: it is 'son Abbes' (though subject) in
1. 121 15. Perhaps the monastic rent-collector is spoken of here
generally, and as coming from a variety of monasteries.
9139. vol's, the usual form for ' vais,' as 440, &c.
9143. vro//, see 1688.
9148. /y liviiia7itz, ' the limitour ' : cp. Chaucer's ironical reference
to him at the beginning of the IVyf of BatK s Tale.
9156. The woman's husband passes for the father of the children.
9158. an dieu demeine, ' in the possession of God.'
9168. ' Than he who does (the same) as regards his neighbour ' (who
is not under a religious vow).
9171. This is the case of the widow's marriage to the Church, the
vow of not marrying again, sec 17827 ff. This was taken, for example,
by Eleanor, sister of Henry III, who afterwards married Simon de
Montfort. The vow of course would be dispensed with, and the rela-
tions here contemplated are probably those of marriage, notwithstanding
the severity with which they are spoken of in 11. 9172-74: therefore
the author is doubtful about the punishment of this offence in a future
state, and suggests that the arrangements of human law, by which
the wife would often suffer in property by such a marriage, may be a
sufficient punishment. On this subject see Furnivall's Fifty Earliest
English Wills, E. E. T. S.
NOTES. Lines 8924-9671 417
9229. en cest escrit, ' in the scripture,' cp. 9277 : so ' celle ' is used
for the definite article, 9786 and elsewhere ; see note on 301.
92.S0. The reference seems to be a general one to such passages as
Jer. iii. i fif.
9240. en ion despit, ' in hatred of thee.'
9265. El viele loy, e.g. Deut. xxiii. 17.
9281. Perhaps 'burette' is here the same as 'birette,' used for
a lady's head-covering, see Littrd : usually it means a small phial,
and ' burettes ' might stand here for scent-bottles.
9292. For 'mie ' without negative particle cp. '2589, and Bal. xliv. I.
9311. an petit loisir seems to mean 'in a small space of time,'
'loisir' ('leisour') being ordinarily used in its modern sense, referring
to restrictions of time : so in the phrase 'par loisir' 5693, and 'a bon
leisour' 9222. In the next stanza, however, it has a somewhat different
sense, 'femme a son loisir faldra,' 9315, meaning apparently 'the
woman shall not be at his {p?- her) own disposal ' ; and later (9322) ' au
bon loisir' means ' with ease.'
9314. siir luy, that is 'on her': cp. 21 51, 9351.
9320. luy, here equivalent to ' la ' : cp. Bal. xxiii. 2.
9359. The reference probably is to Matt. v. 28, ' Whosoever looketh
on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already
in his heart.'
9410. s" ordinaire : cp. 1477.
9496. ' Compels hearts to love ' : so ' par destresce ' 5549, ' by force.'
9553. I Cor. ii. 14, ' Animalis autem homo non percipit ea quae sunt
Spiritus Dei.' Our author not unnaturally fails to understand ' animalis.'
9557. Wisd. i. 4, 'in malevolam animam non introibit sapientia.'
tal: used here for the rhyme, but it is in fact the older Norman form,
as in Rom. de Ron, 2270, quoted by Burguy, Gramm. i. 193.
9565. Nihil est enim tam mortiferum ingenio quam luxuria est :
quoted as ' -Socrates ' by Caec. Balbus, p. 43 (ed. Woelfflin).
9579. Amos i. 5, 'disperdam habitatorein de campo idoli et tenentem
sceptrum de domo voluptatis.' The English version is different.
9588. Que, ' that which ' : cp. 9646.
9591. cliniant. This is the reading of the MS., but possibly the
author wrote ' cliniant ' (for ' cligniant ').
9601. I do not know the reference.
9611. 'unto the enemy's throat.'
9613. The sense of this line is repeated by the word ' Luxure,' 9616.
9616. Cic. de Off. i. 123, 'luxuria . . . cum omni aetati turpis, turn
senectuti foedissima.'
9620. ' Others will excuse themselves ill, but the old worse than the
rest, — or rather, none will be able to excuse themselves at all ' : this
seems to be the meaning.
9656. serroit: note on 1688.
9671. la halte vole, &c., the high-way to hell : ' remeine ' instead of
' remeint * for the rhyme.
* E e
4i8 MIROUR DE L'OMME
9678. feis., 2 sing. pret.
9687. fait a loer, 'she ought to be praised,' see note on 1883.
9720. Qui corps, ' whose body,' cp. 3491.
9782. jjies amis : the subject form of the possessive pronoun is used
here, as 'tes' in Bal. iv*. 3.
9786. The sHght alteration of ' mettroit ' to ' metteroit ' is required
by the metre.
9816. tieni may be preterite, though ' tint ' occurs 3322 : cp. 4561 fT.
9820. dont/uist a baniere, ' whose leader she was.'
9889. Rev. xiii.
9907. ' Seven heads, because he devotes himself to the seven
sins.'
9956. 'When she plays with the mouse': 'se fait juer' is simply
equivalent to 'se jue,^ cp. 39, 1135, ^320, &c.
10071. De resoun, &c., explaining ' le faisoit.'
10117. I take ' pareies ' to be for ' parees ' (past part.), as ' joumeies '
for ' journees,' see Introduction, p. xx.
10121. preies, i.e. ' proies,' the older form used for sake of the rhyme.
For the meaning cp. Bal. xv. 4.
10125. les cornont, 'play music to them': for 'les' cp. 2416, &c. ;
' par leur joumeies ' seems to mean ' on their way.*
10140. That is, the meeting will not be one of like with like.
10176. oiefz duiJiqon fiourie: cp. Bal. Ded. i. 3, 'Ore en balade,
u sont les ditz floriz.'
10176(R). PuisqHladdit,^c. We have the same form of expression
in the heading of the Traitid.
10215. 2 Kings iv. 33.
10221. Luke vi. 12.
10233. Ps. cxlv. {Vulg. cxliv.) 18.
10239. Ps. xxxvii.( F?c/^. xxxvi.) 7,' Subditusesto Domino, etoraeum,'
but there is nothing to explain ' delacioun.'
10243. Dan. vi. 10.
10249. I Mace. iii. 44 ff., 2 Mace. viii. i, and x. 25.
10262. Tobit iii. 7 ff.
10267. Tobit iii. i ff.
10273. I Sam. i.
10279. Luke vii. 38.
10286. Luke xxi. 36.
10297. James v. 16, 'multum enim valet deprecatio iusti assidua.'
10301. Ex. xvii. 8ff.
10306. ' When he was a lowerer of his hands,' the pres. part, being
used as an adjective or substantive.
10311. 2 Chron. xx.
10324. There is nothing, so far as I know, corresponding with this
reference. It is possible that the author may have mistaken the
application of Jer. xxix. 7, where the Jews who are in captivity are
bidden to pray for the peace of the city where they now dwell, namely
NOTES. Lines 9678-10643 419
Babylon. This occurs in close proximity with anticipations of an
eventual return.
10335. Baruch i. 11.
10341. Puisqii'iL As ' il' for 'ils' is found in rhyme 1. 25064.
I have not altered it here : cp. 23922, 24635.
10347. The reference is not quite correct, for the decree of Cyrus
was before the time of Ezra, though it did not take full effect until
that time.
10358. 2 Mace. xii. 41-45.
10371. Ezra ix. f.
10374. del oi'r, ' in order to hear.'
10405. Isid. Sent iii. 7. 8, ' Pura est oratio quam in suo tempore
saeculi non interveniunt curae ; longe autem a Deo animus qui in
oratione cogitationibus saeculi fuerit occupatus.'
10411. Aug. z'« Fs. cxviii., Serm. xxix. i, ' Clamor ad Dominum qui fit
ab orantibus, si sonitu corporalis vocis fiat, non intento in Deum corde,
quis dubitet inaniter fieri?' Or Serm. Ixxxviii. 12, 'ne forte simus stre-
pentes vocibus et muti moribus.' Cp. 11 94, 20547.
10441. Exod. xxiii. 15.
10450. ' But he who bears himself humbly,' &c. For this use of 'qe'
cp. Bal. Ded. i. i ff".,
' Q'en dieu se fie, il ad bel avantage.'
10453. 2 Chron. xxx f.
10467. Exod. XXXV.
10479. Num. xvi.
10498. I do not think that what follows will be found in Jerome.
The classification of the seven deadly sins is of later date.
10505. ' Lest Sloth should seize him ' : the subjunctive was to be
expected, but syntax gives way to rhyme.
10526 ff". Cp. Chaucer, Pers. Tale 133 ff". (Skeat), where there are
six causes which ought to move a man to contrition ; but they are not
quite the same as those which we have here.
10553. Qil n'en deschiece, ' lest he should fall by reason of it.'
10554. I Cor. x. 12.
10574. Luke vi. 21, much expanded.
10605. solait, for ' soloit,' which is used as a present in several
passages, 15405, 20419.
10612. 2 Cor. xii. 2.
10623. Here and in 10628 we have a pause after the first half of the
verse, with a superfluous syllable : see Introduction, p. xlv.
10637. par sembla7ice^ 'as it were,' implying that 'morir' is meta-
phorical.
10639. pour despire : I take ' pour ' to be dependent on ' commence,'
and to be used as a variation of ' de ' : cp. 6328, 10664, 1 1520, &c.
10042. tajtt hiy tarde, as in Mod. French, 'so eager is he.'
10643. fait se7iiir, 'feels' : see note on 1135.
E e 2
420 MIROUR DE L'OMME
10649. /«// here, and in 1. 10653, supplies the place of the verb
' desire,' like ' doth ' or ' does ' in English : see note on 1 135.
10051. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 2238 ff, where, however, the connexion is
difterent.
10669. ot, 'there were': so 'ad' is not uncommonly thus used for
'il y a,' e.g. 2174.
10707 ff. hi chala7tdre. This bird, which seems to be a kind of lark,
is mentioned also in Bal. xii. i. liozon, Contes Mo7-alizes, p. 63, calls
it ' calabre,' and says that if a man is ill, and they wish to know whether
he will live or die, they may bring in this bird, and if it turns away
from him, he will die. See M. Paul Meyer's note on the passage.
10717. The story is probably taken from Solinus, who combines
the story of the Arimaspians, as told by Herodotus and Pliny, with the
account of the emeralds produced in the country : Collect. 15.
10718. 'the land which is called Scythia.'
10747. Pour nosire essatnple. The idea that these things were done,
not only related, for our example is merely an extension of the usual
medieval view of Natural History.
10748. nous aitrait, 'teaches us,' ('brings before us'). For the
various meanings of ' attraire ' compare the following passages, 567,
1550, 14480, 16637, 17800, 21623, 23361.
St. Remigius does not, so far as 1 know, mention the story of the
griflfons and Arimaspians, but probably the following passage, where
the truth is compared to a treasure, may be the one referred to :
' Habemus namque magnum depositum fidei et doctrinae veritatis . . .
velut pretiosum multiplicem thesaurum divinitus nobis ad custodien-
dum commendatum : quem sine intermissione domino auxiliante
delemus inspicere, extergere, polire atque excutere ac diligentissime
servare, ne per incuriam et ignaviam nostram aut pulvere sordescat
aut . . . malignorum spirituum insidiis vel a noctumis et occultis furibus
efifodiatur et dcripiatur.' (De tenenda Script. Ve?it. i. i.)
1U800. 'And in it he rejoices': 'fait demener' is equivalent to
' demeine,' and 'demener ses joyes' means 'to rejoice,' cp. 444, 503S, &'c.
10801. Probably referring to Albertus Magnus de Animalibus, but
I do not know the passage.
10'Sl:>. This comparison does not appear to be in Isidore, though
he gives much the same account as we have here of the origin of
pearls. (Isid. Etym. xii. 6. 49). Isidore no doubt borrowed the story
from Solinus (ch. 53), who had it indirectly from Pliny, A^. H. ix. 54.
In Bozon, Contes Moralizes, p. 41, we have the story with nearly the
same application as here.
10882. ' He who considers this ' &c.
10903. 'That which pleases the one' &:c., the verb being used here
with a direct object.
10909. Cp. Bal. xxx. 2, and Conf. Am. i. 515 ff.
10912. reinedie : see note on 296.
10934. Prov. xxviii. 14.
NOTES. Lines 10649-11343 421
10942. Cp. Bal. xx. i.
10948. Ovid, Pont. iv. 3. 35. Cp. Conf. Am. vi. 15 13, where the
original Latin is quoted in the margin and attributed (as here) to
' Oracius.'
10959. Perhaps a reminiscence of the line in Paniphilus, 'Ex
minima magnus scintilla nascitur ignis.'
10962. The quotation is really from Ovid, Rem. Am. 421, ' Farva
necat morsu spatiosum vipera taurum.' It has perhaps been confused
with Sen. Dial. i. 6. 8, ' corpora opima taurorum exiguo concidunt
volnere.'
10965. Ecclus. xix. i, 'qui spernit modica, paulatim decidet.'
10969. Ecclus. V. 4-9, 'Ne dixeris : Peccavi, et quid mihi accidit
triste ? ' &c.
11004. 'And it awaits them after their death.'
11018. 2 Kings xvii.
11020. Evehi stands for the Avites, who are 'Hevaei' in the
Latin version.
11044. August. Ep. cxl. {De Graf. Ncm. Tesf.) 21, and many
other places.
11056. Probably Rom. viii. 15, with amplifications.
11065. Quiconque ait: there is an elision, though it is not indicated
in the text.
11069. Esther iiiff.
11102. Matt. X. 28.
11114. Judith xi. 8,9.
11126. Ps. XXV. {Vulg. xxiv.) 14, * Firmamentum est Dominus
timentibus eum.'
11128. Ps. cxi. [Vitlg.c^.) 5.
11137. Lev. xxvi. 2ff.
11149. Lev. xxvi. 5.
11160. arestu, a past participle from the form 'aresteir, used here
for the rhyme.
11177. Neh. i. 11.
11185. Tobit i. 10.
11191. Judith xvi. 19.
11197. Is. xix.
11203. ly futur, ' they that should come after.'
11209. Deut. xxviii.
11221. Deut. xxviii. 58 ff.
11243. 'There shall be no bodily fear by which' &c.
11245. pom- deviser^ cp. 12852, so 'a diviser' 5031.
11305. Prov. xxiii. 34, amplified: 'Et eris sicut dormiens in medio
mari, et quasi sopitus gubernator, amisso clavo.'
11309. prist: this tense is for the sake of the rhyme instead of
' prent.'
11332. Jobiv. 13.
11343. Luke XV. ir.
422 MIROUR DE L'OMME
11354. Tout quatre : for this use of 'tout ' with numerals cp. 1 1570,
'Ad tout quatre oils.' It seems to be an adverb, as in the expression
' ove tout ' 11. 4, 12240, &c., and has no particular meaning apparently.
11396. an fin q !(€,'• \xvi\\\.'
1 1404. This ' Mestre Helemauns' is H^linand,the monk of Froidmont,
whose Vers de la Mort were so popular in the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries. The lines which are quoted here are quoted also in the
Sonifiie lies Vices et des Vertus, with a slight difference of text. See
M. Paul Meyer in Romania i. 365, where a preliminary list of the
MSS. is given. Death is supposed to be the speaker here, ' Do away
your mockery and your boasting, for many a man who thinketh
himself sound and strong hath me already hatching within him.' The
usual reading is ' Laissiez vos chififies' (or 'chifflois'), but ' Ostez' and
' trufes' are also found in the MSS.
11410. 'Death has warned thee of his tricks,' because in the pre-
ceding lines Death is supposed to be the speaker.
11412. atteins, 'caught unawares.'
11434. a liiy, 'to her,' so 626, 2i5i,&c.
11466. Dont here seems to stand for 'que,' as it does so commonly
in a consecutive sense after ' tant,' ' si,' &c.
11504. Mais d^tene chose, ' except for one thing.'
11510. sentence, perhaps here 'feeling of pain,' 'suffering.'
1 1520. Pour venir, after ' assure,' equivalent to ' de venir ' : see 6328.
11521. Ecclus. i. 22, 25, ' Corona sapientiae, timor Domini . . . Radix
sapientiae est timere dominum.'
11535. Is. xxxiii. 6, 'divitiae salutis sapientia et scientia : timor
Domini ipse est thesaurus eius.'
11536. Ps. xiv. 4, 'timentes autem Dominum glorificat.'
11540. Luke i. 50.
11548. Jer. x. 7, 'Ouis non timebit te, O Rex gentium? tuum est
enim decus.'
11570. See note on 11354.
11572. Rev. iv. 6.
11600. That is, 'everything depends, as it were, on the cast of
the dice.'
11611. Ps. ci. ( Vulg. c.) 7, 'Non habitabit in medio domus meae qui
facit superbiam.'
11616. 'Which is a true child of Arrogance.'
11647. Rom. vi. 23.
11653. iy discret, i.e. Discretion.
11668. Plccles. iii, 19, ' cuncta subiacent vanitati, et omnia pergunt ad
uiium locum.'
11671. Matt. xxiv. 35, &c.
11676. i.e, ' His word of everlasting doctrine.'
11680. 'Three things make me sure that the state of man' &c.,
referring to what follows.
11685. Job .xiv. 2.
NOTES. Lines 11354-12217 423
11694. Cp. Conf. Am. iv. 16325.,
' So that these heraldz on him crie,
" Vailant, vailant, lo, wher he goth ! " '
11721 fif. 'But as for man,... by reason of sin which holds possession
of his body, hell retains the soul for ever.' For 'celle' see note on 301.
11724. fait a despire, ' it is right to loathe ' : see note on 1883.
11728. pour sa mazsoten, like ' de sa maisoun,' ' as regards his house.'
See 2 Kings xx.
11770. It is likely enough that Cassiodorus says something of this
kind in his official letters, but it is hardly worth while to search for
it. Expressions such as, ' Multo melius proficitur, si bonis moribus
serviatur,' are common enough.
11822. Cp. Conf. Am. i. 299.
11846. John iv. 14: but it was said actually to the woman of
Samaria, not to the disciples.
11848. au tiel exploit, 'in such a manner': properly 'with such
success {or result).'
11865. desjoint: so in Chaucer, Troilus iii. 496, 'Or of what wight
that stant in swich disjoynte.'
11866. je quidoie: cp. Co7if. Am. v. 7666, ' Til ate laste he seith, " I
wende." '
11898i Ps. cxii. (Vulg. cxl.) 3, ' Pone, Domine, custodiam ori meo, et-
ostium circumstantiae labiis meis.'
11939. Perhaps the word is 'enguarise.'
11978. Ecclus. xxxii. 14, 'Ante grandinem praeibit coruscatio: etante
verecundiam praeibit gratia, et pro reverentia accedet tibi bona gratia.'
11989. I Tim. ii. 9.
11995. Ecclus. vii. 21, 'gratia enim verecundiae illius super aurum.'
12003. Job iii. 25, 'quod verebar accidit.'
12006. Ps. xliv. 15 iVuig.yXm. 16), 'Tota die verecundia mea contra
me est.'
12025. Gen. ix. 22.
12038. doit: cp. 12669, ^.nd see note on 1193.
12044. Judith xii. 12 ff.
12056. Luke xii. 3.
12140. nefais soiiffrir, ' you do not endure.'
12161. Deut. xvii. 12.
12169. Eph. vi. 2 ff.
12180. demeijie, an adjective, 'thine own profit.'
12188. Ecclus. iv. 7, 'presbytero humilia animam tuam, et magnato
humiha caput tuum.'
12200. Perhaps Rom. x. 9 f.
12202. Heb. xi. 6.
12206. Heb. x. 38.
12209. Markxvi. 16, 18.
12217 ff. Cp. Heb. xi.
424 MIROUR DE L'OMME
12228. De Abraham: for the hiatus cp. 12241, ' De Isaak,' 27367,
'De Ire,' and Bal. xxxiv. 3, ' De Alceone.'
12238. Eccles. iv. 17.
fait a loer: see note on 1883.
12240. ove tout, ' together with,' cp. 1. 4.
12241. De Isaak : there is no elision, and 'Isaak' is a trisyllable.
For the hiatus cp. 27367 ' De Ire, Accidie et Gloutenie.'
V22hA:. pour foy, equivalent apparently to 'par foy' 12293 fif., see
Heb. xi. 23.
12289. Heb. xi. 33ff.
12296. des ces lyons, i. e. de les lyons : see note on 301.
12-303. I John v. 4 f.
12326. Eccles. iv. 12.
12331. du grein ou goute, ' in any way whatsoever.'
12347. le plus, 'the more,' see note on 2700.
12350. The reference belongs apparently to the next line, ' Him
whom wind and sea obey,' and presumably it is to Mark iv. 41 ; but, if
so, there seems no reason for referring to St. Mark rather than to the
Gospels generally.
12356. Ps. cxviii. 9.
12361. Seneca, Ep. Ixxxviii. 29, ' Fides sanctissimum humani pectoris
bonum est, nulla necessitate ad fallendum cogitur, nullo corrumpitur
praemio.'
12373. James ii. 14-20.
12406. Supply 'porte' from the next line: 'he carries equally corn
or beans.'
12409. Seneca, Ep. xxxvii. 4, ' Si vis omnia tibi subicere, te subice
ration!.'
12440. appara is future, cp. 1 140 ; used here in the sense of command,
'it shall not appear,' 'obeie' above, and 'requiere' below, being sub-
junctive in imperative sense, 'let a man obey,' &c.
12448. Bed. in Luc. xi., ' Clavis scientiae humilitas Christi est.'
12452. This is a reference to the series of maxims attributed to
Ptolemy and prefixed in many MSS. and early printed editions to
the Almagest. See the paper in Anglia xviii. pp. 133-140, by
£. Fliigel, who prints the whole set of sayings and shews that the
Almagest references in the Roman de la Rose and in Chaucer are
to these. We have here a reference to the ninth in order, ' Qui inter
sapientes humilior est, sapientior existit, sicut locus profundior magis
abundat aquis aliis lacunis.'
12464 ff. Cp. Bal. xxxviii. i.
12505. The adjective ' vrais ' seems here to fill the place of an adverb.
12518. Ecclus. iii. 20.
12520. Prov. xvi. 19.
12528. compleindre le contraire, ' bewail thy disobedience to it.'
12529. Lukexiv. 11.
12565 fif. The story may be found in the Legenda Aurea. St. Macarius
NOTES. Lines 12228-12877 425
was a recluse of Upper Egypt, who is described as ' ingeniosus
contra daemonis fallaciam.' Several of his personal encounters with
the devil are recorded in legend : cp. 1. 20905.
12577. je te vois passant, 'I surpass you': 'vois' for * vais,'
as often.
12601. Cp. Covf. Am. i. 3103 fif.
12624. p?-iz'^, substantive, 'intimate friend.'
12628. The reference is to the ' Benedicite,' Dan. ( Vulg.) iii. 58 ff.
12664. Perhaps i Pet. iii. 12.
12668. Ecclus. xv. 9, ' Non est speciosa laus in ore peccatoris.'
12669. Qo7n doit, ' that one should,' &c., see note on 1193.
12674. Ps. li. 15, {Vu/g. 1. 17).
12681. Ps. Ivi. 10, II, {Vulg. Iv. 11).
12685. The reference to Judith is wrong : it should be to Esther
(Vulg.) xiii. 17, 'ut viventes laudemus nomen tuum, Domine.'
12689. Ps. cxv. 17.
12696. plier, ' turn away (from us).'
12697. The form ' fas ' is presumably for the rhyme.
12709. Probably Ecclus. xliv. i.
12725. 'Vox popuH, vox Dei.'
12727. See below on 12733. The Disticha of Dionysius Cato are
supposed to be addressed to the author's son.
12732. le pjiet celer avant, ' can continue to conceal it/ i.e. ' can
conceal it for ever.'
12733. Cato, Distich, ii. 16,
' Nee te conlaudes, nee te culpaveris ipse ;
Hoc faciunt stuiti, quos gloria vexat inanis.'
12754. I Cor. xi. 2, 17.
12775. Ainz que voir sciet, &c., ' But what she truly knows in the
matter,' &c.
12780. Cp. 1416.
12835. Zephaniah iii. 19.
12850 f. eti son affaire, ' for his part ' : ' secretaire ' means ' private
adviser,' ' privy-councillor.'
12852. potir deviser, ' to describe him,' i.e. ' if one would describe
him rightly': cp. I1245.
12855. cuillafite : the participles are here inflected as adjectives ; so
' flairante,' ' fuiante,' ' considerante.' Perhaps ' bien parlante ' and
' volante ' may be regarded as really adjectives ; but, even so, the
author would have had no scruple in saying ' parlant,' ' volant,' if
it had been more convenient.
12856. de nature, ' by nature.'
12865. 'Solyns' seems to be a false reference: the statement may
be found in Pliny, Nat. Hist. viii. 23.
12877. Ps. Ixxiv. {Vulg. Ixxiii.) 21, ' Ne avertatur humilis factus
confusus : pauper et inops laudabunt nomen tuum.'
426 MIROUR DE L'OMME
12885 f. ' And (whereby) in this hfe neighbours are honourable each
to other.'
12925. Luke xv. 8, ' si perdiderit drachmam unam,' &c.
12926. ert conjoys, ' was rejoiced with,' a transitive use which we
find also in 1. 12934, where 'luy' stands for direct object, as often.
The form ' conjoys ' here is an example of that sacrifice of grammar to
rhyme which is so frequent.
13005. Du tiele enprise, &c., ' for having accomplished such an enter-
prise.'
13008. scs amys : the old subject-form of the possessive, cp. *mes,'
'tes,' 9782, Ba/. iv*. 3.
13021. Cp. Cofif. Am. ii. 1772 ff.
13026. ' So that defeated and taken he led him away.'
13037. 1 out f Hist que, ' albeit that ' : apparently an imitation of the
English expression.
13040. Rom. xii. 15.
13056. ' Whom this example does not bring back to the path.'
13064. ' Makes endeavour to supplant them,' i.e. Ma bonne gent.'
13122. Redrescer, ' correct ' by punishment, as we see by the last
lines of the stanza.
13129. Sen. de Benef. vii. 25.
13173. je in'eti vols dessassentant, ' I disagree.'
13178. Prov. xxvii. 6.
13204. aze droit deviser, 'to speak aright ' : cp. 5031.
13264 fif. ' For, simply because she loves God, no adversity of present
pain can harm her.'
13301. on balance, i.e. 'au balance.'
13302. Cp. 25607.
13309. This is Fulgentius, Bishop of Ruspa in the sixth century. The
passage quoted is from Serin, iii. 6, ' Caritas igitur est omnium fons et
origo bonorum, munimen egregium, via quae ducit ad caelum,' &c.
He is cited also in 1. 13861, but there 1 cannot give the reference.
13333. Greg. Horn, in Ezech. vii. It is a commentary on
Ezek. xl.
13361. Cp. Isid. Etyni. xvii. 7. -^t^, 'Lignum vero iucundi odoris est,
nee a tinea unquam exterminatur.'
13435. The philosopher here may be supposed to be Socrates, of
whom the Middle Ages knew next to nothing except as a patient
husband : cp. 4168.
13441. Phil. iv. 5, ' Modestia vestra nota sit omnibus hominibus.'
1.3475 f. 'And yet she does not omit to punish according to right.'
13485. Cato, Distich, i. 3,
' Virtutem primam esse puta compescere linguam :
Proximus iile deo est, qui scit ratione taccrc.'
13498 fiF. ' If anyone should take note of good and ill, he would often
see experience of both ' : that is, of endurance leading to honour, and
NOTES. Lines 12885-13953 427
of failure to endure leading to loss of honour. Perhaps we should
read ' en prenderoit,' ' take note of it, of the good and the evil,' &c.
13503. cti la Jin: the MS. has 'en fin,' but a correction is required
for the metre and ' en la fin ' is used elsewhere, e.g. 15299.
18528. 'who being spiritual renders good for evil,' &c.
13537. Aug. Episi. civ. 15, and other places.
13514. Dame Pacience : see note on 6733.
13550. a soy mesmes, ' for his own part,' i. e. speaking of himself.
13554. a ce que soie, ' in order that I might be.'
13578. Eph. iv. i5f.
13586. do7it sont tenant, ' from whom they hold,' in the feudal sense.
13606. Matt. v. 46.
13669. Sen. de Mor. 16, ' Quod tacitum esse velis, nemini dixeris.
Si tibi ipsi non imperasti, quomodo ab aliis silentium speras ?'
13675. Petr. Alph. Z'/jY. Cler.'\\., 'Consilium absconditum quasi in
carcere tuo est retrusum ; revelatura vero te in carcere suo tenet ligatum.'
13686. Ecclus. xiii. i.
13695. ' Pro amico occidi melius quam cum inimico vivere' : quoted
as ' Socrates ' in Caec. Balbus, Niig. Phil. p. 25 (ed. VVoelfflin).
13713. Conf. Am. Prol. 109.
13717. Ecclus. vi. 15, 'Amico fideli nulla est comparatio, et non est
digna ponderatio auri et argenti contra bonitatem fidei illius.'
13732. Ambr. de Spir. Sanct. ii. 154, ' Unde quidam interrogans'
quid amicus esset. Alter, inquit, ego.'
13741. The reference no doubt is to 2 Tim. iii. 2, ' Erunt homines
seipsos amantes,' &c. The explanation suggested by our author of the
double word ' se-ipsos ' is that these men would love themselves with
a double love, that due to God and that due to their neighbour.
13779. ' But it is a covetous bargain.'
13798. Conf. Am. Prol. 120 fif.
13805. I John iii. 14.
13853. Ps. cxxxiii. i.
13893. qtci descorde, ' whosoever may be at variance.'
13897. paciente, ' of Patience.'
13918. Cassiod. Var. xii. 13, ' Pietas siquidem principum totuiu
custodit imperium' : cp. 1. 23059, and Conf. Am. vii. 3161*.
13921. The saying is thus quoted in the Liber Consolationis of
Albertano : ' Omnium etenim se esse verum dominum comprobat, qui
verum se servum pietatis demonstrat.' Cp. 1. 23055, and Conf. Am.
vii. 3137. The story connected with it is told in the Legenda Aurea,
' De sancto Silvestro.'
13929. James ii. 13 : cp. Corif Am. vii. 3149*.
13947. ' But it is never less worthy in consequence of this.' The
alteration to ' n'est meinz vailable' is not necessary, for 'ja' is some-
times used for 'never' without the negative particle, e.g. 10856.
13953. I Tim. iv. 8, 'Pietas autem ad omnia utilis est.' The original
of ' pietas ' is evae^eia.
428 MIROUR DE L'OMME
13964. dont elle est pure, ' of which she is wholly composed.'
14014. ' That I may not be bent by adversity,' the reflexive verb in
a passive sense.
14017. Ps. xxxvi. 39, &c.
14026. For ' deinzeine ' see Skeat's Etymol. Diet, under ' denizen,'
where it is pointed out that 'deinzein' was a term legally used 'to
denote the trader within the privileges of the city franchise as opposed
to " forein." ' Here ' la deinzeine ' is the inner part of man's nature, the
soul, as opposed to that which is without (' forein ' ).
14042. Perhaps i Pet. i. 6, 7 : cp. Ecclus. ii. 5.
14105, The adjective ' regente ' seems to be used as a participle with
' et corps et alme ' as object, ' ruling both body and soul.'
14126. souleine. Genders of course are of no consequence in com-
parison with rhymes.
14134. ly autre seculer, ' the secular priests also,' those mentioned
above being regular.
14143. See note on 5266.
14155. Matt. xxiv. 46.
14163. Matt. xxvi. 41. The interpretation here put upon the latter
part of the verse is curious, and not authorised by the Latin : ' Spiritus
quidem promptus est, caro autem infirma.'
14172. ce que f aire doit, ' that which he ought to guard,' ' faire ' being
used to supply the place of the verb, as so often : cp. 14133 f.
14197. celle de Peresce, i.e. the vice of indolence, cp. 253.
14209. Sen. Ep. Ixxiv. 13, ' magnanimitas, quae non potest eminere,
nisi omnia velut minuta contempsit.'
14255. Apparently ' honnestete ' means here ' honourable deed.'
14262. par chivallerie, *in warfare': cp. 151 11.
14296. Sen. Ep. lix. 18, 'Quod non dedit fortuna, non eripit.'
14807. quelle part soit, for ' quelle part que soit,' ' wherever,' or ' on
whichever side'; so 'combien' in 1. 14310 for 'combien que,' 'however
much.'
14343. Perhaps Sen. Ep. Ixvii. 10, ' constantia, quae deici loco non
potest et propositum nulla vi extorquente dimittit.'
14365. 1 Cor. ix. 24, ' omnes quidem currunt, sed unus accipit
bravium.'
14392. Matt. x. 22.
14413. Cp. Prov. xxx. 8. There is nothing exactly like it in the bdok
of Tobit.
14425. 2 Thess. iii. 10.
14434 i. cil qui serra, &c., 'if a man be industrious, it will avail him
much.'
11437. Ps. cxxviii. 2.
14440. A proverb, meaning that God helps those who help themselves.
14443. I Kings xix.
14449. The reference is to a dramatic love-poem in Latin elegiac
verse with the title Painphilus, or Paiiiphilus de Amore, which was
NOTES. Lines 13964-14769 429
very popular in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Pamphilus
(or Panphylus) is the name of the lover who sustains the chief part,
but others besides Gower have supposed it to be also the name of the
author. The line referred to here is,
' Prouidet et tribuit deus et labor omnia nobis,' (f. 6 v°).
1 quote from a copy of a rare fifteenth- century edition (without date
or place, but supposed to have been printed about 1490 at Rome), in
the Douce collection, Bodleian Library. It has the title 'Panphylus
de amore,' and ends, 'Explicit amorem per tractus (i.e. pertractans)
Panphyli codex.' The book is not without some merit of its own,
though to a great extent it is an imitation of Ovid. It is quoted several
times by Albertano of Brescia in his Liber Consolatioiiis, and was
evidently regarded as a serious authority : see Chaucer's Tale of
Melzbee, which is ultimately derived from the Liber Co/isoiationis. It
is referred to also in the Fraiikeleins Tale, 381 f.,
' Under his brest he bar it more secree
Than ever did Pamphilus for Galathee.'
14462. ail labourer coviejit, ' it is necessary to labour.'
14466. 'Whoso wishes,' &c., i.e. 'if a man wishes': see note on 1244.
1447.3. dispense, ' deals favourably' : cp. 1. 1400.
14496. le menlx : see note on 2700.
14551. Matt. vi. 33.
14568. The alteration of ' contemplacioun ' to ' contempler,' used as
a substantive as in 1. 10699, is the simplest way of restoring the metre :
but cp. 31 16, and Bal. xxvii. i.
14581. Isid. Diff. ii. 153.
14619. Rom. xii. 3, ' Non plus sapere quam oportet sapere, sed
sapere ad sobrietatem.'
1462.3. Bern. Ser/n. in Cofit. xxxvi. 4, ' Cibus siquidem indigestus . . .
et corrumpit corpus et non nutrit. Ita et multa scientia ingesta stomacho
animae,' &c.
14653. Bern. Semi, in Cant, xxxvi. 3, 'Sunt namque qui scire volunt
eo fine tantum ut sciant, et turpis curiositas est. Et sunt qui scire
volunt ut sciantur ipsi, et turpis vanitas est.'
14670. A reference to the story of St. Jerome being chastised in
a dream by an angel because he studied the style of his writing over-
much, and was becoming ' Ciceronianus ' rather than ' Christianus.'
14701. For the four bodily temperaments, cp. Conf. Am. vii. 393 ff.
14707. ' If I be tempered so as to be phlegmatic ' : cp. Bal. 1. 2,
' Ceo q'ainz fuist aspre, amour le tenipre suef.'
14725. This refers to the so-called ' Salvatio Romae,' the story of
which is told (for example) in the Seve>i Sages.
14730. fesoit avant, 'he proceeded to make': cp. 17310, 18466, 20537.
14757. An absolute construction, ' with the sword of penitence in
his hand.'
14769. en Hel devis,a.nsvitxQd by'Dont,"in the manner by which,' &c.
430 MIROUR DE L'OMME
14776. I do not understand this. ' Malgr^ le seen ' might perhaps
mean ' in spite of itself,' as ' malgre soen ' is sometimes used, but how
about ' de sa casselle ' ?
14797. I John iv. i.
14812. Ecclus. xxxii. 24.
14833. It is needless to say that Boethius gives no such directions.
They are the usual questions of the priest in enjoining penance, ' Ouis,
quid, ubi, per quos, quotiens, quomodo, quando ' : cp. Myrc's Instruc-
tions for Parish Priests (E. E. T. S. 1868). The name of ' Boece '
perhaps crept in by accident in the place of some other, because the
writer had in his mind the quotation given at 14899.
14854. qu'il est atteins, ' to which he has reached,' i. e. ' in which
he is.'
14862. fo}-ain, here used in opposition to ' benoit,' 'sacred,' meaning
that which is outside the consecrated limits.
14899. This is from Boethius, Cons. Phil. i. Pr. 4, ' Si operam
medicantis expectas, oportet ut vulnus detegas tuum.'
14901. Siconinie la plaie, Sec. This seems to depend on ' descoverir,'
' how large and grievous the wound is.'
14982. y/alt, ' there is needed.'
14945 f. ' According to the exact measure of the delight taken in
the sin.' I do not know the passage referred to.
14947. 'But as to the meditation which intercession for sin
makes,' &c.
14951. Bern. Serm. de Div. xl. 5, ' Tertius gradus est dolor, sed et
ipse trina legatione connexus,' &c.
149G1. o)n doubteroit, ' one ought to fear ' : see note on 1688.
14973. ' and has reflected with a tender heart.' This position of ' et '
is quite usual ; see note on 415.
15088. qant ot fait le tour, &c., 'when he had done the deed of
denying his creator.'
15090. Matt. xxvi. 75.
15110. Job vii. I, ' Militia est vita hominis super terram.' Not the
same in A. V.
15194. These are the opening words of the Institutions of Justinian :
' lustitia est constans et perpetua voluntas ius suum cuique tribucns.'
15205. The sense of this might easily be got from Plato, but of
course the citation is not at first hand.
15217. Civile is no doubt 'la loy civile,' referred to in 14138, 15194,
&c. We find 'Civile' as here in 1. 16092 in a connexion which leaves no
doubt of its meaning, and again 22266. Civile, it will be remembered,
is a personage in Piers P/o'wi?ian.
15227. Cp. Trait, xviii. 3, ' Deinz son recoi la conscience exponde.'
15241. Aug. de Mus. vi. 37, ' Haec igitur affectio animae vei motus,
quo intcUigit aeterna, et his infcriora esse temporalia, . . . et haec
appetenda potius quae superiora sunt, quam ilia quae inferiora esse
nouit, nonne tibi prudentia videtur ? '
NOTES. Lines 14776-15593 431
15253. Cp. Conf. Am. i. 463 ff.
15260. Matt. x. 16.
15266 fF. The use of the future in these lines is analogous to that
noticed in the note on 1 184, ' We must extend,' &c.
15326. cil Justice, ' those judges.'
15336. en Galice : a reference to the shrine of St. James at Com-
postella and the rich offerings made there.
15337. This might be a reference to Aristotle, Eih. Nic. v. 3, but of
course it is not taken at first hand.
15371. ' Even though he should have to pay double the (usual) price,'
i. e. for the food that he gave to the poor in time of dearth.
15383 f. ' He will not neglect by such payment to keep his neighbour
from ruin.'
15396. tant du bienfait, ' so many benefits,' ' du ' as usual for ' de.'
15445. Tobit iv. 7.
15448. Prov. iii. 9.
15459. I Kings xvii.
15463. ' As Elisha prophesied ' : but it is in fact Elijah, not Elisha,
of whom the story is told.
15470. Tobit xii. 12 ff.
15475. Acts X.
15486. Luke xxi. 2.
15500. du quoy doner. Here ' du quoy ' is used like the modern
*de quoi,' and so elsewhere, e.g. 15819, and 'quoy' 15940; but
sometimes we have 'du quoy dont,' e. g. 3339, where it seems to pass
from an interrog. pron. into a substantive, and ' quoy ' is used simply
as a substantive in some passages, e.g. 1781, 12204, meaning ' thing' :
cp. the use of what ' in English, Conf. Am. i. 1676.
15505. See note on 1. 7640. The reference here is to Godfrey of
Winchester, Ep. clxiv, ' Si donas tristis, et dona et praemia perdis.'
15522. Prov. xxi. 13, 'Qui obturat aurem suam ad clamorem pauperis,
et ipse clamabit et non exaudietur.'
15529. 2 Cor. ix. 7.
15533. Sen. de Ben. ii. i, 'nulla res carius constat, quam quae
precibus empta est.'
15538 f. The logical sequence is somewhat inverted : it means,
' Hence a reluctant giver gets no reward, for his gift is bought at so
high a price.'
15563. par sa ruine S'en vole means perhaps, ' he precipitated
himself from his place and flew away.'
15566. Is. Ixvi. 1,2: but the quotation is not exact.
15578. Job xxvii. 8; but, as in the quotation above from Isaiah,
something is added to make a special application. The original is
only, ' Quae est enim spes hypocritae, si avare rapiat ? ' with no
mention of almsgiving.
15593. Jer. xii. 13, but again the quotation has its special application
given by our author. The original is ' Seminaverunt triticum et
432 MIROUR DE L'OMME
spinas messuerunt : . . . confundemini a fructibus vestris propter iram
furoris Domini.'
15613. Ecclus. iii. 33.
15627. Matt. xxv. 14 fF. For the word ' besant ' in this connexion
cp. Co7if. Am. V. 1930.
15650. Ecclus. xiv. 13 ff.
15662. Prov. xix. 17.
15665. Matt. xxv. 40, compared with x. 42.
15674. Tobit xii. 8.
15680. Ps. xli. I.
15691. Is. Iviii. 7 fif.
15711. Dan. \\. 24, 'peccata tua eleemosynis redime, et iniquitates
tuas misericordiis pauperum.'
15756. ' is for a rich man to turn to poverty.'
15757. This story will be found in any Life of St. Nicholas.
15776. Prov. xxi. 14.
15788. Ecclus. xx. 32 f.
15793 flf. ' This, in short, is a great charity, — he who has more know-
ledge or power, when he sees his neighbour in distress from a burden
too heavy for him, ought to give him aid, and speedily,' &c.
15801. Galat. vi. 2.
15808. Acts iii. 6.
15817. du petit poy: cp. Bal. xxviii, ' Om voit sovent de petit poi
doner.'
15821. lee: a form (properly fem.) of Met,' from Lat. 'latus,' equi-
valent to 'large,' 15824, to be distinguished from 'liet,"lee,' from 'laetus.'
15822. allegger, ' allege as an excuse ' (allegare) ; to be distinguished
from ' allegger,' ' alleviate.'
15867. Matt. xix. 29.
15941. suf tiele ge7it et toy: apparently for ' sur toy et tiele gent,'
' on thyself and on such people as thou shalt see most worthy of thy
liberality.'
15949. See note on 7640. The reference here is to Godfrey of
Winchester, Ep. ex.,
*Ne noceas tibi, sic aliis prodesse memento.'
15954. Cic. de Off. i. 43, 'Videndum est igitur ut ea liberalitate
utamur, quae prosit amicis, nemini noceat,' (See.
15963. ' Attemprance ' however is already in the retinue of Justice,
see 15232, and 'Discrecioun,' who is the third daughter of Humility,
1 1 562, and therefore herself the mistress of a household, is also in the
employ of Abstinence, 16323.
15985. Ps. XX. 4 {Vulg. xix. 5), 'Tribuat tibi secundum cor tuum,'
the meaning of which is not what our author supposes.
15997. Cic. de Off. i. 21, 'Sunt autem privata nulla natura . . .
naturam debemus ducem sequi, communes utilitates in medium
afferrc,' (S:c.
16011. Matt. xiv. 15 ff.
NOTES. Lines 15613-16539 433
16022. Matt. xxii. 21.
16025. Gen. xxviii. 22.
16026. ainqois, often used, as here, for 'but.'
16045. Ecclus. xli. 15, but the special application is by our author.
16060. Prov. xxii. i.
16073. The cry of heralds was ' Largesce ! ' addressed to the knights
whose prowess they recorded. Here the poor with their cry of
' Largesce ! ' are the heralds by whom the praise of the liberal man is
brought before the throne of God.
16092. ' By breach of Canon law or Civil.'
16100. Cp. Co77f. Am. Prol. 207 fif., where the 'letters' are also
mentioned.
16138. The MS. has ' Sa viele loy,' which can hardly stand.
16181. de celles s'esvertiie, 'strives after these,' that is the offspring
of ' Franchise ' : cp. 16237.
16192. comblera'. fut. for subj. in dependent command, as 416,
1 1 84, &c.
16203 ff. This passage seems to need some emendation. Perhaps
we might read ' est ' for ' a' in 1. 16203, and ' Les' for ' Des ' in 16206,
setting a colon after ' trahi.' But I have no confidence that this is
what the author intended.
16231. poia- temptacioioi., perhaps ' because of temptation,' i. e. to
avoid it.
16285. Quiconque, 'He whom.'
16288. asselne, 'approaches,' i. e. drinks.
16303. des tieus del ices savourer, 'from tasting such delicacies':
cp. 5492, ' des perils ymaginer ' and often elsewhere.
16327. iotife voie, nevertheless, like the modern ' toutefois.'
16338. paretitre det/r, 'between two things ' : cp. 11 78, Bal. xxvii. 4,
&c. In the Table of Contents 'parentre deux' seems to be for
'parentre d'eux,' and so it might be in some other places, e. g. Trait.
XV. 2, as ' entre d'eux ' in Mir. 874 ; but this is not the case in 1 178, nor
probably in the other passages where it occurs.
16347. Greg. Reg. Past. iii. 19, ' Non enim Deo sed sibi quisque
ieiunat, si ea quae ventri ad tempus subtrahit non egenis tribuit, sed
ventri postmodum offerenda custodit.'
16360. Isid. Seftt. ii. 44. 8, ' Qui autem a cibis abstinent et
prave agunt, daemones imitantur, quibus esca non est et nequitia
semper est.'
16381. S071 pour qiipy, 'his purpose,' that is, the object of his life.
16425. Ecclus. xxxi. 35 ff.
16506. That is, he will not exceed his income.
16513. Luke xiv. 28.
16524. oiiltrage, 'extravagance,' of boasting or expense.
16532. Cp. 15499.
16535. au commun, 'for the common good' : cp. 14574.
16539. oritie: properly ' origin,' hence 'stock,' 'race,' ('de franche
* Ff
434 MIROUR DE L'OMME
orine,' 'ceux de ourine ou ancienete,' Godefr.). Here it is almost
equivalent to 'offspring.'
16541. Qui bicn se cure, ' if a man takes good heed' : note on 1244.
16597 ffTcp. Conf. Am. i. 299 ff.,
' For tho be proprely the gates,
Thurgh whiche as to the herte algates
Comth alle thing unto the feire,
Which may the mannes Soule empeire.'
The substance of the stanza is taken from Jerome adv. Jov. \\. 8,
'Perquinque sensus, quasi per quasdam fenestras, vitiorum ad animam
introitus est. Non potest ante metropolis et arx mentis capi, nisi per
portas eius irruerit hostilis exercitus.'
16600. jzJ^zr si fort esial, i.e. coming into so strong a position for
fighting.
16605. ' The fortress of judgment in the heart.'
16633. 'Quae facere turpe est, haec ne dicere honestum puta : '
quoted as ' Socrates ' by Caec. Balbus, p. 18 : cp. 13695.
16646. s'en remort, 'feels sorrow for its offences.'
16670. Perhaps Ecclus. xx. 7.
16673. A similarly severe moral judgment is pronounced upon Ulysses
in Trait, vi. 3 ; the story of the Sirens referred to below is repeatedly
mentioned, e. g. 11. 9949, 10911, Bal. xxx. 2, Co7if. Am. i. 481 ff. In all
these places the spelling ' Uluxes' is the same.
16700. nefist que sage : an elliptical form of expression common in
old French, ' ne fist ce que sage feroit,' ' did not act as a wise man ' :
see Burguy Gramm. ii. 168.
16701. For this cp. Conf. Am. v. 7468 ff.
16710. 'Tanque' here answers to 'tiele' in the same manner as
* dont ' so often does.
16717. 1 do not know the passage.
16721. ruer luy font, 'cast it down,' the auxiliary use of 'faire':
' envers ' is an adjective, ' inversus.'
16725. pervers, used as a substantive, ' a pervert.'
16729. Not Isaiah, but Jer. ix. 21.
16740. ' which cannot be extinguished.'
16741. Job xxxi. i, ' Pepigi foedus cum oculis meis ut ne cogitarem
quidem de virgine.'
16753. Ps. cxix. 37.
16756. Matt. vi. 22.
16768. Perhaps we should read ' soul ove sole.'
16769. 2 Sam. xiii. This example is quoted also in Co?f. Am. viii.
213 ((.
16797. For the opposite effect produced by love of a higher kind see
Bal.\. I, ....
' De I'averous il fait franc et loial,
Et de vilein courtois ct liberal.'
NOTES. Lines 16541-17074 435
16817. I Cor. vi. iS.
16875. Bern. Super '■Missus esf Horn. i. 5, 'Pulchra permistio
virginitatis et humilitatis.'
16880. meist: this must be pret. subj. used for conditional, as in 16883.
16890. enterine, 'perfect,' notwithstanding her motherhood.
16906. clamour, standing for an adjective, 'loudly expressed.'
16909. serront, 'should be,' i. e. ought to be, see note on 11 84.
16919. ' If he have nothing wherewith to give support to his hand' :
cp. 1 3 102, where the verb is transitive.
16924. suppoer. This need not be altered to ' supponer,' but may be
the same as the French 'soupoier ' 'to support,' cp. Lydgate's ' sopou-
aille' or ' sowpowaylle,' in the Tale of Troy: see MS. Digby 232,
f. 29, 1. 79. (The printed editions do not give it.)
16931. ' So that she allows not her flower to be found elsewhere and
seized.'
16952. Eccles. iv. 10.
16955. N'est autre . . . liiy piiet: relative omitted, ' there is no other
can help him.' This use of 'pour' is rather remarkable.
16957. Gen. xxxiv. i, 2.
16974. La dist : cp. 13268. Sometimes Me ' is used as indirect object
fern, as well as masc. ; see Glossary.
16980. quoi signefie, ' what the meaning is,' that is, what the discourse
means.
16987. ' whether in grief or in joy.'
16990. Cp. Bal. xxv. ' Car qui bien aime ses amours tard oblie.'
17000. Matt. xxv. i ff.
17010. bealte s&^ms here to be counted as three syllables. Regularly
it is a dissyllable, as 18330, Bal. iv. 2.
17019. virginal endroit, 'condition of virginity.'
17020. ' Candor vestium sempiternus virginitatis est puritas.'
17030. Jerome, Coituii. Ezech. xiv. 46, * Unde et virginitas maior est
nuptiis, quia non exigitur , . . sed offertur.'
17041. q''ovi doit nommer, ' whom one may mention ' ; for the use of
' devoir ' see note on 1 193. Just below we have ' doit tesmoigner,' which
seems to mean ' may be a witness.'
17044. Rev. xiv. 1-4. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 6389.
17064. endie : perhaps this should be separated, 'en die,' but 'endire'
seems to be used in several passages ; see Glossary.
17067. Cp. Conf. Ani.v. 6395* ff. Gregory says (i. Reg. Expos, v. 3)
' incomparabili gratia Spiritus sancti efficitur, ut a manentibus in came
carnis corruptio nesciatur.' But the quotation here and in the Co?tf. Am.
seems to be not really from Gregory, but from Guibert or Gilbert
(Migne Patrol, vol. clvi.), who says of virginity ' adeo excellit ut
in came praeter carnem vivere ut vere angelica dicta sit,' Mor. in
Gen. V. 17 ; unless indeed he is quoting from Gregory. For Gilbert
see 171 13.
17074. Gen. i. 27.
F f 2
436 MIROUR DE L'OMME
17089. Cp. Trait, xvi. and Conf. Am. v. 6395 fif. The text of the
Cotifessto Amantis makes Valentinian's age 'an hundred wynter,' but
the Latin margin both there and in the Traitie calls him ' octogenarius.'
17108. Num. xxxi. 17 f.
17113. This is the Gilbert mentioned in the note on 1. 17067. He
was abbot of S. Marie de Nogent in the early part of the twelfth century.
His ' sermoun ' is the Opusciihan de Virgiiiitatc, to which this is a rather
general reference.
17119. Jerome adv. Jovin. i. 41.
17122. See note on 5179.
17125. Cyprian, Tract, ii. ' Flos est ille ecclesiastici germinis, decus
atque ornamentum gratiae spiritualis.'
17149 ff. Cp. Trait, iii. 2.
17166. Soubz eel habit, &c., cp. Trait, v. 2.
17200. Gen. ii. 18.
17208. aconipaigner, ' take as a companion.'
17223. 1 Cor. vH. 9.
17228. ' which cause us to take matrimony upon us.'
17238 ff. Cp. Trait, iv.
17268. ' I call in the world as my witness to this.'
17293. ' If a man thus takes a wife' : cp. 1244, &c.
17308. Cp. Trait, v.
17310. jure avattt, ' proceeds to swear ' : cp. 14730.
17336. Compare the popular lines,
'When Adam dalf and Eve span,
Who was then the gentleman ? '
Much the same argument as we have here is to be found in Conf. Am.
iv. 2204 ff.
17366. ' the ladies are not of that mind.'
17374. ai/i<^oisdemein, 'before the morrow ' ; 'angois' as a preposition.
17417. Tobit iii. 8, and vi. 13, 14, but nothing is said distinctly of the
reason here assigned. It may bethought that it is implied in Tobit viii. 9.
The idea is fully developed in the Conjessio Aiuantis, where the whole
story is told with this motive and in connexion with the same argument
about chastity in the state of marriage. See Conf. Am. vii. 5307-5381.
17450. regent, used here as a present participle.
17469. Nanian: more correctly ' Aman ' in 11075.
17472. retient, ' saved ' : it seems to be a preterite, cp. 8585, 9816, &c.
17484. volt avoir tnalbailly : so 'volt avoir confondu' below;
perhaps a translation of the English ' would have illtreated ' &c.
17497. fait bien a loer : see note on 1883.
17498. ' it is good to marry the good ' : ' du ' for ' de.'
17500. Ecclus. vii. 21.
17532. ' to be companions by Holy Church,' that is by ordinance of
Holy Church.
17593. Ecclus. ix. 2, .xxv. 30.
NOTES. Lines 17089-18004 437
17608. 2 Sam. vi.
17616. puis tout jour, ' ever after.'
17630. ou, for 'au,' see Glossary.
17641. Cat. Distich, i. 8,
' Nil temere uxori de seruis crede querent!,
Semper enim mulier quem coniux diligit odit.'
17689. e7-t : future in imperative sense, * shall be ' ; so in the lines
that follow.
17702. An7te, called ' Edna' in the A. V.
17705. Tobit x. 12. The Authorised English version has but one of
the five points, and that in a somewhat different form from our author's :
' Honour thy father and thy mother in law, which are no\v thy parents,
that I may hear good report of thee.' The Vulgate reading is,
' Monentes earn honorare soceros, diligere maritum, regere familiam,
gubernare domum, et seipsam irreprehensibilem exhibere.'
17714 fif. estrive . . . quiert . . . labourt : apparently present indicative,
stating what the good wife does.
17743. ' For if a woman' &c. The construction is confused, cp. 89.
17776. n'ait homme tant pecche, 'however much a man may have
sinned.'
17785. Ez. xxxiii. 14 ff.
17801. Cz7, i.e. 'the latter,' as the following lines show.
17827. The widow's marriage : cp. 9170 and note.
17845. I Tim. v. 3-6.
17864. le vou Marie : see 27734 ff-
17874. Ps. Ixxvi. 11 ( F/z/o-. ixxv. 12), 'Vovete et reddite Domino
Deo vestro.'
17876. 'that purpose has Httle merit, which' &c.: 'decert' for
' desert,' from ' deservir,' so also the substantive ' decerte ' for ' deserte.'
17882. sanz en faire glose, 'without need of comment.'
17904. Nevertheless according to 17302 ff. he is bound to do so.
17935 ff. Cp. Trait, ii. i,
' Des bones almes I'un fait le ciel preignant,
Et I'autre emplist la terre de labour.'
The original of it is perhaps Jerome adv.Jovin. \. 16, 'Nuptiae terram
replent, virginitas paradisum.' Much the same thing is said by
Augustine and by others.
1794.5. Jerome, Ep. xxii. 20, ' Laudo nuptias, laudo coniugium, sed
quia mihi virgines generant : lego de spinis rosam.'
17948. I Cor. vii. 9.
17952. 'as the highest teaching.'
17996. trestout ardant belongs of course to ' fornaise ' in the next line.
These inversions are characteristic of the author's style : cp. 15941.
18004. Bern, de Ord. Vit. ii. 4, ' Et ne incentivis naturalibus super-
entur, necesse est ut lasciviens caro eorum crebris frangatur ieiuniis.'
De Convers. 21, ' Quidni periclitetur castitas in deliciis.'
438 MIROUR DE L'OMME
18018. chalt pas, 'at once.'
18025. Ambr. Hex. vi. 4. 28, ' leluni hominis sputum si serpens
gustaverit, moritur. Vides quanta vis ieiunii sit, ut et sputo suo homo
terrenum serpentem interficiat, et merito spiritalem.'
18067. q'est cFaspre vie, ' which belongs to hard hfe.'
18097. Matt. xiii.
18154. ' And then performs the circumstance of it,' that is the deeds
suggested by it.
18159 ff. With this passage on the power of the divine word
compare that on the power of the human word in Conf. Am. vii.
I545ff-
18172. John xv. 3.
18292. Ps. cxxvi. {Vulg. cxxv.) 6, 'Euntes ibant et flebant, mittentes
semina sua. Venientes autem venient cum exsultatione, portantes
manipulos suos.'
18301. Val. Max. iv. 5. The story is also given in the Confessio
Amantis v. 6372 ff. with a slight variation in the details, and it is
alluded to in Vox Clam. vi. 1323. It is to be noted that the same
corruption of the original name Spurina, into ' Phirinus,' is found in all
three.
The lines corresponding to 18301 f. are Coitf. Am. v. 6359 f.,
' Of Rome among the gestes olde
I finde hou that Valerie tolde ' &c.
18303. Oty ' there was,' for 'y ot.'
18317. donf, ' because of which.'
18324. Ce//e a/me, 'the soul' : see note on 301.
18329. Dont answering to 'ensi,' in consecutive sense, as often.
18348. gan^ s'esianoie, ' in his glory ' ; lit. ' when he diverts himself.'
18371. 'What can I say more except that God honours thee ? '
18420. Lescoles, for ' les escoles,' ' li ' (or ' le ') being used for ' les ' :
see Glossary ' ly,' ' le.'
18421. The part of the work which begins here runs parallel with
a large portion of the Vox Clamantis, viz. Books iii.-vi. inclusive.
18445. The assertion that he is merely giving voice to public opinion
is more than once repeated by our author in his several works, e.g.
Conf. Am. Prol. 122 ff.
18451. Simon Magus is the representative of spiritual corruption,
called 'simony.' His name is similarly used in our author's other
Avorks, e.g. Conf. Am. Prol. 204, 439, and often in the Vox Clamantis.
With the argument here compare Vox Clam. iii. ch. 4, where nearly the
same line is followed.
18462. detcx pointz, 'two points,' instead of one: 'ou . . . ou,'
' whether . . . or.'
18466. ' Or if not so, then proceed to tell me ' &c. For ' avant ' cp.
14730.
18469. ' I cannot believe.'
NOTES. Lines 18018-18761 439
18505. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. 265 ff.,
' In quanto volucres petit auceps carpere plures,
Vult tanto laqueos amplificare suos ' : &c.
Here the speech is put into the mouth of a member of the Roman
court, for which cp. Vox Clam. iii. 817 ff., where a similarly cynical
avowal is put into the mouth of the Pope.
18539. perchera. I am disposed to take this as a future of 'percevoir,'
in the sense ' receive,' ' collect,' (' parcevoir rentes' Godefr.). Roquefort
(Suppl.) gives ' perchoir ' as a possible form of the word.
18542. serrons, from ' serrer.'
18553. Cp. Vox Clatn. iii. 141,
' Clauiger ethereus Petrus extitit, isteque poscit
Claues thesauri regis habere sibi.'
18556. Cp. Conf. Am. Prol. 206 ff., where the parallel is very close.
18580. The allusion is to the cross upon the reverse of the English
gold coinage of Edward Ill's time, as also on that of some other
countries and perhaps on the pound sterling, see 25270.
18584. cil Inassier, ' the doorkeepers.'
18589. This form of sentence is characteristic of our author : cp,
Bal. xviii. 2,
' Tiel esperver crieis unqes ne fu,
Oe jeo ne crie plus en ma maniere.'
Also Bal. vii. 4, xxx. 2, Conf. Atn. i. 718 and frequently in the Vox
Clamantis, e. g. i. 499 ff.
18631. Referring to the payments made by Jews and prostitutes at
Rome for liberty to live and exercise their professions.
18637. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. 283 ff. and Conf. Am. ii. 3486 ff.
18649. John xiv. 27. The discourse however is not to St. Peter
alone, cp. 18733.
18663. des bonties almes refettir, for ' de retenir les bonnes almes,' ' in
keeping guard over souls ' : cp. 5492, &c. For the substance of the
passage cp. Vox Clam. iii. 344,
'Hie animas, alius querit auarus opes,'
where ' Hie' is St. Peter and 'alius' the modern Pope.
18672. 'As long as physic may avail' to save us from it.
18673. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. 343 ff. and Conf. Am. Prol. 212 ff. In
the latter we have a pretty literal translation of 1. 18675,
' Of armes and of brigantaille,'
which seems to mean ' of regular or irregular troops.'
19>12\. faisons qtte sage : cp. 16700.
18733. Matt, xxiii. 8-10.
18737. Rev. xix. 10. Precisely the same application of this passage
is made in Vox Clam. iii. 957 ff.
18761 f. 'that he distinguished his cardinals by their red hats.'
440 MIROUR DE L'OMME
18779. With this stanza cp. Vox Clam. iii. ii fif.
18783. Innocent. This must be taken to be a reference to the Pope
generally and not pressed as an evidence of date. Innocent VI, the
only pope of this name in the fourteenth century, died in 1362, whereas
we see from 18829 fT. that this work was not completed until after
the schism of the year 1378.
18793 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. 1247 flf.,
' Antecristus aget que sunt contraria Cristo,
Mores subuertens et viciosa fouens :
Nescio si forte mundo iam venerat iste,
Eius enim video plurima signa modo.'
18797. 'What think you of whether such an one has yet come?
Yes, for truly pride now rises above humility' &c. That this is the
meaning is clear from the above-quoted passage of the Vox Clamantis.
I assume that the author is now speaking in his own person again,
notwithstanding ' nostre court ' below, which occurs also in other
places, e.g. 18873.
18805. Vox Clam. iii. 1 271,
' In cathedram Moysi nunc ascendunt Pharisei,
Et scribe scribunt dogma, nee illud agunt '
and Co7iJ. Am. Prol. 304 ff.,
' And thus for pompe and for beyete
The Scribe and ek the Pharisee
Of Mo'ises upon the See
In the chaiere on hyh ben set.'
18829 ff. A reference to the schism of the papacy, which must have
taken place during the composition of this work : see Introduction p. xlii.
18840 (R). solonc ce que Ven vaii parlani : cp. 19057 ff. and such
expressions as ' secundum commune dictum ' in the headings of the
chapters of the Vox Clamantis, e. g. iii. ch. 15.
18848. Maisque, apparently here the same as * mais.'
18876. verra : fut. of ' venir' instead of the usual ' vendra.' Burguy
(i. 397) does not admit the form for the Norman dialect, but it was
used in Picardy. Usually 'verrai' is the future of 'veoir,' e.g. 19919,
as in modern French.
18889 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. 1341 ff.,
' Cuius honor, sit onus ; qui lucris participare
Vult, sic de dampnis participaret eis :
Sic iubet equa fides, sic lex decreuit ad omnes.
Set modo qui curant ipsa statuta negant.'
18925. 2 Kings v.
18997. The story is alluded to in much the same connexion Vox
Clam. iii. 249,
' Alcius ecce Simon temptat renouare volatum.'
19031. s'il sa garde pance, &c., 'if he neglects his belly-armour of
NOTES. Lines 18779-19949 441
antidote ' : ' garde pance ' is to be taken as practically one word,
though not written so in the MS. The idea is that the Pope has to
take the precaution of an antidote against poison with all his meals.
19044. 'as a chicken does the hen,' i.e. 'follows the hen' ; a good
instance of the use of ' faire ' often noted before.
19057 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. Prol. 11 ff.,
*A me non ipso loquor hec, set que michi plebis
Vox dedit, et sortem plangit vbique malam ;
Vt loquitur vulgus loquor,' &c.
There, as here, the excuse is prefatory to an attack on Church dignitaries.
19113. pejsuacioim : five syllables in the metre.
19117. The application of this reference, which is here lost, may be
supplied from Vox Clam. iii. Ii45fif., where the instance is quoted, as
here, in condemnation of the laxity of bishops.
19315. The leaf which is here lost contained the full number of
192 lines without any rubric, as we may see by the point at which the
present stanza begins. The author is still on the subject of bishops.
19833 ff. With the substance of this and the following stanza cp.
Conf. Am. Pro!. 449 ff.
19345. An unfavourable view of the bee is generally taken by our
author : cp. 5437 ff.
19372 f. 'The wanton prelate, who is bound to God, separates'
himself grievously from him by reason of the sting ' : ' q'a dieu se
joynt ' seems only meant to express the fact that by his office he is
near to God.
19377. Referring to some such passage as Gal. v. 16 f.
19380. ' would be in better case if they had no sting.'
19407. Cp. Chaucer, Persones Tale, 618 (Skeat) : 'And ofte tyme
swich cursinge wrongfully retorneth agayn to him that curseth, as
a brid that retorneth agayn to his owene nest.'
19411. Du quelle part, 'in whatever direction.'
19457. S'e7ifuit: apparently used in the same sense as 'fuit,' with
' sainte oreisoun ' as direct object.
19501 f Evidently a play upon the words ' phesant,' 'faisant,' and
' vin,' ' divin,' as afterwards ' coupe,' ' culpe.'
19505 f. 'Rather than to correct and attend to the fault of the
Christian man.' This use of ' pour ' has been noticed before, 6328, &c.
19891. The two leaves which are lost contained the full number of
384 lines, and we are still on the subject of bishops.
19897. Not .Solinus, so far as I know.
19907. 1 Tim. iii. i.
19941. la divine creature, ' God's creature.'
19945. I Sam. xii. I9ff.
19948. ' was not disturbed in his charity.'
19949. ne place a dieu, &c., ' God forbid that I should not pray
for you.'
442 MIROUR DE L'OMME
19957. Jer. ix. i, ' Quis dabit capiti meo aquam, et oculis meis fontem
lacrymarum ? ' &c.
19968. Presumably we should read either 'du prelat ' or ' des
prelatz.'
19971. Possibly Is. Ixiii. 3, 5, but it is not an exact quotation.
19972 f. * He looked, but there was none of the people who regarded,
or who sighed for his sufferings.'
19981. Val. Max. v. 6, but he does not give the name of the
enemy against whom the war was made, therefore the story is perhaps
not taken directly from him. The story is in Conf. A>ii. vii. 3181 ft".,
beginning,
' for this Valeire tolde,
And seide hou that be daies olde
Codrus,' &c.
19984. ceaux {TOrense: in the Conf. Am. 'ayein Dorrence.' The
war is said by some authorities to have been ' in Dorienses,' and this
is no doubt what is meant, but there is evidently a discrepancy here
between the Miroiir and the Cimfessio Ainaiitis with regard to the
name. The MS. reading here is of course 'dorense.'
19995. proprement, 'for his own part,' i.e. 'himself.'
19996. ' or suffer his people to be killed.'
20014. mais pour chei-ii-, 'except for taking care of.'
20016. Judas is the type of those who fall by transgression from their
bishoprics.
20019. Luke x. 30 fif. The 'deacon' here stands for the Levite of
the parable.
20035. Zech. x. 3, 'Super pastores iratus est furor meus, et super
hircos visitabo.'
20042. Perhaps Is. xxix. 15.
20053. This must be a reference to Matt, xxiii. 13, attributed by
mistake to Isaiah.
20065 ff". This is also in Conf. Am. v. i gooff, with a reference to
Gregory's Homilies, and referred to more shortly in Vox Clam. iii.
903 ii.
20109. de celle extente, ' to that extent.' This seems practically to
be the meaning ; that is, so far forth as the purse extends.
20120. la coronne : evidently this indicates the tonsured priest,
whose circle of unshorn hair was supposed to represent the crown
of thorns. As to the following lines, we must take them to mean
' if you read the sequence of the Gospel you will know who is meant,'
the relative being used in the same way as in 1244, &c.
20123. son incest: see note on 9085.
20126 f. ' offices fall to the lot of different persons at different times.'
20140. ' There is no one by whom they may be corrected.'
20153 ff. 'There are those who farm out prostitution as if it were
property of land and tillage.*
NOTES. Lines 19957-20355 443
20161. This stanza is very closely parallel with Cotif. Am. PfoL
407-413,
' And upon this also men sein,
That fro the leese which is plein
Into the breres thei forcacche
Here Orf, for that thei wolden lacche,
With such duresce and so bereve
That schal upon the thornes leve
Of wulle, which the brere hath tore.'
Cp. also Vox Clam. iii. 195 f.
20178. Pour dire &c., to be connected with 'ce ne te puet excuser':
* it cannot excuse you to say ' &c., ' pour ' standing for ' de,' as often.
20195. ma boiirce est net : this looks like a personal use of ' estovoir,'
but presumably ' ma bource ' is a kind of object, ' it is necessary for
my purse,' as in phrases like ' m'estuet.'
20197 fif. Cp. Chaucer, C. T. Prol. 658,
' Purs is the erchedeknes helle.'
20200. ' It is of a piece with this, that he uses no other virtue to
correct me, provided that I give him my substance.'
20225 ff. The substance of this is repeated in Vox Clam. iii. 1403 ff.
20244. eiitribole : we might equally well read ' en tribole,' ' disturbs
by it.'
20247 fif. To this corresponds Vox Clam. iii. 1351 ff-
20250. pieist, properly pret. subjunctive.
20287 ff. Cp. Vox Clam a fills, iii. 1375 ff.,
' Littera dum Regis papales supplicat aures,
Simon et est medius, vngat vt ipse manus,' &c.
20294. s'absentont. Note the rhyme on the weak final syllable, so
below 'esperont': the irregularity is perhaps due to the similarity in
appearance of the future form, e. g. ' avanceront,' ' responderont.'
20305 ff. With this compare Vox Clam. iii. 1487 ff.
20308. easera : fut. for pres. subj. expressing purpose : cp. 364.
20813. Cp. VoxCla7>i. iii. isogff.,
' Stat sibi missa breuis, devocio longaque campis,
Quo sibi cantores deputat esse canes :
Sic lepus et vulpes sunt quos magis ipse requirit ;
Dum sonat ore deum stat sibi mente lepus.'
20318. ava?il, to be taken here perhaps as strengthening ' Plus ' :
but see note on 20537.
20344 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. 1 549-1 552.
20.355. Cp. Vox Clam. n\. I5i9ff,
' Dum videt ipse senem sponsum sponsam iuuenemque,
Tales sub cura visitat ipse sua ;
Suplet ibi rector regimen sponsi, que decore
Persoluit sponse debita iura sue.'
444 MIROUR DE L'OMME
20401. Matt. XV. 14.
20425 ff. Note the loose usage of the conditional in this stanza for
future, pres. subj., and in the sense noticed on 1. 1688.
20441. au primer divis, 'firstly' ; so ' au droit devis,' 'rightly.'
20449. Cp. Greg. Ep. vi. 57 (end).
20462. Probably Hos. v. 4-7.
20488. s'elle, &c., ' as to whether she,' &c.
20492. Perhaps Prov. vi. 27 ff.
20497 ff. The meaning of the word ' annueler ' which occurs in the
heading of the section is sufificiently explained in these lines. The
corresponding passage in the Vox Clamantis is iii. 1555 ff.
20527. Vox ClajH. iii. 1559, ' Plus quam tres dudum nunc exigit unus
habendum.'
20528. 1/iais, for 'maisque,' 'provided that.'
20537. avant : used often with no particular meaning, cp. 20318.
Here we may take it with ' dirrons,' ' what shall we go on to say then,'
secundum com-
mune dictum d(e fra)tribus scripta pa(tent), transgressos simp-
(liciter) et non alios mater(ia> tangit : vnde h(ii) qui in ordine
transgressi sunt ad (viam) reuertentes prius(quam) in foueam
cada(nt) hac eminente (scrip)tura cercius pre(mu)niantur.'
21301. Flaterie professe, i.e. Flattery the friar.
21B25 ff. This stanza is nearly a repetition of 11. 9145-91 56.
21369. In 0!\?MC&x,Soinptioiirs Tale,\\\& sack is carried by a 'sturdy
harlot,' who accompanied the two friars. At the present day the
Capuchin in his begging expeditions often goes alone and carries his
own sack.
21373 ff. Observe how clearly this agrees in substance with Chaucer's
humorous description in the Sonipnours Tale.
21376. ' If the woman has little or nothing to give,' like the widow
in Chaucer's Prologue,
' Yet wolde he have a ferthing or he wente.'
21377. meins is rather confusedly put in with *ne s'en abstient.'
The writer meant to say 'none the less does he demand,' &;c.
21382. Matt, xxiii. 14.
21399. The quotation is actually from Hos. iv. 8. In Vox Clam. iv.
767, the same quotation is given in the same connexion and attributed
rightly to Hosea.
21403. Cp. Vox Clam. iv. 1141 ff. The passage of th& Plow7nans
Crede relating to this subject is well known.
21449. An allusion to the story current about the death of the
Emperor Henry VII in the year 13 13.
2145.5. sHl volt lesser, &c., ' if you ask whether he will spare us.' &c.
21469 ff. Chaucer, C. T. Prol. 218 ff.,
* For he hadde power of confessioun.
As seyde himself, more than a curat.'
The confessor would claim the right of burial, if it were worth having :
cp. Vox Clam. iv. 735 ff.,
' Mortua namque sibi, quibus hie confessor adhesit,
Corpora, si fuerint digna, sepulta petit ;
Sed si corpus inops fuerit, nil vendicat ipse,' &c.
NOTES. Lines 21266-21754 447
21477. For baptism there would be no fee : so Vox Clam. iv. 739 f.,
' Baptizare fidem nolunt, quia res sine lucro
Non erit in manibus culta vel acta suis.'
21481. Matt. vi. 25.
21499 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iv. 815,
' Appetit ipse scolis nomen sibi ferre magistri,
Quern post exemptum regula nulla ligat :
Solus habet cameram, propriat commune, que nullum
Tunc sibi claustralem computat esse parem.'
21517. Cp. Vox Clam. iv. 971 ff.
21536. acomparas: for this form of future cp. ' compara ' 26578,
' dura ' 3909, &c.
21544. Cp. Vox Clam. iv. 981 ff.
21562. Vox Clain. iv. 991 f.,
' Set vetus vsus abest, nam circumvencio facta
Nunc trahit infantes, qui nichil inde sciunt.'
21580. Rom. xvi. 17, 18.
21604. Ps. Ixxxiii. ( Vulg. Ixxxii.) 6, 7.
21607. Brev. in Psalm. Ixxxii. 6 ; but our author has not quite
understood the explanation.
21610. ou pitz, i.e. ' au pitz,' ' in the breast.'
21625 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iv. 787 f.,
'Nomine sunt plures, pauci tamen ordine fratres ;
Vt dicunt aliqui, Pseudo prophetat ibi.'
It seems that the word ' pseudopropheta ' used Rev. xix. 20 and else-
where was read ' pseudo propheta,' and ' pseudo ' taken as a proper
name. At the same time this was combined with the idea of the
wolf in sheep's clothing suggested by Matt. vii. 15, 'Attendite a falsis
prophetis,' &c.
21637. ' The Pseudos whom men call friars.'
21641. ' Cannot fail to suffer for it ' : 'compere ' for ' compiere ' from
' comparer,' which is usually transitive, like ' acomparer ' 21536, mean-
ing * to pay for.'
21647. The reference is to 2 Pet. ii. 1-3, where ' pseudoprophetae '
is the word used in the Vulgate.
21663 ff. The same argument as was before applied to the monks,
21061 ff.
21676. rCen puet chaloir: the meaning apparently is 'it cannot be
doubted,' but I cannot clearly explain the phrase.
21739. The Apocalypse does not exactly say this, but it is apparently
our author's interpretation of ch. viii. 10, 12, or some such passage.
21754. 'But, before it do trouble us worse, it were well,' &c., 'face '
being used as auxiliary with ' grever.'
448 MIROUR DE L'OMME
21769. m^en soit au travers, 'should be of the opposite opinion to
me on the subject.'
21776. Mais &.c. : answering apparently to the conditional clause,
' s'aucun,' Sec.
21780. Encore . . . -plus., 'even more (than I have said).'
21979. One leaf with its full number of 192 lines has here been cut
out. We find ourselves in the favourite story of Nebuchadnezzar's
pride and punishment : cp. Conf. Am. i. 2785 ff., where it is told in full
detail. Here it is one of a series of examples to illustrate the incon-
stancy of Fortune to those at the head of empires.
22002. The sense seems to require a negative here and in 22004.
22004. de halt en bass, ' (bringing him) down from his height.'
22009. It is difficult to say what occasion precisely is referred to here.
22026. iiiella : ' Fortune' is the subject of the verb.
22033. With this review of the succession of empires compare Conf.
Am. Pro I. 670 fif.
22081 fif. Cp. Vox Clam. ii. 93 ff.
22101. Vox Clam. ii.6i, ' ]Mobilis est tua rota nimis,'a nearly exact
translation.
22125. mal partie, 'badly ordered.'
22158 fif. With these references to the former greatness and present
decay of Rome cp. Cottf. Am. Prol. 834-848.
22159. emperere: apparently used here as a feminine form, but not
so in 1 71 20.
22168. Troian: this form of the name is used also in Conf.
Am. vii, 3144, and ' Troianus ' in Vox Clam. vi. 1273. The justice
and humanity of Trajan were proverbial in the Middle Ages, owing
chiefly to the legend about him connected with Gregory the Great.
22182. 'Well know I that this has not happened (for nought), but it
is because of our wanton life.'
22191. deux chiefs, i.e. the Pope and the Emperor.
22192. 'The one is he who sets forth the will of holy Church,' i.e.
the Pope.
22201. This stanza seems to be a reference to the helplessness of the
Empire.
22273 fif. With these stanzas compare Vox Clam. vi. 589 fif., where
there is the same reiterated personal address, ' O rex,' ' O bone rex,' &c.,
but the substance of the advice is there specially adapted to the age
and circumstances of Richard II, whereas here it is general.
22292. par halte cfiprise, ' loftily' : cp. 1. 22077, and elsewhere.
22294. 'and forces him to confess his error': ' recreandise' is
properly the admission that one is vanquished, or the fainthearted-
ness which might lead to such an admission.
22.333. 2 Maccabees xi. 1-12.
22341. The number given is 11,000 footmen and 1600 horsemen.
22350. Lev. xxvi. 17.
22744. After the omission of 384 lines (two leaves cut out), we find
NOTES. Lines 21769-23053 449
ourselves again in the story of Nebuchadnezzar : cp. Conf. Am. v.
7017 ff. Here it seems to be used as a warning against excess of
drinking and other such vices, whereas there it is an example of
sacrilege. For the form of sentence here, ' Mais cil q'estoit,' &c., cp.
Conf. Am. v. 6925, vi. 2250, &c.
22765. 3 Esdras iii. f. The story is told at length in Conf. Am.
vii. 178311., where the number of persons who give answers is three,
the third giving two opinions, as in the original. Here no doubt the
author is trusting to his memory.
22804. Ore, see note on 37.
22819. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 861 f.
22827 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 501 f.,
' Propter peccatum regis populi perierunt,
Ouicquid et econtra htera raro docet.'
See also Cofif. Am. vii. 3925 ff.
22835. Vox Clam. vi. 498, ' Nam caput infirmum membra dolere facit.'
22843. 2 Sam. xxiv.
22866. fail blemir, ' injures.'
22874. The MS. has ' dix,' but the author evidently meant ' six.'
22883. au parlcr, ' so to say.'
22894. fait plus ne meinz, ' does just the same thing.'
22962. ' There is no one whom David will teach by his example,' i.e.
who will follow David's example.
22965. That is, for the French the harping is out of tune, because
they do not accept their rightful ruler.
22967. With this question cp. Conf Am. Prol. 1053 ff.,
' Bot wolde god that now were on
An other such as Arion,' &c.
22975 f. Apparently the meaning is ' And the sorrow that David felt
for his sins is now changed.'
22981. si f7-etz que sage, see note on 16700.
22982. Perhaps Cic. de Off. i. 68, 'Non est autem consentaneum,
qui metu non frangatur, eum frangi cupiditate.'
22984 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 807-810.
22995. Is. xxviii. i.
23006. 2 Sam. xvi. 5 ff.
23011. I Sam. xxiv.
23021. 2 Kings xix. The number of the slain is given in the Bible
as 185,000.
23041 ff. For Justice and Mercy as royal virtues cp. Cojif. Am. vii.
2695 ff-» where they are the third and fourth points of policy, the first
and fifth being Truth and Chastity, which have been dealt with in
22753 ff., and the second Liberality, which may have been spoken of in
the lines which are lost.
23053. Sen. Clem. iii. 2ff.
* Gg
450 MIROUR DE L'OMME
23055. Cp. 13921 and Conf. Am.\\\. 3137.
23059. Cp. 13918 and Conf. Am. vii. 3161.*
23072. I Mace. iii. 18, 19.
23082. Ps. Ixxxv. 10: cp. Conf. Am. Prol. 109.
23089. Observe the mixture of tenses, present ind., conditional, and
imperfect ind., in the conditional clauses.
23116. tant amimte, 'is in the same position.'
23136. lie son aguait, 'by the snare which he sets for him.'
23149. Cp. Conf. Am. vii. 3891 fif.
23191. Cusy: in the Vulgate ' Chusai,' A. V. Hushai.
23216. Cp. 5459-
23370. The quotation is actually from Juvenal, but it is attributed
to Horace both here and in Conf. Am. vii. 3581. The lines are Sat.
viii. 269 fif.,
* Malo pater tibi sit Thersites, dummodo tu sis
Aeacidae similis Vulcaniaque arma capessas,
Ouam te Thersitae similem producat Achilles.'
Our author no doubt picked up the quotation in a common-place
book. He refers to ' Orace ' also in 11. 3804 and 10948, the true
reference in the latter case being to Ovid, while the former quotation
is really from Horace.
23393. The ' pigas ' is the long-pointed shoe worn by fashionable
people at the time. ' Not one of these rich men is born with his
pointed shoe,' says the author.
23413. ' Much is that bird to be blamed,' &c. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 835 f.,
' Turpiter errat auis, proprium que stercore nidum.
Cuius erit custos, contaminare studet.'
2.3492. si ie pourvoie, 'and provide thyself (accordingly).'
23500. Probably Matt. vi. 19.
23534. ' That the law excuses you ' : ' despenser avec ' is used simi-
larly in 1. 1400.
23573 f. sc delitera . . . tout avant, ' will go on taking pleasure.'
23582. a ce q'en ce tertnine, &c., * according as the matter appears in
regard to this order,' i.e. what lies within the limits of this class: cp.
16151.
23607. Qe nous ne devons, ' so that we may not,' so also in 23640 ;
see note on 1 193.
23638. 'At the making of the new knight': a curious use of the
gerund.
23659. auprodhomme, 'to be valiant.'
23671. Vonour de France: the particular name of the country is of
no consequence and is determined probably by the rhyme. That the
general point of view is not a continental one is shown by 23713.
23683. jours d'a?nour, ' love-days,' for reconciliation of those who
had differences.
23701 (C. Cp. Vox dam. v. 519 f.
NOTES. Lines 23055-24326 451
23704 fif. ' If anyone pays him well, he will show himself valiant at
the sessions.'
23722 ff. 'Though the heralds cry little to him for largess, yet he
gives the poor reason to complain ' : he robs the poor without the
excuse of being generous to others out of the proceeds.
23726. U7i cJiivaler de haie, ' a hedgerow knight.'
23732 fif. Terms of war are ironically used : he draws up his court in
order of battle and throws into confusion the jury-panell, to support his
friends and dismay their poorer opponents.
23755. die loy empereoiir, ' by the law of the emperor.'
23815. n' ad garde de, ' does not keep himself from.'
23844. quatorsze. The precise number is of no importance, cp.
24958. In Conf. Am, ii. 97, the author says ' mo than twelve ' in
a similar manner.
23869. Sisz cJiivalers. The author apparently will not admit the
three pagan worthies, Hector, Alexander, and Julius Caesar.
23895. Cp. Conf. Am. iv. 1630 f.,
' Somtime in Prus, somtime in Rodes,
And somtime into Tartaric.'
23907. vois, for ' vais.'
23920 fif. Cp. Cotif. Am. iv. 1634 fif.,
' And thanne he yifth hem gold and cloth,
So that his fame mihte springe,' &c.
also Vox Clam. v. 257 fif.
23922. See note on 10341.
23933 fif. Cp. Cojif. Am. iv. 1664 f., and Vox Clam. v. 267 fif.
23982. trop sont petit: probably, 'there are too few.'
24097. This denunciation of war is quite characteristic of the author :
cp. Co7if. Am. Prol. 122-192.
24129. uoldroiont, 'ought to desire' : see note on 1688.
24170 f. Cp. Co7if. Am. Prol. 833,
' The world empeireth every day.'
24216. Veila: so 'vei cy,' 23688.
24226 fif. i.e. he will not undertake the cause which is not favoured
by fortune. The ' double ace ' would of course be the lowest throw
with two dice, and ' sixes ' the highest.
24255 fif. Cp. F<7jr C/^Jw. vi. 241-244.
24265. ' Ne quid nimis.'
24267. Des tieux, ' such persons,' subject of the verb.
24272 f. 'Neither his nature nor his strain is seasoned with justice."
24290. The word ' mire ' seems here to be used for a surgeon as
distinguished from a physician : that, however, is not its ordinary use.
24325. Qui, like ' Quique ' in 24313, 'Whosoever may have to
pay, these will get exemption, if they can.'
24326. appaier. I take this to be for 'a paier,' like 'affaire' for
' a faire ' : ' estovoir ' is used with or without ' a,' cp. 1. 42.
Gg2
452 MIROUR DE L'OMME
24338. volt, imperf. subj., cp. 327.
24362. encharn^. The metaphor is from hounds being trained for
hunting, as we see from ' quiree,' ' courre,' ' odour,' &c., in the succeeding
lines.
24379. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 251,
' Si cupit in primo, multo magis ipse secundo,'
i.e. 'in primo gradu,' which is that of 'Apprentis,' the second being
that of ' Sergant.'
24398. Matt. xix. 29, but the quotation is not quite accurate.
24435. Sur son sergant : the double meaning of ' sergant ' is played
upon, as in ' Qui sert au siecle,' 24415.
24440. coronne: alluding to the French coin so called from the
crown upon it.
24469 ff. I do not know the origin of this curious statement.
24481. Probably Is. v. 21 ff.
24485 f. mats la partie, &c., 'but as for the side that is poor, justice
sleeps.'
24519. Jobxxi. 7-13.
24530. Gen. xxxii. 10.
24543. Is. V. 8, 9, ' Vae, qui coniungitis domum ad domum, et agrum
agro copulatis usque ad terminum loci ' : &c.
24544. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 141.
24582. la vernmr, i.e. the truth expressed in the preceding line,
that they make their gains by wrongful means. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 144,
' Set de fine patet quid sibi iuris habet.'
24583. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 145 ff.
24605. a demesure,\. e. at an extravagant price, so that, as the author
goes on to say,, poor people cannot afford to buy in their market.
24625. For the metre cp. 2742, 26830 : see Introd. p. xlv.
24646. ' But advanced my unjust cause,' &c. This position of ' ainz '
is quite characteristic of the author : see note on 415.
24678. Ex. xxiii. 8.
24697. James i. 19.
'24715. Gal. iii. 19, and Rom. xiii. 4.
24722. Deut. xxvii. 19.
24733 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 387 ff.
24748. comme tant, ' how much.'
24769. Is. i. 23.
24782. Ad, ' there is.'
24817 ff. The Vox Clainantis as usual runs parallel to this, with the
heading, 'Hie loquitur dc errore Vicecomilum, IJalliuorum necnon et
in assisis luratorum,' &c., vi. 419 ff.
24832. For the order of words cp. 24646.
24852. 'His conscience will not fail him,' that is, will not be an
obstacle.
NOTES. Lines 24338-25177 453
24858. il n'est pas si nice, ' he is not so nice,' i. e. not so careful
about it. The word ' nice,' meaning originally ' ignorant,' ' foolish,'
passes naturally to the meaning^ of ' foolishly scrupulous ' in a half
ironical sense, as here.
24917. enmj la main. As 'devant la main,' 'apres la main,' mean
' beforehand ' and ' afterwards,' this apparently is ' meanwhile.'
24949. Des soubz baillifs, &c. Cp. 25014. ' Des ' depends on 'tout
plein ' (toutplein), ' a quantity' ; as ' toutplein des flours,' Bal. xxxvii. 2,
' tout plein des autres,' Mir. 74. Join ' soubz ' with ' baillifs,' * under-
reeves,' the 'visconte' being regarded as a superior 'baillif or reeve,'
which of course in a certain sense he was, witness the name ' sheriff.'
24955. Vei /a, cp. 24216 : 'ministre ' is of course plural.
24958. Cp. 23844.
24962. Cp. P'ox Clam. vi. 467 f.,
* Ut crati bufo maledixit, sic maledico
Tot legum dominis et sine lege magis.'
24973. Vox Clam. 463 f.,
' Ouid seu Balliuis dicam, qui sunt Acherontis
Vt rapide furie ? '
24981. ribalds: observe the rhyme, showing that the 'd' is not
sounded.
24996. A proverbial expression, which occurs also in 15405 f.
25021 ff. 1 do not clearly understand the first lines of the stanza.
Terhaps it means, * For the expense to which you go in buying their
perjury they pay (or suffer) the burdening of their conscience.' Then
afterwards, ' The bribe is enough for them by way of evidence, for
covetousness dispenses them from anything more' : 'ove leur dispense,'
'arranges with them ' that this shall be enough.
25064. il, for 'ils,' cp. 10341.
25071. sanz culpe (fendiler, ' free from indictable fault.'
25110. tesinoignal : the original idea of a jury, as a body of persons
living in the locality and able to bear witness to the facts of the case,
had not disappeared in the fourteenth century.
25127. le pot hosier, ' might have stopped it.'
25151. serra vendu, 'will prove to have been bought by you' (at
a high price).
25153. 'Truth is no libel,' the author's justification for speaking;
freely.
25166. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 439,
' Causidici lanam rapiunt, isti quoque pellem
Tollunt, sic inopi nil remanebit oui.'
25177 ff. With this compare the heading of Bk. v. ch. ii. in the Vox
Clamantis : ' Quia varias rerum proprietates vsui humano necessarias
nulla de se prouincia sola parturit vniuersas,' &c.
25216 ff. Cp. Con/. Am. Prol. 489 ff.
454 MIROUR DE L'OMME
25239. In the Vox Clamantis also we have cheating personified
(under the name of Fraus), and its operations classified as affecting
(i) Usurers, (2) Merchants and shopkeepers, (3) Artificers, (4) Victu-
allers. See Vox Clam. v. 703-834.
25240. pour sercher^ &c. For the form of expression cp. Bal. xi. 1. 5,
Conf. Am. i. 2278,
' To sechen al the worldes riche,'
and other similar passages.
25254. Brutus, i. e. Brut of Troy : so London is referred to in the
Confessio Amantis, Prol. 37*,
' Under the toun of newe Troie,
Which tok of Brut his ferste joie.'
25261 fT. ' Fraud may have large dealings, but he has small honesty
when he buys and sells by different standards of weight.' The idea is
apparently that the buyer is deceived as to the true market price when
wholesale dealings are carried on with weights nominally the same but
really different, as when the merchant buys coal by the ton of 21 cwt.
25269. See note on 3367.
25270. la crois, &c. : cp. 18580.
25287. Cp. Bal. xviii. 1. 8.
25289. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 749 ff.
25302. ' Chalk for cheese,' a proverbial expression used also in Conf.
Am. Prol. 415 : still current in some parts of England.
25321. John iii. 20.
25327. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 779 f.,
' Fraus eciam pannos vendit, quos lumine fusco
Cernere te faciet, tu magis inde caue.'
25332. du p7-is lafoy, ' the true price.'
25333. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 757 ff.,
' Ad precium duplum Fraus ponit singula, dicens
Sic, " Ita Parisius Flandria sine dedit."
Quod minus est in re suplent iurancia verba,' &c.
25350. a son dessus, so 'at myn above ' in Conf. Am. vi. 221.
25556. in plederas, ' you will have to sue him.'
25558. ' He pays no regard to honesty.'
25569. parasi, equivalent to ' parisi,' properly an adjective used with
names of various coins, as ' livre parisie,' but often also by itself to
denote some coin of small value, in phrases such as we have here.
25607. For this function of St. Michael cp. 13302. Here the point
suggested is that the seller ought to be reminded by his balance of
that in which his merits must eventually be weighed.
25618. eticlinez : this is simply a graphical variation of enclines,
rhyming with ' falsines,' &c.
NOTES. Lines 25239-26133 455
25631. Cp. 20912.
25657 fif. ' I would not desire a better stomach than could be ruined
by medicines, or a longer purse than could be drained by an apothecary,'
i.e. the best of stomachs and the longest of purses maybe thus ruined.
25691. ' But if they had worn wool,' &c.
25717 fif. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 793 ff.,
' Si quid habes panni, de quo tibi vis fore vestem,
Fraus tibi scindit earn, pars manet vna sibi ;
Ouamuis nil sit opus vestis mensuraque fallit,
Plus capit ex opere quam valet omne tibi.'
25729 fif. Vox Clam. v. 805.
25753 fif. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 745 fif.
25801 fif. Cp. Cofif. Am. Prol. in fif.
25826. 'Will see their halls carpeted' (or 'covered with tapestry'),
so ' encourtiner ' below ; a loose employment of the infinitive.
25839 fif. Observe the confusion of 2nd pers. sing, and 2nd pers. plur.
in this stanza, especially ' tu gaignerez ' in 25842. Even if we take
'baillerez,' 'gaignerez,' &c., as rhyme-modifications of 'gaigneras,'&;c.,
this will not go for ' avisez,' which must be meant for 2nd pers. plur.
pres. subj. : cp. 442, &c.
25853. This would be to avoid arrest. The liberty of St. Peter
would perhaps be the precincts of Westminster Abbey, that of St.
Martin might be the Church of St. Martin in the Fields : but perhaps
no definite reference is intended. He takes advantage of the sanctuary
to make terms with his creditors.
25887. Ecclus. xiii. 24 (30), ' Bona est substantia cui non est pec-
catum in conscientia.'
25898. Matt. xvi. 26.
25975 f. The author returns to the observation made at the beginning
of his remarks on the estate of Merchants, that the calling is honourable,
though some may pursue it in a dishonest manner.
26019. Cp. Vox Clam. v. -]-]-] f.,
' Fraus manet in doleo, trahit et vult vendere vinum,
Sepeque de veteri conficit ipsa novum.'
26112. maisq^elles soient lieres, 'even though they should be
robbers ' (of their husbands) : maisque can hardly have here its usual
meaning ' provided that' ; cp. ■2,6()2y.
26120. brusch. The occurrence of this word here in a connexion
which leaves no doubt of its identity is worth remark : see Ncio Engl.
Diet, under ' brusque,' ' brisk,' ' brussly.'
26130. au sojoiir, 'at their ease' in their tavern: 'sojour' means
properly ' stay ' in a place, hence ' rest ' or ' refreshment ' : cp. the uses
of the verb ' sojourner.'
26133. lie pil ne crois, 'neither head nor tail' of a coin, i.e. no
money : ' cross and pile ' was once a familiar English phrase.
456 MIROUR DE L'OMME
26185 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 809 f.,
' Fraus facit ob panes pistores scandere clatas,
Furca tamen furis iustior esset eis.'
26231. les chars mangiers, &:c., 'flesh will not be food for the common
people.'
26288 ff. ' His conscience does not remind him of the truth until
after he has been paid.*
26342 ff. ' Of all those who live by buying and selling 1 will not
except a single one as not submissive to Fraud.'
26365. This complaint, directed against some particular I\Iayor of
London, whose proceedings were disapproved of by the author, is
repeated in the Vox Clainanils, v. 835 ff.
26374. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 1005 ff.
26391. celle autre gent, 'the other people.'
26401. Matt. v. 29 f.
26427. gttardessent, for ' guardassent,' or rather ' guardeissent.'
26477. en orgiiillant: perhaps rather ' enorguillant.'
26480. ati servir sojiffrireni, ' submitted to service.'
26497 ff. Cp. Con/. Am. Prol. after 1. 498,
' Ignis, aqua dominans duo sunt pietate carentes,
Ira tamen plebis est violenta magis.'
26571. Hos. iv. 1-3, 'non est enim Veritas, et non est misericordia,
et non est scientia Dei in terra . . . Propter hoc lugebit terra et infirma-
bitur omnia qui habitat in ea,' &c.
26581 ff. With this discussion cp. Conf. Atn. Prol. 520 ff.
26590 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. vii. 361,
' O mundus, mundus, dicunt, O ve tibi mundus ! '
26699. la malice seculier, ' the evil of the world.'
26716. pluvie. For the suppression of the ' i ' see note on 296.
26737. Commete: the reference is probably to that of the year 1368.
26745. diete, ' influence,' from the idea of regularity in the physical
effect which the heavenly bodies are supposed to produce, like that of
food or medicine : cp. Coftf. Am. vii. 633 ff.
26748. Nous n'ai^ons garde de, apparently for ' que nous n'avions
garde,* ' that we should not pay regard to.'
26749. Albumasar's books on astrology, especially the Introductorkmi
in Astronotniam and the Liber Florum, were very well known in Latin
translations, apparently abridged from the originals. This reference is
to Iniroduct. iii. 3 : ' Ut vero sol aercm calefacit, purgat, attenuat, sic
pro modo suo luna et stellae. Unde Ypocras in libro climatum. Nisi
luna et stellae, inquit, nocturnam densitatem attenuarent, elementa
impenctrabilis aeris pinguctudine corporum omnium vitam corrum-
perent.' (Quoted from the Bodleian copy of the edition printed at
Venice, 1506.)
NOTES. Lines 26185-27088 457
26799. Qui, ' for whom.'
26810. Referring perhaps to Hos. iv. 3, quoted above.
26830. For the metre, cp. 2742.
26851. ' For that in which he is alone to blame ' : ' dont que' used
for ' dont,' cp. 1779.
26857. Job V. 6, ' Nihil in terra sine causa fit ' : it is different in A. V.
26869. This is a citation which occurs in all the three books of our
author : cp. Conf. Am. Prol. 945 ff. and Vox Clam. vii. 639 ff. In both
places the argument is the same as here. The quotation is from Greg.
Hom. in Evano;. ii. 39, ' Omnis autem creaturae aHquid habet homo.
Habet namque commune esse cum lapidibus, vivere cum arboribus,
sentire cum animalibus, intelligere cum angehs.' Cp. Moral, vi. 16.
26885. Et en aler. Similarly in the Vox Clatn. vii. 641 motion is
made one of the five senses to the exclusion of smelling,
' Sentit et audit homo, gustat, videt, ambulat.'
26927. maisq'il le compiere, 'that he should abye it ' : for this use of
' maisqe ' instead of ' que ' cp. 261 12.
26931. Aristotle speaks of animals as microcosms (e. g. Phys. viii. 2)
and argues from them to the ^xiya^ Ki'iaixos, but of course the quotation
here is at second hand.
26934. Cp. Vox- Clam. vii. 645 ff., ' Sic minor est mundus homo, qui
fert singula solus,' &c.
26955. The rhyme requires 'mer et fieu' for 'fieu et mer.'
26989. Lev. xxvi. 3 ff.
27001 f. With what follows compare Vox Clam. ii. 217-348, where
the whole subject is worked out at length with many examples, including
nearly all those which occur in this passage.
27015. Vox Clam. ii. 243, 'Sol stetit in Gabaon iusto losue rogi-
tante,' &c.
27019. Vox Clam. ii. 247 f.
27022. Vox Clam. ii. 249 f.
27031. Vox' Clam. ii. 259 f. The story is in the Legetida Aurea : it
is to the effect that in an assembly of prelates Hilarius found himself
elbowed out of all the honourable seats and compelled to sit on the
ground. Upon this the floor rose under him and brought him up to
a level with the rest.
27037. Vox Clam. ii. 253 f.
27040. Vox Clam. ii. 255 f.
2704G fif. Vox Clam. ii. 265-274.
27061. Paul, the first eremite, is said to have been fed daily by
a raven for over sixty years.
27065 fif. Vox Clam. ii. 277-280.
27077. Vox Clam. ii. 287 f.
27079. Vox Clam, \\.i\si.
27081 fif. Vox Clam. ii. 281-284.
27088. soy vivafil, ' while he is living.'
458 MIROUR DE L'OMME
27165. That is, 'he passes by his death into a life of damnation' :
the antithesis ' vit du mort ' and ' moert du vie ' is a very strained one.
27367. De Ire: cp. 12241.
27372. ' With no compensating goodness ' : ' refaire ' must mean
here ' to do in return ' (or in compensation).
27411. que me renovelle, ' which is ever renewed in me' : for ' reno-
veller' in this sense cp. 11364.
27568 f. vats . . . tie?i : indicative for subjunctive, ' tien ' for ' tiens,'
unless it is meant for imperative.
27662. oveiout re7ifant, ' together with the child ' : cp. 11. 4, 12240, &c.
27722. Tiels Joufs y ot, 'on some days.'
27814 f. 'He it is whom you will espouse to the virgin,' i.e. the
bearer of that rod.
27841. a coicstinnniance,^ ■2d\e.x the custom': the MS. has ' acous-
tummance,' but this can hardly stand. The same in 28190.
27867. Cp. Bal. xxv., ' Car qui bien aime ses amours tard oblie.'
27935. enstes: apparently 2nd pers. pi. preterite. If so, it is com-
bined rather boldly with the 2nd pers. sing, in ' as ' and ' avras ' : cp. 442.
27942. Comme oil q^est ioutpuissa7it: a very common form of ex-
pression in the Confessio Ainajitis, e.g. i. 925, 1640, &c. See also
Bal. vii. 1. 7, xi. 1. 16. It occurs more than once in this narrative
portion of the Mirour, e.g. 28248, 28883, 28900.
27949. There may be some doubt here as to the arrangement of the
inverted commas ; but it seems best to take the whole of this stanza
as direct report, in which case 'II' in 27950 refers to 'God.'
The sentence below is a little disordered, as is often the case with our
author : ' He showed thee a special sign six months since in thy cousin
Elizabeth, who was barren, but God,' &c. Cp. 17996, Co7if. Am. vi.
1603 ff,, and many other passages.
28091. Probably Ps. cxxxviii. 6.
28110. Maisqtie, here apparently 'moreover': cp. 28276.
28112. te He, ' binds thee (in swaddling bands).'
28115 f. That is, all these characters, daughter, wife, nurse, mother,
sister, &c., were summed up in one woman : ' forsqe ' here means ' only,'
the negative being omitted, much as we say 'but' in English.
28139. Luke ii. 14, from the text 'et in terra pax hominibus bonae
voluntatis.'
28160. y vemiit, 'there came,' a kind of imj^ersonal expression.
28183. estoit finis, ' was brought to an end.'
28190. a coitsluma/ice : cp. 27841.
28205. Luke ii. 29 fif.
28247. qu'il serroit desfait, &c., 'planned that he might be destroyed.'
28310. fiere, ' strange.'
28349. ' By agreement between thee and them.'
28358. yirm, for 'fesis,' 2nd sing. pret.
28383. That is 'A Nazareth a ton parente.'
28394. Maisqite, 'except that,' cp. 1920.
NOTES. Lines 27165-29421 459
28395. Archidecli7i : a corruption from 'architriclinus,' used in the
Latin version of John ii. to represent the Greek apxirpLKXivos, ' master
of the feast,' and commonly supposed to be the name of the enter-
tainer : cp. 28762.
284:09. /esowfz^ a loer, 'were fit to be praised': cp. 28506, and see
note on 1883.
28414 ff. ' But above all he showed great joy in your lineage, each in
his degree,' that is in keeping company with those of the Virgin's
family : but it might mean 'he caused great joy to be felt by those of
your lineage.'
28475. de son affere, ' for his part,' one of those rather meaningless
phrases, such as ' endroit de soy,' ' en son degre,' ' au droit devis,' with
which our author fills up lines on occasion.
28502. j-^ ^^w;'7W/, 'considers with himself : cp. 14973.
28547. toute pleine : rather a more unscrupulous disregard than
usual of gender and number for the sake of metre and rhyme.
28762. Centurio, taken as a proper name: cp. 28395.
28790. pour estovoir, 'for their need,' i.e. to accomplish that which
had to be done.
28813. For the form of expression cp. 22744 and Trait, xiv. 1. 15 : it
is common also in the Confessio A/nanlis.
28847. la sentence, ' the sentence ' in a judicial sense, i. e. the judgment
executed by the spear.
28914. compassiou7i, used especially of the sufferings of the Virgin
during the passion of Christ.
28919. ta meditacioun, 'meditation upon thee,' if the text is right,
but I am disposed to suggest ' ta mediacioun.'
28941 f. These two lines are written over an erasure and perhaps in
a different hand: cp. 4109, 41 16.
29078. Pour . . . avoir, see note on 6328.
29178. n''e?i doubt e mie. The author shows here an unexpectedly
clear perception of the difference between Gospel history and unautho-
rized legend.
29222. Qe tious devons, ' in order that we may,' so below, ' Aingois
q'om doit par tout conter,' ' but that we may tell it everywhere.' For
this use of ' devoir ' see note on 1 193.
29264. tcncline, ' bows to thee ' : the verb is intransitive and the
pronoun dative.
29390. The word 'pensee' counts as three syllables in this line,
whereas usually the termination ' -ee ' in Anglo-Norman verse of this
period is equivalent to ' -e ' ; cp. 29415. Perhaps we should read
' penseie ; ' see Introduction p. xx.
29411 f. ' Well fitting was the love which he had for thee, through
whom,' &c.
29421. de son halt estage : cp. Con/. Am. iv. 2977,
' This Yris, fro the hihe stage
Which undertake hath the message,' &c.
46o DEDICATION OF BALADES
29585. la disme joye, ' the tenth part of the joy.'
29604. ^u vendretz : see note on 442.
29636. Probably we should read que for qui: '(I pray) that thou
wouldest send.'
29746. de sa covine, ' by his purpose.'
29769. poiirloigjiasse: pret. subj. for past conditional, cp. 29778.
29784. Ussont moiisire, ' they ought to show,' used for conditional
in the sense referred to in the note on 1. 1688.
29798. ' Witness thy Gospels,' i. e. ' the witness is that of thy
Gospels.'
29821, le Ih'Te: cp. 27475 ff-? where it is implied that the author
follows a Latin book.
29869. me donne, ' tells me.'
29878 fif. ' But in order that it may perchance please thee, I set all
my business, as best I may, to do honour to thy person.' I have
separated ' Maisque,' because that seems necessary for the sense. The
author hopes that, though his Lady has the crown of heaven, yet she
may be pleased by his humble endeavours to do her honour on earth.
29890. fen fais contitiuer, ' thou dost continue in the work,' a
reflexive use of ' continuer ' with ' faire ' as auxiliary.
DEDICATION OF BALADES
L 7. ' He who trusts in God,' &c. ' Oe ' is used for ' Qui.'
15. Vosire oratour. The poet means no doubt to speak of himself
as one who is bound to pray for the king. At the same time it is to be
noticed that 'Orator regius' was at the beginning of the sixteenth
century an official title, borne by Skelton in the reign of Henry VIII,
and perhaps nearly equivalent to the later ' Poet-laureate.' Skelton
was ' laureatus ' of the Universities, that is he had taken a degree in
rhetoric and poetry at Oxford, and apparently sonicthing equivalent
at Cambridge.
16. The pronunciation of the name 'Gower' as a dissyllable with
the accent on the termination, which is required here and in the
Envoy to the Traiti^, is the same as that which we have in the
Confessio Amantis viii. 2908, where it rhymes with '-er.'
23. perjit: so written in full in the MS. and correctly given by the
Roxburghe editor. Dr. Stengel gives 'parfit' on the assumption that
there is a contraction. That is not so here, but in many cases of
this kind he is right.
24. sentence: so in M'S. (not with a capital as in the Roxb. ed.).
The same remark applies to 'valour' in ii. 1. 33, 's'est' in Bal. vii 1. iS,
'lettre' xviii. 1. 24, xx. 1. 25, xxii. 1. 27, ' lors ' xxxvi. 1. 3, ' se,' xxxvi. I. 10,
' helas ' xliii. 1. 6, ' vous ' xlix. I. 23,
NOTES. MiR. 29585— Bal. II 9 461
O RECOLENDE, &C.
8. After this line probably one has dropped out, for when this piece
appears (in a somewhat different form) among the Latin poems of the
All Souls' and Glasgow MSS. we have
' Rex confirmatus, licet vndique magnificatus,
Sub Cristo gratus viuas tamen immaculatus,'
and ' licet ' seems to require some such addition.
The quotation ' Nichil proficiet ' is from Ps. Ixxxix. (F/i-/^. Ixxxviii.)
23, and the other from Ps. xli. {Vielg. xl.) 2.
II. This balade has been printed hitherto as if it consisted of four
stanzas only, but in the MS., which is here damaged, there is not
only space for another, but the initials of its lines still remain.
20. vend?-a\ the reading 'voudra' is a mistake due to the Roxb.
edition.
26. For the conjectural ending of the line cp. Mirour 26423.
BALADES
Title. — This is partly lost by the damage to the leaf of the MS.,.
which has been mentioned above. The fragments of the latter part seem
to indicate that the whole series of balades was expressly written by
the author for the entertainment of the court of Henry IV : cp. D. ii.
1. 27 f. The end of it perhaps ran thus, 'ad fait, dont les nobles de la
Court se puissent duement desporter,' or something to that effect.
I. All that remains of the first stanza is the endings of the first three
lines, and more than half of the second stanza is also lost.
16. Moiin. Forms such as this, e.g. 'soun,' 'doun,' 'noun,' 'bounte,'
and the '-oun' terminations in xxi.andelsewhere, usually appear with 'on '
in the MS. Note however that ' noun ' is written fully in xxi. 11. 25, 27.
17. voldroit : a common use of the conditional in our author, cp.
Afz'r. 1. 25. Here it is answered by the future ' averai.' The meaning
seems to be 'If God should put an end to my happiness and to my
life at once, my faith being unbroken, I should be content ; but
meanwhile I remain true to thee always, whatever may befall.'
II. 4. qUl s'esjoiera. The Roxb. editor gave by mistake ' qils ' for
' qil,' out of which Dr. Stengel produces ' qil ssesjoiera,' with the
remark ' Verdoppelung anlautender Consonanten nach vocalischem
Auslaut auch sonst haufig.' The passages to which he refers in
support of this curious statement are ix. 1. 13, where the Roxb. edition
has 'tanquil lest' by pure mistake for ' tanquil sest,' and ix. 1. 31,
where he has chosen to make ' un ssi ' out of ' uns si.' This shows
the danger of constructing a theory without ascertaining the facts.
9. come. Dr. Stengel is not right in proposing to read ' com ' for
462 BALADES
'come' and *ou for ' ove,' wherever the words occur. These words
regularly count as monosyllables for the metre, but the author much
more commonly wrote them with the final ' -e.' Occasionally we have
'com' in the Ba/ades (twice for instance in this stanza), and once in
the Miroiir we have 'ou' for 'ove' (1. 8376). Similarly 'povere,'
' yvere,' are regularly dissyllables by slurring of the medial ' e,' and are
occasionally written ' povre,' ' yvre.' On the other hand ' ore ' is
sometimes a dissyllable, as Bal. xxviii. i, and sometimes a monosyllable,
as Mir. 37, 1775, <^c., and some words such as 'averai,' ' overaigne.'
' yveresce,' vary between the longer and the shorter form.
12. com: so in MS., wrongly 'come' in Roxb. edition, which also
has ' viveet ' wrongly for ' vive et ' of the MS.
23. Et pensetz, dame. An additional weak syllable is occasionally
found at the caesura in this metre : cp. xix. 1. 20, xxiii. 1. I4,xxv. 1. 8, &c.,
xxxiii. 1. 10, xxxviii. 1. 23, xliv. 1. 8, xlvi. 1. 15, Trait, ii. 1. 5, &c. In
every case the additional syllable is at a break after the second foot
(epic caesura). It may be a question, however, whether ' dame ' should
not be taken as a monosyllable in some cases : see Introd. p. xxx.
III. 1. celle, used for the definite article : see note on Mir. 301.
peigne : this form of spelling does not indicate any difference in
pronunciation, for the rhymes ' pleine,' ' meine,' are used to correspond
with it in the next stanza. It is intended to produce visible conformity
with the verb ' compleigne,' to which it rhymes, and so in 1. 15 we
have ' halteigne ' pairing with ' atteigne.' The verbal ending ' eigne *
rhymes regularly with ' eine ' both in the French and English of our
author, and the ' g ' often falls out of the spelling.
10. Milfflitz: one word in the MS.; so ' millfoitz ' ix. 1. 10.
nil. 3. s' ad fait itnir, 'has united itself: see note on Mir. 1135.
4. As toutz Jours mais : cp. Mir. 2856.
11. sjifficaunce: endings of this kind represent the MS. ' -ance,' cp.
note on i. J. 16.
16. la: so in the MS. The Roxb. ed. gives 'sa' by mistake.
nil*. The number is repeated by inadvertence, so that the whole
series consists really of fifty-one balades, apart from the religious
dedication at the end and the Envoy.
4. For ioi c/icrir: see note on Mir. 6328. The address in the
second person singular is unusual in the Balades and hardly occurs
except here and in the contemptuously hostile pieces, xli-xliii.
11. dont, answering to 'auci': see note on Mir. 217.
17. tes: see Glossary under 'ton': cp. 'vos amis,' ix. 1. 5.
22. The MS. has ' De,' as Dr. Stengel has rightly conjectured.
V. 19. a tant: cp. vi. 1. 16 and Mir. 23953.
Margin : d'amont Jesqes cnci, 'from the beginning up to this pcjint':
' d'amour ' is a mistake of the Roxb. editor.
NOTES. II 12— XII 8 463
VI. 6f. par qiioi, &c., 'wherefore mine eye hath desire, to the end
that I may see again your presence,' i. e. desires to see, &c.
VII. 6. restrt\ 'habitation,' i.e. place of abode. 'I desire your
country' as my dwelling-place.'
7. Come cil qui: cp. xi. 1. 16, and see note on Mi7\ 27942.
9. Cp. Mir. 5822.
24. Qe jeo n'ai plus, Sec, a variation of the form of expression used
in xviii. 1. 8 f . and common in our author: see M/r. 18589. Usually
the ' plus ' of the second clause answers to some such word as ' tiel ' in
the first.
VIII. 17. retenue, 'engagement' to follow or serve : cp. xv. 1. 14.
IX. 6. The ' trescentier ' of the Roxb. edition is a mistake.
16. en voie : see 'envoie' in Glossary.
24. sicoiii jeo songeroie: conditional for subjunctive : cp. ^/r. 25.
36. deiiwrir, ' remain.' Dr. Stengel wrongly alters to ' de morir,'
which is nonsense.
37. poestis : cp. Mir. 1222.
41. au droit devis : see note on Mir. 83.
X. 2. The reading 'jour' for 'jeo' in this line is simply a mistake of
the Roxb. editor.
5. Maisqu^il vous pletesf, 'provided that it might please you,' pret.
subj. : ' maisque ' in this sense is used either with indicative or subjunc-
tive, cp. xi. 1. 8, xxiii. 1. 10, &c.
7, Q avoir porrai, 'so that I may have ' : cp. Mir. 364.
13. s'allie, ' binds itself (to you).'
XI. 5. pour se?-cher le monde : cp. xxi. 1. 18, and Mir. 25240.
23. perestes. The reading 'par estes ' is a mistake; the MS. has
' pestes,' which might be either perestes or parestes, but perest occurs
written out fully in Alir. 1760, 2546.
dajigerouse, ' reluctant to love ' : see note on xii. 1. 8.
XII. 1. Perhaps the author wrote ' Ma,' but the scribe (or rather the
illuminator) gives ' La.'
Chalandre: c^. Mir. 10707 fif.
8. Dattger. This name represents in the love-jargon of the day
those elements which are unfavourable to the lover's acceptance by
his mistress, partly no doubt external obstacles, but chiefly those
feelings in the lady's own mind which tend towards prudence or
prompt to disdain. In the Roman de la Rose, which was the most
influential example of this kind of allegory. Danger is the chief guardian
of the rose-bush. He has for his helpers Malebouche, who spreads
unfavourable reports of the lover, with Honte and Paour, who represent
the feelings excited in the lady's mind leading her to resist his advances.
464 BALADES
Of these helpers the most valiant is Honte, daughter of Raison and
Mesfait. These all are the adversaries of the Lover and of Bel-Acueii
his friend and helper. See Rom. de la Rose 11. 2837 ff. Elsewhere
the word 'dangler' is used for the scornfulness in love of Narcissus,
Rom. lie la Rose 1498,
* Du grant orguel et du dangier
Que Narcisus li ot mene.'
or of the difficulties made by a mistress,
' Or puet o s'amie gesir,
Qu'el n'en fait ne dangier ne plainte.'
Roi/i. de la Rose 21446 f.
Here the author says 'Danger turns his eyes away,' that is, the lady's
feelings of disdain or reluctance deprive him of her favour, and in 1. 19
he entreats her to remove ' danger ' from her regard. This idea is
illustrated further by the expressions in xxvi. 1. 26,
' Ne sai si vo danger le voet despire ; '
and xxxvii. 1. 20,
' Vostre danger tantost m'ad deslaie : '
where ' danger ' clearly stands for the lady's aversion to the lover's
suit : see alsoxxiii. 1. 10, xxx. 1. 15 fif., and Co7tf. Ajn. iv. 3589. In Conf.
Aw. iii. I5i7ff., and v. 6613 ff., Danger is very clearly described as
the deadly enemy of the lover, always engaged in frustrating his
endeavours by his influence over the lady. Note also the adjective
'dangerous' in the last balade ; so ' dangereus,' Rop/i. de la Rose
479, 'grudging,' and 'dangerous' in the English translation, 1. 1482,
' disdainful.'
11. The same complaint is made Conf. Am. v. 4490 ff., but the reply
there given (4542) is complete and crushing.
27. Qa : the Roxb. ed. gives ' Qe ' by mistake for ' Oa.'
XIII. 1. )/!t(ance, see Glossary. The Roxb. ed. gives ' nivance,' but
the MS. reading seems to be rather 'mvance,' the 'v' being written
for greater distinctness as in ' remue' xv. 1. 8, &c. Certainly change is
more characteristic of March than snow, and it is the changes of his
fortune of which the lover complains,
' Ore ai trove, ore ai perdu fiance.'
5. Cp. Mir. 948.
8. al oill: cp. Mir. 5591, 'al un n'a I'autrc ' ; but we might read
a Voill. For the MS. reading here cp. Mir. 5386, where the MS. has
'al lun ne lautre.'
XII II. 6. dont, answering to ' si ' above : see note on Mir. 217.
17. asseine, from ' assener,' here meaning ' strike.'
20. ' I cannot fail to have the fortune of one (or the other),' i. e. death
or sickness. The word ' tant ' in the line above is not answered by
anything and does not seem to mean much.
NOTES. XII 11— XXI 6 465
XV. 1. creance: see 'credentia' in Ducange. It means a cord for
confining the flight of falcons.
25. 'All my prayers are to your image at the time when,' &c.
27. vostrc proie, ' your prey,' i. e. your possession by right of
capture.
XVI. 6 ff. ' But by feeding on this food of the mind I cannot, though
I seek it up and down, find for myself the path of grace.' The food
he feeds on is his feeling of hope: for ' celle sente' = 'la sente,' cp.
iii. I, and see Alir. 301.
26. Q'es. The confusion of singular and plural in the second person
is common in our author : see note on Alzr. 442.
(' Q'es ' is of course for ' Qe es,' ' qe ' or ' que ' being quite a regular
form of the relative used as subject by our author. I note this here
because Dr. Stengel's remarks are misleading.)
28. maisq'il votis talente, ' if only it be pleasing to you.'
XVII. 2. Salvant Vestat d' amour: a kind of apology for the idea of
blaming his mistress : cp. xxii. 1. 26.
5. guardon : so written in full in the MS., cp. xxxiii. 1.6, so that it is
not a case of 'falsche Auflosung,' as Dr. Stengel assumes. He is right
enough as regards ' perlee '1. 19, and ' parcer ' xviii. 1. 6.
27. ' I cannot leave off from loving her' : ' maisque ' here ' but that,'
cp. xl. 1. 7, Trait, xiv. 1. 10.
XVIII. 11. Qe jeo ne crie plus : a favourite form of expression with
our author : cp. vii. 1. 24, xxx. 1. 13, Af/r. 18589.
17. c'esf, for 's'est' : cp. Af/r. 1147.
XIX. 17. proeu, the same as ' prou ' apparently: ' proen ' can hardly
be right, though the MS. would equally admit that reading.
18. fr/eus : cp. xxxix. 1. 15. The usual form in the Mirour is ' truis.'
The Roxb. ed. has ' criens ' by mistake.
XX. 1. Roe: treated as a monosyllable in the verse here, but other-
wise in Mir. 10942.
2. The position of the conjunction ' mais ' is characteristic of our
author, who frequently treats ' and ' and ' but ' in the same way in the
Confessio Amantis. Cp. xxxvii. II. 9, 19, Mir. 100, 415, 7739, &c.
6. So MS. The reading 'basse' and the omission of 'lever' are
mistakes of the Roxb. ed.
22. 7nesna sa leesce, ' had his joy ' : ' mener ' (but more commonly
'demener') is used with words meaning joy, sorrow, &;c., to indicate
the feeling or expression of it, e. g. xxxiii. 1. 5.
XXI. 2. comparisoiin : see note on i. 1. 16.
6. par tani, ' therefore ' : cp. Mir. 1 1 9.
* H h
466 BALADES
15. veneisotm, 'chase,' hence 'endeavour.'
18. Dr. Stengel rightly gives 'Trestout' : nevertheless the MS. has
' Terstout ' written in full.
20. Honte et paour, see note on xii. 1. 8.
21. N'i. This seems preferable to ' Ni,' being equivalent to 'Ne i,'
' nor there ' (i = y), cp. xxxvii. 1. lo. The proper word for ' nor ' is ' ne,'
not 'ni.'
XXIII. 5. r for ' le,' as indirect object, ' to her ' : see Glossary under
le, pron.
plevi: so MS., as Dr. Stengel conjectures : cp. Trait, xvii. 1. 2.
10. danger : see note on xii. 1. 8.
13. lui, 'her,' see Glossary.
15. aims: the MS. reading here might be 'anns,' as given in Roxb.
ed., but it is quite clearly ' aun ' in xxxii. 1. i.
XXIIII. 5. autre, si le noun: so MS. rightly. It means 'anything
else except it,' i.e. his lady's name, 'noun' being the negative : cp.
Alir. 6495 f.,
' qu jammais parla
Parole, si tresfalse noun,'
and 8853,
' Certes, si de vo teste noun,
N'ad estd dit d'aucune gent.'
XXV. 8. See note on ii. 1. 23.
10. The MS. has ' Portont ' and in 1. 13 ' sache ' : Roxb. ed. ' Partout '
and ' sachez.'
11. Du quoi: so MS., Roxb. ed. ' Un quoi,' which is nonsense.
18. q''a : Roxb. ed. 'qe' by mistake for 'qa.'
19. Et iVautrepart : Roxb. ' En dauterpart,' MS. Et daut?,?part.
XXVI. 4. MS. 'sil,' not 'cil,' as given in Roxb. ed.
9. ' If a man gives himself, it is a proof,' &c. For the form of ex-
pression, which is a favourite one with our author, cp. Mir. 1 244, note.
15. per/it: cp. Ded. ii. 23.
26. vo danger : see note on xii. 1. 8.
XXVI I. 1. The first line is too long, but the mistake may be that of
the author. Similarly in Mirour 3116, 14568, we have lines which are
each a foot too long for the metre. In all cases it would be easy to
correct : here, for example, by reading ' Ma dame, quant jeo vi vostre
oill riant.'
In xii. 1. 22 we have, ' Douls, vair, riant,' as a description of eyes.
3. Roxb. ' Par un,' Dr. Stengel ' Par mi,' MS. ' Parmi.'
5. jeo me paie, ' 1 am content.'
24. Parentre deus, 'between the two (alternatives) ' : cp. Mir. 1178.
XXIX. 19. pourcella, cp. xlii. 1. 7, so ' pourcela,' Mir. 2349, &c.
NOTES. XXI 15— XXXVII 9 467
XXX. 5. Le Nief: I suspect this is a mistake of the transcriber for
* Le vent.' It is not the ship that imperils his hfe but the storm, and
* Le ' for 'La' is rather suspicious here.
8. Uluxes : the usual form of spelling in our author's works, both
French and English.
13. Cp. xviii. 1. 9.
15. Danger: see note on xii. I. 8. Here the double meaning of the
word is played upon, danger in the ordinary sense and ' danger ' as
representing the forces opposed to the lover.
XXXII. This alone of the present series of balades has no envoy.
15. Roxb. ed. omits ' se,' and accordingly Dr. Stengel turns ' qa ' into
' que ia,' to restore the metre.
20. retenue, ' service,' referring to ' servant ' just above.
XXXIII. 2. a bone esireine, a form of good wish, as ' a mal estreine '
{Mir. 1435) is of malediction.
5. See note on xx. 1. 22.
6. giiardofter : so in MS., cp. xvii. 1. 5.
10. See note on ii. 1. 23.
XXXI 1 1 1. 6. a covefiir, apparently ' by agreement.'
11. The word omitted by the Roxb. ed. is 'a.'
18. De Alceone. The hiatus must be admitted, as indicated by the
separation in the MS., cp. Mir. 12228. We must not accent ' Alceone '
on the final ' -e' as Dr. Stengel proposes, because of the way the word is
used in the Confessio Amaniis., rhyming, for example, with ' one,' iv.
3058. ' Ceix ' is a dissyllable here and in the English.
XXXV. 10. ^« ^r^z/ rt'^, ' as regards ' : see Glossary, ' endroit.'
17. en droit de man atour, ' as regards my state.'
22. falcoun : the Roxb. ed. gives ' facon,' a false reading which has
hitherto entirely obscured the sense.
XXXVI. 3. Pdpegai. This seems to stand for any bright-plumaged
bird. It is not to be supposed that Gower had the definite idea of a
parrot connected with it.
6. ati tiel: so MS., but Roxb. ed. ' aut tiel,' whence Dr. Stengel ' au
ttiel,' in pursuance, no doubt, of his theory of ' Verdoppelung anlaut-
ender Consonanten ' : see note on ii. 1. 4.
au tiel assai, ' with such trial,' i.e. 'so sharply.'
10. Cp. Mir. 8716.
15. For the opposition of the rose and the nettle cp. xxxvii. 24, Mir.
3538, &c.
XXXVII. 4. /a : used (as well as 'le') for indirect object fern. See
Glossary.
9. See note on .\x. 1. 2.
H h 2
468 BALADES
10. entree. The termination ' -ee ' constitutes one syllable only here,
as at the end of the verse, where ' -€ ' and ' -ee ' rhyme freely together :
see, for example, the rhymes in xvii.
19. w^ r/fer^,' refer myself,' i.e. 'make appeal.' The rhyme requires
correction of the reading ' refiers.'
'&
XXXVIII. 1. Cp. Mir. 12463 ff., where the 'piere dyamant tresfine'
is said to disdain a setting of gold because drawn irresistibly to iron.
The loadstone and the diamond became identified with one another
because of the supposed hardness of both (' adamant ').
XXXIX. 3. For this use of ' et,' cp. xviii. 7.
9. asseine : rather a favourite word with our author in various
meanings, cp. x. I. 10, ' jeo mon coer asseine,' ' I direct (the affections
of) my heart' ; xiv. 1. 17, ' la fierte de son corage asseine,' 'strike down
the pride of her heart ' ; and here, where ' Qui vo persone . . . asseine '
means ' he who addresses himself to your person.'
18. p/ui's : this form, which occurs also iv. 1. 15, ' De pluis en pluis,'
seems to be only a variation of spelling, for it rhymes here and else-
where with -us, -uz : see Introduction, p. xxviii f.
XL. 7. Ne puiss hosier^ &c. Cp. xvii. 1. 27, ' Ne puis lesser mais
jeo I'ameray ' : 'hoster' means properly 'take away,' hence 'refrain
(myself).'
me pleigne: so MS. The Roxb. ed. gives 'ma pleine.'
11. serretz. The future tense (if it be future) need give us no anxiety,
in view of the looseness about tenses which is habitual with our author :
cp. xliv. 1. 6, Mir. 416. In any case ' serietz,' which Dr. Stengel
substitutes, is not a correct form.
'22. chaunqon : MS. chahcon.
XLI. Here the address is from the lady to her lover, and so it is also
in the three succeeding balades and in xlvi. Notice that the second
person singular is used in xli.-xliii. where the language is that of hostile
contempt.
9. sent, for ' cent ' : so ' Si ' for ' Ci ' in the Title of the Balades, and
' Sil ' in xlii. 1. 20, &c. The converse change of ' s ' to ' c ' is not un-
common, sec Alir. 799.
17. q'ensi nicnt, 'which thus lies' : Dr. Stengel's alteration 'qensi-
ment ' is quite without justification.
18. sciet : so MS, not 'ciet.'
20. aparccvoir'. in MS. contracted, ' apcevoir,' but cp. J//r. 123, &c.
XLII. 7. de tafalsinc atteintc, ' by thy convicted falseness.'
10. par tiele empeinte : cp. Trait, iv. 1. 17.
20. Sil, for ' Cil' : cp. xli. 1. 9, xlvii. 1. 7.
XLII I. 6. ' I find him whom I was wont to love.'
7. en mon endroit, ' for my part.'
NOTES. XXXVII 10~L 9 469
13. Ne poet clialoir : see Burguy, Gratnmaire ii. 26.
19. The romance of Generides exists in an English version, which
has been edited by Dr. Aldis Wright from a manuscript in the library
of Trinity Coll. Camb. (E.E.T.S. 1873).
Flo?-ent, no doubt, is the same as the hero of Govver's story in
Cottf. Am. i. 1407 ff., though there are others of his naine in Romance.
Partonope is Partonopeus de Blois. The correction of ' par Tonope '
is due to Warton.
XLIII I. Here the lady addresses a true lover, whose suit she accepts.
6. refuserai : cp. xl. 1. 1 1 .
23. quoique nulls en die, ' whatsoever any may say of it.'
XLV. 6. pour vo bounte considerer, 'by reflecting on your goodness' :
' pour ' is here equivalent to ' par.'
8. ' To describe your face.'
12. Pour votes a7ner, ' to love you ' : see note on Mir. 6328.
13. Donl m'est avis, answering to ' tiele,' ' in such a manner that ' :
see note on Mir. 217.
pour votts essampler, ' by taking you as their example,' cp. 1. 6 : but
this is not a usual sense of ' essampler.'
16. vo co7'l)ie, ' your disposition ' : see Glossary.
XLVI. The lady speaks again.
5. sauf toutdis, ' saving always ' : cp. xxii. I. 26, ' Salvant toutdis
I'estat de vostre honour.'
15. See note on ii. 1. 23.
18. par envoisure; cp. Mir. 988. Here it means 'by raillery' or
* in jest.'
23. touts passont a Pessai, ' surpass all others at the trial.'
24. q' amour : the Roxb. ed. reduces the sentence to nonsense by
giving ' qamont/ as conversely ' damour ' for ' damont ' in the margin
of Bal. V.
XLVI I. 2. /ait sustenir, ' doth support.'
4. qui le sclet maintenir, ' if a man can preserve it' : cp. xxvi. I. 9.
7. sil\ cp. xlii. 1. 20.
17. Plus est divers, 'he has more varied fortune.'
XLVI 1 1. For this kind of thing, which recurs often enough in the
literature of the time, cp. Rom. de la Rose, 4310 ff.
2. le droit certein, ' the true certainty ' : see ' certein ' in Glossary.
9. le repos. This is the reading of the MS., and so also 'est bass'
in 1. II. Dr. Stengel was safer than he supposed in following Todd.
XLIX. 5. qui dcinz soi, &c., ' when a man within himself,' &c.. cp.
xxvi. 1. 9.
L. 9. le tempre sue/: cp. Mir. 14707.
470 TRAITIE
(LI). This balade is not numbered and does not form one of the
' Cinkante Balades ' of which the title speaks. It is a kind of devotional
conclusion to the series. The envoy which follows, ' O gentile Engle-
terre,' does not belong to this balade, being divided from it by a space
in the MS. and having a different system of rhymes. It is in fact the
envoy of the whole book of balades.
19. fespoir: see Glossary under 'esperer.'
TRAITIE
The title ' Traitie ' is not in the MSS., but is inserted as that to which
reference is made in the Glossary and elsewhere. What follows,
'Puisqu'il ad dit,' &c., is the heading found in those MSS. which give
this series of balades together with the Confessio Amantis, that is in
seven out of ten, copies. In the other three the Traitie occurs inde-
pendently, but in two of these, viz. the All Souls and the Trentham
MSS., it is imperfect at the beginning, so that we cannot say what
heading it had, while in the third, the Glasgow copy, it has that
which is given in the critical note. It is certain in any case that
the author did not regard it as inseparable from the Confessio Amantis.
I. The numbers are introduced for reference : there are none in the
MSS.
4. per: so in the Fairfax MS. fully written, but we have 'par' fully
written elsewhere, as xi. 1. i6, therefore the contractions are usually so
expanded, e. g. in the preceding line.
8. celle alme, ' the soul/ cp. Bal. iii. 1. i, and see note on Mir. 301.
9. Tant soulement, see Glossary, ' tansoulement.'
II. 5. See note on Bal. ii. 1. 23. For the substance of the passage
cp. Mir. 17935 ff-
7. He means that continence is better than marriage, as we see from
the margin of the next balade.
20. en son atour, ' in its own condition.'
III. \. parfit: this form is preferred as expansion of the MS.
contraction, because it is more usual and is found fully written both in
the Miroiir (e. g. 1640) and in the present work, xviii. 1. 28 (Trentham
MS.), but ' perfit ' occurs in Ded. i. 1. 23 and Bal. xxvi. I. 15.
20. retenue^ cp. Bal. viii. 1. 17.
IV. 5. resemblont amorouses : cp. Mir. 1094.
17. par tiele cmpcitite : cp. Bal. xlii. 1. 10. It seems to mean 'in
such a manner.'
V. 8. Vespoiisailes, for 'li espousailes,' but this use of 'li' as fern,
plur. is rather irregular.
NOTES. Bal. LI— Trait. XII 19 471
VI. For the story see Cotif. Am. vi. 1789 fif.
The Latin margin has lost some parts of words in the Trentham MS.
by close cutting of the edges. The Roxb. ed. does not indicate the
nature of this loss nor correctly represent its extent, so that we are
left to suppose, for example, that 'nuper' is omitted, when as a fact
it is there, but partly cut away, and that the MS. reads ' violant' for
' violantes.'
6. envoisure, ' trickery,' ' deceit,' cp. xvi. 1. 3.
10. sans nulle autre essoine, ' without any other cause.'
15. The margin has suffered here also in the Trentham MS., but not
exactly as represented in the Roxb. ed.
17. Circes: cp. Mir. 16674 f-> where the same form is used,
' Uluxes, qant il folparla
A Circes et a Calipsa.'
VII. Margin damaged in the Trentham MS., as above mentioned.
For the story cp. Conf. Am. ii. 2145 ff- ^^^^ i^- 2045 ff.
1. El grant desert, &c. Cp. Chaucer, Moftkes Tale, 1. 128.
5. Achelons: so in Conf. Am. iv. 2068. Chaucer has 'Achiloyns,'
wrongly given ' Achiloyus ' in some editions.
9. Eoleti : this is the form of the name used in the Conf. Am. v.
6808 fif.
11. d'Er/rice: 'Euricie' in the Latin margin; cp. 'The kinges.
dowhter of Eurice,' Conf. Am. ii. 2267. It is taken as the name of
a country, but no doubt this results from a misunderstanding of some
such expression as Ovid's ' Eurytidosque loles,' ' of lole the daughter
of Eurytus,' taken to mean ' Eurytian lole.'
Hercttlem : cp. ' Medeam ' in viii. 1. 12.
17. Pauctour: probably Ovid, Met. ix.
VIII. Cp. Mir. 3725 fif. and Conf. Am. v. 3247 ff.
13. Creusa, a dissyllable, as in Conf Am. v. 4196 fif.
IX. Cp. Co?f. Am. iii. 1885 fif.
X. 8. Cp. CoJif. Am. vii. 4757 ff.
15. Cp. Cojif Am. i. 761 fif.
18. enbastiront tout le plai, 'contrived the whole matter.' The
word ' plait ' or ' plee ' means properly a process at law, hence a process
or design of any kind : ' bastir un plait ' is the same thing as ' faire un
plait,' used of designing or proposing a thing. See Burguy, Gram. ii.
under ' plait ' in the Glossary.
XI. Cp. Conf. Am. i. 2459 fif.
3. co/n oil qui: see note on Mir. i']^i,l.
XII. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 5551 ff.
19. hupe : the Conf. Am. v. 6041 says, 'A lappewincke mad he was.'
The two birds might easily be confused because both are marked by
472 TRAITlfe
the crest which in this case (according to the Confessio Amaniis)
determined the transformation. A similar confusion appears in Mirour
8869, where the bird that misleads people as to the place of its nest
is no doubt meant for a lapwing.
XIII. 10. This punctuation is more in the manner of the author
and also gives a better balance to the sentence than if we made the
pause after ' avoir' : so ' du roi mais ' in the next line : see note on Bal.
XX. I. 2.
13. dont, consecutive, answering to 'tiele' : see note on Mir. 217.
XIV. 7. qui, 'whom.'
10. Maisqti'il chaoit : cp. Bal. xvii. 1. 27. ' He had not power to
keep his body from falling into the pains of love.'
13. a Vo7nicide esguarde, 'looks towards murder.'
XV. 1-10. The losses at the beginnings of these lines in the Fairfax
MS. are as follows : Comun | De Lan | Enqore ma | Pour essamp |
Cil q'est gu | Droitz est | Car be | To | U que | Deu |
7. Car beat oisel, &c., cp. Mir. 7969.
10. Cp. Con/. Am. vi. 330 ff.
13. Pare7iire deux: cp. Bal. xxvii. 1. 24, Mir. 1178.
XVI. Cp. Mir. 17089 ff., Conf. Am. v. 6393 ff.
XVII. 2. 'This the faith pledged with the right hand requires.'
For ' plevie au destre main ' cp. Bal. xxiii. I. 5.
9. ert, ' there shall be,' cp. Mir. 17689. Both future and conditional
are used to express command or obligation.
13. This is the traditional character of Gawain ' the Courteous ' :
' " Art thou not he whom men call light-of-love ? "
" Ay," said Gawain, " for women be so light." '
Tennyson, Pclleas and Ettarre.
XVII I. 22. This Envoy, though it may be taken to have reference
to the whole series of balades composing the Traitic, belongs in form
to the concluding balade and speaks of it specially, ' ceste Balade
envoie.' It is addressed to the world generally, 'Al universite de tout
le monde,' and, as was the wont of Englishmen who wrote in French,
the author asks pardon for his deficiencies of language.
The Latin lines * Quis sit vel qualis ' follow the Traitid, so far as
I know, in every existing copy, and must be taken in connexion with
it. In all except one of the MSS. these first nine lines are followed,
as in the text given, by the short Carmen de variis in amore passionibus
beginning 'Est amor in glosa,' and this is followed by the eight lines
beginning ' Lex docct auctorum.' In the Trentham copy, however,
the intervening Cartnen is omitted and these last eight lines are
given as if they formed one piece with the first nine.
NOTES. XIII 10— 'Lex docet,' 7 473
' QUIS SIT VEL QUALIS,' &C.
2. mentalis sit amor, &c. I take this to mean, ' so that there may be
such spiritual love (as I have described) in the order' ; but it is not very
clear, and it must be noted that F punctuates after ' mentalis.'
3 f. ' We may fear what is to come by the example of what is past ;
to-morrow as yesterday the flesh may be lightly stirred.'
Carmen de varus, &c.
With this compare Bal. xlviii., and Rom. de la Rose, 4320 flf.,
'Amors ce est pais ha'ineuse,
Amors est haine amoreuse,' &c.
1. in glosa, 'by interpretation.'
' Lex docet auctorum,' &c.
\. quod iter, «S:c., 'that the fleshly pilgrimage is more secure for
those who have the bands of wedlock upon them.'
5. quasi regula : apparently comparing marriage to a monastic rule,
into which men are gathered for their salvation.
7. Hinc vetus annorum. The comment on this concluding couplet
is to be found in the record of the poet's marriage, in the year 1397-8,
to Agnes Groundolf.
GLOSSARY
AND
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Note. This Glossary is intended to be a complete Vocabulary of the language
used by Gower in his French works, recording as far as possible every word and
every form of spelling, with a sufficient number of references to serve for veri-
fication. The meanings in English are given only where this seems desirable,
either for explanation of the less usual words or to distinguish the various uses
of those that are more familiar. It must be remembered that some -of the
meanings given are conjectural, and the unqualified statements of the Glossary
are sometimes discussed in the Notes.
With regard to the references, it should be noted that the number of them
is not at all an indication of the frequency with which a word occurs. Many
of the commonest words, occurring in one form of spelling only and presenting
no difficulty, are dismissed with a single reference to the first passage where they
occur in each section of the author's works. On the other hand words which
are found with different forms of spelling usually have references given for each
form, and often the fact that a word is of uncommon occurrence or presents some
difficulty as regards meaning has caused it to be followed by a larger number
of references. It should be observed that for the purposes of the Glossary our
author's French works have been regarded as falling into two distinct sections, the
first consisting of the Mirour de rOmvie, and the second of the Balades and the
Traitie, and wherever a word or form occurs in both sections the double
reference is given. This is done in order to exhibit the likeness or difference
of the language used, and to serve as additional evidence of the authorship
of the Mirour. For Proper Names a complete set of references is regularly
given, but allegorical names and personified vices and virtues are not usually
classed as Proper Names.
The references to a number only are to lines in the Mirour de rOmtne. The
letters D, B, and T, followed by a Roman and an Arabic numeral, refer to the
balades in the Dedication, the Cinkante Balades, and the Traitie respectively.
These are not referred to in the Glossary by lines but only by stanzas. The
476 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Table of Contents at the beginning of the Mirour is referred to by the letter C.
Such a reference as 16272 (R) is to the rubric following 1. 16272.
Where difterence of spelling consists in the insertion or omission of a single
letter, the fact is often recorded by means of parenthesis, e. g. ' con(n)estable,'
* baro(u)n,' indicating that both ' connestable ' and ' conestable,' ' baroun ' and ' baron,'
are found. The inflexional s ox z in the termination of singular nouns is usually
treated in the same way, but references are not always given for both forms.
The gender of substantives is not noted, because so much irregularity prevails in
this respect that it seems hardly worth while to investigate the subject. All
verbal inflexions of any interest have been set down. The grammatical abbre-
viations, J. substantive, a. adjective, 7'. a. verb active, v. n. verb neuter, I s. p. first
person sing. pres. tense, pp. past participle, and so on, will be readily understood.
Words which occur in the text with an initial mute h dropped owing to elision
will usually be found under the letter h.
a, prep. 42, D. ii. i : see al, au, as.
&, for ad, see avoir.
Aaron, see Aron.
aas, as, i-. 7313, 11 600, ace, one.
abaier, ?'. a. 4282, bark forth.
abandoun6(e), ,y. 8943, 8984, devoted ser-
vant
abandon fn)er, habandonner, 7/. a. 546,
1507, 2169, B. xvii. 2, deliver up, give
freely.
abatre, v. a. 315, 7855, beat down, over-
come, abate : s'abatre, 16566, be over-
come.
abaubir, v. a. 25761, confuse.
abay, s. 1728, barking.
abbacie, s. 20901, abbey.
abbes, s. 9138, 121 15, abbot.
abbesse, s. 121 15, abbess.
abeisser, abesser, 7'. rt. 2124, 3846, lower,
abase.
Abel, 4566, 4969, 1 22 1 7.
abesser, see abeisser.
abev(e)rer, 7'. a. 2410, 11837, supply
with drink.
abeyver, -,'. a. 12956, supply with drink.
abhominable, a. 1108, 4495.
abhominacioun, s. 1670.
abhosm6, a. 1 121, abominable; 8195,
filled with horror.
abhofsimer, 7'. a. 2646, 6692, abhor.
Abigail, 13662, 17473.
Abiron, 2343.
abisme, s. 1 878.
abit, see habit.
'abitement, s. 12535, habitation.
abject, a. 12836, cast away.
able, a. 17396, fit.
Abner (i), 4771.
Abner (2), 17480, Heber.
abondanee, see habondance.
abonder, see habonder.
Abraham, 11418, 12228 f., T. xiii. I.
absent, a. 975.
s'absenter, v. 20294.
absoldre, see assoldre.
Absolon, 1470, 12985, 23190.
absolucioun, s. 10380.
abstenir, 7'. a. 1742, B. xviii. 3, T. xiv. 2:
V. n. B. XXV. 3.
abstinence, s. 7725, 16272 (R).
abstinent, a. 1 6298 ff.
abus6e, a. 7695, wrongful, perverse.
abusioun, s. 20471, abuse.
aeatant, s. 7456, buyer : cp. achatant.
acatement, j. 25806, buying.
acater, v. a., 3 s. p. acat, 6956, buy : cp.
achater.
acceptable, a. 4491.
accepter, 7/. a. 4493.
accident, s. 2069, 23340.
accidie, accide, s. 255, 5126, sloth,
accompte, acompte, s. \ 504, 6519, 1 1922,
reckoning, account, affair.
accord, accorder, see aeord, acorder.
accoustumm6, s. 7330, customer.
accru(z), see acrestre.
accusatour, s. 17471, accuser,
aceusement, s. 8852, accusation,
accuser, 7/. a. 161.
aceraer,ascenier, 7'.a. 1241,18329, adorn.
Achab, 4957, 6775, 12592, 17635.
Achaie, 20072.
Achar, 6999.
achatant, s. 7430, buyer : ep. aeatant.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
477
achater, v. a. 1938, 6294; 3 s. p. achat,
6904 : provide, buy : cp. acater.
Achelons, T. vii. i.
aehever, achiever, v. a. 331, 336, ac-
complish.
Achilles, Achillant, 23365 ff.
Achitofel, 23189.
acier, s. 883.
s'acliner, v. 7836, incline.
acol(l)er, v. a. 1051, 8718, embrace.
acoinpaign(i)er, acompainer, v. a., n.
and refl._ 370, 607, 1514, 3871, 4716,
21305, join as companion, accompany.
acomparer, v. a. 8336 ; 2 s. fut. acom-
paras, 21536 : pay for.
aeomplir, %>. 4656.
acomplissement, s. B. i. 3, deed.
acomptable, a. 231 12.
acomptant, s. 6902, accountant.
acompter, v. 1747, reckon up, give an
account.
acord, accord, s. 1428, 22898, B. xxxiv. i,
acort, 226, 29440, agreement, company.
acordance, s. 2947, agreement.
acordant, accordant, a. 738, 18001, B.
xxxii. 3, in agreement, suitable.
aeordement, s. 593.
acorder, accorder, v. n. and ?efl. yi(),
1 1 88, B. xii. 3, 1. I, agree, be willing.
acorder, s. 13894, agreement.
acort, see acord.
acostoier, v. n. 5S04, be by the side.
s'acoupler, v. 9186, have intercourse to-
gether.
ac(o)urre, v. n. 7400, 185S4, run up.
acoustumer, see acustummer.
acoustummable, a. 9581, accustomed.
acoustummance, see aevistummance.
acoustumme, see acustumme.
acqueintance, see aqueintance.
acquere, a(d)quere, v. a. 1990 ; }, s. p.
aquiert, adquiert, 3358, 8400.
acquester, aquester, v. a. 1352, 5360,
adquester, 7204, acquire.
acquiter, aquiter, v. a. 11095, 11209,
remit, set free, acquit, perform.
acrestre, (accrestre), acroistre, 7'. a.
7030, 994 1 , 1 8007 ;//. accru(8), accru( z ),
2778, B. xvi. 2 : increase, strengthen,
cause.
acrocher, v. 26164, gain.
actif, a. 14406.
acuillir, v. a. 1 5086 ; 2, s.p. acuilt, 5047 :
take, seize.
aculper, v. a. 27263, blame.
acun(s), see ascun(sj.
acurre, see acourre.
acuatum(m)ance, acoustummance, jr.
8826, 18003, 24385, custom, intercourse,
acustummant, a. 6809, accustomed.
acustumme, acoustum(m)e, a. 2680,
6906, 23242, accustomed, habitual.
acustummer, ac(o)ustumer, v. a. 6437,
accustom ; 9450, 27699, practise.
ad, see avoir.
Adam, Adans, 82 ft", 6995, 9988, 1 1366 ft",
12338, 17152, 18689 ft"., 21 102, 27075,
27747, 28452, 28855 ff-) T. iii. 2.
addicioun, j'. 5192.
ades, adv. 195, 2424, 2906, D. i. 2, B. xx.
I, at once, continually, in order,
adescer, adesser, v. a. 1800, 2658, 10862,
B. vi. 3, take hold of, seize, reach.
adherder, (adherdre), v. a. 2347, 6142,
attach: 7'.//. 17235, adhere: c/.aherdre.
adhers,//. 14457, attached.
adjouster, adjuster, v. a. 3148, 6350, add.
adjug(g)er, v. a. and n. 1504, 24787, judge,
pronounce (as a decision).
adjutoire, s. 18693, assistance.
adonque, adv. 15036, then.
adoubbement, s. 18090, equipment.
adoub6, s. 15 131, armed knight. -
adouber, v. a. 14271, equip, appoint,
adourer, see aourer.
adourner, see aourner.
adquere, see acquere.
adquester, see acquester.
adrescer, v. a. 8070, B. vi. 3, direct :
s'adreseer, 5784, B.xliv. 3, apply oneself.
aduner, %>. a. 6640, gather together.
adure, a. 14276, hardened.
advers, adverse, a. 4630, 23532, hostile,
adversaire, s. 570, enemy.
adversant, a. 14084, hostile: j-. 13038,
adversary.
adverse, s. 3168, enemy.
adverser, v. n. 4084, be opposed,
adverser, a. 2324, hostile, perverse.
adverser, adversier(s), s. 1429, 5022,
1 1 272 \ f. adversiere, 197 : enemy,
adverser, s. 10289, I4047) adversity,
adversite, adverset6, ^. 252, 504.
advocat, s. 6329.
aese, ease, aise, ese, s. 3879, 5134, 5155,
B. X. 3, xiii. I.
affaire, = a faire, 14, 15228.
affaire, affere, s. 178, 681, B. iv. 4.
affaitier, af(f)aiter, v. a. 5162, 14065,
20140, train, teach.
affeccioun, ^. B. xxi. 3.
aflferant, s. 1 1756, due place.
478 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
affere, sec affaire.
afferir, v., 3 s. p. affiert, 5863, 71 n,
affiere, 3068, strike, belong, be litting :
s'afferir, 13 177, agree,
affermer, v. a. 1952, 10187, affirm,
strengthen,
affiance, j. 8683, assurance,
affier, ?'. a. 10158, affiance: s'affier, 3589,
trust.
affiler, v. a. 4046, 6292, 9086, 16082,
(sharpen), prepare, train,
afflicciovm, s. 41 31.
affliger, ?'. a. 11 57.
aifoler (i), 7/. a. 2486, 5726, make foohsh :
?'. //. 11952, think foohshly.
affoler (2), 7'. a. 2840, 3533, wound, kill.
s'aflforcer, 71. 1995, endeavour,
affoubler, v. a. 7111, put on (a garment):
s'affoubler, 871, dress oneself,
agait, agaiter, see aguait, aguaiter.
Agamenon, 15. xx. 3, T. ix. 2.
Agar, 1 1416 ff.
agard, agarder, sec aguard, aguarder.
Agarreni, 21604.
age, s. 1647.
s'agreer. ?'. 14520, be pleased,
s'aggregger, t. 1516, grow worse,
agreste, a. 3527. 12868, wild, savage,
agu, a. 1766, 28723, (fiebrej ague, 9546,
sharp, violent, piercing.
aguait, agait, s. 2695, 3847, 9212, 9222,
ambush, lurking-place, snare, danger.
aguaiter, agaiter, v. a. yig, 4823, 18124,
lie in wait for.
aguard, agard, J. 4997, 17 148, B. ix. 5,
care, view.
aguarder, agarder, v. a. and n. 933, 2157,
2265, 4674, 1>. xxii. 4; imperat. aguar,
582 : see, look at, pay regard, take care,
aguile, s. 6751, needle.
aguilil)oun, aguil(l)on, aiguiloun, s.
2354, 3549. 4871, 5437, i937o, sting,
goad,
aherdre, v. a., 3 s. p.&hert, 5872, attach,
s'ahonter, ?'. 2529, be ashamed.
aide, s. T. viii. i, eide, 528 (R), eyde, C.
aider, 7'. a. and n. })i'j, 5494, 5811, B.
xxvii. I ; 3 s.p. suhj. aid, 25451.
aie, aye,.f. 374, 28521, D. ii. 4, aiue, ayue,
2966, 6313, aid.
aigle, s. 860, B. xlvi. i.
aignel, aigneaKs), s. 1 101, 21090; /". ai-
gnelle, J>. xlviii. 3.aignale, 91 19: lamb.
aiguiloun, see aguilloun.
ailours, adi'. B. xl. 2, T. xi. 2, aillours,
4456, elsewhere, besides.
aimal, s. 21020, jewel (?).
aincois, adv. D. i. i, aneois, 74, 319,
beft)re, on the contrary, but ; aincois
que, 2120, B. ix. 2 : prep. 17374.
ainsi, sec ensi.
ainz, ains, einz, adv. and conj. 15, 3375,
1 1 369, 13022, B. XX. I, 1. 2, T. xi. 2,
formerly, rather, on the contrary, but :
ainz que, 1891.
air, s. 2577, B. xvi. i, eir, 13S67.
aire (1), s. 2987; de mal aire, 13457,
du bon aire, 15187 : disposition.
aire (2), s. 18056, ground.
s'airer, v. 22250, be angry.
aise, sec aese.
aisee, a. 5172, at ease.
aiseement, adv. 5259, easily.
aisne, a. 244, eldest.
aiue, see aie.
aiuer, v. a. 1769, 16412, help.
al, 532, T. i. I.
alasser, v, a. 14278, weary.
Albertes, 10801.
Albins, T. xi. 1.
Albumazar, 26749.
Alceone, B. xxxiv. 3.
alconomie, s. 25515, alchemy.
alegger, see allegger (i).
aleine, s. 2037, B. xiv. 4, breath, voice.
alenter, see allentir.
aler, 7'.;/. 325,411, 1572, B. vi. 3; \ pi. p.
aloms, 28377 : see va and irrai.
alie, s. 23898, alder-berry.
aliener, v. a. 5678, estrange.
alier(s), s. 10656, traveller.
Alisandre, 12998, 22051 ff., T. vi. i.
allaier, v. a. B. xxvii. 3, alleviate.
allaiter, v. a. 1434, 7883, suckle, suck.
alleg(g)ance, s. 29909, B. xiii. 4, allevia-
tion.
alleggement, s. 10367, alleviation.
allegger (i), v. a. 4295, 10210, alegger,
B. xxxvi. 3, alleviate, lighten.
allegger (2). 7'. a. 5611, allege.
allentir, alenter, i'. n. 3712, 14363, grow
sluggish, he slack.
allentis, a. 5534, sluggish.
allever, 71. a. 1376, 18208, raise, bring up.
alliance, s. 270, 6925, 9853, B. iv. 3, alli-
ance, allies, company, council.
allier, v. a. 25515, B. x. 2, join together,
alloy: v. n. 1813S, be an associate,
alliner, v. n. 5126, intermarry.
allouer, v. a. 20184, 24946, allow, award.
allumer, v. a. 26684.
alme, s. 392, D. i. 3, T. i. i, soul.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 479
almofDsne, s. 7576, 13840, 15423, alms.
almoisner, v. a. 15495, relieve with alms.
almoisnerie, s. 15603, alms-giving.
almosnere, ( i ), st'e auinosnier(s).
almosnere (2), j-. 15525, alms.
alors, adv. 12964 : cp. lors.
alouette, s. 5637.
Alphonses, Alphonse, 2843, 13675.
alqant,^r<';//.,ly(luy) alqant, 2793, 25945,
certain persons.
altier, see autier.
altre, see autre,
alumer, v. a. 17987, set on tire.
alure, s. 107 14, speed.
Amalecli. 5662, 10301.
Aman, 11075 fif., Haman : cp. Naman.
amant(z), amans, s. 1,9332, B. iv. i,x. 2.
amasser, v. a. 7532.
ambe, ambes, a. 2786, both.
ambedeuK, />?on. 3238, both.
ambesaas, s. 24226, double ace.
ambicioun, j. 3398, see note.
Ambrose, Ambroise, 6397, 6798, 7016,
8253, 13321, 13732, 14569, 16927, 17077,
18025.
amegrir, v. a. 20865, make lean.
anieist6, amiste, s. 501, 4355, B. x. i.
amendant, .f. 1 1 396, amends.
amende, s. 4733.
am.endement, s. 1595, 2914.
amender, v. a. 731, B. xlv. i.
amender, i\ 26854, amendment.
amener, 7/. a. 497, T. viii. i; 3 J./, ameine,
28539.
amenuser, ?/. 9690, diminish.
amer {i), v. a. 1374, B. i. 2 ; i s. p. ayme,
1301, aime, B. xxi. 4, aym. 8951, aim,
B. iv.* I ; t//!p. amoye, 4022.
amer (2), s. 29451, love.
amer(8), /. amere, a. 157, 2474, 6689,
am.ier, B.xlviii. 2,amiere,B.xvi.2,bitter.
amerous, see amorous,
amerrir, v. a. 191 5, 2724, diminish,
destroy: v. n. I1130, fail.
amertume, s. 18237, bitterness.
ami(s), amy, s. m. 333, 944, B. iv.* 2, 3,
ix. I ; /. amie, amye, 149, 1609, B. iv. i.
amiable, a. 1 113, B. xl. i, lovable, kind.
amiablement, adv. 19483, lovingly.
amiie, see ami.
amier, see amer (i).
amiste, see ameist6.
amollir, v. 2055, soften.
Amon (I), 3254.
Amon (2), 16770, Amnon.
Amon (3J, (King of Judah), 7611.
amonester, v. a. 583, warn : v. n. 17809,
give exhortation.
amont, prep, and adv. 95, 712, 2123,6.
xviii.3, d'amont,2848i, B. v. 4 (margin),
up, up to, up in, above.
amontanee, i-. 13308, rising.
amonter, v. /?. , 3 s. p. amonte, 1501,6.
xlvi. 1, amont, 5801, rise high, be worth,
signify.
amorous, amourous, a. 19, B. iii. 1, xxxi.
3, amerous, B. xi. i fif.
amortir, amorter, v. a. 9597, 12379,
destroy.
Amos, 4220, 9579.
amour, a-. 3, 23949, D. ii. 3, &c.
amourette, ^■. 9288, 17896.
amourous, see amorous,
amperere, see emperour.
amy, amye, see ami.
an, aun, i\ 1932, 6621, B. xxiii. 2, T. xv. 2.
ancelle, s. 1008, waiting-maid, servant,
ancesserie, s. 25802, D. ii. 3, ancestors,
ancessour, s. 11959, ancestor.
ancestre, s. 15767, 17345, parent,
ancien, a. 4729.
an9ois, see aincois.
Andreu (Saint), 20071, 29177. -
anel, s. 7100, B. xxxiii. 2, ring,
anemi, anemy(s), enemy, s. 633, 2631,
28937, D. i. 2, B. xxiii. 2 ; / anemie,
2438 : enemy,
anesse, jt. 8136.
angel, see angre.
angelin, a. 1149, 5170, angelic.
angelour, a. 29529, angelic,
angle (i), s. 10598, corner,
angle {2), s. see angre.
angre, J. 62, 79, angle, 1150, angel, 10702,
angel.
anguisse, s. 10524.
anguissous, a. 23194.
anguler, a. 19427, full of corners,
animal, s. 24977.
Anne (i), 10274, Hannah.
Anne (2), 17702, Edna.
Anne (3), 27488, St. Anne.
ann6e, s. 8416.
annoy, s. 3128, harm,
annoyer, v. a. 3360, harm,
annueler, s. 20496 (R.).
Antecrist, 6721, 18793.
Antiochus, 2384, 4480, 10254.
antiquement, adv. 7095.
antiquity, s. 12600.
antis, a. 5680, old.
aourer, adourer, v. 18738, 27683, worship.
48o GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
aourner, adourner, v. a. 11991, 26730,
adorn.
aparcevance, s. 1984.
aparcevoir, 7'. ir. and re/i. 2697, B. xli 3 ;
3 s. pre/, aparcut, 123, aparcuit, 625 ;
/>res. part, aparceivant, 20764 ; pp.
apareeu, 10602.
apareiller, see apparailler.
apartenir, see appartenir.
s'apenser, v. 27549, intend.
apent, see appendre.
apert, apers. a. 1975, 6980, 21777, open,
public, allowable: en apert, 1395,
openly.
apert, adv. 9002.
apertement, adv. 1079.
aperticer, v. a. 2995, make known, show,
apiert, see apparer.
apocalips, apocalis, 2464, 7441, 8061,
9889, 17044,21739.
apostata, .s-. 2512.
apostazer, v. n. 2020, 9132.
apostazie, s. 20979, apostacy (from reli-
gious rule).
aposteme, s. 13960, abscess.
apostre, s. 49.
appaier, = a paier, 24326.
s'appaier, v. loioo, be pleased.
apparailler, ap(p)areiller, v. a. 1221,
5220, 2221 1, apparel, prepare,
apparant, a. 11 82, B. xxxviii. 3.
apparant, s. 5580, heir (?).
apparantie, s. 11 24, appearance,
apparence, apparance. s. 3510, 14802.
apparer, v. >i. and reji. 487 ; 3 ^■. p. apiert,
2597, appiert, 17732, appiere, 1775: 3
s.fut. appara, 1140, apparra, 20068;
3 s. p. siibj. appere, 12035 : appear.
apparisance, s. 11 38, appearance,
apparisant, a. 16900.
aplpiartenir, v. tt. 450 ; 3 s.pret. appar-
tient, 4562 ; pres. part, appartienant,
6475- . , ,
appell, s. 4765, 1 1 28 1, nammg, chal-
lenge.
aplpieller, v. a. 222, 20358; I s.p. appeU,
5041 : call, summon, accuse.
ap(p)endre, ?'. «.. 3 s. p. appent, 1535,
apent. 2612, belong.
appeser, 7'. a. 17475, appease.
appeticer, v. a. 18915, desire.
appetit, s. 5198, B. xxvi. 3.
appetiter, v. 6275, 8697, desire.
appiert, appiere, see apparer.
applier, apploier, v. a. 2982, 7578, 14324,
18880.
Appollo, AppoUinis, Appolin, 7093,
19986, 22328.
apporter, v. a. 259, B. iii. 4.
appourtenance, s. 8443.
apprentis, s. 24361.
apprentisal, ^\ 25799, apprenticeship
ap(p)roprier, v. a. 8092, 13976.
approver, %>. a. 13325, prove, approve,
apreiidre, v. a. 57, 240, 835, B. xxix. i,
XXX iv. I.
apres, adv. and prep. 385, 675, 4434, D.
ii. 4, B. ii. 4 ; en apres, 92.
aprest, s. 6236, loan.
aprester, apprester, 7-. a. 976, 7221,
15356, prepare, lend.
aprise, s. 59S, 1036, 1149, teaching, skill,
school.
aprocher, 7'. ;/. 3190.
aprompter, v. 5446, 7232, borrow,
aproprie, a. 1 01 30, proper,
apt, a. 5647.
aquasser, v. a. 15646, (destroy), remove,
aqueintance, s. 1634, acqueintanee. H.
xxiii. I, aquointance, 130.
aqueinte (i), .$■. 5293, friend.
aqueinte (2), s. 13690, fi-iendship (.').
aqueintement, s. 26021.
aqueinter, aquointer, v. a. 7267, B. x. i,
make acquaintance with ; s'aqueinter
(s'aquointer) de, 5072, B. xlii. 1.
aqueste, s. 15358, acquisition.
aquester, see acquester.
aquiert, see acquere.
aquitance, s. 26064.
aquiter, see acquiter.
aqxiointance, aquointer, see aquein-
tance, aqueinter.
aquointement, s. 4580.
Arable, B. xxxv. 2.
arbitrement, s. 187 12, decision,
arbre, s. 116.
arbroy, s. 7S96, wood,
arcbalaste, s. 9337, crossbow,
archangre, s. 3734, archangel,
arche, s. 4533, 102 19, ark.
archedeacne, s. 20091, archediakne, C,
archdeacon.
archepreste, s. 2275, chief priest.
archer, s. 2834.
Archideclin, 2S395.
ardant, a. 606, B. iii. I, xxvii. I.
ardantment, ad^K 7664.
ardoir (arclre\ v. a. and //. 9471, T. vii.
3 ; \ s. p. ars, B. ix. 4 ; 3 s. arst. art,
1879,3632, 3822; pp. arsz, T. .\i. 3:
burn.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 481
ardour, s. 3030, ardure, 377S, heat,
passion.
arein, arrein, s. 14731, T. vii. i, brass.
areine, s. 6397, crab (?).
arer, 7/. 5451, plough.
arere, m/v. 780, 20646, back, behind.
areson(n)er, v. a. 528 (R), 68 5, reason
with.
arest, s. 11850, hindrance,
arestance, s. 3622, stopping.
aresteisoun, s. 16735, 17723, delay,
ceasing.
arester, (aresteir), 7>. a. and «. 2997,
3918, s'arester, 9810; pp. arestu,
11160, arrestu(z), 26504: arrest, stop,
take one's stand.
argent, s. 1076.
argentin, a. 24730, of silver.
arguer, v. a. 1095, 2973, 10112, refute,
blame,
argument, s. 1397.
Ariagne, B. xliii. i.
Arimaspi, 10737.
Aristotle, Aristote, Aristole, 1449, 3382,
7393, 10957, 17617, 17629, 24714, 25969,
26929.
armer, v. a. 14274, B. xliii. 2.
armes, s. 1941, T. vii. i,
armoy, s. 23718.
armure, s. 12887, armour.
Aron, Aaron, 161 41, 20701.
arondelle, arundelle, s. 16104, 22131,
swallow.
aro(u)ser, v. a. 3S28, 5177, water.
s'arouter, v. 20138, 29680, assemble,
form a company.
arrable, a. 26717.
arraier, v. a. 29804, prepare.
arrainier, v. a. 18409, declare (war).
array, arrai, ari'oy, s. 840 (R), 854, 5432,
18964.
arrement, s. T. xv. 2, ink.
arreri(s), arrery, //. 3232, 3377, put
back, damaged.
arrestuz, see arester.
arrogance, s. 1831.
arroy, see array,
ars, art, arst, arsz, see ardoir.
arsure, s. 1 1 5 1 4, burning heat.
art, s. 1899, B. xix. i ; pi. ars, 1450.
artefiee, artifice, s. 21418, 25500 (R),
device, handicraft.
article, s. 12343.
artificer, s. C.
Artus, Arthus, 14273, 23870.
arundelle, see arondelle.
as,= a les, 949, D. ii. 5 ; as ses, 3265 ; as
les, 23922, T. xvi. 1 : {also often a les,
e. g. B. xxxi. i).
as, s. see aas.
Asahel, 4769.
ascemer, see acemer.
ascencioun, j-. 29220 (R).
ascendre, v. n. 602 : v. a. 131 52.
aseoulter, asculter, v. a., n. and refl.
i\Ti, 1039, 1709, 2692, escoulter, i,
2736, listen to, listen.
ascun(s), aucun(8), pron. 504, 975, 1321,
D. ii. 3, 4, B. xvi. 3, acun(s), 1445,
20647, some, any, some one, any one.
ascunefois, adv. 25562, also ascune fois,
aseunement, adv. B. xix. 2, aucunement,
485, 1726, at all, in any way.
ascunepart, adv. C, in any direction,
ascuny, /r^;;;. 2714, any one.
asne, s. 889.
aspirant, s. 26948, breath.
aspirer, v. a. 8538, draw in fas breath).
asporter, v. a. 1 569, carry oft".
aspre, a. 3686, B. 1. 2, rough, sharp ;
Aspre vie, 17965.
asprement, adv. 2556.
aspret6, s. 11 56.
assai, s. B. xxxvi. i, trial.
assaillir, v. a. 5497 ; -^s.p. assalt, 2537 ;
assavdt, 6269; assaille, 4210.
assalt, s. 9304, attack.
assavoir, = a savoir, 375, B. xli. 2.
asseine, see assener.
assenible(e), s. 1708, 7899.
assembleisoun, s. 8645, meeting.
assemblement, s. 343, assembly, union,
assembler, v. a. 332, join, gather together:
s'assembler, 9183, have intercourse
together.
assembler, s. 8658, meeting.
assener, v. a. 25394; i, -^s.p. asseine,
2745, B. X. 2, xiv. 3, xxxix. 2, strike,
direct, address, dispose, approach :
s'assener, 133 16, address oneself.
assentir, v. ?j. and reji. 8682 ; ■^ s. p.
assente, 131 72, 13786.
(asseoir, asseir), v. a., 3 s. p. assit, 129,
assist, 2160, assiet, 17887; pp. assis,
_/C assise, assisse, 906, 1707, 2498,2938,
D. i. 2, B. ix. 5 : place, set, appoint,
arrange,
assetz, asses, adv. 900, 2173, B. viii. i,
T. ii. I ft"., much, enough : d'assetz,
9166, by much.
asseurance, s. 1674 1.
asseurer, see assurer.
1 1
482 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
assez. a.(?) 1 3828, great.
assieger, v. a. 23727, besiege.
assigner, 7'. a. 29300, appoint.
Asiirien, jr. 1 1021.
assisse, assise, s. 2295, 2497, 3743» S*^''^)
place, company, trial, decision ; ^1264,
amount (assessment).
assissour. s. 6332, 161 12, juror,
assister. t. fi. 17049, stand by.
associer, f. a., «. and ?t'/l. 2307, 4757 ;
2i s. p. associe, associt, 2437, 17136:
join.
assoldre, absoldre, 71. a. 21262, 22954,
absolve.
assorbir, assorber, v. a. 7624, 8624.
assoter, 7'. n. and fcji. 3897, 20688, be
foolish, be made a fool ; assoter de,
7404, be fond of: 7'. a. 9329, make
a fool of.
assuager, v. n. 2543, become less: v. a.
18227, alleviate.
Assiierus, 17467.
aasumpcioun, s. 29341.
assurer, asseurer, 7/. a. 8630, 10148 ; 1
s.p. assure, asseur, B. iv. I, vii. 2:
assure, betroth : v. n. and rejl. 4359,
14640, B. xii. 2.
astronomye, s. 10679.
atalanter, 7/. 3713, desire,
atant, s. and adv. 820, 3610; a tant,
23953, B. V. 3 : so much, so many, just
so : jusques atantque, 3320, until,
ateint, see atteindre.
Athenes, 13433, 19982, T. xii. I.
atiflfer, 7'. a. 8716, adorn.
atir, s. 8915, 18468, preparation, ecjuip-
mcnt, arrangement.
atirer, v. a. 5562, 15567, 19318, adorn,
arrange, prepare; 15 145, bring.
atort, a(h\ 13109, wrongly : cp. tort,
atour, s. 925, 1255, 11178, B. xxxv. 3, T.
ii. 3, adornment, equipment, state,
manner.
atourner, atto(u)rner, v. a. 6283, 161 14,
1671 1, direct, dispose, prepare,
atrapper, see attrapper.
attacher, 7'. a. 28995.
atteindre, v. a. and ;;. 4312, 5107, 9918,
attain, reach, attack, come://. at(tleint,
attains, 167, 3662, B. xlii. i, convicted,
tainted,
atteintiz), a. 8705, 25033, affected (in the
wits), corrupt,
atteinte, s. 13687, defilement.
attem prance, s. 1 5232, 22919, self-control,
tempering, harmonising.
attemprer, tA^. 3874. T. i. 1, temper,tune.
attemprure, s. 22898, harmony.
attempter, v. a. 2598, 21466, aim at,
attack.
attendance, s. 272.
attendant, s. 5, 881.
attendre, 7'. a. 605, 7919, B. v. margin,
wait for, expect, be destined to : 7'. n.
309, 597. 3939, B. iii. i ; imperat. atten,
5214: wait, remain, belong.
attenir, v. n. 15220, belong.
attourn6, s. 24795, attorney.
atto(u)rner, see atourner.
attraire, attrere, v. a. 567, 17356; 3 s.p.
attrait, attraie, 1550, B. xxvii. 3,
xxxviii. I, attret, 6235 : draw, bring,
collect, carry out, assume, teach : see
note on 1. 10748.
attrait, s. 8938, establishment.
attrap(p)er, atrapper, v. a. 2213, 3562,
B. xix. I, catch, contine.
QiW, prep., Tjery commonly for a,, 105, 416,
B. xxxviii. I, &c.; a/so/ora, le,si, B. ix. i ;
and a la, 133, B. iv. 4, (S:c.
aube, s. 27622.
auci, adv. 90, 1101, B. iv.* 2, aussi,
536, so, also, as.
auctorit6, s. 17143.
auctour, s. 1297, 1676, T. vii. 3, author,
authority.
aucun(8), see ascunfs).
aucunement, see ascunement.
audience, s. 349.
audit, s. 1143, hearing.
aviditour, s. 3558, 16662, hearer, auditor
(of accounts),
augst, august, .r. 10651, 1S295, harvest.
augurre, j-. 1476. augury.
august, see augst.
Augustin(s), 1 194, 1784, 4225, 10411,
11044, 13477, 13537, 13549, 15241,
17907, 20547, 20845, 20886.
aulques, aulqes, adv. 899, 12256, some-
what.
aultier, see autier.
aultre, see autre,
aumosnieris), S41 1 ; y! almosnere, 1077:
almoner, almsgiver.
aun, see an.
aussi, see auci.
autier, aultier, s. 4463, 20386, altier,
20442, altar.
autre, a. and s. 247, D. i. 3, B. xxvi. 2,
aultre, 7565, altre, 19395, other,second:
d'autre part, d'autrepart, 616, 937,
on the other hand.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
483
autrecy, aiitreci, adv. ^^,6, 1948, thus,
just so.
autrement, adv. 1727.
autrepart, adT. 4419, elsewhere ; d'autre-
part. 616, on the other hand : cp. autre,
autresfoitz, autre(s)fois, adv. 7911,
24468, B. vii. 3, another time, again.
autretiel, a. 6696, just such ; avitre tal,
9557, a hke thing.
autri, siatYj. proti. 1107, 1419, T. xviii.
I, others, of others.
aux, = eux, 7181.
aval, adi'. and prep. 712, 2257, B. vii. 2,
down,
avaler, ?'. a. 8338, 10306, lower, swallow
down, bring down: v.n. 558, comedown.
avance, s. 20232, superior,
avancement, s. 6713.
avancer.z'.a. 274, 1739, B.xv.3: ?'.«. 3099.
avanci6, a. (pp). 20269, promoted.
avant, ad7'. 1 14, 3628, 9271, first, in front,
onwards, henceforth; en avant, 12,
further on ; si avant, 655, so far; plus
avant, 269, 971, moreover, afterwards :
puis avant, 2214, thenceforth: avant
que, 8360.
avant, j. 1740, boast.
avantage, s. 827, D. i. i ff.
avantance, s. 1731, boasting.
s'avanter, i73ofr., toast.
avanterie, 12087, boasting.
avantgarde, s. 3675.
avarice, s. 253, T. iv. 2.
ave, inie7'j. 16974, hail!
avec, see avoec.
avenant, a. 1702, 9275, 17261, suitable,
agreeable.
avenement, see avienement.
avenir, ?'. 71. 917, 8789, B. xviii. i; 3 j-.
pret. avint, avient, 8584, T. vi. 2 ; fut,
avendra, 3264 : happen, be suitable.
aventer, v. ft. 13782, B. xvi. 3, happen,
succeed: v. a. 4786, 20101, 21265,
follow after.
aventure, s. 1239, 1853, 5029, B. xii. i,
chance, danger, uncertainty, strange
thing.
aveoe, see avoec.
averous, a. 7345, B. I. i, avaricious,
avesques, see avoec.
avienement, avenement, s. 9079, 29280
(R), coming.
avier(s), a. 15998, 19347, miserly.
aviler, v. a. 216, 2471, debase, defile,
avis, s. 18S, B. ii. 3, opinion, thought:
m'est avis, 824, &c., in my opinion.
avis6, a. 637, 2190, aware, careful.
avisement, s. 22772, B. xlix. 4, considera-
tion.
s'aviser, 7'. 729, 231S1, B. xlv. 2, take
thought, consider.
avisio(u)n, s. 5187, 20466, 28148, dream,
vision.
aviver, v. a. 4638, rouse.
avoec, prep. 1047, B. xvi. 4, aveoc, 2196,
avec, 1S006, avesques, 1339, 2670: cp.
ove, ovesque.
avoegler, 7'. a. 1390, blind: ?'. n. 29683,
become blind.
avoi, avoy, ifjierj. 535, 9248, shame !
avoir, v. a. 25, B. xiv. 3 ; \ s. p. ay, 122,
ai, 9721, D. i. 4 ; 3 j-. ad, 109, D. i. I,
&c., a, 7109, &c. ; /';;//. avoie, 6620;
3 s. pret. ot, 61, B. xxx. 2, out, 18217 ;
3 s. fut. avra, 6, avera, 18535, B. ix.
5, T. i. 3, ara, 3696 ; 2 pi. imper. eietz,
446; I s. p. siibj. eie, 18503; 3 s. ait,
1821, B. vi. 2 ; 3 pi. eiont, 2703; 3 s.
pret. subj. eust, 181, B. viii. 2, ust, 505,
3238 ; 2 //. ussetz, 3759, eussetz,
29774; 3 P^- iissent, 19380, usscnt,
2977S, eussont, 29782 ; pres.part. eiant,
1468 ; pp. eeu, 182.
avoir, s. 473, B. v. 2, property, goods :
avoir du pois, 25263, wares (of a bulky
kind).
s'avoler, t/. 13673, fly away.
avolterie, avoulterie, s. 8748 (R), 8759,
T. vi. 2, adultery.
avofu)ltier(s), s. 8828, T. ix. I, xii. 3 ; /.
avoultiere, 8953: adulterer, adulteress.
avoltre, s. 19108, adultery.
avouer, v. a. 29303, promise.
aymy, ay my, inter j. 11225, 29144, alas!
ayue, see aie.
Babilant, Babiloyne. Babiloine, Baby-
loyne, Babyloine, Babyloigne, Babi-
loigne, Babilon, 10S4, 1889, 2666,
2858, 4004, 7189, 7196, 8054, 10247,
15712, 17991.
Babilonien, j. 11020.
bachelei', j-. 23688, young knight.
Bachus, 970, 20694.
baigner, v. ft. 6756 ; re/l. 24474 : bathe.
bailie, s. 42 li, charge.
bailler, v. a. 104, 15543, deliver up, give.
baillie, s. 2616, T. xi. 3, charge, govern-
ment.
I 1 2
484 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
baillif, s., pi. baillis, 20976, 24949 ff.,
2515S, overseer, reeve,
baisant, s. 3500, kissing.
baiser, v. a. 3513.
bai3er, s. 4373.
balade, s. D. i. 3, I'), v. 4.
balance, s. 4960, 10308, B. xiii. l, balance,
weight, measure, danger.
balancer, ?'. 13302.
baler, 7'. n. 17611, dance,
balsme, s. 12845, '^alm.
Baltazar. 7183, 10340.
Banaa, 4S98.
bando(u)n, .s-. 7050. 141 S3, B. xxi. i, T.
xvi. 2 ; a bandoiin, promptly ; a sa
bandon, en lour bandovm, in his (her,
their) absokitc power.
ban(i)eie, s. 5664, 9S20, B. xxvii. 2, banner.
banir, v. a. 10037, T. x. 3, banish,
baptesme, s. 31 17.
baptist, baptistre, s. 27986, 28430.
baptizer, v. a. 12209.
baptizere, s. 26661, baptiser.
baraign, barein, baraine, baraigne, a.
5578, 12226, 25449, 27953, barren.
baraigner, v. 20621, make barren.
barat, s. 543, 4446, trick, quarrel.
baratier, s. 20689, 20779, cheater, quar-
cller.
baratour, J. 23319.
baratter, v. a. 543, deceive, cheat,
barbe, s. 3719.
barein, see baraign.
bargaign, barg(u)ain, bargein. j-. 3301,
3303, 21395, T. xvii. I, bargain, business.
bargaignement, s. 6284.
bargai(g)ner, bargeiner, v. n. and a.,
3368, 7432, 7451, 9483 : bargain, traffic ;
bargain for, traffic in.
barnage, s. 22051, barons.
baro(u)n, s. 417, 881 1, 10266, lord, hus-
band.
Baruch, 1286, 3145, 3416, 3601, 3997,
6877, 10335.
bas. .V(V bass,
basilisque, s. yjM-
bass, bas, a. 69, 320, 18429, B. ix. 3, xvii.
3 ; de halt en bass, 3183 : aih'. 563.
bastarde, s. 11616.
bastir, v. a. 4688, 9858, B. xxxviii. 4,
build, establish, make.
basto(u)n, s. 4100, 41 15.
batailil)e, s. 1472, T. vii. i.
batailler, v. >t. 22929, fight.
bataillous, a. T. xi. i, warlike.
baterie, s. 4647, beating, fighting.
batre, v. a. 2946, 8899.
baucan, s. 903.
baud, a. 8887, bold.
bauldour, s. 13341, confidence.
bealfs), beau, bel(l), / beKDe, 248, 307,
635. 1182,3493, D.i. I, B. i. 4, iii. 2, v. 3.
beal, bel(l), beau, adv. 486, 580, 3353,
12646. 13. xli. 3.
bealparler, s. 1253, fair speech.
bealpere. s. 19963, father.
bealpinee, a. 1705, (well-combed), well-
dressed.
bealsire, s. 436.
bealt6, see beut6.
beatitude, s. 15890, blessedness.
beau, see beaKs), beal.
beaute, see beut6.
Bede, 7681, 9603, 12448.
bedell, s. 4842, attendant.
Beemoth, 4453.
begant, pres. part. 6666, begging.
beggerie, jt. 5800.
beguinage, s. 5452, beggary.
beguyne, s. 6S98, beggar.
bek, s. 41 13, beak.
bel, bell, see beaKs), beal.
belement, ach'. 3581.
Belsabu, Belzabu, 4802, 7173, 24167.
bende, s. 9282, band.
bender, v. a. 28710, bandage.
benefice, s. 1330, 4536, 7422, benefit,
kindness, benefice.
benei9oun, s. 1 2036, T. v. 3.
beneur6, see benur6.
benigne, a. 12879.
benignenient, adv. 2059.
benignet6, s. 22169.
bender, Ijenyer, benoir, 7'. a. 7145*
8398, 12244, bless.
Benoit, Beneit, 3199, 7931, 9122.
benoit, a. 138, D. ii. 1.
benur6, beneur6, ^7.4193, 11 147, blessed.
berbis. ^., pi. berbis, berbitz, 3448, 22886,
sheep.
bercelet, s. 3437, hound.
berces, berce, .f. 4798, 13524, cradle.
bercheresse, s. 21031, shepherdess.
berchierls*, s. 20567 ; f. berchere, 5300:
shepherd, shepherdess.
Bernard! s), Bernars, 11 46, 161 8, 2874,
5877, 7694. 9631, 12445, 14020, 14623,
14653, 14951. 16875, 18004, 20974.
Ber8ab6(e), 4968, 16699, 22821, T. xiv. I.
besant, s. 1 5628, besant (talent).
beste, .V. 905, B. xvi. i.
bestial, a. 7829, 9554.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 48=
bestial, s. 8529, beast.
bestiality, s. 24.
Bethanie, 28513.
Bethlem, 2S048, 28133 fif.
beut6, beavite, s. 1254, 3770, bealt6,
17010, B. iv. 2.
beverage, j. 61 10.
beveresse, s./. 8125, drinker.
beverie, s. 7604, 132 17, drinking.
bible, s. 1657, T. xiv. i.
bien, aih'. 80, B. iv. 2 ; le bien venuz,
2263 ; bien tost, 913.
bien, s. 140 ; p/. biens, bien, 60, D. ii. 5,
B. vi. 2 : good, wealth, good things.
bienam6, a. 10193 : s. 12982.
bienfaire, v. a. 3132, 8215 : v. n. 1055 1.
bienfaire, bienfere, s. 1573I) 22912.
bienfaisance, see bienfesance.
bienfait, j'. 2272 ; pi. bienfaitz, bienfetz,
1839, 13821 : good deed, benefit.
bienfesance, bienfaisance, s. 1992, 7539.
bienfesant, bienfaisant, s. 184 1, 19074,
well-doing, well-doer.
bienfesour, J-. 17454.
bientost, see bien.
bienvenu(s), a. 5202, welcome,
bienvuillance, s. 5683.
bienvuillant, s. 26951, benefactor.
bier, j\ 23108, man.
bilingues, a. and s. 3519, 3580, double-
tongued, Double-tongue.
blame, s. 2958, 12708, blame, reproach.
blamer, v. a. 2719, 7682, B. xvii. i,
blasmer, C.
blamer, s. 25216, blaming.
blanc, a. 3498, B. xlv. 3 ; / blanche,
1560, B. xxxvii. 3.
blanchour, s. 9340, whiteness.
blandir, v. a. 506, flatter.
blandisant, a. 8210.
blandisement, s. 1388.
blandisour, s. 3559.
blandit, s. 8723, caress.
blasmer, see blamer.
blaspheme, s. 2438.
blasphemer, v. 2446.
blasphemus, a. 2450.
bl6(e), s. 2565 ; pi. bledz, bleedz, 11144,
14527 : corn,
blemir, v. a. 2625, injure.
blemure, s. 9708, blemish.
blescer, v. a. 2659, wound.
blesceure, j. 2070, wound.
blounde, s. 8688, fair one.
bloy, a. 25329, blue.
bobance, s. 1989, arrogance.
bobancerfs), s. 1883, arrogant person.
bobant, s. 1 1057, arrogance.
bochier(s), see bouchier(s).
Boece, 175S, 1790, 14833, 14898.
boef, s. 7747.
boel(l)e, s. 3396, 8084, bouelle, 8598,
bowels.
boidie, s. 3848, 6393, deceit.
boire, v. 1 180, 3603, B. xlvii. I ; 3 J. imp.
bevoit, 18234; 3 pi. pret. beurent,
21 1 13; 3 s.fut. bevera, 11852.
bois, s. 941.
boiste, buiste, s. iiT^, 4624, box.
bon(s), a. 33, D. i. i, boun, 11273; /.
bonne, bone, 598, 13154, B. iv. 2.
bonde, s. 4053, 8202, T. xviii. i, bounds,
control.
bon(n)ement, <7(^?'7/. 2610, 14157, B. xlix. i,
in good manner, good-humouredly.
bonneg(u)arde, s. 16585, 16606.
bont6, s. 1387, B. xxxiii.4, bounty, 8317,
B. iv. 2.
Boors, 1473.
bordel(l), s. 8735, 20637, stews.
bordellant, s. 9267, frequenter of stews.
bordeller, s. 5502.
bordeller, v. n. 9088, commit fornication,
boscage, j-. 2136, wood.
boscheus, a. 5336, bossy.
boscu, a. 27029, wooded.
botel(l)er, buteller, s. 298, 7547, 16447,
butler.
botenure, i-. 1242, adornment of buttons.
botoun, s. 25629, button.
botu(z), pp. 171, thrust out : cp. bouter.
bouche, s. 3513, B. xiv. 4.
bouchier(s), bochier(s), s. 26213, 26223,
butcher.
bouelle, see boel(l)e.
boun, see bon.
bounty, see bont6.
bountevous, a. B. xxxi. 2.
bource, s. 910.
bourdant, s. 3901, jesting.
Bourdeaux, "z^iA^i,.
bourny, see burny.
bout, s. 5252, 8130 (bout de latonelle).
bouter, v. a. 1337 ; 3 s. p. bout, 10384 :
thrust, put in, cast down.
bovier(s), s. 26439, herdsman,
braielle, i\ 5227, braiel, 7053, girdle.
braier, v. a. 7951, bray (in a mortar).
braire, v. n. 2807, lament.
brandir, v. a. 4671, move about.
branler, v. a. 14744, brandish,
bras, s. 7099.
486 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
br'ef, a. 6604, B. xvii. 3, short, small ;
danz brief, in a short time : adv. 26341.
brief, s..pL bries, 337, 24865, letter.
brievement, adv. 13745-
brigantaille, s. 18675, irregular troops.
briser, v. a. 9324, B. yX\\. i : v. ?i. 10952.
brocage, .y. 6579, 9460, agency, brokerage,
intrigue.
brocager, 7'. n. 24890, intrigue.
brocour, s. 7225, agent, broker.
Brugges, 25251.
brviiller, v. 2345, burn.
bruire, v.n. 3032, 19893 : v. a. 3628 : burn.
bruiaser, 7/. n. 7896 : see note.
brun, a. T. xvii. 3.
bmsch, a. 26120, acid, sour.
Brutus, 25254.
buffet, s. 13402, blow.
buffle, s. 25277, jest (?).
bufFoy, s. 1778, pride.
builer, buylier, v. ;/. 4148, B. vii. 2, bubble.
buillie, s. 3876, 26158, bubbling, brew.
buillon, s. 25531, mint.
buisso(u)n, s. 943, 8899, bush.
buiste, st'e boiste.
buleter, v. 7805, bolt fmeal).
buUe, s. 1S759, bull (of the pope).
burette, s. 9281 : see note.
burgois, i-. 7252, citizen.
burgoiserie, s. 7Bi()j.
burny, bourny, a. 1 1 12, 14060, burnished.
bu3che, .f. 9470, fragment (of woodj.
busoignable, a. 14578, necessary.
busoignle), s. 1962, 5405, T. vi. 3, busi-
ness, affair, necessity.
busoigner, v. fi. 25194, have need.
busoignous, a. 7314, 14541, needy,
necessary.
buteller, see botel(l)er.
buylier, see builer.
C
9a, adv. 1 09 1 7, 24475, hither.
caccher, v. a. 7010, drive : cp. chacer.
cacheuB, a. 8601.
cage, s. B. x'ix. i : cp. gage.
Cahim, Cahym, Chaym, 4565, 4969,
12219, Cain.
caitif(s>, caitis, caytis, a. 4001, 5678,
captive, wretched: j. 6106, 11368, 11438,
wretch, villain : cp. chaitif.
Calcas, B. xx. 3.
Caldieu(8», Caldeus, Caldiee, 22017 ff.,
29321, Chaldeans.
Caleph, 2336.
Calidoine, T. vii. i.
Calipsa, 16675.
Calvarie, 28730.
camele, s. 4417: cp. chameal(8).
camelion, s. B. xvi. i.
camerette, s. 17S97.
camp, s. 5129, field : cp. champ(8).
Canana, 17488.
Candy, 26094.
canin, a. 4281, like a dog.
canoller, s. 8660, spinning.
cano(u)n,.y.274i,7372, 16092, 21 157 f., rule,
canon law, canon (regular) : a. loy
canoun, 17140.
capitein, a. 27375, chief.
capitein,capitaiii,i'. 476,7 1 5 : /".capiteine,
capitaine, 764, 1045, B. xxxix. 2.
capitous, a. 26384, obstinate.
capo(uin, chapoun, s. 7746, I54i5> 24729.
captivesoun, s. 10372, captivity.
car, conj. 5, D. ii. 3, &c., quar, 3922, 14479.
carbo(u)n, charbo(ujn(8), 3627, 6888,
8849, 16793-
cardiacre, .$■. 5093, heart-disease: cp. M.E.
' cardiacle.'
cardinal, s. 18560, 18849 ff.
cardoun, s. 27190, thistle.
Carnie, s. 21760, Carmelite 1 friar).
caroigne, s. 11 21, 9537, T. vi. 3, carcass,
body, carrion.
carole, s. 16668, dance,
caroler, v. n. 9366, dance (in a round),
carpenter, s. 21430.
carte, s. 8890.
cas, s. 1861, B. xxii. i, case, chance: par
cas, 1908, perchance,
casselle, jr. 14776.
Cassodre, 11770, 13920, 23059, 24592,
Cassiodorus.
castell, sec chastel.
catell, sec chateal.
Catounis), Caton(s), 4077? 4704. 5266,
12727, 12733, 13485, 14143, 17617,
17641 ff.
causal, J'. 154, B. 1. 2, cause,
cause, i'. 100, 1 1663, D. i. i, cause, affair,
causer, v. 1 56, B. xxxi. 2.
cautele, s. 7076, 24213, device, trickery,
cave, s. 2 II 09.
caytis, see caitif( s).
ce,pro/i. 13, 78,1). i. 4 ; (\\'\\.\\ prep.) de ce,
pour ce, oultre ce, 21, 89, 400: (/.
pource.
ce, dcm. a. B. ii. 4 ; //. ce, 14890 : cp. ceo,
cest.
ce, = se, 1147, B. xviii. 3.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 487
eea, see ceo.
ceaux, see celui.
cedre, s. 13357, cedar.
cedule, s. 25671, prescription.
ceinture, j-. 1707.
eeinturelle, s. 20654, girdle.
Ceix, B. xxxiv. 3.
eel, cell, dem. a. 152, 305, B. iii. i, T.
xviii. 2 ;/.cellei3o,cele 3453: that, the:
cp. ceo, cest, cil.
cela, pron. 106, B. ii. i, cella, 7195.
celant, s. 1737, concealer.
celebr6, a. 721 1.
celebrer, v. a. 8662, 16130, celebrate,
sanctify.
celee, a. 1125, concealed, secret; au
plus eel6e, 2681, most secretly,
celee, s. 494, concealment.
celeement, adv. 1078, secretly.
celer, ?'. 4S79, hide,
eeler, eelier, j'. 7814, 25991, cellar,
celeste, celestre, a. 5068, 17352.
celestial, a. 1977, D. i. i : s. les celes-
tieux, les celestials 65, 27120, heaven,
celes'.in, a. 316, 18640, B. xxi. 2, celestial.
celestious, a. 1094, heavenly.
celestre, see celeste,
celle, s. 21437, cell.
celui, celdiuy, celly, pron. 1649, 2646,
12167, B. viii. 3 ; f. celle, 244, B. v. 4 ;
pi. ceux, ceaux, 2S6, 1022, B. xliii. 3 ;
/. celles, B. xli. i.
cendal, s. 25292.
cendre, j-. 1367, T. x. i.
cene, s. 28649, supper,
cent, centz, nicin. 1693, 2945, sent, B.
xli. 2.
centante, 15871, a hundredfold.
centfois, 24401, a hundredfold.
centisme, a. 9982, hundredth.
centmil, nmn. B. xvi, 4, cent mil, 6125.
centmillfoitz, adv. B. viii. 2.
Centurio, 28762.
ceo, cea, pron. i, D. i. 2 : de)n. a., pi. eeos,
301, B. iii. 4, V. 3, XXXV. 3.
cercher, see sercher.
cercle, s. 9280.
ceit,z), certe, a. 1691, 3176, sure.
certain(s), certein(s), a. 367, 1316, B. iv.
3, viii. 4; en certein, "j"] .
certainement, adv. 9032.
certein, certain, s. 8372, 9839, 18866, B.
xlviii. I, certainty, obligation, due, certain
sum.
certes, adv. 555, B. xxvii. i.
cervel(lje, s. 1270, 3054.
cervoise, s. i^ni"], beer.
cervoiser, s. 26136, beer-seller.
Cesar, 16023, 18601, 18625 ^-i I9333>
22174.
cesser, v. ?t. 4127, B. vi. 3.
cest, deni. a. 36 (R), 9229, B. i. 4 ; / ceite,
528, B.iv. I ;/.//. cestes 17893, this, the.
cete, J-. 27055, whale.
Cezile, 18852, Sicily.
chace, s. 3900.
chacer, 7/. a. 7433, 11251 : cp. caccher.
chacun,chacuny,j<'^chascun,chaacuny.
cha(i)ere, s. 2481, 3066, seat, place, chair
(of a teacher).
chaitif, cheitif, a. 3033, 7974, 8275,
captive, wretched : cp. caitif.
chaitif, chaitis, s. 2'J2,'27, 27551.
cha!i)tivelle, a. 1 140, 3055, evil, wretched.
chalandre, s. 10707, B. xii. i : see note,
chalanger, see chalenger.
chald, a. 3031, B. ii. i : s. 21921 ; chalt
pas, adv. (hot foot), at once, 180 18.
Chaldee, 6361.
chalemelle, s. 1263, pipe,
chalenge, jt. 6315, accusation.
chalengex', chalanger, v. a. 6346, 15879,
25433, accuse, claim.
chalice, s. 7143, 20693.
challou, s. 3716, stone.
chaloir, v. n. usu. inipers. B. xliii.
I; ■}, s. p. chalt, chault, 1704. 7223:
matter, be of consequence : ce que chalt
3367, 8905, 25712: with pers. subject,
ne chalt de tuer, 4S27.
chalour, s. 3821, B. ix. 4, chalure, 5392.
chalt pas, see chald.
Cham, 12025, Ham.
chamberer, s. 296, chamberere, 465, B.
xvi. 3, xxxvii. 2, chamberlain, chamber-
maid.
chamberlain, chambirlein, chambir-
lain, chambrellein, ^. 2678, 5173, 5429,
7280 ;/". chamberleine, chambreleine,
1047, 10185.
chambre, s. 713.
chameals), s. 6752, 28449, camel: cp.
cam.ele.
champ(s), ^. 941, 2200, B. xxxvi. i.
champaine, champeine, s. 1604, 28982.
champartie, s. 6571.
champestre, a. 14850: s. 24588, country.
champio(uin, s. 14038, 14129.
Chanaan, T. xiii. i.
chance, s. 5433 ; par chance, 14876.
chanceler, 2/. ;/. 11 357, 16584, totter, waver.
chancellerie, s, 19495.
488
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
chanconfs), s. 3166, ehancovm, B. xxxv.
4, chauneon, B. xl. 3.
chanconal.'i-. 27359. song.
chan9onette, j-. 9285.
chandelle, s. 1132.
chanclellier, s. 20782.
Chanel, s. 5258, hinge.
changable. (i. 5876, changing.
change, s. T. iv. 3.
changer, 7/. a. and «. 69, 1666, 5333, B.
V. I.
chant, s. 1699.
chanter, v. 943, B. xii. 3.
chanter, s. 1433, singing.
chanterole, ^^ 41 10, song: a. 16629, apt
to sing.
chaoir, cheir, v. n. jy, 306, 1 1655 ; 3 s. p.
chiet, 14S6 ; 3 p/. cheont, B. xviii. i ;
3 s. iifip. chaoit, 65, B. xx. 3 ; 3 J. prei.
chaist, 74, chait, 1 1 50, chay, 1 8999 ; fiet.
cherra, 10559; pp. cheeM(z), cheeuis),
127, 600, B. xxii. I : fall,
chapeal, s. 6, 18762, B. xxxvi. 3, chaplet,
hat.
chapeKlleinfs), chapellainfs), s. 2132,
4432, B. xxiv. I.
chapelle, jr. 4830.
chapero(u)n, s. 8819, 20912, hood.
chapitre, s. 20152, 21126, 21434, chapter
(of a cathedral or abbey), chapter-house.
chapoun, sec capoun.
char. j-. 260, 7494, B. xxi. 2, flesh, meat.
charbo(u)n, see carboun.
charette, s. 581 1, 8162, cart.
charettier(s), s. 11654; /. charettiere,
8161, driver, carter,
chargant, a. 2657, burdensome.
charge, s. 5400.
charger, v. <>. 1349, 6467.
charir, see cherir.
charitable, a. 12883.
charit6, s. 1974, 12613.
charitousement, adt'. 12620.
Charles, Charlemainis), Charlemeine,
1303, 11298, 14273, 23870, 29443.
charme, s. 4126.
charm iiel, a. 5049, 7800.
charniere, s. 9189.
charrere, s. 15725.
charue, s. 5655, 14353, plough,
charuer, s. 8659, ploughing.
charuere, s. S2Cjg.
chascunisl, cheseunfs), chacun, /;w/,
and (I. 1, 109, 6596, B. xliii. 3, li. i.
chsuBicuny, pron. 1623, 6838.
chastei Bj, a. 9683, B. xxi. 4, T. xiv. 2.
chastel(l), s. 1256, 8366, castell, 141 73 ;
p/. chastealx, 3640.
chastement, ad7'. 17779.
chastete, chastite, j-. 9171, 29945, T. iii. i.
chastiement, s. 850.
chastier, v. a. 742, B. xxxix. 2, T. xv. i fif.,
rebuke, punish, correct.
chastier, chastoier, jr. 5024, 1 1000, punish-
ment, correction.
chat, s. 4256.
(chateal), eatell, s. 8406; p/. chateaux,
8930, goods, wealth.
chativelle, see chaitivelle.
chancier, s. 5227, hosier.
chaulcure, j. 1227, hose.
Chaym, see Cahim.
cheable, a. 1865, liable to fall,
cheir, see chaoir.
cheitif, see chaitif.
chemin, chemyn, s. 5642, 5879, 26555.
cheminer, v. ?i. 2S048. travel,
chemise, s. 5238, T. vii. 3.
cher, see chier.
chere, see chiere.
chericer, v. a. 254, cherish.
cheri(s), a. 229, 26155, dear,
cherir, v. a. 428, B. iv.* i, charir, 17589,
welcome, cherish.
cherra, see chaoir.
chescxm, see chascun.
chevance, s. 15455, profit,
chevetein, cheventeine, s. 1208, 22067,
chief.
cheveux, s. ipL), 12988.
chevicer, see cheviser.
chevir, v. a. 20370, acquire.
chevisance, s. 7236, profit, gain.
cheviser, chevicer, v. n. and tejl. 6357,
24859, make profit.
chiche, a. 7670, stingy.
chief, s. 2432, 5419, B. 1. I, head, end ;
an chief du (dej tour, 1500, 3420, in
the end.
chief, a. 4803.
chien(s), s. 866, 4435.
chier, cher, a. 300, 1 1765, B. xxxi. 2 : adv.
3880.
chiere, chere. s. 247, 460, 899, B. xviii. 2,
face, countenance, appearance, welcome.
chierement, adt'. 399.
chienelt^, j. 6298, 28196, afifection, price.
chiev(eire, s. 929, 20034, goat.
chimin^, s. 7331, road.
chincherie, s. 26334, stinginess.
chitoun. s. 8221, kitten.
chival(8j, s. 2847 ; pi. chivalx, 185 16.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 489
chivalcher,chivacher,chivauchier,7^.;/.
902, 9144, 18988, ride: se chivalcher
915, mount.
ehival(i)er, s. 2537, 7228, B. vii. i.
chivalerouB, a. 24002, knightly.
chivaLDerie, s. 14262, 23142, T. xi. i,
knighthood, warfare.
Chodrus, 19983.
chois, s. 29494, B. xhx. 2.
choisir, chosir, 7'. . civil,
civil, a. (loy civile), 9093, 14138, 23749.
clamer, ?'. 2602 ; 3 s.p. claime, clayme,
9972, 20457, B. 1. 2 : claim, call.
clamour, s. 668.
claret, ^\ 16408 : cp. clarr6e.
claret6, clarte, 5-. 10624, 10740, bright-
ness, light.
clarr6(e), s. 3046, 26079 : ep. claret,
claustral, s. 20953, cloisterer.
Clement, 19484, 20569.
Cleophas, 28817, 29200.
cler, see clier.
clerc(s), cler(s), 1447, 3016, clerk, priest.
clerement, see clierement.
clergesce, s. 5546, clergesse, 7346.
clergie, s. 5550, 18423, learning, clergy,
clerical office.
clergo(u)n, s. 3300, 16082, 20785, priest,
student.
clief, s. 1494, B. XXV. 2, key.
client, i-. 1225, 24207, follower, client.
clier, a. 201, B. xlv. 3, cler,/. clere, 1 133,
1774, bright, clear: ai^v. 20764.
cKijerement. tidv. 1391, 6794, B. xix. 3.
climant, a. 9591 : see note.
Climestre, T. ix. 2.
clochier, s. 21413, bell-tower.
clochiere, s. 5 1 80, bell.
clocke, clocque, s. 14742, 21162, bell,
cloistral, s. 21413, cloisters.
cloistre, s. 5314, monastery,
cloistrer, s. 21076.
clop, s. 1581 1, lame man.
clore, V. a., 3 s. p. clot, 10447, B. xviii.
3 ; 3 s.pret. clost, 29229 : close, enclose,
clos, a. 5146, T. viii. 3, closed, close,
cloue, s. 28732, nail,
coadjutour, s. 10049, helper.
coard(z), see couard.
coardie, see couardie.
cocati'ice, s. 8973.
cock, coc, s. 880: coc chantant, 141 89,
cock-crowing.
coec(s), s. 7844, cook.
coer{s), s. 26, B. i. 3, xi. 1, cuerfs), 414,
&c.
cofifre, s. 6950.
cogitacioun, s. 1533-
cohabiter, v. n. 13855, dwell together.
coi, coy, a. 538, 1785, 9247, B. iii. 2, quiet,
tranquil, private : en coy, 849.
coiement, adv. 10146, quietly.
coife, J, 8820, 24376, cap, coif,
coigner, v. a. 11976, split.
490
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
col, coll, s. 2267, 2922.
Colc(h)os, 3725, T. viii. i.
colee, collee, ^^ 23655, 287 11, blow on the
neck.
se coler, v. 6792, slip, glide.
coleiic, a. 14710.
collaciovm, s. 692.
collectour, s. 201 71.
col liomb, s. 932, 28484, columb, 1340S,
dove.
colour, s. 934, 24189, B. xlvi. 3, colour,
pretence.
colouree, a. 7131, specious.
colourer, v. a. 6210.
columbelle, s. 29935, dove,
com, st-t- conio.
comander, see commander,
combatant, s. 3902.
combatour, s. 14368.
combatre, v. n. and refl. 2381, 3736.
combien, adv. 1748 : eombien que, 2164,
2357, B. viii. 3, however much, altiiough.
combler, v. a. 15677, pile up.
come, com, comme, conj. 28, 81, B. ii. 2,
iii. i; comme plus . . . tant plus, 3347.
comencer, sec commencer.
comencer, J. 27465, B.xxxiii. i, beginning.
comensaile, see commensaille.
commender, v. a. B. xlv. 4.
comimjent, adv. 16, 194, B. ii. 2 : cement
que, 1690, howsoever.
commandemeut, s. 2198, 6279.
comimlander, v. 651, 12163, B. xxv. 3;
I s. p. commant, 29656 : command,
commend.
commanderesse, s.f. 15905.
commant, s. 658.
comme, see come.
commen9aille, see commensaille.
commenpance, s. 7470.
commencement, j-. 51.
comim lancer, v. 21, 304, 350.
comimiencer, JT. 13540,27465, B.xxxiii. i.
commendable, a. B. xxix. 3.
commendacion, x. 18324 (R).
commensaille, commen9aille, comen-
saile, 5. 15268, 19337, T. vii. 2, beginning,
comment, see coment.
commenter, v. n. 3709, remark,
commete, s. 26737, comet,
commettre, v. a. 14100, include.
commoigne, s. 20913, fellow-monk,
(commovoir), v. a., pp. comm(e)u, 3109,
3955-
comimiun, a. 489, II43, B. xliii. 2, T.
XV. I.
coramun, adv. 12403, in common,
commun, s. 14574, 23774, common weal,
people : cp. commune,
communal, a. 23484 ; en communal,
2735«-
communal, s. ^164 (pi.), people generally.
communalt§, s. 24823, community.
commune, s. 6296, 14301, generality (of
people), public, right (?) : ep. commun, s.
communement, ad7'. 332, 2669.
communer, 7'.fi. 1 3634, communicate :
se communer, 6638, T. xvii. i, asso-
ciate (with), share.
commun(i)er, s. 8170, 20780, commoner,
sharer.
communer, a. 16000, common : ad^'.
23250.
compaignfs\ compain(s), compaine, s.
3370, 9209, T. xvii. 2 ; /. compai gjne,
83, 608, B. xxxv. I.
compai(g)nie, s. 153, 384, B. iv. 2, xxx. 4.
compaignoiu n, s. 1525, B. xxxv. i.
eompaini s I, compaine, see compaign(s).
compavacioun, s. 137 19, comparison.
comparant, s. 1458, rival.
comparant, a. 17071, like.
comparer [i), v. a. 2525, B. xii. i, com-
pare.
comparer (2), ?'. a. and ;/. 8112 ; 3 s. p.
compiert, 3880, 6857, compere, 21641;
/li/. compara, 26578 ; sui>j. compiere,
2001 : pay for, purchase, suffer.
comparisoun, s. 2721, B. xxi. i.
compas, s. 4947, 10349, circuit, contri-
vance.
compassant, a. 13372,
compassement, s. 797, contrivance.
compasser, ?'. a. 1063, 20750, contrive,
arrange.
compassio(u)n, s. 4866, 13019, 28914.
eompeller, v. a. 18892.
compendiousement, adv. 18372 (R),
shortly.
compenser, 7'. a. 11512, 12922, weigh
together, reflect upon.
compernage, i-. 5453, 8052, 11349, relish,
dainty food.
compescer, 7/. a. 4126, tame.
competent, a. 6331.
compiere, compiert, see comparer.
compiler, 7'.^?. 1571, 3414. gather together.
compleindre, complaindre, v. a., n. and
;«y/. 524, 755, 12528; 1 .v. /. compleigns,
I), xii. 4, xli. 1, compleigne, iii. i ; 3 jt.
complaint. 524, compleine, ^"/(^i; pret.
compleigna, 755.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
491
eomplei ginte, s. 668, 29103, B. ix. 6.
complet, d. 3153.
complexioun, s. 14698, disposition.
compli, a. 16037, B. x. i, full, perfect.
complie, s. 8554, compline.
coniplir, 7'. a. 464, 5481 ; 3 s. coiid. eom-
pleroie, 1932 : bring to an end, accom-
plish.
se comploier, v. 15053, be directed.
componer, v. a. 16017, 25628, arrange,
compound.
compost, s. 7S62, mixture.
comprendre, v. a. 58, 1362, 1721, 3004,
6449, B. xlix. I, receive, conceive, under-
stand, include, fulfil.
conipte, see conte (1),
compter, v. n. 9138, give account.
comun, see commtin.
conceler, v. a., 3 s. p. concelle, concele,
ii33> 7157-
concepcioun, s. 27471.
concevoir, conceivre, v. a. 207, 28623 ;
3 s. p. con^oit, 2459, conceive, 4911,
conceipt, 10823 > 2/1/. pret. conceustez,
27974; 2 s.fut. conciveras, 27930; pp.
conceu, 4914, concuiz), 6728, B. xvi. 1.
concluder, v. a. 15900: ?'. it. 9980.
conclure, v. a., pp. conclus, 1668, 9092,
B. xxxix. 3, shut in, bring to an end,
reduce to silence.
conclusioun, s. 2974, 24143, conclusion,
argument.
concordable, a. 2472, agreeable, simi-
lar.
concordance, s. 3862, 7475, 22265, con-
cord, harmony (of the Gospels).
Concorde, s. 2736, 13821, agreement.
concorder, v. a. 13895, cause to agree.
concubine, s. 9003, T. xiii. i.
concupiscence, s. 9124,
condempner, v. a. 4932.
eondescendre, v. fi. 14586, come down.
condicio(u)n, s. 1107, B. xxi. 2.
conduire, conduier, v. a. 10916, 11 159:
V. H. 8518 : guide, be leader.
conduiserls), s. 11657, steerer.
conduit, i'. 1 1988, guide.
conestable, see eonnestable.
confederacioun, s. 6569.
confederat, a. 24262.
confederer, 1'. a. 24254, unite together.
confermer, v. a. 9077, T. v. 1 : v. ;/.
10463.
confes(s), a. 5624, 6588, confessed.
confess, confess^, s. 14846, 21402, peni-
tent.
eonfessement, s. 14808, confession.
confesser, v. 477, 2046 ; se confesaer,
2662.
confessio(u)n, s. 4080, 14831, T. ix. 3.
confessour, s. 9148, 14000.
eonfire, v. a. 4344, 4966 ; pp. confit, 2552,
2758: bring about, perform, construct,
season.
confiture, s. 7961, 18366, contrivance,
seasoning.
conflote, s. 7397, company (?)
confondement, s. 1532, confusion.
confondre, v. a., 3 s. p. confont, 2798,
confonde, 10841, T. xviii. 2 ; pp.
confondus, 3461, confundus, 1904:
bring to ruin,
confort, s. 223, D. ii. 4, B. xxx. 3.
confortant, a. B. xxvii. 2.
confortement, s. 12967.
conforter, v. a. 3047, 13. xliv. 2, support,
comfort.
confortour, s. 12958.
se confourmer, v. S920.
confrere, s. 31 98, brother (in religion).
confus, a. 1293, 6665, confounded, dis-
tressed.
confusioiu)n, s. 3089, 3445.
cong(i)6, s. 9914, 10348, permission,
congregacioun, s. 10880, assembly.
conivreisoun, s. 8815, connivance,
conjecture, s. 3365, 6389, conjecture, plan,
plot.
conjoi(g)ntement, conjoyntement, adv.
590, 12966, 29775, together.
conjoint, conjoynt, a. 10683, 23029,
joined.
conjoir, conjoier, %'. n. and reji. 12901,
12930, rejoice in common : v. a. 12926,
rejoice with.
conjoye, s. 12903, joy in common.
conjur, s. 6977, conspiracy,
conjurer, v. a. 5218, 5796, 9803, conjure,
appeal to, contrive (by conspiracy).
con(n)estable, s. 3674, 9971, T. i. i, ruler,
constable.
connestablie, s. 8516. government,
conoiscance, s. 6077, knowledge,
conoistre, v. a. 670, 1098, B. xxxix. I.
conquei-re, ?'. <2. 816, 121 5 ; 3 s. p. con-
quiert, 14688 ; pret. conquist, 3173, T.
viii. I : win.
conquer(r)our, s. 1940, 53S3.
conqueste, s. 9897.
conquester, v. a. 3729, T. vii. i, win.
conroi, conroy, s. ^42, order, equipage.
conroier, v. a. 24747, arrange.
492 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
consail, conaal, conseil, J. 1 1, 304, 3704,
4082, D. i. 2. 15. xxiii. 3. T. xviii. 3.
consaildiement, .v. 12044, 17635, counsel,
consaildler, conseillller, v. a. and rejl.
287. 293, 754, 1474, consult, advise,
consailler, consaillour, s. 2360, 8861.
consaillei'esse, s.f. 4742.
conscience, jr. 161, li. xlii. 3, mind,
thoughts, conscience,
consecracioun, s. 20724.
consecrer, v. a. 7478.
conseil, conseiler, see consail, &c.
consentir, t'. ;/. and refi. 516, 2635, B- 'V-
2 : V. a. 20797.
consequent, s. 15287, consequence,
conaideracioun, s. 2297.
considerer, v. Jt. and a. 660, 12863, B.
xlv. I : Lp. eonsirer.
consirer, v. 27331, consider.
consistoire, s. 11 508, 18689, continuance,
consistory' court.
conspir, s. 644, B. xxv. i.
conspirant, s. 6515, conspiracy.
conspirer, v. n. 783, 2878, 15246, consult,
conspire : v. a. 24073, stir up.
Constance, s. 131, 143 18.
constant, a. 10626.
Constantin,Costentin, Constant, 1 392 1,
18637, 23055.
constraint, jyv constreindre.
constreilglnte, s. 931, B. xv. 2, xlii. 2.
constreindre, v. a., 3 s. p. constreine,
2030, constreigne, 10537 ; pp. con-
streint, constreins, 4313, 6656, B. xlv.
2, constraint, 2357: press, compel,
construer, T'. a. 7374, explain,
constru(i)re, v. a. 19418, 20228, build,
interpret.
consuete, a. 16252, accustomed,
contagious, a. 20769.
contant, s. 3226, consideration,
conte, compte, s. 1505, 2686, B. xlvi. 2,
3, reckoning, story.
conte(8), s. 2237, contour, 18524, count,
carl.
conteckour, s. 4684, contentious person.
contek, s. 4647, contention,
contempcioun. s. 4050, contempt,
contemplacioiu^n, s. 687, B. xxiv. 3.
contemplatif, a. 106 13.
contempler, 7'. rt.io6o4,T. ii. i: ?'. «.2935l.
contempler, s. 10699, meditation,
contemplier, s. 10645. meditator.
contenance, s. 1637, B. xiii. 2, contien-
ance. 8318, B. xv. 3.
contencioun, s. 4047.
contendement, s. 14995, warring,
contenir, ?'. a. 40, B. xvi. 4 ; 3 .r.
imp. contienoit, 965, 1843, contencit,
B. xliii. 3 : v. n. 17826.
content, a. 1656 1.
conter, v. a. 15, B. vi. 3.
contesse, j-. 25693.
contienance, see contenance.
contienement. j-. 11789, behaviour.
continence, s. 17750, T. ii. i.
continent, a. 9389, continens, 17816-
continuance, s. 8967, B. i. 3.
continuer, ?'. ;/. 10206 : refi. 29890.
contour, see conte(s).
contourbacioun, s. 9869, disturbance.
contourber, v. a. 18652, disturb.
contradiccioun, s. 2404.
contraire, conti'ere, a. 2050, 23069, T. xii.
2 ; au contraire, 676 ; le contraire,
2026, le contraire de, 2711: adv. V).
xxxii. I.
contraire, contrere, s. 175, 16520, trans-
gression, evil.
contraler, v. ti. 24593, go in opposition.
contralier, ?'. a. 4979, oppose : ?efi. 2385,
make resistance.
contrariance, s. 2239.
contrarian t, a. 1183, opposite, opposing,
contrarier, s. 21494, (the) opposite.
contrarious, a. 2403, perverse, contrary,
contre, prep. 144, D. i. 2.
contredire, v. a. 2412, 2577.
contredit, s. 3931, B. xxvi. 2, opposition,
contradiction.
contr6e, j'. 4825.
contrefaire, 7'. a. 25568, counterfeit,
contrefait, contrefeit, a. 1397; 2699,
6305, false, falsely invented,
contrefait, s. 17 14, mocking,
contrepenser, v. a. 8420, 10496, 29366,
tliink on the other hand, consider, de-
vise, (as a remedy).
contreplaider, v. a. 4064, plead against,
contreplait, s. 17004, objection.
contreplit, s. 1643, opposition,
contrepois, j. 13308.
contrepriser, v. a. 13303, counterbalance,
contrere, see contraire.
contrestance, s. 3619, power of resistance,
contretaile, s. T. vii. 3, retribution.
contretencer, ?'. a. 6216, strive against,
contretenir, 7'. n. 2036 ; refi. 3521, T. xiv.
I : defend oneself.
contretenir, s. B. xxxiv. 4, opposition.
contrevaloir, 7'. «., 3 s. p. contre-
vaile, 1467, be equal (to).
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 493
contricioun, J. 14911.
contrister, v. a. 10973, make sad.
contrit(z), a. 14537.
contro(e)ver, v. a. 13, 1220, 5193, invent,
contrive.
controveure, a. 1955, invented.
eontumaeie, s. 2326.
contvimas, a. 2389.
contumelie, s. 4067.
conu(s), see conoistre.
conuscance, s. 8234, knowledge.
convenient, a. 25771, fitting.
conventual, a. 2 141 2.
convers, a. 6983, 9888, converted, holy,
conversacioun, s. 3086, B. xxi. 2.
converser, 7'. 2894, 3161, have dealings,
dwell.
convertir, v. n. and refl. 647, 749 ; pp. f.
converse, 22042 : turn : v. a, 29334,
convert.
convocacion, s. B. xxxv. i.
convoier, v. a. 282, 2816, B. viii. 3, xv. i.
cop, coup, s. 1947, 4236, 5016, blow,
stroke: beau cop, 919, great quantity.
cophin, s. 28553, basket.
copier, coup(i)er, v. a. 2923, 7035, 11 124,
cut.
corage, s. 1068, D. i. 3, heart, spirit.
coragous, a. 4644.
coral(s), a. 3707, hearty.
corant, a. 2847, running.
coi-byn, corbin(s), s. 6698, 6705, raven.
corde, s. 2728, 22899, T. iv. i.
cordelle, j. 20362, lash.
cordial, a. 717, 13194, of the heart.
corn, s. 9896, horn.
cornage, s. 22146, horn-blowing.
Corneille, 15475.
corner, v. n. and a. 5212, 10125, 22144,
play music, blow a note, blow.
corner, s. 11303, blowing of the horn,
cornette, s. 1263, horn,
corniere, j-. 1073, corner.
cornoier, v. 11321, sound on the horn.
coron(n)al, s. 12071, D. i. 3, crown.
coronne, coroune, couronne, s. 15 10,
9897, 1 1 522, 20120, crown, tonsure.
coronnement, s. 22286, coronation.
coron(n)er, v. a. 11628, 29724, B.
Envoy 1. 6.
eoroucer, coroucier, ?'. a. 4509 : v. n. and
refl. 649, 2375 : make angry, become
angry.
eoroucer, s. 4460, anger,
coroupous, a. 4637, angry.
coroune, see coronne.
corous, s. 2658, B. xxix. i, anger.
corporal, corporiel, ^i'. 1969, 10996.
corps, s. 93, B. V. 4.
correccioun, s. 19109.
correctour, s. 20170.
corriger, v. a. 2J22>2.
corrumpre, 7'. a. 20331 ; 3 j./. corrumpe,
7350, corrumpt, 91 14, corrompt,
16792 ; pp. corrumpu, 192, corrupt,
16258 : ?'. n. 27141.
corrupcioun, j-. 13362.
corrupt, a. 7784.
corsage, s. 12128, body.
corsaint, corseint, s. 11 49, 4551, saint.
cortil, J-. 2341 1.
com, see courre.
corussez, a. C, angry.
coste, s. 885, side.
cost6(e), .$•. 918, 17985, T. viii. 3, eostie,
5165, side.
Costentin, see Constantin.
costi6, see cost6e.
cost(ijere, s. 894, 27986, side.
eostoier, v. 28085, be beside.
costummer, see coustummer.
cosu, //. loioi, sewn,
cotage, ^. 411 8, cottage.
cote, s. d>d>2„ coat.
cotell, see coutell.
cotelle, s. 28024, rib (?).
cou(s), s. 8761, cuckold.
couard, a. 1 63 17, 16596, cowardly.
couard, coard(z), s. 5497, B. 1. r,
coward.
couardie, coardie, s. 5462, 14263,
cowardice.
couche, s. 895.
couch(i)er, v. n. 5140, 5160, B. xliii. 2.
couchour, a. 23857, lazy.
coue, i-. i4o6,cue, 15258, keue, 1 5271, tail.
coufle, s. 916, kite.
coulpe, see culpe.
coup, see cop.
coupable, a. 1109.
coupe, s. 8291, cup.
coup(i)er, see copier,
coui'ber, v. a. 2120.
courchief, s. 25291.
couronne, see coronne.
courre, corre, v. n. and 7rfl. 1591, 4750,
10723, B. vii. 2 ; //. coru, 26554 : run.
cour(r)oie, s. 5792, 8492, curroie, B. xxv.
2, strap, belt.
cours, s. 4181.
courser, s. 18020.
court, s. 1376, D. ii. 4.
494
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
court, a. 4668 : tenir court de, 7398,
1 897 1, disregard, neglect.
courtement. ac/v. 829.
courte(i)our, s. 2731, 16107.
ciolurtois, curtais, a. 17 12, 5568, B.
xxvii. 2.
c(oiurtoisGment, adv. 28389. 29238.
cfoiiirtoisie, .*-. 1577. 12S78, B. xxi. 2.
cousinisi, s. 6352 ; /'. cousine, 1610.
cousinage, s. 24658, cousinship.
coustage, s. 15972, expense.
cioivister, 7'. 7037, 25756, cost.
coustumlm lance, s. 27841, 28190.
coustum'mle, s. 7452, 24349, custom.
co(u)8tummer(B), cvistummer(s), a.
11084,23990, accustomed, habituated:
s. 1941, 26165, practiser, customer.
colultell, cutel, s. 4640, 20655, T. x. 2,
culteal, 884, knife.
couver, v. a. 11408, conceal.
coveiter, sec covoiter.
covenable, a. 27877.
covenance, s. 123, B. iv. i, covenant,
agreement.
covenant, s. 6479.
covenir, v. n. 4272, 5122, B. xlvii. 3;
3 s. p. covient, 4272, &:c., covenist,
14909 ;y}/'/. coviendra, 6332: agree, be
fitting, be needful, be obliged.
covenir, s. B. xxxiv. i, agreement.
covent (i), s. 20850, convent.
covent (2). s. 25514, covenant.
covleirir, 7'. a., 3. v./. covers, 1407; 3/^/.
coeveront, 12034; 3 s. ptrt. eovry,
7089 ; pp. covert, 716, B. xxxii. 2 : cover,
defend, roof over.
covert, a. 1688, secret.
coverteraent, adz'. 8801.
coverture, s. 1 168, B. xlvi. 3, concealment,
pretence.
covetise, see covoitise.
covietter, v. a. 6583 : cp. covoiter.
covine, covyne, s. 136, 324, 5104, 26497,
B. xxi. 3, xxxi. 3, T. xiii. i, company,
purpose, device, cunning, disposition.
covoiter, v. a. 622, coveiter, 6312, de-
sire.
covoitise, s. 6183, covetise, C, covet-
ousncss.
covoitour, s. 6812.
covoitous, n. 6229.
covrir, see coverir.
coy, see coi.
craie, s. 25302, chalk.
crassfe), s. 6924, 7778, fat.
crass, a. 6840.
creable, a. 22104, B. xxix. 4, ready to
believe.
creacio(u)n, s. 20716, B. xxi. 2.
creance (i), s. 6556, B. iv. 4, trust, belief,
creance (2), j-. B. xv. i, leash (for a
hawk).
creancour, s. 7247, creditor,
creatour, s. 1258, T. i. i.
creature, .v. 166, B. xii. 3.
crecche, s. 28055, manger.
crede, s. 813 1, creed.
credence, s. 1167.
creer, ?'. a. 52, T. ii. 3.
ci'emoit, cremont, Sic, see criendre
cremour, s. 6412, fear,
cremu, see criendre.
Creon, T. viii. 2.
crepalde, crepaldlz), s. 5337 I1491,
toad.
crere, see croire.
crescance, s. 6892, growth,
crescer, 7'. fi. 5572, 15638, grow, increase.
Creseide, 5255.
creste, s. 26660, fcrown), consummation,
crestre, see croistre.
Cresus, 8462.
cretine, s. 5105, 20514, flood.
Creusa, T. viii. 2.
crever, v. a. 2923, tear out : v. «. 8335,
burst.
crevice, s. 7832, crab,
cri, cry, s. 942, 8778, B. xx. 4, cry, ill-
fame.
cribre, s. 17657, sieve.
crieis, crieys, a. 25287, B. xviii. 2, loud in
crying.
criendre, (cremoir), t/. a. 11550 ; 3 j-. /.
crient, 8746, T. ix. i ; 3 p/. cremont,
1 1032, criemont, 1 1006 ; imp. cremoit.
1 1016 ; pp. cremu, 4850 : fear.
crier, v. ?i. 1697, 4816, B. xviii. 2, cry,
entreat : v. a. 334, 8877, proclaim,
entreat for.
crime, s. 1108.
crimile, s. 9281, lace,
criour. s. 104 12, clamourcr.
Crisoatomus, 6805, 14941.
Crist, 191 1, 12306, 13581, 15475. 18192,
18796, 19901,27945,28461,28559,28712,
28825.
cristalll), s. 11 13, B. xlv. i.
cristienis), a. 18447 • ^- 5364-
cristienete, s. 12283.
cristin, a. 4486 : s. 2105 : Christian.
croire, crere, 7'. 459, 4474, B. xlvii. 3 ; i
s. p. croi, croy, 3074, 8960, B. xxi. 2 ; i
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
495
pi. creons, 22178 ; imf>. creoit, creioi-
ont, 12317 ; 2 s. flit, ereras, 555 ; im-
perat. croieitiz, 459, B. ii. i \ pres. part.
creant, 13040.
erois, croix, s. 2453, 4467, cross.
croistre, crestre, v. n. 4542, 18647, B.
xxvi. 3, grow.
cronique, s. T. ix. i.
crouste, s. 20892, crust.
crualte, s. 3800.
crucifier, v. a. 18225.
crucifix, a. 4471, crucified,
criiel, a. 1104, B. xxx. 3, crueux, 5018.
cruse, s. 15461.
crusequin, crusekin, s. 19504, 26121.
cry, see eri.
cue, see coue.
cuerfs), see coer(s).
Guidance, s. 8830, belief.
cuill, s. 8808, breech,
cuillette, s. 14482, store,
cuillir, v. a. 10742, gather.
cuisine, see cusine.
culpa, s. 7091, coulpe, 22188, fault,
ciilper, V. a. 7038, accuse,
culteal, see coutell.
cultefier, v. a. 18299, cultivate,
cultefiour, .f. 5384, cultivator,
culvert, culvers, a. 6982, 7024, villainous.
Cupide, B. xxvii. i, xl. 4, T. xv. 2.
curatour, s. 19476.
cure, s. 986, 10496, B. xii. 4, care, cure,
design, charge (of a parish), parish.
curer, v. 11. and reJI. 5400, 9362, care, take
account, take care: v. n. 10559, take
care of, heal.
curee, curet, curiet, s. 12 148, 18620,
20363, parish priest,
curial, a. 20286, of the court.
curie, s. 7949, cookery.
curious, a. 1621, 7349, careful, inquisi-
tive.
curiousement, adv. 10228.
curio(u)8it6, ^. 1611, 11703, 14658.
curroie, see courroie.
currour, s. 3409, 14365, courier, run-
ner,
curtais, curtois, &c., see courtois, &c.
cusine, cuisine, quisine, s. 7825, 15020,
26296.
custer, sec couster.
custummeris), see coustummer(s).
Cusy, 23 1 91, Hushai.
cutel, see coutell.
cy, see ci.
cynk, see cink.
D
daiamand, daiamant, see diamand.
Daire, i3ooof.
damage, see dammage. .
Damas, 2201 1.
dame, s. 84, B. i. 4.
dameld6e, see dampnedee.
dam(m.)age, s. 540, 3242, B. xix. 3.
dam(m)ager, v. a. 331 1, 24901, injure.
dam(m)oiselle, s. 1059, 9338.
dampnable, a. 3673.
dampnacioun, s. 1536.
dampned6e, s. 4894, dameld6e, 1S977,
the Lord God.
dampner, v. a. 4929, condemn,
dancer, dauncer, v. n. 1697, 17610.
danger, s. 2305, 2963, 26481, B. xii. I,
xxvi. 4 : see Notes.
dangerous, a. B. xi. 4, unwilling (to love).
Daniel, 10243, 15711, 17989, 27049.
danter, v. a. 2102, B. xix. i, tame,
danture, s. 9446, taming.
danz, dans, s. 4168, 10273, T. vii. i,
(danz Socrates, danz Tullius, &c.),
master.
darrein, darrain, derrain, a. arid s.\ au
darrein, 184 ; au darrain, 2773 i ^ ^o^
derrain, 6347 : at last.
darreinement, adv. 346, 27I5(?), last,
at last.
dart, s. 3544, B. xxvii. i.
Dathan, see Dithan.
dauncer, see dancer.
David, Davy, 1325, 1867, 2178, 2191,
2553, 2761, 2983, 3133, 3248, 3388,
3543. 3613. 3625, 4901, 6498, 6988,
10232, 10239, 11125, 1 1536, 1 1898,
12005, 12355, 12673, 12689, 12877,
12976, 12991, 13667, 13852, 14017,
14439, 15679, 15985, 16753, 16809,
17609, 17873, 18291, 22819 fif., 23082,
23871, 27082, 27802, 28092, T. xiv.
I, (quoted also as ' ly prophete,'
&c.).
de, prep. 6, D. i. 2 ; de les, 67, B. xlix. 3 :
3007, &c., by reason of; 4123,4142, than :
cp. del, des, du.
deable(s), deble(s), s. 136, 217, 950,
diable, C, 528 (R), devil.
deable, a. 11 47, feeble.
deablerie, deblerie, s. 703, 6868, 9648,
devils (collectively).
deablesce, deblesce, s. f. 9497, 13416-
deablie, a. 15167, deviiish.
deacne, s. 20021, deacon.
496
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
dean, s, 20092.
debat, s. 18943, dispute.
debatement, s. 24283, dispute.
debatre, 7'. n. and re/l. 2244, 26557,
contend, dispute: t'. a. 16279, compel.
deblerie, see deablerie.
deblesce, see deablesce.
deblet, s. 1 179, 5197, devil.
deboniniaire, debonnere, a. 957, 3530,
23065, B. iv.* I, gentle, kind, sweet.
deboniniairete, s. 13452 (R), 13455, good
humour.
debouter, t. . debout, 10389,
deboute, 3092, 11 251, cast down,
reject.
debriser, 7K a. 1S54, 4662, debruser,
3933 • '''• ''• 29009 : break, break up.
debte, see dette.
deca, prep. i'})i^2, on this side of.
deceipte, s. 18, deceite, 6304.
deceiDvable, a. 1791, 9968, deceptive,
deceitful.
deceivant, desceivant, a. 7692, 25025.
deceivement, s. 3556, deception.
decent, decente,j^t'descendre,descente.
decert, decerte, see deservir, deserte.
decesis), s. 199, 2413, departure.
decevable, see deceivable.
decevance, s. 6554, deceit,
decevant, s. 495, deceiver.
decevoir, v. a. 311, 6552, 6624, B. xlii. I ;
3 J. fut. de(stceivera, 9318, 24845 ; pp.
decuz, B.xvi. 2, de(Siceu,24569, T.vii.3,
decevoir, s. 20207, B. v. 3, deceit,
declaracioun, s. 17625.
declin, s. 3438, full: en declin, 3169,
downwards; mettre en declin, 18310,
defeat, neglect.
declinement, s. 2581 1, ruin.
decliner, v. n. and 7-eJl. 662, 12466, fall
away, turn away: v. a. 20480, bring
down,
decoccion, s. T. xii. 3.
decoste, prep. 3630, beside,
decouper, v. a. 3104, cut off.
decre(e), decre(z), decret, s. 219:, 33S2,
20225, rule, law, writing,
decretal, s. 20291.
dedeignous, a. 12465, disdainful.
dedeinz, dedeins, adv. and prep. 159,
1567, 7178, B. vi. I, within.
dedier, v. a. 7203, dedicate.
deduyt, s. 388, delight.
dee ( I ), s. see dieu.
d6e (2), s. 5785, 14306, B. xlii. i, die, pi.
dice.
deesce, see duesse.
defaillir, v. n. 561, 16716, fail.
defalte, defaute, s. 6341, 13206, B. xxviii.
2, lack, fault.
defence, defensfe), s. 9059, 9305, 9808,
defence, prohibition.
defencioun, ji-. 4051, prohibition.
defendant, s. 6218, defender,
defendement, s. 14994, defence.
defendre, v. a. 1035, B. xviii. r; 3 J'. /.
defent, 2145 ; 3 j. pret. defifjendi, 117,
6986 : defend, prevent, forbid.
defens, see defence.
defensable, a. 4234, 4815, strong, capable,
deferer, v. a., 3 s. p. deferre, 5680, put
off.
deflfendi, see defendre.
deflBer, see desfier.
definement, s. 5648, end.
definer, z'. n. 20483, end.
deflorir, 7'. a. 7820.
defouler, see desfovder.
deglouter, 7'. a. 7763, swallow.
degouter, v. n. 7059, 12332, trickle away,
flow.
degre, s. 218, 493, 648, 27673, degree,
place, means, manner, step.
deg(u)aster, desg(u)aster, v. a. 8464,
8532, 9523, 21713, T. xvii. 3, waste,
spoil.
deguerpir, v. a. 6356, abandon,
dehors, adi'. iioo, outwardly.
Deianire, B. xliii. i, T. vii. I.
deigner, v. n. 9562, B. xii. 2, xix. 2 :
iinpers. q'il vous deigne, B. xxxiii. 3.
deinz, prep. 82, T. viii. 3, in.
deinzeine, s. 14026, inner parts.
deit6, s. 2411.
del, = de le, de 1', 972, B. xi. 3,
T. viii. 2.
de la, prep. 23713, on the other side of.
delacioun, s. 2245, 9866, accusation ;
10240, delay : ep. dilacioun.
delaiement, see deslaieinent.
Delbora, 17486.
delectacioun, ,f. 694.
deli, a. 25405, delicate.
delicacie, s. 7797.
delicat, a. and s. 7837, 7891 : adv. 5320.
delicatenient, adv. 8005 .
delice, s. 656, 7793, delight, delicacy.
delicial, a. 8478.
deliement, adv. 3557, delightfully.
delitizl, s. 456, 13. xxvi. 3.
delitable, a. 981, 4496.
delitance, s. 17422, delight.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 497
delitement, s. 8631.
deliter, v. a. and ?r/f. 27, 617, T. ix. I :
7'. n. 21747.
deliverance, s. 9864.
delivrement, s. 10654.
delivrer, v. a. 2955, 6472, deliverer,
4832, deliver, give away.
demaine, see demeine.
demander, v. a. 441 : v. n. 2225.
demein, demain, s. 5433, 9838, 20079,
morning, the morrow : adv. 20126.
demeine, v. see demener.
demeine, demaine, demesne, s. 767,
1606, 16043, possession, power.
demeine, a. 12180, 1756S, 27983, own.
demener, desmener, v. a. 444, 5038,
7818, 28147; 3 ^. Z^. demeine, 13. vii. 2,
desmeine, 10541 : carry on, experience,
display : se demener, 8787, behave.
Demephon, B. xliii. i.
demesure, desmesure, s. 1165, 1950,
11792, excess.
demeure, demure, s. 159, 937, delay,
dwelling.
demi, see demy.
demise, s. 591, intermission.
demonstracioun, s. 18826.
demonstrance, see demoustrance.
demostrer, see demoustrer.
demourer, demorrer, demorir, v. 11.
187, 13377, B. ix. 5; IS. p. demoert,
3834, demure, 3752; 3 s. fut. de-
mo! urra, 8901, 8891 : remain, dwell,
delay.
demoustrance, demonstrance, s. 4238,
12435-
demo(u)strer, v. a. 1082, T. vi. i.
demure, see demeure, demourer.
demy, demi, a. and adv. 255, 5147, B.
xxviii. I ; au demy, 4315, by half.
denier, s. 1936, penny ; pi. deniers, 7236,
money.
dent, s. 2644.
denyer, v. a. 16326, reject.
Denys, (Saint), 3785.
depar, prep. 415, B. viii. 3, from, by
authority of.
departement, s. 4091, parting.
departie, s. 6876, 7269, B. iv. 4, parting,
ending.
departir, v. a., refl. and n. no, 699, 2939,
7390, 17369, B. iii. 3, depart, part,
divide, remove.
dependre, v. 11. 7780, hang: v. a. 29113,
take down.
deperir, T/.w., 3J./.depiert, 17734, perish.
* K
depos, s. 4591, charge.
deposer, v. a. 11261, 17884, lay aside,
lay low.
deproier, v. a. 5050, prey upon,
depuis, depuiss, adv. B. xxvi. 3, T.
vi. 2.
depuisque, conj. 1288, 8997, since.
deputaire, a. 12045, 13210, bad, wicked.
devere, prep. 1181, behind: adv. 891, B.
xvi.3; par derere, a derere,32ii, 3451.
derere, s. 355, loss, ruin.
derisio(u)n, desrisioun, s. 1635, 168 1,
12029.
derisour, s. 165 1.
derrain, see darrein,
derresner, v. a. 22339, prove, (? dis-
prove).
derrour, adv. B. xlii. 3 : cp. derere.
des, dez, = de les, 75, D. i. 2; = de, 7177 ;
(des les), used before tous, tiels, ceaux,
62, B. iv.* 3, vi. 4, xxv. 2 : see de, del.
desacrer, 7'. a. 7199, make unholy.
desaese, desease, desaise, disaise, j.
4087, 15682, 17300, 19320, B. XX. I,
trouble, torment.
desallouance, s. 20183.
desallouer, v. a. 25906, blame.
desamiable, a. 9647, unlovely.
desarraier, v. a. 23733, throw into con-
fusion.
desavancer, v. a. 1641, 3620, 6933, B.
xiii. 3, disparage, diminish, injure.
desbarater, v. a. 13829, bring down.
desceivant, desceivera, see decevoir. '
descencioun, s. 4054, intermission.
descendre, v. n. 312, T. x. i; 2> ^- P-
decent, 1278: v. a. 13144.
descense, s. 15618, fall, descent.
descente, decente, s. 1441, 3108.
desceu, see decevoir.
descharger, v. a. 8657, set free,
descharitant, a. 7685, opposed to charity.
descheable, a. 3756, 9585, apt to fall,
falling : faire descheable, bring to ruin.
descheir, v. )t., 2>^'P- deschiet, 1483;
subj. deschiece, 10553; 2s./ul. dea-
eherras, 3683 : fall down,
desciple, see disciple,
desclos, a. 4595, 21724, revealed, open,
descloser, v. a. 6398, B. xxxvii. 3, open,
reveal.
descoler, v. a. remove (as from school),
20233.
descolour6, a. 869.
desconfire, v. a. 2478, defeat, discomfit.
desconfiture, j. 14292.
498
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
desconfort, s. 5339.
desconfortement, s. 29129.
desconforter, 7^. r^. and ft. $447 ^ 14443>
24. n. and 7rjl.
22217, ^- x\''- i< diminish.
descripcioun. discripcioun, s. I4']'i (R),
3696 (R).
descrire, v. a. 131 7, B. xxvi. 3; pp. de-
script, 269, descrit, 2504 : describe :
7). 71. 1 3381, write.
descrois, sec descreas.
descroiscant, a. T. xvii. 3, waning,
descroistre, sec descrestre.
desdeign, desdaign, desdein, s. 13 19,
2155, «374, B. xlviii. 3.
desdeigner, 7>. a. and n. 2325, B. xii. i,
disdain : refl. 2269, B. xiv. 2, feel disdain,
feci indif;nation.
desdetter, v. a. 5630, free from debt,
desdire, 7>.a. 2085, 5121, T. v. I, refuse,
forbid, disown.
desease, see desaese.
desert, s. 1284, 4125, T. vii. i.
desert, a. 317, 2333, 10196, left alone,
abandoned, lonely, desert.
deserte, decerte, s. 2709, 3174, 10195,
merit, desert, service,
deserter, v. a. 5013, lay waste.
deservir, 7>. a. 1530, 6135, B. xvii. i ;
3 s. p. decert, 17876: deserve, earn.
desesperance, j-. 2100. 5761, B. xiii. 3.
desespere, a. 5750, despairing.
(desesperer), T.}!.,2,s,p. desespoire, 5340.
desespoir, s. 5760.
desfacer, 7/. a. B. xxxii. 3.
desfaire. desfere, ?/. a. 88, 4467 ; pp.
desfais, ( p/) desfaitz, 3014, 3024: ruin,
defeat, destroy : rejl. 14345, be defeated.
desfamacioim, diffamacioun, s. 2877,
3797-
desfamant, a. 3219.
desfame, ,v. 2906, 12860, defamation, evil
report.
desfamer, 7'. a. 2685, 8301, disfamer,
diffamer, 2909, 23999.
desfamer, s. 4292, defamation.
desfermer, 7'. a. 2341, open,
desfier, deffier, 7>. a. 3045, 5746, 6227,
defy, distrust, abhor ; v. ti. 2072, rebel,
desfigure, disfigure, a. yjT^., 8194.
desfigurer, disfigurer, v. a. 18835, 20997,
27132, disfigure, debase.
desfio(u)rir, v. a. 5681, 8676, deflorir,
16932.
desformer. 7'. a. 3769, disfigure,
desfortuner, 7/. rt. 22032, deprive of fortune,
desfouir, 7'. a. 4205, dig up.
delslfouler, 7'. a. 11423, 19362, oppress,
outrage.
desfuissonner, 7/. n. 8933, decrease,
desgarni, a. 5272, 8107, unprepared, un-
provided,
desgeter, 7'. a. 8384, cast away.
desgloser,7/. a. 7484, remove the comment,
desg! u)ager, v. a. 7044, release : reJl. 9787,
perform one's promise,
desgi master, see degiuiaster.
desguiser, v. a. 1 537, 27339.
deshait, s. 2696, trouble,
deshaite, a. 14066, depressed, vexed,
desherbei'ger, v. a. 6667, deprive of
lodging.
deshei'iter, 7'. a. 5062, disinherit,
deshonester, 7'. a. 1354, deprive of honour,
deshonlnieste, a. 3526, 5066.
deshon(n)our, s. 8993, 11962.
deshonourer, v. a. 1578; 3 s. p. des-
honure, 6681.
deshosteller, 7'. 8380, dislodge.
desir, s. 44, B. iii. i, desire, 5474.
desirant, a. 2, desirous,
deairer, v. 786, B. vi. i, ix. i.
desirer, s. 27332, B. viii. i, desire,
desirrous, a. 3969, desirous.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
499
desjoindre,desjoi^er,7'. ^. 19373,29012.
desjoint, a. 10830, separated.
desjoint, ^. 1 1865, difficulty.
se desjoyer, v. 12940, grieve.
se desjuner, 7'. 16247, break one's fast.
deslai, deslay, s. 24934, T. x. 2.
deslaiementjdeslayement, s. 5 702 ,24211,
delay, adjournment.
deslaier, v. a. B. xxvii. 2, xxxvii. 3, put off.
desli6, a. 8635.
deslier, see desloier.
desloial(s), desloyal(8), desloiauls, s. 8,
70, 2852.
desloier, deslier, v. a. 8944, 12338, un-
bind, loose.
desloyalt6, ^. 22979.
desloyer,7'.«. 24239,1001 intounlavvfulness.
desmembrer, v. a. 2926, 6435.
desmener, see demener.
86 desmenter, v. 3098, 13908, lament, be
disturbed.
desmesurable, a. 5088, unmeasured.
desmesure, see demesure.
de(s)mesur6, a. 1345, 1910, 3821, violent,
excessive.
desmettre, v. a., 3 s. p. desmette, 5815.
desmonter, 7/. rt:. 1512, 1 1926 : v.n. 18802.
desmure(e), a. 3926, unwalled.
desnatural, desnaturel, a. 3758, 6686,
unnatural.
desnatur6, a. 24141, unnatural,
desnaturelement, adi'. 5048.
desnaturer, v. n. and reji. 6673, 7958,
87 II, become unnatural.
desnuer, 7'. a. 1102, 2969, unveil.
desobeir,7/. ;/. 2035: se desobeiera, 8036.
desobeir, s. 12 178, disobedience.
desobeis(s lance, s. 2053, 2089.
desobeissant, a. 2042.
desolat, a. 5328.
desordener, desordiner, v. a. 2 wo, 2005 1 ;
3 s. p. desordeigne, 2317 : disturb.
desore, adv. 27326, B.xliii. 1, henceforth.
despaiser, v. a. 2772, disturb.
desparacioun, s. 5748, despair.
desparage, s. 824, degradation.
desparager, v. a. 1651, 3020, 4013, lower,
degrade, despise.
desparaill, a. 27848, unequal.
desparigal, s. 1972, disparagement.
despendant, s. 7535 ; /. despendante,
10139: spender, spendthrift.
despendre, 7). a. 1206; 2. s. imper.
despen, 15941.
despense, s. 1172, 1399, despens, 7895,
expense, profit.
K
despenser, dispenser, v. a. and 7i. 1171,
1400, 7487, 14473, manage, arrange,
dispense, make payment.
despenser, s. 7486, distributer.
despersonner, v. a. 12743, degrade.
despire, v. a. 1 135, 2188, 2757, B. xxvi. 4,
hate, despise, vilify.
despiser, 7'. a. 1 142, 4099, scorn, contemn,
abuse.
despisour, s. 2231, despiser.
despit, s. 124, 446, V>. XXV. 4, hatred, spite,
contempt.
despit, depit, a. 9203 f, miserable, hateful.
despitous, a. 2182, contemptuous.
desplaier, see desploier.
desplaire, v. n. 572, displaii'e, 13464 ;
3 s. p. siibj. desplace, 29761, desplese,
B. xxviii. 3.
desplaisir, jt. 17445.
desploier, desplier, 7'. a. 7575, 9328,
11921, T. xviii. 3, desplaier, B.xxvii. 2.
unfold, open, display.
despoiler, see despuiller.
desport, s. 219, B. v. 3, sport, entertain-
ment ; 389, 2446, mercy.
desporter, v. a. 262, D. ii. 4, B.-xxxiii. 4,
entertain : v. n. and a. 2881, 2892, 4101,
spare,
desposer, see disposer,
despovirveu, a. 11066, helpless.
despriser, t. a. 2171, disparage, dispraise,
desprisonner, v. a. 5699, set free,
desprofiiter, v. n. 2759, be hurtful : reJl.
10966, go to ruin.
desprover, v. a. 13252, disprove.
despuil(l)er, despoiler, v. a. 165, 3607,
4845, B. vii. 3, strip, despoil, carry off.
desputer, disputer, v. n. 3835, 26739,
B. xxiv. 3.
se desquasser, v. 15644, be stirred
strongly.
desraeiner, v. a. 8201, uproot.
desrainer, v. a. 16373, defend.
desresonnal, a. 7597, unreasoning.
desresonner, v. a. 696, deprive of reason :
V. n. and reJl. 12739, 27170, act foolishly.
desreuler, v. a. 21 461, throw into dis-
order.
desricher, 7'. a. 7677, deprive of riches.
desrire, v. n. 1654 (de), laugh at.
desris, i-. 1655, derision.
desrisioun, see derisioun.
desrob(b)er, v. t?. 6994, 14170,26147, rob.
steal.
se desroier, v. 1921, 10905, go astray, be
disordered.
k2
soo GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
(desromprel, 7'. a., 3 s.p. desrout, 809S,
burst asunder.
desroy, desroi, s. 844, 3800, 28860, dis-
order, tumult, (rebellious) power.
dess. s. 8477, table : cp. doia.
desaaisoner, v. a. 27180, put out of har-
ninii)-.
dessassenter, 7'. ji. 131 73, disagree.
dessemblable, a. 17393, unlike.
desserrer, 7/. a. 553, unlock.
dessoubtz, dessoutz, adT. and prep. 91,
B. xix. I, below, under.
dessuer, v. a. 16178, wipe clean (properly
of perspiration).
dessur, desur,/r£'/. 130, 3041,5016, upon,
above.
dessure, desseure, a dessure, adi'. 163,
945, 2430, B. xiii. 3, above, before, on
high : cp. dessus.
dessus, au dessus, adx'. 1907, 4033, B.
xvi. 2, xxxix. I, above, up, on high: a
son dessus, 25350, at its highest point.
destabler,7'.«.6920, remove (from stable).
destager, t. a. 13520, disturb : t. n. and
refi. 1 1638, 1 1964, be disturbed, be re-
moved, go aside,
destalenter, v. 6610, dislike.
destance, distance, s. 2139, 4957, B. xiii.
I, offence, dispute, disagreement,
se destenter, v. 42S8, 13738, issue forth,
remove oneself.
destenter, s. 4291, coming forth.
destin6(ei, s. 1507, B. v. 3, fate.
destiner, v. a. \ 999, 1 6006, appoint, mark
out.
destitut, a. 19929, C, deserted,
destour, s. 2772, 20164, disturbance,
trouble.
destourbance, s. 18704.
destourbeisoun, s. 6359, trouble,
destoiujrber, z'. a. 2727, B. xxv. 1, disturb,
trouble.
destourber, s. 4703. trouble,
destourdre, v. a. and ;/. 9944, 20268.
desto(u)rner, v. a. and n. 1485, 2061,
turn aside,
destre, a. 859, B. .\xiii. 1 : s. 15766.
destreindre, 7'. a. 3672, distress,
destreinte, s. 29108, distress,
destrer, s. 1783, war-horse,
destresce, destress(e), distresce, j. 41 19,
9496, 14386, 15795, 215:2, B. vi. 4,
distress, necessity : par destresce,
5549, by force.
destroit, s. 11 78, 201 11, B. xliii. 3, strait,
difficulty, trouble.
destroit, a. 3060 ; pi. destroia, 3802 :
oppressed, tormented.
destruccioun, s. 3982.
destruire, destrure, 7'. a. 1173, T. x. 3 ;
////. destruiera, 1628.
desveier, see deavoier.
desves, s. 5793, madman,
desvestir, v. a. 11383.
desvier, 7'. ;/. 26873, cease to live.
desvoier, desveier, 7'. a. 2819, 5455, turn
away, forbid: v. ?i. and refl. 14377,
17744, go out of the way, go astray,
desvoluper, v. a. 20753, disencumber.
detenir, 7'. a. 69 II.
detenir, s. 28533, delay.
determiner, v. n. 29711, B. vi. 2, decide,
end.
detirer, v. a. 15251, 19980, draw away,
disturb.
detracciolujn, s. 2619, 2656.
detractour, s. 2644, slanderer.
detrahir, 7k a. and n. 2647, 2667, speak
evil of, speak evil.
detrahir, s. 2649, detraction,
detrencher, v. a. 26397, cut off.
detrier, v. refl. 12576, trouble (oneself).
dette, debte, s. 5629, 6980, debt,
dettour, s. 7248.
deutronomii, 8050, S590, 12162, of
Deuteronomy.
deux, deus, ninn. 226, B. ix. 2, xxvii. 4,
duy, dui, 97, 7889.
devant, par devant, /rt/. 1748, B. xii. 2,
before, in presence of: adv. 248, 739,
B. xvi. 3, in front, before, formerly : au
devant, B. xxxii. 2, cy devant, 14577.
devant, s. 3905, advantage.
devenir, v. n. 48, B. xivi. Z\ Z ^- pft^l-
devint, devient, 1054, 8585 : come, be-
come,
deverie, s. 4824, madness.
devers, p>rp. 66, T. vi. 3, towards, near,
devine, see divin.
devis, devys, divis, s. 83, 232, 1220, B.
ix. 6, device, design, opinion, manner.
devise, see divis(e).
deviser, diviser, 7'. a. and ;/. 238, 286,
17 14, 4159, B. xxxi. 2, divide, speak,
tell, describe, com pare, arrange, contrive.
deviser, j'. 29526, division.
devisioun, see divisioun.
devocioun, s. 3093, 10180.
devoir, t. n. 36, 588, B. v. 2 ; \ s. p. doie,
588, B. iii. 4, doy, doi, 9955, B. iv. 2 ;
2 J. deis, 13230; 2//. devetz, 1021 ; 3 j.
pret. dust, 2018 ; 3 s. prel. subj. duist,
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 501
3071, 4942, deust 9491 ; 3 pL duissont,
2142, deussent, 2651 1 ; fut. devera, B.
V. 2 ; coud. deveroient, 9228.
devoir, s. 5673, 9441, B. xli. 2, duty
afifair.
devolt, devoltement, see devout, &c.
devorour, s. 6921.
devo(u)rer, v. a. 1859, 6259, T. xii. 3 ; fut.
devo(u)ra, 6370, 8568.
devout(e), devolt, rz. 5628, 10382, 18153.
devoutement, devoltement, adv. 1074,
8258.
devys, see devis.
dez, see des.
diable, see deable.
dial, s. 4544.
diamant, dyamant, s. 12464, B. xviii. 4,
daiamand,daiamant, 18343, B. xxxviii.
I.
Dido, B. xliii. i.
diete, dyete, s. 3156, 11128, 16228, lodg-
ing, food, moderation in food, regimen.
dieu(s), dieux, s. 52, 61, Si, D. i. i, B. xi.
2, di§e, 71 12, d6e, 8192.
dieuesce, see duesse.
dieurte, see durete.
dififamacioiin, see desfamacioun.
diffamer, see desfamer.
difference, s. 23973.
diffinaille, s. i^'^-l^i end.
diffinement, s. 20, end.
dif(f )iner, v. 2630, 5101, describe, make
clear.
diflfus. a. 15468, spread abroad.
digester, v. a. 8338.
digestier, s. 8596, digestion.
digne, a. 1386, B. xlvii. i, worthy.
dignet6, dignity, s. 1169, 19322.
dilaeioun, s. 1 6820, delay : cp. delaeioun.
dileccioun, s. 13528, love.
diligent, a. 23332.
diluge, s. 8198.
dimise, s. 4568, remission.
Diomedes, B. xx. 3.
Dionis, 14761, Dionysius.
dire, v. 12, B. ix. i ; i s. p. di, dy, 584,
820, B. ii. 2, die, 10149 isuhj. 1), dis,
5533, B. ix. 6 ; 3 s. dit, 1300, B. xxiv. 3,
dist, 1334, B. xxiii. 3; 3//. diont, 17141,
B. xxxi. 3 ; 2 J. pret. dltz, 29656 ; 3 s.
dist, 376, 401 {subj.) ; 3 pi. distront,
1 1959 ; 1 ^- P- subj. die, 1420, B. xiv. 3 ;
fut. dirray, dirrai, 12, B. x, i; iinperat.
dy, di, 1600, 2590.
direct, a. B. ix. 6, addressed.
dis, diss, dix, man. 910, 6126, 26284.
dis, see toutdis.
disaise, see desaese.
disciple, desciple, s. 3265, 6722.
discipline, s. 665, 2000, 11676, B. xxi, i,
discipline, doctrine, kind.
discipliner, v. a. 901 1.
disconfiture, s. 2435.
discorder, sec descorder.
discordial, a. 4543, of discord,
discort, discord, see descord.
discrecioun, s. 8225, 1 1562 ff.
discret, a. 11653, T. i. i.
discretement, adv. 22886.
discripcioun, see descripeioun.
disfame, see desfime.
disfamer, see desfamer.
disfigurer, &c., see desfigurer, &c.
disme, a. 28083, C., tenth.
disme, s. 7158, 20213, tithe,
disner, s. 7912, 8458.
dispensacio(u)n, s. 7365, 21283.
dispenser, see despenser.
displaire, see desplaire.
displaisance, s. 17693.
disposer, desposer, v. a. 6405, 11 260,
plan, dispose : se disposer de, 1 5926,
dispose of.
disputeisoun, s. 2972, argument.
disputer, see desputer.
diss, see dis.
dissaisir, v. a. 20981, dispossess.
dissemblant, a. 13 166, unlike.
dissencioun, s. 3061.
dissimulacioun, s. 3658.
dissipacioun, s. 181 23.
dissipat, a. 6882, dispersed.
dissolucioxin, s. T. v. 3.
dissolver, v. a. 25650.
dissonne, s. 15427, discord.
distance, see destance.
distresce, see destresee.
dit, s., pi. dis, ditz, 459, 1297, D. i. 3,
B. xxiii. 4, speech, saying, poem.
dit6e, s. 14, poem.
Dithan, Dathan, 2343, 27077, Dathan.
divers, diverse, a. 1002, 3157, 3912,
B. xlvii. 3, different, various, perverse.
diversant, a. 10615, different.
diversement, ad7'. 7049, 8798, B. vi.,
margin, differently, variously, widely.
diverser, v. a. loi 16, change : refl. and n.
4081, 7986, 9880, be different, offend.
diverset6, s. 25177.
divider, v. a. 25182 ; se divider, C.
divin, divine, a. 56, B. xxxi. 2, devine,
B. xxi. 2.
502
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
divin. -c 7938, 8269, 12699, god, divinity,
divine word, prophecy.
divinaille, s. 1475, prophecy.
diviner, f. ;/. and a. 51 89, 65 13. prophesy,
foresee.
divinere, s. 28161, diviner.
divinite, i'. 28019.
divis. See devis.
divise. i'. 15734, description : t/>. devis.
divis(e), devise, n. 595, 1034, 5089,
divided.
diviser, .vtv deviser.
divisioun, devisioun, s. 10500, 11872.
dix, see dis.
doaire.5. 5 74, 953, dowrv-, estate, dominion.
doctourisi, -v. 10411.
doctrinal(s), cu 26890, apt to teach.
doctrinal, j-. 3167, teaching.
doctrine, s. 669.
doctriner, 7'. a. 212, instruct.
doel, jr. 1343, grief.
doer, V. a. 1979, endow.
doi. doy, s. 7100, 8781, finger.
dois. .V. 73S0, table, place : cp. dess.
dolcour, .see doulcour.
dolent. dolens, a. 521, 17818, D. i. i.
doloii', 7'. 7!., rejl. and impers. 3700, B. v.
2; 3 s.p. dolt, 3177, doelt, 12951 ; pret.
3 s. dolt, 724 ; 3 pi. doleront, 12033 •
be in pain, suffer grief, give pain (toj.
doloir, s. 11489, suffering.
dolour, s. 30, B. ii. i ff.
dolourous, a. 6944, dolerous, 14537.
doniestfe), a. 977, 8527, tame, familiar.
Dominic, 21 554.
don, see doun.
dongon, s. 7052.
donnier, v. a. 328, 486, B. iv. 2; i s. p.
douns, 12098 ; 3 s.p. siibj. doignt, 5477,
D. ii. 5, B. xxiv. i, doint, 9718, doigne,
1964, donne, 2163 ; fiit. dorra, 809,
dourray, 12838; cond. 2 s. dorroies,
6615 ; 3 s. dourroit, 11223.
donner, s. 3295, gift.
donnoier, 7'. n. 1922, make love.
donque, ach'. 1 2551, therefore.
dont, rel. pron. and conj. 3, 1039, D. i. 2,
I'., xi. 2; dont que, 1779: of which,
whence, whereupon, wherefore ; si . . .
dont, tant . . . dont, 219 f., 105 1 f.,
&c., so (so much) ... that : ifiterrog.
adv. 1 1427, whence.
dormant, s. 4869, sleep; 8189, sleeper.
dormir, v. n. 900, 2888.
dorr6, a. 11 18, gilded.
dortour, s. 5314, 21434, dormitory.
dos, doss, s. 1365, 2120.
double, a. 1028, B. xlv. 3.
doublement, ad^i. 3468.
doubler, v. a. and ;/. 1716, 3165, 6463.
doubtance, s. 8069, B. iv. 4, fear, doubt.
doubte, doute, s. 1341, 21 12, 4678, T. v.
3, fear, doubt.
doubter, v. a., «. and rc/l. 442, 802, 1 197,
6324, T. xiii. I, fear, care, doubt.
doubtous, a. 27837, T. iv. i, doubtful.
douche, see douls.
douleement, (uh'. 3553.
doulcet, (i;.,y^ doulcette, 22155, sweet,
doulcour, dolcour, dou9our, ,$•. 507,
2583, B. iii. I, iv. 3, sweetness.
douls, doulz, /. doulce, douche, a. 511,
1700, 9961, B. ii. 2, xii. 3.
doun, s. 1528, B. xvi. 2, don, 24772, gift.
dousze, num. 12246, twelve.
douszeine, s. 4061, dozen, twelve,
doute, see doubte.
doy, see doi.
dragme, s. 12927, drachma.
drago(uin, s. 3733, 11491.
drap, s. S7'^7 '■! pl- draps, dras, 5175,
6941.
drapell, drapeal, s. 23493, 28145, cloth.
draper, s. 25309, cloth-seller.
drescer, v. a. 2999, B. xliv. 3, set, direct,
set in order.
droit, droitz, drois, a. 2001, 3419, 3561,
B. iv. I, right, just, true.
droit, adv. 411, 15202.
droit, s. 140. B. vii. i ; a droit, 3517 : en
droit, see endroit.
droitement, adv. 1645 1.
droiture, s. 22905, B. xlvi. 4, T. i. 2,
right.
droiturer, a. 14437, upright.
droituriel, a. 17788, upright.
dru,y; drue, s. 4801, 8625, friend, lover,
mistress.
druerie, j-. 9293, 23903, love,
du, prep. = de, 97, 389, &c. ; du 1', 1 149 ;
du quoi, B. ii. 3; = de le, 27, B. i. 3 ;
= de la, D. i. 1, B. x.\. 3; = des,
4269 : ep. de, del.
due, s. 2237, T. xi. 3.
duement, ad7f. 1530, duly,
duesse, dieuesce, deesce, s. 940, 7408,
9504, B. x\. 4. goddess.
duet6, s. 1558, 5631, due right, duty.
dui, see deux,
dur, see durr.
durable, a. 14579, 1 5 106, lasting, untiring.
durement, aih'. 11092.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 503
durer, v. n. 2122, 3891 ; 3 s. fui. dura,
durra, 3909, 16200: v. a. 15918.
duresee, s. 151 58.
durete, s. 2396, durtee, B. xvii. i,
dieurte, B. xviii. 4.
dur(r), a. 2054, 4199, B. xiii. I, hard.
duy, see deux.
dyademe, ,$■. 188 14.
dyamant, see diamant.
dyete, see diete.
dymenche, s. 18594.
Dyna, 16958.
Dyonis, 7101.
E
ease, see aese.
eaaer, v. a. 20308, make pleasant.
eauage, a. 4120, of water.
eaue, s. 2410.
eauerose, s. 5177, rose-water.
eaux, eux, eulx, pron. 874, 25952, B.
xxxiv. I.
Eccho, 1426.
eclips, s. 28753.
Ector, 5520, B. xliii. 2.
edifice, s. 214 1 1.
edifier, edefier, v. a. 10349, 14669, build,
ees, s. 5437, 19345, bee.
eeu, see avoir.
Eeve, see Eve.
effect, s. 3332, 4721.
effeminer, v. 5507.
efiforcier, 71. a. 185 16, supply.
s'eflfroier, 7/. 1782, 5790, s'esfroier, B. ix.
4, XXV. 4, be disturbed, be afraid :
effroier, v. 71. 9377, be disturbed.
effroy, effroi, s. 539, 852, T. xiii. 3, esfroy,
19386.
effus, a. 15465, poured out.
eflFusioun, s. 24142.
egal, a. 2109, egual, B. xiii. i.
egalte, egalite, 14945, B. xvii. 2.
Egipcien, j. 1659, 12261, 12269.
Egipte, Egipt, 2407, 3671, 8046, 8586,
11199, 14528, 18231, 22321, 28278 tf.,
29322, T. vi. I.
Egistus, Egiste, T. ix. 2, 3.
eglips, s. B. xiii. 3, eclipse.
eglise, s. 2370, T. iii. i ff., esglise, C.
and V. I. T. iii.
egual, see egal.
eiant, eie, see avoir,
aide, eyde, see aide,
eiasi, see ensi.
einz, adv. see ainzs.
einz, prep. 3162, within : cp. deinz.
einzgarde, s. 16593, (inner guard), strong-
hold (?j.
eir, see air.
eisil, eysil, s. 4278, 28738, vinegar.
el, pro?t. 1989, 2102, 10559, it, him : c;^. le.
el, = en le, 309, D. ii. 3 ; = en la, 2941 ;
also en le, e. g. 3457.
elaeioun, s. 695, 1673, dignity, haughti-
ness, pride.
elat, a. 2241.
ele, pron. see elle.
ele, J. 19004, B. viii. I, wing.
eleccio(ujn, s. 161 43, B. xxxv. 3, T. v. i,
choice.
electuaire, s. 7862, 13207, electuary.
eleescer, see esleescer.
element, s. 26625.
elephant, s. 8533 : cp. oliphant.
Eliphas, 1 1 33 1.
elisetz, see eslire.
Elizabeth, 27953 ff.
eile, pron. 1205, B.. v. i, ele, T. viii. 3.
Elmeges, T. xi. 2.
eloquence, s. 10050.
Elye, 1 1 155, Elijah.
embatre, see enbatre.
enibler, v. a. 1168, T. xviii. i, steal.
emblere, a. (/.), 7060, thievish.
embracer, see enbracier.
emendacioun, j-. 5745.
emparler, v. n. 16634, speak.
empeinte, see enpeinte.
emperesse, s. 29462, B. xliv. i, em-
perice, 14056.
emperial, a. 18559, D. i. 2.
emperialis), s. 962, emperor.
emperice, sec emperesse.
emperour, .f. 1464, B. xxxv. i, emper-
eour, 23624, emperere, 17120: also
amperere.
empire, enpire, s. 1 136, 7129, 24816, B.
XX. 3, empire, kingdom, emperor.
empirer, see enpirer.
emplastre, enplastre, s. 14906 ff., plaster.
emplastrer, v. a. 13139, plaster.
emplir, empler, v. a. 987, 16244, T. ii. r.
emploier, enploier, v. a. Si 17, 10583,
T. xviii. 3.
emprendre, see enprendre.
emprise, see enprise.
en, prep. 8, D. i. I ; de jour en jour,
T, V. I : en vole, see envoie.
en, pron. 10, B. i. 3, ent, 5184, of it, of
them, thence.
504 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
I'en, frotj. 29, B. iv. 2 : cp. om.
enamourer, ?'. n. 16965, fall in love,
enamoure, a. 220.
enavant, adv. 6474, in future,
enbaraigner, v. n. 17914, grow barren,
enbastir, i\ T. x. 3, contrive,
s'enbatre.s'embatre, ■?/. 5707, 7034. enter.
enbellir, v. a. 29453, make beautiful.
enboer, ?'. a. 1228, defile with mud.
enboire, 7'. 3053, 9070, 28302, drink in,
drink up : pf>. enbu, 1 1299, imbued.
enbraeliler, embracer, v, a. 5241, 8104,
B. i. 3, xxxii. 2.
enbreuderie, s. 17895.
enbroncher, 7'. n. 391 1, cast down,
enbrouder, 7/. a. 873.
encager, s. 41 12, caging,
enceinte, a. 11417, 1>. xlii. 3, T. iv. 2.
eneensle), s. 12240, 28166.
enchacer, ?'. a. 11422, persecute,
enchantement, 5-. 1383.
enchanteotir, s. 1382.
enchanter, v. a. 13934, bewitch,
encharner, 7'. <•;. 9i87,makecarnal; 24362,
flesh, enter (of a houndj : refl. 27588,
become incarnate,
enchastier, v. a. 7917, warn,
(encheirj, v. 71., 2 s.fiit. encherres, 1337,
fall.
enchericer, v. a. 25504, favour,
encherir, 7'. a. 25748, raise in price,
enchesoner, 1'. a. 25948, allege, excuse,
enchesoun, s. 2627, occasion ; par en-
chesoun que, 2791, because,
enchivalcher, v. n. 844, ride.
enci, (uhi. B. v. 4, )nargi?i, jesqes enci,
up to this point ; . a. 5675, impoverish.
enpreignant, a. 4S65, pregnant.
enprendre, emprendre, 7'. a. I359) I54ij
2428, B. iv. * 3 ; 3 s. imp. enpernoit,
28880; 2 p/. imperat. enpernetz,
27419: undertake, acquire, take upon
oneself: enprendre sur soy, 1958,
pretend.
5o6
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
enpriendre, v. a. 5820, 6592, 23195, press,
impress.
enprise, emprise, J. 1144, '357' ^^- li- i>
undertaking, enterprise, endeavour,
enprisonner, v. a. 4833, imprison.
enpuisonner, v. a. 4397, poison,
enquere, enquerre, enquerir, v. a. and
//. 13239, 17361, 20382; 3 s. pret. en-
quist, 400 : ask for, enquire,
enquerir, s. 25137, inquest, trial.
enquerrement, jr. 23767, enquiry,
enqueste, JT. 6208, 161 13, 24926, trial, jury.
enquore, sec encore.
enracin6, //. 12370, rooted,
enraciner, v. >i. 18101, take root.
enrichir, v. /;.68o3, grow rich: v. rt.21058,
enrich,
enroer, 7'. n. 9694, grow hoarse,
enrougir, v. a. 16907, redden.
ensee(c)her, enseclOhir. ?/. (^?. 2559, 3823,
5096, 18120 : V. n. 5578 : dry up.
enseiiglne, s. 1056, 2124, 14023, 28989,
B. xxxiii. 3, teaching, information, mark,
standard, object, condition.
ensei g nement, s. 9615, 17738, teaching.
ensei(g)ner, v. a. and ;/. 1048, 1439, B.
xiv. 3, teach, tell.
ensemble, adv. 417, B. xxxiv. 3.
ensemblement, adv. 344, together,
ensement, adv. 100, B. xxxiv. 3, T. xv. i,
thus, similarly.
eusenser, v.a. 1 398, 6208, inspire, persuade.
enseoir, v. n. 26103, sit.
enaerrer, v. a. 1 1 271, shut up.
ensevelir, v. a. 5148, bury.
ensi, ensy, einsi, adv. 113, 17684, 25379,
D. ii. 3, thus.
ensoter, v. n. 6368, grow foolish,
enspirer, v. a. 12324, T. v. 3.
ensu(i)ant, a. 4333, D. i. 4, following.
(ensuirej, v. a., 3 pi. p. ensuient, 3335,
follow.
enaMi, prep. 3205, 211S5, above, about.
ensus, adv. 28735, ^^ li'gh-
ensy, see ensi.
ent, see en.
entailiDe, s. 1243, 1470, shape, fashion,
entalenter, v. a. 21269, induce,
entalentis, a. B. ix. i, desirous,
entamer, v. a. 25161, injure.
ente, s. 20798, graft.
enteccher, v. a. 8344, affect,
entencioun, s. 4679, B. xxi. i.
eatendable, a. 16847, T. i. 3, obedient,
entendance, s. 181 52, 27034, meaning,
audience, service.
entendant, s. 11981, attendant.
entendant, a. 656. attentive.
entendement, s. 8231, 10229, B. xix. 4,
understanding, hearing, meaning.
entendre, v. a. and n. 11, 601, B. xviii.
I ff., T. x. 2 ; i/nperaf. enten, 445.
entente, jr. 2149, B. xvi. 3, purpose, under-
standing.
ententif, a. 106 10, intent.
enterin, a. 2526, 6718, entire.
enterrement, .f. 29673.
enterrer, ?'. a. 29674.
enticement, s. 422.
enticer, v, a. 982, 4329, stir up, entice.
enticer, s. 1477, enticement.
entier, a. 468, B. iv. i : cp. enterin.
entollir, v. a. 18010, take away.
entour, (?^/7/.933, round, about : d'entour,
1827, from among.
entracorder, v. a. 4698, reconcile together :
rejl. 24231, agree together.
entraile, .v. 5518, inner parts.
entraire, 7'. /i. 15769, bring.
s'entramer, 7'. 13598, love one another.
entraqueinter, 7'. a. S822, make ac-
quainted.
s'entrasseurer, 7'. 17272, assure one
another.
entre, entre de, prep. 590, D. ii. 3., &c. ;
entre ce, 3319 ; entre d'eux, 6977 ; cp.
s'entr'estoiont parigals, 1016.
s'entrebeiser, s'entrebaiser, v. 13713,
23084, kiss one another.
entrechange, j'. 22145.
s'entrecontrer, v. 27628, meet one an-
other.
entredire, v. a. 132, 18624, forbid, place
under interdict.
entre(e), s. 9849, 20863, ^- xxxvii. 2.
entrejurer, 7/. n. 330, swear mutually.
entremelle, a. 4278, mingled together.
s'entremeller, v. 22311, 26048, inter-
meddle, mingle.
s'entremettre, v. 23718, engage one-
self.
entreprendre, 7'. a. 237, take possession
of.
entrepris. //. 3009, B. xiv. 2, astonished,
dismayed.
entrer, v. a., n., and reJI. 679, 803, 3820,
B. x.\xvii. 2, enter, enter upon : 7'. a.
25062, 25742, enter (a dog, &c.), i.e.
train him for some kind of sport.
entresemblable, a. 11907, similar.
entretiier, v. a. 10319, mutually kill.
entriboler, v. a. 20244, disturb.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 507
entroubler, v. a. 3054, 26024, disturb,
stir up.
entusch(i)er, v. a. 4280, 21452, poison,
mix (as poison).
envaie, s. 3847, attack,
envenime, a. 2524, venomous.
envers. a. 16721, overturned,
envesseller, v. a. 919 {pp.), place in
vessels.
enviaille, s. 2898, envy.
envie, envye, s. 247, 293, B. xxxiv. 3.
envier, v. a. 3348 : v. n. 12705.
envious, a. 2644, B. 1. I.
environer, v. a. 7873, i})T)\i, go about.
enviro(u)n, adv. 4306, 2S268, B. xxi. 3.
envis, adv. 5544, B. xi. 3, reluctantly,
against the will.
envoie, adv. 1006, 10901, B. xv. i, en
voie, 5509, 7010, away.
envoier, v. a. 279, B. iv. 4, viii. 4 ; 3 j-. p.
envoit, 2058, D. ii. 5, envoie, 14007 ;
fut. envoierai, envoyeray, B. x. 4, xvii.
4 : send, send away.
envoisure, s. 988, 9369, 9445, B. xlvi. 3,
T. vi. I, xvi. I, concealment, device,
snare, jest.
envolsier, v. a. 21404, vault.
envye, see envie.
enyv(e)rer, v. n. 3605, 1644S, become
drunk.
Eolen, T. vii. 2.
Epicurus, 9531.
epistre, s. 11054, epistle,
equality, s. 26910.
equite, s. 4740.
eremite, s. 6274, hermit,
ermyne, jr. 20475.
errance, s. 5323, error,
errement, s. 11 327, wandering,
errer, v. n. 2106, wander, err.
errour, s. 1492, B. xlviii. i.
ers, ert, see estre.
eructuacioun, s. 2246, belching.
68, = en les, 634, T. xvi. i.
Esaii, Eseau, 3386, 4857.
esbahir, v. a. 431, 748, astound, dismay :
rejl. 9777, be dismayed.
s'esbanoier, v. 18348, B. ix. 4, divert
oneself, rejoice.
esbanoy, j-. 12504, enjoyment,
esbatement, s. B. i. 3, xxxiv. 3, diversion,
esbaubis, //. B. ix. 3, confused.
esbau(ljdir, v. a. 3376, 24197, exalt, em-
bolden.
escale, s. 6401, shell.
eacarbudj ^. 2894, beetle.
escarlate, s. 20454.
eschalfement, s. 3990, heat.
eschalfer, see eschaulfer.
eschamelle, J. 5250, 15571, bench, foot-
stool.
eschange, s. 4451, T. xvii. 3.
eschangement, s. 8387, B. i. 3.
eschanger, v. a. 83S8.
eschaper, v. a. 767, B. xxx. 2 : refl. 20423.
escharcement, adv. 7567, scantily.
escharcete, s. 7491, stinginess.
eschar(s), /. escharce, a. 7513, 26152,
scanty, niggardly.
escharn, j. 1642, scorn.
escharner, escharnir, v. a. 1638, 1646,
28944, scorn.
eBchau(l)fer, eschalfer, v. a. 3078, 5238,
5803, heat.
escheate, s. 20348.
eseheoir, ■?'. ;/. 8910 ; 3 s.p. esehiet, 7040 ;
3 s. fut. escheiTa, 4268 : fall, happen.
eschequer, s. 5780, chess.
escherir, v. a. 26303, make dear.
eschiele, s. 10700, ladder.
eschine, s. 5166, back.
eschis, a. 5537, 17643, ill-disposed, ill-
humoured.
eschiver, v. a. 4036, avoid : cp. esehuir.
eschuir, eschuier, v. a. 2094, 11 931,
avoid: v. n. i^\i% shrink.
escient, s. 24700, knowledge, opinion.
escla(i)rcir, v. a. 181 74, 26720.
esclaire, s. 9281.
s'esclairer, v. 3587, shine.
esclandre, s. 2709, 2918, slander, scandal.
eselandrer, v. a. 2924, offend,
s'eselipser, v. 3588, be eclipsed.
escliser, v. n. 22763, slip.
escole, s. 510, 2843.
escoleier, escoloier, v. n. 1440, 20235,
go to school.
escoler, v. 2842, teach : s'escoler, 7658,
go to school.
escomenger, see escoumenger.
escondire, v. a. 6612, 12550, B. xxvi. 2,
refuse, repulse.
escondit, jr. 1 5496, refusal.
escoreher, v. a. 24995, A^y "ff-
escorpioun, s. 3527, 8973, scorpion.
escot, s. 8265, reckoning (at a tavern).
escoulter, see ascoulter.
ese(oJumenger, escomenger, v. a. 9418,
18774, 19399, excommunicate.
escoupe, s. 18026, spittle.
eseourge, s. 28714, scourge.
escourger, s. 28966, scourge.
5o8 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
escourter, T'. a. 5721, shorten.
escrier, v. n. and rfjl 7975, 9827, cry
out.
escriipit, escris, s. 1299, B. i. 4, xi. 4,
writing.
escripture, s. 1849, 2270, B. xxii. 4,
writing, scripture.
escrire, escrivre, ?'. a. 50, 6480, 8889 ;
I s. p. escris, escrits, D. i. 4, B.
Envoy; 3 s. fut. escrivera, 14751 ;
3 5. fret, escrist, 50, escript, 7441 ;
pp. escript, 2468, V>. xxiv. 1, escrit,
2933, B. X. 4.
escuier, esquier, s. 882, 9847, squire,
esciiieresse, jc. 25696, squiress.
escumenger, sec escoumenger.
escumengerie, s. 6492, excommunication,
escusacioun, excusacioun, s. 5609,
20713, excuse.
escuser, excuser, v. a. 160, 6462, B. xvii.
I, T. ,\viii. 4.
escu(t), s. 13927, 24442, shield, crown
(of money).
Esdras. 10348, 10373.
ese, see aese.
Eseau, see Esaii.
esfroier, esfroy, see efProier, effroy.
s'esgaier, v. 9339, 10102, take delight,
adorn oneself.
esgai'd, s. 21060, B. xxv. 3, counsel,
esglise, see eglise.
esg.ujarder, v. 9898, T. vi. 2, xiv. 2,
observe, look upon, look.
eshalcliier, eshaiilcer, ?'. a. 1216, 3083,
1 1538, exalt.
s'esjoir, s'esjoyr, s'esjoier, 7>. 276, 1750,
3699, B. ii. 1 ; 3 s. pret. s'eejoit, s'esjoy,
276, 427 : rejoice.
eslargir, v. a. 12247, 18458, increase,
widen,
s'esleescer, s'eleescer, v. 3267, 15886,
rejoice.
eslire, v. a. 3087, T. v. i ; 3 s.pret. eslust,
3236; ipl. i)nper. elisetz, 23147; //.
eslieu, 3671, B. xxxiv. 2, eslit, 125, B.
xxvi. 4: choose, elect, distinguish.
eslit, a. 2499, 4074, 12453, select, chosen,
distinguished.
esloigner, ?'. a. 6716, 20952, T. vi. 2,
ealonger, 1067, B. vii. i, xxix. i, remove
far, tlcc from.
esluminer, 7/. . 10739, B. xxi. i, illumi-
nate: 7'. ;/. 17028, shine.
esluminous, a. 29926, bright.
esmai, esmay, s. 1240, B. x. 2, dismay,
disquiet.
s'esmaier, t/. 614; \ s. p. esmay, esmai,
4793, B. xxxvi. 2, esmaie, B. xxvii. 4:
be dismayed.
esmerveiller, esmervailler, v. n. and
f-ejl. 9139, 21050, marvel.
esmovoix", esmover, v. a. 4557, 16750;
//. esmeu, 29885.
espace, s. 1 1476.
Espaigne, 23714, 26056.
espandre, 7'. a. 27S3, 3396, 4805, B. x. 4,
T. xiii. 3, spread abroad, scatter about,
shed.
esparnie, s. 4978, sparing.
esparnier, esparnir, 7'. a. 3298, 3387 :
7'. n. 7509, spare, be sparing.
esparplier, v. a. 7536, 13649, dissipate,
spread abroad.
espartir, 7'. ii. and ?-eJl. 3627, 9595,
separate, begin to burn (?).
esp^le), see espeie.
especial, a. 3314, 20093, trusted, especial,
properly behmging : d'especial, en
especial, par especial, 969, 2472 (R),
3280, especially.
especial, s. 150, friend.
especial, ath'. 1 3 198, especially.
especialment, mh'. C.
espeie, esp6(e), s. 2786, 4189, sword.
espenir, s. 5083, expiation.
esperance, s. 323, B. iv. i.
esperdre, 71. a. 4041, 5710, trouble, disturb.
esperer, 7'. fi. and ?efl. 13004, B. vii. 3 ;
1 s. p. espoir, B. li. 3 ; 3 s. espoire,
11505.
esperit, see espirit.
espei*v(iler, s. 868, 2848, B. xv. I.
espessement, adi'. 28970, thickly.
s"espesser, 7'. 26754, grow thick.
espic(i)er, espiecer, jr. 7816, 2559S, 25699,
spicer (of wines), dealer in spices.
espie(i), s. 'J'J'io, view.
espie(2), ^. 3490, spy.
espiece, s. 7863, 12868, spice.
espier, v. a. 3399, spy upon, espy.
espine, s. 4205, B. xlviii. 1.
espirit, esperit, s. 1147, 2551, T. ii. 1 flf.
espirital, espirit(iiel, a. 709, 1492, 6693 ;
pi. espiritieux, 62, spiritual : I'espiri-
tals, les espiritals, 1019, 20089, spiri-
tual matters.
espleiter, exploiter, v. n. and rejl. 6301,
27334, exert oneself, succeed in en-
deavour.
esploit, s. 407, 792, D. ii. 5, exploit 1296,
1962, haste, success, management : a
I'esploit, 9357, completely.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 509
espoentable, a. 2465, fearful.
espoentablement, aa'r'. 6878, fearfully.
espoenter,7'.a. 2674, frighten: refi. 11 219,
be afraid.
espoir, s. 802, B. ii. i.
espourger, see espurger.
espous, s. 1 1937, husband.
espousail(l)e, J'. 9083, T. iii. 2; pi. 17700,
marriage,
espouse, s. 2949, T. i. 3, wife,
espouser, %>. a. 234, T. viii. i, marry.
esprendre, v. a. 9478, set on fire :
s'esprendre, 9473, take fire: pp. espris,
2010, B. xiv. I, inflamed.
esprover, v. a. 6700, 15. xxii. I, experience,
prove.
Espruce, 23895, Prussia,
espurger, espourger, v. a. 8352, 15622,
purge.
esquasser, v. a. 18057, destroy,
esquiele, s. 7754, bowl,
esquier, see escuier.
esquilier, s. 7755, spoon.
esracher, esracer, v. a. 4952, 15016, tear
away,
esrage, a. 11 440, mad.
esrag(i)er, v. a. 4677, enrage: v. n. and
rcfl. 4012, 10630, be enraged,
essai, see essay.
essaier, v. a. 9342, B. xxvii. 2, try.
essamplaire, i'. 4856.
essample, s. 1087, B. xviii. i.
essaniplement,^'. 3335, example, teaching.
essampler, v. a. 2399, B. xlv. 2, T. xv. i,
warn by example, take as example : v. n.
and refi. 5424, 9243, 13043, giveexample,
take example.
essampler, s. 2962, example, teaching,
essamplerie, s. 2173, examples, example,
essamplour, s. 22874, example,
essance, s. 26909, essence,
essarter, v. a. 8409, extend^?).
essay, essai, s. 394, 768, B. iv.* 4, xvii. 3,
trial, attempt, use.
essoifg)ne, s. 1959, 11969, T. vi. 2,
excuse (for not attending), necessity,
cause.
esta, see estier.
eatable, a. 11912, steadfast.
eatable, s. 6918, stable.
establer, establir, v. a. 1889, 2461, 6919,
keep, set up, establish,
establissement, s. 7945.
estage, i-. 537,2292, 17255, 29421, B. xix. 3,
place, condition, kind, degree ; stay.
s'estager, v. 12 131, remain.
estaindre, see exteindre.
estal, s. 16600, position.
estanc, estang, s. 18230, 24480, pond,
estance, s. 2243, condition.
estancher, v. a. 7518, 8544, satisfy, fill up.
estandard, s. 9826, standard.
estant, s. 106 16, 26484, position, nature,
class : en estant, 14727, standing up-
right.
estaple, s. 25361, staple (of the wool trade).
estat, J-. 1377, D. i. 2, estate, dignity.
estature, s. 8347, figure, stature,
estee, s. 5392, 13. ii. i.
esteign, s. 6887, tin.
esteindre, see exteindre.
(esteire), ?'. refi., 3 s. pret. s'estuit,
s'estuyt, 613, 1 5 144 : be silent,
estencelle, s. 3988, spark.
estenceller, v. n. 16651, sparkle.
estendre, see extendre.
esterling, s. 25004, pound sterling,
estlijer, (esteir), v. ti. 585, (997), 2998;
2, s. p. esta, 1822, 2314, B. ii. 2 ; 2 s.
imperat. esta, 6879 ; pt-es. part, estant,
1I5> 3315 • stand, remain : cp. steir.
estimaeioun, s. 16234.
estoet, see estovoir.
estoille, s. 12631.
estoire, see histoire.
estomlmlac, s. 2247, 25651.
estoner, v. a. 16013, B. xxx. 3, astound.
estorbuillon, estorbilloun, s. 1 346, 3924,
storm,
estormir, v. 5070, be agitated {or agitate).
estoultie, see estoutie.
estoupaile, s. 4206, stopping.
estouppe, s. 3971, tow : cp. stouppe.
estoupper, v. a. 109 13, stop up.
estour, s. 1927, 12947, combat,
estout, a. 1333, foolish, proud,
estoutie, est(o)ultie, estutye, s. 862,
2177, 23S1, 2582, 11201, foily, pride,
rashness.
estovoir, v. inipers., 3 s.p. estoet, 42,
B. xiv. I, estuet, 16133; ^rt'A estuit,
4532 : be fitting, right, necessary ;
in'estoet(a),42,&c., I must : pers. 23066.
estovoir, s. 308, 803, B. xli. 3, necessity,
duty, wealth.
estraier, s. 28983, loiterer, stray person :
cp. ' estradier,' ( ".odefr. Did.
estraine, see estreine.
estraire, v. a. 93, B. xv. i, draw, draw
out.
estrange, a. 3170 : s. 12974.
s'estranger, v. 5842, B. xix. 2.
5IO
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
estrangier, s. 24000, stranger.
estrangler, v. a. 20334.
estre, t. 5, 448; I s.prcs. sui, suy. 772,
7915, B. iv. I, 8U, 9761, suis, B. ix, 5 ;
I pi. suismes, 591, susmes, 600. sumes,
9796 ; 2 pi. estes, B. x. 3, estez, 362 ;
3 pi. sent, 17, &c., sount, C. ; l s.imperf.
iere, 354; 3 J. ert, iert, 132,4529, estoit,
■})•], B. xl. 2 ; 3 pi. eront. 21 1 12 ; i s.pnt.
fui. 533 ; zs. fuist, 63, B. 1. 2, T. viii. 2,
fuit, C, fu. W. xviii. 2; ////. serray, 465 ;
2J-. serras, 5025,serres, 1338, ers, 4280;
3 s. serra, 1098, B. ii. 2, ert, 464, D. i.
4, T. i. I ; I s. pres. stibj. sole, B. v. 4 ;
2J. (?) soiez, 438; I pi. scion, 18480;
I s. pret. stibj. fuisse, B. xxvi. 2 ; 3 .f.
faist, B. iv. 3; 2 pi. fuissietz, 16883,
fuissetz, B. ix. 4; pp. est6, 181, &c.
estre, s. 1799, 7028, B. 26905 f., vii. i,
existence, substance, condition, habita-
tion, dwel.ing.
estrein, s. B. xlii. i ff., bond.
estreine, estraine, s. 371, 1435, 94S7. B.
xiv. 3, gift, fortune ; a male (bone)
estreine, 1435, '^' x-^xiii- I-
estreindre, ?'. a., 3 s. p. estreine, 763 ;
pres. part, estreignant : compel, re-
strain.
estreit, sec estroit.
estreper, t. a. 11280, pull up.
estrif, .f. 4047, strife.
estriver, ?'. //. 4635, 10620, strive, struggle.
estroit, estreit, a. 6302, 7742, 201 10,
close, narrow, oppressed, stuffed full.
estroit, ndv. 6312, narrowly, closely.
estroitement, adv. 4583.
estruliire, v. a. 14343, 2 141 8, instruct,
set up; pp. estru(8), 3668, 17264,
estruis, 26469, educated, disposed.
estudier. v. 7659.
estuit, see estovoir.
s'estuit, s'estuyt, see esteire (or estier).
estultie, estntye, see estoutie.
esvan^ile, see evangile.
esvanir, v. n. and rejl. 1893, 24576, dis-
appear.
esveil l)er, esveillir, v. a. 1727, 5209,
5277, wake up.
s'esvertuer, v. 5388, 6321, 15469, exert
oneself, endeavour.
et, cflfij. 11: at . . . et, D. i. 2.
eternal, a. 8327.
eterne, a. 2256.
ethike, s. 3818, hectic (i.e. consumption).
ethiopesse, a f. 2655, Ethiopian.
Ethna, 3805.
Eurice, T. vii. 2.
eixx, see eaux.
evangelin, a. 1299. of the gospel.
evangelis, ewangelis, s. (pi.), 24885,
29798, gospels.
evangelist, s. 49.
evangile, s. 50, esvangile, 23500, gospel.
Eve, Eeve, Evein, Evain, 84, 90, 131,
17152, 17534- 23404, 27751, T. iii. 2.
Evehi, 11020, Avites.
evescliie. evesehe(e), 5. 7368, 7448, 20016,
bishopric.
evesque, s. 6274, evesqe, 19056 (R).
evidence, s. 3514.
s'evoler, v. 2251, fly out.
ewangelis, see evangelis.
examiner, 7'. 20791, consider.
exceder. ?'. u. 15647.
excellence, s. 12920, B. xxvi. i.
excellent, a. 1386, B. xvi. 4.
excepcionn. s. 1 1 674.
excepter, f. a. 26344.
excercice, .r. 8321.
excessie), s. 16398, 16419.
excessif, a. 17721, extravagant.
excit, s. 4759, urging, excitement,
excitement, s. 9462, stirring up.
exciter, 7'. a. 4078, stir up.
excluder, 7'. a. 15897.
exclus, a. 3465, shut out.
excusable, a. 26724, B. xxix. i.
excusacioun, see escusacioun.
excusance, s. 26904, excuse.
excusement, s. 4676, excusing,
excuser, see escuser.
executour, .y. 6913.
exempcioun, s. 24327.
exempt, tr. igioi, 23763, exempt, dis-
tinguished.
exil, J-. T. x. 2, banishment,
exiler, 7/. a. 4449, 24022, drive out, lay
waste.
Exody. Exodi, 6985, I0441, 10467, the
b(^ok of I'lxodus.
expectant, a. 16108.
expedient, n. 29830.
expendre, 7'. a. 5434.
expense, s. 15691.
experience, j". 35 1 1 , B. xxvi. 2, experience.
proof.
experiment, s. 1 3500, B. xix. i , experience.
device,
expermenter, 7'. u. 14048, try.
expert, expers, a. 10749, 26930, skilled,
exploit, see esploit.
exploiter, see espleiter.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 511
expondre, v. a., ^s.p. exponde, 22192,
T. xi. 3, set forth.
exponement, .$•. 55, explanation.
exposicioun, s. 5 191.
expresse, a. f. 2663, 8503, B. vi. 2,
expressed, manifest, exact,
expressement, adv. 6455.
expi'esser, %'. a. 181 5.
exteindre, esteindre, estaindre, v. a.
and ;;. 3690. 3750, B. xlii. 2 ; "h s. p.
estaignt, exteigne, extei(g)nt, 3750,
4913, 4926, 13715 ; pp. exteint, 5304:
exting-uish, destroy, be extinguished.
extendre, estendre, v. a. 2212, 2267,
4464, 7120, spread out, stretch forth.
extense, a. 12230, 13390, extended, open.
extent(e), a. 1452, 7099, expanded, held
forth.
extente, j". 20109, extent,
extenter, -v. a. 4290, enlarge,
exteriour, a. 3273, outer.
exterminer, v. a. 4571.
extorcio(u)n, s. 8438, 24976.
eysil, sec eisil.
Ezechie, Ezechias. 2445, 10454, 1 1 729,
14914, 23022, Hezekiah.
Ezechiel, 2209, 2960, 3253, 3984, 5005,
7453> 17785-
P
fable, s. 1798, B. xxix. i, falsehood.
face, s. 869, B. i. 4.
faco:u)n, s. 6108, 10721, appearance,
fashion.
faconde, s. 1202, 4046, S678, T. xviii. 4,
speech, eloquence.
faculte, J-. 2165, 24257, faculty, profession,
fagolidros, s. 2749 : see note.
faie, s. B. xxiv. 3, fairy.
faie, a. B. xxvii. 4, of iairj^
faignte, see feint,
faillant, a. 25 118, helpless.
fail(l)e, s. 557, 1471, failure.
faildii, failly, a. 11 15, 3384, 8650, B. xx.
3, worthless, helpless.
faillie, s. 452, failure.
fail(l)ir, v. n. 371, B. xiv. 3; 3^./. fait,
114, 678, B. xi. 2, fault, 6804, faille,
8373 ; "ipJ- P- faillont, 3477 ; i s. fid.
faldray, 381 ; 3 j. faldra, B. iv. 3 ;
3 /^/. fauldront, 7310: fail, be wanting,
be necessary : ?'. a. 20983, fall short of.
faillir, s. 891 1, failure.
faim, faym, s. 7518, B. xvi. 2.
faintise, see feintise.
faire, v. a. 39, B. i. 3, fere, 22910, fare.
B. xxvi. I ; \ s.p. fai, 9053, B. xxi. I,
fay, 2595, fais, xvi. 2, faitz, xix. 2,
fas, 23398 ; 2 s. fes, 22357 ; 2 //. faitez,
203 ; 3/1/. font, 946, &c., faisont, 3247 ;
2,s.n/!p. fesoit, 2661, faisoit, B. xxiv.
2; is.pret. feis, 967S, fecis, 28358;
3 s. fist, 52, B. XX. 3 ; I s. flit, fray,
368, ferrai, ferray, 460, B. xxxvi. 3 ; 3^.
fra, 1 9 1 7, ferra, 2856 ; /. suhj. face, 1 778 ;
3 j-. pret. subj. feist, 37S6 ; \pl. feisse-
mus, 18702; 3/^/. feissont, 655; 2 j.
imper. fai, fay, 394, 584 ; l pi. faisons,
13044 ; pres. part, fesant, 1322.
faisance, fesance, s. 11 552, 14875,
creation, action,
fait il, 352. said he.
fait, «., si fait, 2503, such,
fait, fetz, s. 15056, B. xvi. 3; //. faitz,
1360, B. xi. 1, fais, 1018, fetz, 2416,
fees, 10487.
faitement, adv. 7103, 12977, 1 5591,
skilfully, wisely.
faitis, a.,f. faitice, 3052, handsome.
faiture, j. 1244, make, fashion.
falco(u)n, s. 1870, B. viii. i,' xxxv. 4,
fau(l)con, 2126, 21045.
fallas, fallace, j-. 6238, 6460, deceit.
fais, a. 3, B. XXV. i ; /. faulse, 2621,
false, 2728: fais pensier(s), 3674;
fais semblant, faulx semblant, 3471
ff., 131 52 (R) ; faux compas, 7309.
falsement, adi'. 796.
falser, faulsei', v. a. and n. 8979, B. xliii.
3, T. vi. 3, falsify, be false to, be false,
falsete, s. 6508, B. xlii. i.
falsine, s. 141, B. xlii. I, favilsine, 6317,
falsehood.
falspenser, s. 3651.
falsseniblant, s. T. iv. i : cp. fais
semblant.
falte, s. 12085, fault.
fame, s. 2625, B. vi. i, report, good fame,
fameildiant. a. 7770, 12955, hungry,
fameillous, a. 15741, hungry.
familie, famile, s. 3916, 7792.
familier, a. 17042.
famine, s. 1807, B. xlv. 2, hunger, famine,
famous, a. B. xxxi. 3.
fantasie, ^. 1062, fancy,
fantosme, s. 11 855, phantom.
farcine, j-. 27431, farcy.
fardell, s. 9829, burden.
farin, a. 772?>, wretched.
fau(ljcon, see falcoun.
SI2 GLOSSx\RY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
faulse, faulser, set^ fals, falser.
faulsine, sc\- falsine.
faulx, st\- fals.
favell, favelle,.y. 17384 f., chestnut horse,
chestnut mare,
favelle, s. 1267, flattering speech, tale,
faveller, v. 3560, speak (flattery).
favour, s. B. xii. i.
faym, Jtv faim.
fee, s. 5173, B. xvii. 2, en fee, 4621.
feel, s. scY fiel.
feel, fel, a. 2176, 28260.
fees (II, fas, fess, s. 2657, 4316, 15055,
burden.
fees (2), see fait,
fein, ^. 1 808 1, hay.
feindi-e, 7'. ;/. and reJ7. 4514, 4930, 14939,
pretend, be neghgent.
feint, a. 3703, 5296, B. xHi. 2, faignte,
5798, feigned, false, faint.
feintement, luhf. 27496.
feintise, faintise, -s-. 3659, 7088, B. xxix.
I, pretence, deceit.
fel, see feel,
felicite, s. 13242.
feloninlesse, <•;./". 4124, 8305, cruel, wicked.
felonin ie, felonye, s. 148, 4817, 6866,
T. xi. 3, wickedness, cruelty.
feloun, a. and s. 2794, 2968, 7163, B. xxi.
3, cruel, evil, guilty.
femelin, a. 9155, B. xxi. 3, female,
womanly,
femeline, .v. 133, woman.
femelilje, femmelle, a. 1029, 9383, female,
femme, s. 137, B. xxi. 2, femne, B. xliii. 2.
fendre, v. a. 4262, 5274, B. xviii. 4 : v. «.
3947, split, burst.
fendure, j-. i860, split, cleft,
fenelle, s. 8134.
fenestral, s. 1659S, window,
fenestre, s. 7026.
fenestrelle, s. 29939, window,
fenestrere, s. 25327, window,
fenestrie, s. 16730, windows.
fenix, s. B. xxxv. 2, phenix.
fere, see faire.
ferin, a. 2104, savage, wild.
ferir, 7'. a. 4223 ; 3 J'./, fiert, 1871 ; subj.
fiere, 2477, fere, 13404 ; 3 s. fret, feri,
4719; pp. fer(r)u, 4853, B. xxvii. 1:
strike.
ferlyn, s. 26316, farthing.
ferm, adv. 893, 12370.
ferme, a. 1810, 13533.
ferme, ^. 20155, contract, fixed rent.
fermement, adv. 7510.
farmer, 7>. a. 10186, 11289, T. i. 2,
strengthen, fix, shut.
farmarie, s. 21435, infirmary.
fermet^, s. fixed abode.
farr, s. 5527, B. xxxviii. i, iron,
ferrement, s. 21428, iron-work,
ferirju, see ferir.
fertra, see fiertre.
fes, fess, s. see fees,
fesance, see faisance.
fesour, s. 2226, maker.
festa, s. 836, B. xvi. 3.
festival, a. 8654.
fastoienient, s. 7891.
festoier, v. a. and reji. 7906, 8455, feast.
festrer, v. n. 19473, fester.
fe8tu(e), s. 2996, 12098, 26238, straw,
wooden spit.
fasure, s. 19351, deed,
feture, s. B. xii. 2, xxii. 3, features, form,
fatz, see fait.
feu(8), see fieu(8>.
fave, s. 12406, 26452.
fi, fy, s., da fl, da fy, 508, 14186, con-
fidently, certainly.
fiance, j. 7243, B. xiii. i, fiaunce, B. iv. 2,
assurance, certainty,
ficher, V. a. 7680, 7894, T. vii. i, fix, fasten.
fieble, (I. 133.
fieblesce, .s\ 2133, fieblesse, ~']1AT.
fiabre, see fiavara.
fiel, feel, s. 3604, 4278, gall,
fiant, ^.48, dung.
fiar, V. 71. and refl. 577, 747, D. i. i, trust,
fieri s), «. 250, 1211, B. xvi. i, 1. i, proud,
fierce, wild, terrible.
fiere, s. 4788, (wild-ibeast.
fierament, adv. 848.
fiarte, a-. 13917, B. xiv. 3, pride.
f(i!ertre, s. 29622, 29680, bier.
fieu(s;, feu(sj, 1879, 3031, fu, 3954, 1391 1,
fire.
fiev(e)re, s. 7652, 2S568, fiabre, 9546.
figure, s. 134, r>. xii. 3.
fi^urar, v. a. 18218, represent,
fil, s. 1416, thread.
fiKDa, s. 16, 179, 825, B. XX. 3, T. viii. 2.
fils, filz, s. 179, 1567, T. ii. 2, fitz, 958,
10333, fil, 12552.
fin, s. 6, B. i. 3, end ; 4948, 6092, fine,
fin, a. 883, 3728, 41 19, B. iv. 1, vii. l,
pure, perfect, faithful, absolute.
final, s. 9, B. 1. 4, end.
final, a. 13253.
finance, s. 1985, 20178, end, payment,
fine, adv. 13367, wholly.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 513
fiuement, s. 2718, ending.
finement, adv. 16854, B. xiv. i, absolutely,
finely.
finer, v. a. 137 18, refine.
finer, V. H. 2003 : z'. a. 6875 : end.
finir, s. 1 1 264, end.
firmament, s. 1452, B. xix. i.
fis, a. 10334, sure.
fitz, see fils.
flaiell, s. 4776, scourge.
flaieller, 7/. a. 4428, scourge, beat.
flairer, v. n. 7627, 12847, smell, be fra-
grant.
flaket, s. 26069, bottle.
flamber, v. n. 16739, blaze,
flamme, s. 2345.
flanc, s. 7903.
flaour, s. 19466, odour.
flater (l), v. a. 12354, flatter.
flater (2), v. 4523, cast down,
flaterie, s. 1372.
flatour, s. 1 38 1, flatterer.
flec(e)liir, fleccher, v. a. 12367, 24649:
V. 71. 1 1 466 : bend.
flestre, a. 29642, withered,
flestrer, v. n. 16915, wither,
fleumatik, a. 14707, phlegmatic.
fleur, see flour.
flom, flum, s. 7623, 23408, river.
Florence, 25249.
Plorent, B. xliii. 3.
florie (i), s. B. x. 4, flowers.
florie (2), s. 16408,= vin flor-ie.
florin, s. 9831.
florir, &c., see flourir.
flote, s. 8721, excitement (i').
floter, V. n. 3889, 7396. 27042, float,
abound.
flour, fleur, s. 85S, 1497, B. iv. 4, flower;
flour de lys, 16852.
flourette, s. 9959, floweret.
flo(u)rir, v. n. and reji. 27825, B. xxi. I,
flower: 7>. a. B. xxiii. 3, cause to flower.
flouri(z), flori(z), rt. S56, 2896, D. i. 3, B.
ii. I, flowery, in flower, adorned; vin
florie, 7819, vin flouri, 19368.
flum, see flom.
foi, see foy.
foial, s. 29248, B. XV. 2, liege subject,
foie, s. 5517, liver.
foire, s. 1300, T. xv. 2,
fois, foitz, s. 3029, 13790, B. xxxix. 3.
fol(s),/ fole, a. and s. 7, 280, 9307 ff., B.
li. I, folz (//.) 2934, foolish, vain,
wanton.
folage, s. 9164, folly, idle speech.
foldelit, s. 261, 9193, T. i. 2, wantonness,
foldelitable, a. 5878.
foldesir, s. 16860, wanton desire.
foldisour, s. 16659, wanton talker,
foldit, s. 16905, wanton saying.
folement, adv. 600.
folerrer, s. 16985, foolish wandering.
folhardy, a. 4759, fol hardy, 1097 1.
folhastif, a. and J. 4748.
folie, s. 156, B. xlviii. 2.
follarge(s), a. 8415, extravagant.
follargesce, s. 8427, extravagance.
follechour, s. 8822, paramour,
foloier, v. ft. 1004, play the fool.
foloier, s. 9218, wantonness.
foloir, V. 16682, hear foolishly.
folour, s. 530, 8868, folly, wantonness.
folparler, %>. 12782.
folpenser, v. 9522, think wantonly.
folpenser, s. 9560, wanton thought,
folquidance, s. 8157, vain belief.
folquider, s. 5695, vain belief.
folregard, s. 16694, wanton looking,
folsemblant, s. 16905, wanton appearance,
foltalent, s. 9396, vain desire.
foltoucher, s. 16591, wanton touching,
fondacioun, s. 12301.
fondement, s. 8915, fundament, 2566,
foundation.
fonder, v. a. 12282, found,
fondour, s. 20901, founder.
fonteine. fontaine, s. 3876, 4917, B. vii. 2,
fontaigne, 12992.
forain(s). see forein(s).
forainement, adv. 3783.
force, s. 10S6, B. xxv. 3, au force, 9063.
forcible, a. 29445, powerful.
forelos, see forselore.
forein(s), forain(s),rt'. 2291,3363, B. xi. I,
outward, strange, far away.
forein, s. 23256. 28403, alien, stranger.
forfaiture, see forsfaiture.
forg(i)er, 7/. a. 7003, 14275, forge, work.
formage, see fourmage.
forme, s. 57, B. xlix. 4, fovirme, 4862.
former, fourmer, v. a. 99, 9051, B.
xxvi. 2.
formie, s. 14478, ant.
fornaise, s. 4160, furnace.
fornicacioun, s. 8638.
fova, prep. 1365,4533, B. xvii. 4, outside
of, except : forsque, 1058 1, B. xxviii. i,
except that, except.
forsbanir, 7/. a. 1836, 4318, B. xlviii. 3,
forsbannir, 22980, banish.
forschacer, v. 8287, drive away.
Ll
514 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
forsclore, forclore, v. a. 9564, B. xxxvii.
2, shut out, close.
forsene, s. 4012, f. forsenee, T. viii. 3,
madman, mad-woman.
forsenerie, s. 4039, madness.
forsfah'e, forsfere, v. a. 1248. do away
with, forfeit : 7'. n. and refl. 4152, 9507,
23661, transgress.
forsfait, s. 85, transgression ; pi. forsfetz
15059.
forsfaiture, s. 162, 8897, B. xii. 2, trans-
gression, penalty, forfeiture.
forsjuglgier, v. a. 168, 1626, 247S8, con-
demn, overrule.
forsmettre, v. a, put forth.
forsque, see fors.
forsvoier, v. a., n. and 7'efl. T043, 3223,
7468 : 2y s. f). forsvole, forsvoit, B. ix.
3, xliii. 3 : lead away, lead astray, go
astray.
fortiz), a. 1256. 1465, B. iii. 2, xxx. I.
fort, adv. 647, T. xiv. 3.
fortune, s. 10937, B. i. 3.
fortuner, v. a. 13740, 14300, T. viii. 3,
endow with fortune, bring to pass : v. n.
15758, happen,
fosse, s. 3143.
fossee, s. 20404, ditch.
fouc, s. 9263, flock.
fouir, V. a. 5274, dig, break into,
fouldre, s. 4746, lightning.
fouldrere, s. 20651, lightning,
four, J-. 3822, oven.
fourches, s.pl. 24960, T. ix. 3, gallows,
foiulrmage, s. 25302, 26456, cheese,
fourme, see forme,
fourmer, see former,
fournier, s. 26178, baker.
fournir, v. a. 24843, supply.
fourr6, see fiirrer.
f olurrure, s 21018, 23493, fur-trimming.
foy, foi, s. 367, 1 1 70, B. i. 3, T. title,
franc, a. 597, B. xxiii. 3, xxxiv. 3 ; franc
encens, 28166.
France, 2142, 8153, 15848, 18702, 18852,
23671, 26056, 27032.
Franceis (saint), 21522 ff., 21553.
franchement, adv. 1587, fraunchement,
C.
franchise, J. 596, 2306, 121 54, B. xxviii.
2, fraunchise, C, freedom, rights,
liberality.
francois, a. 11615, French.
Fran9oi8, s. 22965, 26128. Frenchman,
francois, s. B. title, T. title, T. xviii. 4,
French (language).
fraternel, fraternal, a. 3737, 21602,
brotherly, of friars.
fraternite, s. 13854, brethren, brother-
hood,
fraude, .v. 6544, B. xlii. 3.
freidure, s. 3894, 5390, cold.
frein, s. 853, 1590, 5425, bit, bridle,
freindre, 7'. rt. 4320, B. xlii. 3, T. vii. i,
break.
freitour, s. 21435, refectory,
frel./. frele, frelle, /^. 133, 16573, T. i. 2,
frail.
frele t6, s. 9 191.
fremir, v. n. 4794, B. ix. 4, shudder.
frenesie, s. 2525, frenzy.
freour, ^■. 4681, fright.
frere, J,-. 2741, 3387.
fresch, a. 17941, 26281.
fresine, a. 6891, of the ash-tree.
fresen(s), s. 6890, ash-tree,
frestelle, J-. 8132, whistle (in the phrase
'moille sa frestelle,' wets his whistle).
fresteller, v. a. 3578, whistle to.
frette, s. 92S0, fret, band.
friser, i>. n. 1365, see note.
frivole, s. 10388, 22164, B. xix. 3, trifle :
tenir a frivole, 5733, hold lightly ;
parler du frivole, 14608, speak lightly.
frocke, frocque, s. 2022, 20999, frock (of
a monk).
froid, a. 5450.
froid, froit, s. 5235, 29121, B. ii. i.
front, J. 2469.
froter, v. a. 8724.
fructefiable, a. 3753, fruitful.
fructefiance, j-. 18155, bearing of fruit,
frvictefiier, v. it. 5574, bear fruit,
fructuous, a. 12458, fruitful.
fruit, fruyt, s. 138, 1349.
frument, s. 2200, 26451, corn, wheat,
fu, s. see fieu.
fu, fui, fuist, see estre.
fuiant, s. 16780, flight.
fuier, see fuir.
fuill(e), fviil(e), s. 149S, 3751, 10420,
16853, leaf.
fuir, fuier, v. a. and rejl. 10, Z?>'j, 9860,
T.xiii. i; 3 .f./. fuit,fuyt, 19457,19478:
flee from, avoid, flee.
fuisoun, s. 2409, 17720, abundance.
fuis(s)oner, v. ?t. 1506, 8932, 13276,
abound, increase : v. a. 28551, increase.
Pulgence, 13309, 13861.
fume, s. 4838, smoke.
fum6(e), s. 4120.
fumigacioun, s. 19462.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
515
fundament, see fondement.
furiis, jr. pi. 5082, Furies.
furoiir, s. 20035.
furrer, fourrer, v. a. 7139, 20476, adorn
with fur.
furrer, s. 25710, furrier.
furrure, see fourrure.
fustain, s. 25444, fustian (cloth).
fusterie, s. 26243, pieces of wood,
futis, J-. 1 1369, fugitive.
futur, a. 6984, 1 1 203.
fy, see fi.
fymer, s. 1338, dung.
G
Gabaon, 27016.
Gabaonite, a. f. 9061, of Gibeah.
gabboy, gabboi, s. 1968, 20531, vain
boasting, jest.
gabelle, s. 23775, tax,
Gabriel, 27938, 29361.
gafre, s. 7810, wafer.
gage ( I ), see guage.
gage (2), J. 1 199, cage : cp. cage,
gai, gay, a. 857, B. xxxvi. 2, T. x. i.
gaiement, adv. 3578.
gaign, g(u)ain, j-. 1906, 2204, T. xvii. i,
gain.
gaignage, s. 8418, harvest, profit.
gaigner, guaigner, gainer, v. 1 399, 2204,
6353, win, earn, till the ground.
gaigner(s), s. 1065 1, tiller of the soil.
gaignere, j. 3214, gainer.
gaignerie, s. 15625, 18292, tillage,
profit.
gain, gainer, see gaign, gaigner.
gaiole, gayole, s. 4115, 16632, gaol.
gaire, sec guaire.
gaite(s), see guaite.
Galice, 15336.
Galil6e, 28387, 29239.
Gant, 25251.
garant, guarant, s. 2216, 3655, 6220,
protection, security.
garanter, v. a. 4950, protect.
garconner, %'. a. 12742, degrade.
garco(u)n, s. 8154, 20421, servant.
garde, guarde, s. 547, 1037, 2897, T. xiv.
I, care, observation.
gardein, see gardin.
gardein(s), guardein(s), s. 3441, 6921 ;
/. g(u)ardeine, 1431, 7492.
garde pance, j-. 19031, belly-armour.
L
garder, guarder, v. a. and n. 212, B.
iv.* 3 ; 3 .y. p. g(u)art, 259, 4307,
guarde, T. xiv. i ff . ; "2. s. iniper. guar,
13635 ; 3 pi- pret. subj. gardessent,
26427 : keep, guard, look at, look,
garderesse, s.f. 12086, guardian.
gardin, gardein, s. 17326, 18279: cp.
jardin.
garir. guarir, v. a. and 71. 2278, 3036,
3816; 3 s. p. garist, 4212 ; 3 j-. i)np.
garisoit, 2278 ; 3 s. pret. guarist,
5520, guarisse, 4533; fiit. guarra,
5519: heal, get well, be saved.
garisoun, guarisoun, s. 420, 5441, 177 15,
healing, provision,
garite, s. 7052, garret.
garnache, see gernache.
garnement, s. 1226, 23921, 24749, &'ir-
ment, furniture.
garnir, guarnir, v. a. 3645, 3973, T. xv.
I, defend, prepare, furnish, warn,
garnisoun, s. 7751, garrison,
gas, s. 1 1407, 12134, mockery, jest,
gaste, a. 1035 1.
gastel, s. 7808, waste] (bread),
gaster, guaster, v. a. and n. 1206, 7059,
1 91 22, waste, spoil,
gasteresce, s.f. 17725, waster,
gastin, a. 19034, waste,
gastine, s. 20164, waste place.
Gawain, T. xvii. 2.
gay, see gai.
gayole, see gaiole.
Gebal, 21604. >
Gelbo§e, 12978.
gelee, s. B. ix. 4, frost,
geler, v. n. 13736, freeze.
gel(l)ine, s. 1982, 6833, hen.
gemme, s. 29937, gem.
gendre, s. 302, 9155, race, sex, kind,
generacioun, s. 2293.
general, a., en general, 3098, T. title.
Generides, B. xliii. 3.
Genesis, genesi, s. 112, 11365, 11 41 4,
17074, 17200, Genesis.
genoil, s. 28665, knee.
genologie, s. 9725.
gent, s. 105, 851, B. x'xxi. 3; pi. gens,
1474, gentz, 1 1005, D. ii. 5 : people,
gent, a. 14104, gentle.
gentiKs), a. 4728, D. i. 4, B. envoy.
gentil(l)esce, s. 12089, B. vi. 1, xiii. 2.
genuflectacioun, 5-. 10245.
genuller, v. n. and refl. 1224, 10503,
bow the knee,
germain, s. 6194, brother.
I2
5i6
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
germein, a. 2740, true (of kinship).
gernache, garnache, s. 7815, 7907,
26091, vernage (wine).
Geronde, 4163.
geste, s. 981, 5253, R. xxx. 2, T. v. 2,
work, behaviour, story.
Gethaemany, 28660.
getter, jetter, ■;'. a. 1564, 6546, 28526,
throw, give forth,
geule, goule, s. 1918, 2254, 3730, 7995,
neck, throat, gluttony : cp. gule.
SB gheindre, 7'. 14625, complain.
ghemir, 7'. n. 5082, groan.
ghemir, s. 11 489, T. xiv. 3, groaning.
ghemissement, s. 180, groaning.
ghient, set' gheindre.
gibet, s. 5700, gibbet.
Giesy. Gyesi, 7459, 18928, Gehazi.
Gilbert, 171 13.
gile. sec gmle.
giroun, J. 4870, 15779, 16804, circuit,
fold (of a cloak), bosom,
gisir, V. n., 3 s. p. gist, D. ii. 4 ; 3 P^-
gisont, 2763; 3 s. imp. gisoit, 1046;
3 s.p. subj. gise, 9106 : lie.
glace, i'. 6603.
glaun. X. 1 1349, acorn,
gleyve, s. 14072, sword,
gloire, s. 286, B. xlvii. 2.
glorefier, glorifier, v. a. 1064, 1 092,
glorify : v. n. 10884, boast.
glorious, a. \2T2., B. xi. 2.
glose, s. 5156, 1 1 265, 15933, 17882,
comment, flattery,
gloser, V. a. 7482 ^., 16106, comment on,
explain, flatter,
glous, s. 772)2, 8099, glutton,
glouteement, adi'. 16239, gluttonously.
gloaiitonie, gloutenie, s. 258, 914,
7803.
glouter, gloutir, v. a. 6253, 8427, swallow,
gloutous, a. 15844, gluttonous,
gloutousement, ath'. 7731, gluttonously,
glu, .V. 24968, bird-lime.
gobeiant, a. 12069.
Godefrois, 23870.
Golie, 2176.
Gorge, 23848, St. George,
gorgette, s. 5640, little throat,
goufifire, s. 4219, 16204, gulf.
goule, see geule.
goupil, s. 1406, 3178, fox.
goust, s. 7794, taste,
glo luster, V. a. and n. 3568, 6690, 7628,
!'>. xvi. I, taste,
gouster, s. 16304, tasting.
goutft)e (i), s. 3827, 4120, 29106, B. xviii.
I, drop, dropping ; ne . . . goute, 4674,
not at all.
gout(t)e (2), s. 8599, 28567, gout.
gouvernoiu', j. 8990.
governage, s. 533, T. i. i, rule, behaviour.
govei-naille, s. 25992, management.
governal(s), s. 627, B. 1. 3, guide, ruler,
helm.
governance, s. 2238, B. xv. 2, govem-
aunce, C.
governant, j. 27089, ruler.
governement, s. 15208, B. xxxiv. i.
governer, gouverner, 7>. a. 4702, 10044,
B. li. I , guide, rule ; se governer, 695 1 ,
prevail.
Gower, D. i. 3, T. xviii. 4.
grace, s. 556, 4400, 6645, D. ii. i, B. xi.
3 (//.), fiivour, forgiveness, thanks.
Graeedieu, s. 10 149.
gracious, a. not, 8772, B. xi. I, T. iv. 2,
gracious, highly favoured.
grain, see grein.
grand, see grant.
grandesce, s. 12093, grandesse, 13029.
grange, s. 7293, 20493, barn.
grant, graunt, a. 124, B. vi. i, xxiv. 2,
grand, 667 ; /. grande, 690 ; pi. grans,
1797.
granter, 7'. a. 10463, grant.
grantmangier, s. 8407, banquet.
grantment, adv. 276, 8931.
grater, v. a. 5162, scratch.
gre(e), J-. 217, 1012, 1971, 1 1693 (;!5/.), B.
V. 4, xxix. 2, pleasure, favour, service,
inclination; prendre (recevoir) en
gre, 1520, &c., receive favourably; du
gre(e), 2045, 3767, with pleasure, with
goodwill ; en gre, 4490, 26260, accept-
ably, at pleasure ; savoir gre(s), 6960,
12660, render thanks; savoir bon gr6,
29419, be friendly.
greable, n. 4499, acceptable.
grec, s. 26091, Creek wine.
Grece, T. viii. i.
Gregoire, 54, 2077, 2242, 10657, 10790,
12433. 13333. 14005, 14683, 16347,
17067, 19407, 20449, 26869 ff., 27023.
gregois, a. 5105, (jrccian.
gregois, .c. 7373, Greek, Greek (language),
see Grieu.
greignour, greigneur, a. 2978, 1 1904,
greater.
grein, grain, s. 2202, 7291, 10164, 28672,
grain, seed, condition, quality.
greindre, a. 6557, 23203, greater, greatest.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 517
gresil, see grisile.
Greu, see Grieu.
grevable, a. 2462, grievous, hurtful.
grevain, gr(i)evein, a. 2781, 5716, B.
xlviii. 2, grievous.
grevanee, s. 18706, 20639.
grever, see griever.
grevous, a. 3470.
grevousenient, adv. 291 1.
grief, / grieve, a. 1157, 2417, B. xii. i,
heavy, grievous.
grief, s. 3177, trouble, grief.
grieft6, s. 27387, burden.
Grieu, Greu, s. 23366, 29320, Greek,
grievein, see grevain.
gr(i;ever, v. a. and n. 1782, 3942, 10392,
D. ii. 4, B. ii. 3, annoy, hurt.
griffo(u)n, s. 10725 ff.
gris, a. 18040.
gris, .V. 20475, 26458, grey fur, grey stuff.
grisell, s..,f. griselle, 17382 f., grey horse,
grey mare.
grisile, gresil, s. 11979, 12634, hail.
grisilon's), s. 5821, grasshopper.
grondiler, grundiller, v. a. 3286, gnash
(the teeth): v. 71. and refl. 2031, 7563,
murmur.
gros, gross, a. 1053, 1952, 2104.
grossour, s. 25261, wholesale dealer.
groucer, s. 2313, grumbling".
grundiller, see grondiler.
guage, gage, s. 6200, 97 86, pledge, pos-
session.
guager, ?'. 24943, make promise.
guain, guaigner, see gaign, gaigner.
guaire(s), gaire, guere, adv. 7115, 22030,
much : ne . . . g{u)aire, 920, 5422,
13509, hardly.
guaite, gaite(s), j. 11 282, 11 293, watch-
man.
guarant, see garant.
guarantie, s. 20986, security.
guarde, guarder, see garde, garder.
guardein, guardeine, see gai'dein.
guardon, guardoner, see guerdoun,
guerdonner.
guarir, guarisoun, see garir, garisoun.
guarnir, see garnir.
guast, s. 1 77 1 9, waste,
guaster, see gaster.
guenehir, v. a. 14778.
guerdonnement, j. 6717.
guerdonner, v. 6606, guardoner, B.
xxxiii. 1.
guerdoun, s. 6715, 26968, guardon, B.
xvii. I, reward.
guere, see guaires.
guerpir, v. a. 46, B. xx. 3, xli. 4, desert.
guerre, s. 2139, ^- ■'^•'^- 2-
guerreiour, s. 11 288, warrior.
guerroier, v. a. 828, 13023: v. 11. 1260.
guerroier (i), s. 1485, warring.
guerroier (2), s. 294, warrior.
guider, v. a. 20410.
guidere, s.f. 8164.
guideresse, s.f. 14383.
guier, V. a., 3 s. p. guie, guye, 1447,
8518: guide.
guile, J-. 213, gile, 21394.
guilement, .f. 15599, deceit,
guiler, v. a. 1 163, deceive,
guilerie, s. 1063.
guiler^s), s. T. iv. i, deceiver,
guilour, J-. 15599, deceiver,
guise, s. 594, B. Ii. i, manner, habit,
gule, 7789, gluttony: cp. gevile.
gumme, s. 3570.
Gurmond, T. xi. i.
gustement, s. 9545, sense of taste.
Guyene, 26056.
guyere, s. 11772, guide.
Gyesi, see Giesy.
H
habandonner, see abandonner.
habit, s. 1 100, 15989, T. V. 2 ; abit,
142 10: manner, form, dress, possession.
(li)abitement, s. 12535.
habiter, v. ft. 1028, dwell.
habondance, s. 5326.
habondant, a. 106 19.
habonder, 71. n. 3346, abonder, 1205.
liacliee, s. 3945, torture.
haie, s. 4206, 18279, hedge.
hair, V. a., i s. p. hee, B. xvii. 3 ; 3 .f.
hiet, 206 ; 3 -f. i>np. haoit, T. vii. 2 ;
3 s.fut. harra, 1723, herra, 4611 ; f^p.
hai, 1886, hay, 12981.
haire, J. 575, 2022, hair-shirt, sack-cloth.
haite, a. 20141, encouraged.
haker, v. a. 20871, chop up.
halcer, v. a. 22027, exalt.
halt, a. 69, B. ix. 3, hault, 949, haut,
T. X. I : en halt le ciel, 105 15.
halt, s. 13349, height.
haltein(s), a. 131 1, B. xiv. 2, haltain,
603 ; / halteigne, B. iii. 3.
haltement, adv. 2480.
haltesce, haltesse, 1295, B. vi. 2.
hanap, s. 987, 4684, jar.
ii8
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
hange, s. 4335, hatred.
haour. .;. 4356, hatred.
happer, ?'. a. 13679, B. xxxi. 3, catch.
hardeler, 7'. a. 9348, entangle.
hardement. s. 22172, boldness.
hardiis), hardy, a. 147 1, 15 104.
hardiesce, s. 14201, boldness.
harnois. s. 20528, trappings.
hai pe. s. 5 1 2.
harper, v. n. 22967.
harpour, s. 22877.
harra, see hair.
hart, s. 3635, 23195, bonds, noose.
hasard, s. 5779.
haspald, s. 4669, vagabond, rascal.
haste, j\ 4775, B. xliii. 2.
haster, v. a. 416, 4774, hasten, press upon.
hastif, a.,f. hastive, 4639, hastie, 3866,
hasty,
hastivesse, j-. 4741, haste.
haterel(l), s. 3141, 26001, neck,
hatie, J'. 153 18, hate,
hatine, s. 4483, hate,
hauberc, s. 15124.
hault, see halt.
Hayino, 2629.
hayne, s. 4460, hatred,
he, i)iterj. 137, B. xlii. 2, ah !
healme, s. 15 125, helmet.
Hebreu(3), Hebru, j-. 1660, 233'!, 12199,
12267, 29325.
hebreufsl, hebru, a. 3978, 22009, /•
hebrue, 5659.
hee, s. 2194, hatred,
heir, s. 2541, heir, 20346, heir,
helas, inferj. 107.
Helchana, 10273.
Heleine ( i), 16701, B. xiv. i, xl. i, T. x. I.
Heleine (2), 18589.
Helemauns, 11404.
Helie, Helye, 6788, 12597, 14443, Ehjah.
Helia^e, Heliseiis, Heliseu, 102 14,
I 5463, 27041, Elisha.
Hely (I), 19117, Kli.
Hely (2), 28747.
henir, v. n. 2502, neigh.
Henri(S), D. ii. i, 4, B. envoy,
herald, s. 1740, hiei'aldls), 12841.
heraldie, s. 16073, heralds.
herbage, s. 5823.
herbe. s. 3751, B. xxi. i.
herbergage, s. 5826, lodging,
herbergement, s. 4579, lodging.
herbergerie, s. 707, 15568, lodging.
herberger, v. a. and n. 4442, 8385, 24741
ft'., lodge.
herbergeresee, s.f. 14387, hostess,
hex'bergour, j. 12959, entertainer,
hei'ce, s. 4627, bier.
Hercules, Herculem, B. xliii. i, T. vii.
I, 2.
heresie, j-. 5742.
herice, j. 24962, harrow,
heritage, s. 6120, T. i. 3.
heritance, s. B. li. 3.
herit6(e), a. 923, hereditar)'.
heritement. s. 8909, inheritance,
hei^mafodi-ite, s. 1026, hermaphrodite,
hermite, j-. 2742.
Herodes, Herode, 4984, 11468, 28238 ff.
herra, see hair,
herrow, ifiterj. 6945, alas !
hesitacioun, s. 5740, 18824, wavering,
difficulty.
Hester, 17466.
heu, inter j. 1834, ah !
hidour, see hisdour.
hier, adv. 1169S, 26286.
hierald(8), see herald.
Hillaire, 27032.
Hisboseth, 4900.
hisdour, hidour, s. 4793, 10002, hideous-
ness, horror,
histoire, s. 1553, B. xlvii. 3; Testoire,
1023.
hoir, see heir,
honi, s. 1 134, a man, one, rem, B. .xxxi.
3 : cp. om, homme.
homicide, jr. 4799, 6424, T. xiv. 2, murder,
murderer,
homme, s. 25, T. iii. i, I'omme, 315, B.
xii. I, Tome, 225.
hommage, s. 519, B. xix. 2.
hommesse, s. 5508, manliness,
honeste, honueste, a. 1 351, 3919, B.
xxix. I, honest, C.
hone8tement,honnestement,ar/'ZM0399,
B. xlix. 4.
honestet6, honnestete, s. 2978, 11752,
14255, virtue, honesty, honourable
deed.
honir, v. a. 587, 6250, outrage, injure.
honour, honnour, honeur, s. 432, 449,
10008, I), i. 1, B. xxi. 2.
honourable, (/. 23101, B. xxix. 4, honur-
able, 2787S.
honourance, j. 12442.
honoure, a. 545, honourable.
honourer, honourer, v. a. 12 17, 27122,
B. xxxi. 2 ; 3 s. />. honourt, 7402, hon-
ure, 12916.
hontage, s. 1655.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
519
honte, s. 446, B. xxi. 3.
hontous, a. 9108, 11906, honteus, 12018,
shameful, modest.
Horestes, T. ix. 3.
horpria, see horspris.
hoiTible, a. 288, T. ix. i.
hors, ai/7K 316, 2407, out.
horspris, horpris, a. 22777-, B. xxx. 4,
xxxvi. 2, excepted.
hospital, s. 8326, lodging.
hospitalite, s. 6668, 15908.
hospiteller, s. 13231, 23849, host, enter-
tainer.
host, s. 103 1 2.
hostage, j-. 29632, host.
hostal, hosteal, hostell, hostiel, s. 713,
972, 3914, 17793, 17847, ^- xxxviii. 4,
lodging.
hoste, s. 4442, guest.
hostellement, s. 5123, lodging.
hosteller, 7'. a. 82,78, entertain.
hosteller, hostellier, s. 6145, 6953, 8377,
host, householder.
hostellerie, s. 14562, household.
hoster, houster, ?'. a. 1435, 6881, B. x. 3,
take away.
hostesse, s. 4123, 16043, hostess, house-
wife.
houre, hure, (h)eure, s. 164, 481, 729,
938, D. ii. 1, B. vii. 1, x. i, hour; al
hure, 2432, now, at once ; houres,
3094, daily prayers.
houster, see hoster.
huan(s), s. 893, owl.
hueher, v. a. and //. 6730, 9601 ff., call to,
call.
huer, V. a. 5658, 20119, hoot at, shout
after.
huiss, s. 4462, huss, 13542, door.
huissher, s. 11246, door-keeper.
humanity, s. 29086.
humble, a. 1650, U. i. 3, (h)onible, B.
xxxviii. 4.
huniblement, ad7'. 10204.
humblesce, humblesse, i-. 2235, D. i. 1.
humblete, s. 16873.
humein, humain, a. 368, 719, B. xiv. i :
s. /)/. humeinz, 9919, 22222.
humiler, humilier, t. a. 1 831, 2 11 8.
hurailiacioun, s. 2296, 10238, humility.
hunailiance, J. 11547, humility.
humilit§{s), s. 2291, 10132, B. xii. 4.
humour, s. 18120, moisture.
hupe, s. 2893, T. xii. 3, hoopoe.
hure, see houre.
hurter, v. n. 9896, 16942, strike.
huy, adv. 5433, 9269 (au jour d'uy).
hyene, s. 2884, hyena.
i, see y.
ice, dent. a. 7600: pion. 15949 : this.
icell, ycell, dein. pron. 370, 7327, 9175 :
cp. icil.
icest, /". iceste, yceste, dem. pron. 2677,
3193, 20S00.
iei, yci, adv. 3122, B. vi. i ma?\^in.
icil, dem. pron. 4508.
idropesie, s. 7603, dropsy.
ignorance, s. 6074.
ignorant, a. 6086.
il, pron. 7, D. i. i, B. xxv. 2 ; ilmesmes,
211 ; ils deux, 226; il/welle, T. ix. 1 ;
il/(?rils, 2805, 10341.
ille, see isle.
illeoque(s), adv. 959, 20228, illeoe, 7590
there.
illusioun, s. 14695.
image, see ymage.
imaginer, see ymaginer.
implet, a. 9040, full.
imposer, v. a. 18509.
imposicioun, s. 18470.
impresse, a. f. 10864, B. vi. i, im-
printed,
impressioun, s. \\877,
impressure, s. 18272.
inearnacio(u)n, s. 28810, T. v. 2.
incest, s. 8239.
incestuous, a. 21304.
inclinacioun, s. 20721.
inconstance, s. 5462.
inconstant, a. 5465.
incontinence, s. 1403.
inconvenience, jt. 1402, 27108, evil, unfit
thing.
inconvenient, s. 21646, evil.
incredible, a. 5769, incredulous,
incvirable, a. 9643.
indetermin6, a. 3287, endless.
indevoult, a. 1195.
indifferent, a. 187 10, impartial,
indigence, s. 12393, indigense, 15755-
indigent, a. 12963.
indignacioun, s. 2283.
inducer, v. a. 8606.
indulgence, s. 7366.
infeccioun, s. 10497.
infect, a. 9042.
infelice, a. 21072, unhappy.
infernal, infernals, see enfernal, &c.
520
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
infinit, a. 1284.
inflacioun, s. 2249.
inflat, a. 2233, puffed up.
infortime, j. B. xx. 3, ill fortune.
infuz, a. 29318, infused.
ingluvies, s. 7713, excess (in eating).
ingrat, a. 6613.
ingratitude, s. 6321.
inhabitant, s.,pL inhabitans, 2576.
iniquite, s. 3138.
injustice, s. 6822.
inmonde, a. 26812, T. xi. 2, unclean.
innocent, a., pi. innocens, 3537, 6232.
B. xli. 2.
Innocent, 18783.
inobedience, s. 2006, disobedience.
inobedient, a. 2137.
inpacience, s. 3953.
inpacient, a. 3961.
inparfait, a. 104 13, inparfit, 19092.
inproprement, adv. 7645.
inpuni, a. 23047,//. inpunitz, 23316.
inquietacioun, s. 4299.
inquiete, j. 3146, 9048, trouble.
insolible, a. 5761, inconsolable (?)
inspeccioun, s. 16332, 29188.
inspirement, s. 56, inspiration.
inspirer, v. a. 29302.
instance, s. 29216.
intelligence, s. 14597, T. ii. 2.
interiour, a. 3508, inward.
invasion, s. 10492.
ipocresie, ypocresie, ipocrisie, ypoeri-
sie, s. 1059, 1 123, 11S9, 21249.
ipocrital, s. 21409, hypocrite.
ipocrite, ypocrite, s. and a. 11 17, 11 77.
ipotecaire, s. 7S64, apothecary.
irasGU, a. 13652, angry.
ire, s. 250, T. ix. i, anger.
ir6, irre(z), irr6e, a. 2406, 4826, 7617,
angry.
irous, see irrous.
irrai, irray, as Jut. (/ aler, 1022, 2905,
B. ii. 4; cotid. irroit, 174.
irresonnable, a. 6438.
irreverence, s. 3960.
irritacioun, s. 3975.
irrour, i-. 3880, passion.
irrous, irous, a. 4298, 4351, angry, pas-
sionate.
irrous, ddv. 13387.
irrousement, adv. 3994, angrily.
Isaak, 12241.
Isaie, see Ysaie.
Isidre. 10405, 108 14, 1 4581, 16360.
isle, ille, s. 3725, 16702, T. viii. i.
Ismahel, 11 419.
isnele pas, adv. 10506, 24224, quickly.
Israel, 3998, 10371, 11019, 17483, 17489,
28338.
issi, adv. 4683, so.
issint que, conj. 32^7, 26650, in order
that, so that.
issir, V. ?t. 2467, 5390, 28529 ; }) s. p. ist,
2S34; pres. part, issant, 2247; pp.
issu, 4852 : go forth, come forth.
issue, s. 92, T. iii. i, race, offspring,
(s'eni ist, i'. B. viii. i,goes away : cp. irrai,
issir.
itiel. itieu. ytiel ytieu, a. 275, 2552,
3073,/. ytielle, 231 51 ; //. itiel, itieu,
7437« 79^9, /• itieles, 4465, such: cp.
tiel.
iveresce, see yveresce.
ivern, yvern, yver, s. 5389, 5450, 14481,
B. ii. 1, xxxii. 1, winter.
ja, adv. 1226, 10856, ever, even, never;
ja ne, 509, 1935, B. v. 3, never.
Jabins, 17488.
Jacob, 3386, 4858, 7084, 10701, 12244 f,
16025, 16957, 24530.
Jacobin, s. 21760, Jacobin (friar).
jadis, jadys, adv. 354, 1888, 3782, for-
merly, long ago.
Jahel, 17479.
Jake, see Jaques.
Jaket, 1963, Jack.
jalous, a. 8762.
jalouser, .$•. 17581, jealousy.
jalousie, s. 17562.
jam(m)ais, adv. 251, 647, B. x. 3 :
jammes, 678, B. ii. 2 ; jammais jour,
2634, B. xlii. 2.
jangle, s. 4636, B. xxv. i, idle talk, con-
tention.
janglement, j-.,;?^/. janglemens, 6286.
jangler, v. 71. 2632, talk idly.
janglerie, s. 1694, idle talk.
Janus, V>. xxxii. 1.
Japhet, 12030.
Jaqvies, Jaque, Jake, (saint), 4213,6103,
13929, 24697, 28658, 29177.
jardin, s. 4542, B. vii. 3 : cp. gardin.
Jason, B. xliii. i, T, viii. i.
jaune, a. 26036.
je, froH. 12, &c., D. i. 3, jeo, D. ii. 4, B.
ii. 2, &c.
jeeu, jeu, s. 181, 3903.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 521
Jehanfs) (the apostle), 49, 2466, 31 12,
7441, 12303, 17035, 18737, 28658, 29055,
29339 ff-
Jehan(s) (the baptist), 28010, 28424 ff.
jeo, seeje.
Jeremie, 1828, 2799, 2860, 3445, 3685,
3984, 4130, 5283, 5763, 5854, 6363, 6S69,
7194, 7615, 7678, S103, 8289, 9230,
10323, 11173, 11546, 15592, 19957.
Jericho, 7001.
Jerom, 2750, 2871, 5081, 7393, 10498,
11473,14671, 16479, 16603, 16864, 17020,
17030, 17119, 17945, 17953, 20574,
20933, 20989, 21607.
Jerusalera, 2429, 10259, 10329, 10350,
17465, 27521.
JesabeKl), Jezabell, 4959, 6775, 11 156.
jeaqes, jesqe, jcy jusques.
Jesse, 29932.
jetter, sre getter.
jetteresse, see pierre.
jeu, see jeeu.
jeualx, jeuaux, seejuel.
jeuer, jt'^juer.
jeupartie, i'^'^ jupartie.
Jhesu, Jheaus, Jhesum, 191 1, 2274,
2276, 9079, 12306, 12422, 15475, 18192,
18222, 18939, 19976, 27296, 27945,
27974, 28134, 28402, 28559, 28609 ff.,
28707 ff., 29221 ff., 29761 ff.
Joab, 4770, 12989.
Joachim (i), 10336.
Joachim (2), 27483 ff.
Job, 1273, 1334, 1645, 1648, 2640, 3667,
5758, 6855, 7777, 8065, 8089, 9068,
1 1329, 11684, 12002, 13987, 14821,
15109, 15578, 16741, 24517, 26857.
jo(e)fne, a. 218. 8688, T. viii. i, young.
jofnesse, s. 5681, youth.
Johan (Gower), T. xviii. 4.
Johel, 1291.
joial, s. 8720 : ep. juel.
joie, joye, s. 68, 316, D. ii. 4, B. ii. i.
joier, joir, joyr, v. n. and refi. 8062,
29533, D. ii. 4; 3 s. p. joyst, 12918 :
V. a. 13 1 50: rejoice.
joindre, v. a. 19372.
joious, joyous, a. 3255, 7644, D. ii. 3, B.
xxi. 1, /. joyeuse, 27000.
joliem.ent, jolyement, adv. 1590, 5823,
merrily.
joliet6(e), j. 5690, merriment.
jolif, joly(s), /. jolie, a. 939, 1696, B. xiii.
4, pleasant, merry, gay.
jolivet, /. jolivette, jolyette, a, 9278,
1 7893/ gay.
Jonas, 27057.
Jonathas, 12980.
Joram, 6781.
Jordan, 24531.
Josapha, Josaphat, 6781, 1031 1, 29691.
Joseph, Josep (son of Jacob), 3663, 3671,
12247, 14521, 16777.
Joseph (husband of Mary), 27824 ff.
Joseph (of Arimathea), 28771, 29113.
29128 ff.
Josue, 2336, 7004, 10302 ff., 1 1094 f., 12272,
23871, 27018.
jour, s. 177, B. ii. 3 ; jammais jour,
2634, B. xlii. 2.
journal, J-. 635, 2855, 5 596, day, day's work,
journe, s. 28339, journey.
joui-neie, s. 10125, journey.
joust(e), a. j'^t' just,
jouste, s. 20882, flagon.
jouster, V. 11693, tourney.
joustice, j-^t' justice,
joveneel, s. 8714, young man.
jovencelle, J. 17388, young woman,
jovente, s. 4787, youth.
jowe, s. 13403, cheek,
joyant, a. 9, 503, rejoiced,
joye, joyous, joyeuse, j-ct joie, joious.
joyeusement, adv. 17460.
joynt, s. 10831.
joynt, a. 10832, 12195, united, clasped,
joyntement, adv. 1 4451, jointly.
Juda, 3256, 5008, 10311,
Judas, 2271, 3389, 3393, 3512, 5757,
15332, 20016, 21104, 23180, 28630,
28690 ff.
Judas (le Machabieu), 2382, 23871, see
Machabieu.
Judee, 20067.
judicial, a. 3281, 16605, of judgement.
judicial, s. 13191, B. I. 3, judgement.
Judieu, s. 11069, 18631, Jew.
Judith, I II 14, 12044, 12685, 17464.
juel, jeual, s. 25561, B. xxxiii. 2; />/.
jeuaux, jeualx.
juer, V. n. and refl. 5728, 5779, juer la
jeupartie, 25454, jeuer, B. ix. 4, xxxii.
2 : play, sport.
juerie, s. 31 11, Jewry,
jug, s. 4196, yoke.
jugge(s), juge, J. 61 1 1, 6211.
jug(g)ement, s. 169, 11 97, T. x. 3.
jug(g)er, V. a. 1616, 4883.
juggeour, s. 1678, judge.
jugier, s. 8597, judgement.
juise, juyse, s. 1545, 2508, 15429, B. xli.
3, judgement, condemnation.
522
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Julian fseint), 15727, 23850.
Julius (Cesar), 19333.
juniente, s. 4784, beast of burden.
jun, juyn, s. 7766, 7859, fast, fasting.
jun, a. 18026, fasting.
juner. 7'. //. and r<^. 5544, 12568, fast.
jupartie, jeupartie, J. 4761, 12260, 24931,
game, hazard, jeopardy : Lp. 3240.
Jupiter, 7826.
jurant, s. 6478, oath.
jurediocioun, s. B. 1. 2.
juree, s. 6467, jury.
jurer, ?'. ;/. and a. 1952, B. xli. i ; pp.
juret, jure, 6651, 23786: swear, swear
by.
jiu'our, s. 6433, 24897, juror.
jus, (^(h'. 1482, B. xvi. I, down,
jusques, ad7K 1336, jusqus, 5214, jesqes,
jesqe, B. v. margt;i, B. xii. 3 : as far as.
just(e), a. 737, 1650, 1845, jouste, 15197J
T. i. I, joust, 23065.
juste, prep. 4075, near,
justefier, justifier, v. a. 61 14, 26496,
B. xlviii. I, T. xviii. 4, justify, do justice
on : V. 71. 13476, do justice.
justice (i), joustice, s. 2514, 15 191,
23039, B. iii. I, justice.
justice (2), justise, s. 15326, 24676, judge.
justicerie, s. 24617, judges.
justiciar! s), s. 20505, judge.
juyn, .y^^ jun, s.
Juys, s. ipl.) 4466, Jews,
juyse, see^nl&e.
Katelote, 20678.
keue, see coue.
la, ndv. 3331, B. .\xx. i, there: la que,
11375, where.
Laban, 7083.
laborious, a. 14534, 16917.
labour, s. i486, B. xlviii. 2, T. ii. i.
labourer, v. n. and a. 5391, 5778 ; 3 J./.
labourt, 2776, 14546: work, till, labour
for.
labourer, s. 8655, labour,
labourer! s), labourier, labourour, s.
10649, 14456, 26430, labourer,
lac, s. 2672, 27049, pit.
lache, a. 5590. slack,
lachesce, s. 5589, slackness.
lachete, s. 5595, slackness.
lai(s), lay(s), a. ■})127 ; prestre layfs),
20549, 20575.
lai(s), lay, s. 3016, 3300, 27479. layman,
laid, a. 209, 1014, 4820, ugly, hurtlul.
laid, J., //. lais. 3017, wrong.
laidement, adv. 1723, 10403, wrongly,
outrageously.
laidenger, v. a. 17607, 20744, abuse,
insult.
laidir, v. a. 2935, 8767, injure, disgrace.
laine, see leine.
laisir, see loisir.
laisser, see lesser,
lait, s. 47<^7.
laiter, s. 8510, feeding (with milk).
lamentacioun, j. 2256.
lampe, s. 16999.
lampreie, lamprey, s. 4453, 7833.
lance, s. 5521.
Lancellljot, 1473, B. xliii. 3, T. xv. i.
lancer, ?'. a. and ;/. 3618, 3621, 20636,
hurl, rush.
lande, s. 26709, glade.
lang(u)age, s. 1198, 6944, D. i. 4.
lang(U)e, s. 875, 1416, 1930, 2931 1 ff.,
B. XXV. 4, tongue.
langour, s. B. xliii. 4, sickness,
languir, 7\ n. 321, B. iii. i.
languisant, s. 3552, sick man.
languissant, a. 740, sorrowful,
lanterne, s. 15656.
lapider, v. a. 2398. stone.
larcine, s. 909, theft.
larder, s. 20335, larder,
large! s), largez, <;. 986. 8228, 15956. wide,
liberal ; a large. B. xliii. 3, at large,
largement, adv. 452.
largesce, largesse, s. 470, 25701, B.
xxviii. 2, bounty, largess, liberal supply,
largete, s. 749S. liberality.
lar(rion, lar(r)oun, s. 2454, 5273, 6906,
13938-
las, s. 893, 3561, B. XV. 1, cord, snare.
lasls), a. 889, 14101, B. viii. 3, weary,
wretched.
las(s), interj. 587, 20077, alas !
latin, s. 7171, 2177 s, D. i. 4, Latin
(language).
Latins, s. pi. 29320.
laudacioun, s. 12757.
laudes, s. 5640, 8594.
laver, v. a. and //. 10522, 26656.
layne, see leine.
lays, see laKs).
Lazar(i), 7975.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 523
Lazar (2), Ijazaro(u)n, 13047, 28514,
28807, 29364.
le, r, def. art. m. (used with subject), 99,
107, B. ii. I, (withobject) 20, D. i. 2, tic. ;
/. la, 4, B. i. 3 ; pi. les, lez, 10, 948 (R),
I>. ii. I, xxxvi. I, le, 18644 : cp. ly.
le, l\ f.lSb, pron. (as direct object of verb),
84, 212, B. ii. I, V.I, (as indir.obj.)le, la,
912, 2448, 13268, 13. xxiii. I, xxxvii. i ;
pi. les (dir. and ind.), 46, 2416; (with
prep.) de la, 107 : cp. luy.
leccherie, s. 263.
leccherous, lecherous, a. 8827, T. xi. 3.
lecchier,lechier, a. 91 82, 1 5844, lascivious.
lec!c)hour, leceh.ier(8),.s-. 929, 8931, 9164,
16663, lecher, paramour.
lecoun, leeon, s. 2790, 297 1, 8846, B. xxiv.
I, teaching, opinion.
lee (l), a. 3196, li6e, 17 122 ; pi. leez,
24291 : joyful, glad,
lee (2), a. 15821, large, wide; en lee,
25706, in width.
lee, s. 3379, side,
leesce, s. 480, B. vi. i, delight,
leescer, v. n. 29232, rejoice,
legacie, s. 18990, embassy,
legat, s. 18422, ambassador.
legende, s. 20700.
legiier, (2. 2419, 5402, active, ready, easy:
du (de) leger, 2833, &c., easily,
legdjerement, adv. 3930, 9609.
legioun, s. 6737.
leigne, s. 13648, wood,
leine, laine, layne, s. 1603, 5313, 7566.
leisour, leisir, see loisir.
letter, v. a. 27418, suckle.
lendemein, s. 8367, morrow : cp. I'ende-
mein.
lent, a. 889, slow.
lentement, adv. 5614.
leopart, s. 9892.
leoiu)n, lioun, lyon, s. 849, 4210, 8848,
12296, B. xlviii. 3, lion,
lepre, s. 2659, leprosy.
lepre, a. 3782, leprous.
leprous, a. 28564, leprous,
lerme, s. 10203, tear.
lerraer, v. n. 4383, weep.
lerinerie, s. 18293, weeping.
lermoier, v. n. 10261, weep,
leaser, laisaer, v. a. 4, B. v. i, xvii. 4 ; 2
s. p. lais, 6164 ; 3 s. laist, 666, B. xxi. 3,
laisse, 1261, lease, 4752; 3 s. pret.
laissa, B. xl. 1 ; fiit. lerrai, lerray, 384,
B. ii. 2, xvii. 2 ; 3 .r. lessera, 688, lerra,
B. Ii. 3 ; imperat. lessetz, 4, B. ix. 5.
lesure, s. 11 76, injury, harm,
letanie, -s-. 20315, B. xxiv. 1.
lettre, (letre), s. 6788, B. ii. 4, iii, 4.
lettron, .s". 20682, lectern,
lettrure, s. '/2>79i reading, letters.
lettuaire, s. 25641, electuary : cp. elee-
tualre.
leur, lour, pron. (dir. or indir. obj.), 77,
239, 6924, B. xlvii. 2.
leur, lour, pass. adj. 18, 2230, B. xxv.
2; pi. leur, lour, leurs, lours, 2995,
B. V. ?nargl?t, T. title,
levable, a. 1869, rising, raised.
levain(s), s. 16789, leaven,
lever, ?'. a. 531 ; Z s. p. lieve, 5239 ; 3 pi.
lievent, 27234: v. n. 5158, 5206, B.xx. 1.
levere, see lievere.
leverer, s. 21046.
Levite, s. 9062.
levitici, 5269, 11137.
Ii, see ly.
liard,/; liarde, s. 17384 f., dappled horse,
dappled mare.
liberal, a. 3316, B. 1. i, liberal, free,
liberalite, s. 15352.
liberie, s. 11081.
licence, s. 522, permission,
lie, lye, s. 5685, 13214, 26172, dregs, lye.
liegance, ligance, jr. 2144, B. xv. 2.
liege, lige, a, 22253, D. i. 1, C.
lien(s), lyen, s. 4197, 12337, B. iv.* 2, T.
V. 3, bond.
lier, V. a. 1466, B. xv. i, bind.
liere(s), s. 1994, 6560, robber.
lieu(s), s. 69, 4056, B. iii. 4, lu, B.xviii. 2.
lieve, lievent, see lever.
liev(ejre, levere, s. 2782, 2810, 12675, B.
xli. 3, lip.
ligance, see liegance.
lige, see liege,
lignage, s. 278.
limitant(z), s. 9148, 21328, limitour.
limiter, 7'. n. 21598, make rounds (of
begging friars).
lin, lyn, s. 3170, 6541, lineage,
(linceal), s.,pl. linceaux, 5178, sheet,
lincelle, j. 5226, sheet,
line, lyne, s. 2530, 5125, 13359, B. xlv. 3,
order, line,
linx, i'. 1765, lynx.
lioun, see leoun.
liquour, s. 3570.
lire, lisre, (liser), v. 1081, 1127, T. v. 3 ;
3 s. p. Use, 14492 ; I pi. p. lison, 2330,
lisoTin, 3983 ; 2 s. Imperal. Use, 19081 ;
pp. lieu, 11068.
524
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
lit, s. 1787. B. xliii. 2.
litargire,litargie,.s-. 6158, 26485, lethargy.
litiere, s. 895, 5175, litter, mattrass.
litigious, a. 4636.
livre( 1 ), livere, J. 1027, B.v.f/iar^in, book.
livre i2>, s. 6470, pound imonvy).
loable, a. 12884, piaiseworthy.
loant, jr. 12770, praising.
loement, s. 13268, praise.
loenge, jr. 1080. 12617, B. xiv. i.
loer, louer, v. a. 1145, 12618, praise; je
loo, 8052, 1 advise ; se loer de, 1462,
6938, rejoice at.
loer ( 1 ), j'. 1 192, praise.
loer (2), s. 440, B. xxviii. 3, louer, D. ii. 3,
wages, reward,
loggier, V. a. 21 109, lodge,
logique, s. 1451.
loi, loy(s), s. 536, 2038, B. xxxviii. 3.
loial(s), loyal(x), a. 6621, B. iv.* 3, 4, T.
iii. 3, honest, loyal,
loialraeut, loyalment, adv. 9784, B. iv.*
1. loyaument, 12364.
loialte, loyalte, s. 6419, 13269, B. xvii. i.
loign(8!,loin3,loings,ir?. and^^^/?'. 185, 567,
891, 27283, B. ix. 3, xxxix. 3, far off; de
(du) loignls), 997, 5405, 7752, far off,
long before,
loigntein, loigntain, ci. 2135, B. xxiii. 2,
longtain, longtein, 2784, B. xxiv. 2.
loisir, s. 5693, 9311, 9315, B. xxxiv. 3,
leisir, 27640, laisir, 26107, leisour,
9222, leisure, space of time, free disposal.
Lombardie, Lumbardie, s. 18557, 23233,
23714, T. xi. I.
Lombardz, Lumbardz, Lombars, s. pi.
23257, 25432 ff.
long, a., f. longe, longue, 1746, 5220, B.
ii. 2 : en long, 29010, lengthwise.
long, nd7J. 5691.
longement.longuement,artfe'.9863,i6564.
Longis, 28765.
longtain, longtein, a. see loigntein.
longtains, longtein, adv. 4616, 5368.
lors, lor, adv. 7, 188, 1S465, B. i. 3, alors,
10080, &c., then, therefore,
los, loos, s. 1215, 1556, 23901, T. viii. i,
honour, fame.
losenge, s. 7419, flattery,
losenger, v. a. 434, flatter.
losengour, losenger,j.2735, 1 1083, 12766,
flatterer, liar.
lot, s. 6303, a measure of wine.
Loth, 8236, 9683.
lou. loup(3), s. 915, 7525, 8430.
louer, see loer.
lour, see leur.
loy(s), see loi.
loyal, see loial.
loyalment, loyaument, see loialment.
loyalte, see loialt6.
lu, see lieu.
Luc (saint), 10221, 10286.
luce, s. 6253, pike.
Lucifer, 63,73,86, 122, 1873, 14352,18944.
21100, 26365, 26876, 29850.
lucre, s. 13780, gain.
Lucrece, T. x. 2.
lui, see luy.
luire, v. n. 16761 ; fires, part, luisant,
1132 : shine.
luiter, luter, t/. 7/. 10702, 16943, contend,
wrestle.
lumacoun, s. 5414, snail.
lumbard, a., pain Ivimbard, 7809.
Lumbardie, see Lombardie.
Lumbardz, see Lombardz.
lumere, s. 6802, light.
lune, s. 8140, B. xiii. 3.
luour, s. 68 II, light.
lusard, s. 11491, lizard.
luter, see luiter.
lutous, a. 22113, turbid.
luxure, s. 930, lecher)'.
luxuriant, a. 20667, of wantonness.
Ivixurier, v. n. 87 10, practise lechery.
luy,lui,/^r(7«. w.andy;, (direct obj.ofverbl
165, 415, 9320, B. xxiii. 2, T. xii. 3;
(indirect obj.) 12, B. xvii. 2 ; ly, 4654,
4883 ; (with prep.) 53, 626, B. v. 3.
en Ii, de Ii, B. xx. i, xxiii. 2: cp. le.
pron.
ly, Ii, r, def. a?t. m. (used interchange-
ably with 'le' in sitig. and 'les" in
plur.), 70, 79, 272, D. ii. 4, B. ix. 5, luy.
116, 1015, &c. (both with subj. and
obj.).
ly, pro}i.., see luy.
Lya, 16957, Leah.
lye, see lie.
lyen, see lien(s).
lyn, see lin.
lyne, see line.
lyon, see leoun.
lys, lis, s. 16852, 16891, lily.
Lysias. 22333.
M
ma, see moun.
mace, s. 11247, club.
Macedoine, T. vi. i, Macedon.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
525
Machabieu(s), Machabeu, 2382, 10249,
10359, 23072 : see Judas.
Machaire, 12566, 20905.
mapon, s. 8571, hook.
Madians, 17104, Midianites.
madle, a. 1029, 17885, male.
la Magdaleine, la Magdeleine, 2272,
10279, 13048, 14560 ff., 15091, 28815,
29199 : cp. Marie (2).
magest6, s. 7699.
magike, a. 1899.
magnanimity, s. 141 99.
magnefier, magnifier, v. a. 3391,
25020.
magnificence, s. 14247.
Magus, 1897.
maigre, see megre.
Mail, 856, B. XV. 3, xxxvii. i.
mail(l)e, s. 15640, 26170, halfpenny.
mailler, v. a. 163 18, hammer.
mailoller, j. 1433, swaddling.
main, see mein.
maine, see mener.
maint, meint, a. and j-. 42, 932, B. xxiv. 3,
xlii. I ; pi. maintz, 2417 : many a, many.
maint, v. see manoir.
maintenance, s. 23675.
maintenant, meintenant, adv. 408, B.
xiv. I ; de maintenant, 1877, de mein-
tenant, 4914.
maintenir, v. a. 292. B. xlvii. i : v. n.
maintint, 4737, (or main tint).
maintenour, s. 23323, maintainer (of a
quarrel).
maintenue, s. 23734, maintenance.
maintesfois, adv. 4683, often.
maiour, a. 3182, 17048, greater, greatest.
maire, a. 960, B. iv.* 1 fF., greater, greatest.
mais, conj. 10, 1608, B. i. 3, but, except :
maisque, mais que, mais qe, 3378,
6840, B. xi. 2, xxiii. 2, provided that ; B.
xvii. 4, xl. I, T. xiv. 2, but that; 1920,
4305, except that; 18848, but; 26112,
26926, if, even if; 27282, only : maisy»/-
maisque, 20528.
mais, mes, adv. 2856, 5627, more ; ne . . .
mais, 1 0043, no longer; a tous (as toutz )
jours mais, 2856, B. iv. i, for ever more.
maisnye, see mesnie.
maisoun, maison, see mesoun,
maisque, see mais.
maisselle, s. 4418, 9340, jaw, cheek,
maistre, a. 298. chief.
maistre(s), meistre, mestre(s), s. 1305,
1359, 3110, 24714.
maistresse, mestresse, s. 13413, 27194.
maistrie,meistrie,mestrie,J. 4655, 9910,
25589, mastery, great feat,
maistroier, v. a. 9325, overpower,
mal, a. 371, D. ii. 3, B. xxv. 4.
mal, adv. 11 71.
mal, s., pi. mais, 10, B. xiii. 4.
Malachie, Malechie, 2224, 2585, 6345,
6499, 20737.
malade, a. 6654.
malade, s. 5365, sick person,
maladie, s. 2070.
maladrie, s. 156S1, sick people,
malapert, a. 1683 ff. (as proper name),
malbailli, malbailly, a. {pp.) 372, 3608,
brought to evil.
maldire, v. a. 1911, B. xxv. 4; t, s. p.
maldist, maldit, 2141, 2507 ; 3 pi.
maldiont, 2140; 3 y. p. subj. maldie,
191 1 : curse.
maldit, maldite, jr. 3960, 21300, cursing,
curse.
maldit, a. 266, 2012, accursed.
Malebouche, 2679.
malefice, s. 1527, illdoing.
maleico(u)n, s. 6487, 12026, curse,
malement, adv. 9620, badly.
malencolie, s. 3865.
malencolien, a. 3918.
malencolier, v. 3870.
malencolious, a. 3965.
malengin, s. 6544, B. xlii. 3, evil de-
vice.
malfaire, v. 5836 ; pres. pati. malfesant,
4519, malfalsant, 2044.
malfee(s), malfie(s), malfe, s. 1 161,8966,
18682, devil.
malfeloun, jt. 7165, criminal,
malfesance, malfaisance, s. 271, 28321.
malfesant, a. 4507.
malfesour, J. 15320.
malfie(s), see malfee(s).
malgaign, s. 24578, evil gain,
maigre, s. 6823, ill-will.
maigre, p?-ep. 3730, in spite of.
malice, s. 192, B. xlii. 4.
malicious, a. 1096, T. xi. 3.
malignete, j-. 4502.
malin,/. maligne, a. 4572.
malmener, v. a. 8179, guide ill.
malmettre, v. a. 2576, ruin, spoil.
malnorri, a. 3048 {pp.), ill-nurtured : cp.
mal norri, 3129.
maloit, a. 4194, B. xliii. 4, accursed,
malparler, v. 2682.
malpenser, s. 3687 : cp. mal pensier,
mal penser, D. ii. 3, B. xlix. i.
526
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
malsenefs), malsenee, a. 171 3, 4006,
6957, ill-disposed,
maltalent. s. 484, evil will.
maltalentif, f. maltalentive, a. 4640,
moved by ill-will.
maltolt, s. 20171, 24044, unjust tax, ex-
tortion.
inalur6(z\ a. 245, 549. unhappy,
malurous, a. 2196, wretched,
malveis, sec nialvois.
Malveisie, malvoisie, s. 7815. 26091.
malveisin, see malvoisin.
malvenii, a. 5067. unwelcome,
malvoia, rualveis, malves, a. 166, 2821,
4762, 10482, B. xlii. 4, T. xii., evil,
wicked,
malvoisement, ad^'. 12384, badly.
malvoisin, malveisin, a. 3731. 6894,
bad as a neighbour.
inalvoiste(el, s. 542, 14706, wickedness,
malice.
malvoloir. s. 4552. ill-will.
tnalvuillance, s. 5524.
malvuillant, a. 3732, ill-disposed,
malvuillant, s. 2993, ill-will,
mamelle, ,s-. 1436, teat, breast,
mamiellette, s. 17901, breast.
mammona, s. 161 90, mammon,
manace, s. 4841, threat.
manacer, t. 1832, threaten,
manaie, manoie, menoie, .f. 744, 14783,
1). xxvii. 3. protection, mercy, power.
manant, a. 5807, 17260, in possession.
manantie. .s-. -i,"]"], manantise, 67S6,
possession.
manantis, s. 16198, possessor.
Manasses, 21004.
manee, s. 21774, sleeve,
mandement, s. 425, mandate,
mander, 7/. a. 403, 436, B. ii. 3, xxviii. i,
send, send for.
Mane, 22747.
manere, maniere. s. 193, 1770, 11752,
B. vi. I, xvi. I.
manger, v. a. 11 8, B. xlvii. i ; 3 .v. /.
mangut, mangue, 2752, 7933 ; sitbj.
mangue, 11 80; 3 ^. pret. mangut,
147; .iv^/^. mangast, 119.
manger, mangier, s. 7954, 8478, 1S515,
eatin^j, food, meal.
mangerie, s. 7528, eating.
mangue, mangut, see manger,
manier, manoier, v. a. 5164, 28201,
handle.
manifester, 7'. //. 7201.
manoie, see manaie.
manoir, s. 307. B. v. 3, dwelling, estate.
(manoir), v. ;/., 3 s. p. maint, 4306, B. xi.
I , T. XV. I , meint, 3669 ; 2 pi. pret.
mansistez, 27975 • remain.
manteal, s. 928. mantell, 871.
mantel(liet, s. 716, 854, mantle.
maquerelle, s. 9440, bawd, go-between.
marage, a. 10928, 22105, weary, vexa-
tious.
marbre, s. B. xviii. 3.
marbrin, a. 28056. made of marble.
mare, s. 6470. mark (of money).
marchande, a./. 7316, of trade.
marchander, 7a 7362, traffic.
marchandie, s. 6955, marchandise.
7431, trade.
marchandin, s. 25783, trader.
marchant, s. 6512, 25195 fif.
marche, s. 23743, border.
marclielel, marchi6(s), s. 4670, 6290,
7327 f., market, bargain ; au bon
marehee, la marche bonne, 24441,
25314-
marchiere, s. 1072, market.
marchis, s. 23215, marquis.
Marcial(s), 7640, 15505, 15949.
Mardochieu, Mardochee, Mardoche.
1 1069, 12686, 17468.
mareschalfs), s. loiii, 26050, marshal.
farrier.
margarite, s. 1082 1, pearl,
mari, see marit(z).
Maria, 2653, Miriam.
mariable, a. 17400, fit to be married,
mariage, s. 801, B. v. margi7t.
Marie (i), 11539, 12553,' 14549, 16733,
16972, 17864, 27421, 27579, 27654 ff.,
28909, 29745.
Marie (2), (sister of Lazarus), 28514.
marier, 7>. a. and refi. 1010, T. iii. 2 :
3 s. p. marit, 1 74 1 3.
marier, s. 1 71 78, marriage.
marine, marrine, a. 5396, 16394.
marine, s. 23932, sea.
mariner(s), .f. 10648.
Marioun, 8660.
marit(z), mari, mary, .$■. 965, 8766, T.
iii. I, viii. 2.
marrement, s. 8578, affliction.
marri, a. 8876, 17476, afflicted, angry.
Marsz, B. xiii. i, March.
Marte, 8412.
marteal, s. 14059, hammer.
marteler, 7'. a. 1 1976, hammer.
Martha, Marthe, 13049, 14560 fif., 28514.
Martin (saint), 7940, 15739, 25854.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 527
martir, s. 13981, /. martire, 29066,
martyr.
martire,^. 1138, 17483, suffering, torment.
martirer, 7'. a. 1401 1, make into a martyr.
raary, see inarit(z).
masse, s. 15642, great quantity.
mastinis), s. 3440, 24509, /". mastine,
1 5019, mastiff, dog.
mat, a. 899, 1 1 15, 9870, dull, confounded,
mater, v. a. 1 5143, confound.
matiere, .$■. 204, B. xxxvii. 2.
matin, s. 3815, B. v. 2.
matin, a. and adv. 5638, 8270, early.
matin§(e), matinez, s. 3646, 7907.
matins, s. 5548, matins.
matrimoine, i-. 8756, 17139, B. xlix. 3,
T. vi. I.
matrimonial, a. 17 194.
Maximian, 1653.
me, m', pron. 362, D. ii. 4, B. vi. i.
Mede, 29321.
Medea, Medeam, Med6e, 3727, B. xliii.
I, T. viii. I, 2.
mediacioun, s. 3293.
mediatrice, s. f. 7424.
medicine, medecine, s. 321, 2561, B.
xxvii. I.
meditacioun, j. 14947.
medler, see meller.
meement, adv. 5542, above all.
meen, a. 14502, middle.
meer, see mier.
megre, maigre, a. 11 85, 15639, 16278,
lean, poor.
mehaign, s. 4706, 4718, mutilation.
mehaigner, 7/. a. 4730, mutilate.
meil(l)our, a. 7385, B. xi. 4, xxxviii. 3,
meilleur, 18353.
mein, main, j. 81, 97, B. xvi. 2, xxiv. i ;
devant la mein, (lez meins), 4558,
8370, beforehand : apres la mein,
5436, afterwards : enmy la main,
24917, meanwhile.
mein, see meinz.
meindre, a. 1647, B. xvii. 2, less, least.
meine, see mener.
meint, v. see manoir.
meint, a. see maint.
meintenant, see maintenant.
meinz, adv. 29, B. xvii. i, less : le meinz,
2700, the less : au meinz, 8790, ou
mein, 7282, at least.
meisoun, see mesoun.
meistre, see maistre(s).
meistrie, see maistrie.
mel, mell, s. 12855, 28445, honey.
Melchisedech, 16129.
meller, medler, v. a. 3338, 17645, B. iii.
I, xxii. 3, mingle, embroil: v. n. 4764,
engage in fight.
mellee, s. 4672, 26005, fight, mingling.
melodie, s. 993.
membre, s. 21 16.
membre(z), a. 2927, provided with limbs,
memoire, s. 636, B. xlvii. i.
memoracioun, s. 9868, mention.
memorial, s. 2 141 7, B. 1. i, memory,
memorial,
memorial, a. 3288, brought to mind.
menable, a. 3676, 11882, 17392, easily
led.
menage, s. 285, 2128,4020, 4843, training,
guiding, train, household.
menaille, s. 19334, train, following.
menal, meynal, a. 3317, 18555, menial,
subject.
mencioun, j. 10370.
menconge, mensonge, s. 2699, 2812.
men9onger, a. 21638, lying.
mencongere, s. 141 1, liar.
mendiant, a. 9140, begging: s. 6225,
9145, beggar, mendicant,
mendicite, s. 14500.
mendier, 71. n. 12880, beg.
mendif, mendis, j-. 7520, B. ix. 4, beggar.
Menelai, B. xl. i, T. x. i.
mener, mesner, v. a. 303, 18205, B. xx.
3, T. xiii. I ; "^s. p. meine, meyne, 759,
6724, B. iii. 2, x. 2, maine, 1607 ; 3/>/.
meinont, 13625 ; i s. fut. menerai, B.
xxi. I ; 3 J. merra, 6327 : lead, guide,
carry on, display (joy, &c.).
menestral, s. 991.
menoie, s. see manaie.
menour, a. 1 301, menure, 167, inferior.
Menour, s. 21760, Minor friar.
mentier(s), s. 1934, liar,
mentir, v. ti. 1733, ^- ^^^- 2, lie: v. a.
8959, T. V. I ff., be false to (a promise),
menton, s. 7624, chin.
menu, a. 851, B. xviii. I ; /. menue,
851, menuse, 6254: small, inferior,
menuement, adv. 876, minutely.
menure, see menour.
menuser, v. a. 13090, diminish,
mer, see mier.
mercerie, s. 75274, mercers' trade.
merei(s), mercy(s), merci(z), s. 2450,
6131, 6645, B. ix. 5, xiv. 3, mercy,
pardon, thanks.
merciable, a. 4818, B. xxix. 2, com-
passionate.
D
28
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
mercier, v. a. 399, 6959, D. ii. 4, thank,
reward.
merdaille, s. in 6, 28949, dung, filth,
filthy wretches.
merde, s. 8105, filth,
merdous, a. B. xlviii. 2, foul,
mere, see miere.
merell, s. 23496, token, lot.
merelle, s. 5780, hopscotch (a game).
merir, s. 6167, 11647, merit, reward.
merit(e), s. 1158, 17455, desert, reward,
merle, s. B. xxxvi. i, blackbird.
merlot, s. 909, merlin (falcon),
merriem, s. 896, timber,
mervaillement, s. 29063.
merveille(8), niervail(lje, s. 1951, 4057,
4208, B. xxxvi. 2.
merveilil)ou8, a. 1024, B. xlviii. i.
mes, pass. a. see moun.
mes, adv. see mais, adv.
se mesaler, v. 11326, go astray,
mesavenir, v. n. 14827, happen amiss,
mesavenir, s. 11262, misadventure,
mesaventure, s. 9112, fault.
m.eschant, s. 3337, wretch,
mescheance, s. 126, misfortune.
meschief, i'. 3256, B.l. i, harm, misfortune.
meschine, s. 3706, 3727, 5163, maiden,
maid-servant.
mesconter, v. a. 2686, recount ill.
mescreance, .f. 10301, unbelief.
mescreant, s. 28510, unbeliever.
mesdire, v. 2942, speak evil.
mesdire, s. 13389, evil-speaking,
mesdisance, s. 1636.
m^esdisant, a. and s. 2689, B. xxv. i .
mesdisour, s. 1 2861.
mesdit, s. \(iA,i.
mesfaire, mesfere, v. 86, 4475.
mesfaire, s. 8218.
mesfait, s. 1394, T. vii. 3; pi. mesfais,
1844.
mesfesant, s. 4706.
mesgarde, jt. 16589, carelessness.
inesguier,7'.«. 16732, T. xviii. i, misguide.
mesme(8), a. 126, B. x. 3, xvi. I.
mesner, sec mener.
mesnie, maisnye, .f. 9819, 13465, house-
hold.
mesoun, meson, meisoun, s. 201, 2626,
8816, B. xxi. 3, maison, maiaoun(s),
2401, 3883, 14170.
mesparler, v. 3246.
mesprendre, i>. n. and rejl. 2065, 2649,
B. iv.* 3, commit offence : v. a. B. xlii.
J , take wrongfully.
mesprendre, s. 7001, ill-doing,
mesprise, s. 599, 1548, offence, contempt,
mesprisioun, s. 7162, 20468, wrongful
taking.
mesprisure, s. 725, B. xii. 4, contempt,
offence,
mess, s. 781 1, 24516, dish (of food).
message, s. 413, 4842, 6699, B. ii. 3,
messenger, message.
messag(i)er, s. 407, 496, B. viii. 2 ; /
mes3ag(i)ere, 3210, 20292: messenger.
messal, s. 20731, service of the mass,
messe, s. 5548.
Messie, 12341, 14563, 27587, 27918.
messon, s. 15595, harvest.
mestier(s), mester, s. 240, 652, 2017,
7264, office, need, manner: estre
mestier, 21275, to be needful,
mestrait, s. 12711, trickery, deceit,
mestre, see maistreis).
mestresse, see maistresse.
mestreter, v. a. 9799, cheat,
mestrie, see maistrie.
mestroier, 7>. a. 1924, rule.
mestru, a. 6452 (pet-haps for ' mesestru,'
badly taught), bad.
mesuage, .f. 8433, dwelling,
mesure, j'. 948, 22908, B. vii. 3, measure,
degree, temper, music.
mesurement, adv. 16532, in due measure,
mesurer, v. a. 7443.
mesuser, v. ?i. 1 1825, make ill use : v. a.
27152, misuse.
metall, j. 14043.
mete, s. 3149, 9037, measure.
mettre, metre, v. a. 8, B. i. 3 ; \ s. p.
met, B. xlvi. 2 ; 3 j. met, mette, 8,
6399 ; 3 s. pfet. stibj. meist, 16880.
meulx, metix, see mieulx.
meynal, sec menal.
Micheas, 3679, Micah.
Michel, Michieux, Micheux (saint),
3734, 13302, 25607.
Michol, 1 761 4, Michal.
mie, mye, s. 3869, 5S01, crumb,
mie, mye, adv. 2380, T. xi. 2 (with nega-
tive), at all ; 381, 2589, B. xliv. i, not at
all.
rca&a.,poss. a. 23305, B. xxviii. r.
mier, mer, meer, j. 12 13, 2467, 2922,
7762, B. viii. I, XXX, I, sea.
miere, mere, s. 4, 2148, B. xlix. I, mother.
mieuil)x, meu|l)x, «(/?'. 588, 1198, 1510,
2460, B. xvi. 2, xxiii. 2, xxvii. i, T. viii. 2.
mill 1), ;///;«. 1413,6621, B. xxiii. 3, xxxix. 4.
mil(l)foitz, adv. B. iii. 2, ix. 2.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 529
millier, miller, s. 884, 28135.
ministre, s. 21237.
ministrer, 7'. a. and n. 970, 161 40.
minot, si-e mynot.
miracle, s. 7560, B. xxiv. 2.
m.ire, myre, s. 10935, 12317, B. vi. 4,
physician, surgeon.
mirer, 7'. 1565. 9760, B. xii. 3 ; is. p. mir,
21702 : gaze at, see, gaze : refi. 11029,
observe.
mirour, mireour, j-. 1565,23551, B. xxi. 4.
mirre, s. 3567, myrrh.
misere, s. 356, 2484.
misericorde, s. 7573, mercy,
misteire, misterie, s. 10752, 20124.
mitre, s. 16149.
mixt, a. 3536.
mixtvire, s. 25530.
Moabite, a. 1 1091.
mockant, a. 1673, mocking.
mockeour, s. 1679, mocker,
mocker, <'. a. 1638, mock at.
modefipr, v. a. 13632, T. xv. 2, control,
guide.
moderacio'uln, s. 16488 (Rl, 16490.
modeste, s. 13398, modesty,
raodestement, aihi. 13451.
moeble, .v. 15379, 22323.
moel, s. 1852, marrow.
moerdre, s. 4863, murder.
moerdrer, s. 4905, murder.
moerdrice, s.f. 8969, murderess.
raoerdrir, %>. a. 13008, murder.
moerge, see morir.
moertrer, s. 14981, murderer.
meet, moeve, see movoir.
moi, moy, my, prP7t. 363, i960, 23583, B.
ii. 3 ; (as direct obj.) B. xxxiii. i.
moie, moye, poss. a. 4032, 13556, B. iii. i,
V. I ; la moye, 29732.
moignal, monial, «. 91 21 , 20976, of monks.
moignefs\ s. 2741, 7932, monk,
moiller, see muiller.
mois, moys, s. 12255, B. x. 4, month.
Moises, see Moyses.
moisture, s. 5397.
raol, moll, a. 16713 ; /. mole, 514, molle,
B. xlviii. I : soft.
mole, s. 2921, millstone,
molement, ad7>. 5174.
m.oleste, .f. 1355, B. xxx. 2, trouble, dis-
turbance.
molestement, j-. 241 19, trouble,
molester, v. a. 491, injure, disturb.
molt, see moult,
moltoun, multoun, s. 7747, 19106, sheep.
* M
molu, a. 1 5125, 20874, ground sharp,
ground up.
molyn, s. 2921, mill,
moment, s. B. viii. I.
mon, see movin.
moncell, s. 16794, heap,
mond, monde(s), s. 2^7, 256, 3267, B. ii.
I, iv. 3.
monde, a. 4048, pure.
mondein, mondain, s. 716, 4270.
mender, 7/. n. 1234, cleanse,
mondial, rt. 965, worldly : s. 7600, world (?).
monestement, s. 12968, admonition,
monial, see moignal.
monoie, monoye, moneie, s. 1925, 3357,
1012S, T. xviii. I, money.
monoier, t. 25532, make coin,
monseignoiu^ s. 29765.
monstre, see mostre.
monstrer, see moustrer.
mont, s. 2119.
montaigne, s. 5300.
montance, s. 24452, value.
monter, 7'. n. and ;r/?. 598, 848, 21 19. B.
XX. I, rise, climb, mount: v. (^z.3323, raise.
Montpellers, 1944.
Montross, 26095, (a kind of wine),
monture, s. 10556, high place,
monument, s. 28526, tomb.
moral, a. C.
va.ovdve,v., $s. p. raordt, mort, 2645,2886,
morde (? s7i/'j.\ 2725 ; pp. mors, 3440.
morell, /. morellC; s. 17381, black horse,
black mare.
morgage, x. 6199.
morine, j-. 6761, murrain.
morir, 7'. ;/. 642 ; 2 s. p. moers, 5289; 3 s.
moert, 2103; 3 .f. pre/, morust, T. ix. 3 ;
/;//. morrai, 689, B. xvi. 3, mourra,
9031 ; 3 s.p. siibj. moerge, 271 11.
morir, s. 4201, dwelling.
morne, a. 26731, gloomy,
mors, j-. 157, bite,
morsure, s. 18285, bite.
mort, s. 120, B. xii. I.
mort(z^, mors, a. 255, 419°, ^- '^- 3- ^'v-
3, dead, killed ; 8028, deadly (?).
mortal, mortiel, mortieux, a. 64, 147,
162, 1014, deadly, mortal.
mortal, .v. 6125, deadly sin.
mortality, s. 1 1683.
mortefier, v. a. 392, destroy, kill,
mortiel, mortieux, see mortal,
mortielement, adv. 4397-
mortier, s. 20872, mortar.
mosche, movi(8;che, s. 1783, 5871, 9964.
m
530
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
moster, see moustier.
mostre, moustie, nionstre, s. 1026, 9342,
18817, monster, show.
mostrer, see moustrer.
mot, ,v. 4101. 15. xiv. 2.
raotour, s. 24712, mover.
mouche, see mosehe.
moult, a. 912 : moult, molt, adv. 98, 172,
T. xiii. 2.
moun, va.on,poss. a. 378, 438, D. i. i, mes,
9782 ; /'. ma, m', 353. D. i. 4, B. iv. i ;
pi. mes, mez. 1 1, B. i. 3.
mourne, a. 28663, sad.
mours. s.pl. 1752. 8671, B. xxxviii. 3.
mousehe, sec mosehe.
mousele. J'. 10815, mussel.
ruouster, moustier, moster, j'. 1072,4830,
5561, minster, monaster}'.
moustre, see mostre.
mousti'er, mostrer, monstrer, v. a. 640,
958,B.xii.3: />/•/. moustray, 707: show.
movable, a. 3899, fickle, changing : cp.
muable.
m.ovoir, v. a. 1499, B. xi. i ; i s. p. moeve,
3251 ; 3 s. moet, 5259 ; 3 //. moevont,
22035 ; 3 s.fut. m.overa, 5768.
moy, see moi.
moye, see moie.
Moyses. Moises, Moises, Moysen, 2095,
-653, 3977, 10219, 10304, 10442, 10479,
11149, 11165, 11211, 12161, 12253 ff.,
17106, 18205 ff., 18807, 24678.
mosrtee, s. 25869, half.
mu, mue, mut, a. 2261, 2815, 8312, mute,
muable, rt. 1862, 11911, unstable, apt to
change.
muance, J-. 26057, 29363. B. xiii. i, change,
mue, s. 4116, 7714, B. viii. i, cage.
mue, a. {or pp.) 868, moulting.
muer ( i ), tj. a. 23, B. i. 2, move, remove :
V. n. 3498, change.
muer (2), v. a. 21045, shut in a cage.
muer, (3), a. 1870, in full feather (after
moulting).
muet, (/. 1199.
muill6, a. 4173, wetted,
muiller, moiller, v. a. 8132, 29123 f , wet.
mule, .f. 846.
muler, miulier, s. 17236, 27560, wife,
mviltipliance, s. 6557.
multiplier, multeplier, 7/. a. and n. 31 18,
7822, T. ii. 1, multeploier, 8114.
multitude, J. 15893.
multoun, ,v. tt. 24157, reflect,
musette, s. 11460, pipe.
musike, musique, s. \'2.'ll, 22905.
must, s. 26017, new wine,
mut, see mu.
m.utabilite, s. 5468.
my, p?-on. see moi.
my, a. 6153, middle,
myaille, s. 15645, crumb,
mydy, j. 13346, the south.
mye, see mie.
myne, s. 23864, mine.
mynot, minot, <'?. 8716, 18329, B.xxxvi. 2,
gracious, dainty.
myparty, a. 361 1, mingled,
myre, see mire,
myte, j-. 6271, 15485, mite.
Naaman, Naman, 7461, 18925.
Nabal, 13663, 17474.
Naboth, 4958, 6778, 17637.
Nabugod, Nabugodonosor, 1887, 10338,
21981.
Nabuzai'dan, 7181.
nacioun, s. 3397, race, nation.
nage, s. 6704, 13116, voyage.
nager, 7'. n. 3023, sail.
nai, nay, adv. 18961. B. xvii. 3, xxx. 3.
naiscance, nescance. s. 267, 9986, birth.
naiscant, s. 1025, birth.
naistre, nestre, v. n. and refl. 275, 1587.
3854, B. li. I ; 3 //. /. naiscont, 1024 ;
3 J-. prei. nasqviit, nasquist. 194, 197,
nasqui, 1055 ; pres. part, naiscant,
2618; pp. nee. 1017, 15. iv. i,nez, 9188.
Naman (i), see Naaman.
Naman (2\ 17469: ep. Aman.
naril, j-. 4756, nostril.
naselle, s. 8603, nose.
Nathan, 4963.
nativite, .f. 27480(10.
naturliiel, natural, a. 178, 720, 18504,
I), ii. I, T. ii. 1, natural, friendly.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 531
nature, ^. 132, B. vii. i.
naturesce, ^. B. xxviii. i, xliv. 3, gentle
nature.
naufrer, ?'. a. 4286, wound.
navie, s. 24492, ship, (fleet).
nay, see nai.
Nazareth, 27860, 28047, 28346, 28383.
ne, adv. 256, D. i. 3, B. xxii. 1, ne . . . pas,
13 ; ne . . . mie, B. iv. 3 ; point ne, B.
iv.* 3 ; ne . . . goiite, 4674, ne . . . ne
4S6, ne ne, 12734 : not, nor.
necessaire, a. 673.
necessairement, adv. 5122.
necessite, s. 5454, B. xxix. I.
necligence, negligence, s. 6072, 10552,
13317-
necligent, a. 701 : ^'. ly necligens, 6073.
Nectanabus, T. vi. i.
neele, see nele.
Weemye, 1 1 177.
nees, s. 7869, nose,
nef, see nief.
negge, s. 8072, snow,
negger, v. n. 13736, snow,
negligence, see necligence.
neif, s. 12634, snow.
neircir, v. it. 6888, grow black.
neis, nes, neis que, adv. 2744, 6164,
22354,neisque, 4i63,noteven,notevenif.
nele, neele, s. 6551, 161 75, 20626, tares.
nenil, adv. 8373, no.
nepourq(u)ant, adv. in, 13035, B. ix. i,
nevertheless.
nequedent, adv. 48 1 , B. xix. 2, nevertheless.
nerf, s. 10831, muscle.
Wero, litXlA-
nes, see neis.
nescance, see naiscance.
nestre, see naistre.
net, a. 9100, clean.
nettement, adv. 1228.
nettete, .*-. 10099.
nettoier, v. a. 18 175, cleanse.
neveu, i-. 4941.
nice, nyce, niche, a. 264, 979, 7673, 24858,
ignorant, foolish, scrupulous, delicate,
nicete, nycete, s. 9175, 15540, ignorance,
folly.
Nichanor, 2425.
Nicholas (saint), 15764.
nief, nef, i-. 8182, 9953, 22208, B. xxx. i.
nient, s. 29 ff., nothing, void : adv. 5570,
not at all.
nientmeinz, adv. 2704, nient meinz,
15322, nevertheless.
Nil, 23408.
M ni
Ninive, 4004, 27059.
no, f>oss. a. 476 ; pi. no, 97, noz, 2574, D.
i. 1, les noz, 20063.
noble, a. 97, D. ii. 4, nobil(e), 11565,
23410: s. 16040.
nobleie, s. 12077, magnificence,
noblement, adv. 98.
noblesce, noblesse, s. 469, 16040, B. vi. 2.
noces, see noece.
noctiluca, s. 1131, glow-worm,
noctua, s. 6793, owl.
Noe, 4533, 4973, 9992, 12025, 12220.
noece, j. 11316; //. noeces, noces, 946,
10094, T. iv. I ff. : wedding.
noef, num. 16505, nine,
noefisme, a. C.
Noel, s. 7324, B. xxxiii. 3.
noer, v. 6255, swmi.
noet, see nviyt.
noier, noyer, v. a. 2922, 9954, drown,
sink : v. n. 12270, be drowned.
noir, a. 1560, T. xv. 3.
noise, noyse, 5. 412, 19478, disturbance,
noise.
noiser, v. n. 19480, make a disturbance.
nominacioun, s. 16227.
nommant, s. 4243, naming.
nom(m)er, v. a. 239, 410, B. xxiv. i.
non, see noun.
nonchaloir, see nounchaloir.
noncier, see nouncier.
nonne (i), j-. 5183, nun.
nonne (2), s. 27708, nones,
nonneine, noneine, s. 2741, 5306, nun.
nonpas, see novmpas.
nonsachant, a. 21691, ignorant.
nonsavoir, see nounsavoir.
norreture, s. 5216, 16371.
norri, norry,/". norrie, s. 233, 3209, 5 138,
offspring, fosterling.
norrice, s. 211, nurse.
nor(r)ir, v. a. 369, 18053, bring up, foster,
north, s. 13339.
no^t'ce, poss. a. D. ii. 3, &c.
nostreseignour, s. 28128 (R), 28908 (R).
nostresire, s. 4467 : see sire(^sj.
notable, a. 26932.
notablement, . 791 1.
novellerie, s. 26099, novelty.
noyse. sec noise.
noz, see no.
nu, nud, y; nue, a. 90, 1768, B. xliii. 2,
naked.
nue, s. 91, 2968, P). xxxii. 2, cloud, sky.
nuetelei, s. 3606, 11378, nakedness.
nuisable, nuysable, a. 3749, 4230, per-
nicious.
nuisance, s. 6564, hurt.
nuisant, a. B. xxxii. i, hurtful.
nuit, sec nuyt.
nul'a), nulLs),^/. and/;-fl«. 9, 200, 1075, B.
iv. 4, V. 3. xxxi. I , no, none, any, anyone :
nulle part, 4613, nowhere.
nullement, ad7'. 7739.
nully, pron. 1514, 9871, 22937, no-one,
any-one {na^.].
nuysable, sec nuisable.
nuysement, s. 4027, harm.
nuyt. nuit, s. 636, 1132, noet, B. xi. 3, C.
nujtee, s. 20356, night-time.
ny, s. 1985, B. ii. i, nest.
nyce, nycet6, see nice, nicete.
o. ■^re ou, con J.
obedience,.?. 121 10.
obedient, d. 12426: s. 25774.
obeier, obeir, ?'. ;/. 203S, 2220, B. xlii. 2 ;
?-cJl. 12164, 28665 • bend down, incline
oneself, obey.
obeisfs lance, .w 2146, 12 174, B. xxiii. i.
obeissant, a. 12403, T. ii. 3.
objeccioun, s. 29193.
oblier, see oublier.
obliger. 7'. a. 2650, T. iii. i, bind.
oblivioun, .f. 14691.
obscur, oscur, a. 3647, 6813, B. xiii. 3 ;
en oscvir, 6981 : dark.
obscuracioun, s. 2304. obscurity.
obscurer, s. 10793, darkness : cp. os-
curer, 7'.
observance, s. 2097.
obstacle, i-. 6245.
obstinacioun. s. 5732.
occasioun, s. 3292.
Occident, s. 25241, west.
occire, occier, v. a. 2088, 2804, 9691, T.
vi. 2.
occupier, v. a. 1343.
odiblels), a. 2864, ^- xlviii. 3, hateful,
odious, a. 4479.
odour, s. 3567.
odourer. v. 13560, smell.
oedif, a. 5785, 17713, idle.
oedivesce, s. $774, idleness.
oef, s. 21380; p/. oefs, 1983, oes, 26303,
owes, 24728 : egg.
oel, oill, s. 1064, 3736, B. vi. i ; //. oels,
oil(l)s, oill, 935, 3238, 6806, B. i.x. 2,
xxxii. I : eye.
oeps, s. 7578, 15567, need,
oetisme, a. C, eighth.
oevei'e.oevre.ovre, .y. 36 (R), 4228, 10432,
27902, work.
offence, see offense,
offenciovin, s. 4052.
offendre, v. a. 4264, 26192, B. xviii. 2,
oftend : rcjl. 12984, be offended.
offense, offence, offens, s. 352, 2016,
3952, 9058.
office, s. 257.
office!', officier, s. 3884, 25968, B. xvi. 3.
official, s. 1 1644, officer.
offre, s. 3308, 27540. offer, offering,
offrende, s. 4491. offrens, 28165, offering,
offrendour, s. 25015, worsliipper.
offrir, V. a. 7iig; pp. offert, 5688.
oiceus, oiseus, a. 5800, 14426, B. xlvii.
i,lazy.
oie, oye, s. 142S, 3213, B. xxx. 3, hearing,
sound, report.
oignement, s. 13132, B. xxvii. 3.
oignt, s. 2273, ointment.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
533
oil, oyl, adv. 7132, 11 380, yes.
oil(l), see oel.
oile, oille, s. 3541, 7551, oil.
oillage, s. 16999, ojl.
oindre, v. a. 2274, anoint.
oir, oier, oyer, v. a. 324, 10318, 10914,
B. ii. 3, xxiv. i; 3 s. p. ot, 16588;
I s. p7'et. oi, 01, 410, 2326; 3 s. 01st,
509, oyt, £05, oy, 10256 ; fut. orrai,
B. xvii. 3; ifil. orretz, oretz, 203, 796;
pp. 01, 80, B. ii. 3.
oir, s. 26884, hearing.
oisel, oiseal, i-. 1 199, 3577, B. ii. i; //.oisel,
oisealx, oiseals, 942, 3577, B. xxxiv. i.
oisellette, s. 5814.
oiselline, oiseline, s. 7S29, 26293, bird.
oisellour, s. 18505, fowler,
oiseus, see oiceus.
oistre, s. 6398, oyster.
oitante, niiui. 17091, eighty.
Olimpeaa, T. vi. 1.
oliphant, s. 15105 : cp. elephant,
olive, s. 29923, Olive-tree.
Olophernes, Olophern, in 15, 12047.
oltrage, see oultrage.
om, on(s), s. 37, 8961, 17722,0. ii. 3, man,
one : cp. horn,
ombrage, s. 3539.
ombre, umbre, s. 21612, 26769.
omnipotent, omnipotens, a. 1632, 28169.
on(s), see om.
onde, xinde, j-. 10840, 15162, 22313, wave,
abundance.
oppinioun, s. 26365.
opposer, V. a. 16162, 26785, disturb,
question.
oppress, a. 1292, 2660, 23207, B. xx. 2,
crushed, burdened.
oppresser, 7). a. 25002.
or, see orr.
Grace, 3804, 10948, 23370.
oracioun, s. 10237, prayer.
orage, .s-. 3022.
orail(l)e, oreil(l)e, s. 553, 3178, 5212,
7936, 13. iii, 2, vi. I.
oratour, j-. D. i. 3.
ord, a. 2515, 6791, filthy, vile.
ordeignement, j-. 7956, ordinance.
ordeinement, adv. 13561, in orderly
fashion.
ordener, ordiner, v. a. 102, 951, T. iii.
3, ordei(gjner, 2319, 3283, 5174.
ordinaire, ^. 9410.
ordinal, s. 2 16 12, rule.
ordinance, s. 4958, order, control.
ordiner, see ordener.
ordinour, s. 23623, ordainer.
ordre, s. 2110, 11752, T. v. 2.
ordure, s. 1126.
ore, adv. j,-], 4737, D. i. 3, (ore . . . ore),
ore . . . ore . . . ore, 38967^.; a ore,
20523 : now.
oreil(l)e, see oraille.
oreiller, v. 414, whisper.
oreiller, a., f. oreillere, 15520, ready to
listen.
oreillei-(e), s. 5178, 5240, pillow.
oreisoujn, orisoun, s.vioo, 10208, 10502,
B. xxiv. 2, prayer.
orendroit, adv. 6538, now,
Orense, 19984.
orer, v. 1200, 10201 ff., pray, pray for.
orfevere, jr. 25513, goldsmith,
orguil, J. 244, B. xlviii. 3.
orguillant, a. 16879, pioud.
s'orguillir, s'orguiller, v. 1754, 1 1420,
grow proud.
orguillour, j. 24177, proud man.
orguillous, a. 1093.
orient, oriant, s. 846, 13336, east,
origenal, a. 17533.
origenal, original, s. 152, 8580, 13525,
D. i. 2, beginning, rise.
orine, s. 3844, 16539, oiig'n, stock,
ornement, s. 17128.
orphanin, jt. 6872,/^ orphanine, 15377.
orphelin, a. 8733, destitute.
orr, or, .*-. 254, 911, T. viii. I, gold,
ort, s. 12868, garden.
oscur, see obscur.
oscurement, adv. 25334.
oscurer, v. a. 21736: cp. obscurer, s.
oscurete, s. 3284.
Osee (i),6ii5, 7315, 20462, 26571, Hosea.
Osee (2), 11018, Hoshea (the king).
oser, V. 727, B. xiv. 2.
Oseye, s. 26048.
OSS, jr. 1852, bone,
ossifragus, s. 1850, osprey.
ostour, s. 907, 21045, hawk,
ostrieer, a. 25291, of ostrich.
ot, see avoir, oir.
otroi, ottroy, .y. 3123, B. xxxviii. 4, grant-
ing, grace.
otroier, ottrier, v. a. 821, B. ix. 5, xv.
2, grant, allow.
ou, conj. B. ix. 3, o, 3878, u, 1 1459, or : ou
. . . ou, 1975, ou si . . . ou, B. xii. 3,
whether ... or.
ou = au, 2672, 3808, 4542, &c.
ou = ove, 8376.
ou = u, 1 1023.
534 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
ouaille, ouaile, .v. 141 27, 19486, sheep,
oiibli. oubly, s. 1 1 10, 2082, io690,(mettre
en oublii.
oubliance, ,f. 61 13.
oublier, oblier, o(u)blir, 7'. a., 3 s. p.
oublie, oblie, 1620, 4043, B. xxv. i,
oiiblist, oublit, oblit, 6640, 16686, B.
xxvi. 3.
oviblier, s. 13760, forgetfulness.
oublivioun, j. 6100.
oue, s. 551 1, 26300, B. xlviii. 3, goose.
oultrage, outrage, oltrage, s. 288, 1756,
2285, 4707, outrage, extravagance,
oultx'ageus, a. 8391.
oultragieris), a. 11661, 26226, extrava-
c^ant.
oultragousement, adv. 16572.
oultrance, .9., (al oultrancel, 8040.
oultre. ovAre, prep. 400, B. xxii. 3.
oultre (outre) mer, 121 3, 25292.
oultremarin. a. 23866.
ouiDtrepasser, v. a. 6751, 23166, pass
through, transgress,
ours, s. 20302, bear : cp. urse.
out. sec avoir.
outrepasser, see oviltrepasser.
ove, prep. 4, 2406, B. v. 3, &c., ou, 8376,
with,
ovel.^?. 8159, 12795, level, equal, like: "■'■^<■'•
22792.
ovelement, adv. 4722, equally, fairly.
overage, s. 8914, 16391, work.
ov(eiraigne, ov(e)i'eigne, s. 363, 3371,
4226, 25549, work, business.
overir, ovrir, t'. a. 995, 12675.
overt, a. 2663. open,
overt, s. 4207, opening,
overture, s. 6402.
ovesque, /;-^/. 167, T. iv. i : cp. ove.
Ovide, 14090.
ovile, s. 16089, sheepfold.
ovraigne, ovrir, see overaigne, overir.
ovre, sec oevere.
owes, see oef.
oye. see oie.
oyl, sec 6\\.
pacience, s. 4313.
pacient, a. 3968, 41 88, 7653, patient,
suftcring.
pacient, s. 24307, sick person.
page, s. 1375, page (servant).
paiage, s. 6202, payment.
\ paie, pay, s. 7332, 23000, 24564, payment,
! satisfaction.
paiement, s. 3308.
paien(s), a. 10342: s. 13020: pagan.
paier, v. 1314, 5630, B. xxvii. i, pay,
satisfy, pay for.
paiis, pais, s. 341, 3789, B. vii. i, country.
paile, paille, s. 3869, 20961, straw.
pain, s. 2206 ; pain lumbard, 7809.
paindemain, paindemeine, i'. 7808.
16286.
paine, s., see peine,
paine, ?'., see pener.
paintour, jt. 1945, painter.
painture, s. 1947, painting.
paire, s. 25511, coinpany.
paisible,peisible,a. 2568, 1 5896, peaceful,
paistre, pestre, ?'. a. 1161, 7012, 7031 ;
pres. pari, paiscant : feed.
paix, see pes.
Palamedes, B. xx. 3.
pale. a. 870.
palefroy, jr. 845.
paleis, palois, s. 28241, T. xi. 3, palace,
palme (i), s. 12469, 29618, palm-tree.
palme (2), s. 7741, tennis.
palmer, see pasmer.
palois, sec paleis.
palpebre, s. 2295, eyelid.
Paniphilius, 14450.
panee, paunce, s. 5522, 8542, paunch :
cp. garde pance.
Pandeon, T. xii. i.
pane, s. 25706, piece,
panell, s. 24896, (jury) panel.
paneter, s. 7517, pantler.
Pantasilee, B. xliii. 2.
pantiere.panetere,i'.9254, i2S66,panther.
paon(s), paoim, s. 23451, 23527, peacock,
paour, .<•. 663, B. xiii. 3.
paourous, a. Ill 19, 16910.
papal, a. 18481.
papal, s. 27052, pope.
pape, j'. 18492.
papegai, papegay, j'. 26781, B. xxxvi. i.
papir, s. 4587, 7286, paper.
par, prep. 18, D. i. i, per, T. i. i ; par
tout, I^. 1. 2 ; par si qe, 3233, par ce
que, 12684.
parable, s. 1 1977.
paradis, s. 82, B. v. 3.
parage, s. 10084, B. xxiii. 4, rank,
se parager, 7'. 13639, associate,
parail, sec pareil.
parailler, v. a. 2900, make like,
paramont, adv. 10017, above.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
535
paramour, s. 28641, lover.
parant, (7. 1230, apparent.
parasi, s. 25569, halfpenny.
parchemin, j". 16102, parchment.
parclos(e), s. 161 57, B. xxxvii. 2, en-
closure.
parcon(i)er(8), parcener, s. 6992, S408,
15546, sharer, partaker.
parcroistre, 7/. ;?., //. parcru, 4584,
1 7 108. grow up.
pardedeinz, pardedeins, /r^;^. and mh'.
1114. I! 20, within.
pardehors, ac/v. 1123, outside.
pardela, pri^/). 23252, on the other side of.
parderere. aih'. 248.
pardessovitz, pardessoubz, adT. 8142,
138S4, below.
pardessur(e), ac/r/. 1857, 4746, 10147, on
the top, above, besides.
pardevant, prep- and adv. 1845, 2393,
par devant, B. xii. 2, before.
pardon, sec pardoun.
pardonaunce, s. 11 730.
pardonnement, j. 105 12.
pardon! n)er, v. a. 15402, T. xviii. 4.
pardonner, s. 1 5092, forgiveness.
pardo(u)n, s. 5736, 13342.
paree. a. f. {pp.) 18328, pareie, 10117,
adorned.
pareie, s. ion 8, wall.
pareil, a B. x. 2.
pareille, pareil(l), parail. s. 1212, 1446,
22210. B. X. 2, equal, rival.
paremploier, v. a. 14322, set aside.
parensi, ad%i. 15951, in such a manner.
parent, s. 97, 2574; f. parente, 3100:
parent, relation.
parente(e), .s-. 4283, 6671 ; //. 9183 : kin-
ship, relations.
parenterdit, a. 15561.
parentre, prep. 1178, 16338, B. xxvii. 4,
T. XV. 2 ; parentre de, C. : between.
parer, 7'. a. 21439, B. xvii. 3, prepare,
adorn, equip.
parfaire, parfere. v. a. 1942, 2947, 4413,
9435, 28472, make complete.
parfait, (/. 1 1 70, perfect : cp. parfit.
parfaitement, adv. 10776.
parfin, s. 2383, end.
parfit, a. 1640, 2439, T. xviii. 4, perfit.
D. i. 4, B. xxvi. 2 : perfect, ready.
parfit, J-. 6828, fulfilment.
parfitement, adv. B. xli. 3.
parfond, a. 2467, 22317, deep,
pai'fondement, adv. 2673.
parfondesse, s. 29465, depth.
parfournir, v. a. 4680, 21707, perform,
parigal, perigal(s), a. 151, 964, 3159,
5604, equal, like : s. 24232.
Paris (son of Priam), 16700, B. xiv. i, xl. I.
Paris (city), 25245.
parlance, s. 1734.
parlement, s. 334, 4998, B. xi.x. 3.
parler, v. 385, B. viii. 3.
parler, s. 28468.
parlesie, s. 5519, palsy.
parlier(s), s. 15997, speaker.
parlire, v. a. 14896 ; //. parlieu, 19956 :
read through.
parmi,parmy,^;r/. 282, 411 3, to, through,
by: adv. 818, 1628, B. xwiii. 3, right
through, throughout, completely, utterly.
paroche. s. 20210, parish.
pai*ochiale, s. f., 91 15. parishioner,
(paroir), 7'. ;/., 3 j. ^. piert, 1816, B. xl. i,
piere, 1412, 3450 (? sitbj.) ; 3//. pier-
ont, 25615 ; 3 i-. pret. parust, 2176, T.
xiv. I : appear : cp. perestre.
parole, parolle, j\ 351, 9386, B. xix. i.
parol(l)er, v. ii.ii^d; 3 s.p. parolt, 2720,
parole, 3495; subj. parolle, 17709:
speak.
part, J-. 276, 2786, 6343, 7386, B. iv*. 3,
xxxi. 3; d'autre part, .y^'f- autre ; queu
part, 9242, whither? queu part qe,
13864, wherever.
partage, j-. 1654, sharing.
partenant, a. 1089.
partenir, %'. n. and rejl. 45, 924, belonfj.
partie, s. 373, 2366, 16080, 18711, side,
party, part, departing, quarrel.
partir, v. a. 3240, 3981, 6660, divide,
distribute, take away : 7'. ft. and rejl.
744 f., 7595, 12524, B. XV. I, depart,
part, shave.
partir, s. 17549, T. xvii. i, parting, end.
partison, s. 7055, share.
Partonope, B. xliii. 3.
parvenir, v. n. 14925.
pas, pass, s. 890, 6940, pace, pass.
pas, adv. 900, B. xii. 3.
pasmer, palmer, v. n. 28942, 29023,
29120, faint.
Pasques, 4434, 7326, 28602.
passage, .y. 2538, 27107, T. xvii. 3, journey,
death.
passant, s. 8465, death.
passer, 7/. a. 5444, B. viii. i, x. 2: 7/. /;.
36, 5575 ; passer de, 2795, escape from ;
s'en passer. 4195.
passible, a. 5765, suffering.
passio(ujn, s. 18191, 28770.
536
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
pastfe), s. 7868, 8363, 15660, paste, pastry,
repast,
paatour, s. 5012, shepherd,
pastourage. pasturage, s. 1593, 5503.
pastoiiral, a. 9116.
pasture, s. 1852.
pasturer, 7/. n. 21996, feed,
paternoster, s. 5559.
pati-iarche, patriarc, s. 7985, 17159.
Paul! I) (saint), 10612, 13040, 13249,20069.
Paul (2), 13023 ff.
Paul (3) (I'eremite), 27061.
Pauline, T. x. 3.
paunce, see pance.
pautoniei-, s. 21382, vagabond,
pavement, J-. 21427.
Pavie, 7319.
pay, Sc'e paie.
peal, pell, s. 8724, 234S6, skin.
peas, ScT pes.
paecatrice, j. /. 2516, sinner.
pacehant, s. 2f3i, sinner; 10519, sin.
peeeh6(s), s. 3, T. vi. 2, sin; 13341,
sinner (?).
peeeheour, s. 3150, pecchour, C, sinner,
peccher, z'. n. 1847, sin.
peccher, s. 1432, sin.
peccheresse, a. and s. f. 20542, T. x. i,
sinner.
peccune, s. 24352 ff., money,
peccunier, s. 24463, lover of money,
pecti'ine, jr. 2053, breast : cp. peitrine.
pedaille, s. 26232, common people.
pee, st'd pie.
pees, see pes.
peindre, peinter, v. a., 3 s. p. peinte,
1 2077, 26037 ; pp. peint, 934, B. xlii. 3 :
paint, dye, adorn,
peine, paine, s. 182, 1438, li. xxviii. 2,
peigne, 15. iii. i ; au peine, a peine, au
paine, 2916, 9043, B. xxii. 2, xli. 3.
peine, see pener.
peinter, see peindre.
peiour, a. 2252, worse.
peisible, see paisible.
peitrine, peytrine, poitrine, s. 3849,
6840, 9010, breast : cp. pectrine.
pelerin, s. 5641, /. pelerine, 16166:
cp. peregrin! 8 j.
pell, see peal.
pellicoon, s. 20474, furred cloak,
pellure, s. 20453, fur, skins,
pelote, s. 1460, ball,
pelterie, j. 25682, fur.
penance, s. 1157, 2093, 29623, punish-
ment, pain.
penant, a. 22882, penitent.
pendement, s. 14998, hanging.
pendre, v. n. 885, 9021, 17843, B. xxv. 2 ;
3i-./;£?/'.pendi, 2453: hang, be attached,
belong : v. a. 4113, 5755, 25022, hang.
pener, v. a. and rejl. 778, 1002 \ -^ s. p.
peine, 990, 2033. paine, 9208 : make to
suffer, give trouble to ; refl. take pains,
endeavour, suffer pain.
penne, s. 3502, 7382, feather, pen.
Penolop6, T. vi. 3.
peiio(u n, s. 10103, 23728.
penouncell(ei, .r. 11289, 14261.
pensant, j-. B. iv. 3, thought.
pensantie, s. 14267, weightiness.
pense(e), s. 2192, 3078, B. vii. 2, xxix. 2,
penseie, 14404.
pensement, s. 5540, B. viii. 3, thought.
penser, v. n. and re/i. 613, 3680, B. ii. 3,
iii. I, think: ?'. a. 360, 11509, weigh,
reflect upon.
penser, pensier(s), s. 3674, 3683,0. ii. 3,
B. vi. 3.
pensif, a., f. pensive, 4643.
Pentecoste. 15 135.
Pepin, 1303.
pepin, s. 6719, 7725, 8531, apple, pip.
per, see par.
Perce, see Perse.
percer, v. a. 13521, B. xviii. i.
perceus, a. 5416, indolent.
percevoir, (perchoir), v. a. 2S019; 3 s.
_/«/. perchera (?j, 18539: perceive, re-
ceive. See note on 18539.
perclus, a. 7591, shut up.
perdice, see perdis.
perdicioun, j\ 2340.
perdis, s. 6262, f. perdice, 7831, par-
tridge.
perdre, v. a. 94, B. ii. i ; 3 s. p. pert.
9009, T. xvii. I.
perdurable, a. 1438, 13571, B. Ii. 2.
perdurablement. adv. 2076.
pere, see piere, pierre.
peregrin(8), s. 10656 : cp. pelerin.
peresce, s. 5377, indolence.
perestre, ?'. 11. 1760, B. xi. 4; 2 j./. peres,
3776 ; 3 s. perest, 138 ; 2 //. perestes,
2 ; 3 //. peisont, 3S59 ; 3 s. fut.
perserra, 13691 : appear: cp.^axoSx.
perfeccioun, s. T. xvi. 3.
perfit, see parfit.
peri, a. 75, 2086, 10889, lost.
perigal(8), see parigal.
peril, .S-. 6739, B. xxx. i.
peril(l)er, v. a. 5059, 15394, imperil.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
537
peril(l)ous, a. I104, 4604, B. xlviii. 2.
perir, v. n. 2099 ; 3 s. p. piert, 6856,
8397. 19087 ; p- sitbj. perisse, 4332.
perjur(s*, s. 6457, perjurer.
perjure, a. or s. 25046.
perjurer, v. n. and irjl. 6421, 6472, com-
mit perjury : v. a. 6446, swear falsely by.
perjurer, s. 6318, 24850, perjury.
perjurie, s. 6428.
perle, s. 9282.
permanable, a. 1796, T. i. 2, lasting.
permanance, s. 11577.
perraanant, a. 11 670.
pernont, see prendre,
perpetuel, a. 3744.
perrie, j-. 858, />/. 25588, precious stones.
perrier(s), jr. 25579, jeweller.
perriere, s. 3716, catapult.
perrine, s. 2054, stone.
perroun, s. 2412, rock.
pers, c7. 6979, 21773, .livid, purple.
P'ersant, a. 10347, l^ersian.
Perse, Perce, 12999, 22035, 29321, Persia,
persecutour, .r. 6914.
perserver, 7'. a. 217, keep.
perseverance, s. 14357.
persevei-er, v. n. 14393 ff.
Persiens, s. pi. 22046.
person(n)e, J. 1508, 20208 (R), B. xxxix.
2, T. iii. 3, person, parson,
persuacioun, s. 191 13.
perte, s. 2069.
pertuis, pertus, s. 5258, 7587, hole,
perturber, v. a. 3639.
pervers(e), a. 2545, 16725.
pervertir, v. a. 646, 3175, turn aside, ruin.
pes, pees, peas, paix, i-. 203, 1485, 3069,
1 1 135, B. ii. 3, xli. I, T. xiii. 2, peace;
5622, the pax (in a church).
pesance, ,v. 1290, heaviness.
pesant, a. 5145, B. xxxii. 2.
pescheur, s. 8570, fisher.
peser, see poiser.
pestilence, s. 4630.
pestre, see paistre.
petit, a. 890, B. xxviii. i, pi. petis,
29796 : un petit, 806, au petit, 310.
petit, adv. 5514.
petitement, adv. 16562.
petitesce, petitesse, j. 13027, 14236.
peytrine, see peitrine.
Pharao(n), 2332, 12258, 12268, 27080, T.
xiii. 1.
Phares, 22750.
Phariseu, Ph.aris^e, 1837, 3 no, 18805,
28368.
Phenenne, 10274.
phesant, s. 3502, 19501.
philesophre, see philosophre.
Philipp, T. vi. I.
Phillis, B. xliii. i.
Philomene, T. xii. i.
philosophic, j-. 1448.
philosophre, philesophre, philoso-
phe(sj, J'. 1 81 3, 7633, 9530.
Fhirin, 18303.
phisicien, s. 24289.
Phisique, 8521.
phisique, physique, s. 7724, 7905, health,
medicine.
phisonomie, s. 20385.
pichelin, a. 6091, small.
pie, s. 1696, 9975, magpie.
pie, piee, pee, s. 1375, 3797, 10722, foot,
pieca, adv. 3271, B. ii. 3, formerly,
piece, s. 1858.
pier, J-. 1S21, 18787, 23197, equal, peer;
pier a(u) pier, 3342, 23419, on an
equality, equally.
piere, s. 186, pere, T. vi. 2, father.
piere, v. see paroir.
pierre, piere, pere, s. 896, 2397, 18343,
B. xviii. I, stone ; la pierre jetteresse,
5781, pitch-pebble (a game).
Pierre, Piere, (saint), 3112, 7993, 12664,
13789, 15088, 15808, 18531, 18553,
18651 ff., 19401, 19484, 2C065, 21648,
25854, 27038, 28658, 29177 : see Simon,
pierrous, a. 1242, jewelled,
piert, see paroir, perir.
pigas, s. 23394, pointed shoe.
Figmalion, B. xxiv. 2.
pigne, s. 8719, comb,
pilage, s. 16183, plunder.
Pilat, Pilas, 2S706, 28772 fif., 28938,
2S972, 29003.
piler, V. a. 1570, plunder.
piler(s), pilier, j,-. 13093, 20783, T. vii i,
pillar,
pilour, s. 15547, plunderer,
piment, see pyment.
pire, pir, a. 1895. 23972, worse, worst,
pis, adi'. and j-. 1662 ; le pis, 183, B. xii. i,
the worst; du pis, 8981, a worse
thing.
pis, pitz, s. 3808, 17934, breast.
pisco(u)n, s. 5396, 8529, fish.
pitance, s. 5684, 7546, 8442, portion,
share, small portion.
pite(s), pitee, pitie(s), s. 2067, 13902 ff.,
19967, D. i. I, B. xiv. 3, xvii. 4; pi.
29900.
538
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
pitous, piteus. a. 5236, 8876. B. xi. 3.
pitoiisement, piteusement, (Jth'. 13940,
29027, B. xix. 2.
pitz, str pis, .y.
place, s. 11254, B. i. 2.
place, 7A see plere.
plai. see plait,
plaidant, s. 19042, pleader,
plaider, pleder, ?'. ft. and a. 6217, 1S425,
21728.
plaidour, pledour, s. 24206, C, ad-
vocate.
plaie, ^. 4293, B. xxvii. i.
plaier, ?'. a. 5019, wound,
plain (i), a. 4596, 10230, p'ain.
plain (2), a. see pleiniz).
plaindre, 7/. ^^'6' pleindre.
plaindre, s. 11489, complaining.
plainement, pleinement (i ), adv. 7953,
10202, simply, plainly.
plainement, pleinement (2), adv. 2915,
B. iv. 2, xiv. I, fully.
plainerement, ati'7>. 10476, fulty.
plain te, pleignte, jr. 25162, 29096.
plaintif, s. 6326.
plaire, see plere.
plaisanee, see plesance.
plaisir, plesir, pleisir, s. 467, 479, 27641 ,
B. viii. 2, XXV. I.
plait, plai, plee, s. 2961, 6329, T. x. 3,
plea, discourse, affair.
plancher, s. 27260, beam,
planete, s. 9038.
plante, s. 6892.
planter, v. a. 2201 , plant, set down.
plat. a. 15257, flat: ad7J. 24260.
platement, ad?'. 15205, plainly.
Platoiin(s), 15205, 15237.
pledant, s. 24241, pleading,
pleder, see plaider.
pledour, see plaidour.
plee. see plait,
plegge, J-. 19448.
plegger, v. 24943, g'^'^ pledges,
pleignte. see plain te.
plein'zi. plain, a. 249, 480, B. iii. 2. full ;
au plain, au plein, 1098, B. xxvii. 3:
ad7'. 27167.
plein i^), s. see pleine.
plein (2), s. see toutplein.
pleindre, plaindre, v. n. and 7-eJl. 4177 ;
I s.p. pleigne, 766, B. xiv. 3, pleign,
24950; 3 s. pleilgint, 1800, 2859,
plaignt, 1645, pleigne, 4625 ; 3 />/.
pleignont, 4652.
pleindre, s. T. xiv. 3, mourning.
pleine, plein, s. 23246, 28298, plain.
pleinement, sec plainement.
pleiner, plen(i)er, a. 35, 1779, 12256, B.
viii. 3. xiv. 3, full, in full, full-grown.
pleisir, see plaisir.
plener, adv. 6547.
plen(i)ei'ement. adv. 424. 1547, fully.
plenitude, s. 15892, fullness.
plent6(e), s. 11 144, 19960, B. xvii. 3.
plentevous, plentivous, a. 12461, 29922,
B. xxxi. I, abundant: ad^i. 20841.
plere, plaire, v. n. 176, 571, B. iv*. 3;
3 j-. /. plest, 809, B. ii. 4 ; 3 s. imp.
plesoit, 980; 3 s. p?-ef. pluat, 1916;
p. subj. place, 19949 ; pret.siihj.^\&x^t.
3785, B. X. I ; Jut. plerra, 5157, B. ii.
3, plairra, 8035 : v. a. 10903.
plesance, s. 641, B. i. 3, plaisanee, 8033,
pleasure.
plesant, a. 219, B. iii. 2,
plesir, see plaisir.
plevir, V. a. 6650, B. xxiii. i, T. xvii. i,
pledge.
pliant, a. 1416.
plier, ploier. v. a. 211 5, 28 li, B. iii. 3, x.
I, x'v. 3 : 7'. ;/. 7582.
plit, J. 2547, 3934, condition, state: par
autre plit, d'autre plit, 2081, 7295,
on the other hand.
ploier, see plier.
plom, s. 897, lead,
plonger, see plunger,
plorant, s. 13042, mourner,
plorer. v. see plourer.
plorer, s. I14CS9, weeping.
plour, s. 180, B. ix. 4, weeping,
plourement, s. 10534.
plovirer, plorer, v. n. 3164, 10563 : i s.p.
plure, 15010, B. xii. '})\ '^ s. plourt,
1066, plure, 7224 : weep,
plovier, s. 26294, plover.
pluie, s. 5610.
pluis, see plus,
pluit, pluyt, see pluvoir.
plunger, plonger, 7'. a. 2458, 8124 : 7'. >i.
7979-
pluralite, .v. 7363.
plure, see plourer.
plus, adv. and s. 5, 182, B. iii. 2, pluis,
r.. iv. 3, xxxix. 3.
plusouris), pluseurs, /nw. 3015, 7134,
T. xvi. I ; ly plusour, 2727.
plustost, adv. 4452, B. xxxvii. i. xlii. l,
plus tost, 1908, sooner, rather.
Pluto, 962.
pluvie, s. 26716, rain.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
539
("plvivoir), 7'. «., 3 s. p. pluit, 13736;
3 s-. pret. pluyt, 4531 : rain.
poair, see pooir.
poeple(s), pueple, s. 2210, 18428, 23153^
poer, see pooir.
poeste, s. 2557, power,
poestis, a. 1222, B. ix. 5, powerful, able.
poi, see poy.
poign, s. 859, fist.
poignant, a. 1798, 11 529, piercing, sharp.
poil, s. 3719, hair.
poindre, v. a. 5026 ; 3 ^. /. point, 944,
2642, poignt, 1 1 860, B. xxxii. I ; pres.
part, poignant, 1798 ; //.point, 2357:
prick, sting, bite.
point, s. 504, 948, B. i. 2, xii. 2, //.
pointz, poins, 2763, 3793, point, prick,
position, limit, thing, saying : au point,
26077, perfectly ; tout a point, 2364,
fully prepared.
point, adi)., ne . . . point, 2356, point
ne, B. iv''. 3; or without ' ne,' 11857:
not at all, not.
pointure, s. 352S, T. xvi. 2, sting.
poire, s. 9961.
pois (i), s. 1 1393, B. xiii. I, weight : sur
son pois, 26186, against his will.
pois (2), s. 13686, pitch.
poiser, peser, v. a. and n. 7451, 15075,
15202, weigh: ce poise moy, 9251, it
seems to me.
poiso(u)n, s. 2524, 4398, T. xi. 3.
poitrine, see peitrine.
polain, polein, s. 9446, 18074, colt.
poli, a. 4240.
policie, s. C.
pollut, a. 20741, unclean.
ponime, .?. 1 17.
pompe, s. 1S964.
pont, s. 4320.
pooir, poair, s. 310, 597, B. iv.* 3, v. i,
T. xiii. I, poer, 1252, power: cp.
povoir.
por, see pour,
pore, s. 4806.
porceo, see povirceo.
porcin, s. 8273, pig.
porcin, a. 20516, of a pig.
porri, see purri(z).
port (I), s. 834, 27450, B. xiii. 2, bearing,
value.
port (2), s. 4366, harbour.
portable, a. 29820, borne.
portal, J-. 16608, gate.
porta, s. 258, gate : porte colice, 9849,
portcullis-
porter, V. a. 263, B. xiii. 4 ; 2,s. p. porte,
port, 263, 6678 ; stt/ij. port, 7418.
portiiier, s. 7522, 9607, gate-keeper.
portour, s. 3813, bearer.
portraire, 7'. a. and n. 1946, 4360, repre-
sent, design,
porture, ,*-. 18370, 27982, bearing, burden.
pose, -f. 5158, period of time,
poser, V. a. 3825.
posicioun, s. 23775, imposition,
possessioiuln, s. 6231, 24519.
possessouner, possession(i)er, a. 9133,
20832 (R), 20835, possessed of estates.
possessour, s. 7638.
pot, s. 4174.
potacioun, j. 16230.
potadour, .v. 8493, drinker,
potage, s. 7754.
potagier, s. 77S<), soup-bowl,
potestat, s. 5325, ruler.
poudre, ,s\ 20910, powder.
potidre, a. 876, scattered about.
pour, /r^/. 27, B. iii. i, T. vi. 3, por, C,
B. i. 3, iii. 3 ; pour tant, B. xvii.
2 ; pour quoi, B. xx. 2 ; pour ce, 89.
Also with inf. for 'de,' see note on
6328.
povirce, ath'. 631, 2667 : cp. pourceo.
pourcel(l)a, aiiv. 2349, 8995, B. xiii. i.
pourceo, adv. B. vii. i, porceo, B. ii. 3,
therefore.
pourchacier, pourchacer, ?'. a. 174,
21041, B. xxxvi. 4, procure.
pourchacier, pourchacour, s. 5840,
21052, gainer, trader.
pourchas. s. 5841, gain.
pourfendre, see purfendre.
pourgatoire, see purgatoire.
pourgesir, v. a., 3 s. pret. pourgust,
16772, pourgeust, T. x. 3 ; pp. pourgu,
9063, pourgeu, T. x. 2 : lie with.
pourloignance, s. 5586, postponement.
pourloignement, j\ 24308, delay.
pourloigner, v. a. 5596, put oft": tejl.
29769, be put off.
pourpartie, s. 16034, B. li. 3, share.
pourpens, purpens, .9. 4410, 9055, B. i. 2,
thought, purpose : cp. pourpos.
pourpenser, purpenser, v. a. T. xii. 2,
plan: reji. 15619, 23965, 27401, form a
purpose, reflect.
pourporter, v. a. 17181, 18149, signify,
suggest.
pourpos, pvirpos, s. 331, 3354, 16094, T.
viii. 2, purpose.
pourposable, a. 1 5027, intending.
5+0 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
povirposer, v. n. and refl. 11258, 16105,
consider, inland.
pourpre, see purpre.
pourprendre, v. a., pres.part. pourper-
nant, 1 1698, 25353, t;dtp. poursu(ijoit,
4771, 12999, pursue : persecute.
poursute, s. 3838, pursuit.
pourtenance, s. 292S2, continuance.
pourtendre, purtendre, v. a. 6234, 12636,
spread out, offer.
pourtienant, a. 15635.
pourveoir, p(o ui'voir, v. a. and refl.
318, 5432, 1 1 797, T. xviii. 2, pourvir,
1 1623 ; pp. pourveu, 10093 : provide,
prepare; refl. consider with oneself.
pourvoiance, pourveance, s. 5591, B.
xiii. 2, providence, provision.
pourvoiour, s. S438, purveyor.
povere(s), povre;s\ a. 1075, 2)2)2)1 ■, B. ix.
4, xlviii. I, poor.
pov eirement, adv. 7934, 8498.
povei'te, s. 5484.
povoir, (pooir), v. ti., i s. p. puiss, B. i. 4 ;
2 .V. poes, 7289, puiss, 1 1551, pus, 6134,
8060; 3 J-. poet, 311, B. ii. 3, puet, 106,
735^) poot, 16647 ; 1 p/. poons, 9060 ;
2 pi. poetz, 973, 15. ii. 2, poves, 9740,
B. xxxix. 2 ; 3 //. poont, 26913, poent,
28294 ; 3 ^- i"P- poait, 795, T. xiii. 2 ;
3 s. pret. pot, 305, 660; Jut. po(vijrray,
porrai, ifc8, 380, B. vi. 2, xvii. 2 ; 3 j-.
puna, 2460 ; 3 pi. pourront, B. xi. 1 ;
I .S-. cond. porroie, B. ix. I ; 3 s.
po(u)rroit, 25, 657, 15. xxi. 2, purroit,
B. xxxi. 3 ; "i s. p. subj. puist, 8694 ; i
pi. puissons, 9718.
povoir, pover, s. 3305, 28328: cp. pooir.
povre, povrenient, see povere, povere-
ment.
povrete, s. 5832.
poy, poi, s. and adv. 34, 1399, 178S, B.
xi. I, T. ix. I, little, few; pour poy
du riens, 4826, for a small matter ; du
poy en poy, 7059, little by little ; au
poy, 8766, almost, hardly.
praielle, s. 17380, meadow.
pre, see pree.
prebende, s. 7364.
precedent, a. 10434.
precedent, s. 5650, 17780, former time.
precept, s. 2096, command.
precept, a. 5133, commanded.
prechement, s. 1S092, preaching.
precher, v. 624, 31 13.
precher, s. 2132.
preciovis, a. 16912, B. xlv. i.
precordial, a. 4542, of the heart.
predicacioun, s. 3ii6(?j, preaching.
pre e), s. 856, 5822, B. vii. 2, pi. pr6e8,
pre e tz, 8702, 12854, B. xv. 3, meadow.
preie, see proie, s.
preignant, a. T. ii. i, fruitful.
preis, see prendre.
prejudiciel, prejudicial, a. 20601, 26379.
prelacie, s. 5 547.
pi-elat z), ,5-. 2237.
premunieioun, j-. 5194.
prendre, ?'. a. B. xlix. 4 ; 3 s. p.
prent, B. xxxv. i ; i pi. pernons,
1S725 ; 3 pi. pernont, 21681 ; 2 s.
inipcrat. pren, 137, B. xxxi v. 4, prens.
5319 ; 2 //. pernetz, 28275 \ ~ ^- preL
preis, 8574 ; 3 s. prist, 267, B. xl. i ;
3//. pristi'ont, 159; 3 j-./.j-z/'/;/.preigne,
13511 : 7'. n. 649, S31, begin, tiike
place : rfl. 21 681, behave.
prenosticaeioun, s. 188 19.
pres, adv. 680, 5626, B. ii. i. near,
closely, almost, soon ; du pres, 2654,
10322, cp. 3065; tenir pres, 17210,
hold in esteem ; ne loign ne pres,
3036, neither late nor soon : prep. 894,
cp. presde.
presbiterie, s. 161 31, priesthood.
presde, prep. 2984, 4306, pres da, 29884,
presdu, 12873, near, before.
presence, j. 526, B. vi. i ; pi. 29376.
present, presens, a. 347, 2400, B. xxii. i ;
au present, en present, 23, 832.
present, s. 10431, gift.
presentement, adv. 1S625, at present.
presenter, v. a. 1442, B. x\i. 2.
president, jr. 12157.
presse, s. 1698, crowd.
prest, a. 478, 4663, ready, quick.
prestement, adv. 24719.
prester, v. a. 13402, lend, give.
presterage, s. 12 188, priests.
presteresse, s. 25697, priest's mistress.
prestre, s. 2742, T. x. 3, priest,
presumement, s. 1531, presumption.
presumpcioun, ,$•. 1526.
presvimptif, a. 1573, presumptuous.
presumptuous, a. 1 549.
presumptuouaement, adv. 1622.
pretoire, s. 19121, office.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 541
preu, a. for ad%i?) 5216, (near), clear(?)
preu, s. see prou.
priendre, v. a. 20940, oppress.
prier, proier, v. a. and n. 131, 1189, B.
xxiv. 2; \ s. p. pri, 361, B. ii. 3, pry,
9763, prie, B. xiv. 2 ; i, 3 s. p. proie,
3353. 1^- ix. I, XV. 4.
prier, s. 5783, prayer.
priere, s. 461, B. xviii. r.
primat, s. 3088, 19322.
prime, s. 5209, 28705.
primer, a. 243, B. xxiii. I, first; au
primer, 158.
primer(e), adv. 61, 194, B. xxvi. 3.
primerein, primerain, a. 366, 1046, B.
xl. 2, first.
primerement, adv. 267, T. iii. 2.
primerole, s. 3540, primrose.
primes, adv. 497, first ; au primes, 4179.
prim^our, a. 1308, 2764, first: c/. primer,
prince, s. 3 191.
princesse, s. B. vi. 4.
princ(i)er, s. 7919, 13235, prince.
principal, a. 8483.
principal's), s. 63, chief.
prioresse, ^. 17336.
priour, s. 5315, 14595.
pris, s. 954, 121 5, B. xi. 2, estimation,
glory, praise.
prise, s. 7048, taking.
priser, v. a. 905, B. li. 3, praise, prize.
priser, jr. 25217, praise.
prisonne, ,c. 10035 : cp. prisoun.
priBonner(s\ s. 5696.
prisoun, s. 2214, prison ; 9840, prisoner.
priv6, a. 496, 1975, 3075, 29819, private,
intimate, well-acquainted ; en prive,
12049, in private.
prive(e), s. 1958, pL privetz, 13003,
privy-councillor, friend.
priver,7/. a. 10617, B. xxxvii. 2, take away,
deprive.
privilege, s. 21466.
privilegie, //. 7207, set apart,
probaeioun, j-. 16S19.
proceder, v. n. 12387.
processioun, i-. 3979, advance.
prochein, proschein, a. B. xiv. 2, xlviii. 3.
prochein, proschain, adv. 5426, 8549,
near, soon.
prochein, prcchain, f. procheine, pro-
chaine, s. 2040, 2777, 4720, proschein,
4554, neighbour.
procheinement, adv. 14229.
proclamer, v. a. B. xxxi. 3.
procuracie, s. 3355, procuration.
procurage. j-. 6584, procuring.
procurement, s. 25455.
procurer, v. a. 1401, 3402, B. xii. i, bring
about, obtain.
procurier, s. 7225.
proeurour, s. 3350, 3412, procurer,
proctor.
prodegalite, s. 8414.
prodegus, a. or s. 8425, spendthrift.
prodhomme, s. 1 186, prodhon(s), pro-
don(s), 3790, 9235, man of worth.
proesme, prosme, s. 3698, 12885, ^- xlix.
2, neighbour.
proeu, see prou.
profess,/, professe, s. 5556, 8765, pro-
fessed member.
professer, v. a. 14382, 21 143, profess,
admit (to an order); rejl. 8129, take
vows.
professioi'u^n, s. 17824, T. v. 2, xvi. 3.
professour, .v. 21659.
profit, proufit, s. 449, 1332, 5399, B.
xvi. 3.
profitable, proufitable, a. 6923, 26714.
profitement, jr. 13939, profit.
profiter, proufiter, z'. n. 11 90, 6270, do
good, benefit.
progenie, s. 2474, 11540, offspring, gene-
ration.
progeniture, s. 9698, offspring.
Progne, T. xii. i.
proie, proye, s. 720, 908, B. xv. 4, preie,
10121, prey, booty, prize,
proie, V. see prier.
proier, v. a. 6860, prey upon,
proise, 23365, famous : cp. priser.
promesse, s. 472, B. xl. i.
promettre, v. a. 142, 1794, B. iv.* I ;
3 s. p. promette, 4553, B. xlviii. i,
promet, 4661.
promissioun, s. 2337, promise,
prophecie, s. 3390.
prophete(s), s. 1085, prophiete, 9045.
prophetizement, s. 26570.
prophetizer, prophetiser, v. n. 2553,
21398.
propre, a. 81, 1605, B. xxiv. i.
pvopre, s. 6836, property.
proprement, adv. 801, 1624, 2507.
proprete, s. 1583, B. xiv. 3, T. xviii. I,
property, right.
proschain, proschein, see prochein.
prose, s. 9981.
Proserpine, 963.
prosme, see proesme.
prosperer, s. 3700, prosperity.
542 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
prosperite, s. 1555, {/>/.) 5788, B. envoy,
success.
proteceio(u)n. s. 29196, T. xii. 2.
protestacioiin, s. 17628.
prou, pru, preu, s. 578, 12930, 26552,
proeu, B. xix. 3, profit.
proii. (uh'. 8964. sufficiently.
prouesce, prouesse, j-. 3728, D. i. i, B.
xliv. 2, xlvi. 2.
proiifit, proufiter, &c., st^e profit, &c.
provable, ii. H. xxix. 3.
Provence, 26095, wine of Provence.
provende, i'. 18081, provender.
prover, ?'. a. 2391, h. xl. i.
proverbs, s. 5666, B. xl. 2.
proverbial, s. 24229, proverb.
proverb(i)er, proverbiour,j.4i4i,iio86,
1 1995, speaker of proverbs.
providence, J-. 4374, 14922, D. i. i, provid-
ence, provision, purpose ; du provid-
ence, 4374, of set purpose.
provisioun, s. 1 1 736.
provisour, J. 161 10.
provocacioun, s. 3985.
provocer, t. a. 3989.
pi'ovoire, jr. 191 17, priest.
provost, s. 19089, 26391, superior, mayor.
proye, sec proie.
pru, s., Scc prou.
pruis), tt. 1744, T. viii. I, brave.
prudence, s. 357.
prudent, a. 15279.
prune, s. 6648.
prunelle. .f. 14773, pupil (of the eye).
psalmoier, ?'. ;/. and . 4021, 28092.
psalt(i)er, s. 1867, 7549.
Pseudo, 2^1627 ff.
puant, pUiant, ti. 1121, 11 500, stinking.
pucellage, s. 8676, virginity.
pucelle, s. 9379, maiden.
pucellette, .v. 9277.
pueple, Si'c- poeple.
puiant, si-c' puant.
puiee, s. 1786, flea.
puir, V. n., 3 s. p. put, 8602, puit, 9666 ;
3 s./ut. puera, 9669 : stink.
ptiis, adv. 55, T. v. i, then, afterwards:
frep. 8266, after : since.
puis, s. sfd pus.
puisne, d. 8401, youngest.
puisque, puisqe, ca/ij. 31, D. i. 3. B. xliv.
3, puis qe, 12105, B. x. 3, since, in
order tliat.
puissance, s. 5075, B. iv. 3.
puissant, a. 1327, D. ii. 4.
pulent, a. 4293, foul.
pullail, s. 26276, poultr}'.
pulletier, j-. 26265, poulterer.
pulletrie, s. 20897, pouitiy.
pulment, s. 266S7, food.
pulmon, s. 5517, lungs.
pulsin. ^-.6833, 7010, chicken, young bird.
punicioun, s. 21287.
punir, 7'. a. '^jji ; 3 s. p. pune, 13868.
punisement, s. 10996.
puouris), s. 4296, foul smell.
pupplican, s. 1842, 13606, publican.
pur, a. 732, B. vii. 2.
purement, adv. 16859.
purer, 7). a. 28233, purify.
purfendre. pourfendi'e, t. a. 1858.
12989. split, pierce through.
purgatoire, s. 10364, B. xlvii. 2, T. xv. 3,
pourgatoire, 11498.
purger. 7'. a. 14058.
purificacioun, jr. 28176 (R).
purpens, purpenser, sct- pourpens. iS:c.
purpos, Scc pourpos.
purpre, pourpre, jr. 872, 28722.
purreture, s. 3774.
purri(z), porri, (7. 702, 1339, 7784, rotten.
purrir, 7'. fi. 102 5 8, rot.
purvoir, sec pourveoir.
pus. puis, s. 18230, 1 942 1, well, hole,
pusillamite, j. 5463.
putage, jr. 281, 5502, whoredom.
pute, a. 4335, vile,
pute, J. 9218, whore.
puteine, putaig-ne, s. 4909, 5500, whore,
puterie, s. 9407, 20748, harlotry.
pyment, piuient, s. 3046, 26079. T.
xv. 2.
pynte, s. 6303, 26061, pint.
qanq('u)e, see quanque.
qant(z), intcrr. pron. 14884, how many :
qantes fois, 14875.
qant, see quant,
qant a, f. 1S721J, 'did not
act as a wise man.'
queinte, a. 925 ff., 5294, B. xhi. i , T. iv. I,
quointe, 6393, cunning, curious, agree-
able.
queintement, (Tc/t. 26020, cunningly.
queinter, quointer, ?'. a. 3326, 16665,
adorn : ny?. 7268, show cunning.
queinterie,j-.855,6396,ornamcnt,cunning.
queintise, quointise, J-. 1041, 1152, 14697,
cunning.
quel(l), quiel, /. quelle, qelle, ;r/. and
interr. pron. 210, 530, 18 501, B. ii. 2,
T. viii. 2, queu, 619 ; -pi. in. queux, 239,
335, quex, T. viii. 3 : /. queles,
3852 (R).
quelque, quelqe, rcl.pron. 447, B. xlni. 2;
quelle . . . qe, B. xxxi. 3, quelque . . .
qe, I454> whoever, whatever.
querelle,querele, s. 3056, 14268, B. envoy,
complaint, claim, quarrel.
querre, quere, querir, v. 174, 8534, 9307,
B. xxxvi. 4; I s.p. quier, B. xi. 3, quiere,
xxxvii. 4; 2 s. quiers, 2613 ; 3 jt. quiert,
1076, quert, 1192; \ pi. querrons,
20947 ; 3 pi. queront, 5 1 34, quieront,
2 1 II 7 ; 3 s.pret. queist, 1 8687 ; i s. cond.
querroie, B. iv. 3 : seek, enquire after,
look after.
question, s. B. xxiv. 3.
questour, questier, i-. 6221, 24880, 25123,
juror.
queu, see quell.
qui, rel. pron. (as subject) 2, 5, D. i. 2,
&c.; (object) 815, 1447, T. xiv. i; (with
prep) B. V. 3, &c. : indef. 15364: cp.
que.
qui ( = cui), 3491, 9720, whose.
quiconque(s), pron. and a. 3016, 3302.
quider, 7'. n. and a. 29, 1061, B. xvi. 2,
think, expect.
quider, or. 1456, opinion.
qviiel, see quel,
quiete, s. 1556, peace,
quietement, adv. 24520.
quinsze, niun. 27673.
quint, niiin. a. 255, 2005, fifth : la quinte,
6534, the fifth part.
Quintilien(s), 167 17.
quique, quiqe, pron. 10, B. xlix. 4, who-
soever.
quir, s. 21704, skin, leather.
quire, ?'. a. 18765, boil.
quiree, s. 24364, hounds' fee.
quisine, see cuisine,
quit, a. 4733, free,
quit, s. 7840, boiled meat.
quitance, s. 201 So, acquittance.
quiter, v. a. 20181, set free.
quoi, see quoy.
quointer, see queinter.
quoique, pron. B. i. 3, xliv. 4, quoy que,
1417, qoi que, B. i. 2, whatever.
q(u)oy, q(u)oi, pro7i. inlerr. 853, 1704;
pour quoy, pour quoi, 2227, H. xx. 2;
le pour quoy, 7893 ; du quoy, 5435, ep.
15500 ; quoy . . . quoy, 7482: rel. with
piep. 41, 214, B. X. 2.
quoy, s. 1 78 1 , 1 2204, thing : cp. the phrases
n'ad quoy, n'ad dti quoy, 3339, 5435,
^c.
Rachab, 4898.
Rachel, 7081.
racine, s. 2558.
raconter, see reconter.
rage, s. 277, 1585, 3019, rage, temper,
violence.
Raguel, 17702.
raie, raye, ray, s. 10095, 10798, ray, stripe :
a. 21774, striped.
raier, v. n. 10098, shine.
raison, raisonnablement, see reson, S:c.
raniage, a. 2126, wild (of birds).
ramo(u)ner, v. a. 5864, 6146, sweep clean,
ramous, a. 12460, branching.
ramper, v. n. 2267, 4257.
rampone, s. 4273, mockery.
ramu, a. 26761, branched.
raa9on(n)er, v. a. 11275, 23681, ransom,
hold to ransom.
ranco^ujn, s. 10654, 16208.
544
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
rancour, s. 4575.
rancune, s. 13870, rancour.
randoun, s. 141 82, haste.
Raphael (saint), 15474, 15674-
rasour, s. 3718, razor.
rastell. s. 28146, manger (?).
Ravenne, T. xi. 3.
ravine, ravyne, s. 1998, 6830, T. xiii. 2,
rapine, ravening.
raviner, 7/. ir. 6858, seize by violence.
raviner, ravener, s. 6846, 15547, robber.
ravir, v. a. 7014, 9427, B. ix. 3, xxii. 3,
T. xii. 2, seize, carry away, ravish, rob.
ravoir, 7'. a. 7338, have back.
ray, raye, see raie.
realer, v. n. 8339 : cp. revait.
rebat, s. 16282, remission.
rebatre, v. a. 22255, ^a)^^ against.
Rebecke, 4860.
rebell, a. 8021.
rebeller, v. n. 2359.
rebellet6, s. 2339, rebeJl'ousness.
rebellio(u)n, s. 2325, 14738.
rebonder, v. ti. 1209, spring up.
reboun, s. 7743, rebound.
rebours, .v., a rebours, 2156, 5307, re-
versed, wrong.
rebouter, v. a. 25800, push back.
rebroier, t. a. and n. 733, 12007, oppose,
make resistance.
rebroy, s. 31 31, opposition.
recapitulacioun, j. 18372 (R).
receipte, s. 25627, prescription.
recet, s. 25250, fortress.
recevoir, rescevoir, resceivre, v. a. 501,
10992, 15359, B- xli. 2 : I s.pjet. resceu,
7122; 3 s. recenst, T. ix. 3, resceut,
2085 5 ; fiii. resceivera, 75 7 1 ; pres. part.
resceyvant, 6905 ; pp. receu, U. i. 3,
resceu, B. xxiii. I.
rechalenger, ?/. a. 6371, claim back.
reehanger, v. a. 5467, change.
rechatable, a. 18512, redeemable.
rechater, v. a. 2215, 6536, rescue, redeem.
rechatier(s), s. 24467, redeemer.
recheir, v. n., 3 s. p. rechiet, 4687, fall
back.
reciter, ?/. n. 1027, 2746, T. ix. i.
reclamacioun, s. 1677, appeal.
reclamer, v. a. 2130, recall.
recliner, v. a. 5168, lay down.
recloser, 7k a. 6400, close again.
Teclwa, pp. 1749, 8541, shut up, enclosed.
reclus, s. 2742, /. recluse, 15460.
recoi, recoy, s. 1780, 7888, B. x.xxviii. 2,
privacy.
recomander, v. a. B. xvii. 4, commend.
recom(in)eneer, v. 9806, 28583, D. ii. 3.
recompensacioun, s. 21284.
recompenser, 7'. a. 8418.
reconcil, s. 25067, pardon.
reconciler, v. 4452, 7793.
reconforter, 7'. a. 581, 654, 5039, B. iii. i.
reconoiscance, s. 6081.
reconoistre, 7/. a. 2134, recognise.
reconter, raconter, v. n. 1750, 11924, B.
viii. 2.
reconvoier, 7/. a. T. xviii. 2, lead back.
recorder, v. a. and n. 2726, 7576, 10396 ;
3 s. p. recort, 14144.
recorder, j-. 13887, remembrance.
recordour, s. 14602.
recort, s. 7425, counsel.
se reeoucher, 7'. 5239, lie down again.
recourir, 7'. ;/. 4464, run back.
recoverir, 7'. n. 10014, restore oneself.
reeoverir, jt. 4531, 5730, remedy, inter-
mission.
recoy, see recoi.
recx'eaeioun, s. 7925.
recr^'andise, .r. 3742, 4102, submission,
faintheartedness.
recreant, s. 18251.
recrestre, v. n. 29851, grow again.
rectorie, s. 16136.
recuillir, v. a. 12836.
redd(e), a. 2000, 3544, rigorous, hard.
reddement, adi-. 10504, strongly.
reddour, s. 5007, harshness.
redempcioun, s. 17116.
redempt, a. 29564, redeemed.
redevoir, v. n. 24872, be bound.
redonder, v. n. 4056, re-echo.
redonner, v. 6597, 664S, 13284.
redoubte, a. 20137, alarmed.
redoubter, redouter, v. a. and n. 886,
2534, 5055. fear.
redrescer, redvesser, v. a. 2914, 8506,
27755, !'• envoy.
reempiir, 7'. a. 8362, refill,
rees, a. 20749, shorn.
reetz, retz. .9. 2212, 6234, 9347, net.
refaire, refere, v. a. 1560, 15040, 29551.
refeceioun, s. 29189, refreshment.
referir, 7/. ;/. and reji., 1 s. p. reiiere, 4777.
B. xxxvii. 3 ; 3 J. refiere, 1997, 2365,
refiert, 8393 : belong, have to do (with),
refourmer, v. a. 28440, reformer, C.
refrener, 7'. a. 3928 ; 3 .y. ^. refreine,
18078 : curb, keep back.
refroider, refreider, v. ?t. 7113, 7988,
9527, become cold, grow cool.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
545
refu, refuist, see restre.
refu, s. 26769, refuge.
refus, s. 15417.
refusable, a. 4494, rejected.
refuser, v. a. 789, B. xxix. 2, T. viii. 2.
refuz, a. 17267, rejected.
regalie, s. D. ii. 5, royalty.
regard, reguard, reguart, s.^-pl. regars,
9334, 1 1 839, 29070, B.xii. i,xix. 2, look :
au regard de, in comparison of.
regarder, reguarder, v. a. and n. 616,
1760, 29106, B. xii. I, xxii. 3 : rejl.
10977.
regai'der, s. B. xxxiii. i, look.
regardure, J-. 1774, B. xii. 2, look.
regehir, v. a. 7074, confess.
regent, regens, a. 7918, 11018, 17450,
ruling.
regent, s. 121 58, ruler.
regibber, v. n. 2355, kick back.
regiment, s. 2615, rule.
regioun, region, s. 2333, B. xxxv. 2, C.
regne, s. 10009, D. i. 2.
regner, v. n. 2281 1.
regrac(i)er, v. a. 1582, 26803, thank.
regraterie, s. 26331.
regratier, regratour, s. 263 1 3 fif.
reguard, reguarder, see regard, &c.
reguerdonfnler, ik a. 3762, B. xii. 2.
reguerdo;u)n, s. 1529, B. xxiii. 3, T. ii. 2.
reguler, a. 141 32.
reguler, s. 2021, member of a religious
order.
rehercer, reherser, v. a. 3165, 4082.
rejeter, v. a. 5632.
rejoir, (rejoier), v. a. and refl. 462, 1054,
D. i. I, B. iv. 3 ; 3 s. p. rejoye, 7461.
relacioun, s. 12760, 13727, report.
relais, see reless.
relef, s. 28552, remainder.
relenter, v. a. 6603, dissolve.
reles, reless, relais, s. 200, 2421, 3021,
3033, B. XX. I, release, remission, re-
mainder, continuance.
relesser, relaisser, v. a. 21251, 21271,
absolve.
relevable, a. 1 872, 9970, to be raised again.
relever, j. 29369, resurrection.
relief, s. 11310, B. 1. 2, help.
relievement, J. 2060, improvement.
relJgio(u)n, s. 3085, 7922, 17821.
religious, a. 3194, 8765, under vows.
relinquir, v. a. 17234, leave.
remanoir, remeindre, v. 11. 9067, 23206 ;
3 s. p. remaint, 6147, B. i. 2 ff., re-
meint, 4927, remeine, 9671, remaine,
* N
14249, 24324 ; pp. remes, 10325, 10484 :
remain.
rembre, v. a. 4948, ransom.
remedie, remede, s. 109 12, 22224.
remeindre, see remanoir.
remeine, see remanoir, remener.
remembrance, j. 4582, B. iv. 3.
remembran90ur, s. 14600.
remembrer, v. a. 645, 2416, B. ii. 4,
xxviii. 4, remind, recall to mind : rejl.
and n. 532, 536, B. ii. 2, remember, be
mindful.
remenant, s. 435, B. xxxviii. 3.
remener, v. a., 3 s. p. remeine, 7589, T.
xiv. 313^. fuL remerra, 112 16; 2 s.
imperaf. remeine, 14816 : bring back,
rementevoir, v. a. and reJI. 16047, 18 191,
remember.
remerir, 7/. n. 2087, 18612, reward, repay.
remerra, see remener.
remes, see remanoir.
remesurer, v. a. 26322.
remettre, 7', a. 340, 3011, 5685; 3 s. p.
remette, 15708: put back, leave behind,
omit, set in return,
remirer (1), v. a. and ;/. 620, 11 34, B. i. 4,
B. vi. 1, look again, look at, see again :
se remirer, 14612, look about one.
remirer (2), v. a. 23833, treat (as a physi-
cian).
remissioun, s. 10369.
remonter, v. a. 1743, 11927, raise : v. n.
557, rise again.
remordre, 7'. a. 386, 6679, 10397, bite in
return, devour, move to repentance :
se remordre, 10031, T. iv. 2, be moved
to remorse.
removoir, v. a. 3309, B. xii. 3.
remuer, v. a. 3884, B. xv. i, remove,
move.
remuere, s. 15842, remover.
Remus, 23624.
Remy (saint), 10748.
renaistre, v. n. 5594, come up again.
Renar(s), 7391, 21090.
rendement, s. 14996, surrender.
rendre, v. a. 2945, B. i. 4, T. ix. 3.
reneyer, renoier, v. a. 4013, 5795,
deny, reject.
Reneys, 26121, Rhenish fwine).
renomee, a. B. xii v. 1, renowned.
renom6e, s. 2854, 8746, B. iii. 2, T.
viii. I.
renommer, v. a. 13244, praise.
renoncer, 7'. a. 15031.
renoun, s. 1252, T. xvi. i.
n
546
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
renoveller, ?'. a. and n. 8087, 1 1 364, 23170,
B. ii. I, renew, be renewed.
rente, s. 31 01, 6242, income, rent, pro-
perty,
renvoier, ?'. (I. 734, send back,
repaiage, jr. 6517, repayment.
1 epaiement, s. 7220.
repaier, v. a. 15670.
repairer, ?'. n. 674, 4166, 5418, come,
return, have recourse (to).
repaiser, v. a. 19483, 22853, reconcile,
appease.
repaistre. v. a., pp. repuz, 8537, B. xvi.
2, repeu, 26512, feed.
reparer, v. a. 5417, set right,
reparoler, ?'. n. 2489, reply,
repasser, v. a. 23163, recall to mind.
repast, s. 20S79, ^- x^'- 2, meal,
repaster, v. a. 16295, feed,
repeler, zk a. 1 1354, call back,
repell, reppell, s. 4766, B. xxxiii. I,
repulse, recall.
repenser, 7/. ti. 1757, reflect: v. a. 29368,
think again of.
repentance, s. 5679, T. ix. 3.
repentant, a. 743.
rcpentin, a. 8198, sudden.
repentir, v. n. and njl. 4527, 21551, T.
xiv. 3.
repentir, s. 14830, repentance,
repeu, see repaistre.
replaier, v. a. 4724, wound in return,
replecioun, s. 16324.
repleder, v. a. 3872, plead against,
repleggement, s. 1 5672, pledge of reward.
repleni(s), repleny, a. [pp.], 911, 3948,
B. ix. 5, filled.
replet, a. 9041, 11129, full, filled,
replier, repplier, reploier, v. n. 1380,
1421, reply: v. a. 7583, 12695, bend
back, give in return: rejl. 15052, turn
back.
report, s. 2442.
reporter, 7'. a. 2882, 6682, report, return,
carry away,
repos. s. i486, B. vii. 2.
reposer, v. n. and refl. 1787, 9976.
repost, a. 7148, laid up: en repost,
10599. in secret,
repostaille, s. 19443, storing-place,
repparailler, v. a. 556, restore,
reppoll, see repell.
repplier, see replier.
reprendre, v. a. 612, 4434, B. xvii. 2,
take again, keep back; 1718, 20669,
find fault with, attack.
representement, s. 18626, representation.
representer, v. 1449, 20800.
reprise, s. 1358, 2303, 3968, 22356, B. xli.
4, reproach, trouble, requital ; 7436,
17868, 20457, 20699, taking, keeping,
gain.
reprobacioun, s. 2301.
reproeche, reprouche, s. 2223, 2937.
reproef, s. 2989.
reproever, sec reprover.
reprovable, a. 1 106, to be blamed.
reprover, reproever, v. a. 1106, 2994.
reprover, s. 1 1 999, reproach.
reptil, ^■. 12645.
reputer, v. a. 3051, consider.
repuz, see repaistre.
requerre, v. a.. 1 s. p. requiere, B. xviii.
3 ; 35-. requiert, 2495 ; pp. requis,
B. xiv. 2 : request, entreat, seek
for.
requeste, s. 5256. B. xviii. 3.
rere, ?'. a. 3718, shave.
rereguarde, reregarde, i-. 5660, 11609.
rerement, a//7'. 18543, rarely.
resaeher, s. 2837, au resaeher, back-
wards.
resacrer, 7>. a. 7200, reconsecrate.
resaillir, t'. n. 564, mount again.
resaisir, 7/. a. 20980.
resaner, v. a. 182 12, heal.
rescevoir, resceivre, see recevoir.
rescoulter, 7'. a. 16678, hear in return.
rescourirje, 7'.a. and n. 7726, 10019; pp.
rescous, 11 122: save, come to the
rescue.
rescousse, s. 23550, help, rescue.
resemblable, «. 3746, like, to be compared.
resemblance, ,$•. 128, B. xv. i.
resemblant, a. 231, 1424.
resemblant, s. 8869, likeness.
I'esemblenient, s. 17038, resemblance.
resembler, 7/. a. 11 17, 7128, B. xiii. I,
compare, make like : 7a n. 246, 1094,
5036, T. iv. 1 , have likeness, appear.
reserver, v. a. 7493, 12802, keep.
reservir, v. 8034, serve back.
residence, s. 10779.
resistence, s. 9813.
I'esister, 7'. d. and ;/. 1786, 10764.
reson, resoun, s. 24, 366, 684, B. xi. 3,
T. xii. 2, raisoiuin, 10876, T. i. i.
resonant, (J. 1427, resounding.
resonfniable, a. 3745, B. xxix. 1.
resonfn lablement, raisonnablement,
a(h>. 592, 9542, 16851.
re8on(njal, a. 16601, B. 1. 2, rational.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 547
resonnant, a. 5573, rational.
resonner, t. a. 527, 9755, 23315, reason
with, address, reprove.
resordre, v. n. 1<^1T2., rise again,
resort, j-. 227, 2890, 8023, power, remedy,
help.
resortir, resorter, 7'. ;/. and reji. 3228,
8025, 13339, retire, turn, have recourse,
resouper, s. 7910, second supper,
respirer, 7'. n. 12450^ breathe,
respit, J-.2I 53, 29836, intermission, release,
respiter, v. a. 2744, 11098.
resplendre, v. 71. 1124, 13351, shine,
respondre, v. n. 395, 1212, B. xvii. 3; 3
s. f))-et. respond!, 365 ; 2 s. impcraf.
respoun, 1600, responde, 2590, res-
poune, 26616; 2 //. responetz, 15572.
response, s. 1427, B. xvii. 3.
(resteir), v. n., 3 s. pret. restuit, 1005,
resist.
restitucioun, i-. 7155.
restitut, //. 15066, 19932, made good, re-
stored.
restor, s. 13326, restoration.
restorer, v. a, 94, B. xlii. \\ 1 s. fut. re-
storras, 24563.
(restre), v. n., 3 s. pret. refu, 2384, refuist,
2573 ; pp. refu, 21 134 : be again, be in
one's turn,
restreindre, restraiiidre, v. a., 2 s. p.
restraines, 610; 3 s. restreint, 5108,
restreigne, 28038, B. xl. 3 ; pp. restreint,
930, restreignt, B. xlii. 4.
restuit, see resteir.
resur(r)eceioun, 5. 28800 (R), 28803.
resuscitacioun, s. 2881 1.
resusciter, v. a. 102 18.
retaille, s. 1(^211., retail,
retenir, v. a. 378, 1682, 21S0, B. xvi. 3,
xxxix. 2 ; 3 j-. p7-et. retient, 1 7472, re-
tint, 18564.
retenu, s. 19924, retainer.
retenue, s. 2965, B. viii. 3, following,
retinue, engagement.
rethorique, s. 8678.
ret(i)enance, s. 5461, 6929, 17660, retinue,
company, memory.
retorner, ret(t)ourner, v. n. and;r/?. 730,
2252, 5754, B. xlii. 2.
retour, rettour, s. 1675, 3031, 10666, T.
X. 2, return, reversal, remedy.
retourdre, v. n. 18599, return.
retraire, v. a. 684, 2614, draw back.
retrait, s. 9207, 17S05, drawing back,
reserve.
retrogradient, a. 161 28.
N
retz, see reetz.
reule, s. 948, 7003, B. xiii. I, rule, bar.
reuler, v. a. 15238, keep in order,
revait, v., 3 s. p. 5160: cp. realer.'
revel(l), j'. 999, 11 284, riot, disturbance,
reveller, v. n. and 7-eji. 1266, 3059, 19437,
revel, rejoice.
revendre, v. a. 7245.
revengement, s. 2066.
revenger, v. a. 3994, 4425, T. vi. 2,
avenge.
revenir, v. n. 5232, B. xv. 3.
revenue, s. 7710, B. viii. 2, return, revenue,
reverdir, v. n. 2559, grow green again,
reverence, s. 519, B. xxvi. i.
reverencer, v. a. 4379.
reverie, j-. 863, revelry.
revers, a. and s. 3158, 26940, opposite,
reverser, v. 4631, 24106, overturn,
revertible, a. 5772, returning.
revertir, v. n. and refl. 47, 1656, 3134,
1 1037, return, change, change back,
se revertuer, v. 9550, recover strength.
revestir, v. a. 942, B. vii. 3, clothe,
revienement, s. 10655, return,
re viler, v. a., 3 s. p. revile, reville, 206,
4442, revile, abuse.
revivre, v. n. 28812.
revoir, v. a. 11700, B. viii. i.
revoler, v. n. 194 12, fly back.
reAvarder, v. a. 16313.
rewardie, s. 15611, rewardise, B. li. 3,
' reward.
riant, a. 935, B. xii. 3.
ribaldie, s. 16611, ribaldry.
ribaudaille, ribaldaille, s. 2899, 28953,
ribaldry.
ribauld, ribald, s. 11294, 24981, rioter,
ruffian : a. 26531.
Ribole, 26094, (a kind of wine).
riche(s), a. 640, B. xlviii. 1.
richement, adv. 947.
richesce, richesse, s. 377, 473, pi. 8077,
10885.
richir, richer, v. a. 474, 7669, enrich,
ridelle, s. 9382.
rien(s), s. 216, 1605, B. xxv. i, thing,
anything : 580, 1608, B. ii. 3, nothing ;
ne . . . rien(s), 442, B. v. 2, &c.
rier, see rire.
rigolage, s. 3249, 5828, wantonness, idle
enjoyment.
se rigoler, v. 2705, 5728, 14613, wanton,
delight oneself.
Rin, see Ryn.
riote, s. 3890, 87 1 7, riot, disorder.
n 2
548 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
rire, v. tt. 1422, B. ix. 4, rier, 3106,
laugh : V. a. 1635, deride.
ris, s. 3535, B. xxii. i, laughter,
risee, s. 3282, laughter,
rivage, s. 6702, 1093 1, landing, shore,
rive, ryve, j. 10816, 17724, 261 19, stream,
shore,
rivere. i-. 8162, ri\-er.
Rivere, 26097, (a kind of wine).
robbeour, s. 6974, robber,
robberie, s. 6927.
robe, s. 10095.
Robin, Robyn, 8659, 20S87.
roche, s. 1856.
roch(i)ere, s. 7540, 18256, B. xviii. 2, rock,
roe, s. 10942, B. xx. i, wheel,
roelle, s. 12502, circle.
roi(8), roy(s), J. 1081, 1958, 22227 fif., D.
i. 1,4, B. xxxviii. 2, T. vii. i.
roial, royal, a. 3313, 5312, D. i. I.
roial(s), s. 29256, king,
roialte, s. 22229.
roidement, adv. 4223, severely.
romance, s. 8150, 18374, 21775, 27477,
French (language), story.
Romanie, 18715, 1S995, 26094.
Rome, 1464, 1900, 7094, 14725, 16109,
18450, 18627, 18829, 20349, 22078,
22158 ff., 23624 ff., 26375, 27024, 27054,
B. xliv. I.
Romein(sl, Rom.aiii, a. and s. 11053,
12198, 13021, 13695, 17618, 18301,
18502, 22218, 24469, T. X. 3, xvi. I.
rompre, v. a. 537 ; pp. rout, 3934, 7066,
rompu, 29441.
Romvilus, 23625 fif.
ronce, s. 18107, bramble.
ronger, sec rounger.
rose, s. 3723, B. xxxvi. 3.
rose(ei, i-. 108 18, 11 836, dew.
Rosemonde, T. xi. i.
rosier, s. 1 1 280, rose-bush,
rost, a. 7840, roast.
roster, 7'. a. 18765, roast.
rotond, a 20750.
rouge, (I. 7002, rugfg)e, B. xxxvii. i, xlvi. 3.
rouge mer, 1667, 12266.
rougir, v. a. 2710, redden,
rougir, v. n. 6842, roar,
rounger, ronger, runger, v. a. 2S86,
3450, II 587, gnaw.
rout, sec rompre.
route, s. 345, 1336, 4671, company,
multitude, road,
rover, ?■. a. 79^7, 16469, ask for, ask.
royalm,e, s. 22070, kingdom.
rubie, j. 18668.
rue, s. 2257.
ruer, 7/. a. 544, 936, cast, cast down: v. n.
16941, fall.
rug(g)e, see rouge,
ruigne, s. 22891, mange.
rviignous, a. 9262, 22887, mang)^
ruiller, 7>. n. 16193, rust.
ruine, s. 181 1, fall, ruin,
ruinement, s. 12534.
ruinous, a. 3197, in ruins.
runger, see rounger.
russinole, s. 41 11, nightingale.
ruyteison, s. 20673, rutting.
ryme, s. 9981, rhyme.
Ryn, Rin, 26057, 26117.
ryve, see rive.
a\/or se, si, sa, before vowels :for si = son,
794, 1477, =ses,4, cp. 3672.
sabat, s. 2278.
sabatier(s), s. 24270, cobbler.
sacis), J-. 7238, 20483, sack, sackcloth.
sachant, a. 141, 2629, 6904, wise, aware.
saeheliD, s. 5804, 9830, satchel.
sacre, a. 7160.
sacrefier, sacrifier, 7'. 7740, 12217.
sacrefise, sacrifise, s. 4563, 16352.
saerement, s. 4438, T. v. 3.
sacrer, 7>. a. 17184, consecrate.
sacrilege, s. 6932.
sage(s), a. 823, 25131, D. i. 2, B. iii. 2 ;
ly sage(s), 3241, 3277, &c.
sage, adv. 2051.
sagement, adv. 54, T. xv. 3.
sai, see savoir.
saiette, s. 2S33, arrow.
sain, sec sein(s).
saint, saintefier, see seint, &c.
saintet6, s. 1356.
saintuaire, ^. 2492.
saisi(s), seisi, a. (pp.) 859, 3813, 7675,
9770, 12273, helcl, in possession, pos-
sessed (of).
saisine, se(i)sine, s. 137, 1806, 5399, B.
xlv. 3, possession.
saisir, v. a. 922, 19003, 23015, B. xx. 3,
seize, take possession of, put in posses-
sion.
saisonnable, a. 26716, in season.
saisonner, 7'. a. 8940, mingle.
saisoun, s. 10421.
salaire, s. 6331.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 549
sale, s. 970, hall.
sal6, a. 1 39 1 2, salt.
salemandre, s. 9518.
saler, zf. a. 20623, season.
salf, see saulf.
sallir, saillir, 7/. n. 8912; 3 s. p. salt,
851; I pi. flit, saldrons, 563: leap,
ascend, descend.
salmoun, s. 7748.
Salomon, 1317, 1597, 1823, 1833, 2221,
2281, 2299, 2513, 2555, 2787, 3422,
3793, 3913, 4758, 6859, 6991, 7562,
7916, 9557, 10850, 10888, 10933, 1 1667,
11869, 121S7, 12709, 13684, 14811,
15448, 15521, 15788, 15880, 16063,
17593, 20491, 22312, 23150 ff., 23330,
25885.
salse, s. 7839, saulse, 7961.
salu, pi. saluz, salutz, s. 323, 2262, 3958,
B. xvi. 4, salutation, salvation.
saluer, v. a. 1302, B. viii. 3.
salute, s. 3836, salutation.
salvacioun, s. 16822.
salvage, sauvage, a. 280, 7756, B. xix. i.
salvager, v. n. 2107, go wild.
salvagine, a. 8527, wild.
salvagine, s. 317, 10736, wilderness.
salve, I liter j. 2715.
salvement, adv. 16455, safely, truly.
salveour, s. 3513.
salver, %>. a. 1667, B. xvii. i.
salveresse, s.f. 2S185, saviour.
salvete, s. 2335.
Samarie, 1 1023.
Sampson, 1467.
Samuel, 10277, 19945.
sane, s. 4386, blood.
sanetus, 18751.
saner, 7/. a. 149 10, heal.
sanglent, a. 5050, bloody.
sanguin, a. 4956, 14701, 21773, bloody,
sanguine, red.
sant6, see saunt6(e).
sanz, sOjUxs, prep. 187, 12085, D. i. i.
Saoul, see Saiil.
saouler, see sauler.
sapbir, s. 18668.
sapience, s. 1619.
sapient, a. 1629.
Sarasin, Sarazin, j-. 18311, 22326, 25379,
unbeliever.
Sarepte, 15468.
Sarre, Sarrai (wife of Abraham), 11432,
12226, T. xiii. I.
Sarre (daughter of Raguel), 10262, 17423,
17703, ^7737-
sartilier(s), s. 11277, weeder.
Sathan,Sathanas, 2255, 3675, 6177, 7873,
16204.
satin, ^■. 25292.
satisfaccioun, s. 15042.
satisfaire, v. 11. 5215.
saturaeioun, s. 7929, repletion.
Saturne, 26737.
sauf, see saulf.
Saiil (I), Saoul, 4899, 12979, 2301 1 ff.
Saiil (2), 2353.
sauler, saouler, ?/. a. 1804, 4891, satisfy,
satiate: v. n. 18888, be satiated.
saulf, savif, salf(s), a. 2128, 4366, safe,
sure ; en saulf, 5698, sauf (saving), B.
xlvi. I, sau(l)f garder, 1035, D. i. 2.
sauls, s. 6, willow.
saulse, see salse.
saunte(ej, sant6, 2522, 8310, D. ii. 5, B.
ix. 4.
sauvage, see salvage,
savoir, saver, v. 160, 2142, B. ii. 2, cp. xli.
2 ; \ s. p. say, 391, sai, B. iv.* 2 ; 1 pl.
savetz, B. xxviii. 2 ; iinperat. sachetz,
B. vii. I, sachiez, 383 ; is.p. siibj. sace,
9020, sache, B. xxv. 2 ; fut. savra, 7072 ;
coiid. saveroit, B. viii. 2.
savoir, s. 1496, B. xli. 2.
savour, s. 7654, 10673, taste, knowledge,
savourable, a. 132 18.
savoure, a. 16881, savourj^
savoui-er, v. a. 9555, 20617, perceive the
savour of, make of good savour.
say, J. 21016, woollen stuff.
science, s. 353, 14594-
scies, sciet, v. 2, 3 s. p. 541, 1451,6. v. 3,
xli. 3; 3 //. scievont, 1623, sciovont,
8964 ; 3 s. pret. seieust, 308, T. xiii. 3 ;
1 pl.pret. subj. scjieussetz, 20, B. xxix.
2 : know, know how.
scilence, see silence.
scribe, j-. 3110, 18805.
se, rejl. pron. 45, D. i. I, ce, c', 1147,
B. xviii. 3.
seal, s. 1 3 13.
secchant, a. 19968, dried up.
secclier, v. n. 11854, dry up.
seeh, a.,f. secche, 9472, 17901, dry.
seconde(s),secunde, ;^/^///. («. 1201, 13339,
T. xviii. 2.
seconde, s.f. 8207, helper,
secondement, adv. 10867, B. xxxi. 2.
secr6(e),secret,a. 1378, 3652, 3704, 12027,
secret, familiar, privy (to) : en secr6(ej,
488, 8744.
secret, s. 11952.
550 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
secretaire, s. 677, 8803, secret adviser,
privacy,
seeretal, a. 20732, in private,
secretement, adz'. 708.
secroy, jr. 751 1, secrecy.
secul(i)er, a. 31, 290, 653, 1080, of the
world, secular: j. 14134, secular priest.
seculierement, ach/. 20852.
secundaire, a. 13453, second,
secur, a. 141 73 : c^. segeur.
see,sie, s. 1 308, 1 8708, 1 9027, seat, place, see.
seel, s. 20594, salt.
segeur. segur, a. 6973, T. xiv. i.
seig-neur, seigneurie, see seigneur, . xxxii. 3,
appearance, likeness : a mon semblant,
26746, by what appears to me.
sembler, v. 7i. 402, B. ii. 3, xxxviii. 2,
seem : v. a. 9955, compare,
semeine, semeigne, semaiiglne, s. 2321,
4065, 9206, 14374, i5- -^•^>^i>^- 3, week,
semenee, semense, s. 9805, T. iii. 2, seed,
offspring.
semer, v. a. 2200, sow.
Semey, 23007, Shimei.
sempiterne, a. 52S6, everlasting.
sempres, adv. B. xxviii. 2, always.
Senaeherib, 2444, 23021.
senatour, s. 13022.
Senec, Seneques, 1769, 4159, 4390, 5677,
6760,6808,7527,8535,9565,9622,10226,
10945,11773, 12409, 13129, 13695, 14209,
14296,14343,15157, 15279, 15533, 15685,
16635, 16657, 17618, 17653, 23053, 24470,
24699.
seneschal, s. 8475.
seneschalclaie, s. 16077, stewardship,
senestre, a. 15297, 24297, left, distorted:
a senestre, a la senestre, 9945, 24581,
to the left, wrongly.
sengler, s. 879, boar.
sens, sen, s. 1202, 3344, B. i. 2, xiii. 2,//.
10565.
sensibility, s. 12346, experience of sense,
sent, see cent,
sente, s. 13171, path,
sentement, s. 16340, B. ix. 3, feeling.
sentence, s. 2373, 4062, 28847, D. i. 4.
sentier, s. 887, path.
sentir, %'. «. B. iv. 2 ; i j-./. sente, 13784,
B. xvi. I ; 3 j-. sente, 23172 ; pp. sentu,
5527-
sentir, s. 26882, feeling.
seoir, (seirj, 7/. n. 135, 812; 3 s. p. siet,
5608 ; 3 s. pret. sist, 929 ; pres. part.
scant, 1 1 394 : sit, be set, suit.
Sephonie, 1825, 12834, 21398.
sept, mini. 235.
septante, ninn. 19403.
septi(s)rae, num. a. 262, C, seventh,
septre, s. 9583, sceptre.
sepulcre, s. 11 18.
sepulture, i'. 13017.
sequence, s. 20121, order,
sercher, v. a. 'J12, B. xi. i,cercher, 14937,
search, look for.
Sereine, 9949, 10911, 16688, B. xxx. 2,
Siren.
serement, see serment.
serfis) a. and s. 1795, 18478, B. xlviii. 4.
serf, s. 25059, stag.
sergant, s. 664, 882, 6221, attendant,
servant, sergeant-at-Iaw.
sergantie, jr. 24387.
serment, serement, s. 4016, 6453, B. i. 4.
sermoner, v. a. and n. 7502, 18808, speak,
preach,
sermoun, sermon, s. 6101, 6235.
Seron, 2377.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
551
serpent, serpens, s. 129, 2641, 3724, ser-
pente, 3710, 1 1491.
serpentelle, s. S083, serpent,
serpentin, a. 134, 13480, of a serpent,
venomous.
serrer, t. a. 18542, lock up.
servageji-. 819,2169, 24692,0.1. i, service,
servitude, bondmen.
servant, s. 438, B. xxiii. i.
servicable, a. B. xxix. 2.
service, servise, s. 256, 5403, D. i. 3, B.
li. 2.
servir, 7'. a. and n. 430, 1690, 2030. 6140,
B. ii. 2, xvii. i : servir de, 5079.
servitour, s. 21 51, servant.
servitute, s. 1660.
ses, see son.
sesine, see saisine.
sesoiin, s. 5440.
sessant(e), //um. 2129, 5558.
sessioun, s. 15878, court-sitting,
sestier, s. 8403.
sesze, ;/«w. 8595.
seur, a. 559: cp. segur.
seurement, adz\ 4403.
seurte(s), s. 1792, 14295, B. ix. 4.
sevelir, 7'. a. 29134, bury.
si, adv. 8, 196, B, ix. 4, so, thus, also, and.
si, s', coNj. 20, D. ii. 4, if : si . . . noxm,
6496. B. xxiv. I, except; si noun que,
10366, unless.
si, a\poss. a., sing. 1477, 3927 ; //. 4, 3672 :
his, her.
si, adv., for ei, B. title.
sibien . . . come, 7720, . . . qe, 8331, both
. . . and.
Sibille, B. xix. 2.
Sichen, 16964 ff., Shechem.
siconi(ni)e, sicora, conj. 362, 1027, B. vii.
3, ix. 3, as.
Sidrac, 2509, 3553, 16045, 22803, 23188.
sie, see see.
siecle, s. 27, B. i. 3, world, age.
siege, s. 8365, siege.
sier, V. 7568, reap.
siffler, V. n. 551 1, hiss,
sigle, J-. 22106, sailing,
sigler, V. n. 4331, B. xxx. I, sail,
signal, s. 12444, sign,
signe, j\ 2084, ']'. xii. 3.
signefiance, .f. 5587.
signefiement, s. 182 16.
signefier, signifier, ?'. S60, 1425, T. ix. I.
sil, for cil, B. xlii. 3.
silence, scilence, jt. 1395, 16637.
Silvestre, 27052.
Simeon, 28195 ff-) 29042.
Simon (Magus), 1897, 7369, 18451, 18564
ff., 18857 ff., 18997.
Sim.on (Peter), 28816, 29200: see Pierre,
simonie, symonie, s. 7347, 7468.
simonin, a. 16099, of simony.
simple, a. 1689, B. iii. 2.
simplement, adv. 12522.
simplesce, s. 1649, E- -'^xviii. 3,
sinagoge, s. 28418.
singuler, a. 1069, 1 513, apart, separate,
sintelle, s. 10959, spark.
sique, siqe, conj. JJ, B. xv. i, (also si que,
si qe, e.g. 18209).
sire(s), .y. 11 39, T. v. 2, lord,
sirene, s. 2846.
Sirien, see Surien.
sis, six, sisz, mii/i. 956, 7283 ro526.
sisme, fni?n. a. C, sixth,
sisnes, s. 24228, sixes (at dice).
siste, num. a. 257, 10561.
six, see sis.
smaragdine, s. 1073 1.
sobre, a. 8241.
sobrement, adv. 18083.
sobret6, s. 164 18.
socour, s. 605, B. xxii. i.
socourre, socourer, v. a. 10271, 10317:
V. n. 20261, 298S6, help, give help.
Socrates, 4168.
sodainement, see soudainement.
Sodome, Sodomie, 5856, 9510, 27081.
soe, SKXQiposs. a. f. 1369, 12073, (une sue
aqueinte), her, of hers.
soeffre, see souffrir.
soen, /c^i-jT. a. 3108, les soens, 1827, un
soenchambirlain,2678: his, her,of hers.
soer, s. 841, T. xii. i, sister : cp. sorour.
soffrir, see soufEiir.
soi, soy, rejl.pron. 58, B. li. i ; used for se,
27, 4492, &c.
sole, s. 23487.
soif, .5-. 7548.
soir, s. 3815.
sojour, J-. 3152, 5015, 12943, B. XXXV. 2,
dwelling, rest, security.
sojourner, v. n. 21047, B. xlvii. 3, dwell,
rest: pp. sojournez, 19329, fresh (of
horses).
solacer, v. n. 1 1474, rejoice,
solacer, s. 1264, delight.
solail(l), s. 3587, 1 263 1, B. X. 4.
solait, see soloir.
solas, s. 892, 1 21 44, delight, consolation.
sold, s. 6340, pay.
sold^e, s. 6910, wages, payment.
552
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
solde(i)our, soldier, soldoier, s. 5386,
6747, 7 1 73» 1 8674, 23327, soldier, hireling.
solder, ?'. u. 23704, pay.
sole, solein, see soul, soulein.
soleinement, adv. 2S02.
solempnement, ad?'. 840.
soliciter, z'. n. 18529, be anxious.
solitaire, a. 10597.
sollempne, solempne, a. 17161, 178 15.
sollenipnete, s. 23635, consecration, cere-
mony.
sollempnizer, 7'. a. 23639, consecrate.
sollicitous, solicitous, a. 14435, 214S2,
industrious, anxious.
sollicitude, solicitude, j. 14402 ff., 15889,
industry, anxiety.
soloir, souloir, t. n. 726, 18440, D. ii. 3 ;
3 s. p. solt, 1 517, B. xix. I, solait, 10605,
soloit, 1 5405 ; 1 , 2 J-. imp. soloie, soloies,
B. iii. I, 5019 ; 3 j-. soloit, 726, solait,
17247, souloit, 1S440; 3 s. pret. solt,
3782, 5667 : be accustomed.
solonc, ^;'^;^. 289, B. i. 3, xvii. 2, selonc,
9054, B. vi. margin, T. iii. 1 ff., accord-
ing to : solonc que, 112, according as.
Solyn(s), Solin(s), 1849,2101, 2845, 5029,
12865, 19897.
someiller, v. >i. 11 301, sleep.
somer, j-. 18540, sumpter mule.
som.rae, soumme, s. 72g4, 7300.
somonce, s. 2371, 18996, summons.
somons, a.g^io, summoned.
(8omoner),7v.,3i-.j?5.8omont, looio, 26779.
sompnolence, j'. 5135.
sompnolent, a. 5222.
son, soun, poss. a. 26, 574, D. i. 3;
ses [sing.), 13008, pL 7, B. xii. 2; /.
sa, 127, B. V. 2.
sonar, (sonner), %>. a. 1426, B. xxx, 3,
utter : 7'. ;/. 3554, sound.
songant, s. 5285, dreaming.
songels), sounge, i-. 5604, 6137, dream.
songement, s. 5267, dreaming.
songer, soungei-, v. n. 5146, 5184, B. ix. 3.
songerie, s. 5286, dreaming.
sonner, see sonar.
sophistre, s. 9979.
sophistrie, s. 3590.
sorceresse, s. 9494.
sorour, s. 989, sister : cp. soer.
sort, s. 1476, 4367, 16800, 17457, B. xxxi.
3, lot, chance, company.
sot, a. 19 ; s. 5422.
sotemant, adv. 1162.
sotie, s. 1 1 54, B. xxii. i, T. xv. i, foly.
soubdeinement, sec soxidainement.
soubgit,//.B. xi. 3, xix. 4,T. ix. 2, subdued.
soubgit, soubgis, a. 2Jt,, 2007, sougit,
4980, subject ; en soubgit, 9744, in
subjection.
soubgit(z), s. 448, D. i. 3 ; / soubgite,
8984 : subject, dependant.
soubit, a. 1277, sudden.
soubjeccioun, see subjeccioun.
soubmettre, ?'. a. 11052, 12297, make
subject.
soubstance, see substance,
soubtil, soutil, a. 823, 13S2, cunning.
sou(b)tilement, adv. 421, 7069.
soubtiler, v. a. 205, contrive: v. n. and
refi. 1568, 7297, be cunning.
soubtilite, soutilete, ^\ 1020, 3644, sub-
tilitee, B. xlii. 3.
soubtz, soubz, Hontz, ptep. 931, 11311,
B. xi. 2, T. V. 2, under.
soudain, soudein, a. 2447, B. xxii. i ;
f. soudeigne, 6741, sudden.
so(u)daineraent, so(u)deinement, adz'.
705, 1283, 1666, 4395, soudaignement,
2855, soubdeinement, T. xiii. 3.
soufficance, soufficant, souffire, see
sufficanea, &.c.
souffle, s. 2853, breath,
souffler, sufflar, soufler, v. n. 1347, 2849,
16653, breathe, blow : ■^'. 'Z- 9965, B. xxx.
I (?), blow upon.
soufflet, s. 16613, blowing.
s(o)uflfrance, s. 13495, 17419, 28771.
souffrir,suffi.'ir, ?'.(«. 2039, T. ix. 3,sofErir,
14064 ; 3^-./. soeflfre, i226,sou£Ere,2i62.
souffreite, see suffreite.
souffreitous, a. 7636, in want.
sougit, see soubgit.
souhaid, s. 5463, B. vi. 3, desire,
souhaider, v. a. 26, B. xlvii. 2, desire,
soul, soule, a. 25, 16768, D. ii. 4, / sole,
soule, 7661, B. V. 1, alone, single.
soul, adz'. 1322, only.
sould, s., pi. souldz, 7329, shilling.
soulein, solein, sovilain, a. y^, 718, 881,
B. xvii. 3, alone.
souleinamant, adv. 3788.
soulement, adv. 59, 1387, B. viii. 3, only,
even,
souler, s. 1227, shoe,
souloit, see soloir.
soumme, see somma.
soun, s. 412.
soun, pass, a., see son.
sounge, sounger, see songe, &c.
soup(i)ar, s. 7909, 21380.
souple, suple, a. 8882, 13428, yielding.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
553
soupler, suppler, v. a. 17600, B. xv. 2.
souppe, s. 790S, sop.
source, s. 67.
sourd, a. 22203, deaf.
sourdre, v. n. 2139, 3875, arise.
sourris, s. 9956.
soustenir, &c., see sustenir, iS:c.
soutil, &.C., see soubtil, (S:c.
soutz, see soubtz.
souvenir, sovenir, v. n. 41, 913, come up
(in the mind) : v. a. and rejfl. 4534, 741 1,
1 1438, remember, be mindful.
so,u)venir, s. 6102, 28975, recollection,
sovenance, s. 8244, B. xiii. 3.
so vent, adv. 579, \^. iii. i, often.
soventesfois, sovente fois, adv. 3656,
25274, often.
soverein, souverein(z), a. 4810, 22775,
B. viii. 4, f. souveraigne, 9336, su-
preme.
soverein, soverain, s. 76, 21 17, 9534, B.
xxiv. 4, xlviii. 4 ; f. sovereine, 2117.
soy, see soi.
spelunce, s. 12873, cave,
statue, s. 7093.
(stair), V. n., 3 s. p. sta, 7108, stand: cp.
estier.
stipende, s. 20526.
stole, s. 17054.
stouppe, j\ T. iv. I, tow : cp. estouppe.
streigner, (streindre), v. a. 7951, 8697,
strain, compel.
stupre, J-. 8669, rape.
su, sui, suy, suismes, susmes, see estre.
subit, a. T. ix. 3, sudden.
subjeccio(u)n, subgeccioun, soubjec-
cioun, J-. 3096, 16329, 29186, B. xxiv. 4.
subsidie, s. 18992.
substance, soubstance, s. 1736, 7807,
15966, wealth, substance.
subtilitee, see soubtilite.
subvertir, v. a. 2563, 3915.
succher, sucher, I'.a. 7550, 12495, suck,
sue, see soe.
svief, a. and adv. 455, 16713, B. xxvii. 2,
gentle, gently.
suei% V. a. and n. 5378, 28674, sweat,
suet, s. 26239, fat.
suiB.ca(u)nce, sou£B.cance, s. 1738, 5682,
14499, 1^- iv. 2.
sufficant, soufficant, a. 11988, 157 16.
suflacer, V. 6884.
sufllre, soufflre, v. n. 453, 791 , 4709, 5621,
6609, B. xxvi. 1, suffice, satisfy, be able :
V. a. 6168, supply (?).
suffler, see souffler.
siifQure, s. 3754, 9472, breath, blowing,
suffrance, suffrir, see soutfrance, &c.
sviffreite, suffraite, s. 1807, 5347, soxif-
freite, 6309, want, poverty.
suflfrir, see souffrir.
subgenay, s. 1241.
suir, suier, v. a, and n. 2792 ; Zs .p. suyt,
629, suit, 1008 ; 3//. suioat, 8120 ; 3 j-.
imp. suioit, 675 ; fut. suiera, 2906 ;
pres.part. suiant, 877, T. ii. 2 : follow,
suitier, s. 20501, follower.
sulphre, s. 11 490, sulphur.
sultif, a. 3784, 10609, lonely.
suour, s. \^A,'zi, sweat.
superflual, a. 710, 8482, 8525, surfeiting,
overflowing.
superfluement, adv. 8382,
superfluer, v. n. 8360, 22314.
superfluete, superfluite, s. 8328 (R), 8342.
superiouTjC/. 8997, T. vii. i : le superiour,
23443, the supreme,
suple, see souple.
sviploier, see supplier,
supplant, j'. 3304, supplanting,
supplantacioun, s. 3290,
supplantement, s. 3332,
supplanter, v. a. 3294,
supplantour, s. 3464,
suppler, see soupler.
supplicacio(u)n, s. 10241, B. xxiv. 4.
supplier, sup(p)loier, v. n. and a. 3350,
7580, B. ix. 5, X. 3, bend, entreat, pray
for.
suppoer, V. a. 16924, support.
supponer, v. 13102, 16919, support.
support, s. 7417, 13061.
supportement, s. 13 128.
supporter, v. a, 260, B. iii. 3 ; Z ^- P- sup-
port, 1 243 1.
supposer, v. 5491.
sux, prep. 221, B, vi, 4,
a^xvGvesea,nt, pres. pari. 1 5630, increasing,
surcrois, s. 3803, 20526, increase, surplus.
surdoloir, v. n. 8300, suffer afterwards.
sure, adv. 4750, 10763 : see Notes.
surfaire, v. n. 8330, make a surfeit,
surfait, s. 8329, surfeit.
surgir, v. n. 4919, rise.
Surien, Sirien, {pi.) 22017 ff., Ciriens,
'°^'4- ... ,
surjoir, v. n. 14205, rejoice beyond
measure.
surmetre, v. 11910, reproach,
surmonter, v. a. and n. 752, 13304, B.
xlvi. I, overcome, surpass,
suronder, v. a. 8199, overflow.
554 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
surplus, s. 1 1 784, B. xxxix. i, abundance,
fulness, profit ; de surplus, 17960, over
and above,
surprendre, 7'. a. 3274.
surquerre, v. a., 3 s. />. surquiere, 5295,
7065, 7548, enquire after, come upon,
surquidable, a. 1864, overweening,
surquidance, s. 1633.
surquide, a. 1561, overweening.
surquider, 7'. 1699, think overweeningly.
surquider(s), s. 1453, overweening man.
surquiderie, s. 1443.
surquidous, n. 1495.
surquidousement, tith'. 1546.
Surrie, 2377, 22034, 22333, Syria.
siirvenir, z>. a. and ?/. 92 1 , 1 269, B. envoy ;
3 JT. p?-eL survient, 4561 ; 3 //. sur-
veneront, 11019: come, come upon.
surveoir, survoir, survoier, v. a. 4881,
8991, 29883, survey, oversee,
sus, ad7'., de sus en jus, 1482, sus et jus,
B. xvi. I, la sus, 15420 : up.
Siisanne, 17470.
suslivrer, v. a. 6473, withdraw.
susnomer, ?'. a. 10729, name above,
suspeeioun, s. 8818.
suspir, s. 42, B. xlvii. 4, sigh.
suspii-er, v. n. 621, B. xxxviii. 2.
suspirer, i-. 29380, sighing.
susprendre, v. a. 305, 1 543, 8988, B. ix. 2,
seize, induce, affect with love,
sustenir, soustenir, ?'. a. 478, 10689, B.
xvi. I.
sustenir, j. 24127, sustenance.
sustentacioun, s. 16235, support,
sustentif, a. 14410, sustaining.
sustenue, s. 16238, sustenance,
sustienance, soustienance, sustenance,
■*■• 5532, 7472, B. xvi. 2.
sustienement, J. 11 60.
sustraire, ?'. a. 96, withdraw,
sy, ad7'. 26\7(),fi>r si or ey.
sye, s. 13838, sickle.
symonie, see simonie.
T
tabernacle, s. 161 96.
table, -f. 961.
tache, teche, s. 1231, 2717, 8767, mark,
stain, quality.
tachous, a. 9255, spotted.
taiqant, taisant, a. 10135, 13459, silent,
taillage, j-. 22322, tax.
taille, s. 19448, 25724, tally, length.
tailler, 7'. a. 8477, cut ; se tailler, 8366,
19447, 23962, prepare oneself, behove,
be ordered.
taire, tere, v. n. and reji. 2018, 18349,
B. xiv. 2 ; 3 .y. pret. taist, 417 1 ; pres.
part, tesant, 2633.
taisant, see taicant.
tal, sec tiel.
talent, s. 22, B. xix. 3, inclination, will.
talenter, v. n. 1445, 14102, B. xvi. 4, have
desire, be pleasing.
Tamise, 4162, 25253, 261 19.
tanconi(ni)e,tantcomrae, (T^^^y. 31 22, 5 598,
15658, B. iv.* I, tant eom, B. ii. 2,
tant eonime, 3034, while, when : tant
comepluis . . . tant plus, B.vii. i, the
more . . . the more.
tanque, tanqe, conj. 2531, B. vii. i, xiii.
4, tant que, 3024, until ; tanq' en, 8577,
T. xiii. I, into ; tanqu' a, 8555, up to.
tansoulement, adv. 5098, B. xvi. i, tant-
soulement, 562, only.
tant, a. 43, B. vi. 2, xli. i ; en tant, xii. 2 :
par tant, 119, 10351, B. xxxii. 2, in
consequence, in order (that) : (ne) tant
ne qant, 3654, 23358, (not) anything,
(not) at all.
tant, adv. 2, B. iv. 3 ; see tancomnie,
tanque.
Tantali, 7622, of Tantalus,
tantost, adv. 89, B. xi. 2.
tantsoulement, see tansoulement.
tapicer, 7>. a. 25826, carpet.
tapir, V. n. 3525, lie concealed.
tapiser, v. a. 4521, conceal: v. 71. 19424,
21 167, hide, lie hid.
tarcel, s. B. xxxv. 4, male falcon,
tard, tart, a. and adv. 5202, B. ix. i, 3,
XXV. I.
tardement, ad7'. 17782.
tarder, 7>. a. T. xiv. 3, delay : v. n., tant
luy tarde, 10642, so eager is he.
tardis, a. 5536, slow.
targer, see tarier.
tariance, s. 4029, 1432 1, vexation, delay,
tarier, targer, 7'. «. 500, 5585, 15651, delay.
Tarquin(s), T. x. 2.
tart, see tard.
Tartaric, 23895.
tasse, s. 1 5643.
tast, s. 26066, 26884, touch, taste,
taster, 7'. a. 801 1, 9383, feel, taste.
tavei'nage, s. 16449, 26031.
taverne, s. 6285.
taverner, v. a. 25999, retail (wine, &c.).
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 555
taverner, i-. 8265, 20690; /. tavernere,
9S25 : tavern-keeper, frequenter of
taverns.
tay, s. 23430, mud.
teche, see tache.
Teehel, 22748.
techele, a. 9254, spotted.
teille, s. 5217, sheet.
teindre, 7'. a. 29107, dye.
teint, a. 3661, 13686, dyed, defiled.
teinte, s. 26030, colour.
tel(l;e, see tiel.
temperance, s. 15280.
temperat, a. 15281.
tempeste, s. 984, B. xxx. i.
tempestement, s. 14335, waging.
tempester, v. n. and rejl. 1350, 26822, B.
xxx. I, rage, be disturbed: v. a. 6440,
do violence to.
temple, s. 1083, T. x. 3.
temporal, temporiel, a. 6122, 7375.
tempre, ^?. 5202, B. ix. 3, early.
temprer, v. a. 11829, B. 1. 2, T. xiii. I,
control, temper.
temps, s. 939, D. ii. 3, par temps, 5621,
long temps, B. xxiii. 3.
temptacio(u)n, s. 410, 495.
temptement, s. 698, temptation.
tempter, v. a. 1 50.
tenant, a. 10138, 21371, grasping, ob-
stinate.
tencable, a. 4235, contentious.
tencant, a. 10134, contentious.
tencer, v. n. 1175, 4049, contend: v. a.
4170, 15750, contend with, urge.
tencer, s. 4216, strife.
tenceresse, a.f. 4122, contentious.
tencerie, .v. 4245, contention.
ten9o(u)ii, s. 4070, 13456, contention.
tendre, -v. a. 432, 2722, ofifer.
tendre, a. 2S35, B. xviii. i.
tendrement, adv. 12973.
tendresce, s. 5296, B. xliv. 4.
tendrete, s. 5352, delicacy.
tenebre, s. 3273, jz^/. 29715, darkness.
tenebrour, s. 6807, darkness.
tenebrous, a. 25322, dark.
tenement, s. 20613, habitation.
tenir, v. a. and ;z. D. i. 2 ; 2 s. p. tien,
27569 ; 3 s. pret. tint, 3322, tient, 4565,
9816 ; fut. tendray, tendrai, 26298, B.
xliv. 3; ■^s.p.subj.ti&^nQ, ii,tiene, 1148.
tente, s. 4286.
tenure, s. 91 17, 22901, 27500, keeping,
property, keynote (?)
tere, see taire.
Tereiis, T. xii. i.
terme, s. 24494, term, period.
termine, j. 161 51, 25679, limit, order.
terminer, v. a. 1480, B. i. 3 : v. n.
1249.
terminer, s. 3107, end.
Ternagant, 22324.
terrage, s. (i), 26047, clearing of wine(?)
terrage, s. (2), 29639, burial.
terre, j-. 171, D. i. 2,//. (lands) 6199.
terremoete, s. 4522, earthquake.
terrere, s. 358, earth.
terrestre, terreste, a. 974, 5069, B. vii. 4,
earthly : les terrestes, la terrestre,
10723, 18639, the earth, the land.
terr(i)en, a. 7472, 12225, earthly.
terrin(e), a. 1306, 18 10, earthly.
terrour, s. 4843.
Tersites, 233698".
tes, see ton.
tesmoign(e), s. 6327, 28708, B. v. 3,
witness ; 6725, evidence.
tesmoignal, a. 3285, 25 no, witness-bear-
ing.
tesmoignance, s. 2090.
tesmoigner, v. a. and n. 51, 1823, B.
xxxi. 3, bear witness, bear witness of.
testament, s. 7249.
teste, 5-. 3519, head.
testier, s. 25079, head.
text, s. 5156: cp. tistre.
Thelogonus, T. vi. 3.
Theseus, B. xliii, i.
Thimotheu, 11989.
Thobie (i), 10267, 11185, I44i3> 15445.
1 5471, 15674, Tobit.
Thobie (2j, 17704, Tobias.
Tholom6, 12452.
Thomas, (saint), 28821, 29205.
throne, i-. 6450, 17048.
tiel, tal, /. tiel(l)e, tel(l)e, a. 105, 803,
4057, 9293- 9557, ^' i- 2, tieu, 202, 556 ;
//. tiels, B. XXV. 2, tieux, 419, tieus,
6636, tieu, 1273, tielles, 8633 : such,
many a one.
tielement, adv. loi, B. iii. 2.
tiers, tierce, Jiitin. a. 250, 1441, 3655, B.
xlix. 3 ; au tierce (of time), 5209.
tieu, see tiel.
tiffer, V. a. 18328, decorate.
tigre(s), i'. 1563, 6853.
timour, s. 11 175, fear.
tine, s. 5717, moth.
tirannie, tirandie, s. 15566, 23234.
tirant, s. 2428, B. xxvii. 2 : a. 6252.
Tirelincel, 5205.
556 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
tirer, v. a. 787, 1310, 3092, draw, take
in, tear: v. n. and rcjl. 5564, 6161,
approach.
tisoiu)n, s. 7054, 16739, firebrand,
tistre, s. 7483, 27192, text,
title, s. 4590.
toi, toY, pron. 437, 532, 634, B. iv.* i, 3.
toise, s. 1 6291, stretch.
toison, s. 3726, T. viii. I.
toll, s. 2S722.
tollage, s. 4711, 6518, 15071, toll, takings.
tollir, V. a. 2203 ; 1 s. p. tols. 2206 ; 3 s.
tolt, 1160, B. xxii. 2 ; 3 J', pret. tollist,
6981; pret. subj. tolsist, 7164; pp.
tollu, 1086 : take away.
ton, tovin.., poss. a. 139, 533, B. iv.* 2, tes
(jm^.) 29512, B. iv.* 3; /ta, 465, B.
xlii. I ; pi. tes, 467, B. iv.* 2.
tonaire, s. 4851, thunder.
tondre, v. a. 20761, shave, chp.
tonell(e), tonel, s. 5252, 8292, 20692; //.
tonealx, 8403, T. xv. 2, tonell, 8327 :
cask.
tor, s. 1466, bull.
torment, see tourment.
torner, tourner, v. a. 68, 2856, B. xix. i :
V. 71. 1487, 3171, B. xlviii. 2 : turn,
change.
tort, a. 3506, 4740, crooked, wrong,
tort, s. 140, 2443, wrong, injustice: au
tort, 131 18. cp. atort.
\.o%t, adv., bien tost, 121, 913, T. vii. 2,
plus tost, 1908, B. viii. i, cp. plustost.
touche, j\ 25536.
toucher, touchier, v. a. 216, 5218, B.
xlv. I.
toucher, s. 1520, touch,
toun, see ton.
tour (i), s. 1256, tower,
tour (2), s. 926, 1300, 1674, 3516, 15088,
turn, round, kind, conclusion, deed : au
chef de (du) tour, 1500, 3420, in the
end : un autre tour, 10847, in another
way.
tourdre, v. a. 18595, torment : v, ». 20265,
turn.
tourmentfe), torment, s. 3598, 9682 ;
pi. tourmens, 3801, tormentz, B. i. 3 :
torment, storm.
tourmenter, v. n. 13735, 13880, rage,
whirl about.
tourmentour, j. 13992.
tournant, s. 2637, turning,
tourner, see torner.
tournoy, s. 11 469.
Tousseins, s. 8702, All Saints' day.
tout, a. 4. B. iv. 3, 4; //. tout, 362, B.
xiv. I, toutz, 18432, D. ii. 5, tous, 17,
/. toutes, B. iv. I : par tout, 273, &ic.
tout, adv. 224, B. V. I ; ove tout, 4,
12240: see note on 11354.
toutdis, toutdiz, toutdys, adv. 187.
3805, D. i. 2, B. ix. I, C, toutditz.
toutdits, B. i. 2, 3, always.
toutdroit, adv. 3141, straight.
toutplein, a. 11404, 13874.
toutplein, s. 25276, 28454, B. xxxvii. 2,
tout plein, 74, 1 102 1, a quantity, a great
number.
toutptiissant, a. 116.
toy, see toi.
trace, s. 4361, 9018, way, footsteps, com-
pany.
Trace, T. xii. i.
tracer, v. a. 4360.
trahir, v. a. 146, B. xlii. I.
traicier, traicour, s. 25035, 25060.
traire, see trere.
trait, s. 1 780 1, stroke.
traiter, see treter.
traitie, s. T. (title), treatise.
traitre(s), s. and a. 168, 1532, 3572,
traitor, treacherous.
tramettre, v. 408, B. ix. 2, send.
transcourir, v. a. 15 108.
transfigurer, v. a. 14770.
transformer, v. a. T. xii. 3.
transgKoluter, v. a. 2342, 27078, swallow.
transmigracioun, s. 10326, exile.
transmvier, v. a. 1894, change.
transmutacioun, s. 28419.
transmuter, v. a. 3839, change.
transporter, v. a. 6834.
travaiKDer, v. a. 1207, 5130, B. vii. 2,
trouble, disturb: v. n. 1214, 1367, C,
(travaillier), labour, journey.
traval(s), travail, s., pi. travauls.
travals, 7, 68, 3702, 5601, 14278.
trouble, labour.
travers, a. 4089, contrary: au travers.
6143, on the contrary, 16730, through.
treacle, see triacle.
treble, a. 12325, three-fold.
trecher, v. n. 17611.
treine [\), s. 9957 (?).
treine (2), s. 25553, 25745, trick, con-
trivance.
treiner, v. a. 6560, 8575, draw.
trembler, v. n. and refi. 723, 6367.
trenchant, a. 2786.
trenchant, s. 26995, edge.
trente, 7iuiii. 2S633.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
557
trere, traire, v. a. and n. 42, 179, 2728 ;
I s. p. tray, 2761 ; 3 s. tret, 2837, trait,
12394 ; imp. trahoit, 4196 ; fut. trera,
8080 ; 3 pi. pi-es. subj. treont, 9288 :
draw, pull, endure, bring forth.
tresamourous, a. 10684.
tresardant, a. 10568.
tresauctentique, a. 3336.
tresbeal(s), a. B. xii. 3, xxii. 3, tresbelle,
1246, B. vii. I.
tresbenigne, a. 3123.
tresbien, adv. 1373, B. xxxv. 3.
tresbon, a. 9104.
tresbuscher, v. a. 3456, cast down : v. 71.
1 87 1, fall.
tresehier, a. 773.
tresclier, a. 3646.
trescovert, a. 3473, very secret.
trescruelement, adv. 7179.
tresdigne, a. B. xiii. 2.
tresdolorous, a. 9503.
tresdouls, a. i^T^i B. iv.* 3, xix. 2.
tresdur, a. 1 1 198.
tresentier, adv. B. ix. I, wholly.
tresentierement, adv. B. xxxiv. 2.
tresepoentablement, adv. 2676.
tresfals, a. 3392, B. xxv. i.
tresfel, a. 3424.
tresfier, a. 2535.
tresfierement, adv. 700.
tresfin, a. 13207, B. xvii. I.
tresfol, a. 701.
tresfort, a. 4236.
tresfrel, a. 18053.
tresfresseh, a. B. xxxi. 4.
tresgent, a. B. xii. i.
tresgentil, a. B. ix. 5.
tresget, j-. 6379, fraud.
tresgeter, tresjeter, v. a. 1389, 5633,
cast, put off.
tresgrant, a. B. iv. 3.
treshalt, a. B. vi. i.
treshonourable, a. 17172.
treshumble, a. 12423.
tresjeter, see tresgeter.
tresmal, a. 2695.
tresmalvois, a. 209.
tresmeulx, a. 13204, best of all.
tresmol, a. 13425, very gentle.
tresmortiel, a. 15983.
tresnoble, a. B. xiii. 2.
treson, tresoun, s. 638, 6734, T. ix. 3.
tresor, s. 1083.
tresord, a. 9638, very foul.
tresorer(8), s. 295, treasurer.
tresorie, s. 15676.
tresoublier, ?'. a. 623, forget utterly.
tresparmy, prep. 1767, right through:
adv. 4148, throughout,
trespas, s. 562, transgression.
trespercer, trespercier, ?'. a. 3620, B. vi.
I, xviii. 3, xliv. 2, pierce through.
trespei'sant, a. 1766, piercing,
tresplus, adv. T. x. i, most,
trespovere, a. B. xx. 4.
tresprecious, a. 13275.
tressage, a. 22154.
tressaint(z), a. 2928S, B. xxi, 2.
tressallir, 7/. ??., i s. p. tressaille, 25985 ;
3 s. tressalt, 5822, B. vii. 2 : leap, omit,
tresseintisme, a. T. v. 2, supremely
sacred.
tressoubtil, a. 14794.
trestout, a. and s. 28, 113, B. iv.* 4; p/.
trestoiit, 658, B. xxxi. 4, trestous, 206,
713 : all, every.
trestout, ad7^. 198, D. i. 3, wholly.
tresvilain, a. 2439.
tresvilement, adv. 1236.
treter, traiter, z'. a. and n. 2051, 2509,
7222, 9467, consider, treat, treat of,
deal with, have dealings.
triacle, treacle, ^. 2522, 35 5 1-, 13957,
remedy (for poison).
triacler, s. 4294, remedy.
tribe, s. 22010.
triboler, 7/. a. 3537, 23288, torment : v. n.
19892, be disturbed.
tribulacioun, s. 690.
tribut, s. 1S630.
trichant, s. 15 199, fraudulent person,
triche, s. 6541, 25239 ff., trickery, fraud,
tricheour, s. 671, B. xii. 3, deceiver.
tricher, trichir, v. a. 368, 261 10, defraud,
deceive: 7'. «. 6530, 15199.
tricher (i), s. 6319, trickery.
tricher (2), s. 6538, / trichere, 3501,
deceiver.
tricherie, s. 145, 6506, fraud, deceit,
treachery.
tricherous, a. 213, 6517, B.xliii. I,T. iv. 2.
tricherousement, adv. 17636.
trieus, see trover,
trinite, s. 29083.
trist, s. 12942, sorrow.
triste(s), a. 13014, B. xxxii. 2.
tristement, adv. 172.
tristesce, s. 1290.
tristour, s. 756, B. ix. 4, sadness.
Tristrans, B. xliii. 3, T. xv. i.
troeffe, trviflfe, J. 11407, 1 1945, deceit,
mockery.
558
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
troeve, see trover.
Troian, 22168, Trajan.
Troie, 23367, B. xv. 2.
Troilus, Troylus, 5254, B. xx. 3.
trois, troi, troy, num. 6574. 7889, B.xlix.2.
trop, adv. 124, B. ix. i, much, very, too
(much): le trop, 12791.
trote, s. 8713, 17900, old woman, hag.
troter, v. 11. 26085, trip.
trouble, a. 141 76, disturbed.
troubleisovin, s. 4693, disturbance.
ti'ovibler, 7'. a. 3883, disturb.
trover, trouver, troever, v. a. 775, 7363,
B. xiii. I, XX. 2 ; i s. p. truis, truiss, 1 1 2,
B. xxii. 2, trieus, B. xix. 3, xxxix. 2,
troeve, xx. i ; 3 j-. truist, 2 121, B. xxi.
3, trove, 1553, 1691.
troy, see trois.
Troylus, see Troilus.
truage, s. 6909, 21424, tribute.
truandie, j-. 5798, beggary.
truandise, s. 5406, beggary, idleness.
truant, s. 3659, 5284, 19039, vagabond,
rogue.
trufFe, see troeffe.
trunc, s. 12472, trunk (of a tree).
tVL,pro)i. 444, B. iv.* I ; te, 3S7, B. iv.* 2.
tue, poss. a. 5075, 29732 ; la tue, 281 1 1.
tuer, V. a. 390, T. viii. 3.
tuicioun, s. 23782, defence.
Tulles, Tullius, Tulle, 3361, 3505, 4393,
7393, 8677, 9614, 12805, 13925, 14674,
15955, 15997, 22982.
turelle, s. 8282, 19432, tower,
turtel, s. 7808, pastry.
turtre, s. 17882. turtle-dove.
turturelle, s. 29931, turtle-dove.
tynel, s. 8409.
TJ
u, cotrj. 321, D. i. 3, ou, 11023, u que,
135, T. XV. 2, u qe, 28291, B. v. 4, uque,
5334, B. XV. 3, where, wherever.
u = au, 1314.
u = ou, (or), 1 1459.
Uluxes, 16674, I^- ^^^- 2. T. vi. 3.
umbil, s. T]'&1. navel.
umbre, see ombre.
un sj, man. and «;/. 25, 34, ]>. v. i, xi. I,
2: indef. pron. 10623, 107 19, T. xv. 2.
unde, see onde.
unicorn, s. 2101.
unir, 7/. a. 20573, B. iv. I,
unit6(s), s. 3862.
universal(s), universel, a. 61 21, B. vr.
margin.
universite, s. T. xviii. 4, community.
unq(u)es, adv. 856, 1639, B. xviii. 2, T. x.
I, ever, never.
unszeine, s. 29203, (company of) eleven,
uque, see u.
uree, see urse.
Urie, 4967, T. xiv. I.
urse, uree, s. 2125, 9894, bear : cp. ours,
urtie, s. 3538, B. xxxvi. 3, nettle.
us, s. 1 66 1, 3460, use.
usage, s. 3429.
usance, s. 2950, usage,
user, 7'. a. 7666, use, wear,
usure, s. 7213, usury.
usurer, s. 7227.
usurer, v. n. 7303, practise usury.
va, V. n. i)nperat. B. xxxvi. 4; i jr. p. vois.
440, 8209 ; 2 s. vas, 500 ; 3 .f. va, 909,
B. ii. I, vait, 149, B. ii. i, voit, 4858 :
3 pi. vont, T. X. 3 ; 3 s. p. subj. voise,
2S276 ; 3 pi. voisent, 28251.
vacherie, s. 3448, cows.
v^&g&Xit, pres. part. 17846, wandering.
Vago, 12045, Bagoas.
vail(l)able, a. 11881, 13567, worthy,
valuable.
vaillance, s. 13845, value.
vail(l)ant, a. 1 1694, B. xliv. i, T. xvi. i.
vain, see vein.
vainement, adv. 8006.
vair, a. 935, B. xii. 3, grey.
vair, s. 20475.
vaisseal, j-. 3933 ; //. vaissealx, 4495.
vait, see va.
val, vail, s. 4881, 5593, 29S96.
val6e, s. 29691.
Valeire, 18302, 19981.
Valentin, (saint), 13. xxxiv. i, xxxv. i.
Valentinian(s), 17090, T. xvi. i.
vail, see val.
vallettoun, s. 8644, man-servant.
valoir, v. 71. 9433, B. v. 2 ; 3 s. p. vait,
602, B. xiv. 2, vaille, 15276, vale.
15792; 3 pi- vaillent, 7448, valont,
18008 ; ////. valra, 5514; pret. sithj.
valsist, 1 198.
valour, s. \i^i„ D. ii. 5, B. v. 2, worth.
value, s. 95.
vanit6, s. 1204.
vantance, s. 1968, boasting.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 559
vantant, a. 1829, arrogant,
vanteour, s. 1741, boaster,
vanter, v. n. and rejl. 1742, 1778, venter,
10921.
vanterie, s. 1826.
vantpai'ler, v. ti. 2497, boast.
vantparlour, s. 510, boaster.
vapour, s. 4838.
variance, s. 5465, B. xiii. 2.
variant, a. 11601, changing.
varlet, s. 1963, servant.
vassal(s), ^. 2854, 3706, 29446, D. i. 3,
vassal, servant, fellow, warrior.
vassel(l)age, vassallage, i-. 2535, 5504'
11961, 229S9, courage, prowess.
vavasour, s. 7229, vassal,
veey, interj. 3172, 25296: cp. vei cy
under veoir.
vedve, see vieve.
veer, v. 8279, forbid,
veeu, vei, see veoir.
veie, see voie.
veille, s. 22208, sail.
veil(l)er, v. 7i. 2888, 8008, be awake,
veilour, s. 12571, watcher.
vein, vain, a. 1201, 1206, 7768, B. xvi. 2,
vaine, (veine) gloire, 1201 fif., en vein
(vain), 2130, B. xxiv. i, T. xvii. 3, vein
glorious. 1 1 123.
veine, s. 9488, 10832, vein, manner,
veintre, (venquer), %>. a. 1472, T. xvi. 2 ;
3 s. p. veint, 6215, T. xvi. i, venque,
18238 ; 3 s. pret. venquist, venqui,
3742, 16780 ; pp. vencu, venqu, 2383,
22013: win, overcome.
veir, see veoir.
veisdye, s. 3356, stratagem.
veisin, see voisin.
veisine, s. f. 2824 : cp. voisin.
veisin6e, s. 7135, neighbourhood.
venant, s. S835, coming,
veneu, see veintre.
vendable, a. 24476, for sale,
vendant (1), j-. 7430, seller.
vendant (2), s. 25755, selling,
venderdy, s. 28704.
vendre, v. a. 6291 \ ^ s. p. vent, 6304,
T. XV. 2.
veneisoun, s. B. xxi. 2, chase,
veneour, see venour.
venerie, s. 20314, hunting.
vengalDle, a. 13950, revengeful,
vengance, vengeance, s. 18S0, T. v. 3,
ix. I.
vengant, a. 5009, avenging.
vengeisoun, s. T. xii. 3, vengeance.
vengement, s. 3281, 4415, vengeance,
venger, v. a. 387, 4595, T. viii. i, xii. 2,
avenge, carry out (a purpose).
venim, venym, s. 2783, 2851, venom,
venimous, a. 3480.
venir, v. n. 4097 \ t, s. p. vient, 178, B.
ii. I ; 3 //. vienont, B. ii. i ; 3 s. pret.
vint, 78, B. xxvi. 3, venist, 18797,
vient, 4564 : 3 //. vindront, 840 (R);
fiff. vendrai, 6330, B. vii. 3, verrai,
18876; p. subj. viene, 4097, viegne,
7269, veigne, 8917.
venir, i'. 14288, coming.
Venise, 25249.
venour, veneour, s. 1568, 8947, hunter.
venque, see veintre.
venqueour, s. 14369, victor,
venquist, see veintre.
vent, s. 1365, B. xix. 3; jurer vent et
voie, 5794.
vente, s. 8922, 13779, sale,
venter (i), 7'. a. and n. 3023, 9650, blow
upon, blow.
venter (2), see vanter.
ventous, a. 22108, windy.
ventre, s. 3532, 13233, belly, womb.
venue, s. 427, 14356, B. viii.- 2, coming,
retinue.
Venus, 971, 8412, 20695, B. xxxvi. i.
venym, see venim.
veoir, voir, veir, vir, v. a. 1391, 4179,
6162, 28221, 15. vi. 2 ; I s. p. voi, voy,
43, 9762, B. xiv. 2, voie, B. iii. 2, xii. i ;
2 J-. veis, 23512; \ pi. veons, 7914;
2 //.veietz, 20047 ! 3/''- voient, voiont,
3243, 3263 ; imp. veoit, T. xiv. 2 ; I .y.
pret. vi, 925, B. xxiii. i ; 2 .y. veias,
29138 ; 3 s. vit, 275, vist, 278; 3 pi.
viront, 9244 ; 2 s. i)iiperat. vei, 9206,
(vei ci, 2704, vei la, 1 265 ) ; pres. part.
voiant, B. xxxviii. 2 ; pp. veu, 2387,
veeii(z), 1090, B. xxxix. 3.
ver(s), s. 3922, worm : cp. verm,
verai, sec verrai.
se verdoier, v. B. xv. 3, grow green,
verdure, s. 941, B. vii. 3.
verge, vierge, .f. 41 15, 26896, 29932, rod,
twig.
vergiere, s. 18232, rod.
vergoigne, s. 1685, 11900, B. xl. 3.
vergoignous, <:7. 11933, 16909, ashamed,
modest.
vergonder, vergunder, v. 11. 9228, 11955,
be ashamed : v. a. 20028, shame ; pp.
vergonde, 1205 1, ashamed.
vergondous, a. 9245, ashamed.
s6o GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
vergondousement, adv. 10606, modestly.
vergunder, see vergonder.
veritable, a. 1799, B. xxix. 2.
verit§, s. 2244, B. xl. 3.
verm, s. 1 130 : cp. ver(s).
vermail. j. 29107.
vermaile, a. 18763, red.
vermine, s. 1 3362, creeping things, vermin.
ver(r)ai, verray, a. 1056, 6725, B. ix. i,
xxvii. I, true.
verraiment, adv. B. xlix. 2.
verre, s. 4241, glass.
verrour, s. 670, truth.
verrure, s. 21428, glazing.
■vevB,prefi. 728, 2714, 4688, B.x. i, towards,
to, agamst.
vers, s. 26932.
verser, v. a. 988.
vert, a. 17S94, B. xxxvi. i.
vertir, 7'. 6415; 35-./. verte, 6821: change.
vertu, s. 1454, 3385, 7169, D. i. 3, B. ix. 5,
virtue, quality, power,
vertuer, 7'. 7934, store with virtue (?).
vertuol^s, a. 1640, B. xxxi. 2.
vertuousenient, virtuousement, adv.
12281, 12713.
vespre, s. 8554, vespers.
vespree, s. 3647, evening.
vesquiront, see vivre.
vessell, .y. 132 15.
vessellement, j. 7 1 84, 24748, vessels, plate,
vesseller (i), s. 25534, maker of plate,
vesseller (2), s. 25829, plate,
vestement, s. 173.
vestir, v. a. iioo, 5313, B. xv. 3, clothe,
put on, wear.
vesture, s. 1231.
veue, vieue, s. 1099, 1765, 25293, sight,
power of seeing, view.
viaire, s. 2710, face,
viande, s. 173.
viandour, s. 12955, provider of food,
vice (i), J. 259, fault.
vice (2), s. 5486, function,
vicious, a. 1097.
victoire, s. 1557, D. ii. 5.
victorial(s), a. 28897, victorious,
victorious, a. T. xi. i.
vie, s. 386, B. iv. i.
viel, a. 2416, B. xlii. 2 ; /. viel(l)e, 2390,
7209, T. iii. 2.
vielard(z), s. 5567.
vielesce, s. S577-
vierge(s) (i), s. 2942, 16928, virgin,
vierge (2), s. see verge.
vieve, vedve, s. 6871, 15464, widow.
vif(s), a. 2345, B. ix. 3, alive.
vigile, s. 5310, 14108, watching.
vigour, s. 6644, B. xxii. 2, strength.
vil(s), a. 48, 209.
vilain(s), see vileinfs).
vilainement,vilaynenient,«(^/7/.i 70, 4023.
vilanie, see vileinie.
vile, see ville.
vilein(s), vilainrs),^. 1318, 1599, B. xxvii.
4, base, villainous, uncourteous.
vilein, s. 2 131.
vile(i)nie,vilainye, vilanie, s. 2184, 2440,
2628, 12778, D. ii. 3, B. xxi. I ff.
vilement, adv. 108, 2392.
viler, 7'. a. 27255, blame.
ville, vile, .f. 4441, 6290, house, town.
vilte, s. 1407, vileness.
vin, s. 919.
vine, vyne, s. 2201, 6776, vineyard.
vinegre, s. 26088.
vinement, s. 10652, vintage.
viner's), s. 10652, vine-grower.
vingt, nu;>!. 2551 1.
viole, s. 16942, viol.
violence, s. 6847.
violent, a. 215.
violer, t. a. 7192.
violette, s. 16938.
vir, see veoir.
virer, v. n. and reji. 10942, 28061, B. xx.
I, turn, change.
Virgile, 14726.
virginal, a. 16933.
virgine, s. 8728, B. Ii. i.
virginite, s. 8747, 16828, T. xii. 2.
vis, J-. 2636, face.
visage, j'. 1 196, B. xix. i, face, person.
viscaire, s. 18620, vicar.
viseonte, s. 24819, sheriff.
viscous, a. 7060, sticky.
visioun, s. 12033, sight.
visitacioun, s. 24998.
visitant, s. 21329.
visiter, v. a. 11094, B. ix. 2.
visitour, s. 12954.
vistement, adv. 24697, quickly.
vistesce, s. 14200, 15798, quickness, ac-
tivity.
vitaille, s. 5826.
vitaillement, .v. 2631 1, supply of food.
vitailler, v. a. 8365, supply with food.
vitaill(i)er, j'. 17979, 26228, provider of
food, victualler.
vituperie, s. 2967.
vivant, s. 443, 5806, life, (means of) living.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 561
vivant, a. and s. 2049, 3478, T. ii. 2, living,
living creature.
vivement, s. 2205, livelihood.
vivre, vivere, v. ?i. 2205, B. ix. 5, xxiii.
2; I J', ^.vive, B. ii.2 ; 3 j. /. vit, 4977,
B. xvi. I ; 2 J. pfef. vesquis, 29610;
3 pi. vesquiront, 18276 ; fiit. viverai,
3879, B. iv.* I.
vo, vos, pass. a. D. i. 3, ii. 4, B. ix. i, xi.
3 ; pi. vos, voz, 1 1407, D. i. 2.
voegle, a. 2926, blind.
voeglesce, s. 10624, blindness.
voiage, s. 161 67.
voiant, s. 1759, sight.
void, see vmd.
voie, s. 528, 1929, B. viii. I, way; donner
voie, 18338, give way ; toute voie,
16327, B. iii. 4, toutes veies, 10120,
always, nevertheless : en voie, see
envoie.
voiette, s. 5819, path.
voill, s. 28760, veil.
voir, see veoir.
voir(8), a. and s. 391, B. v. 3, true, truth ;
du voir, pour voir, 383, 1495, truly.
voir, adv. 4080, even.
voirdire, v. n. 618, 790, speak truly.
voirdire, s. 26547, truth-speaking.
voirdisant, s. 24683, truth-speaking.
voirement, adv. 15, B. xxxiv. 4, truly.
vois, s. 2807, B. xvii. 3, voice.
vois, voisent, see va.
voisin, veisin, s. 1304, 2825, 3243.
voisinage, s. 1S21, pi. 61 12, neighbour-
hood, neighbours.
volable, a. B. xxix. I, ready to fly.
volage, a. S^^7i B. xix. 3, T. xvii. 2, unre-
strained, fickle, worthless.
volant, a. 12862, flying.
volatil(l), s. 26282, 26672, birds.
volcis, a. 22088, (vaulted), dark (?).
volenti, s. 144, B. viii. 2.
volent(i)ers, adv. 1692, 1933.
voler, V. n. and rejl. 1855, 5442, B. viii. I,
xxxiv. 4, fly.
voloir, V. n., i s. p. VTiil(l), 15, 437,
B. iv.* 1, 4 ; 2s. voes, 448, voels, 13644 ;
3 s. voet, 10, B. ii. 2, veot, 2358, volt,
72, B. x. 3, voelt, 1 1927 ; 2 pi. vuillez,
838, voletz, 16799; 3 j?^A vuillont, 1294;
2 s. z'mp. voloit, 176, volait, 13763; 2
s. pret. vols, 2598 ; 3 s. volt, 487 ; fut.
voldrai, B. vii. 4; 3 j. voldra, T. v. 3,
veuldra, 7558, voTildra, 8871, vorra,
646, volra, 1 1626; cond. voldroit, B.
i. 3, veuldroit, 7175, vorroit, 1060,
volroit, 25778 ; p. subj. vuille, 14122 ;
pret. subj. volsist, 2268, volt, 327.
voloir, s. 143, B. ii. 2.
voloy, s. 10709, flight.
volsure, s. 21427, vaulting,
volum, s. 6484.
volupier(s), s. 8719.
vomit, vomite, s. 2752, 2755.
vomitement, s. 4435.
vorage, s. 7761, whirlpool,
vos, see vo.
vostre, poss. a. 22, D, i. 2, B. i. 4.
vou, s. 17305, vow.
voucher, v. a. 9972, summon,
vouer, vuir, v. 4559, 12175, vow, dedicate.
■vouB, pron. 33, D. i. i.
voy, see veoir.
vrai(s), vray, a. 2084, B. iv.* 4, xxxvi, 2.
vuid, void, a. 36, 7728, B. xvi. 2, empty,
vuidance, s. 18879, vacancy,
vuidement, adv. 20068.
vuider, v. a. 7296, 25445, empty, take
away,
vuill, s. 71, 4927, will,
vuir, see vouer.
W
"CTrarder, 2>. a. 5425, keep,
way, wai, s. 2185, T. x. r, woe.
Westmoustier, 24281, 24349.
y, i, adv. 283, B. ix. 2, xxi. 3 ; y ad, 449,
there is.
ycell, see icell.
yceste, see iceste.
yci, see id.
ydole, s. 7610.
ydropesie, s. 28567, dropsy.
Ydumea, 5006.
ymage, image, s. 532, B. xv. 4, xxiv. 2.
ymagerie, s. 1 119, ornament,
ymaginacioun, J'. 1680,
ymaginant, s. 1187, contriver,
ymaginer, imaginer, t'. a. 638, 2822, 4388,
B. vi. 3, imagine, devise, invent,
ymaginer, s. 14780, imagination.
Ynde, 29322, T. vii. i.
yndois, a. 10095, dark blue,
jrpocras, s. 26080.
ypocrisie, see ipocresie.
o o
s62 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
ypocrite, see ipocrite.
Ysaie, Isaie, 1 127, 1280, 1285, 1627, 1833,
2185, 2441, 2665,451°' 4753. 5017,6386,
6451, 6865, 7455, 8053, 8269, 11197,
ii535, 15565, 15690,16729,20041,23071,
24481, 24542, 24769.
Ysis, T. X. 3.
YtaUle, 18678.
ytant, 11 188, pour ytant, in that case.
ytiel, see itiel.
yvere(8), see yvre(8).
jrvereisoun, s. 12028, drunkenness.
yveresce, iveresce, s. 921, 81 15 ff., 8293.
yvern, yver, see ivern.
yvemage, a. 221 13, wintry.
STTor, s. 7147, ivory.
yvre(s), yvere(s), a. 4918, 8233, drunk.
Z
Zacharie, Zakarie, 4237, 6482, 20040.
ADDENDA
The following words and references are added here, having been omitted in their
proper places : —
assent, s. 489, B. xxxiv. i.
assoter, v. a., add reference to T. vii. 2.
aventurous, a. T. iv. 3.
bienvenu, s. 8834, welcome,
bienvuillance, s., add ref. B. iv. 2.
chanelle, s. 8602, sewer.
changable, add ref. B. xl. 2.
conelusioiin, add ref. B. 1. 4.
cordial, add ref. B. 1. 3.
cuiller (variation /" cuillir), v. a. 10766.
Giirtine, coiirtine, j. 5152, 28063, curtain.
desputour, s. 14639.
devinant, s. 1085, divination,
devisoiir, s. 161 11.
devoeioun, add ref . B. xxiv. I.
devorcer, v. a. 21389.
doctrine, add ref. B. xlv. 4.
doel, add ref. B. xlviii. 2.
eaue, add ref. B. vii. 2.
Egipte, add ref. T. xiii. I.
emporter, see enporter.
especialement (yar. /especialment), B.
V. margin,
estrument, s. 1275, instrument (of music).
fonderesse, s.f. iT]^i., foundress.
garir, guarir, add ref. B. xxvii. 3.
greable, add ref. B. xxix. 3.
Gregois, s., add ref. T. ix. 2.
habonder, add ref. T. xviii. i.
hebreu, s. 6451, Hebrew (language).
herbergeresce, s.f. 14387, hostess.
joiousement, adv. B. xxxiv. 2
joyeusement.
leceherousement, adv. 16610.
16e (i), add ref. B. vii. 3.
Magus, add ref. i S997.
March (saint), 12350, St. Mark.
mat, add ref. B. xxxii. 2.
cp.
INDEX TO THE NOTES
affoler, 3533.
Albumasar, 26749.
allegger, 15822.
ambieioun, 3398.
anacoluthon, 89.
Archideclin, 28395.
' as he which,' 27942.
assener, B. xxxix. 9.
attraire, 10748.
auxihary verbs, 1 1 8, 230, 1 135, 1 1 93.
avant, 14730, i73io> 20537, 23573.
bastir, T. x. 18.
bee, 19345-
Beemoth, 4453.
'beg,' 5452.
bruisser, 7896.
biirette, 9281.
Caecilius Balbus, quoted as Seneca, 9565,
13695, 16633.
capitals, use of, 194.
Cato, 4704.
chalandre, 10707.
chalenge, 6315.
chaloir, 3367, 21676.
Chaucer illustrated, 41 17, 6434, 7825,
9148, 10526, 21241, 21369 fF., T. vii. I ff.
'Civile,' 15217.
come in the verse, 28, B. ii. 9.
concordance, 7475.
conditional, use of, 25, 1688.
conivreisoun, 8815.
conjecture, 3365.
conjunctions, position of, 415, B. xx. 2.
consecutive clauses, 217, 682.
creanee, B. xv. i.
cross, 18580.
' cross and pile,' 26133.
'daiamant,' B. xxxviii. I.
dame in the verse, 6733.
' Danger,' B. xii. 8.
date, indications of, 2142, 18829.
de, in apposition, 253.
deinzein, 14026.
demonstrative for article, 301.
deviser, 5031.
devoir, as auxiliary, 780, 1 193, 1 7041.
dont, 217, 1 1 466.
-6e, termination, 29390, B. xxxvii. 10.
elision, absence of, 12241, B. xxxiv. 18.
English forms of expression compared,
1135,2462, 2700, 13037, 17484, 27942,
28115.
'Eurice,' T. vii. 1 1.
fagolidros, 2749.
faire, as auxiliary, 1135 : cp. 3864.
fait a reprendre, &c., 1883.
false references, 1285, 1653, 1849, 3601,
6877, 7315, 9565, 10324, 10962, 12685,
13695, 14833, 16633, 16729, 19897,
21399, 23370.
friars, 21181, 21241 ff.
Fulgentius, 13309.
future tense, use of, 364, 1184,15266, B.x.7.
GaHce, 15336.
garde panee, 1903 1.
gerund for inf., 1848, 23638.
Gilbert, 171 13.
giroun, 4870.
Godfrey of Winchester, 7640.
Gower, D. i. 16.
' hedgerow knight,' 23726.
Helinand, 11404.
564
INDEX TO THE NOTES
hiatus, 12241, B. xxxiv. iS.
Hilarius, 27031.
hoopoe, 2893, 8869, T. xii. 19.
Horace quoted, 3801 : cp. 10948, 23370.
-ie termination, 296.
* incest,' 9085.
indie, for subj. 1180.
Innocent, 18783.
inversionsoforder,4l5, 15941,17996,27949.
ja, 13947-
jeu parti, 3240.
Juvenal quoted, 23370.
le meinz, le plus, &c., 2700.
lee (I ), 5179.
16e (2), 1 5821.
legende, 20700.
loisir, 93 1 1 .
lot, 6303.
love-days, 23683.
Macarius, 12565.
maisque, 261 12, 28110.
' Malapert,' 1684.
Marcial, 7640.
Martinmas beef, 7940.
Mayor of London, 26365.
meschine, 3727. /
metre, 296, 2742, 3116, 3160, 1456S, B.
xxvii. I.
St. Michael, 25607.
mire, 24290.
Montpelliers, gold of, 1944.
Natural History, views of, 10747.
nettle and rose, 3721.
' oon the beste,' 2462.
cratour, D. i. 15.
ore in verse, 37.
orine, 16539.
-oun termination, B. i. 16.
ove in verse, 4.
eve tout, 4.
* Paniphilus,' 10959, 14449-
papegai, B. xxxvi. 3.
parasi, 25569.
pareies, 101 17.
parentre deux, 16338.
par si qe, 3233.
Paul the Eremite, 27061.
Pavia, treasures of, 7319.
pearls, 108 13.
Pierre de Peccham quoted, 51.
pigas, 23393.
play on words, 19 501.
pluis, B. xxxix. 18.
' possessioners,' 9132.
pour, use of, 6328, 10639, 16955.
preposition combined with object of verb.
987, 5492.
pres. part. 12855.
pres. part, with auxiliary, 118, 230, 440.
pret. for perfect, 18797.
preu, 5216.
' Pseudo,' 21625.
Ptolemy's maxims, 12452.
que, 407.
que . . . plus, 1S589, B. vii. 24.
que sage, &c., 16700.
qui, use of, 1244.
quoy, du quoy, 15500.
relative omitted, 16955.
rhyme, 541, 1180, 2353, 10505, 11160,
12697, 14126, 20294, 21241.
'Salvatio Romae,' 14725.
sanctuary for debtors, 25S53.
schism in the Church referred to, 18S29.
second pers. sing, and pi. confused, 442,
25839.
sestier, S403.
si . . . noun, 6496.
Sidrac, 2509.
Simon, 18451,
sojour, 26130.
Solomon cited for Ecclesiasticus, 1317,
2509.
subj. for conditional, 23, 1776.
suppoer, 16924.
tags to fill up lines, 83, 139, 373, 28475.
'the less,' 'the more,' (S:c., 2700, 12347.
tiger-hunting, 1563.
tout with numerals, 1 1354.
Trajan, 22168.
tuns of sweet and bitter drink, T. xv. 10.
Ulysses (Uluxes), 16673.
verra, 18876.
'Vers de la Mort,' 11404.
Waddington, Will, of, 5205.
widow's marriage to the Church, 917 1.
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