THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES GIFT OF Hubert E. Blackburn Z' THE COMPLETE WORKS OF JOHN GOWER G. C. MAC A UL AY THE FRENCH WORKS HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK 5 € ;y^~ ■' .^ / ■"f "^'htl iJ'^M.ts lit r •^ \j^^ "liif!"^!- '^ Ltc^ ON o H o b a! M cu Oi IT) ro O c^ Q Q < « <: o THE COMPLETE WORKS OF JOHN GOWER EDITED FROM THE MANUSCRIPTS WITH INTRODUCTIONS, NOTES, AND GLOSSARIES BY G. C. MACAU LAY, MA. FORMERLY FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE THE FRENCH WORKS AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1899 Ojrforb PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HOKACE HART, M.A. PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY \ PR 1980 COS/.-^ PREFACE The publication of this book may most conveniently be explained by a short account of the circumstances which brought it about. While engaged some years ago in studying the Chaucer manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, I incidentally turned my attention also to those of the Confessio Avmntis. The unsatisfactory character of the existing editions of that poem was sufficiently well known, and it was generally recognized that the printed text could not safely be referred to by philologists, except so far as those small portions were concerned which happened to have been published from a good manuscript by Mr. A. J. Ellis in his Early English Pronunciation ; so that, in spite of the acknow- ledged importance of the book in the history of the development of standard literary English, it was practically useless for linguistic studies. I was struck by the excellence of the authorities for its text which existed at Oxford, and on further investigation I convinced myself that it was here that the much needed new edition could best be produced. Accordingly I submitted to the Delegates of the University Press a proposal to edit the Confessio Amantis, and this proposal they accepted on the condition that I would undertake to edit also the other works, chiefly in French and Latin, of the same author, expressly desiring that the Spccnhun Meditaniis, which I had lately identified vi PREFACE while searching the Cambridge libraries for copies of the Confessio Amafitis, should be included in the publication. To this condition I assented with some hesitation, which was due partly to my feeling that the English text was the only one really needed, and partly to doubts about my own competence to edit the French. Considering, however, the extent to which the writings of this author in various languages illustrate one another, the help which is to be derived from the French works in dealing with the Romance element in the English not only of Gowcr, but also of Chaucer and other writers of the time, and the clearer view of the literary position of the Confessio Amantis which is gained by approaching it from the French side, I am now disposed to think that the Delegates were right in desiring a complete edition ; and as for my own competence as an editor, I can only say that I have learnt much since I first undertook the work, and I have the satisfaction of knowing that I have avoided many errors into which I should once have fallen. For the faults that remain (I speak now of the contents of the present volume) I ask the indulgence of those who are more competent Romance scholars than myself, on the ground that it was clearly desirable under the cir- cumstances that the French and the English should have ,,the same editor. Moreover, I may fairly claim to have given faithful and intelligible texts, and if I have gone wrong in other respects, it has been chiefly because I have wished to carry out the principle of dealing with all difficulties fairly, rather than passing them over with- out notice. The English works will occupy the second and third volumes of this edition. From what has been said it will be understood that to publish a correct text of the CoJifcssio Amantis has been throughout the main object. For this the materials are so excellent, though hitherto almost completely neglected, that we may with some confidence claim that the work is now presented almost exactly as it left the hand of the author, and that a higher degree of PREFACE Vll security has been attained about the details of form and orthography than is possible (for example) in regard to any part of the writings of Chaucer. It is evident, if this be so, that the text must have a considerable value for students of Middle English, and none the less because it is here accompanied by a complete glossary. Besides this, the meaning of the text has been made clear, where necessary, by explanation and illustration, and above all by improved punctuation, and the sources of the stories and the literary connexions of the work generally have been traced as far as possible. In the edition of the Vox Clainajitis, which with the other Latin works will form the fourth volume of this edition, the most important new contribution, besides the account of the various manuscripts, is perhaps the view presented of the author's political development, as shown in the successive variations of the text. The historical references generally, both in this work and in the Cronic-a Tripertita, have been compared with the accounts given of the same events by other contemporary writers. This volume will also contain a statement of such facts as it is possible to gather with regard to the life of the author. To a great extent this edition breaks fresh ground, and there are unfortunately but few direct obligations to be acknowledged to former workers in precisely the same field. At the same time the very greatest help is afforded to the editor of Gower by the work that has been done upon Chaucer and other fourteenth-century writers both by societies and individuals, work for which in this country Dr. Furnivall and Professor Skeat, and on the Continent Professor ten Brink, are perhaps most largely responsible. Much of my work has been done in the Bodleian Library and with Bodleian manuscripts, and I should like to acknowledge the courtesy which I have always received there from the Librarian. My thanks are also due to the Librarians of those Colleges, both at Oxford and Cam- bridge, which possess Gower manuscripts, and to Dr. Young of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, for the trouble which viii PREFACE they have taken in giving me facilities for the use of their books, and especially to the Cambridge University Librarian, Mr. Jenkinson, for assistance of various kinds in connexion with the manuscript of the Mirotir de rOinme. I am obliged to the Provost and Fellows of Trinity College, Dublin, for the loan of their manuscript of the Vox Claviantis, and to several private owners, the Duke of Sutherland, the Marquess of Salisbury, the Marquess of Bute, the Earl of Ellesmere, Lord Middleton, and J. H. Gurney, Esq., for having allowed me to make use of their manuscripts. Finally, my thanks are due to the Delegates of the Oxford University Press for having undertaken the publication of a book which can hardly be very profitable, and for the consideration which they have shown for me in the course of my work. Oxford, 1899. CONTENTS 4* PAGE Introduction xi MiROUR DE L'OmME I CiNKANTE BALADES 335' TrAITI^ POUR ESSAMPLER LES AMANTZ MARIETZ . . 379 Notes 393 Glossary and Index of Proper Names .... 475 Index to the Notes 563 INTRODUCTION From a statement in Latin which is found in many of the Gower manuscripts, and undoubtedly proceeds from the author himself, we learn that the poet desired to rest his fame upons three principal works, the first in French, the second in Latin, and the third in English. These are the three volumes which, lying one upon another, form a pillow for the poet's eflfigy in the church of Saint Saviour, Southwark, where he was buried. They are known by the Latin names, Speculum Meditantis, Vox Clamantis, Co?ifessio Amaniis, but the first of the three has until recently been looked upon as lost. In addition there are minor poems in each of the three languages, among which are two series of French balades. It will be my duty afterwards to prove the identity of the Mirour de rOmme printed in this volume with our author's earliest principal work, commonly known as Speculum Meditatitis, but named originally Speculum Hominis ; in the mean time I shall ask leave to assume this as proved, in order that a general view may be taken of Gower's French writings before we proceed to the examination of each particular work. The Anglo-Norman ' literature, properly so called, can hardly ^ I prefer the term 'Anglo-Norman ' to ' Anglo-French,' partly because it is the established and well-understood name for the language in question, and partly for the reasons given in Paul's Grundriss der genii. Philologie, vol. i, p. 807. It must however be remembered that the term indicates not a dialect popularly spoken and with a true organic development, but xii INTRODUCTION be said to extend beyond the limits of the fourteenth century, and these therefore are among its latest productions. The interest of this hterature in itself and its importance with a view to the Romance element in the English language have been adequately recognized within recent years, though the number of literary texts printed is still too small. It is unnecessary therefore to do more here than to call attention to the special position occupied by the works published in this volume, and the interest attaching to them, first on their own merits, then on account of the period to which they belong and the author from whom they proceed, and lastly from the authenticity and correctness of the manuscripts which supply us with their text. As regards the work which occupies the greater part of the present volume, it would be absurd to claim for it a high degree of literary merit, but it is nevertheless a somewhat noticeable and interesting performance. The all-embracing extent of its design, involving a complete account not only of the moral nature of Man, but of the principles of God's dealings with the world and with the human race, is hardly less remarkable than the thoroughness with which the scheme is worked out in detail and the familiarity with the Scriptures which the writer constantly displays. He has a far larger conception of his subject as a whole than other authors of ' Specula ' or classifiers of Vices and Virtues which the age produced. Compare the Miroiir de VOvime with such works as the Speculum Vitae or the Manuel des Pechiez^ and we shall be struck not only with the greater unity of its plan, but also with its greater comprehensive- ness, while at the same time, notwithstanding its oppressive lengthiness, it has in general a flavour of literary style to which most other works of the same class can lay no claim. Though intended, like the rest, for edification, it does not aim at edification alone : by the side of the moralist there is occasionally visible also a poet. This was the work upon which Gower's reputation rested when Chaucer submitted Troilus to his judgement, and a courtly and literary form of speech, confined to the more educated class of society, and therefore especially liable to be influenced by continental French and to receive an influx of learned words taken directly from Latin. The name implies that in spite of such influences it retained to a great extent its individuality, and that its development was generally on the lines of the Norman speech from which it arose. INTRODUCTION xiii though he may have been indulging his sense of humour in making Gower one of the correctors of his version of that — ' geste De Troylus et de la belle Creseide,' which the moralist had thought only good enough for the indolent worshipper to dream of in church {Mir. 5253), yet the dedication must have been in part at least due to respect for the literary taste of the persons addressed. If however we must on the whole pronounce the literary value of the Specuhiin Afeditatitis to be small, the case is quite different with regard to the Ba/ades, that is to say, the collection of about fifty love-poems which is found in the Trentham manuscript. These will be discussed in detail later, and reasons will be given for assigning them to the later rather than to the earlier years of the poet's life. Here it is enough to say that they are for the most part remarkably good, better indeed than anything of their kind which was produced in England at that period, and superior in my opinion to the balades of Granson, ' flour of hem that make in France,' some of which Chaucer translated. But for the accident that they were written in French, this series of balades would have taken a very distinct place in the history of English hterature. The period to which the Speculum Meditantis belongs, about the beginning of the last quarter of the fourteenth century, is that in which the fusion of French and English elements from which the later language grew may be said to have been finally accomplished. Thanks to the careful work of English and German philologists in recent years, the process by which French words passed into the English language in the period from the beginning of the thirteenth to the end of the fourteenth century has been sufficiently traced, so far as regards the actual facts of their occurrence in English texts. Perhaps however the real nature of the process has not been set forth with suf- ficient clearness. It is true that before the end of the reign of Edward III the French element may be said to have been almost fully introduced into the vocabulary ; the materials lay ready for those writers, the Wycliffite translators of the Bible, Chaucer, and Gower himself, who were to give the stamp of their authority to the language which was to be the literary language of England. Nevertheless, French words were still French for these writers, xiv INTRODUCTION and not yet English ; the fact that the two languages were still used side by side, and that to every Englishman of literary culture the form of French which existed in England was as a second mother tongue, long preserved a French citizenship for the borrowed words. In the earlier part of this period they came in simply as aliens, and their meaning was explained when they were used, ' in desperatince, that is in unhope and in unbileave,' ' two ?fiafiere temptaciuns, two kunne vondunges ' ; and afterwards for long, even though they had been repeatedly employed by English writers, they were not necessarily regarded as English words, but when wanted they were usually borrowed again from the original source, and so had their phonetic development in French rather than in English. When therefore Anglo-Norman forms are to be cited for English etymology, it is evidently more reasonable that the philologist should look to the latter half of the fourteenth century and give the form in which the word finally passed into the literary language, than to the time of the first appearance of the word in English, under a form corresponding perhaps to the Anglo-Norman of the thirteenth century, but different from that which it assumed in the later Anglo-Norman, and thence in English. More precision in these citations is cer- tainly to be desired, even though the time be past when etymologists were content to refer us vaguely to 'Old French,' meaning usually the sixteenth-century French of Cotgrave, when the form really required was of the fourteenth century and Anglo-Norman. It is not unreasonable to lay down the rule that for words of Anglo-Norman origin which occur in the English literary language of the Chaucer period, illustration of forms and meanings must first be looked for in the Anglo- Norman texts of that period, since the standard writers, as we may call them, that is those who contributed most to fix the standard of the language, in using them had the Anglo- Norman of their own day before their minds and eyes rather than any of the obscure English books in various dialects, where the words in question may have been already used to supply the defects of a speech which had lost its literary elements. Moreover, theories as to the pronunciation of the English of Chaucer's day have been largely supported by reference to the supposed pronunciation of the French words imported into English and the manner in which they are used in rhyme. INTRODUCTION xv Evidently in this case the reference ought to be to the Anglo- Norman speech of this particular period, in the form in which it was used by those writers of English to whose texts we refer. But this is not all : beside the question of language there is one of literary history. At the beginning of the fourteenth century Anglo-Norman literature had sunk into a very degraded condition. Pierre de Peccham, William of Waddington, Pierre de Langtoft, and the authors of the Apocalypse and the Descente de Saint Paul make the very worst impression as versifiers upon their modern French critics, and it must be allowed that the condemnation is just. They have in fact lost their hold on all the principles of French verse, and their metres are merely \ English in a French dress. Moreover, the English metres which they resemble are those of the North rather than of the South. If we compare the octosyllables of the Manuel des Pechiez with those of the Prick of Conscience we shall see that their principle is essentially the same, that of half-lines with two accents each, irrespective of the number of unaccented syllables, though naturally in English the irregularity is more marked. The same may be said of Robert Grosseteste's verse a little earlier than this, e.g. ' Deu nus doint de li penser, De ky, par ki, en ki sunt Trestuz li biens ki al mund sunt, Deu le pere et deu le fiz Et deu le seint esperiz, Persones treis en trinite E un sul deu en unite, Sanz fin et sanz comencement,' &c. It cannot be proved that all the writers of French whom I have named were of the North, but it is certain that several of them were so, and it may well be that the French used in England was not really so uniform, ' univoca,' as it seemed to Higden, or at least that as the South of England had more metrical regularity in its English verse, witness the octosyllables of The Owl and the Nightingale in the thirteenth century, so also it retained more formal correctness in its French. However that may be, and whether it were by reason of direct continental influence or of the literary traditions of the South of England, it is certain that Gower represents a different school of versification from that of the writers whom we have mentioned, though he uses the same (or nearly the same) Anglo-Norman dialect, and writes xvi INTRODUCTION verse which, as we shall see, is quite distinguishable in rhythm from that of the Continent. Thus we perceive that by the side of that reformation of English verse which was effected chiefly by Chaucer, there is observable a return of Anglo-Norman verse to something of its former regularity, and this in the hands of the very man who has commonly been placed by the side of Chaucer as a leader of the new school of English poetry. In what follows I shall endeavour to indicate those points connected with versification and language which are suggested by a general view of Gower's French works. Details as to his management of particular metres are reserved for consideration in connexion with the works in which they occur. Gower's metre, as has already been observed, is extremely regular. He does not allow himself any of those grosser licences of suppression or addition of syllables which have been noticed in Anglo-Norman verse of the later period. Like William of Waddington, he apologizes for his style on the ground that he is an Englishman, but in his case the plea is very much less needed. His rhyming also, after allowance has been made for a few well-established Anglo-Norman peculiarities, may be said to be remarkably pure, more so in some respects than that of Frere Angier, for example, who wrote at least a century and a half earlier and was a decidedly good versifier. It is true that, like other Anglo-Norman writers, he takes liberties with the forms of words in flexion in order to meet the requirements of his rhyme, but these must be regarded as sins against grammar rather than against rhyme, and the French language in England had long been suffering decadence in this respect. Moreover, when we come to examine these vagaries, we shall find that they are by no means so wild in his case as they had been in that of some other writers, and that there is a good deal of method in the madness. The desired effect is attained principally by two very simple expedients. The first of these is a tolerably extensive disregard of gender, adjectives being often used indifferently in the masculine or the feminine form, according to convenience. Thus in the Balades ' we have ' chose humein ' xxiv. 3, but ' toule autre chose est veine ' xxxiii. 2, ' ma fortune ' The references to tlic Balades and Traiiii' are by stanza, unless other- wise indicated. LANGUAGE xvii est assi's^ ix. 5, 'la fortune est fai/t' xx. 3, 'corps humeine'' xiv. I, 'I'estee vienty?!?/-/' ii. i, ' I'estee he.dXflori'' xx. 2, but 'La cliere estee ' xxxii. 2, and the author says ' ce (ceo) lettre ' (ii. 4, iii. 4), or *■ ceste lettre' (xv. 4), according as it suits his metre. Similarly in the Miroiir 1. 92 ff., 'Siq'en apres de celle issue, Que de leur corps serroit estrait, Soit restore q'estoit perdue' See, for estraite, perdu^ 1. 587 hony for honie, 719 'la Char huniein^ 911 replenis for repkfiies, 1096 ' deinz son cuer maHdo7ise.' From the use of du, an by our author nothing must be inferred about gender, since they are employed indifferently for the masculine or feminine combination, as well as for the simple prepositions de, a ; and such forms as celestial, in Bal. Ded. i. i, cordial, enfernals, mortals, Mir. jij, ion, 1014, are perhaps reminiscences of the older usage, though the inflected feminine is also found. The question of the terminations e, ee will be dealt with separately. No doubt the feeling for gender had been to some extent worn away in England ; nevertheless the measure in which this affects our author's language is after all rather limited. A much more wide-reaching principle is that which has to do with the ' rule of i'.' The old system of French noun inflexion had already been considerably broken up on the Continent, and it would not have been surprising if in England it had altogether dis- appeared. In some respects however Anglo-Norman was rather conservative of old forms, and our author is not only acquainted with the rule, but often shows a preference for observing it, where it is a matter of indifference in other respects. Rhyme however must be the first consideration, and a great advantage is obtained by the systematic combination of the older and the newer rule. Thus the poet has it in his power either to use or to omit the s of inflexion in the nominatives singular and plural of masculine nouns, according as his rhymes may require, and a few examples will show what use he makes of this licence. In Bal. Dcd. i. 3 he describes himself as 'Vostre Gower, q'est trestout vos soubgitz,' but in rhyme with this the same form of inflexion stands for the plural subject, ' u sont les ditz floriz,' and in xxvi. i he gives us nearly the same expression, 'q'est tout vostre soubgit^ without * b xviii INTRODUCTION the inflexion. So in iv. 3 we have ' come tes loials amis ' (sing, nom.), but in the very same balade ' ton ajui serrai,' while in Trait, iii. 3 we have the further development of s in the oblique case of the singular, ' Loiale amie avoec loials amis! In Bal. xviii. I metiu is apparently fern. pi. for enemies, while avenu, rhyming with it, is nom. sing. masc. ; but so also are conuz, retenuz, venuz, in xxxix, while veeuz is sing, object., and in the phrase 'tout bien sont conteyiuz^ there is a combination of the uninflected with the inflected form in the plural of the subject. Similarly in the Mirour we have principals, desloyals, 11. 63, 70, as nom. sing., and so governals, desloyals 627, 630, but espirital 709, pri7icipal, E77iperial^ 961 ff., are forms used elsewhere for the same. Again as nom. sing, we have rejdiz 462, ruez, hononrez, 7nalnrez 544 ff., &:c., and as nom. plur. enamou7-e 17, reto7-7i'e 792, 7narie (f) loio, 7iee 1017, i7ialiire 1 1 28, /'/ 25064 ; but also ena7nour'e 220, prive 496, 77ie7ie 785, &c., as nom. singular, and perturbez, tiiez, 3639 ff., travaillez, abando7inez, 5130 ff., as nom. plural: 'ce (^\?,t ly sage' 1586, but * il est 7wunsages ' 1 754, and ' Zy sages dist ' 3925, ly soverein 76, but ly capiteins 4556, and so on. We also note occasionally forms like that cited above from the Traitic, where the s (or z) of the termination has no grammatical justification at all ; e.g. e7igi7iez 552, confondus 1904, 'fort et haltei7is^ (ot)j.) 13024, cp. offenduz, Bal. xxxix. 2, and cases where the rules which properly apply to masculine nouns only are extended to feminines, as in perdice (pi.) 7831, hii7/iilitcs, pites {smg.), 12499, 13902. Besides these two principal helps to rhyme the later Anglo- Norman versifier might occasionally fall back upon others. In so artificial a language as that in which he wrote, evidently the older forms of inflexion might easily be kept up for literary purposes in verbs also, and used side by side with the later. Thus in the ist pers. pi. of the present tense we find lison {lisotm) repeatedly in rhyme, and occasionally other similar forms, as soioTi 18480. The I St pers. sing, of the present tense of several strong verbs is inflected with or without .$• at pleasure : thus from dire we have di, dy, as well as dis; /aire gives /nai, suppli. In the third person singular of LANGUAGE xix the preterite of / verbs there is a variation in the ending between -it {-ist) and -/ (-_>'). Thus in one series of rhymes we have nasquit, s'esjdit (in rhyme with dit, &c.), 268 ff., in another s'esj'o}', ckery, servi (in rhyme with y), 427 ff.; in one stanza fiiyt, partist, 11416 ff., and in the next respondt, 11429; so chdit {chdist) and chay, obe'it and obe'i, &c. It may be doubted also whether such words as testnoignal, surquidance, presumement, bestial (as subst.), reiinquir, &c., owe their existence to any better cause than the requirements of rhyme or metre. In introducing e?it, 11471, for the usual en the poet has antiquity on his side : on the other hand when he writes a repeatedly in rhyme for the Anglo-Norman ad (which, except in these cases, is regularly used) he is no doubt looking towards the ' French of Paris,' which naturally tended to impose itself on the English writers of French in the fourteenth century. By the same rule he can say either houre or heure, flour or fleur, crestre or croistre, crere or croire ; but on the whole it is rather surprising how little his language seems to have been affected by this influence. The later Anglo-Norman treatment of the terminations -e and -ee in past participles and in verbal substantives would seem to demand notice chiefly in connexion with rhyme and metre, but it is really a question of phonology. The two terminations, as is well known, became identified before the beginning of the fourteenth century, and it is needless to quote examples to show that in Gower's metre and rhymes -ee was equivalent to -e. The result of this phonetic change, consisting in the absorption of the atonic vowel by the similar tonic which immediately preceded it, was that -e and -ee were written indiscriminately in almost all words with this ending, and that the distinction between the masculine and feminine forms was lost completely in pronuncia- tion and to a very great extent also in writing. For example in Mir. 865 ff. we have rhyming together degre^ nw7ite (fem.), inue, descoloure (fem.), enbroude, poudre (fem. plur.) ; in 1705 ff. there is a series of rhymes in -ee, bealpinee, engaiopee, asseinblee, ascoultee (pi.), malsenee, doublee, all masculine except the substan- tive assemblee; and in other stanzas the endings are mixed up anyhow, so that we have ais?iee, ttialure, 244 f., both feminine, me7ie, heritce, 922 f., the first feminine and the second masculine, ymaginee, adrescce, Bal. \'\, both masculine. In all Gower's b 2 XX INTRODUCTION French verse I can recall only three or four instances where an atonic final e of this kind is counted in the metre : these are a lee chtere, ove lee {liee) Mere, du lee port^, Mir. 5179, 155 18, I 7122, 28337, and Et ta pensee celesiine 29390. In the last the author perhaps wrote pe?iseie, as in 14404, since the condition under which the sound of this -e survived in Anglo-Norman was usually through the introduction of a parasitic /-sound, which acted as a barrier to prevent the absorption of the final vowel '^ So Mir. 10117 we have a ^Nord pareies, in rhyme with the substantives pareies (walls), veies, tScc, which I take to be for partes, fem. plur. of the participle, and in the same stanza journeies, a modification oi jour7i'ees : cp. valeie, jounieie, in Middle English. I proceed to note such further points of the Phonology as seem to be of interest. i. French e, ie, from Lat. a, e, in tonic syllables. The French diphthong ie, from Lat. a under the influence of preceding sound and from e, was gradually reduced in Anglo- Norman to e (i. e. close e). Thus, while in the earliest writers ie is usually distinguished in rhyme from e, those of the thirteenth century no longer keep them apart. In the Vie de S. Aiibati and the writings of Frere Angier the distinction between verbs in -er and those in -ier has been, at least to a great extent, lost : infinitives and participles, &c., such as enseign{i)er, l>ris{t)er, eshauc{i)er, mang{i)er, jug{i)e, less{i)e, dresc{i)e, sach{i)ez, and sulTStantives siflch as cong[i)e, pecchj)e, rhyme with those which have the (French) termination, -er, -e, -ez. At the same time the noun termination -ier comes to be frequently written -er, as in aumosner, chevaler, dener, sectiler, &c. (beside aumosnier, chevalier, denier, seculier), and words which had ie in the stem were often written with e, as bref, chef, cher, pere (petram), se, though the other forms brief, chief, chier, piere, sie, still continued to be used as alternatives in spelling ''. It is certain that in the fourteenth century no practical distinction was made between ' But the same word in other connexions is a monosyllable, as q'ils lees en soiont 28132, and rhymes with magestc, degre, &c., 27575, 28093, 28199. - We have in Mir. 61 15 Oscc dist en prophecie, and so too Osee iroi8, Judee 2oo6-], and G(*///rt' 29239, but Galilee in rh3'me with ni rove 28-^^8']. ■* Cp. Romania, xii. 194. I am much indebted to M. Paul Meyer's notes on the yie de S. Gregoire, as well as to his other writings. PHONOLOGY xxi the two classes of verbs that have been indicated : whether written -ier, -it, -tez, or -er, -e, -ez, the verbal endings of which we have spoken rhymed freely with one another and with the similar parts of all verbs of the first conjugation, and the infini- tives and past participles of all first-conjugation verbs rhymed with substantives ending in \i)er, -{^)^, -^ : thus pecchc, enamoure, cof?imence, bestialite, Alir. i6 ff., resemble, charge, saintete, 1349, coroiicie, piee, degre, 5341, are good sets of rhymes, and so also are de liter, seculer, plenier, 27 ff., coroucer, par Ier, mestier, seculier, considerer, 649 ff., and leger, archer, amender, comparer, 2833 ff. The case is the same with words which have the original (French) ie in the stem, but notwithstanding the fact that the diphthong sound must have disappeared, the traditional spelling ie held its ground by the side of the other, and even extended itself to some words which had never had the diphthong sound at all. Thus in the fourteenth century, and noticeably in Gower's works, we meet with such forms as clier, clief, mier (mare), miere (matrem), piere (patrem), pier (parem), prophiete, tiel, &c., beside the normal forms cler, clef, mer, mere, &c. This pheno- menon, which has caused some difficulty, is to be accounted for by the supposition that ie, having lost its value as a diphthong, came to be regarded as a traditional symbol in many cases for long closed e, and such words as rhymed on this sound were apt to become assimilated in spelling with those that originally had ie and partly preserved it ; thus tel in rhyme with del, Jiel, might easily come to be written tiel, as Mir. 6685 ; clere, pere, rhyming with maniere, adversiere, &c., might be written cliere, piere, as in Mir. 193 ff., merely for the sake of uniformity, and similarly tie/ when in rhyme with ch{i)ef, relief, iscc, sometimes might take the form nief; and finally these spellings might become established independently, at least as alternatives, so that it was indifferent whether labourer, seculer, bier, or labourier, sectilier, ber, stood as a rhyme sequence, whether clere, appere was written or cliere, appiere. It may be noted that pere, mere, frere, belonged to this class and were rhymed with e. They are absolutely separated in rhyme from terre, guerre, enquere, affere, confrere, &c. The adjective ending -el rhymes with -iel and often appears as -iel: so in 3733 ff. we have the rhymes mortiel, Michel, fraternel, viel, in 6685 ff., desnaturel, del, fiel, espiritiel, and in 14547 ff. celestiel, mortiel, del, te7nporiel, &c. Questions have been raised about the quality of the e in this termination xxii INTRODUCTION generally \ but the evidence here is decidedly in favour of e, and the rhymes bel, apell, flaiell^ are kept apart from this class. It must be observed however that fel (adj.), spelt also feel, appears in both classes, 4773, 5052, The variation -al, which, as might be expected, is extremely common, is of course from Latin and gives no evidence as to the sound of -el, from which it is quite separate in rhyme. Before a nasal in verbs like vietit, tie?it, ie is regularly retained in writing, and these words and their com- pounds rhyme among one another and with crietit, ghient, 7iietif, fient, &c. Naturally they are separated from the / of aprent, coj/i- jnencement, sagement, &:c. The forms den, tnen, re?i, which occur for example in the Vie de S. Grcgoire for bien, iiiiefi, rien, are not found in Gower. Finally it may be noticed that beside fiere, appiere, compiere, ixo\y\ ferir, apparer, d'C, we Yi'A.yo.fere, appere, compere, which in rhyme are as absolutely separated from fere (= faire), terre, reqiiere (inf.), as fieri, piert, quiert, &c., are from apert, overt, pert. More will have to be said on the subject of this ie when we are confronted with Gower's use of it in English. ii. French ai in tonic syllables. (rt) ai before a nasal was in Anglo-Norman writing very com- monly represented by ei. This is merely a question of spelling apparently, the sound designated being the same in either case. Our author (or his scribe) had a certain preference for uniformity of appearance in each set of rhymes. Thus he gives us first solein, plein, soverein, certein, itiein, Evein, in Alir. 73 ff., then vaiti, grain, main, gain, pain, vilain, 2199 ff. ; or again haltaines, paines, acompaines, cotnpaines, restraines, certaities, 603 ff., but peine, cofistreine, vileine, peine (verb), aleitie, procheine, 2029 ff. Some- times however the two forms of spelling are intermixed, as vein, pain, main, &c., 16467 ff., or meine, humeine, capitaine, 759 ff. Some of the words in the ai series, as pain, gain, compaine, are spelt with ai only, but there are rhyme-sequences in -ain without any of these words included, as 6591 ff., main, prochain, vilain, certain, vain, sain ; also words with original French ei, such as peine, constrcine, restreines, enseigne, plein (plenus), veine ' See Sturmfels in Aiiglia, viii. 220, and Behrens, Fram. Siudicn, v. 84. I take this opportunity of saying that I am indebted both to the former's Altftauz. Vokniisinus iiii Miitcliiiglisclicn and to the latter's Bcitrage sur Geschiclite der fransiisischen Spraclie in England. PHONOLOGY xxiii (vena), meinz (minus), atteins, feinte, exteinte, enter into the same class. Thus we must conclude that before a nasal these two diphthongs were completely confused. It must be noted that the liquid sound of the nasal in such words as enseigne, plaigne, had been completely lost, but the letter g with which it was associated in French continued to be very generally written, and by the influence of these words g was often introduced without justification into others. Thus we have the rhymes ordeigne, meine, semeigne {=■ semaine), desdeigne, peine, 2318 ff . ; peigne (^=. peme\ compkigne, pleine, meine, /la/feigfie, atteigne, in Bal. iii ; while in gciign, bargaign, rhyming with grain, prochain, &:c., g is omitted at pleasure. Evidently in the Anglo-Norman of this period it had no phonetic value, {b) When not before a nasal, ai and ei do not interchange freely in this manner. Before /, //, it is true, ei has a tendency to become ai, as in conseil consail (also consal), consei l)ler consail{l)er, merveille mervaille ; also we have contrefeite, souffreite, 6305 ff., eie for aie {avoir), eir for air 13867, gleyve 14072, ineistre 24714, eide (eyde) for aide in the rubric headings, /«/ {palois) for palais, and vois (representing veis) sometimes for vais (vado); also in ante-tonic syllables, cheitif, eiant, eysil, leiter, ineisoiai, meistrie, oreisoun, peisible, pleisir, seisine, venei- soim, beside chaitif, allaiter, viaisoiin, maistrie, paisible, plaisir, saisine. This change is much less frequent, especially in tonic syllables, than in some earlier texts, e.g. the Vie de S. Gri'goire. The Anglo-Norman reduction of the diphthong ai and some- times ei to e, especially before r and s, still subsists in certain words, though the Continental French spelling is found by its side. Thus we have fere, affere, forsfere, mesfere, plere, trere, attrere, retrere, tere, debonere, confrere, rhyming with terre, guerre, quer{r)e, &c. ; also mestre, nestre, pestre, rhyming with esire, prestre ; and pes, fes (fascem), fetz, mes, janwies, reles{s), in rhyme with ades, pres, apres, deces{s), Mcyses, dess, mess, coftfess. (This series of rhymes, which has §, is of course kept distinct from that which includes the terminations -es [-ez) in participles, «Sz;c., and such words as ees, dees, lees, prees, asses, malfes, &c., which all have e.) We find also ese (with the alternative forms aese, ease, as well as aise), frel, ele, megre, plee {p/ai, plait), trete, vinegre, and in ante-tonic syllables appeser, enchesoun. xxiv INTRODUCTION fesance, fefure, lesser, mesoun, mestrie, phesant, pleder, pksance, plesir, sesoun, tresoun, treter. In the case of many of these words the form with ai is also used by our author, but the two modes of speUing are kept apart in rhymes (except 1. 18349 ff., where we have tere, terre, a(/uerre,faire, viesfaire), so that affere, nttrere, rhyme with terre, but affaire, attraire, with haire, esdaire, adversaire, and, wiiile jammes is Hnked with apres, ades, pes, we find jammais written when the rhyme is with cssais, lais, paix. This may be only due to the desire for uniformity in spelling, but there is some reason to think that it indicates in these words an alternative pronunciation. It is to be observed that on the neutral ground of e some words with original ei meet those of which we have been speaking, in which ai was reduced to e in rather early Anglo- Norman times. Thus we have (rr^ri? rhyming with terre, affere, &c. ; crestre, acrestre, descrestre, with estre, nestre ; and encres, descres, inalves, with apres, pes. These forms, which have descended to our author from his predecessors, are used by him side by side with the (later) French forms croire, croistre, acroistre, descroistre, encrois, descrois, and these alternative forms must undoubtedly be separated from the others in sound as well as in spelling. This being so, it is not unreasonable to suppose that the case was the same with the ai words, and that in adopting the Continental French forms side by side with the others the writer was bringing in also the French diphthong sound, retaining however the traditional Anglo-Norman pro- nunciation in both these classes of words where it happened to be more convenient or to suit his taste better. {c) The French terminations -aire and -oire, from I^at. -arius, oria, -orius, are employed by Gower both in his French and f^nglish works in their Continental forms, the older Anglo- Norman -arie, -orie, which passed into English, being hardly found in his writings. The following are some of the words in (luestion, most of which occur in the Confessio Aniantis in the same form : adversaire, contraire {contrere), doaire, essatnplaire, lettuaire, necessaire, saintuaire ; consistoire, Gregoire, histoire, memoire, purgatoirc, vidoire. ^Ve have however ex- ceptionally rectorie 16 136, accented to rhyme with simotiye, and also (from Tat. -eriuni) misterie (by the side of misteire) accented on the ante-penultimate. PHONOLOGY XXV iii. French ei not before a nasal. This diphthong, which appears usually as ei in the Anglo- Norman texts of the thirteenth century, is here regularly repre- sented by oi and levelled, as in the French of the Continent, with original French oi. In its relations to c and ai it has already been spoken of; at present we merely note that the later French form is adopted by our author with some few exceptions both in stems and flexion. Isolated exceptions are deis (debes) for dois^ heir by the side of hoir., lampreie, vialveis (also j?ialvois, i?ia/ves), teiile, and vei (vide) from veoir\ also in verbs of the -ceivre class and in derivatives from them it is often retained, as resceivre (but recoit, rescoivre), receipte, coiiceipt (also con(oii), conceive, deceite, &:c. Under the influence of rhyme we have in 6301 ff. espleiie, esfreite, coveite, rhyiping with deceite, contrefeite, soiiffreite, and 10117 ^. pareies (parietes), veies,_preies, moneies rhyming with pareies dind. Journeies {{or paries, journees) ; but elsewhere the forms are exploite, estroite, covoite, voie, proie, monoie, and, in general, Anglo-Norman forms such as 7nei, rei, fei, freis, Engleis, have disappeared before the' French nioi, roi,foy, trois, Sic. The terminations of infinitives in -cir have become -oir, except where the form has been reduced to that of the first conjugation ; and those of imperfects and conditionals (imperfects reduced all to one form) have regularly oi instead of ei. There is no intermixture of ei and oi inflexions, such as we find in Angier, in the Fie de S. Aubari, and in Bozon. In a few isolated instances we have ai for this oi of inflexion, ^s poait in Mir. 795, solait 10605 ^c. (which last seems to be sometimes present rather than imperf.), and volait 13763. Also occasionally in other cases, as curtais, 5568, in rhyme with mais, mesfais, &c., elsewhere curtois, array, 18964, rhyming with nay, essay, usually array, and desplaie, manaie, Bal. xxvii. 2, elsewhere desploie, matioie. There is however nothing like that wholesale use of ai for ei {oi) which is especially characteristic of Langtoft, who besides the inflexion in -ait has (for example) may, cray, ray, for inoi, croy, roi. In ante- tonic syllables we may note the ei of beneicoiin, freidiire, leisir (usually loisir), Maiveisie, peitrine (also poitritie), veisin (beside voisin), veisdye, &:c., and ai in arraier, braier. iv. The diphthong oe (i/e) is written in a good many words, xxvi INTRODUCTION but it may be doubted whether it had really the pronunciation of a diphthong. The following list contains most of the words in which it is found in the tonic syllable : avoec, boef, coecs (coquus), coer, controeve, demoert, doe/, joefne, vioeble, mod, moet f/ioeve (from viovoir), inoers ??ioert moerge (from fnorir), noeces, noef, noet, oef, oel, oeps, oevre, poeple, poes poet, proesme, soe, soeffre, soen, troeffe, troeve, voegle, voes (also voe/s), voet (also voeit). In the case of many of these there are variations of form to 0, u, ue, or ui ; thus we have ciier (the usual form in the Mirour), controve, jqfne, noces, owes (dissyll. as plur. of oef, also oefs, oes), ovre, pueple, pus {2i\so puiss), puet {also poot\ prosme, sue, truffe, trove, volt, and (before an original guttural) nuit, oill (oculum). Two of these words, cuer and oel, occur in rhyme, and they both rhyme with e : mortiel, oel, fraternel, ^'^t'/, 3733 ff., and cuer, cu?-er, pritner, 131 29 ff., by which it would appear that in them at least the diphthong sound had been lost : cp. suef in rhyme with chief, relief, Bal. l. 2 . The same rhyming of cuer {quer) occurs in the Vie de S. Auba7i, in Langtoft and in Bozon (see M. Meyer's introduction to Bozon's Co?ttes Moralizes), ^^'ith avoec we also find aveoc and avec, veot occurs once for voet, and illeoc, illeoqueis), are the forms used from Lat. illuc. V. French q [eu, ou) from Latin (not before nasal). The only cases that I propose to speak of here are the terminations of substantives and adjectives corresponding to the Latin -orem, -osus, or in imitation of these forms. Our author has here regularly ou ; there is hardly a trace of the older forms in -or, -ur, and -os, -us, and surprisingly few accommodated to the Continental -etir and -eus. The following are most of the words of this class which occur with the -eur, -eus, endings : pescheur (piscatorem),_/?(?z/r, greigneur, honeur, meilleur, seigneur (usually flour, greignour, honour, meillour, seignour) ; boscheus, honteus (usually hontous), joyeuse (fem.) but joyous (masc), oiceus (oiseus), perceus, piteus (more often pilous). We have also blasphemus, 2450, which may be meant for blasphemous, and prodegus, 8425 ff., which is perhaps merely the Latin word ' prodigus.' Otherwise the terminations are regularly -our, -ous, except where words in -our vary to -ure, as chalure, for the sake of rhyme. The following arc some of them, and it will be seen that those which passed into PHONOLOGY xxvii the literary English of the fourteenth century for the most part appeared there with the same forms of spelling as they have here. Indeed not a few, especially of the -ous class, have con- tinued unchanged down to the present day. In -our : ardour, blanchoiir, brocour, chalour (also chaiiire), colour, combatour, confessour, conquerour, correctoiir, curroiu; desirour, despisoiir, devorour, dolour, emperour (also empereour, emperere), executour, favour, gouvernour, guerreiour, hisdour, honour, irrour, labour, langoiir, lecchour (also lecchier), liquour, mockeour, palour, pastour, persecutour, portour, possessour, pour- chafour (also potirchacier), priour, procurour (also procurier), professour, proverbiour {-ier, -er), questour {-I'er), rancour, robbeour, seignour, senatour, supplantour, terrour, tricheoiir, valour, ven{e)our, venqueour, vigour, visitour. In -ous : amorous, averous, bataillous, bounfevous, busoignous, chivalerous, cotitagious, coragojis, corou^ous, covoitous, da?igerous, despitous, dolourous, enginous, envious, famous, fructuous, glorious, gracious, grevous, irrous. Joyous, laborious, kccherous, litigious, maleticolious, merdous, merveillous, orguillous, perilous, pilous, precious, presumptuous, ruinous, solicitous, tricherous, vetii/nous, vergondous, vertuous, vicious, victorious, viscous. vi. French o before nasal, Latin o, o, u. [a) Except where it is final, 07t usually remains, whether followed by a dental or not. The tendency towards ou, which produced the modern English amoufit, account, abound, profound, announce, &c., is here very slightly visible. Once blounde occurs, in rhyme with monde, coitfonde, &c., and we have also rounge 2886 (runge 3450) and sounge 5604 (also ronge, songe), and in ante- tonic syllables bounte, bonntevous, nouncier (also noncier), plunger (also plonger), sounger, and words compounded with noun, as nounsage, nouncerteiti, &c. On the other hand seconde, faconde, monde, abonde, rebonde, responde, 120 iff., monde (adj.), bonde, redonde, 4048 ff., surofide, confonde, 8199 ff., fnonde, onde, confonde, 10838 ff., amonte, hoJite, accompte, conte, surmonte, demonte, 1 501 ft The -Glint termination in verbal inflexion, which is common in Bozon, ount, sount, fou7it, dirrount, &c., is not found here except in the Table of Contents. {b) When a word ends with the nasal, -on is usually developed into -oun. In Gower's French a large proportion of the words with this ending have both forms (assuming always that the abbrevia- xxviii INTRODUCTION tion -oh is to be read -oun, a point which will be discussed here- after), but -oun is the more usual, especially perhaps in rhyme. The older Anglo-Norman -un has completely disappeared. Words in -oun and -on rhyme freely with one another, but the tendency is towards uniformity, and at the same time there is apparently no rhyme sequence on the ending -on alone. The words with which we have to deal are, first, that large class of common substantives with terminations from Lat. -onem ; secondly, a few outlandish proper names, e.g. Salomon, Simon, Pharaon, Figmalion, with which we may class occasional verbal inflexions as lison, soion ; and, thirdly, a certain number of other words, chiefly mono- syllables, as bo(ti)n, doun, mo{ii)n, 7io{u)n, { = non\ noun {=znom), reboun, renoun, so[u)n (pron.\ so7ifi (subst.), fo{i/)n, also respoitn (imperative). In the first and third class -oun is decidedly preferred, but in the second we regularly find -on, and it is chiefly when words of this class occur in the rhyme that variations in the others are found in this position. Thus 1. 409 i{. we have the rhymes 7102m, temptacioun, soun, resoun, baroun, garisoun ; 689 ff". contemplacioun, tribulacioun, temptacioun, colla- cioun, delectacioun, elacioun; so also in 1525 ff., and even when Salomon comes in at 11. 1597 and 1669, all the other rhymes of these stanzas arc -oun : presumpcioun, respoun, resoun, ?ioun, doun, &c. At 2401 however we have maison, noun, contradiccioun, lison; 2787 Salomon, lefon, enchesoun, resoun; 4069 noun, teiifon, compaignoun, felouti, Catoun, confessioun ; and similarly ya/'<7« 6108, religion (with lison) 7922, lison, lion, giroun, enviroun, lecon, noun, 16801 ff. (yet lisoun is also found, 24526). On the whole, so far as the rhymes of the Mirour are concerned, the conclusion must be that the uniformity is broken chiefly by the influence of those words which have been noted as written always, or almost always, with -on. In the Balades and Traitie, however, the two termina- tions are more equally balanced ; for example in Bal. xxxv we find convocacion, compaignofi, comparison, regioun, noun, supplica- cion, eleccion, condicioun. Sec, without any word of the class referred to, and Traitie xii has four rhymes in -on against two in -oun. On the whole I am disposed to think that it is merely a question of spelling, and it must be remembered that in the MSS. -oun is very rarely written out in full, so that the difference between the two forms is very slight even in appearance. vii. The Central-French u was apparently identified in sound PHONOLOGY xxix with eUy and in some cases not distinguished from tii. The evidence of rhymes seems quite clear and consistent on this point. Such sequences as the following occur repeatedly : abatii, ponrveji^ decu, lieu, perdu , sahi, 315 ff.; tmis, perduz, Hebrus, tis, Jus, condus, 1657 ff. ; hebreu, fern, eeu, tetm, tieveu, rendu, 4933 ff. ; plus, lieus, perdus, conguz, huiss, truis, 6723 ff.; fu, In (for lieu\ offendu, dieu, in Bal. xviii ; and with the ending -ure,-eure: demeure, Veiire, nahire, verdure, desseure, mesure, 937 ff.: painture, demesure, aventure, jure, hure, cotitroveure, 1947 ff, &c. This being so, we cannot be surprised at such forms as hebrit for hebreu, lit for lieu, fu for feu, hure, demure, plure, for the Continental French heure, de?tieure, pleure, or at the substitutions of u for ui, or ui for u {eu), in aparcut apar^uit, huiss huss,pluspluis, pertuis pertus, puiss pus, construire construre, destruire destrure, estruis estrus, truis trieus. As regards the latter changes we may compare the various spellings oi fruit, bruit, suit, eschuie, suie\ in Middle English. It should be mentioned however that luy rhymes regularly with -/ {-y), as chery, servi, dy. In some cases also ui interchanges with oi, as in buiste beside boiste, en- puisontier beside poisoun. This is often found in early Anglo- Norman and is exemplified in M.E. buyle boyle, fuysoun foysoun, destroye destruien. On this change and on that between ui and u in Anglo-Norman see Koschwitz on the Voyage de Charle- fjiagne, pp. 39, 40. viii. aun occurs occasionally for an final or before a consonant e.g. in aun (annum) Mir. 6621, Bal. xxiii. 2,saunte{e) Mir. 2522, Ded. ii. 5, &c., domineer 17610, paunce 8542, fiautice, sufficaunce, Bal. iv, govertiaunce, fraunchise, fraunchement, in the Table of Contents; but much more usually not, as Alisandre, an (1932), avant, dance (1697), danger, dajiter, France, change, fiance {Bal. xiii. &:c.), lance, lande, pance (5522 &c.), sergant, sujficance (1738 &c.), vante, and in general the words in -atice. ix. Contraction or suppression of atonic vowels takes place in certain cases besides that of the termination -ee, which has already been discussed. (a) When atonic e and another vowel or diphthong come together in a word they are usually contracted, as in asseurer, cotmneu, eust, receu, veu (2387), vir (for veir), Beemoth, beneure, ^ Those who quote escliiue, sine, as from Gower, e. g. Sturmfels, in AngUa, ix, are misled by Ellis. XXX INTRODUCTION betwit, deesce, eviperoiir, 7tiirour, obeissance, raticon, sear, Szc, but in many instances contraction does not take place, as c/ieeii, ecu, veeii, veir, veoir, emfiercoiir (23624), kesce, ftiireour (23551), tricheour, veiiqiieoi/r, iiieement, ^c. (b) In some words with -te termination the accent falls on the antepenultimate, and the i which follows the tonic syllable is regularly slurred in the metre and sometimes not written. Such words are accidie, coiitumelie, fajuilie, misterie, perjiirie, pluvie, remedie, vittiperie, and occasionally a verb, as encordie. The following are examples of their metrical treatment : — ' Des qiieux run Vituperie ad noun,' 2967 ; ' Et sa familie et sa maisoun,' 3916 ; ' Car pluvie doit le vent suir,' 4182 ; ' Maint contumelie irrous attaint, ' 4312 ; ' Perjurie, q'ad sa foy perdu,' 6409 ; ' Qui pour mes biens m'encordie et lie,' 6958, &c. Several of these words are also written with the ending -e for -ie, as accide, faf?iile, encorde. Such words are similarly treated in Gower's English lines, e.g. ' And ek the god Mercuric also ' [Conf. Am. i. 422) ; cp. Chaucer's usual treatment of words like vidorie, g/orie, which are not used in that form by Gower. {c) In come [comme), sicome, and ove the final e never counts as a syllable in the metre. They are sometimes written com and oji. In another word, ore, the syllable is often slurred, as in Alir. 37, 1775, 3897, &c., but sometimes sounded, as 4737, 11377, Bal. xxviii. I. So perhaps also dame in Mir. 6733, 13514, 16579, and Bal. ii. 3, xix. 3, xx. 2, &C. X. The insertion of a parasitic e in connexion with r, and especially between v and r, is a recognized feature of the Anglo-Norman dialect. Examples of this in our texts are avera, devera, saveroit, coverir, deliverer, overir, vivere, livere, oevere, overage, fovere, yvere, &c. As a rule this e is not sounded as a syllable in the metre, and in most of these words there is an alternative spelling, e.g. avra, savra, corrir, delivi-er, ovrir, vivre, oevre, &c., but it is not necessary to reduce them to this wherever the e is mute. Les usually the syllable counts in the verse, e.g. overaigne in Mir. ^f^^'ji, overage 8914, cnyverer 16448, avera 18532, deveroit, beveroit in 20702 ff. viverai, vivera in Bal. iv.* i, Mir. 3879, descoverir in Bal. ix. i. PHONOLOGY xxxi xi. About the consonants not much need be said. (a) Initial c before a varies in some words with c/i, as caccher, caitiff ca7nele, caf?ij>, carboun, caste/l, cafeU, by the side of chacer, chaifif, chameal, champ, charbomi, chaste/, chateaux; cp. acater, achater. Before e, t, we find som*etimes an interchange of ^ and s, as in ce for se in Mir. 1 147, Bal. xviii. 3 ; c'i/ for s'il in Mir. 799 &c.; and, on the other hand, sent for cent in BaL \\\. 2, si for ci in the title of the Cinkante Balades, siliox cilm Bal. xlii. 3, sercheriox cercher in Mir. 712 &c., also s for sc in septre, sintilk, and sc for s in scilence. {/>) We find often ^ant, qe, qelle, qanqe, &c., for quatit, que, Sec, and, on the other hand, the spelling quar for the more usual car. In words like gtmign, guaire, guaite, guaratit, guarde, guarir, guaster, u is very frequently omitted before a, also occasionally before other vowels, as gik, 2 1 394, for guik : w is used in warder, reivarder, way. (c) The doubling of single consonants, especially /, m, n, p, s, is frequent and seems to have no phonetic significance. Especially it is to be observed that ss for s at the end of a word makes no difference to the quantity or quality of the syllable, thus, whether the word be deces or decess, reles or reless, engres or engress, bas or bass, las or lass, huiss or huis, the pronunciation and the rhyme are the same. The final s was sounded in both cases, and not more when double than when single. The doubling of r in futures and conditionals, as serray, dirray, &c., belongs to the Norman dialect. {d) The final s of inflexion is regularly replaced by z after a dental, as courtz, desfaitz, ditz, excellentz, fitz, fortz, regentz, seintz, and frequently in past participles of verbs (where there is an original dental), as perturbez, enfanteez, rejdiz, perduz ; but also elsewhere, especially with the termination -able, as refusablez, delitablez, in rhyme with acceptables. Sometimes however a dental drops out before s, as in apcrs, desfais, dis, dolens, presens. In all these cases however the difference is one of spelling only. (e) Lastly, notice may be directed to the mute consonants either surviving in phonetic change or introduced into the spelling in imitation of the Latin form. The fourteenth century was a time when French writers and copyists were especially prone to the vice of etymological spelling, and many forms both in French and English which have been supposed to be of later date may be traced to this period. I shall point out some instances, etymological and other, most of which occur in rhyme. xxxii INTRODUCTION Thus b is mute in doiibte (also doute) rhyming with boute, and also in debte beside dette, soubdeinefnent beside soudeinefnent, &c. : / in temps, accompte, corps, hanaps, descript, rhyming with senSy honie, tors, pas, dit, and in deceipte beside deceite; d before s in ribalds rhyming with vassals ; t before z in such words as fortz, courtz, certz, overtz, fitz, dttz, aletz, decretz, rhyming with tors, destours, vers, envers, sis, dignites, ees ; s in such forms as dist, promist, quidasmes, &c., in rhyme with esjdit, espirit, dames ; possil)ly however the 3 pers. sing. pret. of these verbs had an alternative pronunciation in which s was sounded, for they several times occur in rhyme with Crist, and then are always written -ist, whereas at other times they vary this freely with -/'/. g in words like baraign, pleigne, soveraigne, rhyming with gain, peine ; c before s in clercs (also clers) rhyming with vers ; I in almcs, ascoulte, moult, which rhyme with fames, route, trestout. and in oultrage, estoicltie, beside outrage, estoutie. On the other hand v is sounded in the occasional form escrivre, the word being rhymed with vivre, in Mir. 6480. As regards the Vocabulary, I propose to note a few points which are of interest with reference chiefly to English Etymology, and for the rest the reader is referred to the Glossary. A certain number of words will be found, in addition to those already cited in the remarks on Phonology, § v, which appear in the French of our texts precisely as they stand in modern English, e. g. able, afinoy, archer, carpefiter, claret, courser, dean, draper, ease, fee, haste, host, mace, mess, noise, soldier, suet, treacle, truant, &c., not to mention ' mots savants ' such as abject, absent, official, parable, and so on. The doubling of consonants in accordance with Latin spelling in accepter, accord, accuser, commander, commun, tkc, is already common in these texts and belongs to an earlier stage of Middle English than is usually supposed. ambicioun : note the etymological meaning of this word in the Mirour. appetiter : Chaucer's verb should be referred directly to this French verb, and not to the English subst. appetit. VOCABULARY xxxiii assalt: usually assaut in 14th cent. French and English. audit: the English word is probably from this French form, and not directly from Latin : the same remark applies to several other words, as complete concluder, curei, destitute elat, &c. avouer : in the sense of ' promise.' bega?it, beggerie, begityner, beguinage : see New JEng. Did. under 'beg.' The use of beguinage here as equivalent to beggerie is confirmatory of the Romance etymology suggested for the word : begant seems to presuppose a verb beg{ii)er, a shorter form of beguiner; cp. beguard. braier, M. E. brayen, ' to bray in a mortar.' The continental form was breier, Mod. broyer. brusch : the occurrence of this word in a sense which seems to identify it with brusque should be noted. The modern brusque is commonly said to have been introduced into French from Italy in the i6th century. Caxton however in 148 1 has brussly, apparently equivalent to ' brusquely ' ; see New Eng. Did. buillofi, in the sense of ' mint,' or ' melting-house,' is evidently the same as 'bullion' in the Anglo-Norman statutes of Edward III (see New Eng. Did.). The form which we have here points very clearly to its derivation from the verb buikr, 'boil,' as against the supposed connexion with ' bulla.' chitoun, ' kitten.' This is used also in Bozon's Conies Moralizes. It seems more likely that the M. E. kitoun comes from this form of chatton with hardening of ch to k by the influence of cat, than that it is an English ' kit ' with a French sufifix. Civile, i.e. 'civil law': cp. the use of the word as a name in Piers Plowman. eneauer, ' to wet,' supplies perhaps an etymology for the word enewing or ennuyng used by Lydgate and others as a term of painting, to indicate the laying on or gradation of tints in water-colour, and illustrates the later Anglo-French words enewer, enewage, used apparently of shrinking cloth by wetting; see Godefroy (who however leaves them unexplained). flaket, the same as the M. E. flakett, flacket (French flaschet). The form flaquet is assumed as a Northern French word by the New Eng. Did., but not cited as occurring. leisour, as a variation of loisir, leisir. lusard: cp. Piers Plowman, B. xviii. 335. * c xxxiv INTRODUCTION menal, meytial, adj. in the sense of ' subject.' nice: note the development of sense from 'foohsh,' Mir. 1331, 7673, to ' foohshly scrupulous,' 24858, and thence to 'delicate,' 'pleasant,' 264, 979, papir, the same form that we find in the English of Chaucer and Gower. par/esie, M. Y,. parlesie, pa/esie. perjurie, a variation of perjure, which established itself in English. phesant: early M. Y,. fesaun, Ch^ucQx fesaiinf. pki/osophre, as in M. E., hes\d& phi/osophe. queinte, a{c)queintance : the forms which correspond to those used in English ; less usually quoi7ite, aquoiniance. reverie, ' revelry,' which suggests the connexion of the English word with 7-ever, rather than with reveler from 'rebellare.' However, revel and reveller occur also in our texts. reviler. Skeat, Etym. Did., says 'there is no word reviler or viler in French.' Both are used in the Mirour. rejvarder, rezvardie, rewardise, in the sense of the English 'reward.' sercher, Eng. 'search,' the more usual form for cercher. somo7ice : this is the form required to account for the M. E. somoutis, ' summons.' traicier, traifour, names given (in England) to those who made it their business to pack juries. trote, used for ' old woman ' in an uncomplimentary sense. universite, ' community.' voiage (not viage) : this form is therefore of the 14th century. MIROUR DE L'OMME. Authorship. — The evidence of authorship rests on two distinct grounds : first, its correspondence in title and contents with the description given by Gower of his principal French work ; and secondly, its remarkable resemblance in style and substance to the poet's acknowledged works. We return therefore to the statement before referred to about the three principal books claimed by our author : and first an explanation should be made on the subject of the title. The MIROUR DE L'OMME xxxv statement in question underwent progressive revision at the hands of the author and appears in three forms, the succes- sion of which is marked by the fact that they are connected with three successive editions of the Confessio Amnniis. In the two first of these three forms the title of the French work is Speculufti Hominis, in the third it is Speculutn Afeditantis, the alteration having been made apparently in order to produce similarity of termination with the titles of the two other books '. We are justified therefore in assuming that the original title was Speculum Hominis, or its French equivalent, Mirour de fomme. The author's account, then, of his French work is as follows : ' Primus liber Gallico sermone editus in decem diuiditur partes, et tractans de viciis et virtutibus, necnon et de variis huius seculi gradibus, viam qua peccator transgressus ad sui creatoris agnicionem redire debet recto tramite docere conatur. Titulus (que) libelli istius Speculum hominis {al. meditantis) nun- cupatus est.' We are here told that the book is in French, that it is divided into ten parts, that it treats of vices and virtues, and also of the various degrees or classes of people in this world, and finally that it shows how the sinner may return to the knowledge of his Creator. The division of our Mirour into ten parts might have been a little difficult to make out from the work itself, but it is expressly indicated in the Table of Contents prefixed : ' Cy apres comence le livre Francois q'est apelle Mirour de I'omme, le quel se divide en x parties, c'est assavoir ' &c. The ten parts are then enumerated, six of them being made out of the classification of the different orders of society. The contents of the Mirour also agree with the author's description of his Speculum Hominis. After some prefatory matter it treats of vices in 11. 841-9720 of the present text; of virtues 11. 10033-18372 ; of the various orders of society 11. 18421- 26604 J of I'low man's sin is the cause of the corruption of the world 11. 26605-27360; and finally how the sinner may return to God, or, as the Table of Contents has it, 'coment I'omme peccheour lessant ses mals se doit reformer a dieu et avoir pardoun par I'eyde de nostre seigneur Jhesu Crist et de sa * Tanner remarks, ' est tamen nescio quid in nominibus mysterii et, ut ita dicam, conspiratio, utpote unius ab altero pendentis.' Biblioth. p. 336. C 2 xxxvi INTRODUCTION doulce Miere la Vierge gloriouse,' 1. 27361 to the end. This latter part includes a Life of the Virgin, through whom the sinner is to obtain the grace of God. The strong presumption (to say no more) which is raised by the agreement of all these circumstances is converted into a certainty when we come to examine the book more closely and to compare it with the other works of Gower. Naturally we are disposed to turn first to his acknowledged French writings, the Cinkante Balades St.nd the Traitie, and to institute a comparison in regard to the language and the forms of words. The agreement here is practically complete, and the Glossary of this edition is arranged especially with a view to exhibit this agreement in the clearest manner. There are differences, no doubt, such as there will always be between different MSS., however correct, but they are very few. Moreover, in the structure of sentences and in many particular phrases there are close correspondences, some of which are pointed out in the Notes. But, while the language test gives quite satisfactory results, so far as it goes, we cannot expect to find a close resemblance in other respects between two literary works so different in form and in motive as the Miroiir and the Balades. It is only when we institute a comparison between the JZ/Vw/r and the two other principal works, in Latin and English respectively, which our author used as vehicles for his serious thoughts, that we realize how impossible it is that the three should not all belong to one author. Gower, in fact, was a man of stereotyped convictions, whose thoughts on human society and on the divine government of the world tended constantly to repeat themselves in but slightly varying forms. What he had said in one language he was apt to repeat in another, as may be seen, even if we leave the Mirour out of sight, by comparison of the Confcssio Amantis with the Vox Cianiantis. The Mirour runs parallel with the English work in its description of vices, and with the Latin in its treatment of the various orders of society, and apart from the many resemblances in detail, it is worth while here to call attention to the manner in which the general arrangement of the French work corresponds with that which we find in the other two books. In that part of the Mirour which treats of vices, each deadly sin is dealt with regularly under five principal heads, or, as the author expresses it, has five daughters. Now this fivefold MIROUR DE L'OMME xxxvu division is not, so far as I can discover, borrowed from any former writer. It is of course quite usual in moral treatises to deal with the deadly sins by way of subdivision, but usually the number of subdivisions is irregular, and I have not found any authority for the systematic division of each into five. The only work, so far as I know, which shares this characteristic with the Miroidr is the Confessio Amantis. It is true that in this the rule is not fully carried out ; the nature of the work did not lend itself so easily to a quite regular treatment, and considerable variations occur : but the principle which stands as the basis of the arrangement is clearly visible, and it is the same which we find in our Mirour. This is a point which it is worth while to exhibit a little more at large, and here the divisions of the first three deadly sins are set forth in parallel columns : Mirour de Vomyne. Confessio Amantis. i. Orguil, with five daughters, viz. i. Pride, with five ministers, viz. Ipocresie Ypocrisie Vaine gloire Inobedience Surquiderie Surquiderie Avantance Avantance Inobedience, Veine gloire. ii. Envie ii. Envie Detraccioun Dolor alterius gaudii Dolour d'autry Joye Gaudium alterius doloris Joye d'autry mal Detraccioun Supplantacioun Falssemblant Fals semblant. Supplantacioun. iii. Ire iii. Ire Malencolie Malencolie Ten90un Cheste Hange Hate Contek Contek Homicide. Homicide. In the latter part of the Confessio Amantis the fivefold division is not strictly observed, and in some books the author does not profess to deal with all the branches ; but in what is given above there is quite enough to show that this method of division was recognized and that the main headings are the same in the two works. Next we may compare the classes of society given in the Mirour with those that we find in the Vox Clamantis. It is not necessary to exhibit these in a tabular form ; it is enough to say xxxviii INTRODUCTION that with some trifling differences of arrangement the enumeration is the same. In the Fo^: Clamaiitis the estate of kings stands last, because the author wished to conclude with a lecture addressed personally to Richard II; and the merchants, artificers and la- bourers come before the judges, lawyers, sheriffs, &c., because it is intended to bring these last into connexion with the king ; but otherwise there is little or no difference even in the smallest details. The contents of the ' third part ' of the Miroiir, dealing with prelates and dignitaries of the Church and with the parish clergy, correspond to those of the third book of the Vox Clamantis ; the fourth part, which treats of those under religious rule, Posses- sioners and Mendicants, is parallel to the fourth book of the Latin work. In the Miroiir as in the Vox Clamantis we have the division of the city population into Merchants, Artificers and Victuallers, and of the ministers of the law into Judges, Advocates, Viscounts(sheriffs), Bailiffs, and Jurymen. Moreover what is said of the various classes is in substance usually the same, most notably so in the case of the parish priests and the tradesmen of the town ; but parallels of this kind will be most conveniently pointed out in the Notes. To proceed, the Mirour will be found to contain a certain number of stories, and of those that we find there by much the greater number reappear in the Confessio Amantis with a similar application. We have the story of the envious man who desired to lose one eye in order that his comrade might be deprived of two (1. 3234), of Socrates and his scolding wife (4168), of the robbery from the statue of Apollo (7093), of Lazarus and Dives (7972), of Ulysses and the Sirens (10909), of the emperor Valentinian (17089), of Sara the daughter of Raguel (17417), of Phirinus, the young man who defaced his beauty in order that he might not be a temptation to women (18301), of Codrus king of Athens (19981), of Nebuchadnezzar's pride and punishment (21979), of the king and his chamberlains (22765). All these are found in the Mirour, and afterwards, more fully related as a rule, in the Cofifessio Afiiatitis. Only one or two, the stories of St. Macaire and the devil (12565, 20905), of the very undeserving person who was relieved by St. Nicholas (15757), of the dishonest man who built a church (15553), together with various Bible stories rather alluded to than related, and the long Life of the Virgin at the end of the book, remain the property of the Mirour alone. MIROUR DE L'OMME xxxix If we take next the anecdotes and emblems of Natural History, we shall find them nearly all again in either the Latin or the English work. To illustrate the vice of Detraction we have the 'escarbud,' the 'scharnebud,' of the Confessio A/natifis, which takes no delight in the flowery fields or in the May sunshine, but only seeks out vile ordure and filth (2894, Conf. Am. ii. 413). Envy is compared to the nettle which grows about the roses and destroys them by its burning (3721, Conf. Am. ii. 401). Homicide is made more odious by the story of the bird with a man's features, which repents so bitterly of slaying the creature that resembles it (5029, Conf. Am. iii. 2599):; and we may note also that in both books this authentic anecdote is ascribed to Solinus, who after all is not the real authority for it. Idleness is like the cat that would eat fish without wetting her paws (5395, Cotif Am. iv. 1108). The covetous man is like the pike that swallows down the little fishes (6253, Conf. Am. v. 2015). Prudence is the serpent which refuses to hear the voice of the charmer, and while he presses one ear to the ground, stops the other with his tail (15253, Conf Am. i. 463), And so on. . Then again there are a good many quotations common to the Mirour and one or both of the other books, adduced in the same connexion and sometimes grouped together in the same order. The passage from Gregory's Homilies about man as a microcosm, partaking of the nature of every creature in the universe, which we find in the Prologue of the Confessio and also in the Vox Claniantis, appears at 1. 26869 of the Alirour; that about Peter presenting Judea in the Day of Judgement, Andrew Achaia, and so on, while our bishops come empty-handed, is also given in all three {Alir. 20065, Vox. CI. iii. 903, Conf Am. v. 1900). To illustrate the virtue of Pity the same quotations occur both in the Mirour and the Confessio Amantis, from the Epistle of St. James, from Constantine, and from Cassiodorus {Alir. 13929, 23055 ff., Conf. Am. vii. 3149', 3161*, 3137). Three quotations referred to 'Grace' occur in the Mirour, and of these three two reappear in the Confessio with the same author's name {Mir. 3801, 10948, 23370, Conf Am. vi. 1513, vii. 3581). Now of these two, one, as it happens, is from Ovid and the other from Juvenal ; so that not only the quotations but also the false references are repeated. These are not by any means all the examples of common quotations, but they will perhaps suffice. Again, if we are not to accept the theory of common authorship. xl INTRODUCTION we can hardly account for the resemblance, and something more than resemblance, in passages such as the description of Envy {Mir. 3805 ff., Conf. Am. ii. 3095, 3122 ff.), of Ingratitude {Mir. 6685 ff., Conf. Am. V. 4917 ff.), of the effects of intoxication {Mir. 8138, 8246, Conf. Am. vi. 19, 71), of the flock made to wander among the briars {Mir. 2016 1 ff., Conf. Am. Prol. 407 ff.), of the vainglorious knight {Mir. 23893 ff., Cotif. Am. iv. 1627 ff.), and many others, not to mention those lines which occur here and there in the Confessio exactly reproduced from the Mirour, such as iv. 893, ' Thanne is he wys after the hond,' compared with Mir. 5436, ' Lors est il sage apres la main.' Conf. Am. Prol. 213, * Of armes and of brigantaille,' compared with Mir. 18675, * Ou d'armes ou du brigantaille,' the context in this last case being also the same. The parallels with the Vox Clamantis are not less numerous and striking, and as many of them as it seems necessary to mention are set down in the Notes to the Miroiir, especially in the latter part from 1. 184 21 onwards. Before dismissing the comparison with the Cmfessio Amantis, we may call attention to two further points of likeness. First, though the Mirour is written in stanzas and the Confessio in couplets, yet the versification of the one distinctly suggests that of the other. Both are in the same octosyllabic line, with the same rather monotonous regularity of metre, and the stanza of the Mirour., containing, as it does, no less than four pairs of lines which can be read as couplets so far as the rhyme is concerned, often produces much the same effect as the simple couplet. Secondly, in the structure of sentences there are certain definite characteristics which produce themselves equally in the French and the English work. Resemblances of this latter kind will be pointed out in the Notes, but a few may be set down here. For example, every reader of Gower's English is familiar with his trick of setting the conjunctions ' and,' ' but,' &c., in the middle instead of at the beginning of the clause, as in Conf. Am. Prol. 155, ' With all his herte and make hem chiere,' MIROUR DE L'OMME xli and similarly in the Ba/ades, e. g. xx. i, ' A mon avis mais il n'est pas ensi.' Examples of this are common in the Mirour, as 1. loo, * Pour noble cause et ensement Estoiont fait,' cp. 415, 4523, 7739, 7860, &c. In other cases too there is a tendency to disarrangement of words or clauses for the sake of metre or rhyme, as Mir. 15941, 17996, compared with Conf. Am. ii. 2642, iv. 3520, v. 6807, &c. Again, the author of the Cojifessio Amantis is fond of repeating the same form of expression in successive lines, e.g. Prol. 96 ff., 'Tho was the lif of man in helthe, Tho was plente, tho was richesse, Tho was the fortune of prouesse,' &c. Cp. Prol. 937, V. 2469, &c. This also is found often in the Mirour, e. g. 4864-9 : ' Cist tue viel, cist tue enfant. Cist tue femmes enpreignant,' &c. and 8294-8304, ' Les uns en eaue fait perir, Les uns en flamme fait ardoir, Les uns du contek fait morir,' &c. The habit of breaking off the sentence and resuming it in a different form appears markedly in both the French and the English, as Mir. 89, 17743, Conf. Am. iv. 2226, 3201 ; and in several passages obscure forms of expression in the Confessio Amantis are elucidated by parallel constructions in the Mirour. Finally, the trick of filling up lines with such tags as en son degre, de sa partie, &c. (e. g. Mir. 373, 865), vividly recalls the similar use of 'in his degree,' 'for his partie,' by the author of the Confessio Amajitis (e.g. Prol. 123, 930). The evidence of which I have given an outline, which may be filled up by those who care to look out the references set down above and in the Notes, amounts, I believe, to complete demon- stration that this French book called Mirour de romme is identical with the Speculum Hominis (or Speculum Meditantis') which has been long supposed to be lost ; and, that being so, I consider myself at liberty to use it in every way as Gower's admitted work, together with the other books of which he claims the authorship, for the illustration both of his life and his literary characteristics. xlii INTRODUCTION Date. — The Speculum Hominis stands first in order of the three books enumerated by Gower, and was written therefore before the Vox Clamantis. This last was evidently composed shortly after the rising of the peasants in 1381, and to that event, which evidently produced the strongest impression on the author's mind, there is no reference in this book. There are indeed warnings of the danger of popular insurrection, as 24104 ff., 26485 ff., 27229 ff., but they are of a general character, suggested l)erhaps partly by tlie Jacquerie in France and partly by the local disturbances caused by discontented labourers in England, and convey the idea that the writer was uneasy about the future, but not that a catastrophe had already come. In one passage he utters a rather striking prophecy of the evil to be feared, speaking of the strange lethargy in which the lords of the land are sunk, so that they take no note of the growing madness of the commons. On the whole we may conclude without hesitation that the book was completed before the summer of the year 1381. There are some other considerations which will probably lead us to throw the date back a little further than this. In 2142 ff. it seems to be implied that Edward III is still alive. 'They of France,' he says, 'should know that God abhors their disobedience, in that they, contrary to their allegiance, refuse by way of war to render liomage and obedience to him who by his birth receives the right from his mother.' This can apply to none but Edward III, and we are led to suppose that when these lines were written he was still alive to claim his right. The supposition is confirmed by the manner in which the author speaks of the reigning king in that l)art of his work which deals with royalty. Nowhere does he address him as a child or youth in the manner of the Vox Clamantis, but he complains of the trust placed by the king in flatterers and of the all-prevailing influence of women, calling upon God to remedy those evils which arise from the monstrous fact that a woman reigns in the land and the king is subject to her (22807 ff ). This is precisely the complaint which might have been expected in the latter years of Edward III. On the other hand there is a clear allusion in one place (1881 7-18840) to the schism of the Church, and this passage therefore must have been written as late as 1378, but, occurring as it does at the conclusion of the author's attack upon the Court of Rome, it may well have been added after the rest. The expression in 1. 22191, MIROUR DE L'OMME xliii ' Ove deux chiefs es sanz chevetein,' refers to the Pope and the Emperor, not to the division of the papacy. Finally, it should be observed that the introduction of the name Innocent, 1. 18783, is not to be taken to mean that Innocent VI, who died in 1362, was the reigning pope. The name is no doubt only a representative one. On the whole we shall not be far wrong if we assign the composition of the book to the years 1376-1379. Form and Versification. — The poem (if it may be called so) is written in twelve-line stanzas of the common octosyllabic verse, rhyming aab aab bba bba, so that there are two sets of rhymes only in each stanza. In its present state it has 28,603 lines, there being lost four leaves at the beginning, which probably contained forty-seven stanzas, that is 564 lines, seven leaves, containing in all 1342 lines, in other places throughout the volume, and an uncertain number at the end, probably con- taining not more than a fev/ hundred lines. The whole work therefore consisted of about 31,000 lines, a somewhat formidable total. The twelve-line stanza employed by Gower is one which was in pretty common use among French writers of the ' moral ' class. It is that in which the celebrated Feis de la Mort were composed by Helinand de Froidmont in the twelfth century, a poem from which our author quotes. Possibly it was the use of it by this writer that brought it into vogue, for his poem had a great popularity, striking as it did a note which was thoroughly con- genial to the spirit of the age ^ In any case we find the stanza used also by the ' Reclus de Moiliens,' by Rutebeuf in several pieces, e. g. La Complainte de Coiistanthwble and Les Ordres de Paris, and often by other poets of the moral school. Especially it seems to have been affected in those ' Congies ' in which poets took leave of the world and of their friends, as the Congies Adan d' Arras (Barb, et Meon, Fabl. i. 106), the Congie Jehan Bodel (i. 135), &c. As to the structure of the stanza, at least in the hands of our author, there is not much to be said. The pauses in sense very generally follow the rhyme divisions of the stanza, which has a natural tendency to fall into two equal parts, and the last three lines, or in some cases the last two, frequently * A list of poems in which this stanza is used is given in Romania, ix.23t, by M. Gaston Raynaud. xliv INTRODUCTION contain a moral tag or a summing up of the general drift of the stanza. The verse is strictly syllabic. We have nothing here of that accent-metre which the later Anglo-Norman writers sometimes adopted after English models, constructing their octosyllable in two halves with a distinct break between them, each half- verse having two accents but an uncertain number of syllables. This appears to have been the idea of the metre in the mind of such writers as Fantosme and William of Waddington. Here however all is as regular in that respect as can be desired. Indeed the fact that in all these thousands of lines there are not more than about a score which even suggest the idea of metrical incorrectness, after due allowance for the admitted licences of which we have taken note, is a striking testimony not only of the accuracy in this respect of the author, but also to the correctness of the copy which we possess of his work. The following are the lines in question : 276. ' De sa part grantement s'esjoit.' 397. ' Ly deable grantement s'esjoit' 2742. ' Prestre, Clerc, Reclus, Hermite,' 2955. 'Soy mesmes car delivrer' 3116. ' Q'avoit leur predicacioun oi'e,' 3160. 'Si Tune est male, I'autre est perverse,' 4745. ' Molt plussoudeinent le blesce ' 4832. ' Ainz est pour soy delivrer,' 6733. 'Dame Covoitise en sa meson' (And similarly 13514 and 16579) 9617. 'Mais oultre trestous autrez estatz ' 9786. ' Me mettroit celle alme en gage,' 10623. ' L'un ad franchise, I'autre ad servage,' 10628. ' L'un ad mesure, I'autre ad oultrage,' 13503. ' Dieus la terre en fin donna,' 14568. 'Et I'autre contemplacioun enseine.' 19108. ' D'avoltire et fornicacioun ' 24625. 'Doun, priere, amour, doubtance,' 26830. 'Homme; et puis de I'omme prist' 27598. ' Qant Tangle ot ses ditz contez,' This, it will be allowed, is a sufficiently moderate total to be placed to the joint account of author and scribe in a matter of more than 28,000 lines— on an average one in about 1,500 lines. Of these more than half can be corrected in very obvious ways : in 276, 397, we may read 'grantment' as in 8931 ; in 2955, 4832, we should read 'deliverer,' and in 9786 'metteroit,' this e being MIROUR DE L'OMME xlv frequently sounded in the metre, e.g. 3371, 16448, 18532; we may correct 3160, 9617, by altering to 'mal,' 'autre'; in 4745 ' plussoudeinement ' is certainly meant; 13503 is to be corrected by reading 'en la fin,' as in 15299, for 'en fin,' 19108 by substituting 'avoltre' for 'avoltire,' and 27598 by reading 'angel,' as in 27731 and elsewhere, for 'angle.' Of the irregularities that remain, one, exemplified in 31 16 and 14568, consists in the introduction of an additional foot into the measure, and I have little doubt that it proceeds from the scribe, who wrote ' predicacioun ' and ' contemplacioun ' for some shorter word with the same meaning, such as ' prechement ' and ' contempler.' In the latter of these cases I have corrected by introducing ' contempler ' into the text ; in the former, as I cannot be so sure of the word intended, the MS. reading is allowed to stand. There is a similar instance of a hyper- metrical line in Bal: xxvii. i, and this also might easily be corrected. The other irregularities I attribute to the author. These consist, first, in the use of ' dame ' in several lines as a monosyllable, and I am disposed to think that this word • was sometimes so pronounced, see Phonol. § ix (f); secondly, in the introduction of a superfluous unaccented syllable at a pause after the second foot, which occurs in 10623, 10628 (and perhaps 3160); thirdly, in the omission of the unaccented syllable at the beginning of the verse, as : ' Prestre, Clerc, Reclus, Hermite,' — 2742 ; ' Doun, priere, amour, doubtance,' — 24625 ; * Homme ; et puis de I'omme prist ' — 26830. Considering how often lines of this kind occur in other Anglo- Norman verse, and how frequent the variation is generally in the English octosyllables of the period, we may believe that even Gower, notwithstanding his metrical strictness, occasionally introduced it into his verse. It may be noted that the three lines just quoted resemble one another in having each a pause after the first word. With all this 'correctness,' however, the verses of the Mirour have an unmistakably English rhythm and may easily be dis- tinguished from French verse of the Continent and from that of the earlier Anglo-Norman writers. One of the reasons for this is that the verse is in a certain sense accentual as well as syllabic, the writer imposing upon himself generally the rule of the alternate xlvi INTRODUCTION beat of accents and seldom allowing absolutely weak syllables ' to stand in the even places of his verse. Lines such as these of Chretien de Troyes, ' Si ne semble pas qui la voit Qu'ele puisse grant fcs porter,' and these of Frere Angler, ' Ses merites et ses vertui;, Ses jeiines, ses orcisons, Et sa volontaire poverte Od trestote s'autre desserte,' are quite in accordance with the rules of French verse, but very few such lines will be found in the Mirour. Some there are, no doubt, as 3327: ' D'envie entre la laie gent,' or 3645 : 'Que nuls en poet estre garny.' So also 2925, 3069, 4310 (S:c., but they are exceptional and attract our notice when they occur. An illustration of the difference between the usage of our author and that of the Continent is afforded by the manner in which he quotes from Helinand's Vers de la Mort. The text as given in the Hist. Lift, de la France, xviii. p. 88, is as follows (with correction of the false reading 'cuevre'): Gower has it 'Tex me couve dessous ses dras. Qui cuide estre tous fors et sains.' ' Car tiel me couve soubz ses dras, Q'assetz quide estre fortz et seins.' He may have found this reading in the original, of which there are several variants, but the comjiarison will none the less illustrate the difference of the rhythms. Subject-matter and Style. — The scheme of the Speculmn Hominis is, as before stated, of a very ambitious character. It is intended to cover the whole field of man's religious and moral nature, to set forth the purposes of Providence in dealing with him, the various degrees of human society and the faults chargeable to each class of men, and finally the method which ' Under this head I do not include tin- termination (^-ont or -enf) of the 3 pers. pi. pros, tense, which was apparcntl3' to some extent accented, see 11. 1265, 1803, 1820, &c., and in one stanza even bears the rliyme (20294 ff.). MIROUR DE L'OMME xlvli should be followed by man in order to reconcile himself with the God whom he has offended by his sin. This is evidently one of those all-comprehending plans to which nothing comes amiss ; the whole miscellany of the author's ideas and know- ledge, whether derived from books or from life, might be poured into it and yet fail to fill it up. Nevertheless the work is not an undigested mass : it has a certain unity of its own, — indeed in regard to connexion of parts it is superior to most medieval works of the kind. The author has at least thought out his plan, and he carries it through to the end in a laboriously conscientious manner. M. Jusserand in his Literary History of the English People conjectured reasonably enough that if this work should ever be discovered, it would prove to be one of those tirades on the vices of the age which in French were known as ' bibles.' It is this and much more than this. In fact it combines the three principal species of moral com- positions all in one framework, — the manual of vices and virtues, the attack on the evils of existing society from the highest place downwards, and finally the versified summary of Scripture history • and legend, introduced here with a view to the exaltation and praise of the Virgin. In its first division,"which extends over nearly two-thirds of the whole, our author's work somewhat resembles those of Frere Lorenz, William of VVaddington and other writers, who compiled books intended to be of practical use to persons preparing for confession. For those who are in the habit of constant and minute self-examination it is necessary that there should be a distinct classification of the forms of error to which they may be supposed to be liable, and sins must be arranged under headings which will help the memory to recall them and to run over them rapidly. The classification which is based upon the seven mortal sins is both convenient and rational, and such books as the Sottwie des Vices et des Vertus and the Manuel des Pechiez, with the English translations or adaptations of them, were composed for practical purposes. While resembling these in some respects, our author's work is not exactly of the same character. Their object is devotional, and form is sacrificed to utility. This is obvious in the case of the first- named book, the original, as is well known, of the Ayetibite of Inwyt and of Chaucer's Persones Tale, and it is also true of the Manuel des Pechiez, though that is written in verse xlviii INTRODUCTION and has stories intermingled with the moral rules by way of illustration. The author of this work states his purpose at once on setting forth : ' La vertu del seint espirit Nus seit eidant en cest escrit, A vus les choses ben mustrer, Dunt horn se deit confesser, E ausi en la quele manere. ' Upon which he proceeds to enumerate the various subjects of which he thinks it useful to treat, which are connected by no tie except that of practical convenience : ' First we shall declare the true faith, which is the foundation of our law . . . Next we shall place the commandments, which every one ought to keep ; then the seven mortal sins, whence spring so many evils . . . Then you will find, if you please, the seven sacraments of the Church, then a sermon, and finally a book on confession, which will be suitable for every one.' On the other hand the Mirour de Pomme is a literary production, or at least aspires to that character, and as such it has more regularity of form, more ornaments of style, and more display of reading. The division aiid classification in this first part, which treats of vices and of virtues, have a symmetrical uniformity ; instead of enumerating or endeavouring to enumerate all the subdivisions under each head, all the numerous and irregularly growing branches and twigs which spring from each stem, the author confines himself to those that suit his plan, and constructs his whole edifice on a perfectly regular system. The work is in fact so far not a manual of devotion, but rather a religious allegory. The second part, which is ingeniously brought into connexion with the same general plan, resembles, as has been said, such compositions as the Bible Guiot de Frovins, except that it is very much longer and goes into far more elaborate detail on the various classes of society and their distinctive errors. Here the author speaks more from his own observation and less from books than in the earlier part of his poem, and consequently this division is more original and interesting. Many parts of it will serve usefully to confirm the testimony of other writers, and from some the careful student of manners will be able to glean new facts. The last 2,500 lines, a mere trifle compared with the bulk of the whole, contain a Life of the Virgin, as the principal mediator between God MIROUR DE L'OMME xlix and man, and the book ends (at least as we have it) with not unpoetical praises and prayers addressed to her. It remains to be seen how the whole is pieced together. Sin, we are told, is the cause of all evils, and brought about first the fall of Lucifer and of his following from Heaven, and then the expulsion of Adam from Paradise. In a certain sense Sin existed before all created things, being in fact that void or chaos which preceded creation, but also she was a daughter conceived by the Devil, who upon her engendered Death (1-2 16). Death and Sin then intermarrying produced the seven deadly Vices, whose names are enumerated, and the Devil, delighted by his progeny, sent Sin and her seven daughters to gain over the World to his side, and then called a conference with a view to defeating the designs of Providence for the salvation of Man, and of consummating the ruin which had already been in part effected (217-396). They resolved to send Temptation as a messenger to Man, and invite him to meet the Devil and his council, who would propose to him something from which he would get great advantage. He came, but before his coming Death had been cunningly hidden away in an inner chamber, so that Man might not see him and be dis- mayed. The Devil, Sin and the World successively addressed him with their promises, and Temptation, the envoy, added his persuasion, so that at length the Flesh of Man consented to be ruled by their counsels. The Soul, however, rejected them and vehemently expostulated with the Flesh, who was thus resolved to follow a course which would in the end ruin them both (397-6 1 2). The Flesh wavered and was in part dismayed, but was unable altogether to give up the promised delights ; upon which the Soul informed her of Death, who had been treacherously concealed from her view, and to counteract the renewed enticements of Sin called in Reason and Fear to convince the Flesh of her folly, "bi Reason was overcome in argument by Temptation, but Fear took ^ the Flesh by the hand and led her to the place where Death lay ^ concealed. The Flesh trembled at sight of this horrid creature, \ and Conscience led her back to Reason, who brought her into ) agreement with the Soul, and thus for the time the designs of the Devil and of Sin were frustrated (613-756). The Devil demanded that Sin should devise some remedy, and she consulted with the World, who proposed marriage between himself and the seven daughters of Sin, in order that from them offspring might be * d I INTRODUCTION produced by means of which Man might the more readily be overcome. The marriage was arranged and the daughters of Sin went in procession to their wedding. Each in turn was taken in marriage by the World, and of them the first was Pride (757-1056). By her he had five daughters, each of whom is described at length, namely Hypocrisy, Vainglory, Arrogance, Boasting and Disobe- dience, and lastly comes the description of Pride herself (1057- 2616). The same order is observed with regard to the rest. The daughters of Envy are Detraction, Sorrow for others' Joy, Joy for others' Grief, Supplanting and Treachery (Fals semblant) (2617-3852). Anger has for her daughters Melancholy, Conten- tion, Hatred, Strife, and Homicide (3853-5124). Sloth produces Somnolence, Laziness (or Pusillanimity), Slackness, Idleness, Negligence (5 12 5-6 180). Avarice bears Covetousness, Rapine, Usury, Simony and Niggardy (6 18 1-7 704). Gluttony's daughters are Voracity, Delicacy, Drunkenness, Superfluity, Prodigality (7705-8616). Finally, Lechery is the mother of Fornication, Rape, Adultery, Incest and Vain-delight (8617-9720). The Devil assembled all the progeny of the Vices and demanded the fulfilment of the promise made by the World, that Man should be made subject to him, and they all together made such a violent attack upon Man, that he surrendered himself to their guidance and came to be completely in the power of Sin, whose evil influence is described (9721-10032). Reason and Conscience prayed to God for assistance against the Vices and their progeny, and God gave seven Virtues, the contraries of the seven Vices, in marriage to Reason, in order that thence offspring might be born which might contend with that of the Vices (10033-10176^ Each of these, as may readily be supposed, had five daughters. Humility, who is the natural enemy of Pride, produced Devotion to set against Hypocrisy, Fear against Vainglory, Discretion against Arrogance, Modesty against Boasting, and Obedience against Disobedience, and after the description of all these in succession follows that of Humility herself (10177-12612). So of the rest; the five daughters of Charity, namely Praise, Congratulation, Compassion, Help and Goodwill, are opposed each in her turn to the daughters of Envy, as Charity is to Envy herself (126 13- ^33^°'- Patience, the opponent of Anger, has for her daughters Good-temper, Gentleness, Affection, Agreement and Mercy ^[13381-14100). Prowess, the opposite of Sloth, is the mother of MIROUR DE L'OMME li Watchfulness, Magnanimity, Resolution, Activity and Learning for Knowledge), to the description of which last is added an exhortation to self-knowledge and confession of sins (14101-151 80). Generosity, the contrary of Avarice, produces Justice, Liberality, Alms-giving, Largess and Holy-purpose, this fifth daughter being the opposite of Simony, the fourth daughter of Avarice, as Largess is of Niggardy, the fifth (15181-16212). Measure, the contrary of Gluttony, is the mother of Dieting, Abstinence, Nourishment, Sobriety, Moderation (16213-16572). Chastity, the enemy of Lechery, has for her daughters Good-care (against Fornication), Virginity, Matrimony, Continence and Hard-life (16573-18372). Let us now, says our author, observe the issue of this strife for the conquest of Man, in which the Flesh inclines to the side of the Vices, and the Soul to that of Reason and the Virtues. We must examine the whole of human society, from the Court of Rome downwards, to decide which has gained the victory up to this time, and for my part I declare that Sin is the strongest power in this world and directs all things after her will and pleasure (18373-18420). Every estate of Man, therefore, is passed in review and condemned — the Pope and the Cardinals (1842 1- 19056), the Bishops (19057-20088), the lower dignitaries of the Church, Archdeacons and others (20089-20208), the parish priests, the chantry priests, and those preparing for the priesthood (20209-20832), the members of religious orders, first the monks and then the friars (20833-21780), the secular rulers of the world, Emperors and Kings (21 781-23208), great lords (23209-23592), knights and men of arms (23593-24180), the men of the law, pleaders and judges (24 18 1-248 16), the sheriffs, reeves and jury- men (24817-25176), the class of merchants and traders (25177- 25500), that of artificers (25501-25980), victuallers (25981-26424), labourers (26425-26520). In short, all estates have become corrupted ; whether the lay people are more to blame for it or the priests the author will not say, but all agree in throwing the blame on the world (or the age) and in excusing themselves (26521-26604). He addresses the world and asks whence comes all the evil of which he complains. Is it from earth, water, air or fire? No, all these are good in themselves. Is it from the heavenly bodies, sun, moon, stars, planet or comet ? No, for the prayer of a good man can overcome all their influences. Is it from plants, birds, or beasts ? But these all follow nature and do good. d 2 lii INTRODUCTION From what then is this evil ? It is surely from that creature to whom God has given reason and submitted all things on earth, but who transgresses against God and does not follow the rules of reason. It is from Man that all the evils of the age arise, and we read in prophecy that for the sin of Man all the world, with the creatures which it contains, shall be troubled. Man is a microcosm, an abridgement of the world, and it is no wonder that all the elements should be disturbed when he transgresses (26605-26964). On the other hand the good and just man can command the elements and the powers of the material world, as Joshua com- manded the sun and moon to stand still and as the saints have done at all times by miracles, and he is victorious at last even over Death, and attains to immortality by the grace of God (26965-27120). Surely, then, every man ought to desire to repent of his sin and to turn to God, that so the world may be amended and we may inherit eternal life. The author confesses himself to be as great a sinner as any man ; but hope is his shield by the aid and mercy of Jesus Christ, notwithstanding that he has so idly wasted his life and comes so late to repentance (27 12 1-27360). But how can he escape from his sins, how can he dare to pray, with what can he come before his God? Only by the help of his Lady of Pity, Mary, maid and mother, who will intercede for him if he can obtain her favour. Therefore he desires, before finishing his task, to tell of her conception and birth, her life and her death (27361-27480). Upon this follows the tale of the Nativity of the Virgin, as we find it (for example) in the Lege?ida Aurea, her childhood and espousal, the Nativity of Jesus Christ and the joys of our Lady, the Circumcision and the Purification, the baptism of our Lord, his miracles and his passion, the Resurrection, the sorrows of our Lady and her joys, the Ascension and the descent of the Spirit, the life of the Virgin Mary with St. John, her death, burial, and assumption ; and the poet concludes his narrative with a prayer to both Son and Mother that they will have mercy upon his pain because of the pains which they themselves suffered, and give him that joy in which they now rejoice. Especially he is bound to celebrate the praise of his Lady, who is so gentle and fair and so near to God who redeemed us (27481-29904). He begins therefore to tell first of the names by which she is called, and with the praises of her, no doubt, he ended his book, which, as we have it, breaks off at 1. 29945. MIROUR DE L'OMME 1 111 This, it will be seen, is a literary work with due connexion of parts, and not a mere string of sermons. At the same time it must be said that the descriptions of vices and virtues are of such inordinate length that the effect of unity which should be produced by a well-planned design is almost completely lost, and the book becomes very tiresome to read. We are wearied also by the accumulation of texts and authorities and by the unqualified character of the moral judgements. The maxim in I. 25225, ' Les bons sont bons, les mals sont mals,' is thoroughly characteristic of Gower, and on the strength of it he holds a kind of perpetual Last Judgement, in which he is always engaged in separating the sheep from the goats and dealing out to the latter their doom of eternal fire. The sentence sounds like a truism, but it contains in fact one of the grossest of fallacies. In short, our author has httle sense of proportion and no dramatic powers. As regards the invention of his allegory he seems to be to some extent original. There is nothing, so far as I know, to which we can point as its source, and such as it is, he is apparently entitled to the credit of having conceived it. The materials, no doubt, were ready to his hand. Allegory was entirely in the taste of the fourteenth century, dominated as it was by the influence of the Roman de la Rose, from which several of Gower's personifications are taken. The Manage des Sept Aris was a work of this period, and the marriage of the Deadly Sins was not by any means a new idea. For example in MS. Fairfax 24 (Bodleian Libr.) there is a part of a French poem 'de Maritagio nouem filiarum diaboli,' which begins, ' Li deable se vout marier, Mauveiste prist a sa moiller: • • • • De ceste ix filles engendra Et diversement les marya,' &c. And no doubt other pieces of a similar kind exist. The same is true as regards the other parts of the book, as has been already pointed out ; the combination alone is original. The style is uniformly respectable, but as a rule very mono- tonous. Occasionally the tedium is relieved by a story, but liv INTRODUCTION it is not generally told in much detail, and for the most part the reader has to toil through the desert with little assistance. It must not be supposed, however, that the work is quite without poetical merit. Every now and then by some touch of description the author betrays himself as the graceful poet of the Balades, his better part being crushed under mountains of morality and piles of deadly learning, but surviving nevertheless. For example, the priest who neglects his early morning service is reminded of the example of the lark, who rising very early mounts circling upward and pours forth a service of praise to God from her little throat : ' Car que Ten doit sanz nul destour Loenge rendre au creatour Essample avons de I'alouette, Que bien matin de tour en tour Monte, et de dieu volant entour Les laudes chante en sa gorgette.' (5635 ff.) Again, Praise is like the bee which flies over the meadows in the sunshine, gathering that which is sweet and fragrant, but avoiding all evil odours (12853 ff-)- The robe of Conscience is like a cloud with ever-changing hues (10114 ff.). Devotion is like the sea-shell which opens to the dew of heaven and thus conceives the fair white pearl ; not an original idea, but gracefully expressed : ' Si en resfoit le douls rose, Que chiet du ciel tout en celee, Dont puis deinz soi ad engendre La margarite blanche et fine ; Ensi Devocioun en dee Conceipt, s'elle est continue, La Contemplacioun divine.' (10818 ff.) The lines in which our author describes the life of the beggar show that, though he disapproves, he has a real understanding of the delights of vagabondage, with its enjoyment of the open-air life, the sunshine, the woods, and the laziness : ' Car mieulx amont la soule mie Ove I'aise q'est appartenant, C'est du solail q'est eschaulfant, Et du sachel acostoiant, Et du buisson I'erbergerie, Que labourer pour leur vivant' &c. (5801 ff.) Other descriptions also have merit, as for example that of the MIROUR DE L'OMME Iv procession of the Vices to their wedding, each being arrayed and mounted characteristically (841 ff.), a scene which it is interesting to compare with the somewhat similar passage of Spenser, Faery Queene, i. 4, that of Murder rocked in her cradle by the Devil and fed with milk of death (4795), and that of Fortune smiling on her friends and frowning on her enemies (22081 ff.). Contemplation is described as one who loves solitude and withdraws herself from the sight, but it is not that she may be quite alone : she is like the maiden who in a solitary place awaits her lover, by whose coming she is to have joy in secret (10597 ff.). The truly religious man, already dead in spirit to this world, desires the death of the body ' more than the mariner longs for his safe port, more than the labourer desires his wage, the husbandman his harvest, or the vine-dresser his vintage, more than the prisoner longs for his ransoming and deliverance, or the pilgrim who has travelled far desires his home-coming ' (10645 ff-)' Such passages as these show both imagination and the power of literary expression, and the stanzas which describe the agony of the Saviour are not wholly unworthy of their high subject : ' Par ce q'il ot le corps humein Et vist la mort devant la mein, Tant durement il s'effroia, Du quoy parmy le tendre grein Du char les gouttes trestout plein Du sane et eaue alors sua ; Si dist : O piere, entendes 9a, Fai que la mort me passera. Car tu sur tout es soverein ; Et nepourqant je vuil cela Que vous vuilletz que fait serra, Car je me tiens a toy certein.' (28669 ff.) The man who wrote this not only showed some idea of the dignified handling of a tragic theme, but also had considerable mastery over the instruments that he used ; and in fact the technical skill with which the stanza is used is often remarkable. There is sometimes a completeness and finish about it which takes us by surprise. The directions which our author gives us for a due confession of our sins are not exactly poetical, but the manner in which all the various points of Quomodo are wrapped up in a stanza, and rounded off at the end of it (14869 ff.) is decidedly neat; and the same may be said of the Ivi INTRODUCTION reference to the lives of the holy fathers, as illustrating the nature of ' Aspre vie ' : ' Qui list les vies des saintz pieres, Oir y puet maintes manieres De la nature d'Aspre vie : Les uns souleins en les rocheres, Les uns en cloistre ove lour confreres, Chascun fist bien de sa partie ; Cil plourt, cist preche, cil dieu prie, Cist June et veille, et cil chastie Son corps du froid et des miseres, Cist laist sa terre et manantie, Cil laist sa femme et progenie, Eiant sur tout leur almes cheres.' (18253 ^"0 In fact, he is a poet in a different sense altogether from his predecessors, superior to former Anglo-Norman writers both in imagination and in technical skill ; but at the same time he is hopelessly unreadable, so far as this book as a whole is concerned, because, having been seized by the fatal desire to do good in his generation, ' villicacionis sue racionem, dum tempus instat, . . . alleuiare cupiens,' as he himself expresses it, he deliberately deter- mined to smother those gifts which had been employed in the service of folly, and to become a preacher instead of a poet. Happily, as time went on, he saw reason to modify his views in this respect (as he tells us plainly in the Confessio Amatih's), and he became a poet again ; but meanwhile he remains a preacher, and not a very good one after all. Quotations.— One of the characteristic features of the Miroiir is the immense number of quotations. This citation of authorities is of course a characteristic of medieval morality, and appears in some books, as in the Liber Conso/a/ionis and other writings of Albertano of Brescia, in an extreme form. Here the tendency is very pronounced, especially in the part which treats of Vices and Virtues, and it is worth while to inquire what range of reading they really indicate. A very large number are from the Bible, and there can be little doubt that Gower knew the Bible, in the Vulgate version of course, thoroughly well. There is hardly a book of the Old Testament to which he does not refer, and he seems to be acquainted with Bible history even in its obscurest details. The books from Avhich he most frequently quotes are Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ecclesiasticus, the proverbial morality of this last book MIROUR DE L'OMME Ivii being especially congenial to him. The quotations are some- times inexact, and occasionally assigned to the wrong book ; also the book of Eccksiasticus, which is quoted very frequently, is sometimes referred to under the name of Sidrac and sometimes of Solomon : but there can be no doubt in my opinion that these Biblical quotations are at first hand. Of other writers Seneca, who is quoted by name nearly thirty times, comes easily first. Some of the references to him seem to be false, but it is possible that our author had read some of his works. Then come several of the Latin fathers, Jerome, Augustin, Gregory, Bernard, and, not far behind these, Ambrose. The quotations are not always easy to verify, and in most cases there is nothing to indicate that the books from which they are taken had been read as a whole. No doubt Gower may have been acquainted with some portions of them, as for instance that part of Jerome's book against Jovinian which treats of the objections to. marriage, but it is likely enough that he picked up most of these quotations at second hand. There are about a dozen quotations from Cicero, mostly from the De Offich's and De Amicitia, but I doubt whether he had read either of these books. In the Confessio Amantis he speaks as if he did not know that TuUius was the same person as Cicero (iv. 2648). Boethius is cited four times, one of the references being false ; Cassiodorus and Isidore each four times, and Bede three times. Stories of natural history seem to be referred rather indis- criminately to Solinus, for several of these references prove to be false. Three quotations are attributed by the author to Horace (' Grace '), but of these one is in fact from Ovid and another from Juvenal. He certainly got them all from some book of common- places. The same may be said of the passage alleged to be from Quintilian and of the references to Aristotle and to Plato. ' Marcial,' who is quoted three times, is not the classical Martial, but the epigrammatist Godfrey of Winchester, whose writings were in imitation of the Roman poet and passed commonly under his name. The distichs of Cato are referred to five times, and it is certain of course that Gower had read them. Ovid is named only once, and that is a doubtful reference, but the author of the Confessio At?iantis was certainly well acquainted at least with the Metamorphoses and the Heroides. Valerius Maximus is the authority for two stories, but it is doubtful whether he is quoted at first hand. Fulgentius is cited twice, and 'Alphonses,' Iviii INTRODUCTION that is Petrus Alphonsi, author of the Disciplina Clericalis, twice. ' Pamphilius ' (i.e. Pamphilus, de Amove) is cited once, but not in such a way as to suggest that Gower knew the book itself ; and so too Maximian, but the passage referred to does not seem to be in the Elegies. The quotation from Ptolemy is, as usual, from the maxims often prefixed in manuscripts to the Almagest. Other writers referred to are Chrysostom, Cyprian, Remigius, Albertus Magnus, Helinand, Haymo, and Gilbert. We know from a passage in the Cotifessio Ajuantis that Gower had read some of the works of Albertus, and we may assume as probable that he knew Gilbert's Opusculuvi de Virgifiitate, for his reference is rather to the treatise generally than to any particular passage of it. He was acquainted, no doubt, with the Legenda Aurea or some similar collection, and he seems to refer also to the Vitae Patrum. The moral and devotional books of his own day must have been pretty well known to him, as well as the lighter literature, to which he had himself contributed {Mir. 27340). On the whole we must conclude that he was a well-read man according to the standard of his age, especially for a layman, but there is no need to attribute to him a vast stock of learning on the strength of the large number of authors whom he quotes. Proverbs, &c. — Besides quotations from books there will be found to be a number of proverbial sayings in the Mirour, and I have thought it useful to collect some of these and display them in a manner convenient for reference. They are given in the order in which they occur : 1726. ' Chien dormant n'esveilleras.' 1783. ' Ten voit grever Petite mosche an fort destrer.' 1944. ' Pour tout I'avoir du Montpellers.' 2119. Mais cil qui voet le mont monter, Ain9ois I'estoet le doss courber, Qu'il truist la voie droite et pleine.' 2182. ' Au despitous despit avient.' 5521. ' Om dist, manace n'est pas lance.' 5593. ' Endementiers que I'erbe es vals Renaist et croist, moert \y cliivals.' 5668. ' Cil qui ne voet quant ad pooir N'el porra puis qant ad voloir,' 581 1. ' Dieus aide a la cliarette.' 6660. ' Povcrte parte compaignie.' MIROUR DE L'OMME lix 7138. 'Mais Ten dist, qui quiert escorchde Le pell du chat, dont soil furree, Luy fault aucune chose dire.' 7237. ' Comme cil qui chat achatera El sac' 7319. ' pour le tresor de Pavie.' 7969. ' Oisel par autre se chastie.' 8789. ' Aviene ce q'avenir doit.' 8836. ' Mais en proverbe est contenu, Ly cous ad tout son fiel perdu Et ad dieu en son cuer devant.' 9307. ' Quant fole vait un fol querir, Du fol trover ne poet faillir.' 9446. ' Ce que polain prent en danture Toute sa vie apres dura.' 12724. ' Escript auci j'en truis lisant, Au vois commune est acordant La vois de dieu.' 131 16. 'du mal nage malvois port.' 13489. ' C'est un proverbe de la gent, Cil qui plus souffre bonnement Plus valt.' 14440. Ten dist en essampler Qe dieus tous biens fait envoier, Mais par las corns le boef n'apporte.' 15405. ' Ne fait, comme dire Ten soloit, De I'autry quir large courroie.' (Cp. 24995.) 161 17. ' L'en dist ensi communement Bon fin du bon commencement.' 16511. 'vendre Son boef pour manger le perdis.' 16532. ' Du poy petit.' (Cp. 15499-) 16943. ' Qant piere hurte a la viole, Ou I'ostour luite au russinole, Savoir poetz q'ad le peiour.' 17257. 'Om dist, Tant as, tant vals.' 17555. 'Qant homme ad paie sa monoie, Quoy valt ce lors a repentir?' 18013. 'L'en dist ensi communement, Retrai le fieu bien sagement Et la fumee exteinderas,' 18020. 'courser megre ne salt pas.' 20420. ' Cil qui sanz draps se fait aler, Mal avera son gar9on vestu.' 21085. ' Ly moigne, ensi comme truis escrit, Ne sent pas fait de leur habit.' 22927. ' la fortune a les hardis S'encline.' 23413. 'Trop est I'oisel de mesprisure Q'au son ny propre fait lesure.' Ix INTRODUCTION 24230. ' L'un covoitous et I'autre fals lis s'entracordont de leger.' 24265. ' Nul trop nous valt, sicomme Ten dist.' 24962. ' Sicome crepaldz dist al herice, Maldit soient tant seigneurant.' 25010. ' Om doit seigneur par la maisnie Conoistre.' 25015. 'tiel corsaint, tiel offrendour,* 25302. 'Te dourra craie pour fourmage.' 27867. ' qui bien ayme point n'oublie.' 28597. * De la proverbe me sovient, Q'om dist que molt sovent avient Apres grant joye grant dolour.' Akin to the proverbs are the illustrations from Natural History, real or fictitious, of which there is a considerable number in the Miroiir. These are of very various classes, from simple facts of ordinary observation to the monstrous inventions of the I'jestiaries, which were repeated by one writer after another with a faith which rested not on any evidence of the facts stated, but upon their supposed agreement with the fitness of things, that is, practically, their supposed aptness as moral lessons, the medieval idea of the animal world being apparently that it was created and kept in being largely for the instruction of mankind. In taking the glow-worm as an illustration of hypocrisy (1130), the lark of joyous thankfulness (5637), the grasshopper of improvidence (5821), the lapwing of female dissimulation (8869), the turtle-dove of constancy (17881), the drone of indolence (5437), the camel of revengeful malice (4417). and the blind kitten of drunken helplessness (8221), the author is merely making a literary use of every-day observation. There are however, as might be expected, plenty of illustrations of a more questionable character. Presumption is like the tiger beguiled with the mirror (1561); the proud man who is dis- obedient to law is like the unicorn, which cannot be tamed (2101) ; the devil breaking down the virtue of a man by raising him high in his own conceit is like the osprey, which carries bones high in the air and breaks them by dropping them upon rocks (1849); Envy, who destroys with her breath the honour of all around her, is like the basilisk which kills all vegetation in the place where it is found (3745) ; the man-faced bird, which pines away because it has slain a man, is produced as a lesson to murderers MIROUR DE L'OMME Ixi (5029) ; the bad father, who teaches his sons to plunder the poor, is like the hawk, which beats its young and drives them from the nest in order that they may learn to kill prey for themselves (7009) ; the partridge is a lesson against stinginess (7671); the contagious- ness of sin is illustrated by the fact that the panther infects other animals with his spots (9253), and yet in another place (12865) the sweetness of the human voice when it utters praise is compared to the fragrance of the panther's breath. Contemplation is like the ' chalandre,' which flies up at midnight to the sky, and when on the earth will not look upon a dying person (10705) ; the fight between Arimaspians and griffons for emeralds is an image created for our instruction of the contest between the soul of man and the devil (10717) ; Devotion, who opens herself secretly to heaven and thus attains to the divine contemplation, is like the sea-shell which opens to the dew by night and from it conceives the pearl (108 13); the spittle of a fasting man (according to Ambrose) will kill a serpent, and the fast itself will no doubt be effectual against the old serpent our enemy (18025). The bee does not come off well on the whole in these comparisons : he is chosen as the likeness of the idle and luxurious prelate, but this is for reasons which are not in themselves at all obvious, except that he has a sting and is unduly fond of sweets (19345). The prelate who protects his flock from encroach- ments of the royal or other authority is like the big fish which takes the smaller into its mouth to shelter them from the storm (19909); Humility is like the diamond, which refuses a setting of gold, but is drawn to the lowly iron, a confusion with the load-stone, arising from the name ' adamant ' applied to both (12463). These are some of the illustrations which are drawn from the domain of Natural History, not original for the most part, but worth noting as part of the literary baggage of the period. The Author and his Times. — We may gather from the Mirour some few facts about the personality of the author, which will serve to supplement in some degree our rather scanty knowledge of Gower's life. He tells us here that he is a layman (21772), but that we knew already; and that he knows little Latin and little French, — 'Poi sai latin, poi sai romance' (21775), but that is only his modesty ; he knows quite enough of both. He has spent his life in what he now regards as folly or Ixii INTRODUCTION worse; he has committed all the seven deadly sins (27365); moreover he has composed love poems, which he now calls ' fols ditz d'amour' (27340) ; but for all this it is probable enough that his life has been highly respectable. He comes late to repentance (27299), and means to sing a song different from that which he has sung heretofore (27347), to atone, apparently, for his former mis- deeds. We may assume, then, that he was not very young at the time when he wrote this book ; and we know that he considered himself an old man when he produced the Confessio Amantis (viii. 3068*) in the year 1390. Men were counted old before sixty in those days, and therefore we may suppose him to be now about forty-six. We may perhaps gather from 11. 8794 and 17649 that he had a wife. In the former passage he is speaking of those who tell tales to husbands about their wives' misconduct, and he says in effect, ' I for my part declare (Je di pour moi) that I wish to hear no such tales of my wife ' ; in the second he speaks of those wives who dis- like servants and other persons simply because their husbands like them, and he adds, ' I do not say that mine does so,' ' Ne di pas q'ensi fait la moie.' If the inference is correct, then his union with Agnes Groundolf in his old age was a second marriage, and this is in itself probable enough. We cannot come to any definite conclusion from this poem about his profession or occupation in life. It is said by Leland that Gower was a lawyer, but for this statement no evidence has ever been produced, and if we may judge from the tone in which he speaks of the law and lawyers in the Mirour, we must reject it. Of all the secular estates that of the law seems to him to be the worst (24805 ff.), and he condemns both advocates and judges in a more unciualified manner than the members of any other calling. He knows apparently a good deal about them and about the 'customs of West- minster,' but, judging by his tone, we shall probably be led to think that this knowledge was acquired rather in the character of a litigant than in that of a member of the legal profession. Especially the suggestion of a special tax to be levied on lawyers' gains (24337 ff.) is one which could hardly have come from one who was himself a lawyer. Again, the way in which he speaks of physicians, whom he accuses of being in league with apothecaries to defraud patients, and of deliberately delaying the cure in order to make more money (24301, 25621 ff.), seems to MIROUR DE L'OMME Ixiii exclude him quite as clearly from the profession of medicine, the condemnation being here again general and unqualified. Of all the various ranks of society which he reviews, that of which he seems to speak with most respect is the estate of Merchants. He takes pains to point out both here and in the Vox Clamantis the utility of their occupation and the justice of their claim to reasonably large profits on successful ventures in consideration of the risks which they run (25177 ff.). He makes a special apology to the honest members of the class for exposing the abuses to which the occupation is liable, pleading that to blame the bad is in effect to praise the good (25213 ff., 25975 ff.), and he is more careful here than elsewhere to point out the fact that honest members of the class exist. These indications seem to suggest that it was as a merchant that Gower made the money which he spent in buying his land ; and this inference is supported by the manner in which he speaks of 'our City,' and by the fact that it is with members of the merchant class that h§ seems to be most in personal communication. He has evidently discussed with merchants the comparative value of worldly and spiritual possessions, and he reports the saying of one of them, * Dont un me disoit I'autre jour,' to the effect that he was a fool who did not make money if he might, for no one knew the truth about the world to come (25915 ff.). He feels strongly against a certain bad citizen who aims at giving privileges in trade to outsiders (26380 ff.), and the jealousy of the Lombards which he expresses (25429 ff.) has every appearance of being a prejudice connected with rivalry in commerce. ' I see Lombards come,' he says, ' in poor attire as servants, and before a year has passed they have gained so much by deceit and conspiracy that they dress more nobly than the burgesses of our City ; and if they need influence or friendship, they gain it by fraud and subtlety, so that their interests are promoted and ours are damaged at their will and pleasure.' If we are to go further and ask in what branch of trade our author exercised himself, it is probable that we may see reason to set him down as a dealer in wool, so enthusiastic is he about wool as the first of all commodities, and so much has he to say about the abuses of the staple (25360 ff.). No Ixiv INTRODUCTION doubt the business of exporting wool would be combined with that of importing foreign manufactured goods of some kind. It is known from other sources that Gower was a man who gradually acquired considerable property in land, and the references in the Mirour to the dearness of labour and the unreasonable demands of the labourer (24625 ff.) are what we might expect from a man in that position. He tells us that he is a man of simple tastes, that he does not care to liave 'partridges, pheasants, plovers, and swans' served up at his table (26293 ff.); that he objects however to finding his simple joint of meat stuck full of wooden skewers by the butcher, so that when he comes to carve it he blunts the edge of his knife (26237 ff.). We know moreover from the whole tone of his writings that he is a just and upright man, who believes in the due subordination of the various members of society to one another, and who will not allow himself to be ruled in his own household either by his wife or his servants. He thinks indeed that the patience of Socrates is much over- strained, and openly declares that he shall not imitate it : * Qui ceste essample voet tenir Avise soy ; car sans mentir Je ne serray si pacient.' (4186 ff.) But, though a thorough believer in the principle of gradation in human society, he emphasizes constantly the equality of all men before God and refuses absolutely to admit the accident of birth as constituting any claim whatever to 'gentilesce.' The com- mon descent of all from Adam is as conclusive on this point for him as it was for John Ball (23389 ff.), and he is not less clear and sound on the subject of wealth. Considering that his views of society are essentially the same as those of Wycliff, and con- sidering also his strong views about the corruption of the Church and the misdeeds of the friars, it is curious to find how strongly he denounces 'lollardie' in his later writings. He has a just abhorrence of war, and draws a very clear- sighted distinction between the debased chivalry of his day and the true ideal of knighthood, the one moved only by imi)ulses of vainglorious pride and love of paramours, ' Car d'orgiiil ou dii foldclit, All jour present, sicomine Ten dist, Chivalerie est maintenuc' (23986 ff.) MIROUR DE L'OMME Ixv and the other, set only on serving God and righting the wrong, represented finely in the character of Prowess : ' II ad delit sanz fol amour, Proufit sanz tricher son prochein, Honour sanz orguillous atour.' (i5i76ff.) Above all, our author has a deep sense of religion, and his study has been much upon the Bible. He deeply believes in the moral government of the world by Providence, and he feels sure, as others of his age also did, that the world has almost reached its final stage of corruption. Whatever others may do, he at least intends to repent of his sins and prepare himself to render a good account of his stewardship. Let us pass now from the person of the author and touch upon some of those illustrations of the manners of the time which are furnished by the Mirour. In the first place it may be said that in certain points, and especially in what is said of the Court of Rome and the Mendicant orders, it fully confirms the unfavourable impression which we get from other writers of the time. Gower has no scruples at any time in denouncing the temporal possessions of the Church as the root of almost all the evil in her, and here as elsewhere he tells the story of the donation of Constantine, with the addition of the angelic voice which foretold disaster to spring from it. Of dispensations, which allow men to commit sin with impunity, he takes a very sound view. Not even God, he says, can grant this, which the Pope claims the power to grant (18493). The Mendicant friars are for him those ' false prophets ' of whom the Gospel spoke, who should come in sheep's clothing, while inwardly they were ravening wolves. He denounces their worldliness in the strongest language, and the account of their visits to poor women's houses, taking a farthing if they cannot get a penny, or a single egg if nothing else is forthcoming (21379), reminds us vividly of Chaucer's picture of a similar scene. But in fact the whole of the Church seems to our author to be in a wrong state. He does not relieve his picture of it by any such pleasing exception as the parish priest of the Canterbtiry Tales. He thinks that it needs reform from the top to the bottom ; the clergy of the parish churches are almost as much to blame as the prelates, monks and friars, and for him it is the e Ixvi INTRODUCTION corruption of the Church that is mainly responsible for the decadence of society (21685 ff.). These views he continued to hold throughout his life, and yet he apparently had no sympathy •whatever with Lollardism {Conf. Am. Prol. 346 ff. and elsewhere). His witness against the Church comes from one who is entirely untainted by schism. Especially he is to be listened to when he complains how the archdeacons and their officers abuse the trust committed to them for the correction of vices in the clergy and in the laity. With the clergy it is a case of ' huy a moy, demain a vous ' — that is, the archdeacon or dean, being immoral himself, winks at the vices of the clergy in order that his own may be overlooked ; the clergy, in fact, are judges in their own cause, and they stand or fall together. If, however, an unfortunate layman offends, they accuse him forthwith, in order to profit by the penalties that may be exacted. ' Purs is the erchedeknes helle,' as Chaucer's Sompnour says, and Gower declares plainly that the Church officials encourage vice in order that they may profit by it : ' the harlot is more profitable to them,' he says, 'than the nun, and they let out fornication to farm, as they let their lands' (20149 ff.). Setting aside the Church, we may glean from the Mirour some interesting details about general society, especially in the city of London. There is a curious and life-like picture of the gatherings of city dames at the wine-shop, whither with mincing steps they repair instead of to church or to market, and how the vintner offers them the choice of Vernazza and Malvoisie, wine of Candia and Romagna, Provence and Monterosso — not that he has all these, but to tickle their fancies and make them pay a higher price — and draws ten kinds of liquor from a single cask. Thus he makes his gain and they spend their husbands' money (26077 ff). ^^ fi"d too a very lively account of the various devices of shopkeepers to attract custom and cheat their customers. The mercer, for example, is louder than a sparrow-hawk in his cries ; he seizes on peo[)le in the street and drags them by force into his shop, urging them merely to view his kerchiefs and his ostrich feathers, his satins and foreign cloth (25285 ff.). The draper will try to sell you cloth in a dark shop, where you can hardly tell blue from green, and while making you pay double its value will persuade you that he is giving it away because of his regard for you and desire MIROUR DE L'OMME Ixvii for your acquaintance (25321 ff.). The goldsmith purloins the gold and silver with which you supply him and puts a base alloy in its place ; moreover, if he has made a cup for you and you do not call for it at once, he will probably sell it to the first comer as his own, and tell you that yours was spoilt in the making and you must wait till he can make you another (25513 ff.). The druggist not only makes profit out of sin by selling paints and cosmetics to women, but joins in league with the physician and charges exorbitantly for making up the simplest prescription (25609 ff.). The furrier stretches the fur with which he has to trim the mantle, so that after four days' wear it is obvious that the cloth and the fur do not match one another (25705 ff.). Every kind of food is adulterated and is sold by false weights and measures. The baker is a scoundrel of course, and richly deserves hanging (26189), but the butcher is also to blame, and especially because he declines altogether to recognize the farthing as current coin and will take nothing less than a penny, so that poor people can get no meat (26227). Wines are mixed, coloured and adulterated ; what they call Rhenish probably grew on the banks of the Thames (261 18). If you order beer for your household, you get it good the first time and perhaps also the second, but after that no more ; and yet for the bad as high a price is charged as for the good (26 16 1 ff.). Merchants in these days talk of thousands, where their fathers talked of scores or hundreds ; but their fathers lived honestly and paid their debts, while these defraud all who have dealings with them. When you enter their houses, you see tapestried rooms and curtained chambers, and they have fine plate upon the tables, as if they were dukes ; but when they die, they are found to have spent all their substance, and their debts are left unpaid (25813 ff.). In the country the labourers are discontented and disagreeable. They do less work and demand more pay than those of former times. In old days the labourer never tasted wheaten bread and rarely had milk or cheese. Things went better in those days. Now their condition is a constant danger to society, and one to which the upper classes seem strangely indifferent (26425 ff.). Curious accounts are given of the customs of the legal pro- fession, and when our author comes to deal with the jury-panel, e 2 Ixviii INTRODUCTION he tells us of a regularly established class of men whose occupation it is to arrange for the due packing and bribing of juries. He asserts that of the corrupt jurors there are certain captains, -who are called ' tracers ' {f raiders), because they draw (ireront) the others to their will. If they say that white is black, the others will say ' quite so,' and swear it too, for as the tracer will have it, so it shall be. Those persons who at assizes desire to have corrupt jurymen to try their case must speak with these 'tracers,' for all who are willing to sell themselves in this manner are hand and glove witli them, and so the matter is arranged (25033 ff.). The existence of a definite name for this class of undertakers seems to indicate that ft was really an established institution. These are a few of the points which may interest the reader in the reflection of the manners of society given by our author's 'mirror.' The whole presents a picture which, though no doubt somewhat overcharged with gloom, is true nevertheless in its outlines. Text. — It remains to speak of the text of this edition and of the manuscript on which it depends. In the year 1895, while engaged in searching libraries for MSS. of the Confessio Ama?itis, I observed to Mr. Jenkinson, I^ibrarian of the Cambridge University Library, that if the lost French work of Gower should ever be discovered, it would in all probability be found to have the title Speculimi Hominis, and not that of Speculum Meditantis, under which it was ordinarily referred to. He at once called my attention to the MS. with the title Mirour de Vomme, which he had lately bought and presented to the University Library. On examining this I was able to identify it beyond all doubt with the missing book. It may be thus described : Camb. Univ. Library, MS. Additional 3035, bought at the Hailstone sale, May 1891, and presented to the Library by the Librarian. Written on parchment, size of leaves about i2''x lx' , in eights with catchwords ; writing of the latter half of the 14th century, in double column of forty-eight lines to the column ; initial letter of each stanza coloured blue or red, and larger illuminated letters at the beginning of the chief divisions, combined with some ornamentation on the left side of the column, and in one case, f. 58 v°, also at the top of the page'. One leaf is pasted down to the binding at the beginning and contains the title and table of MIROUR DE L'OMME Ixix contents. After this four leaves have been cut out, containing the beginning of the poem, and seven more in other parts of the book. There are also some leaves lost at the end. The first leaf after those which have been cut out at the beginning has the signature a iiii. The leaves (including those cut out) have now been numbered i, i*, 2, 3, 4, &c., up to 162 ; we have therefore a first sheet, of which half is pasted down (f. i) and the other half cut away (f. i*), and then twenty quires of eight leaves with the first leaf of the twenty-first quire, the leaves lost being those numbered i*, 2, 3, 4, 36, 106, 108, 109, 120, 123, 124, as well as those after 162. The present binding is of the last century and doubtless later than 1 745, for some accounts of work done by ' Richard Eldridge ' and other memoranda, written in the margins in an illiterate hand, have the dates 1740 and 1745 and have been partly cut away by the binder. The book was formerly in the library of Edward Hailstone, Esq., whose name and arms are displayed upon a leather label outside the binding, but it seems that no record exists as to the place from which he obtained it. From the writing in the margin of several pages it would seem that about the year 1745 it was lying neglected in some farm-house. We have, for example, this memorandum (partly cut away) in the margin of one of the leaves : ' Margat . . . leved at James ... in the year of our Lord 1745 and was the dayre maid that year . . . and her swithart name was Joshep Cockhad Joshep Cockhad carpenter,' On the same page occurs the word 'glosterr,' which may partly serve to indicate the locality. The manuscript is written in one hand throughout, with the exception of the Table of Contents, and the writing is clear, with but few contractions. In a few cases, as in 11. 4109, 41 16, 28941 f., corrections have been made over erasure. The correctness of the text which the MS. presents is shown by the very small number of cases in which either metre or sense suggests emendation. Apart from the division of words, only about thirty corrections have been made in the present edition throughout the whole poem of nearly thirty thousand lines, and most of these are very trifling. I have little doubt that this copy was written under the direction of the author. As regards the manner in which the text of the MS, has been reproduced in this edition, I have followed on the whole the Ixx INTRODUCTION system used in the publications of the ' Societe des Anciens Textes Frangais.' Thus u and v, i and y, have been dealt with in accordance with modern practice, whereas in the MS. (as usual in French and English books of the time) v is regularly written as the initial letter of a word for either ii or v, and u in other positions (except sometimes in the case of compounds like avient, avoegler, envers, e?iv!e, &c.), while, as regards / and J, we have for initials either /or I[J), and in other positions /. Thus the MS. has vn, ajioir, while the text gives for the reader's convenience ?/«, avoir ; the MS. has ie or le, tour or lour, while the text g\\&?, Je, Joiir. Again, where an elision is expressed, the MS. of course combines the two elements into one word, giving lamoiir, quil, qestoit, while the text separates them by the apostrophe, Vamour, qiiil, q'estoit. Some other separations have also been made. Thus the MS. often, but by no means always, combines //?^j' with the adjective or adverb to which it belongs : plusbass, pliisauant ; and often also the word €71 is combined with a succeeding verb, as enmangeast, enserroit: in these instances the separation is made in the text, but the MS. reading is recorded. In other cases, as with the combinations sique, sicomme, nounpas, envoie, &:c., the usage of the MS. has been followed, though it is not quite uniform. The final -e {-es) and -ee {-ees) of nouns and participles have been marked with the accent for the reader's convenience, but in all other cases accents are dispensed with. They are not therefore used in the terminations -ez, -ees, even when standing for -es, -ees, as in festoiez, neez, nor in asses, sachies, &:c., standing for assez, sachiez (except 1. 28712), nor is the grave accent placed upon the open e of apres, jainmes, &c. Occasionally the diaeresis is used to separate vowels ; and the cedilla is inserted, as in modern French, to indicate the soft sound of c where this seems certain, but there are some possibly doubtful cases, as sujjlcance, naiscance, in which it is not written. With regard to the use of capital letters, some attempt has been made to qualify the inconsistency of the MS. In general it may be said that where capitals are introduced, it has been chiefly in order to indicate more clearly the cases where qualities or things are personified. It has not been thought necessary to indicate particularly all these variations. The punctuation is the work of the editor throughout ; that of the MS., where it exists, is of a very uncertain character. CINKANTE BALADES Ixxi Contractions, &c., are marked in the printed text by italics, except in the case of the word et, which in the MS. is hardly ever written in full except at the beginning of a line. In such words as pest, pfit, pfaire^ there may be doubt sometimes between per and par, and the spelling of some of them was certainly variable. Attention must be called especially to the frequently occurring -oh as a termination. It has been regularly written out as -oun, and I have no doubt that this is right. In Bozon's Contes Moralizes the same abbreviation is used, alternating freely with the full form -oun, and it is common in the MSS. of the Confessio Amantis and in the EUesmere MS. of the Canterbury Tales (so far as I have had the opportunity of examining it), especially in words of French origin such as devociotm, cotitricioun. In the French texts this mode of writing is applied also very frequently to the monosyllables moii, ton, son, bon, don, non, as well as to bonte, 7ionpas, noncertein, &c. The scribe of the Mirour writes doun in full once (24625) with don in the same stanza, in Bal. xxi. 4 nou7z is twice fully written, and in some MSS. of the Traitie (e. g. Bodley 294) the full form occurs frequently side by side with the abbreviation. A similar conclusion must be adopted as regards ah (annum), also written aun, glah, dancer, and the termination -once, which is occa- sionally found. BALADES. The existence of the Cinkante Balades was first made known to the public by Warton in his History of English Poetry, Sect, xix, his attention having been drawn to the MS. which con- tains them by its possessor. Lord Gower. After describing the other contents of this MS., he says : ' But the Cinkante Balades or fifty French Sonnets above mentioned are the curious and valuable part of Lord Gower's manuscript. They are not men- tioned by those who have written the Life of this poet or have cata- logued his works. Nor do they appear in any other manuscript of Gower which I have examined. But if they should be discovered in any other, I will venture to pronounce that a more authentic, unembarrassed, and practicable copy than this before us will not be produced. . . . To say no more, however, of the value which these little pieces may derive from being so scarce and so little known, they have much real and intrinsic merit. They are tender, pathetic and poetical, and place our old poet Gower Ixxii INTRODUCTION in a more advantageous point of view than that in which he has hitherto been usually seen. I know not if any even among the French poets themselves of this period have left a set of more finished sonnets ; for they were probably written when Gower was a young man, about the year 1350. Nor had yet any English poet treated the passion of love with equal delicacy of sentiment and elegance of composition. I will transcribe four of these balades as correctly and intelligibly as I am able ; although, I must confess, there are some lines which I do not exactly comprehend.' He then quotes as specimens Bal. xxxvi, xxxiv, xliii, and xxx, but his transcription is far from being correct and is often quite unintelligible. Date. — The date at which the Cinkatite Balades were composed cannot be determined with certainty. Warton, judging apparently by the style and subject only, decided, as we have seen, that they belonged to the period of youth, and we know from a passage in the Mirour (27340) that the author composed love poems of some kind in his early life. Apart from this, however, the evidence is all in favour of assigning the Balades to the later years of the poet's life. It is true, of course, that the Dedication to King Henry IV which precedes them, and the Envoy which closes them, may have been written later than the rest ; but at the same time it must be noted that the second balade of the Dedication speaks distinctly of a purpose of making poems for the entertainment of the royal court, and the mutilated title which follows the Dedication confirms this, so far as it can be read. Again, the prose remarks which accompany Bal. V and vi make it clear that the circumstances of the poems are not personal to the author, seeing that he there divides them into two classes, those that are appropriate for [jersons about to be married, and those that are ' universal ' and have application to all sorts and conditions of lovers. Moreover, several of these last, viz, xli-xliv and also xlvi, are supposed to be addressed by ladies to their lovers. It is evident that the balades are only to a very limited extent, if at all, expressive of the actual feelings of the author towards a particular person. As an artist he has set himself to supply suitable forms of expression for the feelings of others, and in doing so he imagines their variety of circum- stances and adapts his composition accordingly. For this kind of work it is not necessary, or perhaps even desirable, to be CINKANTE BALADES Ixxiii a lover oneself; it is enough to have been a lover once: and that Gower could in his later life express the feelings of a lover with grace and truth we have ample evidence in the Confessio Amantis. No doubt it is possible that these balades were written at various times in the poet's life, and perhaps some persons, recognizing the greater spontaneity and the more grace- fully poetical character (as it seems to me) of the first thirty or so, as compared with the more evident tendency to morahze in the rest, may be inclined to see in this an indication of earlier date for the former poems. In fact however the moralizing tendency, though always present, grew less evident in Gower's work with advancing years. There is less of it in the Confessio Amantis than in his former works, and this not by accident but on principle, the author avowing plainly that unmixed morality had not proved effective, and accepting love as the one universally interesting subject. When Henry of Lancaster, the man after his own heart, was fairly seated on the throne, he probably felt himself yet more free to lay aside the self- imposed task of setting right the world, and to occupy himself with a purely literary task in the language and style which he felt to be most suitable for a court. In any case it seems certain that some at least of the balades were composed with a view to the court of Henry IV, and the collection assumed its present shape probably in the year of his accession, 1399, for we know that either in the first or the second year .of Henry IV the poet became blind and ceased to write. Form and Versification. — The collection consists of a Dedi- cation addressed to Henry IV, fifty-one (not fifty) balades of love (one number being doubled by mistake), then one, un- numbered, addressed to the Virgin, and a general Envoy. The balades are written in stanzas of seven or eight lines, exactly half of the whole fifty-four (including the Dedication) belonging to each arrangement. The seven-line stanza rhymes ab ab bcc with Envoy be be, or in three instances ab ab baa, Envoy ba ba ; the eight-line stanza ordinarily ab ab be be with Envoy be be, but also in seven instances ab ab ba ba with Envoy ba ba. The form is the normal one of the balade, three stanzas with rhymes alike and an Envoy ; but in one case, Bal. ix, there are five stanzas with Envoy, and in another, xxxii, the Envoy is wanting. Also the balade addressed to the Virgin, which Ixxiv INTRODUCTION is added at the end, is without Envoy, and there follows a general Envoy of seven lines, rhyming independently and referring to the whole collection. The balade form is of course taken from Continental models, and the metre of the verse is syllabically correct like that of the Mirour. As was observed however about the octosyllabic line of the Mirour, so it may be said of the ten-syllable verse here, that the rhythm is not exactly like .that of the French verse of the Continent. The effect is due, as before remarked, to the attempt to combine the English accentual with the French syllabic measure. This is especially visible in the treatment of the caesura. In the compositions of the French writers of the new poetry — Froissart, for example — the ten- (or eleven-) syllable line has regularly a break after the fourth syllable. This fourth syllable however may be either accented or not, that is, either as in the line, 'Se vous voulcz auciine plainte faire,' or as in the following, ' Prenez juge qui soit de noble afaire.' The weaker form of caesura shown in this latter line occurs in at least ten per cent, of the verses in this measure which Froissart gives in the Tresor Amoureux, and the case is much the same with the Balodes of Charles d'Orleans, a generation later. Cower, on the other hand, does not admit the unaccented syllable (mute e termination) in the fourth place at all; no such line as this, ' Dc ma dame que j'aime et ameray,' is to be found in his balades. Indeed, we may go further than this, and say that the weak syllable is seldom tolerated in the other even places of the verse, where the English ear demanded a strongly marked accentual beat. Such a line as 'Vous mc poctz sicom vostre dcmeine ' {Bal. xxxix. 2) is quite exceptional. At the same time he docs not insist on ending a word on the fourth syllable, but in seven or eight per cent, of his lines the word is run on into the next foot, as ' Et vous, ma dame, croictz bien cela.' This is usually the form that the verse takes in such cases, the CINKANTE BALADES Ixxv syllable carried on being a mute e termination, and the caesura coming after this syllable ; but lines like the following also occur, in which the caesura is transfered to the end of the third foot : 'Si fuisse en paradis, ceo beal manoir, ' v. 3. ' En toute humilite sans mesprisure/ xii. 4. So xvi. 1. 2, XX, 1. 20, &c., and others again in which the syllable carried on is an accented one, as 'Si femme porroit estre celestine,' xxi. 2. *Jeo ne sai nomer autre, si le noun;' xxiv. i. It must be noticed also that the poet occasionally uses the so-called epic caesura, admitting a superfluous unaccented syllable after the second foot, as ' Et pensetz, dame, de ceo q'ai dit pie9a,' ii. 3. ' Qe mieulx voldroie morir en son servage,' xxiii. 2. So with da file, dames, xix. 1. 20, xx. 1. 13, xxxvii. 1. 18, xlvi. 1. 15^; and with other words, xxv. 1. 8, &c., ainie, xxxiii. 1. 10, nouche, xxxviii. 1. 23, grace, xliv. 1. 8, fame. In xx. i the same thing occurs exceptionally in another part of the line, the word roe counting as one syllable only, though it is a dissyllable in Mir. 10942. Naturally the termination -ee, as in iii. 2, ' La renomee, dont j'ai I'oreile pleine,' does not constitute an epic caesura, because, as observed else- where, the final e in this case did not count as a syllable in Anglo- Norman verse. On the whole we may say that Gower treats the caesura with much the same freedom as is used in the English verse of the period, and at the same time he marks the beat of his iambic verse more strongly than was done by the contemporary French poets. Matter and Style. — As regards the literary character of these compositions it must be allowed that they have, as Warton says, ' much real and intrinsic merit.' There is indeed a grace and poetical feeling in some of them which makes them probably the best things of the kind that have been produced by English writers of Erench, and as good as anything of the kind which had up to that time been written in English. The author himself has ' Perhaps, however, dame was in these cases really a monosyllable, as apparently in Mir. 6733, 13514, 16579. Ixxvi INTRODUCTION marked them off into two unequal divisions. The poems of the first class (i-v) express for us the security of the accepted lover, whose suit is to end in lawful marriage : *Jeo sui tout soen et elle est toute moie, Jeo I'ai et elle auci me voet avoir ; Pour tout le moiul jco ne la changeroie.' {Bal. v.) From these he passes to those expressions of feeling which apply to lovers generally, ' qui sont diversement travailez en la fortune d'amour.' Nothing can be more graceful in its way than the idea and expression of BaL viii, ' D'estable coer, qui nuUe- ment se mue,' where the poet's thought is represented as a falcon, flying on the wings of longing and desire in a moment across the sea to his absent mistress, and taking his place with her till he shall see her again. Once more, in BaL xv, the image of the falcon appears, but this time it is a bird which is allowed to fly only with a leash, for so bound is the lover to his lady that he cannot but return to her from every flight. At another time {Bal. xviii) the lover is in despair at the hardness of his lady's heart : drops of water falling will in time wear through the hardest stone ; but this example will not serve him, for he cannot pierce the tender ears of his mistress with prayers, how urgent and repeated soever; God and the saints will hear his prayers, but she is harder than the marble of the quarry — the more he entreats, the less she listens, 'Com plus la prie, et meinz m'ad entendu.' Again (xiii) his state is like the month of March, now shine, now shower. When he looks on the sweet face of his lady and sees her 'gentilesse,' wisdom, and bearing, he has only pure delight ; but when he perceives how far above him is her worth, fear and despair cloud over his joy, as the moon is darkened by eclipse. But in any case he must think of her (xxiv) ; she has so written her name on his heart that when he hears the chaplain read his litany he can think of nothing but of her. God grant that his prayer may not be in vain ! Did not Pygmalion in time past by prayer obtain that his lady should be changed from stone to flesh and blood, and ought not other lovers to hope for the same fortune from prayer ? He seems to himself to be in a dream, and he questions with himself and knows not whether he is a human creature or no, so absorbed is his being by his love. God grant that his prayer CINKANTE BALADES Ixxvii may not be in vain ! He removes himself from her for a time (xxv) because of evil speakers, who with their slanders might injure her good name ; but she must know that his heart is ever with her and that all his grief and joy hangs upon her, ' Car qui bien aime ses amours tard oblie.' But (xxix) she has misunderstood his absence ; report tells him that she is angry with him. If she knew his thoughts, she would not be so disposed towards him ; this balade he sends to make his peace, for he cannot bear to be out of her love. In another (xxxii) he expresses the deepest dejection : the New Year has come and is proceeding from winter towards spring, but for him there is winter only, which shrouds him in the thickest gloom. His lady's beauty ever increases, but there is no sign of that kindness which should go with it ; love only tortures him and gives him no friendly greeting. To this balade there is no Envoy, whether it be by negligence of the copyist, or because the lover could not even summon up spirit to direct it to his mistress. Again (xxxiii), he has given her his all, body and soul, both without recall, as a gift for this New Year of which he has just now spoken : his sole delight is to serve her. Will she not reward him even by a look? He asks for no present from her, let him only have some sign which may bid him hope, ' Si plus n'y soit, donetz le regarder.' The coming of Saint Valentine encourages him somewhat (xxxiv) with the reflection that all nature yields to love, but (xxxv) he remembers with new depression that though birds may choose their mates, yet he remains alone. May comes on (xxxvii), and his lady should turn her thoughts to love, but she sports with flowers and pays no heed to the prayer of her prisoner. She is free, but he is strongly bound; her close is full of flowers, but he cannot enter it ; in the sweet season his fortune is bitter. May is for him turned into winter : ' Vous estes franche et jeo sui fort lie.' Then the lady has her say, and in accordance with the preroga- tive of her sex her moods vary with startling abruptness. She has doubts (xli) about her lover's promises. He who swears most loudly is the most likely to deceive, and some there are who will make love to a hundred and swear to each that she is the only one he loves. 'To thee, who art one thing in the morning and at evening another, I send this balade for thy reproof, to let thee know that I leave thee and care not for thee.' In xliii she is fully convinced of his treachery, he is falser than Jason to Medea or Ixxviii INTRODUCTION Eneas to Dido. How different from Lancelot and Tristram and the other good knights ! ' C'est ma dolour que fuist aingois ma joie.' With this is contrasted the sentiment of xliv, in which the lady addresses one whom she regards as the flower of chivalry and the ideal of a lover, and to whom she surrenders unconditionally. The lady speaks again in xlvi, and then the series is carried to its conclusion with rather a markedly moral tone. At the end comes an address to the Virgin, in which the author declares himself bound to serve all ladies, but her above them all. No lover can really be without a loving mistress, for in her is love eternal and invariable. He loves and serves her with all his heart, and he trusts to have his reward. The whole concludes with an Envoy addressed to 'gentle England/ describing the book generally as a memorial of the joy which has come to the poet's country from its noble king Henry, sent by heaven to redress its ills. Printed Editions. — The Balades have been twice printed. They were published by the Roxburghe Club in 1818, together with the other contents of the Trentham MS. except the English poem, with the title ' Balades and other Poems by John Gower. Printed from the original MS. in the library of the Marquis of Stafford at Trentham,' Roxburghe Club, 18 18, 4to. The editor was Earl Gower. This edition has a considerable number of small errors, several of which obscure the sense ; only a small number of copies was printed, and the book can hardly be obtained. In 1886 an edition of the Balades and of the Traitie was published in Germany under the name of Dr. Edmund Stengel in the series of ' Ausgaben und Abhandlungen aus dein Gebiete der romanischen Philologie.' The title of this book is 'John Gower's Minnesang und Ehezuchtbiichlein : LXXII anglonormannische Balladen . . . neu herausgegeben von Edmund Stengel.' Marburg, 1886. The preface is signed with the initials D. H. The editor of this convenient little book was unable to obtain access to the original MS., apparently because he had been wrongly informed as to the place where it was to be found, and accordingly prfntcd the Balades from the Roxburghe edition with such emendations as his scholarship suggested. He removed a good many obvious errors of a trifling kind, and in a few cases he was successful in emending the text by conjecture. Some important corrections, however, still remained to be made, CINKANTE BALADES Ixxix and in several instances he introduced error into the text either by incorrectly transcribing the Roxburghe edition or by unsuccessful attempts at emendation. I do not wish to speak with disrespect of this edition. The editor laboured under serious disadvantages in not being able to refer to the original MS. and in not having always available even a copy of the Roxburghe edition, so that we cannot be surprised that he should have made mistakes. I have found his text useful to work upon in collation, and some of his critical remarks are helpful. The present Text. — The text of this edition is based directly on the MS., which remains still in the library at Trentham Hall and to which access was kindly allowed me by the Duke of Sutherland. I propose to describe the MS. fully, since it is of considerable interest, and being in a private library it is not generally accessible. The Trentham MS., referred to as T., is a thin volume, con- taining 41 leaves of parchment, measuring about 6\ in.XQj in., and made up apparently as follows : a**, b', c", d — P (one leaf cut out), g\ h\ V (no catchwords). The first four leaves and the last two are blank except for notes of ownership, &c., so that the text of the book extends only from f. 5 to f. 39, one leaf being lost between f. 33 and f. 34. The pages are ruled for 35 lines and are written in single column. The handwriting is of the end of the fourteenth or beginning of the fifteenth century, and resembles what I else- where describe as the ' third hand ' in MS. Fairfax 3, though I should hesitate to affirm that it is certainly the same, not having had the opportunity of setting the texts side by side. There is, however, another hand in the MS., which appears in the Latin lines on ff. ;^;^ v" and 39 v". The initial letters of poems and stanzas are coloured, but there is no other ornamentation. The book contains (i) ff. 5 — 10 v'^, the English poem in seven- line stanzas addressed to Henry IV, beginning ' O worthi noble kyng.' (2) f. 10 v", II, the Latin piece beginning 'Rex celi deus.' (3) f. II vo — 12 vo, two French balades with a set of Latin verses between them, addressed to Henry IV (f. 12 is seriously damaged). This is what I refer to as the Dedication. (4) ff. 12 vo — 33, Cinkante balades. Ixxx INTRODUCTION (5) f. 33 v°, Latin lines beginning ' Ecce patet tensus,' incom- plete owing to the loss of the next leaf. Written in a different hand. (6) fif. 34 — 39, 'Traitie pour ensampler les amantz marietz,' imperfect at the beginning owing to the loss of the preceding leaf. (7) f- 39 v'', Latin lines beginning 'Henrici quarti,' written in the hand which appears on f. ^t, v". On the first blank leaf is the following in the handwriting of Sir Thomas Fairfax : ' S"". John Gower's learned Poems the same booke by himself presented to kinge Henry ye fourth before his Coronation.' (Originally this was 'att his Coronation,' then 'att or before his Coronation,' and finally the words ' att or ' were struck through with the pen.) Then lower down in the same hand : ' For my honorable freind & kinsman s"". Thomas Gower knt. and Baronett from Ffairfax 1656.' On the verso of the second leaf near the left-hand top corner is written a name which appears to be ' Rychemond,' and there is added in a different hand of the sixteenth century : 'Liber Hen: Scptimi tunc comitis Richmond manu propria script.' On the fifth leaf, where the text of the book begins, in the right- hand top corner, written in the hand of Fairfax : ' ffairfax N° 265 by the gift of the learned Gentleman Charles Gedde Esq. liuinge in the Citty of St Andrews.' Then below in another hand : ' Libenter tunc dabam Id tester Carolus Gedde Ipsis bis scptenis Kalcndis mensis Octobris 1656.' On the last leaf of the text, f. 39, there is a note in Latin made in 1 65 1 at St. Andrews (Andreapoli) by C. Gedde at the age of seventy, with reference to the date of Henry IV's reign. Then in English, ' This booke pcrtaineth to aged Charles Gedde/ and inserted between the lines by Fairfax, 'but now to ffairfax of his gift, Jun. 28. 1656.' CINKANTE BALADES Ixxxi Below follows a note in English on the date of the death of Chaucer and of Gower, and their places of burial. The first of the blank leaves at the end is covered with Latm anagrams on the names ' Carolus Geddeius,' ' Carolus Geddie,' or ' Carolus Geddee,' with this heading, 'In nomen venerandi et annosi Amici sui Caroli Geddei Anagrammata,' and ends with the couplet : ' Serpit amor Jonathae (Prisciano labe) Chirurgo Mephiboshae pedibus tarn manibus genibus,' which is not very intelligible, but is perhaps meant to indicate the name of the composer of the anagrams. In the right-hand top corner of the next leaf there is written in what might be a fifteenth-century hand, 'Will Sanders vn Just ' (the rest cut away). As to the statement made by Fairfax that this book, meaning apparently this very copy, was presented by the author to Henry IV, it is hardly likely that he had any trustworthy authority for it. The book must evidently have been arranged for some such purpose ; on the whole however it is more likely that this was not the actual presentation copy, but another written about the same time and left in the hands of the author. The copy intended for presentation to the king, if such a copy there were, would probably have been more elaborately ornamented ; and moreover the Latin lines on the last leaf, ' Henrici quarti ' «S:c., bear the appearance of having been added later. The poet there speaks of himself as having become blind ' in the first year of king Henry IV,' and of having entirely ceased to write in consequence ; and in another version of the same lines, which is found in the Glasgow MS. of the Vox Clatnantis, he dates his blindness from the second year of King Henry's reign. In any case it seems clear that his blindness did not come on immediately after Henry's accession ; for the Cronica Tripertiia, a work of considerable length, must have been written after the death of Richard II, which took place some five months after the accession of Henry IV. It would be quite in accordance with Gower's usual practice to keep a copy of the book by him and add to it or alter it from time to time ; the Fairfax MS. of the Confessio Amantis and the All Souls copy of the Vox Cla- mantis are examples of this mode of proceeding : and I should f Ixxxii INTRODUCTION be rather disposed to think that this volume remained in the author's hands than that it was presented to the king. As to its subsequent history, if we are to regard the signature 'Rychemond ' on the second leaf as a genuine autograph of Henry VII while Earl of Richmond, it would seem that the book passed at some time into royal hands, but it can hardly have come to the Earl of Richmond by any succession from Henry IV. After this we know nothing definite until we find it in the hands of the ' aged Charles Gedde ' of St. Andrews, by whom it was given, as we have seen, to Fairfax in 1656, and by Fairfax in the same year to his friend and kinsman Sir Thomas Gower, no doubt on the supposition that he belonged to the family of the poet. He must have been one of the Gowers of Stittenham, and from him it has passed by descent to its present possessor. The text given by the MS. seems to be on the whole a very correct one. For the Cinqante Balades it is the only manuscript authority, but as regards the Traiti'c it may be compared with several other copies contemporary with the author, and it seems to give as good a text as any. There seems no reason to doubt that it was written in the lifetime of the author, who may however have been unable owing to his failing eyesight to correct it himself. It was nevertheless carefully revised after being written, as is shown by various erasures and corrections both in the French and the English portions. This corrector's hand is apparently different from both the other hands which appear in the manuscript. The best proof however of the trustworthiness of the text is the fact that hardly any emendations are required either by the metre or the sense. The difficulties presented by the text of the Roxburghe edition vanish for the most part on collation of the MS., and the number of corrections actually made in this edition is very trifling. In a few points of spelling this MS. differs from that of the Miroiir : for example, /(?prenient De tout le bien q'a I'alme appent, Et ce tesmoigne bien ly sage. El viele loy lors fuist ensi, Que cil q'ot triche vers I'autri 6530 Du quelqj^e chose, il la rendroit Entiere arere envers celluy Qu'il ot triche, ovesque auci La quinte plus que ce n'estoit, Et puis offrende a dieu dorroit, Du quoy son pecche rechatoit, Sicom//ie la loy I'ot establi. Mais ly Tricher q'est orendroit Sur I'alme laist a faire droit, Dont cent mil fois plus ert puny. 6540 Encore Triche de son lyn Ad sa cousine et son cousin Tout presde luy pour consailler ; Ce sont et Fraude et Malengin. Bien fuist, s'ils fuissent en I'engin Pour loign jetter en halte mer ; Car ce sont qui jam/»ais plener Leur covenance font guarder N'envers dieu n'envers leur voisin : Ce sont cils qui de leur mestier 6550 Font nele ove le frument semer, Dont decevont maint hom/;/e au fin. Ce sont q'ont double la balance Et la mesure en decevance, L'un nieinz et I'autre trop comprt'nt ; Du meindre vcndont au creance, Du greindre par multipliance Achatont de la povre gent : Plus ont deservy jugement Que lieres que Ten treine et pent. 6560 La bible en portc tcsnioignance, Dieus en la viele loy defent Mesure et pois que doublement Se fait a la comwun nuisance. Entre les autres pour servir enporte MIROUR DE L'OMME 77 Au Tricherie vient Conspir, La torte cause q'ymagine ; Et pour ce qu'il n'en doit faillir, Confederacioz/n venir Y fait, par qui le droit engine : 6570 Mais Champartie en leur covine Se haste, et nuyt et jour ne fine, De la busoigne au point finir. Ce sont ly troy par qui falsine Dame Equite vait en ruine, Et tort se fait en halt tenir. ' U Tricherie vait, du pres Vient Circumvencio/m apres, Ove son compaign q'ad no?m Brocage : Ce sont qui portont le grief fes 6580 Du Covoitise et tous les fetz P(7rfont ; car I'un en son corage Primer coviette I'avantage, Et I'autre en fait le procurage Solonc qu'il voit venir I'encress ; Q'au paine ascuns serra si sage, Qui n'ert deceu par leur menage, S'ils par deux fois I'eiont confess. La voegle Ingratitude vient Apres les autres, et se tient 6590 Ove Covoitise main au main : C'est ly pecches q'au cuer enprient Oblivio//n, dont riens sovient D'onour, du bien, que son prochain L'ad fait devant, ainz com;/;e vilain De chescun prent, mais en certain A nul redon//e et tout retient : C'est cil q'est toutdis fieble et vain A I'autry prou, mais fort et sain Au propre bien prest se contient. 6600 La foy, sicomme ly sages dist, D'Ingratitude s'esvanist Ensi comwe glace se relente ; Car deinz brief temps trestout oublist Le bien q'aingois ascuns luy fist, * Q'au guerdon;?er ne se talente. Fols est q'au tiel amy presente Argent ou orr ou terre ou rente ; Car quant plus don«er ne suffist, 6584 Lors le deguerpe et destalente, 6610 Et au busoign plus qw jumente Irreson;?able I'escondist. A l'om/;/e ingrat, tu dois savoir, Que trop purest ce nownsavoir, Si tu tes biens trestous dorroies ; Car prest serra de recevoir, Mais redon;?er de son avoir Ja n'ert ce temps que tu le voies : Et d'autre part, si toutes voies Al homwe ingrat servy avoies 6620 Mill auns a ton loyal pooir, En un soul jour tout le pert. Larcine es foires et marchees S'embat enmy les assemblees Les riches bources pour copier Et les culteals a les costees ; N'en chalt a qui ils ont custees, Quant n'est qui Ten vient a culper. Et nepowrquant grant encombrer Sovent eschiet de son mestier, 7040 Dont est des maintes gens huez, Si q'au final pour Tamender Lai St ses orailles enguager, Que puis ne serront desguagez. Larcine auci par autre guise, Quant doit servir, son fait desguise Au sire du qui la maiso«n Govemera ; car lors sa prise Div^rsement est de reprise, Puis qu'il ad tout a sa bandon : 7050 Des toutes partz prent en\-iron Et au garite et au dongon, Ne laist braiel ne laist chemise, Neis la \-alue d'un tison. Dont il ne prent sa partison, l*uisqu'0 la main ait a ce mise. Office soutz la main du here Siconi;»7e chandeUe en la maniere Du poy en poy gaste et degoute ; Car il sa main \-iscouse emblere 7060 Ja ne la poet tenir arere, Aincois par tout u q'il la boute Luy fault piler ou grain ou goute Tout en celee, que point ne doute D'acompte. si nuls le surquiere, Ne de ce qu'il sa foj" ad route : Qui tieux servans tient de sa route, Poverte n'est pas loign derere. Soubtilement de son'mestier Larcine se sciet excuser: 7070 Car si n'en soit atteint au fait, Ja nuls le sa\Ta tant culper, Q'aincois se lerra perjurer Que regehir ce q'ad mesfait : Et s'om I'atteint de son forsfait, Lors ses cauteles contrefait. Que mer\'eille est de I'escoulter, Pour soy guarir, plus que ne fait Ly goupils qui fuiant s'en vait Devant les chiens pour S03' garden 70S0 Rachel se mist en jupartie De son honour et de sa vie, Quant de Laban en tiele guise Avoec Jacob s'estoit fuie, Et par Larcine avoit saisie Les dieus son piere; u la juise Ot deserN'}', mais par queintise Que femmes scievont de feintise Ensi co\T3' sa felonwie, Q'atteinte n'en estoit ne prise ; 7090 Du quoy la culpe fuist remise, Dont elle avoit mort deservie. MIROUR DE L'OMME 83 La statue d'Appollinis Au Rome estoit par tieu devis Fait deinz le temple antiquement ; D'un fin drap d'orr mantell du pris Avoit vestu, et en son vis Grant barbe d'orr ot ensement, Le destre bras portoit extent L'anel ou doi moult richement ; 7100 Mais par Larcine un Dyonis Tout luy despuilla plainement. Mais ore oietz comme faitement II s'escusa, quant il fuist pris. Quant I'empprour luy demanda Pour quoy le mantell d'or embla, ' Seignour,' ce dist, ' par vostre gree J 'en vous dirray comment il sta. L'orr en soy deux natures a ; II est pesant, dont en estee 71 10 N'affiert que dieus I'ait affoublee, Froid est auci, du quoy ly diee El temps d'yvern refroidera : Pour ce le mantell Pay houstee ; Car s'il Tot guaire plus portee, II le poet faire trop de mal. Auci, seigno2/r, vous plest entendre Ce que je fis del anel prendre : Certainement il le m'oifry, Car je le vi sa main estendre, 7120 Et je n'osay le dieu ofifendre, Ainz en bon gre resceu de luy Le doi/n en disant grant mercy : La barbe d'orr je pris auci, No/mpas que je le pensay vendre, Mais pour ce que son piere vi Sanz barbe, dont vouldray celuy Resembler a son propre gendre.' Fuist il soubtils cil q'a I'empire Sceust s'excusaciorm confire 7130 De tieu response colouree ? Certes oil ; et pour descrire Le temps present, qui bien remire, Hom voit pluseurs en tiel degre Pilant, robbant leur veisinee, Et ont leur cause compasse, 7123 endisant Ou'il semble al oill que doit suffire : Mais Ten dist, qui quiert escorchee Le pell du chat, dont soit furree, Luy fault aucune chose dire. 7140 Mais Sacrilege d'autre voie Du sainte eglise prent sa proie, Ou soit chalice ou vestement Ou les offrendes de monoie : Si dieus tiel homme ne benoie, N'est pas mervaille, qant d'argent Ou d'yvor celle buiste prent U est repost le sacrament. He, fol cristin, come il forsvoie O'ensi despuille proprement 7150 Son dieu, et qua«t dieus est present, Ne quide pas que dieus le voie ! Dieus des tons ceux fait sa que- relle, Du sacrilege et les appelle, S'ils n'en font restituciown, Ly quelq?/^ soit, ou cil ou celle, Q'au tort detient, emble ou concele Ses dismes duez de reso^n, Ou tolt les biens de sa mesown, Soit chose sacre ou sacre nown. 7160 Mais sacre chose, u que soit elle, Ouiconq?/^ en fait mesprisioz/n, Du sacrilege il est felo/m, Comme s'il tolsist de la chapelle. Trop est cil malfelown deceu Q'ensi desrobbe maison dieu, Et de ses biens fait le descres, Par qui tout bien sont avenu : Moult poy redoubte sa vertu Qui sa maison ne laist en pes ; 7170 Car certes il se prent trop pres, Q'au mesmes dieu ne fait reles, Cil soldoier de Belsabu : Mais il verra tieu jour apres, Quawt veuldroit bien q'au double encres Ust restore ce q'ad tollu. Des les vengances qui lirroit Dedeins la bible, il trouveroit Oue dieus moult trescruelement 7162 enfait G 2 84 MIROUR DE L'OMME De sacrilege se vengoit. 718c Nabuzardan I'un d'aux estoit De qui dieus prist le vengemerit ; Roy Baltazar tout cnsement, Qant but de saint vessellement Et en ce se glorifioit, Lors apparust soudainement La main q'escript son juggement Devant la table u qu'il seoit. En Babyloyne la Citce Fuist la vengance no»ncice 7190 Que dieus a les malvois ferra Q'ont son saint temple viole, Solonc q'estoit prophetize Par Jeremie : et ce serra En bass enfern ; car par cella Q'om Babj'loine nomwera, La Cit d'enfern est figuree ; U Sacrilege demorra Ove I'angre qui se desacra, Siq//^ jani;//ais n'ert resacre. 7200 Mais d'autre voie manifeste Son sacrilege, qui la fcste Des saintz ne guart q'est dediez, Aincois labourt, dont il adqueste Proufit et gaign du bien terreste Es jours qui sont saintefiez A dieu et privilegiez, Sicom;;/e tesmoigne ly decrez. La bible auci de vielle geste Que rien soit vendu n'achatez 7210 Defent es festes celebrez, Ainz en repos soit hom/;/e et beste. Ore dirra de la tierce file d' Ava- rice, la quelle ad no/m Usure. La tierce file ad nown Usure, Dont Avarice trop s'assure, Si maint entour la riche gent, f. 43 Et sur les povres sans mesure Et sanz mercy par mesprisure Son gaign pourchace ; car I'argent O'aprestcr doit al indigent Sans surcrois au rcpaiemcnt, 7220 Jamwais appreste, ainz a toute hurc 7 18 1 aux itt ras 7224 Son gaign trete au com;;^encement ; Car poy luy chault au finement, Maisqu'il en rit, si Tautre plure. Ses brocours et ses procuriers Rctient ove luy com;//e soldoiers Cil Usurer demz la Cite, Qui vont serchans les chivaliers, Les vavasours et I'escuiers : Oant onl leur terres enguage 7230 Et vienont par necessite D'aprompter, lors ly malure Les font mener as usurers, Et tantost serra compasse Ce q'est de novel appelle La chevisance des deniers. Com;/ie cil qui chat achatera El sac, aincois (\ue le verra, Ensi vait de la chevisance : Car qui deniers apromptera 7240 Fault achater, mais ce serra Sanz veue, no?/n sanz repentance ; Et lors fault faire sa fiance Du paiement, et par semblance Puis doit revendre q'achata Au meindre pris. He, queu balance, Q'ensi le crean90ur avance Et le dettour destruiera ! El viel et novel testament Usure mesmes dieux defent : 7250 Lors est soubtil a mon avis Cil burgois, qui si faitement Savra par son compassement D'usure colourer le vis, Et la vestir par tieu dcvis, Siqw^ les autres de paiis Ne la savront aucunement Conoistre, ainz qu'ils en soient pris ; Dont lo//r covient au double pris Achater son aquointement. 7260 Du charite ne vient ce mye, Q'Usure ad toutdis son espie Sur ceux qui vuillont apromptcr : Car con\i)ic plus ont mestier d'aie, Taut plus s'estrange en sa partie, emit 7258 ensoient MIROUR DE L'OMME 85. Pour phis attraire en son danger Ceux que luy vuillont aquointer : Mais ja se sciet nuls tant quointer, Q'ain9ois q'il viegne au departie Qe de son fait se doit loer; 7270 Ainz qui phts quiert d'acompaigner Plus p^rdra de sa compaignie. En les Cites ad une usage, Qui prent long jour de son paiage Sa perte verra plus prochein : Comwe plus le debte monte en age, De tant plus monte en halt estage Le pris de ce dont fait bargein. Que ceste chose est tout certein Scievont tresbien ly chambrelein, 7280 Dont ]y seigno?^r ont grant dani;«age; Pour cynk acate et paie ou mein Pour sisz, si paiez au demein, Car c'est d'usure I'avantage. ' Vien,' dist Usure, 'a ton plaisir, Si te repose en mon papir, Q'ert de ma propre main escrit.' Mais je dy, si te fais tenir En tieu repos, ne poes faillir Q'au fin serras lass et sougit. 7290 Sicom;//e ly champs d'un grein petit Se multeplie a grant proufit Et fait ton large grange emplir, Ensi la som;;;e q'est confit El papir croist, mais d'autre plit Ta bource vuide a son partir. Trop vait d'usure soubtilant Q'est mesmes d'usure apromptant, Quawt voit q'il poet par aventure La soum/«e apprester plus avant, 7300 Pour plus gaigner q'il p^rdevant N'en p^rdist au primere usure. Cil q'ensi doublement usure Et fait le vice ou le procure, Au deables est le droit marchant ; Dont en la Cite q'est oscure Pour gaign q'il pr^nt a present hure Prendra le gaign del fieu ardant. Soubtilite ne Faux compas 7275 plusprochein 7310 7320 Ove Malengin ne fauldront pas Al usurer, qu'ils leur aie Ne luy ferront a son pourchas, Dont gaignera les six pour aas Des busoignous q'attrappe et lie. Mais par Osee en prophecie De la marchande tricherie Dieux se complaint, que par fallas L'en fait usure en ceste vie ; Mais pour le tresor de Pavie N'estoet a morir en ce cas. En les Cites no/m soulement, Ainz d'autre part forainement Usure maint en les contres, Et vent a Noel son frument, Mais pour ce que sa paie attent Jusques a Pasques, ert doublez Le pris d'icell. He, queu marchies ! Ce q'om achat en les marchies Pour quatre souldz comwmnement, Usure a ses accoustumwzez 7330 Pour six souldz par les chiminez En attendant sa paie vent. Les riches gens Usure endite, Qua//t a la gent povre et petite, Q'a labourer covient pour lour, Devant la main pour une myte Q'om leur appr^ste, et poy proufite, Vuillont ravoir un autre jour Deux tant ou plus de lour labour : L'usure d'un tiel crean^our 7340 De la com/Hune est trop despite, Et dieus ascoulte a leur clamour ; Si q'en la terre est en haour, Et en le ciel auci despite. Ore dirra de la quarte file d' Avarice, la quelle ad noun Simonie. La file quarte et averouse Elle est clergesse covoitouse, Quelle est appelle Simonie, Du faculte trop enginouse ; Car tant du siecle est curiouse, Qe tout corrumpe sa clergie. 7350 7300 plusauant 86 MIROUR DE L'OMME Ne lerrai maisqwe je le die, Cil clers a qui celle est amie Trop est sa vie perillouse ; Car qui bien sciet et ne fait mie, L'escole de philosophic Est a son fait contrariouse. Du Simonie ay tantoy, Om puet tout temps de I'an prrrmy Trover les foires au plener Au Court de Rome, et qui vient y, 7360 Maisqu'il soit fort del orr garny, Faillir ne puet de marchander. Pluralites y puet trouver, Et les prebendes achater, Et dispensacions auci, Pardo/m et indulgence entier: Si bien sa bource puet parler, Que I'eveschics irront ove luy. Simon demeine grans desrois Entre les clers as Courtz des Rois, Que plus ne scievont que nature : 7371 Car de Canoz/n ne d'autres lois N'entendont latin ne gregois, Pour construer sainte escripture ; Mais de la temporiele cure Scievont malice sanz mesure, A don«er un consail malvois : Et nepourquawt ensi procure Les k//res cil q'est sanz lettrure, Qu'il est eslit au plus hault dois. 7380 Ore est ensi, chescuns le voit, La penne plus de bien envoit, Et plus enclinont a ses partz Ly seigno?nfait, du quoy Devant dieu soiez revestu, Je tiens le temps tout a p^rdu, Dont grant doubtance avoir je doy. Le point seconde c'est, ' Quoy fais ? ' Si tu regardes a tes faitz, 1 1 390 Paour t'en dirra meintenant Qe cent mil fois sont tes mesfaitz Du greigno»r pois que tes bienfaitz. Itiel acompte est mal seant. Si es en doubte nepourqant Du vivre au fin que I'amendant Facez ; car Mort de ses aguaitz Par aventure ert survenant, Qant plus te vais glorifiant, Dont ont este plusours desfaitz. 1 1400 Qe tu morras tout es certeins, Mais au quelle houre es no?mc^vleins, Ou en quel lieu tu n'en sav^ras : Mestre Helemawns, qui fist toutpleins Lez Vers du Mort, tesmoigne au meinz Qe mort t'ad dist com/;/e tu orras : ' Houstez voz troeffes et voz gas, Car tiel me couve soubz ses dras Q'assetz quide estre fortz et seins.' Mort t'ad garny de ses fallas, 1 1410 Dont prt/' droit ne t'escuseras. Si tu par luy soies atteins. Deux autres pointz je truis escrit En Genesis, que I'angel dist MIROUR DE L'OMME 133 El grant desert, u qu'il trova L'ancelle Agar, que s'en fuyt Enceinte d'un enfant petit, Danz Abraham quel engendra, Et Ismahel puis luy noma ; Dont celle ancelle s'orguilla, 11420 Et de sa dame tint despit, Par quoy sa dame I'enchaca Et la batist et desfoula, Uont I'autre en paour s'en portist. Mais qant eel angel, comwe vo?^s dy Agar trova, lors dist a luy, ' Dont viens, Agar ? ne me celetz : Et puis vous me dirrez auci, U vas .' Agar luy respond! Tout com;;/e devant oy avetz. 11430 ' Agar,' dist I'angel, ' rettournez, Au Sarre, q'est ta dame, irrez, Dieus te comwande a faire ensi, Et basse a luy te soubmettez ; Car si pardoiin luy prieretz. Trover pourras grace et mercy.' Ensi Paour te dist, ' Dont viens ? ' Tu viens, caitifs, si t'en souviens, De la taverne au deablerie, U plus vileins q'esrage chiens 11440 Tu as despendu tous les biens Que dieus ot mys en ta baillie, Au fin que I'alme meulx garnie En ust este ; mais la folic Du veine gloire, que tu tiens, Les t'ad hoste, dont en partie Paour ta conscience escrie ; Quo}'^ dirray lors, si n'en reviens ? Je dy, revien et toy soubmette : Paour t'appelle en sa cornette, 11450 Que porte molt horrible soun : ' Revien,' ce dist, ' a la voiette, Qe ly malfies ne te forsmette En la deserte regio^m : Rettourne arere en ta maiso/m, Et te soubmette a ta raiso«n. Si fai ta conscience nette, Et puis responde a ta leco^m, 1 1424 senpartist U vas, si tu le scies u no//n ' : Paour te chante en sa musette. 1 1 460 Paour te dist, ' U vas ? dy moy : Au Mort, qui n'ad pite de toy, Et puis apres au juggement Devant luy q'est tant just en soy, Qe n'est pour prince ne po?/r Roy Dont voet flecchir aucunement ; Et puis irrez sanz finement A eel H erode le pulent. Qui fait tenir le grief tournoy En bass enfern du male gent. 1 1470 He, fol, si tu bien penses ent, Molt doit ton cuer estre en effroy.' Ce dist Jerom, qtte quoy qu'il face, Mangut ou boit, plourt ou solace, Paour toutdis le fait entendre, Comme s'il oiast deinz brief espace Un corn cornant, qui luy manace, Et dist, ' Vien ton acompte rendre' : Du tiel paour se fist susp;rndre, Dont son penser faisoit descendre 1 1480 La jus en celle horrible place En son vivant ; si ot plus tendre La conscience pour ascendre Amont a la divine grace. Paour q'au droit se voet tenir, Un fois le jour se vait morir, Et en enfern fait la descente, U qu'il ne voit forsq/r^ suspir, Doloir, plorer, plaindre et ghemir, En feu de sulphre u se tormente: 11490 Crepald, lusard, dragozm, serpente, Cils font la paine violente, Mais sur trestout, qant voit venir Le deable, lors deinz son entente En ceste vie il se repente, Q'apres ne luy fait repentir. Une autre fois deinz sa memoire Paour s'en vait en pourgatoire, Et voit y moult diverse peine Laide et puiante, horrible et noire, 1 1 500 Plus que nuls cuers le porroit croire, Ou langue dire q'est humeine : 1 1440 plusvileins 134 MIROUR DE L'OMME Atant q'enfern celle est grieveine Mais d'une chose tout souleine, Q'en pourgatoire I'alme espoire En fin d'avoir sa joye pleine, RIais en enfern elle est certeine Du perdurable consistoire. Par droit Paour oil q'ensi pense D'enfern la paine et la sentence, 11510 Que sanz mercy toutdis endure, Et puis dedeins son cuer compe«se Du pourgatoire I'evidence, Quel froid y ad et quelle arsure, Je croi q'il ad tresbon;;e cure Trove ; et s'il apres tient cure Du veine gloire, et reverence Du siecle quiert, je ne I'assure En celle gloire q'est dessure II S20 Pour venir en la dieu prt'sence. Ly sages dist en sa doctrine Qe la coroune et la racine Du sapience c'est paour, Qant envers dieu soulein encline Par droit amour et discipline ; Car qui dieu crient ovesqtte amour, Lors n'est vertu qui soit meillour. Paour est mol plus que la flour, Et plus poignant que n'est I'espine, As bons est joye, as mals hidour;ii53o Qui son cuer serche en tenebrour Paour la chandelle enlumine. Paour qui dieu aime et confesse, C'est le tresor et la richesse De Talme, ce dist Ysaie ; Et David dist parole expresse, 'Qui dieu criemont en droite hu;«blesse Dieus les eshaulce et glorifie.' Ce dist la vicrge auci Marie, ' Du progenie en progenie 11540 La mercy dieu leur ert impresse. Qui criemont dieu en ceste vie.' Pour ce fols est q'a ce ne plie, Qant elle en fait si beau promesse. Du droit Paour je truis escript, Saint Jeremie ensi le dist 1 1544 enfait A dieu par droite humiliance : 'O Roys du poair infinit. Qui est celluy sans contredit, Qui ne doit criendre ta puissance ? 1 1550 Sur tout puiss faire ta plesance, Car trestous susmes ta faisance, Sibien ly grant com;«e ly petit.' O dieus, pour ce c'est ma creance, N'est creature en nuUe estance, Q'a ton poair ne soit soubgit. Ore dirra d ela tierce file de Hu- milite, quelle ad no/m Discrec/o//n, contra le vice de Surquiderie. D'Umilite la tierce file Ne laist que Surquidance avile Celle alme q'est par luy gardee ; Ain(;ois trestoute orguil exile, 1 1560 Et toute vertu reconcile, Si est Discrecio/m nomee : Qant sens, valour, force ou beaute. Honour, richesce ou parentee Luy font des autres plus nobile, Au dieu soulein rent grace et gre, Pensant toutdis d'umilite Qe sa nature est orde et vile. Discreciown en governance Ad toutquatreoils.en resemblance 115 70 Des bestes, dont par leur figure f. 66 L'apocalips fait remembrance : De I'oill primer sanz variance Voit cliercment sa propre ordure ; De I'autre voit la grande cure Du siecle que chascuns endure ; Du tierce oil voit la p/andement en as ; Auci d'almoisne herbergeras Celluy qui n'ad meson u gise. 15732 aderere 15742 enas MIROUR DE L'OMME 183 Auci d'almoisne visiter Tu dois malade et prison«er De tes biens et de ta presence : D'almoisne donwe ton denier, U meulx le quidez assener, Nownpas a chascun qui te tence, 15750 Ainz du suffraite I'evidence Tu dois sercher de ta prudence, Et u tu vois greigneur mestier, Dorretz du large main extense ; Mais la plus grevouse indige/?se C'est riche en povrete towmer. Je lis d'un homme qui pie^a Fuist riche, et puis luy fortuna Q'il devint povre, et po«r soy pestre Trois de ses filles ordina 15760 Au bordell, siqu'il par cela Viv^roit, qant meulx ne poait estre. Mais celle nuyt pai' sa fenestre Saint Nicholas, qui scieust bien I'estre, Argent et orr aval rua, Siqite Talmoisne de sa destre Les files ove leur fol ancestre Du pecche tint et remonta. O quel essample nous entrait Cil saint, q'ensi fist son aguait 15770 De nuyt pour ses almoisnes faire ; Assetz le pot bien avoir fait Du jour, mais il volt son bienfait Celer sanz sa loenge en traire ; De tant estoit s'almoisne maire. Ly sages dist, ' Si voes dieu plaire, Fai que ly povres almoisne ait Musce trestout en secretaire Deinz son giro//n, car ly bienfaire De tiele almoisne a dieu s'en vait.' Ensi I'almoisne de tes biens 15781 Dorras, et puis fait une riens, Qe si plus sages es d'autry Et tu d'almoisne au droit soviens. En tous les lieus u que tu viens Ton sen dorras a chascuny, Q'est du bon consail desgarny : Car Salomon te dist ensi, 15755 plusgreuouse 15774 entraire Qe s'au tiel point ton sen detiens, Tu pecchez, car I'orr enfouy 15790 Et sens musce, qant n'est oy, Ne I'un ne I'autre vale riens. En general I'almoisne est grant. Qui plus sciet ou plus est puissant, Qant son voisin voit en destresse Du charge qui trop est pesant, Aider luy doit de maintenant De sa force et de sa vistesce. Pour supporter I'autry fieblesce ; Car c'estoit la doctrine expresse 15800 Du saint Apostre en son vivant : Pour ce jofne homme a la vielesce Et ly viels homme a la jofnesse, Chascun vers I'autre soit aidant. Ly saint prodhomme sont tenu Prier, car c'est en chascun lieu Almoisne al alme et grant profit. Du bon saint Piere j'ay bien lieu, Combien q'il d'orr n'estoit po?/rveu. Pour ce s'almoisne n'escondisf 158 10 Au povre clop, aincois luy dist, ' Va t'en tout sein,' et cil guarist : Mais au jour d'uy n'est pas veeu L'almoisne q'est ensi confit, Et nepourqant c'est un excit Q'om doit don;«er almoisne a dieu. Du petit poy serra donne, Du nient Ten dorra volente ; Car si tu n'as du quoy donwer, Encore as tu la liberte 15820 D'avoir le cuer piteus et lee : Poverte n'en dois allegger ; Cil n'est pas povere a droit jugger Q'ad poy ou nient ove large cuer, Ainz cil est povre et maluree Q'ad molt et plus voet convoitcr ; Mais qui la savcra bien garder, Poverte est noble et beneuree. Le philosophre en son aprise Poverte en sept manures prise ; 15830 Si dist a son commencement Qe c'est un bien que Pen despise. 15783 plussages 15813 au lourduy 184 MIROUR DE L'OMME Si nous agardons la divise, Bonne est, car dieus tout franchemeiit Son ciel don//e a la povre gent ; L'estat du povre il ensement Eslut, qant vint a sa juise, Dont fuist despit trop vilement : Lors m'est avis, qui bien renp;rnt, C'est un estat du bon//e enprise. 15840 Celle est auci la droite mere Du saunte et la remuere De toute cure et de destance ; Car n'est gloutouse ne lechiere, Dont maladie luy surquiere, Ne trait phisique a sa queintawce : Foverte auci de s'alliance Ne fait avoir la guerre en France, N'est mj^e as armes ccustum;//ere ; N'ad pas le siecle en governance, 15S50 Ainz en quiete et en souflfrance Met toute cure loign derere. Foverte auci du sapience Fait controver I'expmence De dieu servir, ainer, doubter : Qu'iqiie debat ou crie ou tence, N'est qui la quiert en evidence, Dont ait destourbe le penser D'ymaginer, de contempler, Pour biens et mals considerer, 15860 Tanq'il tout voit de sa prudence ; Et lors est sage a terminer, N'est autre q'un soul dieu amer, Par qui tout bien fine et commence. Pov/e fals recreant rendu Au deable, qui le quiert surp/vndre. Qui list les vies des saintz pieres, O'lr y puet maintes manieres De la nature d'Aspre vie : Les uns souleins en les rocheres, Les uns en cloistre ova \our confreres, Chascun fist bien de sa partie ; Cil plourt, cist pr^che, cil dieu prie, Cist June et veille, et cil chastie 18260 Son corps du froid et des miseres, Cist laist sa terre et manantie, Cil laist sa fem/;/e et progenie, Eiant sur tout leur almes cheres. Par Aspre vie tout ce firont, Du Foldelit dont desconfiront Les griefs assaltz et les pointures, Q'au frcle char ne consentiront : Ainz qanq'al alme bon sentiront Enpristront, et les aventures 18270 Oant la fortune envoia dures Des corporieles impressures, Sanz murm//;-du bon gre suffriro«t, Pour plus avoir les almes pures : Houstant trestoutes autres cures En corps tant aspremewt vesquirowt. C'est la vertu q'est tout divine, Et est scmblable en sa covine Au forte haie du gardin, Q'om fait de la poignante espine, 18280 Par quoy n'y puet entrer vermine Ou male beste en nul cngin ; Ainz est tout saulf et enterin, Fuil, herbe, fruit, grein et pepin, De la morsure serpentine ; Siqi<^ ly sires, en la fin Qant vient, y trove sain et fin Le bien, dont ad sa joye fine. La sainte vertu d'Aspre vie Est cellc quelle en prophecie 18290 David en son psalter loa, Disant, par sainte gaignerie En doel et triste lermerie C'est celle qui ses champs sema, Dont qant August apres vendra, En grant leesce siera Les biens dont s'alme glorifie. Si m'est avis sages serra Q'ensi se cultefiera, Dont si grant bien luy multeplic. 18300 En les viels gestes de romeins Valeire dist, des citezeins Ot un jofne hom;«e a no;m Phirin, Q'estoit de si grant bealte pleins Q'en luy amer furont constreins Pres toutes femmes du voisin : Mais pour destruire leur engin, Siq'au pecche ne soit enclin, Coupa ses membres de ses meins, Dont Foldelit mist en declin. 183 10 Vei la le fait du Sarasin Pour nos/re essample plus ne meinz. Cil fuist paien q'ensi fesoit. Qui Leccherie despisoit Tout proprement de sa vertu Pour les ordures qu'il veoit El vil pecche, dont abhosmoit. He, cristien, di, que fais tu ? Qant sainte eglise t'ad estru, Bien duissetz pour I'amour de dieu 18320 Ta vile char mettre en destroit, Dont Foldelit soit abatu : Car molt valt peine dont salu Celle alme sanz fin prendre doit. Ore dirra la descripcio//n et la com;;/endacion de la vertu de Chastet^ par especial. Des toutes vertus plus prive Al alme est dame Chastete, Come celle q'est sa chambreleine ; Q'ensi la tiffe et fait paree, Dont plus mynote et asceme Appiert de fine bealte pleine, 18330 Sur toutes autres sov^reine : Par quoy, sicomwe le livre enseine, Dieus est de luy enamoure, MIROUR DE L'OMME 213 Si prist de luy sa char humeine, La quelle au ciel comme son demeine A dieu le piere ad presente. O Chastete, si je bien voie, Toutes vertus te don«ent voie Comwze a leur dame, et plus avant Trestous les vices loigns envoie 18340 Toy fuiont, car dieus te convoie Et p(7rderere et pardevant : Plus que la pare daiamant Attrait le ferr, es attraiant La grace dont vient toute joye. Toutes vertus par resemblant Ne sont que lune, et tu luisant Es comwe solail, qant s'esbanoie. O Chastete, ne m'en doi tere, Compaigne as angres es sur terre, 18350 Mais en le ciel plus noble auci ; Dont nulle part te fait a querre Meilleur de toy, qui tu requerre Av^ras mestier, si noun celly Q'est sur tons autres ton amy ; C'est dieus ly toutpuissant, par qui Ta volente par tout puiss faire : Nous autres tous crions mercy, Mais tu puiss dire gr<7nt mercy A dieu, qui te ne laist mesfaire. 18360 O Chastete, par tiele assisse Bonte verraie t'est assisse, Qe creatour et creature Chascuns endroit de soy te prise, Fors soul le deable, a qui tu prise As guerre, et par ta confiture Tout I'as mis a desconfiture : C'estoit qant dieus ove ta nature Se volt meller, dont fuist compr/se La deite soubz ta porture. f. 102 Quoy dirray plus mais dieus t'onure ? Car autre a ce n'est qui suffise. 18372 Ore dirra compendiousement la Recapitulacio^n de toute la nia- tiere precedent. Ore est a trere en reme;«bra«ce 18339 plusauant 18386 Comme je par ordre en la roma?/ce Vous ai du point en point conte Des vices toute la faisance ; Prim^rement de la nescance Du Pecche, dont en proprete Mort vint, et puis par leur degre Comment les sept sont engendre, Les quelles par droite alliance 18381 Au Siecle furont marie, Comme puis se sont multeplie, Tout vous ai dit sanz variance. Et puis apres vous dis auci De Yomtne q'en fuist malbailli, Dont TAlme a dieu se compleigna Et comme puis dieus de sa mercy Pour la pite q'il ot de luy Les sept vertus lors maria 18390 A Reso//n, qui les espousa, Et puis de ce qu'il engendra, De Tun et I'autre avetz oy, Mais ore apres me semblera Bon est que Ten aguardera L'estat de nous qui susmes cy. Ore au final sont engendrez Les vices, qui sont malurez, Trop se font fort de leur partie : Et d'autre part sont auci neez 18400 Les vertus, qui sont benurez, A resister leur felonwie : Sur quoy chascuns autre desfie, L'un claime avoir la seignourie De I'omme ove tous ses propretes, Et I'autre dist qu'il n'av^ra mie ; Ensi la guerre est arrainie, U q'il y ad peril assetz. La Char se tret trestout as vices, Et r Alme voet que les services 1 8 4 1 o Soient au Reso;m soulement ; Mais ore agardons les offices Des tous estatz, si les justices Ou les malices au present Sont plus fort en governement. Je dis, ensi comw^e I'autre gent, Qe plus sont fortes les malices, qenfuist 18415 plustbrt 214 MIROUR DE L'OMME Siq/^^ Pecchc comwunement Par tout governe a son talent L'escoles et les artefices. 18420 Puisq'il ad dit les propretes des vices et des vertus, sicome vous avetz 01, ore dirra en pcjrtie I'estat de ceux q'ont noshre siecle en govt';-nance : et com;;/encera pr/m^rement a la Court de Rome. Si nous parlons de ces prdatz Qui sent sicom;;;e de dieu legatz Ove la clergie app<:?;tiena«t, lis sont devenuz advocatz Du Pecche pour plaider le cas Encontre I'Alme ; et oultre tant, Si nous des Rois soions parlant, lis vont le pueple ensi pilant, Qe tous s'en pleignont halt et bas ; Et si nous parlous plus avant 18430 Du gent du loy et du marchant, Je voi peril en toutz estatz. Je croy bien ferm que la imnchise De luy q'est chief du sainte eglise Soubz dieu, s'il se gowrne a droit, Sur tous les autres est assisse ; Mais ore est change celle assisse. Car ce q'umilites estoit Ore est ojguil, et puis Ten voit, Ce que largesce estre souloit 18440 Ore est tourne du covoitise ; Si chastete a ore y soit, Ne say si Ten parler en doit. Car je me tais de celle enprise. Ce que jc pcnse escrire yci N'est pas par moy. ainz est ensi Du toute cm/iene gent Murmur, compleintc, vois et cr}- ; Que tous diont je ne desdi, Q'au court dc Rome ore est regent Simon del orr et de I'argent, 18451 Siq/r^ la cause al indigent Serra pour mil clamour oy : 18430 plusauant 18439 lenvoit Qui d'orr n"y porte le pri?sent, Justice ne luy ert present, Du charite ne la mercy. Le fils de dieu voloit venir Pour eslargir et amoUir La loy ; mais cils du maintenant La me font plus estroit tenir : 18460 Dont vuil les causes enquerir, Si leur vois deux pointz demanda;?t ; Ou ce q'ils m'en vont defendant Estoit en soi pecche devant, Car lor le doi bien eschuir ; Ou si ce noMn, di lors avant Pour quoy me vont establissant Pecche de leur novel atir, Ne puet descendre en ma reso^m Q'ils du propre imposiciozm 18470 Font establir novel pecche ; Ce q'en nul livre nous lison, Qe le fils dieu de sa le(;oun Par I'evangile en son decre Fist establir : car charite N'est que peril multeplie Nous soit, par quelle addiciown Soions plus serf; car rechate Nous ad dieus, dont en liberte Voet bien que nous plus franc soion. Du loy papal est estably 18481 Qe tu ne serras point mary A ta cousine, et d'autres cas Plusours que je ne dirrai cy ; Et diont que pour faire ensi Mortielement tu peccheras : Lors vuil que tu demanderas Si tu po»r I'orr que leur dorras Au court porras trover mercy : Certainemcnt que si terras, 18490 La bource que tu porteras Ferra le pape ton amy. Mais si ce soit ensi mortiel, Com///e ils le diont, lors au tiel Four quoy vuillont devant la mein Dispenser? Car ly dieus du ciel. Qui plus du pape est droituriel ; 18443 odoit 18480 plustVrtnc MIROUR DE L'OMME 2i: Ne puet ce faire, ainz sui certain Qe je conge priasse en vein A dieu pour freindre I'endemein 18500 Sa loy et son precept, le quiel Fist establir; mais ly romein, Si j'eie d'orr ma bource plein, M'ert plus curtois et naturiel. ' Com;«e I'oisellour plus tent ses reetz, Plus tost en serront attrapez Les oiseals, et par cas semblable Comtne plus eions par noz decretz Div^'rsez pecclies iniposez, Plus tost en serretz vous coupable, Et nous d'assetz plus seignourable : Car tieus pecches sont rechatable 185 12 En nos/re Court, si vous paietz ; Dont nous volons que nos/re table Soit des mangiers, et nos/re estable Des grantz chivalx plus efForciez. ' Qant nos/re sire estoit mene Sus au montaigne et ly malfie Du siecle luy moustra I'onour, Je lis q'il I'ad tout refuse : 18520 Mais nous pour dire verite L'avons rescu, siqite seignour Soions en terre le maiour ; Car n'est Roy, Prince ne contour Qui nous ne baiseront le pie, Et dorront largement de lour Pour s'aqueinter de nos/re amour, Dont plus soiont de nous prive. 'Q'il ne se duist soliciter Pour sa vesture ou son manger 18530 Dieus a saint Piere comw/anda, Ne qu'il deux cotes duist porter: Mais nous ne volons pas garder Le dieu precept solonc cela ; Car pres ne loigns n"y avera Delice que prest ne serra Et en cuisine et en celer, Et nos/re corps se vestira Des robes dont om p^rchera Plus que ne portont deux somen 18540 ' Ensi tienons les cliefs es meins, 18506 enserront 18510 Plustost enserrelz Dont nous serrons I'argent au meinz Et les florins, mais rerement Qant desserrons les coffres pleins Pour la poverte a noz procheins Aider ; aincois tout proprement Volons avoir du toute gent, Mais de noz biens n'est qui reprint. Car noz tresors serront si seintz, Qe nul ert digne a nos/re argent 1S550 Toucher. Vei la coni;«e noblement Nous susmes chief des tons humeins ! 'Les cliefs samt Piere ot en baillie f.103 Du ciel, et nous la tresorie Du siecle, qui nous est meynal : El temps saint Piere, si voir die, Cil usurer du Lumbardie Ne fist eschange a court papal, N'a lors Requeste empmal Ne le brocage au Cardinal 18560 Don;/eront voix a la clergie; N'a lors le pape en son hostal Pour nul bargain espirital Retint Simon en compaignie. ' Mais nous q'avons la guerre enpm. Par quoy volons monter en pris. Fait que nous eions retenu Simon, sique par son avis Soient noz tresors eslargiz ; Et ce nous fait main estendu 18570 Dire a Simon le bienvenu, Car il nous rent bien no salu De ses florins, qant vient toutdis : Droitz est, puisq'il ad despendu, Qe I'eveschie luy soit rendu, Car nous l'avons ensi promis. ' O sainte croix, com;//e celle porte Grant vertu, dont d'enfern la porte Fist nos/re sire debriser ! Encore n'est la vertu morte 18580 En nos/re Court, ainz est plus forte, Les huiss des chambres fait p^rcer : Car qant la croix y vient hurter, Tantost acurront cil huissier, Et tout ensi com;«e celle enhorte 1 858 1 plusforte 2l6 MIROUR DE L'OMME La font jusques a nous mener, Voir as curtines voet entrer, Dont nosfre cuer se reconforte. ' Unques le corps du sainte Heleine Serchant la croix tant ne se peine, 18590 Qe nous ovesque nosfre Court Assetz n'y mettons plus du peine Chascune jour de la seineigne, Voir la dymenche Ten labourt, Del croix sercher : chascuns se tourt, Et pour ce no message court Far tout le siecle au tiel enseigne, Et s'il la trove, Ten I'onourt ; Mais cil q'ove vuide main retourt N'ad pas de nous sa grace pleine. 18600 ' Rende a Cesar ce q'est a luy ; Ce q'est a dieu. a dieu tout si : Mais nous et I'un et I'autre avoir Volons, car d'un et d'autre auci Portons I'estat en terre yci. De dieu avons le plain pooir, Par quoy la part de son avoir Volons nous mesmes recevoir Tout proprement, siqw^ nully En partira, si ce n'est voir, Qe nous porrons ap(7rcevoir Q'au double nous ert remery. ' Ensi faisons le dieu proufit, Qe riens laissons grant ne petit De I'orr que nous porrons attraire ; Car ly p/rlat nous sont soubgit, Si sont ly moigne ove lour habit, Q'ils n'osent dire le contraire Du chose que nous volons faire, Neis ly curet et ly viscaire : Leur fait don;/er sanz contredit Del orr, dont ils nous po»rront plaire, Ou autrement leur saintuaire Du no sentence ert entredit. ' Mais du Cesar prrsentement, Portons le repr^'sentement Car nous du Rome la Cite Ore avons I'enheritement ; Pour ce volons de toute gent Tribut avoir par duete. 18630 Voir 1}^ Judieu en son degre, Neis la puteine acoustum;«ee, Ne serront quit du paiement : Ce que Cesar ot oblie En son temps, ore avons trove, Les vices qui vont a I'argent. ' Je truis primer qant Costentin Don/?oit du Rome au pape en fin Possessioi^n de la terrestre, Ly Rois du gloire celestin 18640 Amont en I'air de son divin Par une voix q'estoit celestre Faisoit crier, si dist que I'estre Du sainte eglise ove tout le pr^'stre Ne serront mais si bon cristin, Comriie ainz estoiont leur ancestre, Pour le venim qui devoit crestre De ce q'ils ont le bien terrin, ' Le fils de dieu, qant il fesoit Son testament, sa peas lessoit 18650 Au bon saint Piere, qu'il ama, Siqu'il ne se contourberoit Du siecle ; et I'autre en tiel endroit La res9ut et molt bien garda, Qe puis apres long temps dura : Mais ore est change tout cela ; Le pape claime de son droit L'onour du siecle, et pour cela La dieu pes s'est ale piega, Q'au jour present nuls ne la voit. 18660 ' Saint Piere ne se volt movoir Par guerre, ainz fist son estovoir Des bon«es almes retenir ; Mais nous ne volons peas avoir, Ainz les richesces et I'avoir Du siecle pensons acuillir. Piere ot coronwe du martir, Et nous du ruble et saphir En orr assiss. Lors di me voir, La quelle part valt meulx tenir : 1S670 N'est pas la mort bonwe a souff'rir, Tant comwe phisique puet valoir. ' Saint Piere jamwais a nul jour 1 8610 Enpartira 18610 1S620 MIROUR DE L'OMME 217 Retint dewers luy soldeour Ou d'armes ou du brigantaille ; Car ne volt estre conquerrour Pour resembler a TEmpfrour De ses conquestes en Ytaille. Ainz en priere sa bataille Faisoit, pour Talme de I'ouaille 18680 Defendre, ensi comnie bon pastour, Centre malfe ; mais d'autre entaille Ore est qtie nostre espeie taille, Du siecle pour avoir I'onour. ' Ly fiis de dieu, ce dist I'istoire, Ne vint querir sa propre gloire, Ainz queist la gloire de son piere Four mettre hors du purgatoire Adam : mais nosfre consistoire Se change tout d'une autre chere ; 1 8690 La terre quiert, q'il tient plus chere D'Adam, dont arme sa banere, Et trait le siecle en s'adjutoire, Lessant les almes a derere : Qe chalt si Ten occie et fiere, Mais que nous eions la victoire ? ' En nosrre Court est bien parle Com;/?ent la cristienete Se trouble en guerre et en distance ; Et nous avons sovent este 18700 Requis que peas et unite Feissem?^5 d'Engleterre et France. Mais que n'en donnons I'entendance Trois causes en font destourbance : L'une est petite charite ; Car I'autri grief n'est pas grevawce A nous, ainz en toute habondance Volons tenir le papal see : ' Une autre cause est ensement, Ne susmes pas indifferent, 18710 Ainz susmes part a la p^rtie. Par quoy que nosfve arbitrement Ne se puet faire ovelement : La tierce cause est bien oie, Qe guerre avons en Romanic, Dont fait que nosfre seignourie Du siecle soit primerement 18691 pluschere 18694 aderere Des propres guerres establie : Ces causes ne now5 suflFront mie De faire peas a I'autre gent. 18720 ' Et d'autre paz-t faisons que sage, O'a nous et puis a no message La guerre asses plus que la pees Ferra venir grant avantage De I'orr ; car lor pcmons brocage De I'un Roy et de I'autre apres. Chascuns nous quiert avoir plus p;'^s, Mais nous nous enclinons ades Au Roy qui plus del orr engage, Dont no tresor ait son encress : 18730 Par quoy I'acord volons jammes, Tant come trovons si bon paiage. ' Dieus a saint Piere comwandoit Q'il noun du mestre ne querroit Ne reverence entre la gent : Je truis auci partiel endroit, Qant saint Jehan enclin estoit L'angre adourer, cil le defent ; Si dist qu'il son enclinement A soul dieu q'est omnipotent, 18740 Et noun a autre le ferroit : Mais no5/re Court dist autreme«t, Ne voet tenir I'essamplement Dont I'angel dieus nous essamploit. ' De I'evangile a mon avis f. 104 Ne faisons point le droit devis ; Car nous ne gardens tant ne qua«t L'umilite de dieu le filz ; De dieu le piere ain9ois le pris Tollons, car soul au toutpuissant, 18750 " Sanctus," les angres vont chantant ; Mais nous volons du maintenant Avoir I'onour sur nous assis, Et noun du saint par tout avant Porter, mais tout le remenant Du saintete nous est faillis. ' Combien que Piere estoit grant sire, J a ne vist om du plom ne cire Qu'il envoiast sa bulle close; Ne ja n'orretz chanter ne lire 18760 Q'il fist ses cardinals eslire 18704 enfont 18727 plusprts 2l8 MIROUR DE L'OMME Par ses chapeals, qui sont come rose Vermaile au point qua»t se desclose. Ainz tout orguil y fuist forclose, Ne gule alors roster ne quire De sa delice ascune chose Savoit, mais ore Ten suppose No court est autre, pour voir dire. 'Voir est en terre a son decess Oe no5/re sire don//a pes, 18770 Mais contre ce nous combatons ; Des pecches faisoit il reless, Mais nous, qui susmes d'ire engress, Pour poy de cause escomengons ; II souflfrit mort et passions, Et nous encontre ce tuons ; II se tint de pov^rte pres, Et nous la pov^/le esloignons ; II gaigna poeple, et nous p(?rdons, Ensi n'acorderons jamwes. 187S0 ' L'estat du pape en sa nature Ne porra faire forsfaiture En tant com;;/e pape, ainz Innocent, Qui tient l'estat papal en cure, Cil puet mesfaire d'aventure. Mais nous, qui susmes chief du gent, O'en terre avons nul pier regent, Volons pour I'orr et po//r I'argent Piler trestoute creature ; Car n'est qui pour repaiement 1S790 Nous poet mener en juggement, Et c'est ce qtie nous plus assure.' Q'est ce que Ten dist Antecrist Vendra? Sainte escripture dist Oe d'Antecrist le noun amonte, Qui le contraire fait du Crist. Quoy quidetz vous, si tiel vcnist Encore .'' Oyl, par droite acompte Orguil humilitc surmonte, Dont chascun autre vice monte 18800 Que nosfre sire en terre hai'st ; Siq'au present la foy desmonte En nosfre court, car nuls tient conte Tenir la loy qu'il establist. Sicomwe ly scribe et pharisee, 18838 Qui jadis s'estoiont monte Du Moj'sen sur la chaiere, U la loy dieu ont sermone As autres, mais en leur degre Lour faitz furont tout loign derere; Ensi vait ore en no matiere 188 1 r Au jour present, car de saint Piere Om monte et prent la dignete, Le dyademe et la chymere, Mais ja n'en font plus que chymere Au remenant la duete. Oant monstre naistdu quelq//^ ge;/dre, Des mais procheins du dois entendre, C'est la prenosticaciown ; Mais ore qui voet garde prendre, 18820 Verra com;//ent Orguil engendre D'Envie en fornicacio//n Le monstre de dampnacio/m ; Dont vient celle hesitacio/m, Q'en un soul corps om poet comprie Aincois q'il a son po2/rpos vient ; Prelat auci qui la turelle Fait ainz que moustier ou chapelle, Du vanite trop lu}^ sovient, Qant point ne sciet u ce devient ; Car toute chose est frele et nient Du quoy le siecle se revelle : Mais fol prelat qui dieu ne crient Bien quide par I'onour qu'il tient Toutditz sa joye avoir novelle. 19^40 Les biens que Tees porra cuillir Estroitement les fait tenir Deinz sa maison en repostaille, Mais au darrein Pen voit venir Celuy qui tolt sanz revenir Et la maison et la vitaille : Du fol prHat ensi se taille. Car il pour plegge ne pour taille De son tresor ne voet souffrir Qe Ten apreste ou donne ou bailie : r945o S'll p^rde au fin ce n'est mervaille, Q'as autres voet nul bien partir. L'ees ensement hiet la fumee, Au fin q'il n'en soit enfumee : Prelat ensi sainte oreiso/m, Q'est a la fume compare, S'en fuit, q'il n'ad le cuer pare Du sainte contemplacio«n, Ainz ad sa meditacio^m En seculiere elacio«n 19460 D'orguil et de prosperite ; Car d'autre fumigacioz^n Pour faire a dieu relaciown Ne puet souffrir la duete. L'ees ensement de tous puours S'esloigne, ensi q'il les flaours D'ascune part ne soit sentant : h'evesque ensi de ces seignours Les grans pecches, les grans errours, Qui sont as toutez gens puant, 19470 Ne voet sentir, ainz s'est fuiant. O quel prdat, o quel truant, Q'ensi laist festrer les folours Sanz medicine tant ne qant ! 19454 nensoit 224 MIROUR DE L'OMME N'est pas des cures bien sachant, Combien q'il soit des curatours. De Tees auci je truis escris Q'il fuyt les noyses et les oris : Le fol prelat tout ensement, Qant voit noiser ses fols soubgitz, 19480 S'en part et les laist anemys, Qant il les duist d'acordement Repaiser amiablement. Cil n'est ne Piere ne Clement, Q'ensi laist errer ses berbis ; Le toison dc I'ouaile prent, Mais de la guarde nullement Se voet meller, ainz s'est fuTz. L'en dist, et puet bien estre voir, Oe cil q'ad molt, voet pl//s avoir; 19490 Et ce piert bien de la clergie : lis ont eglise, ils ont manoir, Mais plainement a leur voloir Trestout cela ne souffist mie, S'ils n'eiont la chancellerie Et la roiale tresorie Deinz leur office et leur pooir. Maisq' il en poet avoir baillie I)u siecle dont se glorifie, De I'autre ne luy poet chaloir. 19500 Pour le phesant et le bon vin Le bien faisant et le divin L'evesque laist a no/mchalure, Si quiert la coupe et crusequin, Ainz que la culpe du cristin Pour corriger et mettre en cure, Qe mol serras en cause mole ; f. 110 Mais si le siecle en soy tribole Et bruyt d'ascun p^'rsecutour, En tiel chalour lors te rigole, Et moustre en fait et en parole Comy«e ton cuer vole el dieu amour. Ly serpens, ce nous dist Solyn, Trestout le corps met en declin Pour soulemcnt le chief defcndre : Ensi prdat duist estre enclin 19900 Pour Crist, q'est chief de tout cristin, Qant voit abeisser et descendre Sa loy, par qui devons ascendre. Car qui voet prelacie enprendre, Non pour avoir I'onour terrin, Mais pour proufit de I'alme apr^ndre, L'apostre dist, bien le doit prendre. Car ce luy vient du bon engin. De les natures dont je lis Truis un ensample ensi compris, 199 10 Q'un gr<7nt piscon y ad du mer, Qui du pite tant est cheris, Qe qant les autres voit petitz De la tempeste periler, II laist sa bouche ov^rte estier, U q'ils porront tout saulf entrer; Si les revolt com;;/e ses norris Et salvement les fait garder, Tanq'il les mals verra passer, Et lors s'en vont saulfs et garis. 19920 Prelat ensi les gentz menuz, S'il voit leur Roy vers eaux com;;mz, Parmy sa bouche il aidera Come ses fils et ses retenuz ; Car en ce cas il est tenuz Q'au parler s'abandon^era : Et d'autre part qant il verra Le poeple q'en pecche serra, Pour ce ne serront destitutz ; De bouche overte il priera 19930 A dicu, tanqu'il les avera En corps et alme restitutz. Ce veons bien que par nature L'oill soul po?rrtous les membres plure, Qant ascun d'eaux se hurte ou blesce: Ensi revesq«(? en sa droiture Pour ses soubgitz q'il tient en cure. Qui d'alme ou corps sont en destresce, Sur tous plus doit avoir tendresce Et plourer pour la gent oppresse, 19940 Q'est la divine creature : Car qant p;rlatz vers dieu s'adresce Et verse lermes en sa messe, C'est une medicine pure. 19498 cnpoet Afti)- 19506 two leaves, containing 384 tines, are tost. 19920 senvont MIROUR DE L'OMME 22 = De Samuel j'ay entendu, Qant fuist requis del poeple hebreu Qu'il dieu priast en leur aie, Du charite n'ert esp^rdu, Ainz dist que ' Ja ne place a dieu Oe je pour vous ades ne prie, 19950 Dont vo5/re estat dieus salve et guie.' Benoite soit la prelacie Qui tielement ad respondu ; Dont cil q'ore est de la clergie Porra trover essamplerie, Qant sa le9on av^ra parlieu. Saint Jeremie dist atant : ' O qui ert a mes oels donwant Des lermes la fonteine amere, Dont sole au plentee lermoiant 19960 Sur le dieu poeple en compleignant Leur mort, leur mals et leur misere?' He, quel pastour, he, quel bealpere, Eiant compassion si fiere, Dont pour le poeple fuist plourant I U est qui plourt en la manure ? Ne say : pities s'en vait derere, Les oils du pr^latz sont secchant. Par son praphete nosfre sire Se pleignt, et dist q'a son martire 19970 II ot souffert et attendu ; Si agardoit, mais nul remire Des gentz, qui po//r ses mals suspire, Du sane qu'il avoit espandu Dessur la croix en halt pendu. C'estoit la pleignte de Jh^su, Et ensi croy q'om porra dire Au temps present soit avenu ; Car n'est pour homwe ne pour dieu Qe nostre prelat se detire. 19980 Valeire conte en son escrit D'un Roy d'Athenes qui fuist dit Chodrus, q'adonques guerroia A ceaux d'Orense, car soubgit Les volt avoir : et en tiel plit Son dieu Appollo conseilla, Devoutement et demanda Qui la victoire enportera ; 19961 encompleignant Et I'autre a ce luy repondit, Son propre corps s'il ne lerra 19990 Occire en la bataille la, Ses gentz sefroiont desconfit. Et qant ly Roys 01st ce dire, Qu'il I'un des deux estuet eslire, Ou d'estre proprement occis, Ou souffrir de sa gent occire, Mieulx volt son propre corps despire, Ainz que ly poeples fuist periz. Dont changa ses roials habitz Au jour q'il la bataille ot pris, 20000 Qe Ten ne le conoist pour sire, Si fuist tue des anemys : Pour la salut qe ses soubgitz II souffrist mesmes le martire. D'un tiel paien qant penseras, Responde, Evesqwe, quoy dirras ? Voes tu soul poitr ta gent morir ? Tu puiss respondre et dire, Helas ! Qe tu le cuer si couard as, Dont tu te voes bien abstenir : 20010 Aincois lerras trestous perir, Q'un soul doy de ta main blemir. Mais es tu donques bons prelatz ? Certes nenil, mais pour cherir Le corps, qui puis te fra venir A I'evesche qui tient Judas. Ne say a qui puiss resembler Le fol prelat de son mestier, Mais sicom;«e dieus le resembloit Au prestre qui se fist passer, 20020 Et puis ly deacne, sanz aider A I'omw/e qui naufre gisoit, Et grant souffraite d'aide avoit : Chascun des deux les mals veoit, Mais nuls le voloit socourer, Tanq'au darrein y survenoit Unspaiens, qui le socourroit, Kves(\ue, pour toy vergonder. Mai fait le poeple q'est no/msage, Pis font les clercs, qui sont plus sage, Et meement qant sont pastour 20031 Et laissont deinz leur pastourage 20030 plussage Q 226 MIROUR DE L'OMME L'ouaile de leur fol menage Tourner en chiewre de folour : Pour ce dist dieu q'en sa furour II est irrez du grant irrour Sur les pastours de tiel oultrage ; Si dist qu'il serra visitour Du chiexrre auci, dont fait clamour Danz Zakarie en son language. 20040 Saint Ysaie auci nous dist : ' Wa}' vous, prelatz, qui I'espirit Du sapience en vous celetz, Siqw? nul autre en ont proufit ! ' Ce n'est pas charite parfit, Si vous soietz esluminez, Et I'autre en tenebrour veietz Errer et ne les socourretz : Vo clarete dieus par despit Esteign^ra, car c'est pecches, 20050 Oant ordre s'est desordinez Et clerc fait contre son escrit. Way vous, ce disoit Ysaie, Qui les cliefs avetz en baillie, Les huiss du ciel tout avetz clos, Vous n'y entretz de vo partie, Et d'autre part ne souffretz mie Entrer les autres a repos : Enpris avetz malvois pourpos, Qant meulx ne gardetz le depos 20060 Quel dieus en vosfve prelacie Vous ad bailie, q'arere dos Voz almes mettetz et les noz : Tous devons pleindre vo folie. Saint Piere au jour du jugement, Qant il a dieu ferra present De la Judec qu'il guaigna, N'apparra pas tout vuidement ; Saint Paul, q'auci gaigna la gent, Molt bell gaign y apportera, 20070 Et saint Andrcu lors appara, Achaie a dieu presentcra, U tous les saintz serront present : Chascuns par ce qu'il conquesta Lors sa coron;7C portcra En joye pcrdurablemcnt. 20044 Mais las ! quoy dirrons no?^s pr^sentz, Qui suismes fols et necligentz Et point ne pensons de demain ? Helas ! comme suismes mal regentz, Qant pour noz almes indigentz 20081 Nul bien apporterons du gaign ! L'acompte serra trop vilain f. iii Qant nows vendrons ove vuide main, U tout le mond serra pr^sens ; Par I'evangile il est certain. Grant honte nous serra prochain Devant trestous les bones gens. Puisq'il ad dit de les Evesqes, dirra ore de les Archedeacnes, Officials et Deans. L'EvesqM^ en ses espiritals Ne poet soul porter les travals ; 20090 Ses Archedeacnes pour ce tient, Ses deans et ses officials, Qui plus luy sont especials, As queux correccio?m p^rtient De Palme, ensi comme meulx covient. Mais ils le font ou mal ou nient. Car pour les lucres temporals En tous paiis u Ten devient Achater poet quiconq?/^ vient Les vices qui sont corporals. 20100 Le dean, qui son proufit avente, Far tout met les pecches au vente A chascun hom;;/e quelqu'il soit, Maisqu'il en poet paier le rente : La femme, ensi com;«e la jumente, Voir et le prestre en son endroit La puet tenir du propre droit ; Maisq«^ la bource soit benoit, Le corps ert quit de celle extente: N'ad pas la conscience estroit, 201 10 De I'argent perdre est en destroit, Mais du pecche ne se repente. Si rom;;7e lais d'incontinence Soit accuse, la violence Du no.s/re dean tost y parra ; Car devant tous en audience enont MIROUR DE L'OMME 227 Lors de somonce et de sentence, S'il n'ait I'argent dont paiera, Sicom/«e goupil le huera : Mais la coron;7e, qui lirra 20120 De I'evangile la sequence, Tu scies quel hom///e ce serra, De son incest nuls parlera, C'est un misterie de silence. Au plus' so vent ce veons nous, Si huy a moy, demain a vous Sont les offices fortunant : Pour ce le dean q'est leccherous Les prestres qui sont vicious A corriger s'en vait doubtant ; 201 30 Car cil par cas qui fuist devant Accuse, puis ert accusant, Et lors porra de son corous A I'autre rendre tant pour tant : Ensi s'en vont entrasseurant, Ce que I'uns voet ce vuillont tous. Ensi les prestres redoubtez Ensemble se sont aroutez, Qe I'un fait I'autre compaignie, N'est par qui soiont affaitez : 201 40 De tant sont ils le plus haitez, Q'ils sont du soy jugge et p^rtie, Ensi vait quite la clergie. Mais d'autre port deinz sa baillie Les laies gens sont accusez Par covoitise et par envye ; Car plus d'assetz q'oneste vie Le dean desire les pecches. Asses plus fait proufit puteine A nostre dean que la nonneyne ; 20150 Car pour le lucre et I'avantage Que le chapitre ades y meine, De tieux y ad, sicom;;/e demeine Qe vient du terre et du gaignage, Lessont au ferme le putage ; Et qui le prent en governage Meulx volt des putes la douszeine Qe mil des chastes. O hontage Des tieus pastours, qui lowr tollage Pilont par voie si vileine ! 20160 20125 plussouent 20135 Q Ensi le dean ove ses covines Par conjectures et falsines Ses berbis, come malvois pastour, Par les destours, par les gastines, Parmy les ronces et I'espmes Laist errer, siqiie chascun jour Ils ptrdont laine, et cil pilour Revolt le gaign de leur errour, Si monte en halt de leur mines. Vei la com;7/e nos/re correctour 20170 Est de maltolt le collectour, Tout plain des fraudes et ravines. Bien te souffist le confesser Vers dieu, si tu voldras laisser Tes mals par juste repentance ; Mais ce ne te puet excuser Au dean, qui te vient accuser, Pour dire que tu ta finance As fait a dieu, ainz ta penance Serra del orr, car la quitance 20 j 80 De dieu ne t'en porra quiter : Trop sont les deans du -grant puis- sance, Qant il me font desallouance De ce que dieus voet allouer. Jamwais la dieu justice en soy Poz/r un tout soul mesfait, ce croi. Deux fois ne pune ; et nequedent, Combien q'au pr^'stre tout en coy M'ai confesse deinz mon recoy Et pris ma peine duement. 20190 Le dean encore doublement Voet oultre ce de mon argent Avoir sa part, ne sai pour quoy : Qant dieus m'ad fait pardonA^ement, Ma bource estuet secondement Faire acorder le dean et moy. Ne sai ce que la loy requiert, Mais mt'rveille est de ce q'il quiert Dedeinz ma bource m'alme avoir : A celle eglise se refiert 20200 Qe d'autre vertu ne me fiert, Maisq?/^ luy don;/e mon avoir. Des tieus pasto?/rs quoy poet chaloir, senvont 20141 plushaitez 2 228 MIROUR DE L'OMME Q'cnsi laissont a no?/nchaloir Ce q'au praufit de I'alme affiert, Et pour le lucre rescevoir 1 )e I'orr par tout le decevoir De leur ypocrisie appiert ? Puisq'il ad dit de les Correc- toins du sainte eglise, dirra ore des prrsones Curetz de les paroches. TMalvois essample no//5 apporte De les prtroches cil qui porte 20210 La cure, qant il sanz curer Le laist, et des noz biens enporte La disme, dont il se desporte ; Car ce ne voet il desporter, Oe vainement soy desporter Ne quiert, mais ce q'il supporter Des almes doit, point ne supporte : Dont I'en puet dire et reporter, Oe cil n'est pas au droit portier I'our garder la divine porte. 20220 Le temps present si vous curetz, Veoir porras ces fols curetz Divf-rsement laissant leur cure, Si vont errant par trois degres : L3' uns se feignt q'il les decretz Selonc I'escole et I'escripture Ap;vndre irra, mais la lettrure Q'il pense illeoques a construire Aingois serra des vanitcs, De covoitise et de luxure, 20230 Qe d'autre bien ; c'efet ore al hure L'escole de noz avancez. Du bon«e aprise se descole Oui laist sa cure et quiert escole, IJ qu'il au vice escoloiant S'en vait, qant celle pute acole, Dont toute sa science affole. () dieus, comwe cil vait foloiant, Q'ensi le bien q'est appendant Au sainte eglise est despendant, 20240 Pour entrer la chaiere fole, U ja nuls clercs serra sachant, 20284 au Ainz tant com;«e phis y vait entrant, Tant plus sa reson entribole. Par autre cause auci Ten voit, Des fols curetz ascuns forsvoit, Qant laist sa cure a nonchaloir, Et pour le siecle se pourvoit Service au court par tiel endroit Q'il puist au siecle plus valoir, 20250 Et ensi guaste son avoir. Mais le dieu gre n'en puet avoir, Car nuls as deux servir porroit Sanz Pun ou I'autre decevoir ; Car cil qui fra le dieu voloir, Servir au siecle point ne doit. Cil q'est servant de la dieu co//rt Et pour servir au siecle court, Fait trop mal cours a mon avis ; Car le fals siecle au fin tient court 20260 De tous les soens, mais dieus socowrt Du bien sanz fin a ses amys. N'est pas de I'evangile apris Cil q'ad de la paroche pris La cure, s'il a dieu ne tourt Pour faire ce qu'il ad enpris ; Car clercs qui tient du siecle pris De sa clergie se destourt. Clercs avancie n'est pas sanz vice, f. 112 Qui laist sa cure et quiert service 20270 Du chose que soit temporal, Dont pile et tolt en son office, Tout plain d'errour et d'avarice, Siqu'il offent de double mal : Vers dieu primer et principal Mesfait, qant il I'espirital Ne cure de son benefice ; Au monde auci n'est pas loial, Qant il le bien q'est mondial Mespr^'nt par fraude et injustice. 20280 La loy ne voet que Ten compiere Ou par brocage ou par priere La cure q'est espiritals ; Mais au jour d'uy voi la manure De celle loj^ tourner arere. Ce di pour ces clercs curials, lourduy MIROUR DE L'OMME 229 Qui leffres ont emperials Pour prier a les cardinals, Voir et au pape en sa chaiere ; Dont plus profile as tieus vassals 20290 La penne que les decretals, Qant Simonie est messagere. Ensi je di des tieus y sont, Qui de leur cure s'absentont Pour servir a ces nobles courtz ; Par covoitise tout ce font D'encress avoir, q'ils esp^ront Pour estre encoste les seignours : Mais ils ne pensont pas aillours Q'il sont des almes curatours, 20300 Ainz q'ils le corps avanceront ; Dont ils laissont s'ouaile a Tours : Au fin ne sai de tiels pastours Cement a dieu responderont. Des fols curetz auci y a, Qui sur sa cure demourra Non pour curer, mais q'il la vie Endroit le corps plus easera ; Car lors ou il bargaignera Du seculiere marchandie, 20310 Dont sa richesce multeplie, Ou il se donne a leccherie, Du quoy son corps delitera, Ou il se prent a venerie, Qant duist chanter sa letanie, Au bois le goupil huera. Ce puet savoir chascun vivant, Plus que nul bien du siecle avant La disme, q'est a dieu don«e, P^'rest en soy noble et vaillant, 20320 Car de la bouche au toutpuissant La disme estoit saintefie, Si est le prestre auci sacre ; Dont sembleroit honestete Qe disme et prestre droit curant Ne duissont estre en leur degre De la mondaine vanite Ne marchandie ne marchant. Et d'autre part qui residence Fait en sa cure, et ove ce pense 20330 Corrumpre ce qu'il duist curer D'incest et fole incontinence, Trop fait horrible violence, D'ensi ses berbis estrangler Pour faire au deable son larder. He, dieus, com/went porra chanter Sa messe cil qui tielle offense Ferra ? Car pis, au droit juger, Est I'alme occire q'a tuer Le corps, q'est plain du pestilence. Si les curetz maritz ne soiont, ;o34i Des femmes nepourqant s'esjoiont Trestout en ease a leur voloir ; Dont tiele issue multeploiont, Qe si leur fils enheritoiont Et de I'eglise fuissont hoir, En poy des lieus, sicom?//e j'espoir, D'escheate q'en duist escheoir Au court de Rome gaigneroiont Les provisours ; pour ce du voir 20350 N'en say la cause aparcevoir, Si I'autre gent ne me disoioiit. He, dieus, come sont les charites Au temps pr^'sent bien ordinez ! Car qant viels hom;«e ad fem;«e belle Deinz la paroche et les nuytees Ne puet paier ses duetes, Nosfre curiet, ainz q'om I'apelle, Enprent sur soy I'autry querelle, Si fait le paiement a celle, 20360 La quelle se tient bien paiez. Vei la le haire et la cordelle, Dont nostre curiet se flaielle, Au fin q'il soit de dieu loez. Les foles femmes mariez, Qant n'ont du quoy estre acemez Du queinterie et beal atir, Lors s'aqueintont des fols curetz Qui richement sont avancez, Et par bargaign se font chevir, 20370 Dont Tun et I'autre ad son desir ; La dame av^ra de quoy vestir, Et I'autre av^ra ses volentes. Des tiels miracles avenir 20307 maisqil 230 MIROUR DE L'OMME Soventes fois om poet oir, Ne sai si fable ou verites. Plus que corbins ou coufle ou pie Ensur volant toutdis espie Caroigne dont porra manger, Le fol curet de sa partie 20380 Matin et soir sanz departie Enquerre fait et espier, U la plus belle puet trover : Mais lors I'estuet enamourer A tant de la phisonomie, Q'il tout I'offrende del aultier Aincois dorra pour son louer, Qu'il n'ait le cuill en sa baillie. Om voit tout gaste et ruinouse L'eglise q'est sa droite espouse, 20390 De celle ne luy puet chaloir, Maisq//^ s'amie I'am^rouse Soit bien vestue et gloriouse ; A ce met trestout son pooir : Du nos/re disme ensi I'avoir Degaste en belle femme avoir. O quelle cure perillouse Pour nous essampler et movoir, Qant meine encontre son devoir Si orde vie et viciouse ! 20400 Dieus dist, et c'est tout verite, Qe si I'un voegle soit mene D'un autre voegle, tresbucher P'alt ambedeux en la fossee. C'est un essample compare As fols curetz, qui sans curer Ne voient pas le droit sentier, Dont font les autres forsvoier, Qui sont aprcs leur trace ale ; Car fol errant ne puet guider, 20410 Ne cil comw^ent nous puet saner, Qui mesmes est au mort naufrc ? Comment respondra cil a dieu Sur soy la cure q'ad receu Del autry alme governer, Qant il n'ad mesmes de vertu Q'il de son corps s'est abstcnu, Dont s'alme propre puet garder? 20375 Souentesfois 20383 L'en soloit dire en reprover, ' Cil qui sanz draps se fait aler, 20420 Mai avcra son garcon vestu ' ; Ainz qant I'ivern vient aprocher, Ne s'en porra lors eschaper Du froid, dont il serra p^rdu. Et tout ensi p^rdu serroiont Cil qui I'essample suieroiont De la voeglesce au curatour : Qant I'un ne I'autre bien ne voiont, Fait q'ambedeux tresbucheroiont Par necligence et fol errour. 20430 Tiel est le siecle au prf'sent jour, Car d'orguil ou de fol amour Les clercs qui nous conduieroiont Sont plein : ce piert par leur atour, Car qui q'ait paine ne dolour, lis se reposont et festoiont. Les bons curetz du temps jadis, Qui benefice avoient pris Du sainte eglise, deviseront En trois parties, come je lis, 20440 Leur biens, siq'au primer divis A leur altier part en donweront, Et de la part seconde aideront, Vestiront et sauf herbergeront De leur paroche les mendis ; La tierce part pour soy garderont : D'oneste vie ils essampleront Et leur voisins et leur soubgitz. Gregoire en sa morale aprise Dist que les biens du sainte eglise 20450 Sont propre et due au pov^re gent ; Mais no curiet d'une autre guise. Qui du pellure blanche et grise Et d'escarlate finement Se fait vestir, dist autrement ; Qe de les biens primerement Son orguil clayme la reprise, Mais qant il ad sccondement Vestu s'amye gaiement, Au paine lors si tout souffise. 20460 O fols curetz, entendetz 9a : f. 113 Osee a vous praphetiza plusbelle 2044a endon;(eront MIROUR DE L'OMME 231 D'orguil et fornicaciown : ' Et I'un et I'autre regnera En vous,' ce dist, ' et pour cela De dieu n'avetz avisioi/n : Mai faitez vo provisio»n ; Car qant de vo mesprisio//n Dieus a reson vous mettera, Pour faire la conclusiown 20470 Du vostre fole abusiown, Orguil pour vous respondera.' O fol curiet, di quoy quidetz, Qui tantes pelli^o/ms avetz Du vair, du gris, de blanche ermyne, Dont portes tes manteals fourrez, Serras tu d'orguil excusez, Qant dois respondre au loy divine ? Je croy que noun ; ainz en mine Irretz, car fole orguil decline 20480 Tons ceaux qui sont de luy privez : Dont m'est avis par reso«n fine, Meulx valt ly sacs qui bien define, Qe la pellure au fin dampnez. O fol curiet, tu puiss savoir, D'orguil ne dois socour avoir; Mais de t'amye quoy dirras, S'elle au busoigne puet valoir? Non voir : de luy ne poet chaloir, Tant meinz valt comwe plus I'am^ras. Quoy Salomon t'en dist orras, 20491 Qu'il dist q'amye entre tes bras C'est un fieu pour ton grange ardoir, Q'autre proufit n'en porteras : Ton ris se passe et tu plouras, Siq'en la fin t'estuet doloir. Puisq'il ad dit des Curetz, dirra oredes autres p/rstres Annuelers, qui sont sans cure, lis sont auci pour noz deniers Pr^stres qui servent volentiers, Et si n'ont autre benefice, 20499 Chantont par a//ns et parquartiers Po//r la gent morte, et sont suitiers Communement a chascun vice. 20527 Molt valt du messe le service, Mais qant les pr^stres sont si nice, Ne say si ly droit Justiciers Les voet oir de sa justice ; Car de luxure et d'avarice Dieus ne voet estre pflr9oniers. Jadys le nombre estoit petit Des prestres, mais molt fuist parfit, Et plain d'oneste discipline 2051 1 Sanz orguil ne fol appetit ; Mais ore ensi com;«e infinit Om voit des prestres la cretine, Mais poy sont de la viele line ; Ainz, comjne la vie q'est porcine, Chascun se prent a son delit, Barat, taverne et concubine : Ce sont qui tournont la doctrine Du sainte eglise a malvois plit. 20520 Om dist q'un p;rstre antiquement Valoit en soy tout soulement Plus que ne font a ore trois ; Et nepourqant au jour present Un prestre soul demande et prent De son stipende le surcrois Plus que ne firont quatre ain^ois. Qe chalt mais ils eiont harnois Sicom;;/e seigno/^r du fin argent ? Si vont oiceus par tons les moys, 20530 Tout plain des ris et des gabbois, Et si despendont largement. Qui prent louer d'autri vivant. Par reso«n doit servir atant, Ou autrement souffrir destresce Du loy, si Ten n'est prtrdon//ant. Quoy dirrons lors du prestre avant, Qui pour chanter la sainte messe Les biens du mort prent a largesce, Mais pour luxure et yv^rcjce 20540 Ne puet tenir le covenant A I'alme ardante peccheresse ? Je croy le fin de sa lachesce Serra d'orrible paine ardant. Coni;y/ent auci bien priera Qui point n'entent ce qu'il dirra? Plasque 232 MIROUR DE L'OMME Car ce nous dist saint Augustin, Oe dieus un tiel n'escoultera. O pr^stre lays, di quoy serra De toy, q'ensi par mal engin 20550 As pris I'argent de ton voisin Pour ton office q'est divin Chanter, et tu n'as a cela L'entendement de ton latin : Trop en serras hontous au fin, Oant dieus de ce t'accusera. Et d'autre p^rt ce nous ensense Uns clercs, que meulx valt innocence Du pr^stre, combien q'il n'est sage, Des ]effres que celle eloquence 20560 Qui s'orguillist de sa science Et fait des pecches le folage. O quel dolour, o quel dam;7/age De la science en pr^sterage, Oant ils de leur incontinence Tienont I'escole de putage ! Ly fols berchiers q'est sanz langage Mieulx fait des tieus sa providence. Ce dist Clement, q'om doit choisir Tiels qui sont able a dieu servir 20570 En I'ordre qui tant est benoit : * Meulx valt,' ce dist, ' un poy tenir Des bons, que multitude unir Des mals ' ; et saint Jerom disoit Q'un p/rstre lay meulx ameroit I^ar si q'il saint prodhom/«e soit, Q'un clerc malvois, qui contenir De les pecches ne se voloit ; Mais I'un ne I'autre souffisoit A si saint ordre maintenir. 20580 Ly prestres porra bien savoir, Qe ja n'ait 11 si grant savoir, En cas q'orguil de ce luy vient Dieus ne luy voet en pris avoir, Et s'oriso»n pour nuHe avoir Ne voet oir ; mais s'il avicnt Qe prfstre ensi com;«e ly covient Son latin sache et se contient Solonc son ordre et son devoir, Lors, qant bien sciet et bien se tien 20555 enserras Dieus sa priere en gre retient, 20591 Si nous en fait le meulx valoir. En s'evangile dieus du ciel Dist, prestres sont du terre seel. Si sont du monde auci lumere : Ce fuist jadis, mais ore ticl Ne sont ils point, car naturiel Est que seel houste et mette arere Corrupciozm, mais leur manure Nous est corrupte et molt amere, Et vers dieu prejudiciel ; 20601 Auci leur vie n'est pas cliere, Ainz est oscure et angulere, Tout plain du vice corporiel. Sicom;;7e le livre nous aprent, Seel ces deux pointz en soi comprint ; L'un est qu'il guart en bon odour Les chars, mais puis secondement Toute la terre qu'il pourprent Baraigne fait, siq'a nul jour 20610 Doit mais porter ne fruit ne flour: Du seel jadys ly conquerrour Firont semer le tenement Dont ils estoiont venqueour, Pour le destruire sanz rctour En signe de leur vengement. Au seel pour les gens savourer Ne vuil les prestres comparer, Combien q'ils soient seel nome ; Mais je les doy bien resembler 20620 Au seel q'ensi fait baraigner, Dont bon«es mours sont exile : Car ils nous out ensi sale Des vices dont sont mesale, Qe nous ne poons droit aler ; Car champs du neele q'est seme Ne porra porter autre blee, Mais tiel dont om I'ad fait semer. De mal essample qui survient Du pr^stre grant mal nows avient, 20630 Qe ce nous met en folc errance Dont noit^ doubtons ou poy ou nient Les vices ; car qant nous sovient Comment d'aperte demoustrance 20592 enfait MIROUR DE L'OMME 233 Veons du prestre I'ignorance, Com«ient il salt, comwent il lance, Com;«ent au bordel se contient, De son barat, de sa distance, De corps de nous est en grevance Et I'alme ascun proufit ne tient. 20640 Jadis soloiont sanz offense Ly prestre guarder pacience ; Car dieus leur dist en la manure, Oe s'om les bat ou fiert ou tence, En pees devont la violence Souffrir sanz soy meller arere : Mais au jour d'uy s'acuns les fiere, Plus fiers en sont que nulle fiere, Et molt sovent d'inpacience Ly prestres, ainz q'il ait matiere, f. 114 Soudainement plus que fouldrere 20651 Du maltalent I'assalt commence. Responde, o prestre, je t'appelle, Di q'est ce q'a ta ceinturelle Tu as si long cutel pendu : As tu vers dieu pris ta querelle Ou vers le deable ? Ne me cele. Bien scies dieus maint en si halt lieu Oe tu ne puiss mesfaire a dieu ; Ne tiel cutel unques ne fu 20660 Q'au deable espande la boelle ; Et qant au siecle, bien scies tu, A toy la guerre ont defendu La viele loy et la novelle. Mais de nature ensi je lis, Qant s'abandon«e as fols delitz La beste au temps luxuriant, Devient plus fiers et plus jolis ; Et si d'ascun lors soit repris. Combat et fiert du meintenant : 20670 Ore ay la cause dit atant, Dont vont les prestres combatant, Au ruyteison qant se sont pris ; Si vont oiceus par tout errant, Les fem/z/es serchant et querant, Dont font corrumpre les paiis. O prestre, q'est ce courte cote ? L'as tu vestu pour Katelote, Pour estre le plus bien de luy ? Ta coron«e autrement te note. 20680 Et d'autre part qant tu la note Au lettron chanteras auci, U est, en bon;7e foy me di, Sur dieu ton penser, ou sur qui ? Dieus ad la vois, mais celle sote Av^ra le cuer. He, dieus mercy, Comme est I'eschange mal party Du chapellain q'ensi s'assote ! Mais sont ly pr^'stre baratier ? Oyl ; et si sont taverner ; 20690 C'est lour chapelle et lour eglise : Du tonel faisont leur altier, Dont leur chalice font empler, Si font au Bachus sacrefise, Et de Venus en mainte guise Diont par ordre le servise, Tanq//<' yv^resce y vient entrer Et pr^nt saisine en la pourprise, Qe tout engage a la reprise Et la legende et le psaltier. 20700 Aaron dieus ce comwandoit, Au temps q'il entrer dev^roit Le tabernacle, lors qu'il via Ne autre liquour bev^roit, Dont il enyverer porroit, Du viele loy c'estoit le fin : Mais au temps d'ore ly cristin Par resown serroit plus divin ; Et nepourqant par tout Ten voit. Si prestre au soir ou a matin 20710 Porra tenir le crusequin, Ne laist po«r dieu maisq'il en boit, Le prestre en s'escusacioi^n Dist, simple fornicacio«n Est celle, qant fait sa luxure ; Si dist qu'il du creaciown Pour faire generaciown Le membre porte et la nature, Comme font ly autre creature. Ensi s'excuse et se perjure ; 20720 20647 au lourduy 20668 plusfiers 20648 Plusfiers ensont 20679 plusbien 20651 plusqwe 20712 enboit 234 MIROUR DE L'OMME Car combien q'inclinacio//n Le meyne a naturele ardure, II porte un ordre p^rdessure Du chaste consecraciozm. Ne sont pas un, je sui certeins, Ly berchiers et ly chapelleins, Ne leur pecche n'est pas egal, L'un poise plus et I'autre meinz : Car l'un ad consecrez les meins Et fait le vou d'especial 20730 A chastete pour le messal, Qu'il doit chanter plus secretal A dieu, dent il est fait gardeins De I'autre poeple en general ; Par quoy les mals du principal Del autry mals sont plus vileins. O prestre, enten quo}' Malachie Te dist, qant tu du leccherie Ensi te voldras excuser : II dist, qant tu de ta folie 20740 A I'autier en pollute vie Viens enwrs dieu sacrefier, Pour ton offrende ensi paier, Tu fais despire et laidenger Ton dieu. He, quelle ribaldie ! Tu qui nous duissetz essampler Pour chaste vie demener, Serras atteint de puterie. Le pr^'stre en halt ad le chief rees Rotond sanz angle compassez, 20750 Car angle signehc ordure, Mais il doit estre nettoiez, Descouvert et desvolupez De toute seculiere cure : Coron«e porte p<^frdessure, Dont il est Roys a sa mesure, Depuisq'il est abandon«ez A dieu servir ; car I'escripture Dist qite cil rcgne a bon droiture (Jui s'est a dieu servir don«ez. 20760 Ly prestre auci s'en vont tondant Entour I'oraille et pardevant, Siqiie leur veue et leur oie Soient tout clier aparceivant Sanz destourbancc tant ne qant Le port du no5/re frele vie, Dont ils ont res(;u la baillie : Mais qant ils sont de leur pa;lie Contagious en lour vivant, Ne sai quoy I'ordre signefie ; 20770 Mais nous suions leur compainie, Et ils vont malement devant. He, dieus, com;«e faisoit sagement Cil qui par notm primerement Les nom;«a prestres seculiers ! Car ils n'ont reule en vestement, Ne reule en vivre honestement Vers dieu, ain9ois come soldoiers Du siecle sont et baratiers, A trestout vice com//zuniers 20780 Plus qiw ne sont la laie gent : Ensi sont p;vstre chandelliers Du sainte eglise et les piliers Sanz lum^re et sanz fondement. Oredirrade I'estat des Clergons. Des noz clergons atant vows di, Primer pour parler de celly Qui se poi^'pose plainement As ordres p;rndre, cil parmy Se doit du cuer et corps auci En sa jovente estroitement 20790 Examiner primerement S'il porra vivre chastement : Car lors serra le meulx garni, Qant il ad bon com;//encement ; Et s'il commence malement, Au fin serra le plus failly. L'cn dist, et resoiin le consente, Du bonne plante et de bon;/e ente Naist puis bon arbre et fructuo«5 : Icest essample repr^sente, 20800 Si clergons soit en sa jovente De son corps chaste et vertuous, A dieu servir et curious, Et qu'il ne soit pas covoitous A pr^'ndre I'ordre po«r la rente Dont voit les autres orguillo«5, Lors serra vers dieu gracious, Qui sciet et voit le bon entente. MIROUR DE LOMME 235 Clercs qui sert deinz la dieu mesozm Doit estre lionweste par reso?m ; 20810 Car I'escripture ensi devise, Disant par droit comparisoMn En resemblance ly clergo/m Fenestre sont du sainte eglise. Car la fenestre y est assisse Pour esclarcir deinz la po//rprise, Dont tons voient cils envirown ; Et ly clergons en tiele guise As autres doit don/fer aprise D'oneste conversacio^m. 20820 Mais pour descrire brief et court Selonc le siecle q'ore court, L'en voit que clergo7/n meintenant NoMnpas a la divine court Pour la vertu del alme tourt, Ainz pour le vice s'est tournant: C'est doel, car du malvois enfant Croist malvois homme, puis suiant Du mal clergon mal pr^stre sourt ; Car qant le mal primer s'espant, 20830 Au paine est un du remenant Qui de sa voie ne destourt. Ore dirra de I'estat des Reli- gious, et com;;/enct'ra primerement a ceux qui sont possessioners. Si nous regardons entre nous L'estat de ces Religious, Primer de les possessioniers, Cils duissent estre curious A prier dieu le glorious f. 115 Dedeinz leur cloistres et moustiers Pour nous qui susmes seculiers : C'est de leur ordre ly mestiers, 20840 Car pour ce sont ils plentevous Doez des tons les biens pleniers ; Sique pour querre les deniers Aillours ne soient covoitous. Saint Augustin en sa le^ozm Dist, tout ensi com///e le pisconn En I'eaue vit tantsoulement, Tout autrecy Religio»n Prendra sa conversaciorm Solonc la reule du covent 20850 El cloistre tout obedient : Car s'il vit seculierement, Lors change la condicioMn Del ordre qu'il primerement Resceut, dont pert au finement Loer de sa professiown. Solonc la primere ordinance Ly moigne contre la plesance Du char s'estoiont professez, Et d'aspre vie la penance 20860 Suffriront ; mais celle observance Ore ont des toutez partz laissez : Car gule gart tous les entrez, Qe faim et soif n'y sont entrez Po»r amegrir la crasse pance ; Si ont des pelli^o/ms changez Les mals du froid et estrangez, Qe point ne vuillont s'aqueintance. La viele reule solt manger Piscown, mais cist le voet chang-er, 20870 Qant il les chars hakez menu Ou bien braiez deinz le mortier Luy fait confire et apporter, Et dist que tieles chars molu Ne sont pas chars, et ensi dieu Volt decevoir et est degu : Car il ad tant le ventre chier, Q'il laist de I'alme ain9ois le pru, Q'il ait un soul repast p^rdu, Du quoy le corps poet enmegrer. 20880 Ne say qui dance ne qui jouste, Mais bien say, qant sa large jouste Ly moignes tient tout plein du vin, Par grant revell v^rs soi I'adjouste Et dist que c'est la reule jouste ; Ne croi point de saint Augustin, Ainz est la reule du Robyn, Qui meyne vie de corbyn, Qui quiert primer ce q'il engouste Pour soi emplir, mais au voisin 20890 Ne don«e part, ainz comme mastin Trestout devore, et mye et crouste. Tout scievont bien que gloutenie 236 MIROUR DE L'OMME Serra du nosfre compaignie, Car nous avons asses du quoy Dont nous mangons en muscerie Le perdis et la pulletrie, Ne chalt qui paie le pour quoy ; Et puis bevons a grant desroy, Et ensi prions pour le Roy, 20900 Q'est fondour du nostre Abbacie. Si laissons dormir tout en coy La charite que nous est poy, Et faisons veiller danz Env>'e. De saint Machaire truis lisant, Q'il de ses cloistres vit venant Le deable, q'ot dedeinz este. Machaire luy vait conjurant, Et Tautre dist sa loy jurant, Q'il ot un poudre compasse, 20910 Le quel au cloistre avoit porte Et deinz le chaperon souffle De ses com;«oignes, que par tant Ne serroit la fraternite Jam;;/ais apres en charite Ainz en Envye descordant. Del chapipron aval ou pitz S'est descendu de mal en pis Le poudre dont ay dit dessure, Et deinz le cuer racine ad pris ; 20920 Dont moigne sont d'envye espris, Qe I'un de I'autre ne s'assure : Trop fuist du male confiture Le poudre, q'a desconfiture Par force ad charite soubmis ; Sique d'envie celle ardure El cuer du moigne par nature Demoert ct dcmorra toutdis. Qui bons est, s'il bien se contient, Droitz est et au resown partient 20930 Qu'il d'autres bons demeine joye. Car autrement tout est pour nient. Saint Jerom dist que ce n'avient Qe de ma part je bien ferroie, Si d'autry bien envieroie, Car si bon suy, bons ameroie, Scmblable I'un ove I'autre ticnt ; Rose en Turtle a quoy querroic, Ou com7;/ent je bons estre doie, Qant male envde au cuer me prient ? Ly moignes se solt professer, 20941 Qant il le siecle volt lesser ; Ensi dions que nous lessons, Mais c'est al oill, car du penser L'onour et proufit seculier, Ce q'ainz du siecle n'avoions, Dessoubz cest habit le querrons ; Car no?/5 qui fuismes ainz garcons Pour sires nous faisons clamer. La reverence et demandons : 20950 Ensi fuiant nous atteignons Ce que nous soloit esloigner. Cil moigne n'est pas bon claustral Q'est fait gardein ou seneschal D'ascun office q'est forein ; Car lors luy fait selle et chival Pour courre les paiis aval. Si fait despense au large mein ; II pr^'nt vers soy le meulx de grein, Et laist as autres comwe vilein 20960 La paille, et ensi seignoral Devient le moigne nyce et vein : De vuide gr<7nge et ventre plein N'ert pas I'acompte bien egal. Du charite q'est inparfit, ' Tout est nos/re,' ly moignes dist, Qant il est gardein du manoir : En part dist voir, mais c'est petit ; Car il de son fol appetit Pl«s q'autres sept voet soul avoir : 20970 A tiel gardein, pour dire voir, Mieulx fuist le cloistre q//^ I'avoir, Dont tolt as autres le proufit. Seint Bernards ce nous fait savoir, Qe laide chose est a veoir Baillif soubz monial habit. Ly moignes qui se porte ensi, II est sicom;//e mondein demy, Si vait bien pres d'apostazie, Qant il le siecle ad resaisi 20980 Et s'est du cloistre dissaisi. Ne say du quoy se justefie, O'il nait sa rcule en ce faillie: MIROUR DE L'OMME 237 Ne je croy point que sa baillie I)u terre ne de rente auci Luy porra faire guarantie, Vers dieu q'avoit sa foy plevie, Pri increment qant se rendi. Jerom nous dist que celle ordure Oue moigne porte en sa vesture 20990 Est un signal exteriour Qu'il sanz orguil et demesure. l)u nettete q'est blanche et pure, Ad le corage interiour : Mais nos/re moigne au pri?sent jour Quiert en sa guise bell atour Au corps, et I'alme desfigure : Combien q'il porte de dolour La frocque, il ad du vein hono^/r La cote fourre de pellure. 21000 En un histoire escript y a Q'un grant seignour qui dieus ama S'estoit vestu du vile haire, Qant Roy Manasses espousa Sa file ; mais pour tout cela Volt sa simplesce nient retraire, Ainz s'obeit en son affaire Plustost a dieu q'a Yomme plaire ; Dont il tons autres essampla, Qe Ten ne doit au corps tant faire 2 10 10 Dont Ten porroit orguil attraire : Ne say quoy moigne a ce dirra. De cest essample, dont dit ay, Cil moigne puet avoir esmay Qui pour le mond se fait jolys, Ne quiert la haire ainz quiert le say Tout le plus fin a son essay, Ove la fourrure vair et gris, Car il desdeigne le berbis ; L'aimal d'argent n'ert pas oubliz, 21020 Ainz fait le moustre et pent tout gay Au chaperon devant le pis : Cest la simplesce en noz paiis Des moignes et de leur array. Le moigne sa religiown Doit garder par discrecio/m 21017 plusfin D'umilite et de simplesce; Mais ce ne voet il faire no//n, Ain^ois il hiet oir le no/m f. n6 Du moigne, au quel il se professe ; Et nepourqant la bercheresse 21051 Estoit sa miere, et sanz noblesce Par cas son piere estoit gar9on : Mais qant le bass monte en haltesce, Et la pov^'rte est en richesce, N'est riens du monde si felown. Trop erre encontre le decre Le moigne qui quiert proprete, Mais il du propre ad nepourqant Les gr«ndes soumwes amasse, 21040 Dont il son lucre ad pourchacie Du siecle, ensi come fait marchant, Et pour delit tient plus avant A la rivere oiseals volant, La faulcon et I'ostour mue, Les leverers auci courant Et les grantz chivals sojo«mant, Ne fait que femme mariee. Du femwe ne say consailler, Mais je me puiss esm^rvailler, 21050 Car j'ay de les enfantz oy Dont no5/re moigne pourchacier Se fist, qant il aloit chacer Un jour et autre la et cy ; Mais ijs ne poent apres luy Enheriter; pour ce vous dy, Les grandes soumw/es fait don«er Dont ils serront puis enrichy : Si charite le porte ensi, A vosire esgard le vuil lesser. 21060 Mais moigne toutez les delices Du siecle avoir ne les offices Ne puet a nous semblablement ; A luy sont maintes choses vices Que nous poons a noz services Avoir a tenir bon«ement : Siqu'il le siecle q'est present N'ad point, et s'il au finement Pert I'autre pour ses injustices, L'en porra dire voirement 21070 21043 plusauant 238 MIROUR DE L'OMME Qe moigne sur toute autre gent Ad deux fortunes infelices. Ensi les moignes officers, Les gardeins et les tresorers, Erront du fole governance ; Et si no//s prtHons des cloistrers, lis sont des vices prrrconiers De murmur et de malvuillance, D'envie et de desobeissance ; Chascuns s'en fuyt de la penance 21080 Pour les delices seculiers Sanz garder la viele observance : Si je dehors voie ignorance, Auci voi je deinz les moustiers. Ly moigne, ensi com;«e truis escrit, Ne sont pas fait de leur habit ; Combien q'ils Tordre eiont rescu, Qant ils d'envie ont I'espirit, Ne say quoy valdra leur merit. Renars qui s'est d'aigneals vestu, 21090 Pour ce n'est autres q'ainz ne fu, Ne cil larons q'au benoit lieu S'en fuyt, par ce n'est pas parfit ; Ne moigne auci qui s'est rendu, Combien q'il soit en halt tondu, Par ce n'est pas prodons eslit. Hom;«e fait saint lieu, mais lieu -par droit Ne fait saint hom;;?e en nul endroit ; Ce piert d'essamples, car je lis Qe Lucifer du cicl chaoit 21 100 En la presence u dieus estoit ; Si fist Adans de paradis ; Auci d'encoste dieu le fitz Judas perist, q'cstoit malditz : Par quoy chascun bien savoir doit Qe par I'abit que moigne ont pris, Ne par le cloistre u sont assis, Ne serront seint, si plus n'y soit. En basses caves se loggieront Jadis ly moigne et eshalcieront 21 no De Jhesu Crist la droite foy ; Du sac et haire vestu eront ; Del eauc bcurent, et mangeront Del hcrbe : mais helas ! avoy ! Ly moigne a ore ensi com;;/e Roy En grandes sales a desroy Se loggont et delices quieront : Grant nombre sont, mais petit voy Qui gardont la primere loy 21119 De ceaux qui I'ordre com/;;encero«t. Par ceaux fuist nulle fem;//e enceinte, De ceaux envie fuist exteinte, En ceaux n'iert orguillouse offense, Par ceaux silence n'ert enfreinte, De ceaux n'ert faite ascune pleinte Deinz leur chapitre en audience ; Ainz sobrete et continence En unite et pacience Du charite ne mye feinte Lors governoit leur conscience : 2 1 1 30 Chascuns fist autre reverence Et servoit dieu en vie seinte. Mais ore est autre que ne fu ; Danz Charite n'ad mais refu, Car danz Envie I'ad tue, Et danz Hayne y est venu, Q'a no covent ad defendu Qe mais n'y soit danz Unite ; Danz Pacience est esrage, Danz Obeissance s'est ale, 21 140 Qui danz Orguil nous ad tollu ; Et danz Murmur ad en secre Danz Malebouche professe, Qui pres tout I'ordre a confondu. Mais danz Incest, qant ly plerra, Sur les Manoirs visitera, Si meyne danz Incontinence Ovcsqiic luy, et puis vendra Danz Delicat, qui se rendra Pour les don«er plaine evidence : 2 1 1 50 Ces sont les trois par qui despense Povrrte vient et Indigence, Puis vient Ruine apres cela, Qui les maisons en sa presence Degaste ensi comme pestilence Par les Manoirs u qu'il irra. Ensi com///e Moigne, ensi Cano/m 21 129 nemye MIROUR DE L'OMME 239 Ne tient la reule du cano^m ; Mais I'un et I'autre nepo^rqant La fourme de Religio/ai 21 160 Gardont, mais la matiere no/m : Car de la clocque vont gardant hoitr houre et lour chapitre avant, Et quanq'al oill est apparant ; Mais qant a leur condicio//n, Le poudre dont ay dit devant Toutdis d'envie tapisant Demoert dedeinz le chap^ro^m. Mais pour final governeme«t 21 169 Danz Vice est Abbes au present, Far quoy danz Gule et danz Peresce Sont fait par le com;;mn assent Ses chapellains ; et ensement Danz Veine gloire se professe, A qui nostre Abbes se confesse ; Danz Avarice ad la richesce, Qui danz Almoisne ascuneme«t Ne laist a faire sa largesce ; Ensi danz Conscience cesse, Qui soloit garder le covent. 21 iSo Puisq'il ad dit des Religious possession^rs, ore dirra del ordre des freres mendiantz. Si nows agardons plus avant, L'estat du frere mendiant, N'ert pas de moy ce qite je dis, Mais a ce que Ten vait parlant Ensur trestout le remenant, Cist ordre vait du mal en pis : Et nepourqant a leur avis lis diont q'ils a dieu le fils Sont droit disciple en lour viva^t ; Mais j'ay del ordre tant enquis, 21 190 Qe freres ont le siecle quis Et sont a luy tout entendant. Mais d'une chose nequedent Les freres font semblablement Com>«e les disciples lors fesoiont ; De les disciples indigent Un soul n'estoit, ainz tielement 21181 Com;«e riens eiant tr^'stout avoiont : A cest essample tout se ploiont Les freres et se multiploiont 212C0. Des biens, mais c'est tout autreme«t ; Car les disciples departoiont As povres gentz ce q'ils tenoiont, Mais cist le gardont proprement. lis diont, la felicite Des freres c'est mendicite, Dont vont en ease par la rue : Car cil q'ad terre en proprete Fait labourer en son degre, Mais ils n'ont cure de charue, 212 10 Ain9ois ont plus que la value, Car riche pecche les salue, Qui de ses biens leur ad donne Si largement en sa venue, Qe plus ad celle gent menue Qe I'autre q'ad ses champs semd. Ils nous prechont de la pov^rte, Et ont toutdis la main overte f. 117 Pour la richesce recevoir ; La covoitise ils ont coverte 21220 Deinz soy, dont I'ordre se p^rverte Pour enginer et decevoir; Les eases vuillont bien avoir, Mais les labours po//r nul avoir, Ainz vont oiceus com;we gent deserte ; De nulle part font leur devoir : Dont m'est avis pour dire voir Q'ils quieront loer sanz decerte. lis ont maison celestial, lis ont vesture espirital, . 21230 lis ont la face simple et seinte, lis ont corage mondial ; lis ont la langue liberal, Dont la men^onge serra peinte, Ils ont parole belle et queinte Dont font deceipte a lo//r aqueinte, lis sont ministre especial Du vice et ont vertu restreinte, lis ont soubz lo;/r simplesce feinte Musce du siecle tout le mal. 21240 Deux freres sont de la partie, plusauant 240 MIROUR DE L'OMME Qui vont ensemble sanz partie Les paiis pour environ;/er; Et I'un et I'autre ades se plie Au fin que bien leur multeplie Du siecle ; dont sont menconger, Pour blandir et pour losenger Et pour les pecches avancer : L'un ad noun frere Ypocresie, Qui doit ma dame confesser, 21250 Mais I'autre la doit relesser, Si ad noun frere Flaterie. Ipocresie vient au lit, Et est pour confessour eslit Pour ce q'il semble debon«aire ; Et qant ma dame ad tr^stout dit, Lors Flaterie la blandist, Qui point ne parle du contraire, Car ce n'est pas de son affaire, Q'il quiert contricio/ni attraire 21260 De nul ou nulle, ainz po//r profit Assolt sanz autre paine faire ; Et ensi gaigne le doaire De sa viande et son habit. Le frere qui son lucre avente Dist a ma dame que jovente Du fem/;/e doit molt excuser La frelete de son entente ; Dont il sovent plus entalente Le pecche faire que laisser, 21270 Qant pour si poy voet relaisser. Mais s'om voldroit des mals cesser, Lors sciet le frere et bien le sente Qe de son ordre le mestier Ne serroit plus a nous mestier, Et powr ce met les mals au vente. Ipocresie tielement Du dame et seignour ensement Quiert avoir la confessio//n ; Mais Flaterie nequedent 21280 Par I'ordinance du covent En dorra I'absoluciown, Car il ad despensacio«n Solonc recompensaciomi, Que vient du bource au riche gent, Qu'il puet don«er remissio//n Sanz paine et sanz punicio/m, Pour plus gaigner de leur argent. Ensi Flatour et Ipocrite Les gentz de noz paiis visite, 21290 Et s'ils par cas vienont au lieu U dame Chastete habite, Ipocrisie lors recite Du continence la vertu ; Et s'ils par cas soient venu U Leccherie ont aparc^u, Lors Flaterie au plus I'excite Et est du consail retenu ; Car il s'acorde bien al jeu Et prent sa pai-t de la maldite. 21300 Qant Flaterie professe Ad Leccherie confesse, Sa penitence luy dorra D'incestuose auctorite ; Car Incest est acompaigne Au Flaterie, u qu'il irra : Sovent avient il pour cela, Qant dame soy confesse a Au frere, de sa malvoiste Peiour la laist q'il ne trova ; 21 310 Mais qant nuls s'en parceivera, Tout quidont estre bien ale. Frere Ipocrite, u qu'il vendra, D'onestetc tout parlera Pour soy covmr dc sa parole, Dont il les oills avoeglera De ces maritz, qant tretera Les fem;»es quelles il affole : Car qant il truist la dame fole. The folloivhig af'f'cars on the margin of the MS., opposite II. 21266-78 ; the ends of the lines have been cut aivay by the binder: — No/a q«od siip^r hii . . | que in ista pa . . | secundum commune dictum d . . | Vihus scripta pa . . | t^rtnsgrcssos si;«p (?^ . . | ct won alios mater . . | tang«'/ : vnde h . . | qui in ordine . . | gressi sunt ad . . | reur;1;entes pn'us . . | in fouea>« cada . . | hac eminente . . | tura cerci«s pre . . | niant//;'. 21282 Endurra 21311 senp«;x:eiuera MIROUR DE L'OMME 241 II fait sermon de tiele escole 21320 Qu'il de son ordre la fera Sorowr : voir dist ; mais c'est frivole, Car par ce q'il la dame acole, Leur alliance se prendra. D'incest des freres mendiantz Je loo as tons jalous amantz Q'il vuillent bon«e garde prendre ; Car tant y ad des limitantz Par les hostealx et visitantz, Q'au painenuls s'en poetdefendre. 21330 Mais je vous fais tresbien entendre, O'ils nulle femnie forsq»/encera primerement aparler de I'estat des Empfrours au temps q'ore est. Dieus doint que soions bon«e gent, Car qui regardc au jour present Com;;/ent le siecle est tribole, \^(ir reso»n serra molt dolent ; Car les mals vont communement, Qe nul estat ont respite Mais nc puiss dire tout com;;«ent f. 121 De les batailles proprcment 21980 Que Nabugodonosor fist, Tiel fuist son no«n, et nequedent Fortune estoit de son assent Et sur sa roe en halt I'assist. yl/(er 2 1 786 one leaf, contaifU)ig 1 92 litL Sur tous Fortune I'alleva, Dont son orguil crust et monta, Mais qant meulx quide estre au dess«5, Pour son orguil qu"il demena Sodeinement dieus le rua, Si q'unqes Rois de sus en jus 21990 N'estoit si fierement confus. Car sa figure, com;«e je truis. En une beste se mua, Dont de son regne estoit exclus Et fuist au bois sept a«ns depuis, U qu'il del herbe pastura. O tu, qui cest essample orras. Deux choses noter en porras : L'un est que tu ne dois despire Les povfres, qant tu les verras, 22000 Car n'est si pove're qui par cas Porra tenir un grant empire, Ne ja n'ert hom/;/e si grant sire Q'ascune foitz ce qu'il desire Luy doit faillir de halt en bass : Mais si tu voes le mond descrire, Ascoulte a ce que m'orras dire, Et puis t'avise quoy ferras. Je truis escript du poeple hebru, Disz tribes s'estoiont esmu 22010 Devf;'s Damas po«r guerroier ; De leur force et de leur vertu Quideront tout avoir venqu : Mais tout changa lour fol quidcr, L'orguill qui les faisoit aler, Car pr^st \our sont a I'encontrer Ly Sirien et ly Caldieu, As queux Fortune volt aider; Si firont les Hebreus tuer, Dont leur orguil ont abatu. 22020 Puis sont en leur orguil leve Ly Surien et ly Caldiee, Mais deinz brief temps se passera ; Fortune leur changa le dee Et desmontoit ce q'ot monte : Car l'un a I'autre puis mella, Mais les Caldieus alors halga Et la victoire leur don«a, :s, is lost. 21998 enporras MIROUR DE LOMME 247 Dont Surien sont avale ; Mais leur pris guaires ne dura, 22030 Car celle qui les fortuna Deinz brief les ot desfortune. Qant ly Caldieu furont amont Et de Surrie mestres sont, Lors moevont guerre centre Pefse, De leur orguill bataille y font ; Mais Fortune ove sa double front, Quelle est et ert toutdis diverse, Lors fuist a les Caldieus adverse, Contrariouse et tant p^;'veine Si deinz le mois avoir porras 25551 Q'il t'ad promis deinz la semeine : Ainz mainte guile et mai«te treine T'en fra, et molt sovent par cas Au fin del tout tu failleras, Ou autrement tu plederas, Car si la loy ne luy constreigne, Du loyalte ne tient il pas. Ensi fait Triche son pourchas Du mestier qui I'orfev^re meine. 25560 Et des jeualx avient auci Q'ascune fois Triche est saisi ; Mais lors a les seigno//rs s'en vait, Et fait le moustre et jure ensi, Q'ain9ois q'il d'eaux serra parti, Les grandes somiiies il en trait De leur argent. Mais lors malfait, Qant il la piere ad contrefait, Que ne valt point un parasi, Et par deceipte et par aguait 25570 Le vent ; car qui q'en soit desfait Ne chalt, maisq'il soit enrichi. Je ne say dire tout pour quoy, Que j'ay oy sovent en coy Les gens compleindre et murmwrer, N'en say la cause ne ne voi, Mais que Ten dist avoy, avoi ! Qe sur tons autres le mestier Des perriers est a blamer. N'est Due ne Conte ne Princer, 25580 Voir ne le propre corps du Roy, Qui s'en porront bien excuser ; Trestous les ad fait enginer Ly perriers ove son desroy. Om dist que dieus en trois parties Ad grandes vertus departies ; 35563 senvait 25566 entrait Ce sont, sicomwe Ten vait disant. Paroles, herbes et perries ; Par ceaux fait hom;«e les mestries Et les mervailles tout avant, 25590 Mais ore est autre que devant, Les perriers sont phis plesant Qe les saphirs ne les rubies ; Mais je ne say pas nepowrqant Si celle grace soit sourdant Ou des vertus ou des soties. Triche est auci de nos/re ville Riche Espicier; mais il avile Au plus sovent sa conscience, Q'il sa balance ad trop soubtile 25600 Du double pois, dont se soubtile f. 140 A faire I'inconvenience De fraude, dont son fait commence ; Car n'est espiece ne semence Dont il son malvois gain ne pile : De la balance point ne pense Dont Micheux en la dieu presence Luy poisera les faitz du guiie. - Triche Espiecer du pecche gaigne, Qant les colo;;;ais reverretz Ne par amour ne par constrcinte. L'en voit ascuns de ticle enprise Qui par deceipte et p<7r queintise 25850 25846 auiici 25853 senfuiont Al oill passont tout lo?/rvoisin ; Mais ce n'est pas honeste guise, Qant puis s'en fuiont au franchise De saint Piere ou de saint Martin, Q'attendre n'osent en la fin Deinz la Cite, mais au chemin Se mettont vers la sainte eglise. Maldit soient tiel pelerin, Q'ensi vienont au lieu divin Pour faire au deable sacrefise. 25860 Car tiel y ad qui tout du gre Aprompte sanz necessite, Et puis s'en vait ove tout fuir Au sainte eglise en salvete. Mais ore oietz la falsete, Q'il ne se voet de la partir, Ainz quiert de I'autry bien partir, Tanq'il pardown porra tenir Du tierce pai't ou la moytee ; Et lors se ferra revertir 25870 A son hostell tout par loisir, Et dist que tout est bien ale. L'en dist pov^'rte est chose dure, Ce sciet qui la poverte endure, En part poverte excuse errour ; Mais cil q'est riche a demesure Et fait enqore mesprisure Ne puet excuser sa folour. Mais com;«e l'en dist au present jour, Le riche est ore tricheour, 25880 Plus que le pov^re en sa mesure ; Car Triche n'ad de dieu paour, Et d'autre part ne porte amo//r Envers nulle autre creature. Roy Salomon ce nous ensense, Qui molt fuist plain de sapie;/ce, Et dist, 'Qui sa richesce adquiert Sanz soy blemir en conscience Molt fait honeste providence ' : Mais d'autre voie qui la quiert, 25890 En ceste vie luy surquiert Vengance, s'au dicu nc rcquiert Pardoun et face penitence, 25863 senvait 25881 Plusqwe MIROUR DE L'OMME 287 Ou autrement sa paine affiert Apr^s la mort, qant dieus le fiert, Et I'alme en paie la despense. En I'evangile truis escrit, Dieus nous demande quel profit Homwe ad pour tout le mond gainer, Qant il en pert son espirit : 25900 C'est un eschange mal confit Pour chose que ne puet durer. Mais Triche ain9ois en marcha«der Quiert le proufit de son denier, Qe tout le bien q'est infinit ; Quiqwf luy doit desallouer, II pr^nt du siecle son louer, Mais au final ne s'esjoyt. Ne sai pour quoy je pr^cheroie As tieux marchans del autre joye 25910 Ou autrement de la dolour ; Car bien scievowt, qui multiploie En ceste vie de monoie II ad au meinz du corps I'onoMr: Dont un me disoit I'autre jour, Cil qui puet tenir la doulgour De ceste vie et la desvoie, A son avis ferroit folour, Q'aprt's ce nuls sciet la verrour, Queu part aler ne quelle voie. 25920 Ensi desputont, ensi diont, Ensi communement reppliont Ly marchant q'ore sont present; Pour bien du siecle, a quel se pliont, Le bien del alme tout oubliont, Du quel ils sont trop indigent : Et nepo^rqant qui les reprint, Tout lour estat par argument Du marchandie justefiont ; Al oill respondent sagement, 25930 Mais de si faint excusement hour almes point ne glorifiont, Soubtilement sciet Triche usure Covrir et faire la vesture, Siq'en apert ne soit conue ; Mais s'il sa conscience assure, Fols est, car dieus la voit dessure 25896 enpaie Trestoute ov^rte et toute nue ; Par quoy si Triche ne se mue De sa falsine et s'esvertue 25940 De loyaute, verra celle hure, Qant dieus les faitz de tous argue, Sa fraude serra desvestue, Dont deble avra la forsfaiture. Des marchans ore luy alqant Le siecle blament nepourqant, Et I'un et I'autre en sa partie Vait mainte cause enchesonant : L'un dist arere et I'autre avant, Mais riens parlont du tricherie 25950 Q'ils mesmes font en marchawdie ; Ainz chascun d'eulx se justefie Et blamont tout le remenant : Dont m'est avis que la folie De jour en jour se multeplie Sanz amender ne tant ne qant. lis sont marchans, ils sont mestiers, Des queux nous avons grans mes- tiers, S'ils bien gardassent loyalte ; Mais Triche est un des p«r9oniers 25960 Qui tant covoite les deniers Qu'il point n'ad garde d'equite. N'est un mestier d'ascun degre Dont Triche, si luy vient a gre, N'ait vingt et quatre soldoiers, Qui le bienfaire ont refuse, Et ce nous trouble en la Cite Les burgois et les officiers. Meistre Aristole ce nous dist, Qe les mestiers sont infinit, 25970 Nuls puet nombrer la variance : Pour ce ne suy je pas parfit Qe tous les mette en mon escrit D'especiale remembrance. Mais chascune art en sa substance, De ce qtie donne sustienance A luy qui de son mestier vit. Est honne en bon«e gov^vnance : Si nuls la mette en male usance, Pour ce n'est pas Part inpaz-fit. 25980 25900 enpert 288 MIROUR DE L'OMME Puisq'il ad dit del erro//r de ceaux qui trichent en marchandie at en I'estat des Artifices, dirra ore del erroiii- des Vitaillers. L'estat del hom;;/e ensi se taille, f. 142 Oe sur tout fait avoir vitaille, Dent Ten porra boire et ma«ger : Pour ce n'est mie de mervaille, Si je n'oublie ne tressaille A parler et a reconter De ceaux qui sont dit vitailler ; Car Triche y est pour consailler, Q'au fraude chascuns s'apprtraille : Je p;rns tesmoign du Taverner, 25990 N'est pas sanz guile le celier Q'il tient dessoubz sa gov^maille. Du Taverner fai mon appell, Oant il le vin del an novell Ove I'autre viel del an devant, Qui gist corrupt deinz son tonell Et n'est ne sein ne bon ne bell, De sa falsine vait mellant, Et ensi le vait tavtrnant : Mais qui luy fuist au droit renda«t, La goule par le haterell 26001 As fourches ly serroit pendant, Car il occit maint entendant Au boire de si fals revell. Trop est malvoise la mellee, Qant le vin est ensi melle, Dont cil qui boit ne puet faillir De deux mals dont serra greve : L'un est qant il avra paie Ce dont nul bien luy puet venir, 26010 Et I'autre que luy fra languir Et grrtnde enfermete souftVir, Et molt sovent renfcrmete Le meine jusques a niorir. Qui voet tavfrne ensi tenir N'est pas exempt du falsete. Qant Must vcndra primeremewt, Molt le vent Triche chicrcmcnt, Mais lors sa fraude renovelle : Com;«e cil qui fait trop queinteme«t, 25982 auor 26044 Tout en secre I'aqueintement 26021 Ferra du viele et de novelle Et l'un ove I'autre Must appelle ; Sovent entrouble sa tonelle, Si fait crier Must a la gent, N'en chialt a qui dolt la cervelle, Maisqu'il sa falsete concelle, Dont porra gaigner de Yargent. Dieus voit bien la falsine atteinte, Qant taverner la rouge teinte 26030 Met au vin blanc pour tav^-z-nage ; Mais Triche est tant soubtil et queiwte Q'ensi les deux colours aqueinte Deinz un vaissell par mariage, Qe qant du blanc voit le visage Devenir jaune, Triche est sage, Et du vermail tantost le peinte, Sicom;«e Ten fait la viele ymage : Ensi decoit son voisinage Et don;/e cause de compleignte. 26040 Et si le vin trop rouge soit, Encore Triche nous decoit, Qant le vin blanc fait adjouster, Et puis le nom;«e a luy q'en boit Colour de paile, dont Ten doit Du colour plus enamourer : Et pour le terrage attemprer Fait del Oseye entremeller, Dont porra faire son exploit : Comwe Mareschals qui doit curer Les maladies du courser, 26051 Ensi fait il de son endroit. Triche est tout plein de deceva«ce, Qant il par si fait alliance Tantz vins divers fait faire unir D'Espaigne, Guyene et de France, Voir et du Ryn fait la muance, Du quoy le gaign puet avenir : Mais s'il porra fort vin tenir, 26059 Bien sciet del eaue fresche emplir Sa pynte, et fait tiele attempra«ce Dont cil q'au boire en voet venir Boit l'un ove I'autre, et au partir Paier luy fait sanz aquitance. qenboit 26062 envoet MIROUR DE L'OMME 289 A la taverne qant irray, Si tast du vin demanderay, Ly taverner au prim^rein De son bon vin me don//e essay ; Mais si mes flaketz empliray, Qant du bon vin me tiens certain, 26070 Tantost me changera la mein ; Car tout serra d'un autre grein Le mal vin qwej'enporteray. Qui plus se fie en tiel prochein II doit bien savoir au darrein Qe s'ameiste n'est pas verray. Si unqes Triche au point voldras Conoistre, tu le conoistras De son pyment, de sa clarree, Et de son novell ypocras ; 26080 Dont il ferra sa bource crass, Qant les dames de la Cite, Ainz q'au moustier ou au marchee Vers la taverne au matinee Vienont trotant le petit pass : Mais lors est Triche bien paie, Car chascun vin ert essaie, Maisqu'il vinegre ne soit pas. Et lors les ferra Triche entendre Q'ils av^ront, s'ils vuillont attendre, Garnache, grec et malvoisie ; 26091 Powr faire les le plus despendre Des vins lour nomjiie mainte gendre. Candy, Ribole et Romanic, Provence et le Montross escrie, Si dist q'il ad en sa baillie Rivere et Muscadelle a vendre ; Mais il la tierce part n'ad mie, Ainz dist ce pour novellerie, Au boire dont les puet suspr'na, Fist a ses privez et ses drus Leur lances prendre et leur escutz, Et si leur dist et com«?anda, Tous les enfantz q'om tuera En Bethlem et environ la : Q'il par ce quide estre au dessus De luy q'au fin luy venquera ; 28270 Car celluy qui dieus aidera Des tous perils ert defenduz. Car dieus, qui tint son fils cher}', Par songe en ot Joseph garny, Et si luy dist, ' P^rnetz I'enfant, Maisq//-an\our, Celluy tenetz pour principal ; C'est cil qui vous en communal Querretz pour faire le dolour.' Jhfvs-//s, qui tout savoit devant, De ses disciples au devant Mande au Cite pour ordiner 28627 enont MIROUR DE L'OMME 319 L'ostell u qu'il serroit mangant Sa cene, et puis lour vait suiant : Et qant y vient, lors au primer 28650 II mesmes volt lo^/r pies laver Humilite pour essampler, Et puis ove tout le remenant S'assist au Cene pour manger. Qant ce fuist fait, apres souper U s'en vait oultre meintenant. Lors prist Jh^5«s ovesqiie luy Piere et Jehan et Jaque auci Et laist les autres a derere Au ville de Gethseman}^ ; 28660 Et si leur dist, ' Attendetz y, Qe je vois faire ma priere.' Et lors passe oultre ove n\ourne oh ere Si loigns comwe Ten gette une pere, Et as genoils s'est obey, Ses mains levez vers dieu son piere ; Si luy prioit en la maniere ,Com»/e vous m'orretz center yci. Par ce q'il ot le corps humein Et vist sa mort devant la mein, 2S670 Tant durement 11 s'effroia, Du quoy p«rmy le tendre grein Du char les gouttes trestout plein Du sane et eaue alors sua ; Si dist : ' O piere, entendes ca, Fai que la mort me passera. Car tu sur tout es sov^rein ; Et nepourqant je vuil cela Que vous vuilletz que fait serra. Car je me tiens a toy certein.' 28680 Qant ot ce dit, il retournoit A ses disciples et trovoit Q'ils s'estoiont tous endormis, Et par deux fois les esveilloit, Et vait arere et dieu prioit Semblablement com;«e je vows dis. Au tierce fois leur dist : ' Amys, Dormetz, car je me voi soubmis. Vei la qui vient a grant esploit, Cil fals Judas, qui m'ad trahis : 28690 28659 aderere 28692 Dormetz en peas, car je su}' pris, N'est qui rescousse faire en doit.' Au paine ot il son dit conte, Qe cil Judas le malure En route de la male gent Y vint trestout devant au pie, Si ad son mestre salue, Et ove ce tricherousement Luy baise ; et lors com;;/unement Sur luy chascuns la main y tent, 2S700 De toutes partz estoit hue, Si I'un luy boute, I'autre prent ; Ensi fuist pris soudainement Au venderdy la matinee. Au prime tost apr^s suiant Devant Pilat le mescreant lis ont Jh^5Mm ove soy menez, Des fals tesmoignes accusant : Le corps tout nu luy vont liant A un piler, ses oels bendez, 2S710 Et lors luy donwent les collees Disant, ' O Crist, prophetises Qui t'ad feru,' et plus avant Luy ont d'escourges flaiellez, Siq'en son corps n'y ot laissez Un point que tout ne fuist sangla//t. Al houre tierce en juggement S'assist Pilat, et falsement Au mort dampna le corps J//^5u Par clamour de la male gent, 28720 Qui lors pristront un vesteme«t Du pourpre et si I'ont revestu, Et de I'espine trop agu Luy font coron/?e, et le pie nu Sa croix luy baillont propremewt A porter, et ensi vencu La croix portant s'en vait au lieu U qu'il morra vilainement. Al houre siste sur le mont De Calvarie tout amont Firont Jhesum crucifier ; Des grosses cloues trois y sont, Des deux les mains tr^'sp^rce ont, Du tierce font les pies ficher ; endoit 28727 senvait >/ i'- 320 MIROUR DE L'OMME Si font la croix ensus lever, Et deux laro;/ns en reprover D'encoste luy pendant y vont ; Eysil et fiel puis font meller, La soif Jhesu pour estancher ; Des toutes p^rtz dolour lu}' font. 28740 Et puis, qant non;;e vint a point, Jhesus, q'estoit en fieble point Selonc le corps, a dieu pria, Au fin q'il ne se venge point De ceaux qui I'ont batu et point ; Et lors a halte voix cria, ' Hely ! ' et soy recomwanda Au dieu son piere, et en cela De ceste vie il se desjoj'nt : Mais lors tieus signes desmoustra, 28750 Qe nuls par droit se doubtera Q'il n'est ove dieu le piere joynt. L'eclips encontre sa nature La cliere jour faisoit oscure ; La terre de sa part trembloit, Les grosses pierres par fendure Sont routes, et la sepulture De la gent morte ov^-rte estoit, Dont il plusours resuscitoit ; Levoill du temple, u q'il pendoit, 28760 Se fent en deux a mesme I'ure : Centurio, qui tout ce voit, Dist q'il le fils de dieu estoit, Seignour du toute creature. Un chivaler y ot Longis, Qui du voeglesce estoit soubgis, A luy bailleront une lance, Qui de Jh^5U le cucr au pitz Trt'sp^rce, et lors fuist tout complis Du passiown la circumstance : 28770 Dont bon Joseph par la suffra«ce Du Pilat en droite ordinance Le corps d'en halt la croix ad pris, Si Pad cnoignt du viele usance, Et puis luy ad de powrvoiance En un sepulcre ensevelis. Mais lors se licve par envie Dcs males gens la compaignie, 28773 denhalt 28779 Et au Pilat s'en vont pour dire Comifient Jh^5//s s'avanterie 28780 Faisoit, qant il estoit en vie, Q'il ot poair a desconfire La mort, et c'estoit a despire : ' Pour ce no//s te prions, beal sire. Nous vuilletz don//er la baillie Du corps garder ' : et sanz desdire Trestout ce que la gent desire Leur gr^nte, que dieus le maldie. Et lors qant ils en ont pooir Del corps guarder, po//r estovoir 28790 Des chivalers quatre y mettoiowt. Qui par trois jours sanz soy movoir Le garderont matin et soir, Qe ses disciples, s'ils vendroio;/t, P«r nuyt embler ne luy porroio«t. As chivalers grant sold donoio«t, Siqu'ils bien facent leur devoir, Et cils tresbien le promettoio«t ; Mais contre dieu qant ils guerroio//t. En vein ont mis leur fol espoir. 28800 Ore dirra de la Resureccio//n nostreseigiiour, et la cause pour quoy il voloit mesmes devenir hom;«e et souflfrir la mort pour le pecche de Adam. Ore ay du passio//n escrit, Come I'evangile nous descrit ; Mais de sa Resurreccio«n Savoir porretz. Cil qui nasquit Par grace du saint espirit Sanz paine et sanz corrupcio/m De la virgine, et Lazaro//n Resuscita, n'ert pas resown Q'il ait son corps du mort soubgit : Pour ce celle Incarnacio»n 28810 Mist a Resuscitacio/m La tierce jour, dont il revit. Mais cil, qui ne se volt celer, Qant il s'ad fait resusciter, Apparust a la Magdaleine, Puis a Simon volt apparer, senvont 28789 enont MIROUR DE L'OMME 321 A Cleophas auci moustrer Se fist, com;«e I'escripti^re enseigne ; Et que la foy nous soit certeine, Puis apparust a la douszeine, 28820 Et a Thomas faisoit taster f. 157 Le corps q'il ot du char humeine : Cil qui ne croit a tiele enseigne Ne say dont se puet excuser. O jhesu Crist, endroit de moy Qe tu es le fils dieu je croy, Qui de la vierge as pris naisca«ce, Et du baptesme auci la foy Confesse en ta novelle loy ; Et oultre ce j'ay ma creance 28830 Que tu ta mort et ta penance Souffris pour no deliverance Du deable, qui nous eust a soy Soubgit ; et puis je n'ay doubtance , Q'au tierce jour de ta puissance Resuscitas le corps de toy. Mais tu, q'es Rois du tout celestre Et d'infernal et du terrestre, A gmnt m^rvaille je me pense Coment, beal sire, se puet estre 28840 Que tu deignas en terre nestre Et don«er mesmes ta presence, Q'es plain du toute sapience. Par qui tout bien fine et commence ; Et puisq«<^ tu es si grant mestre, Q'est ce que de ta providence N'eussetz destourne la sentence Du lance que te fiert au destre ? Deux causes, sire, en ce je voi, Q'a mon avis sont plain du foi, 2S850 L'un est justice et I'autre amour. Justice voelt que chascun Roy Droiture face et tiene loy ; Pour ce covint que cell errour Qui vint d'Adam nostre ancessour Soit redresce d'ascun bon tour : Mais qant a ce Adam de soy N'ot le poair, q'ain^ois maint jour Le deable come son peccheour Le prist et tint a son desroy. 28860 Pris fuist Adam ove sa covine P«r juggement du loy divine, Dont faire estuet redempciown ; Car dieus ne volt pas par ravine Tollir du deable la saisine, Ain9ois fist paier la ran^on. Par qui fuist ce ? Far I'angel nown ; Car ce n'eust pas este reso«m, Depuisq'Adam fist la ruine : Dont dieus de sa provisioun 28870 Fist faire sans corrupciown Un autre Adam de la virgine. Icest Adam en s'engendrure Sanz culpe estoit du forsfaiture Que le primer Adam faisoit; Pour ce pot il de sa droiture La ran9on faire a sa mesure, Ou autrement de son endroit Combatre au deable pour son droit : Mais l'un et I'autre il enp^rnoit, 28880 Le corps qu'il ot de no nature Au croix pour no ran^own paioit, Com;«e cil qui nos/re frere estoit Et nee de la virgine pure ; Et pour parler de sa bataille. Son espirit faisoit mervaille, Car il enfern ot assiegez, Dont par vertu les murs assaille, Sa croix ou main, dont fiert et maille, Tanqu'il les portes ad brisez, 28890 Et s'est dedeinz au force entrez ; Dont il Adam ad aquitez, Si tient le mestre deable en bailie Des ferrs estroitement liez ; Et puis au corps s'est retournez Malgre le deble et sa merdaille. Qant dieus q'estoit victorials Ot despuille les enfernals, Jusq'au sepulcre retournoit, Comme cil q'estoit celestials ; 28900 Le corps q'ain9ois estoit mortals Au tierce jour resuscitoit. Miracle de si halt endroit Unques nul hom;;;e ne faisoit, Car c'estoit tout luy principals Qui no5/re foy plu8 affermoit : 322 MIROUR DE L'OMME Dont soit le noun de luy benoit, Q'ensi rechata ses vassals. Puisqu'il ad dit de la Passio//n. nos/reseignour Jhcsu Crist, dirra ore de la Compassio//n nostre dame. O vierge et mere dieu Marie, Bien sai que tu n'es departie, 28910 Qant ton chier fils sa passiozm Souffrist, ain^ois en compaignie Y es ; s'lque de ta partie T'estuet avoir compassioMn : Dont en ma contemplaciown, Ma dame, sanz elacio//n, Que ta loenge en soit oie, J'en frai la declaraciozm, Siq«^ ta meditacio/m Me puist aider en ceste vie. 28920 Mais certes je ne puiss suffire De cuer penser, de bouche dire : Le cuer me fait tout en pensant, Pour reconter ne pour descrire La grant dolour, le grant m.artire Qe lors avetz pour ton enfant ; Car unques femwe n'ama tant, Ne unq«^s femme un autre amant Avoit de si treshalt empire ; Plus ert pour ce le doel pesant 28930 De toi, ma dame, al houre qant Om luy voloit a tort occire. Matin qant ton enfant fuist pn's Et ses desciples sont fuiz, Tu, dame, lors y aprochas ; En suspirant ove plours et oris Tu viens devant tes enemys En la presence de Pilas : Mais lors y ot nuls advocatz, Ma dame, pour plcder ton cas 28940 A I'avantage de ton fils, Dont par dolour sovent palmas ; Mais autre m^rcy n'y trovas Forsq'ils vo«s ont, dame, escharniz. 28917 ensoit 28923 enpensant 28941 f. in ras. 28955 '^"^s O dame, ce n'estoit m^rvaille, Qant tu ne troves que te vaille Tour ton fils aider en destresce, Si lors ta paine s'apparaille ; Car la puante gent merdaille Pour reviler ta gentillesce 38950 Mainte parole felon«esse Plain de dolour et de tristesce Te distront en leur ribaldaille ; Des males gens auci la pr^sse Tant fuist, que tu en es oppr^sse : Vei la dolente com;;?encaille ! He, dame, enquore autre dolour Te croist, que ly fals townnentour Ton fils escourgent au piler, Siq'il en pert sane et suour, 28960 Dont fuist sanglant par tout ento«r, Et tu, ma dame, n'as poer Ascunement de luy aider : Nuls ne s'en doit esm^rvailler Si lors te change la colour, Car chascun cop de I'escourger Te fiert, ma dame, en ton pe«ser Solonc I'estat du fin amour. Tristesce enqore et marremewt Te vienont trop espessement, 28970 Ma dame, qant tu poes oi'r Pilat don«er le juggement, Et puis, ma dame, toy present Laissa le pueple covenir ; Lors vient en toy le sovenir, Q'asses de doel te fait venir, Pensant de son avienement, Et q'il nasquit sanz fol desir ; Pour ce ne duist il pas souffrir A ton avis si grant towrment. 28980 He, dame, enqore croist ta peine, Qant vois venir en la champeine Des gens sanz nombre et estraier Des citezeins et gent foreine : Chascuns endroit de soy se peine Com;;?e puet venir et aprocher. Ton fils et toy pour esguarder, 28936 Ensuspirant 28960 enpert MIROUR DE L'OMME 323 La qu'il venoit sa croix porter Jusqes au mont par tiele enseigne Qe Ten luy deust crucifier : 28990 En tiele chose consirer, Ma dame, lors te fait aleine. Bien tost apr^s lors voies tu Les tourmentoiirs, q ont estendu Ton fils po«r attacher au crois : Lors escrias, * O fils Jh^su, Je te suppli de ta vertu, Laissetz morir ta mere ain^ois.' Ensi disant deux fois ou trois Palmas, et a chascune fois, 29000 Qant le poair t'ert revenu, Tu dis, ' Helas ! ' a basse vois, ' Helas, Pilat ! helas, malvois ! Helas ! mon joye ay tout p^rdu.' He, dame, pour mirer au droit La fourme comme Pen estendoit, Ton fils qant fuist crucifie, Dont veine et nerf, u que ce soit, Trestout au force debrisoit, Tant sont tirez en long et lee, f. 158 Et tous les joyntz par leur degre 2901 1 Alors s'estoiont desjoigne, O qui ta paine conteroit Que lors te vient en la pensee ? Le corps q'il ot ensi pene Ton cuer pena de tiel endroit. Mais sur trestout te multeplie Le doel, qant ton chier fils se plie Dessur la croix et haltement Cria et laissa ceste vie. 29020 La vois que tu, ma dame, oie Avetz t'eston;?e fierement, Dont tu pasmas asses sovent : Son cuer fendu ton cuer pourfent, La mort de luy toy mortefie ; Son corps morust, ton corps s'exte«t Comme mort gisant piteusemewt, Car toute joye t'est faillie. Du mort qui t'ad fait dep«rtir De ton amy tu voes partir, 29030 Q'a vivre plus tu n'as plesance ; Tar quoy la Mort te vient saisir, Mais Vie ne le voet souffrir, Ensi com/7?ence la destance ; Mort vient et claime I'aqueintance, Et Vie a soy trait la balance, Que I'un pr^ nt I'autre va tollir : Ensi toy fait la sufficance, Qe poMr le temps tu n'as puissance De vivre tout ne tout morir. 29040 He, dame, bien prophetiza Saint Simeon, qui toy conta Comment I'espeie a sa mesure Ta dolente alme passera. O dame, ce signefia Compassiown de ta nature. Que lors t'avient a mesme I'ure Qant ton enfant la mort endure : L'espeie lors te trespcr^a, Par quoy la mort te corust sure, 29050 Mais dieus, q'avoit ta vie en cure, De sa puissance I'aresta. He, qui dirroit ta paine fiere, Qant il touma vers toy sa chiere, Et a Jehan tout ensement, Et si vous dist en la maniere, ' Vei ci ton fils, vei ci ta mere ! ' O comme I'eschange fuist dolent, Qant pour ton fils omnipotent II te fait prendre ton client ! 29060 Si pr^ns en lieu de ta lumere La lanterne en eschangement ; Du quoy je n'ay mervaillement Si celle espeie lors te fiere. Si toute paine et le martire Que le martir et la martire Souflfriront unqes a nul jour Fuissont en un, ne puet souffire Pour comparer ne pour descrire, Dame, au reguard te ta dolour. 29070 Car celle paine q'ert de lour C'estoit la paine exteriour, Que soulement le corps enpire, Mais ta paine ert interiour, Dont t'alme sente la tristour Plus que nul homme porroit dire. Ce partient, dame, a ton devoir Y 2 324 MIROUR DE L'OMME Pour dolour et tristesce avoir Plus que nulle autre en terre nee ; Car tu scies, dame, bien du voir 29080 Ce que nul autre puet savoir, Endroit de sa divinite Q'il est fils de la trinite, Et qu'il de toy s'est encharne. Pour ce, qant tu luy poes veoir Morir solonc I'umanite, Le doel que lors tu as mene N'est cuer qui le puet concevoir. Quiqwe remaint, quiq//^ s'en vait, Presde la croix sanz nul retrait, 29090 Ma dame, tu te tiens ensi En compleignant le grant mesfait Des males gens, qui tout sustrait Le fils dieu, qui de toy nasqui : Mais oil qui lors eust tout 01 Le dolour et la pleignte auci, Que lors par toy sont dit et fait, II porroit dire bien de fy Que ja de nulle ou de nully Ne receust cuer si grant deshait. 29100 Un temps gisoies en pasmant, Un autre temps en lermoiant, Ore en suspir, ore en conipleignte ; Et molt sovent vas enbra^ant La croix, u tu ton fils pendant Reguars, du sane dont goutte meinte T'ad du vermail, ma dame, teinte Des plaies que par grief destreinte Vienont d'en halt la croix corant : O tu virgine et mere seinte, 29110 Le dolour de la femnie enceinte A ta dolour n'est resemblant. Mais puis, qant Joseph dependoit Ton fils de la u qu'il pendoit, Pitousement tcs oels Icvoies ; Kt qant son corps au terre estoit, Ton corps d'amour s'esvertuoit Pour I'enbracer, u tu le voies, Et enbra(;ant tu luy baisoies, Et en baisant sur luy pasmoies, 29120 Sovent as chald, sovent as froit ; 29079 Plusqwf 29092 Encompleignant Sovent ton douls fils reclamoies, Des lermes tu son corps muilloies, Et il ton corps du sane muilloit. Tant come tu as son corps pre- sent, Enqore ascun confortement En as ; mais deinz brieve houre apr^'s, Qant Joseph en son monumewt Le mist, lors desconfortement Te vient, ma dame, asses de pr^s : 29130 Dont tu Joseph prias ades Q'il poitr ton cuer remettre en pes Toi ove ton fils ensemblemewt Volt sevelir, siqz/^ jam;«es En ceste vie u que tu es Ne soietz mais entre la gent. Mais ce, nientmeinz que tu prias, Joseph dedist, dont qant veias Sanz toy ton fils enseveli, Novel dolour recom/«en9as, 29140 Dont tu crias, ploras, pasmas, Et regretas la mort de luy Q'ert ton enfant et ton amy, Sovent disant, ' Helas, aymy ! O si je ne reverray pas Mon fils ! Helas, o dieu mercy ! Fai, sire, que je moerge yci Pour la pite que tu en as.' La mort, ma dame, pour certein A toy lors eust este prochein, 29150 Si ton chier fils par sa tendresce N'eust envoie tout prest au mein De dieu son piere soverein Ses angles, qui par grant humblesce Te font confort a la destresce, Si te diont joye et leesce, Q'au tierce jour tout vif et sein Verras ton fils ; et ensi cesse Par leur novelle la tristesce En bon espoir de I'endemein. 29160 Puisq'il ad dit de la Compas- siown de nosfre dame, dirra ore 29109 denhalt 29127 Enas 29148 cnas MIROUR DE L'OMME 325 de les joyes quelles elle avoit apres la Resurreccio?i of this Balade and of the next. BALADES 337 Ore est be Ore est Par d C D O P V A Ca 4- 10 Du . Ainz graunt Car tiel amour q'est Quant temps vendra joious louer regoit: Ensi le bon amour q'estre soloit El temps jadis de nostre ancesserie, Ore entre nous recomencer om doit Sanz mal pensier d'ascune vileinie. O noble Henri, puissant et seignural, Si nous de vous joioms, c'est a b(on droit) Por desporter vo noble Court roiai. . (Mon coer remaint toutditz en vostre grace.) esperance attens ance 2. • • . gementz ssetz mon purpens : Car qoi qu'om dist d'amer en autre place, Sanz un soul point muer de toutz mes sens Moun coer remaint toutditz en vostre grace. lO Si dieus voldroit fin mettre a ma plesance, Et terminer mes acomplissementz, Solonc la foi et la continuance Que j'ai garde sanz faire eschangementz, Lors en averai toutz mez esbatementz : Mais por le ^emps, quoique fortune enbrace, Entre lez biens du siecle et les tormentz Mon coer remaint toutdits en vostre grace. 20 4. Par cest escrit, ma dame, a vous me rens : Si remirer ne puiss vo bele face, Tenetz ma foi, tenetz mes serementz ; Mon coer remaint toutditz en vostre grace. 21 enau^mi BALADES 339 II. I. L'ivern s'en vait et I'estee vient flori, De froid en chald le temps se muera, L'oisel, qu'ain^ois avoit perdu soun ny, Le renovelle, u q'il s'esjoiera: De mes amours ensi le monde va, Par tiel espoir je me conforte ades ; Et vous, ma dame, croietz bien cela, Quant dolour vait, les joies vienont pres. 2. Ma doulce dame, ensi come jeo vous di, Saver poetz coment moun coer esta, lo Le quel vous serve et long temps ad servi. Tant com jeo vive et toutditz servira: Remembretz vous, ma dame, pour cela Q'a moun voloir ne vous lerrai jammes ; Ensi com dieus le voet, ensi serra, Quant dolour vait, les joies vienont pres. 3. Le jour qe j'ai de vous novelle 01, II m'est avis qe rien me grievera : Porceo, ma chiere dame, jeo vous pri, Par vo message, quant il vous plerra, 20 Mandetz a moi que bon vous semblera, Du quoi moun coer se poet tenir en pes : Et pensetz, dame, de ceo q'ai dit pie9a, Quant dolour vait, les joies vienont pres. 4. O noble dame, a vous ce lettre irra, Et quant dieu plest, jeo vous verrai apres : Par cest escrit il vous remembrera. Quant dolour vait, les joies vienont pres. III. I. D'ardant desir celle amorouse peigne Melle d'espoir me fait languir en joie; Dont par dolour sovent jeo me compleigne Pour vous, ma dame, ensi com jeo soloie. Mais quant jeo pense que vous serretz moie, II 4 qil ses ioiera 17 nouett z 2 340 BALADES De sa justice amour moun coer enhorte, En attendant que jeo me reconforte. 2. La renom^e, dont j'ai I'oreile pleine, De vo valour moun coer pensant envoie Milfoitz le jour, u tielement me meine, lo Q'il m'est avis que jeo vous sente et voie, Plesante, sage, belle, simple et coie : Si en devient ma joie ades plus forte, En attendant que jeo me reconforte. 3. Por faire honour a dame si halteigne A toutz les jours sanz departir me ploie; Et si dieus voet que jeo le point atteigne De mes amours, que jeo desire et proie, Lors ai d'amour tout ceo q'avoir voldroie : Mais pour le temps espoir moun coer supporte, 20 En attendant que jeo me reconforte. 4. A vous, ma dame, ensi come faire dole, En lieu de moi ceo lettre vous apporte ; Q'en vous amer moun coer dist toute voie, En attendant que jeo me reconforte. nil. I. D'entier voloir sanz jammes departir, Ma belle, a vous, en qui j'ai m'esperance, En droit amour moun coer s'ad fait unir As toutz jours mais, pour faire vo plesance : Jeo vous asseur par fine covenance, Sur toutes autres neez en ceste vie Vostre amant sui et vous serrez m'amie. 2. Jeo me doi bien a vous soul consentir Et doner qanque j'ai de bienvuillance ; Car pleinement en vous Ten poet sentir 10 Bealtd, bounty, valour et sufificaunce : Croietz moi, dame, et tenetz ma fiaunce, Qe par doul^our et bone compaignie Vostre amant sui et vous serretz m'amie, III 10 tielmcnt 13 plusforte 14, 21, 25 Enattendant BALADES 341 3. De pluis en pluis pour le tresgrant desir Qe j'ai de vous me vient la remembrance Q'en mon pensant me fait tant rejoir, Qe si le mond fuist tout en ma puissance, Jeo ne querroie avoir autre alliance : Tenetz certain qe ceo ne faldra mie, 20 Vostre amant sui et vous serretz m'amie. 4. Au flour des flours, u toute ma creance D'amour remaint sanz nulle departie, Ceo lettre envoie, et croi me sanz doubtance, Vostre amant sui et vous serretz m'amie. nil* I. Sanz departir j'ai tout mon coer assis U j'aim toutditz et toutdis amerai ; Sanz departir j'ai loialment promis For toi cherir tancome jeo viverai ; Sanz departir ceo qe jeo promis ai Jeo vuill tenir a toi, ma debonaire ; Sanz departir tu es ma joie maire. 2. Sanz departir jeo t'ai> m'amie, pris, Q'en tout le mond si bone jeo ne sai; Sanz departir tu m'as auci compris so En tes liens, dont ton ami serrai; Sanz departir tu m'as tout et jeo t'ai En droit amour por ta plesance faire ; Sanz departir tu es ma joie maire. 3. Sanz departir I'amour qe j'ai empris Jeo vuill garder, qe point ne mesprendray ; Sanz departir, come tes loials amis, Mon tresdouls coer, ton honour guarderai , Sanz departir a mon poair jeo frai Des toutes partz ceo qe toi porra plaire;. 10 Sanz departir tu es ma joie maire. nil* Itt the MS. this and tiu preceding Balade are both numbered llll. 342 BALADES 4. De coer parfit, certain, loial et vrai Sanz departir en trestout mon affaire Te vuil amer, car ore est a I'essai ; Sanz departir tu es ma joie maire. Y. 1. Pour une soule avoir et rejoir Toutes les autres laisse a noun chaloir : Jeo me doi bien a tiele consentir, Et faire honour a trestout moun pooir, Q'elle est tout humble a faire mon voloir : Jeo sui tout soen et elle est toute moie, Jeo I'ai et elle auci me voet avoir; Pour tout le mond jeo ne la changeroie. 2. Qui si bone ad bien la devera cherir, Q'a sa valour n'est riens qe poet valoir : 10 Jeo di pour moi, quant jeo la puiss sentir, II m'est avis qe jeo ne puiss doloir. EUe est ma vie, elle est tout mon avoir, p:ile est m'amie, elle est toute ma joie, Elle est tout mon confort matin et soir ; Pour tout le mond jeo ne la changeroie. 3. La destinee qe nous ad fait unir Benoite soit ; car sanz null decevoir Je I'aime a tant com coer porra tenir. Ceo prens tesmoign de dieu qui sciet le voir : 20 Si fuisse en paradis ceo beal manoir, Autre desport de lui ja ne querroie ; C'est celle ove qui jeo pense a remanoir, Pour tout le mond jeo ne la changeroie. 4. Ceste balade en gre pour recevoir, Les baladcs d'amont .^ , ^ ^ • iesqes enci sont i'ait espc- Ove coer et corps par tout u qe leo soie, •' .7 ' ^ '^ ^ ■' cialemcnt pour ceaux Envoie a celle u gist tout mon espoir : q'attendont lours amours Pour tout le mond jeo ne la changeroie. par droite mariage. BALADES VI. I. La fame et la treshalte renomee Du sens, beaute, manere et gentilesce, Qe Ten m'ad dit sovent et recontee De vous, ma noble dame, a grant leesce M'ad trespercie I'oreille et est impresse Dedeinz le coer, par quoi mon oill desire, Vostre presence au fin qe jeo remire. 343 Les balades d'ici jes- qes au fin du liverc sont universeles a tout le monde, selonc les pro- pretes et les condicions des Amantz, qui sont diversement travailez en la fortune d'amour. 2. Si fortune ait ensi determinee, Qe jeo porrai veoir vo grant noblesce, Vo grant valour, dont tant bien sont parl^e, Lors en serra ma joie plus expresse : Car pour service faire a vostre haltesse J'ai grant voloir, par quoi mon oill desire, Vostre presence au fin qe jeo remire. lO Mais le penser plesant ymagin^e, Jesqes a tant qe jeo le lieu adesce, U vous serretz, m'ad ensi adrescee, Qe par souhaid Milfoitz le jour jeo lesse Mon coer aler, q'a vous conter ne cesse Le bon amour, par quoi moun oill desire, Vostre presence au fin que jeo remire. 20 4. Sur toutes flours la flour, et la Princesse De tout honour, et des toutz mals le Mire, P.our vo bealte jeo languis en destresce, Vostre presence au fin qe jeo remire. VIL I. De fin amour c'est le droit et nature, Qe tant come pluis le corps soit eslongee, Tant plus remaint le coer pres a toute hure, Tanqu'il verra ceo qu'il ad desiree. Pourceo sachetz, ma tresbelle honouree, De vo paiis qe jeo desire I'estre, Come cil qui tout vo chivaler voet estre. VII 5 Pouceo 344 BALADES 2. De la fonteine ensi come I'eaue pure Tressalt et buile et court aval le pree, Ensi le coer de moi, jeo vous assure, lo Pour vostre amour demeine sa pens^e ; Et c'est toutdits sanz repos travail^e, De vo paiis que jeo desire I'estre, Come cil qui tout vo chivaler voet estre. 3. Sicome I'ivern despuile la verdure Du beal Jardin, tanque autresfoitz Estee L'ait revestu, ensi de sa mesure Moun coer languist, mais il s'est esperee Q'encore a vous vendrai joious et l^e ; De vo paiis qe jeo desire I'estre, 20 Come cil qui tout vo chivaler voet estre. 4. Sur toutes belles la plus belle nee, Plus ne voldrai le Paradis terrestre. Que jeo n'ai plus vostre presence amee, Come cil qui tout vo chivaler voet estre. VIII. I. D'estable coer, qui nuUement se mue, S'en ist ades et vole le penser Assetz plus tost qe falcon de sa Mue ; Ses Eles sont souhaid et desirer, En un moment il passera la mer A vous, ma dame, u tient la droite voie, En lieu de moi, tanque jeo vous revoie, 2, Si mon penser saveroit a sa venue A vous, ma doulce dame, reconter Ma volente, et a sa revenue . 10 Vostre plaisir a moi auci conter, En tout le mond n'eust si bon Messager; Car Centmillfoitz le jour jeo luy envoie A vostre court, tanque jeo vous revoie. 3. Mais combien qu'il ne parle, il vous salue Depar celui q'est tout le vostre entier, Q'a vous servir j'ai fait ma retenue, Come vostre amant et vostre Chivaler : VIII 12 sibon BALADES 345 Le pensement qe j'ai de vous plener, C'est soulement qe mon las coer convoie 20 En bon espoir, tanque jeo vous revoie. Ceste balade a vous fait envoier Mon coer, mon corps, ma sovereine joie : Tenetz certein qe jeo vous vuill amer En bon espoir, tanque jeo vous revoie. IX. I. Trop tart a ceo qe jeo desire et proie Vient ma fortune au point, il m'est avis; Mais nepourquant mon coer toutdis se ploie, Parfit, verai, loial, entalentis De vous veoir, qui sui tout vos amis Si tresentier qe dire ne porroie : Q'apres dieu et les saintz de Paradis En vous remaint ma sovereine joie. 2. De mes deux oels ain^ois qe jeo vous voie, Millfoitz le jour mon coer y est tramis 16 En lieu de moi d'aler la droite voie Pour visiter et vous et vo paiis : Et tanqu'il s'est en vo presence mis, Desir ades I'encoste et le convoie, Com cil q'est tant de vostre amour suspris, Qe nullement se poet partir en voie. 3. Descoverir a vous si jeo me doie. En vous amer sui tielement ravys, Q'au plus sovent mon sentement forsvoie, Ne sai si chald ou froid, ou mors ou vifs, 20 Ou halt ou bass, ou certains ou faillis, Ou tempre ou tard, ou pres ou loings jeo soie : Mais en pensant je sui tant esbaubis, Q'il m'est avis sicom jeo songeroie. 4. Pour vous, ma dame, en peine m'esbanoie, Jeo ris en plour et en sant^ languis, Jeue en tristour et en seurte m'esfroie, Ars en gelee et en chalour fremis, IX 7 Qa pres 19 plussouent 346 BALADES D'amer puissant, d'amour povere et mendis, Jeo sui tout vostre, et si vous fuissetz moie, 30 En tout le mond n'eust uns si rejois De ses amours, sicom jeo lors serroie. 5. O tresgentile dame, simple et coie, Des graces et des vertus replenis, Lessetz venir merci, jeo vous supploie, Et demorir, tanqu'il m'avera guaris ; Car sanz vous vivre ne suis poestis. Tout sont en vous li bien qe jeo voldroie, En vostre aguard ma fortune est assis, Ceo qe vous plest de bon gree jeo I'otroie. 40 6. La flour des flours plus belle au droit devis, Ceste compleignte a vous directe envoie : Croietz moi, dame, ensi com jeo vous dis, En vous remaint ma sovereine joie. X. I. Mon tresdouls coer, mon coer avetz souleine, Jeo n'en puiss autre, si jeo voir dirrai ; Q'en vous, ma dame, est toute grace pleine. A bone houre est qe jeo vous aqueintai, Maisqu'il vous pleust qe jeo vous amerai, Au fin qe vo pite vers moi se plie, Q'avoir porrai vostre ameiste complie. 2. Mais la fortune qui les amantz meine Au plus sovent me met en grant esmai, En si halt lieu qe jeo moun coer asseine, 10 Qe passe toutz les autres a I'essai : Q'a mon avis n'est une qe jeo sai Pareil a vous, par quoi moun coer s'allie, Q'avoir porrai vostre ameistt^ complie. 3. S'amour me volt hoster de toute peine, Et faire tant qe jeo m'esjoierai, Vous estes mesmes celle sovereine, Sanz qui jammais en ese viverai : Et puis q'ensi moun coer done vous ai, 1^ 37 poestes 41 phisbelle X 9 plussouent BALADES 347 Ne lerrai, dame, qe ne vous supplie, 20 Q'avoir porrai vostre ameiste complie. 4. A vo bealte semblable au Mois de Maii, Qant le solail s'espant sur la florie, Ceste balade escrite envoierai, Q'avoir porrai vostre ameiste complie. XI. I. Mes sens foreins se pourront bien movoir, Mais li coers maint en un soul point toutdis, Et c'est, ma dame, en vous, pour dire voir, A qui jeo vuill servir en faitz et ditz : Car pour sercher le monde, a moun avis Vous estes la plus belle et graciouse, Si vous fuissetz un poi plus amerouse. 2. Soubtz ciel n'est uns, maisqu'il vous poet veoir, Qu'il ne serroit tantost d'amer suspris ; Q'en la bealte qe dieus t'ad fait avoir 10 Sont les vertus si pleinement compris, Qe riens y fait; dont Ten doit doner pris A vous, ma doulce dame gloriouse, Si vous fuissetz un poi plus amerouse. 3. Jeo sui del tout, ma dame, en vo pooir, Come cil qui sui par droit amour soubgis De noet et jour pour faire vo voloir, Et dieus le sciet qe ceo n'est pas envis : Par quoi jeo quiers vos graces et mercis ; Car par reson vous me serretz pitouse, 20 Si vous fuissetz un poi plus amerouse. 4. A vous, ma dame, envoie cest escris, Qe trop perestes belle et dangerouse : Meilour de vous om sciet en null paiis. Si vous fuissetz un poi plus amerouse. XI 6 plusbelle 7, 14, 21, 25 plusamerouse 15 lieo 348 BALADES XT I. I. La dame a la Chalandre comparer Porrai, la quelle en droit de sa nature Desdeigne I'omme a tiel point reguarder, Quant il serra de mort en aventure. Et c'est le pis des griefs mals qe j'endure, Vo tresgent corps, ma dame, quant jeo voie , Et le favour de vo reguard procure. Danger ses oels destorne en autre voie. 2. Helas, quant pour le coer trestout entier, Qe j'ai done sanz point de forsfaiture, lo Ne me deignetz en tant reguerdoner, Q'avoir porrai la soule reguardure De vous, q'avetz et I'oill et la feture Dont jeo languis ; car ce jeo me convoie, Par devant vous quant jeo me plus assure, Danger ses oels destorne en autre voie. •&^ 3. Si tresbeals oels sanz merci pour mirer N'acorde pas, ma dame, a vo mesure : De vo reguard hostetz pourceo danger, Prenetz pitd de vostre creature, 20 Monstrez moi I'oill de grace en sa figure, Douls, vair, riant et plein de toute joie; Car jesq'en cy, ou si jeo chante ou plure, Danger ses oels destorne en autre voie. 4. En toute humilite sanz mesprisure Jeo me compleigns, ensi come faire doie, Q'a moi, qui sui del tout soubtz vostre cure, Danger ses oels destorne en autre voie. XIII. I. Au mois de Marsz, u tant y ad muance, Puiss resembler les douls mals que j'endure : Ore ai trove, ore ai perdu fiance, Siq'en amer truis ma fortune dure ; Qu'elle est sanz point, sanz reule et sanz mesure, N'ad pas egual le pois en sa balance, Ore ai le coer en ease, ore en destance. BALADES 349 2. Qant jeo remire al oill sanz variance La gentilesce et la doulce figure, Le sens, I'onour, le port, la contenance lo De ma tresnoble dame, en qui nature x\d toutz biens mis, lors est ma joie pure, Q'amour par sa tresdigne pourveance M'ad fait amer u tant y ad plesance. 3. Mais quant me vient la droite sovenance, Coment ma doulce dame est a dessure En halt estat, et ma nounsufifisance Compense a si tresnoble creature, Lors en devient ma joie plus obscure Par droit paour et par desesperance, 20 Qe lune quant eglips la desavance. 4. Pour vous, q'avetz ma vie en aventure, Ceste balade ai fait en remembrance : Si porte ades le jolif mal sanz cure, Tanq'il vous plest de m'en faire allegance. XIIIL I. Pour penser de ma dame sovereine, En qui tout bien sont plainement assis, Qe riens y fait de ce dont corps humeine Doit par reson avoir loenge et pris, Lors sui d'amour si finement espris, Dont maintenant m'estoet soeffrir la peine Plus qe Paris ne soeffrist pour Heleine. 2. Tant plus de moi ma dame se desdeigne, Come plus la prie ; et si jeo mot ne dis, Qe valt ce, lors qe jeo ma dolour meine lo De ceo dont jeo ma dame n'ai requis? Ensi de deux jeo sui tant entrepris, Qe parler n'ose a dame si halteine, Et si m'en tais, jeo voi la mort procheine. XIII 8 al loill 17 noMn suffisance 19 endevient XIIII 2 Een 350 BALADES 3. Mais si pites, qui les douls coers enseine, Pour moi ne parle et die son avis, Et la fierte de son corage asseine, Et plie au fin q'elle ait de moi mercis, Jeo serrai mortz ou tant enmaladis, Ne puiss faillir del un avoir estreine ; 20 Ensi, ma doulce dame, a vous me pleigne. 4. Ceste balade a vous, ma dame, escris, Q'a vous parler me fait du bouche aleine ; Par quoi soubtz vostre grace jeo languis, Sanz vous avoir ne puiss ma joie pleine. XV. I. Com I'esperver qe vole par creance Et de son las ne poet partir envoie, De mes amours ensi par resemblance Jeo sui liez, sique par nulle voie Ne puiss aler, s'amour ne me convoie : Vous m'avetz, dame, estrait de tiele Mue, Combien qe vo presence ades ne voie, Mon coer remaint, que point ne se remue. 2. Soubtz vo constreignte et soubtz vo governance Amour m'ad dit qe jeo me supple et ploie, 10 Sicome foial doit faire a sa liegance, Et plus d'assetz, si faire le porroie : Pour ce, ma doulce dame, a vous m'otroie, Car a ce point j'ai fait ma retenue, Qe si le corps de moi fuist ore a Troie, Mon coer remaint, qe point ne se remue. 3. Sicome le Mois de Maii les prees avance, Q'est tout flori quant I'erbe se verdoie, Ensi par vous revient ma contienance, De vo bealte si penser jeo le doie : 20 Et si merci me volt vestir de joie Pour la bounte qe vous avetz vestue, En tiel espoir, ma dame, uque jeo soie, Mon coer remaint, qe point ne se remue. XIIII 15 doules XV 17 lesprees BALADES 351 A vostre ymage est tout ceo qe jeo proie, Quant ceste lettre a vous serra venue ; Q'a vous servir, come cil q'est vostre proie, Mon coer remaiqt, qe point ne se remue. XVI, I. Camelion est une beste fiere, Qui vit tansoulement de I'air sanz plus ; Ensi pour dire en mesme la maniere, De soul espoir qe j'ai d'amour conguz Sont mes pensers en vie sustenuz : Mais par gouster de chose qe jeo sente, Combien qe jeo le serche sus et jus, Ne puiss de grace trover celle sente. 2. N'est pas ma sustenance assetz pleniere De vein espoir qe m'ad ensi repuz ; ro Ainz en devient ma faim tant plus amiere D'ardant desir qe m'est d'amour accruz : De mon repast jeo sui ensi deguz, Q'ove voide main espoir ses douns presente, Qe quant jeo quide meux estre au dessus En halt estat, jeo fais plus grief descente 3. Quiqu'est devant, souhaid n'est pas derere Au feste quelle espoir avera tenuz; A volente sanz fait est chamberere : Tiels officers sont aingois retenuz, 20 Par ceux jeo vive et vuill ceo qe ne puiss, Ma fortune est contraire a mon entente; Ensi morrai, si jeo merci ne truis, Q'en vein espoir ascun profit n'avente. 4. A vous, en qui sont toutz bien contenuz, Q'es flour des autres la plus excellente, Ceste balade avoec centmil salutz Envoie, dame, maisq'il vous talente. XVI 7 Combien 11 endeuient 16 plusgrief" 26 plusexcellente 352 BALADES XVII. I. Ne sai si de ma dame la durtee Salvant I'estat d'amour jeo blamerai ; Bien sai qe par tresfine loialt^ De tout mon coer la serve et serviray, Mais le guardon, s'ascun deservi ai, Ne sai coment, m'est toutdis eslonge : Dont jeo ma dame point n'escuseray; Tant meinz reprens, com plus I'averay done. 2. A moun avis ceo n'est pas egalte, Solonc reson si jeo le voir dirrai, lo A doner tout, coer, corps et volente. Quant pour tout ceo reprendre ne porray D'amour la meindre chose qe jeo sai. Om dist, poi valt service q'est sanz fee ; Mais ja pour tant ma dame ne lerray, Q'a lui servir m'ai tout abandone. 3. Ma dame, qui sciet langage a plentde, Rien me respont quant jeo la prierai ; Et s'ensi soit q'elle ait a moi parlee, D'un mot soulein lors sa response orrai, 20 A basse vois tantost me dirra, ' nay.' C'est sur toutz autres ditz qe jeo plus hee ; Le mot est brief, mais qant vient a I'essay, La sentence est de grant dolour paree. 4. Ceste balade a celle envoieray, En qui riens fait fors soulement pitee : Ne puis lesser, maisque jeo I'ameray, Q'a sa merci jeo m'ai recomande. XVIII. I. Les goutes d'eaue qe chcont menu L'en voit sovent percer la dure piere ; Mais cest essample n'est pas avenu, Semblablement qe jeo de ma priere La tendre oraille de ma dame chiere Percer porrai, ainz il m'est defendu : Com plus la prie, et meinz m'ad entendu,. BALADES 353 2. Tiel esperver crieis unqes ne fu, Qe jeo ne crie plus en ma maniere As toutz les foitz qe jeo voi temps et lu; lo Et toutdis maint ma dame d'une chiere, Assetz plus dure qe n'est la rochiere. Ne sai dont jeo ma dame ai offendu ; Com plus la prie, et meinz m'ad entendu. 3. Le del amont de la justice dieu Trespercerai, si jeo les seintz requiere ; Mais a ce point c'est ma dame abstenu, Qe toutdis clot s'oraille a ma matiere. Om perce aingois du marbre la quarere, Q'elle ait a ma requeste un mot rendu ; 20 Com plus la prie, et meinz m'ad entendu. 4. La dieurte de ma dame est ensi fiere Com Diamant, qe n'est de riens fendu : Ceo lettre en ceo me serra messagiere ; Com plus la prie, et meinz m'ad entendu. XIX. I. Om solt danter la beste plus salvage Par les paroles dire soulement, Et par parole changer le visage, Et les semblances muer de la gent : Mais jeo ne voie ascun experiment, Qe de ma dame torne le corage ; Celle art n'est pas dessoubtz le firmament Por atrapper un tiel oisel en cage. 2. Jeo parle et prie et serve et faitz hommage De tout mon coer entier^ mais nequedent 10 Ne puis troever d'amour celle avantage, Dont ma tresdoulce dame ascunement Me deigne un soul regard pitousement Doner; mais plus qe Sibille le sage S'estrange, ensi qe jeo ne sai coment Pour atrapper un tiel oisel en cage. XVIII 12 plusdure 20 Qell XIX i plussalvage Aa 354 BALADES 3. Loigns de mon proeu et pres de mon damage, Jeo trieus toutdis le fin du parlemenl ; Ne sai parler un mot de tiel estage, Par quoi ma dame ne change son talent : 20 Sique jeo puiss veoir tout clierement Qe ma parole est sanz vertu volage, Et sanz exploit, sicom frivole au vent, Pour atrapper un tiel oisel en cage. 4. Ma dame, en qui toute ma grace attent, Vous m'avetz tant soubgit en vo servage, Qe jeo n'ai sens, reson n'entendement, Pour atrapper un tiel oisel en cage. XX. I . Fortune, om dist, de sa Roe vire ades ; A mon avis mais il n'est pas ensi. Car as toutz jours la troeve d'un reles, Qe jeo sai nulle variance en li, Ainz est en mes deseases establi. En bass me tient, q'a lever ne me lesse : De mes amours est tout ceo qe jeo di. Ma dolour monte et ma joie descresce. 2. Apres la guerre om voit venir la pes, Apres I'ivern est I'estee beal flori, 10 Mais mon estat ne voi changer jammes, Qe jeo d'amour porrai troever merci. He, noble dame, pour quoi est il ensi? Soubtz vostre main gist ma fortune oppresse, Tanq'il vous plest qe jeo serrai guari. Ma dolour monte et ma joie descresce. 3. Celle infortune dont Palamedes Chaoit, fist tant qAgamenon chosi Fuist a I'empire : auci Diomedes, Par ceo qe Troilus estoit guerpi, 20 De ses amours la fortune ad saisi, Du fille au Calcas mesna sa leesce : Mais endroit moi la fortune est faili. Ma dolour monte et ma joie descresce. XIX 18 tout dis 24 Cage BALADES 355 4. Le coer entier avoec ceo lettre ci Envoie a vous, ma dame et ma dieuesce : Prenetz pite de mon trespovere cri, Ma dolour monte et ma joie descresce. XXI. I. Au solail, qe les herbes eslumine Et fait florir, jeo fai comparisoun De celle q'ad dessoubtz sa discipline Mon coer, mon corps, mes sens et ma resoun Par fin amour trestout a sa bandoun : Si menerai par tant joiouse vie, Et servirai de bon entencioun, Sanz mal penser d'ascune vilenie. 2. Si femme porroit estre celestine De char humeine a la creacion, to Jeo croi bien qe ma dame soit devine ; Q'elle ad le port et la condicion De si tressainte conversacioun, Si plain d'onour, si plein de courtoisie, Q'a lui servir j'ai fait ma veneisoun, Sanz mal penser d'ascune vilenie. 3. Une autre tiele belle et femeline, Trestout le mond pour sercher enviroun, Ne truist om, car elle ad de sa covine Honte et paour pour guarder sa mesoun, 20 N'i laist entrer ascun amant feloun : Dont sui joious, car jeo de ma partie La vuill amer d'oneste affeccioun, Sanz mal penser d'ascune vilenie. 4. Mirour d'onour, essample de bon noun, En bealte chaste et as vertus amie. Ma dame, jeo vous aime et autre noun, Sanz mal penser d'ascune vilenie. XXI 18 Terstout A a 2 356 BALADES XXII. I. J'ai bien sovent o"i parler damour, Mais ja devant n'esprovai la nature De son estat, mais ore au present jour |eo sui cheeuz de soudeine aventure En la sotie, u jeo languis sanz cure, Ne sai coment j'en puiss avoir socour : Car ma fortune est en ce cas si dure, Q'ore est ma vie en ris, ore est en plour. 2. Pour bien penser jeo truiss assetz vigour, Mais quant jeo doi parler en ascune hure, lo Le coer me fait de si tresgrant paour, Q'il hoste et tolt la vois et la parlure ; Q'au peine lors si jeo ma regardure Porrai tenir a veoir la doul^our De celle en qui j ai mis toute ma cure, Q'ore est ma vie en ris, ore est en plour. 3. Quant puiss mirer la face et la colour De ma tresdoulce dame et sa feture, Pour regarder en si tresbeal mirour Jeo sui ravi de joie oultre mesure : ao Mais tost apres, quant sui soulein, jeo plure, Ma joie ensi se melle de dolour, Ne sai quant sui dessoubtz ne quant dessure, Q'ore est ma vie en ris, ore est en plour. 4. A vous, tresbelle et bone creature, Salvant toutdis I'estat de vostre honour. Ceo lettre envoie : agardetz I'escripture, Q'ore est ma vie en ris, ore est en plour. XXIII. I. Pour un regard au primere acqueintance. Quant jeo la bealte de ma dame vi, Du coer, du corps trestoute m'obeissance Lui ai done, tant sui d'amour ravi : Du destre main jeo I'ai ma foi plevi, Sur quoi ma dame ad resceu moun hommage, Com son servant et son loial ami ; A bon houre est qe jeo vi celle ymage. XXII 19 ensi BALADES 357 Par lui veoir sanz autre sustenance, Mais qe danger ne me soit anemi, lo II m'est avis de toute ma creance Q'as toutz les jours jeo viveroie ensi ■. Et c'est tout voir qe jeo lui aime si, Qe mieulx voldroie morir en son servage, Qe vivere ailours mill auns loigntain de li : A bone houre est qe jeo vi celle ymage. De son consail ceo me dist esperance, Qe quant ma dame averai long temps servi Et fait son gre d'onour et de plesance, Lors solonc ceo qe j'averai deservi 20 Le ree^uerdoun me serra de merci ; Q'elle est plus noble et Tranche de corage Qe Maii, quant ad la terre tout flori : A bon houre est qe jeo vi celle ymage. Ceo dit envoie a vous, ma dame, en qui La gentilesce et le treshalt parage Se monstront, dont espoir m'ad rejoi : A bon houre est qe jeo vi celle ymage. XXI 1 1 1. I. Jeo quide qe ma dame de sa mein M'ad deinz le coer escript son propre noun Car quant jeo puiss oir le chapellein Sa letanie dire et sa legoun, Jeo ne sai nomer autre, si le noun ; Car j'ai le coer de fin amour si plein, Q'en lui gist toutc ma devocioun : Dieus doignt qe jeo ne prie pas en vein ! 2. Pour penser les amours de temps longtein, Com la priere de Pigmalion Faisoit miracle, et I'image au darrein De piere en char mua de s'oreisoun, J'ai graunt espoir de la comparisoun Qe par sovent ])rier serrai certein De grace ; et pour si noble reguerdoun Dieus doignt qe jeo ne prie pas en vein ! XXIII 22 plusnoble 353 BALADES 3. Com cil qui songe et est en nouncertein, Ainz semble a lui qu'il vait tout environ Et fait et dit, ensi quant sui soulein, A moi parlant jeo fais maint question, 20 Despute et puis responde a ma resoun, Ne sai si jeo sui faie ou chose humein : Tiel est d'amour ma contemplacion ; Dieus doignt qe jeo ne prie pas en vein I 4. A vous, qe m'avetz en subjeccion, Soul apres dieu si m'estes soverein, Envoie cette supplicacion : Dieus doignt qe jeo ne prie pas en vein ! XXV. I. Ma dame, si ceo fuist a vo plesir, Au plus sovent jeo vous visiteroie ; Mais le fals jangle et le tresfals conspir De mesdisantz m'ont destorbe la voie, Et vostre honour sur toute riens voldroie : Par quoi, ma dame, en droit de ma partie En lieu de moi mon coer a vous envoie ; Car qui bien aime ses amours tard oblie. 2. lis sont assetz des tiels qui de mentir Portont le clief pendant a lour curroie; 10 Du quoi, ma dame, jeo ne puiss sentir Coment aler, aingois me torne envoie : Mais sache dieus, par tout uque jeo soie, D'entier voloir sanz nulle departie A vous me tiens, a vous mon coer se ploie ; Car qui bien aime ses amours tard oblie. 3. De vo presence a long temps abstenir Grief m'est, en cas q'a force ensi feroie ; Et d'autrepart, si jeo voldrai venir, Sanz vostre esgard ceo faire ne porroie : 20 Comandetz moi ceo qe jeo faire en doie, Car vous avetz de moi la seignorie. Tout est en vous, ma dolour et ma joie ; Car qui bien aime ses amours tard oblie. XXV a plussovent 4 mout (?) 21 endoie BALADES 359 As mesdisantz, dont bon amour s'esfroie, De male langue dieus les motz maldie ; Q'en lour despit a vostre amour m'otroie ; Car qui bien aime ses amours tard oblie. XXVI. i.Salutz honour et toute reverence, Com cil d'amour q'est tout vostre soubgit, Ma dame, a vous et a vostre excellence Envoie, s'il vous plest, d'umble espirit, Pour fare a vous plesance, honour, profit : De tout mon coer entier jeo le desire, Selonc le corps combien qe j'ai petit, Sanz autre doun le coer doit bien suffire. 2. Qui donne soi, c'est une experience Qe I'autre bien ne serront escondit : lo Si plein com dieus m'ad de sa providence Fait et forme, si plein sanz contredit Soul apres lui, ma dame, en fait et dit Vous donne ; et si Rois fuisse d'un Empire, Tout est a vous : mais en amour perfit Sanz autre doun le coer doit bien suffire. 3. Primer quant vi I'estat de vo presence, En vous mirer me vint si grant delit, Q'unqes depuiss d'ascune negligence Mon coer pensant vostre bealte n'oublit : 30 Par quoi toutdis me croist celle appetit De vous amer, plus qe ne porrai dire ; Et pour descrire amour en son droit plit, Sanz autre doun le coer doit bien suffire. 4. A vous, ma dame, envoie ceste escript, Ne sai si vo danger le voet despire ; Mais si reson soit en ce cas eslit, Sanz autre doun le coer doit bien suffire. XXVI 22 plusqe 360 BALADES XXVII. I. Ma dame, quant jeo vi vostre oill [vair et] riant, Cupide m'ad ferru de tiele plaie Parmi le coer d'un dart d'amour ardant, Qe nulle medicine m'est verraie, Si vous n'aidetz ; mais cartes jeo me paie, Car soubtz la cure de si bone mein Meulx vuil languir qe sanz vous estre sein. 2. Amour de sa constreignte est un tirant, Mais sa banere quant merci desplaie, Lors est il suef, courtois et confortant : 10 Ceo poet savoir qui la fortune essaie ; Mais combien qu'il sa grace me deslaie, Ma dame, jeo me tiens a vous certein ; Mieulx vuill languir qe sanz vous estre sein. 3. Ensi ne tout guari ne languisant, Ma dame, soubtz I'espoir de vo manaie Je vive, et sui vos graces attendant, Tanque merci ses oignementz attraie, Et le destroit de ma dolour allaie : Mais si guaris ne soie enquore au plein, 20 Mieulx vuill languir qe sanz vous estre sein. 4. Pour vous, q'avetz la bealte plus qe faie, Ceo lettre ai fait sanz null penser vilein : Parentre deus combien qe jeo m'esmaie, Mieulx vuill languir qe sanz vous estre sein. XXVIII. I. Dame, u est ore cclle naturesce, Qe soloit estre en vous tiel temps jeo vi, Q'il ne vous plest de vostre gentilesce Un soul salutz mander a vostre ami ? Ne quier de vous forsque le coer demi, Et vous avetz le mien trestout entier : Om voit sovent de petit j^oi doner. 2. Les vertus de franchise et de largesce • Jeo sai, ma dame, en vous sont establi ; Et vous savetz ma peine et ma destresce, 10 BALADES 361 Dont par dolour jeo sui sempres faili En le defalte soul de vo merci, Q'il ne vous plest un mot a moi mander : Om voit sovent de petit poi doner. 3. Tout qanque j'ai^ ma dame, a vo noblesce De coer et corps jeo I'ai done parmi ; Par quoi ne vous desplese, en ma simplesce De vostre amour si jeo demande ensi ; Car cil qui done il ad doun deservi, Loial servant doit avoir son loer : 20 Om voit sovent de petit poi doner. 4. Ma doulce dame, qui m'avetz oubli, Prenetz ceo dit de moi pour remembrer, Et mandetz moi de vos beals ditz auci ; Q'om voit sovent de petit poi doner. XXIX. I. Par droite cause et par necessite, Q'est sanz feintise honeste et resonable, M'ai par un temps de vous, dame, eslonge, Dont par reson jeo serroie excusable : Mais fame, q'est par les paiis volable, De vo corous me dist novelle ades ; Si m'ad apris, et jeo le croi sanz fable, Q'est d'amour loigns est de desease pres. 2. Si vous, ma dame, scieussetz ma pense, Q'a vous servir remaint toutditz estable, jo Ne serrai point sanz cause refuse : Car jeo vous tiens si bone et merciable, Qe jeo, q'a vous sui toutditz servi9able, Et de mon gree ne vuill partir jammes, Vo grace averai ; et c'est tout veritable, Q'est d'amour loigns est de desease pres. o- Le fait de I'omme est en la volente, Car qui bien voet par droit est commendable; Et pourcella, ma tresbelle honouree, Hostetz corous et soietz amiable : 20 362 BALADES Si riens ai fait q'a vous n'est pas greable, De vo merci m'en donetz un reles; Q'ore a I'essai la chose est bien provable, Q'est d'amour loigns est de desease pres. 4. Ma graciouse dame et honourable, Ceste balade a vous pour sercher pes Envoie ; car jeo sui assetz creable, Q'est d'amour loigns est de desease pres. XXX. I. Si com la Nief, quant le fort vent tempeste, Par halte mier se torne ci et la, Ma dame, ensi moun coer maint en tempeste, Quant le danger de vo parole orra ; • Le Nief qe vostre bouche soufflera Me fait sigler sur le peril de vie : Q'est en danger, fait qu'il merci supplie. 2. Rois Uluxes, sicom nous dist la geste. Vers son paiis de Troie qui sigla, N'ot tiel paour du peril et moleste, 10 Quant les Sereines en la Mier passa, Et le danger de Circes eschapa, Qe le paour n'est plus de ma partie : Q'est en danger, fait qu'il merci supplie. 3. Danger, qui tolt d'amour toute la feste, Unqes un mot de confort ne sona ; Ainz plus cruel qe n'est la fiere beste, Au point quant danger me respondera, La chiere porte, et quant le nai dirra, Plus que la mort m'estonc celle oie : 20 Q'est en danger, fait qu'il merci supplie. 4. Vers vous, ma bone dame, horspris cella Qe danger maint en vostre compainie, Ceste balade en mon message irra : Q'est en danger, fait (^u'll merci supplie. XXX 5 Le Nief] Perhaps rather Le vent 12 circes 20 Plusq«(f BALADES XXXI. I. Ma belle dame, bone et graciouse, Si pour bealte Ten doit amour doner, La bealte, dame, avetz si plentevouse, Qe vo bealte porra nulls coers passer, Qe ne Testoet par fine force amer, Et obeir d'amour la discipline Par soulement vo bealte regarder : Car bon amour a les vertus encline. 2. Et si bounte, q'est assetz vertuouse Da sa nature, amour porra causer, Vous estes, dame, assetz plus bountevouse Q'ascun amant le purra deviser : Et ceo me fait vostre amour desirer Secondement apres I'amour divine, Pour chier tenir, servir et honourer; Car bon amour a les vertus encline. 3. Et si la sort de grace est amourouse, Lors porrai bien, ma dame, tesmoigner, Vo grace entre la gent est si famouse, Q'a quelle part qe jeo me vuil torner, Jeo puiss oir vo grace proclamer : Toutz en parlont et diont lour covine, L'om est benoit qui vous purroit happer ; Car bon amour a les vertus encline. 4. Ma dame, en qui sont trestout bien plener, Tresfressche flour, honeste et femeline, Ceste balade a vous fais envoier ; Car bon amour a les vertus encline. 363 10 20 XXXII. I. Cest aun novell Janus, q'ad double face, L'yvern passer et Testee voit venant : Comparison de moi si j'ensi face, Contraire a luy mes oills sont regardant, Je voi I'ivern venir froid et nuisant, Et I'estee vait, ne sai sa revenue ; Q'amour me poignt et point ne me salue. XXXI 16 ales 22 enpaHont XXXII 5 nuisand 364 BALADES 2. La cliere Estee, qui le solail embrace, Devient obscure a moi, siq' au devant L'yvern me tolt d'amour toute la grace : 10 Dont par dolour jeo sui mat et pesant, Ne sai jeuer, ne sai chanter par tant, Ainz sui covert dessoubtz la triste Nue ; Q'amour me poignt et point ne me salue. 3. Vo bealte croist, q'a null temps se desface ; Pourceo, ma dame, a vous est acordant Qe vo bounte se monstre en toute place : Mais jeo, pour quoi qe sui tout vo servant, Ne puis veoir de grace ascun semblant, C'est une dure et forte retenue ; 20 Q'amour me poignt et point ne me salue. XXX 111. i.Au comencer del aun present novell Mon corps ove tout le coer a bone estreine Jeo done a vous, ma dame, sanz repell, Pour le tenir sicom vostre demeine : Ne sai conter les joies que jeo meine ' De vous servir, et pour moi guardoner, Si plus n'y soit, donetz le regarder. 2. Ne quier de vous avoir autre Juel Fors soulement vostre ameiste certeine ; Guardetz vo Nouche, guardetz le vostre anel, 10 Vo beal semblant m'cst joie sovereine, Q'a mon avis toute autre chose est veine : Et s'il vous plest, ma dame, sanz danger, Si plu.s n'y soit, donetz le regarder. 3. L'en soit toutditz au feste de Noel Rcprendre joie et hoster toute peine, Et doner douns ; mais jeo ne demande el, De vo noblesce si noun q'il vous deigne Doner a moi d'amour ascune enseigne, Dont jeo porrai ma fortune esperer : 20 Si plus n'y soit, donetz le regarder. XXXII 9 si siqau devant BALADES 365 A vous, ma doulce dame treshalteine, Ceste balade vait pour desporter ; Et pour le bounte dont vous estes pleine, Si plus n'y soit, donetz le regarder. XXXIIII. I. Saint Valentin Famour et la nature De toutz oiseals ad en governement ; Dont chascun d'eaux semblable a sa mesure Une compaigne honeste a son talent Eslist tout d'un acord et d'un assent : Pour celle soule laist a covenir Toutes les autres, car nature aprent, U li coers est, le corps fait obeir. 2. Ma doulce dame, ensi jeo vous assure Qe jeo vous ai eslieu semblablement ; 10 Sur toutes autres estes a dessure De mon amour si tresentierement, Qe riens y fait par quoi joiousement De coer et corps jeo vous voldrai servir ; Car de reson c'est une experiment, U li coers est, le corps fait obeir. 3. Pour remembrer jadis celle aventure De Alceone et Ceix ensement, Com dieus muoit en oisel lour figure, Ma volente serroit tout tielement, 20 Qe sanz envie et danger de la gent Nous porroions ensemble par loisir Voler tout francs en nostre esbatement : U li coers est, le corps fait obeir. 4. Ma belle oisel, vers qui mon pensement S'en vole ades sanz null contretenir, Pren cest escript, car jeo sai voirement, U li coers est, le corps fait obeir. XXXV. I. Saint Valentin plus qe null Emperour Ad parlement et convocacion Des toutz oiseals, qui vienont a son jour, 366 BALADES U la compaigne prent son compaignon En droit amour ; mais par comparison D'ascune part ne puiss avoir la moie : Qui soul remaint ne poet avoir grant joie. 2. Com la fenix souleine est au sojour En Arabia celle regioun, Ensi ma dame en droit de son amour jo Souleine maint, ou si jeo vuill ou noun, N'ad cure de ma supplicacion, Sique d'amour ne sai troever la voie : Qui soul remaint ne poet avoir grant joie. 3. O com nature est pleine de favour A ceos oiseals q'ont lour eleccion ! O si jeo fuisse en droit de mon atour En ceo soul cas de lour condicioun ! Plus poet nature qe ne poet resoun, En mon estat tresbien le sente et voie : 20 Qui soul remaint ne poet avoir grant joie. 4. Chascun Tarcel gentil ad sa falcoun, Mais j'ai faili de ceo q'avoir voldroie : Ma dame, c'est le fin de mon changoun, Qui soul remaint ne poet avoir grant joie. XXXVI. I, Pour comparer ce jolif temps de Maii, Jeo le dirrai semblable a Paradis ; Car lors chantont et Merle et Papegai, Les champs sont vert, les herbes sont floris, Lors est nature dame du paiis ; Dont Venus poignt I'amant au tiel assai, Q'encontre amour n'est qui poet dire Nai. 2. Qant tout ceo vol et qe jeo penserai Coment nature ad tout le mond suspris, Dont pour le temps se fait minote et gai, io Et jeo des autres sui soulein horpris, Com cil qui sanz amie est vrais amis, N'est pas mervaile lors si jeo m'esmai, Q'encontre amour n'est qui poet dire Nai. XXXV IO dcson XXXVI 14 nai BALADES 367 3. En lieu de Rose urtie cuillerai, Dont mes chapeals ferrai par tiel devis, Qe toute joie et confort jeo lerrai, Si celle soule, en qui j'ai mon coer mis, Selonc le point qe j'ai sovent requis, Ne deigne alegger les griefs mals qe j'ai ; 20 Q'encontre amour n'est qui poet dire Nai. 4. Pour pite querre et pourchacer mercis, Va t'en, balade, u jeo t'envoierai ; Q'ore en certein jeo I'ai tresbien apris, Q'encontre amour n'est qui poet dire Nai. XXXVII. I. El Mois de Maii la plus joiouse chose C'est fin amour, mais vous, ma dame chiere, Prenetz a vous plustost la ruge Rose Pour vo desport, et plus la faites chiere Qe mon amour ove toute la priere Qe vous ai fait maint jour y ad passe : Vous estes franche et jeo sui fort \i6. 2. Jeo voi toutplein des flours deinz vo parclose, Prive de vous mais jeo sui mis derere, N'y puiss entrer, qe Ten tree m'est forclose. 10 Jeo prens tesmoign de vostre chamberere, Qe sciet et voit trestoute la matiere, De si long temps qe jeo vous ai ame : Vous estes franche et jeo sui fort \\6. 3. Qant I'erbe croist et la flour se desclose, Maii m'ad hoste de sa blanche banere, Dont pense assetz plus qe jeo dire n'ose De vous, ma dame, qui m'estes si fiere ; A vo merci car si jeo me refiere, Vostre danger tantost m'ad deslaie : 20 Vous estes franche et jeo sui fort lie. 4. En le douls temps ma fortune est amiere, Le Mois de Maii s'est en yvern mue, L'urtie truis, si jeo la Rose quiere : Vous estes franche et jeo sui fort lie. XXXVI 25 nai XXXVII i plusiolouse 3 Ruge 19 rcTicis 368 BALADES XXXVIII I. Sicom la fine piere Daiamand De sa nature attrait le ferr au soi, Ma dame, ensi vo douls regard plesant Par fine force attrait le coer de nioi : N'est pas en mon poair, qant jeo vous vol, Qe ne vous aime oultre niesure ensi, Qe j'ai pour vous toute autre chose oubli. 2. Soubtz ciel n'est oill, maisq'il vous soit voiant, Qu'il n'ait le coer tantost deinz son recoi Suspris de vostre amour et suspirant : lo De tout le monde si jeo fuisse Roi, Trop fuist petit, me semble en bone foi, Pour vous amer, car jeo sui tant ravi, Qe j'ai pour vous toute autre chose oubli. 3. Toutes vertus en vous sont apparant, Qe nature poet doner de sa loi, Et dieus vous ad done le remenant Des bones mours ; par quoi tresbien le croi Qe jeo ne puiss amer meilour de toi : Vostre bealte m'ad tielement saisi, 20 Qe j'ai pour vous toute autre chose oubli. 4. D'omble esperit, sicom jeo faire doi, U toute grace son hostell ad basti Ceo lettre envoie ove si tresfin otroi, Qe j'ai pour vous toute autre chose oubli. XXXIX I. En vous, ma doulce dame sovereine, Pour remembrer et sercher les vertus, Si bountc quier, et vous en estes pleine, Si bealte t^uier, vous estes au dessus, Si grace quier, vous avetz le surplus ; Qe riens y fait de ceo dont char humeine Doit avoir pris, car c'est tresbien conuz, Molt est benoit q'ovc vous sa vie meine. 2. Qui vo persona en son corage asseine, Trop ad dur coer s'il ne soit retenuz 10 XXXVUI 9 Quilnait 23 hostell- XXXIX 3 enestes BALADES 369 Pour vous servir come a sa capiteine : Pour moi le di, q'a ceo me sui renduz, Et si vous ai de rien, dame, offenduz, Vous me poetz sicom vostre demeine Bien chastier; q'en vostre amour jeo trieus, Molt est benoit q'ove vous sa vie meine. 3. N'est un soul jour de toute la semeine, EI quell deinz soi mon coer milfoitz et pluis De vous ne pense : ascune foitz me pleigne, Et c'est quant jeo sui loign ; mais quant venuz Sui en presence, uque vous ai veeuz, 21 Lors est sur tout ma joie plus certeine : Ensi de vous ma reson ai concluz. Molt est benoit q'ove vous sa vie meine. 4. Ma dame, en qui tout bien sont contenuz, Ceo lettre envoie a vo noblesce halteine Ove Mil et Mil et Mil et Mil salutz : Molt est benoit q'ove vous sa vie meine. XL. I . Om dist, promesses ne sont pas estables ; Ceo piert en vous, ma dame, au tiele enseigne, Qe les paroles avetz amiables, Mais en vos faitz vous n'estes pas certeine. Vous m'avetz fait com jadis fist Heleine, Quant prist Paris et laissa Menelai ; Ne puiss hoster, maisque de vous me pleigne : Loials amours se provont a I'essai. 2. Si vos promesses fuissent veritables, Sur vo parole q'estoit primereine 10 Vous ne serretz, ma dame, si changables, Pour lesser qe vous avetz en demeine Et prendre ailours la chose q'est foreine. Vous savetz bien, ma dame, et jeo le sai, Selonc qe le proverbe nous enseine, Loials amours se provont a I'essai. 3. Qant verite d'amour se tome en fables, Et qe vergoigne pas ne le restreigne Parmi les voies qe sont honourables, N'est un vertu qe la fortune meine. io * B b 370 BALADES Vostre ameiste vers un n'est pas souleine, Ainz est a deux : c'est un chaun^on verrai, Dont chanterai sovent a basse aleine, Loials amours se provont a I'essai. 4. A dieu, ma joie, a dieu, ma triste peine, , Ore est yvern, qe soloit estre Maii ; Ne sai pour quoi Cupide me desdeigne : Loials amours se provont a I'essai. XLI. I. Des fals amantz tantz sont au jour present, Dont les amies porront bien doloir : Cil qui plus jure et fait son serement De bien amer, plus pense a decevoir. Jeo sui de celles une, a dire voir, Qui me compleigns d'amour et sa feintise ; Par quoi, de fals amantz pour peas avoir, Bon est qe bone dame bien s'avise. 2. Ascuns y ad qui voet bien amer sent, Et a chascune il fait bien assavoir 10 Qu'il I'aime sanz nulle autre soulement : Par tiel engin destorne le savoir De I'innocent, qe quide recevoir De ses amours la loialte promise : Mais pour guarder s'onour et son devoir, Bon est qe bone dame bien s'avise. 3. Les lievres de la bouche q'ensi ment Cil tricheour tant beal les sciet movoir, Q'a peine est nulle qe pariitement Sache en ceo point le mal aparcevoir : 20 Mais cil q'ensi d'amour son estovoir Pourchace, ad bien deservi la Juise : Si dis pource q'a tiel mal removoir Bon est qe bone dame bien s'avise. 4. Tu q'es au matin un et autre au soir, Ceste balade envoie a ta reprise, Pour toi guerpir et mettre a nonchaloir : Bon est qe bone dame bien s'avise. XLI 18 le sciet BALADES 371 XLII. I. Semblables sont la fortune et les d^es Au fals amant, quant il d'amour s aqueinte : Sa loialte pleine est des falsetes, Plustost de^oit, quant il se fait plus queinte : A toi le di, q'as trahi femme meinte, Ceo q'as mespris restorer ne poetz, Et pourcella, de ta falsine atteinte Si tu voldras briser I'estrein, brisetz. 2. Trop tard conu m'est ceo qe fait avetz, Qe m'as hoste de toi par tiele empeinte, 10 Qe jammais jour ne serrai retournetz Pour obeir n'a toi n'a ta constreignte. He, fals amis, com ta parole est feinte ! Les viels promesses toutes sont quassetz, Trop as en toi la gentilesce exteinte : Si tu voldras briser I'estrein, brisetz. 3. O tu, mirour des mutabilitees, Des fals amantz en toi I'image est peinte, Tes sens se muent en subtilitees, Sil q'ensi fait n'ad pas la vie seinte. 20 Tu as derrour la conscience enceinte, Dont fraude et malengin sont engendrez ; Tu as vers moi ta loialte si freinte, Si tu voldras briser I'estrein, brisetz. 4. En les malvois malice n'est restreignte, Tu n'en serras de ta part escusez ; As toutz amantz jeo fais ceste compleignte : Si tu voldras briser I'estrein, brisetz. XLIII. I. Plus tricherous qe Jason a Medee, A Deianire ou q'Ercules estoit, Plus q'Eneas, q'avoit Dido lessee, Plus qe Theseus, q'Adriagne amoit, Ou Demephon, quant Phillis oublioit, Je trieus, helas, q'amer jadis soloie : Dont chanterai desore en mon endroit, C'est ma dolour, qe fuist aingois ma joie. XLII 4 plusqueinte 12 constregnte XLIII r Plustricheroiis 2 qercules 3 qeneas B b 2 372 BALADES 2. Unqes Ector, q'ama Pantasilee, En tiele haste a Troie ne s'armoit, lo Qe tu tout nud n'es deinz le lit couche, Amis as toutes, quelqe venir doit, Ne poet chaloir, mais q'une femne y soit ; Si es comun plus qe la halte voie. Helas, qe la fortune me de^oit, C'est ma dolour, qe fuist aingois ma joie. 3. De Lancelot si fuissetz remembr^, Et de Tristrans, com il se contenoit, Generides, Florent, Partonope, Chascun de ceaux sa loialte guardoit. jo Mais tu, helas, q'est ceo qe te forsvoit De moi, q'a toi jammais null jour falsoie? Tu es a large et jeo sui en destroit, C'est ma dolour, qe fuist aingois ma joie. 4. Des toutz les mals tu q'es le plus maloit, Ceste compleignte a ton oraille envoie ; Sant^ me laist et langour me regoit, C'est ma dolour, qe fuist aingois ma joie. XLIIII. I. Vailant, courtois, gentil et renomee, Loial, verrai, certain de vo promesse, Vous m'avetz vostre corps et coer donn^, Qe jeo resgoive et prens a grant leesce. Si jeo de Rome fuisse I'emperesse, Vostre ameiste refuserai jeo mie, Q'au tiel ami jeo vuill bien estre amie. 2. La halte fame qe Ten m'ad recontee De vo valour et de vo grant prouesse De joie m'ad I'oreille trespercee, 10 Et confortd le coer, siq'cn destresce Ne puiss languir, ainz de vo gentilesce Pour remembrer sui des toutz mals guarie ; Q'au tiel ami jeo vuil bien estre amie. 3. Et puisq'il est ensi de verity, Qe I'ameiste de vous vers moi se dresce, XLIII 19 par Tonope BALADES 373 Le coer de moi vers vous s'est adresc^e De bien amer par droite naturesce. Tresdouls amis, tenetz ma foi expresse, Ceo point d'acord tendrai toute ma vie, 20 Q'au tiel ami jeo vuill bien estre amie. 4. Par loialt^, confort, chierte, tendresce, Ceste ma lettre, quoique nulls en die, Ove tout le coer envoie a vo noblesce ; Q'au tiel ami jeo vuill bien estre amie. XLV. I. Ma dame, jeo vous doi bien comparer Au cristall, qe les autres eslumine ; Car celle piere qui la poet toucher De sa vertu regoit sa medicine, Si en devient plus preciouse et fine : Ensi pour vo bountd considerer Toutz les amantz se porront amender. 2. Vostre figure auci pour deviser, La chiere avetz et belle et femeline, Du quelle, qant- jeo me puiss aviser, 10 Jeo sui constreint, ensi com de famine, Pour vous amer de tiele discipline, Dont m'est avis qe pour vous essampler Toutz les amantz se porront amender. 3. El Cristall dame om porra bien noter Deux propretes semblable a vo covine : Le Cristall est de soi et blanc et clier; Dieus et nature ensi par double line Vous ont de I'un et I'autre fait saisine : Par quoi des biens qe vous avetz pleiner 30 Toutz les amantz se porront amender, 4. Ceste balade, dame, a vous encline Envoie pour vos graces commender : De vostre essample et de vostre doctrine Toutz les amantz se porront amender. XLIIII 23 endje XLV 5 endevient pluspreciouse 374 BALADES XI. VI. I. En resemblance d'aigle, qui surmonte Toute autre oisel pour voler au dessure, Tresdouls amis, vostre amour tant amonte Sur toutz amantz, par quel jeo vous assure De bien amer, sauf toutdis la mesure De mon honour, le quell jeo guarderai : Si parler n'ose, ades jeo penserai. 2. Par les paiis la fame vole et conte Coment prouesce est toute en vostre cure, Et quant jeo puiss oir si noble conte lo De vo valour, I jeo met toute ma cure, A mon poair dont vostre honour procure : Mais pour les gentz tresbien m'aviserai; Si parler n'ose, ades jeo penserai. 3. Entre nous dames, quant mettons a la compte Vo noble port et vo fiere estature, Lors en deviens un poi rugge pour honte, Mais jeo le tome ensi par envoisure, Q'aparcevoir null poet la coverture : Par tiel colour en joie jeo m'esmai ; 20 Si parler n'ose, ades jeo penserai. 4. A vous, q'avetz d'onour celle aventure, Qe vos valours toutz passont a I'essai, Droitz est q'amour vous rende sa droiture : Si parler n'ose, ades jeo penserai. XIA II. I. Li corps se tient par manger et par boire, Et fin amour le coer fait sustenir, Mais plus d'assetz est digne la memoire De vrai amour, qui le sciet maintenir : Pourceo, ma dame, a vous me vuill tenir, De tiel amour qe ja ne falsera : N'est pas oiceus sil qui bien amera. 2. Des tiels y ad qui sont d'amour en gloire, Par quoi li coers se poet bien rejoir ; Des tiels y ad cjui sont en purgatoire, 10 XLVI 17 endeviens BALADES 375 Qe mieulx lour fuist assetz de mort morir ; Ascuns d'espoir ont pris le vein desir, Dont sanz esploit I'amant souhaidera : N'est pas oiceus sil qui bien amera. 3. De fin amour qui voet savoir I'istoire, II fait q'il sache et bien et mal suffrir ; Plus est divers qe Ten ne porra croire : Et nepourquant ne m'en puiss abstenir, Ainz me covient amer, servir, cherir La belle en qui moun coer sojournera : 20 N'est pas oiceus sil qui bien amera. 4. Demi parti de joie et de suspir Ceste balade a vous, ma dame, irra ; Q'en la sante d'amour m'estoet languir : N'est pas oiceus sil qui bien amera. XLVIII. I. Amour est une chose merveilouse, Dont nulls porra savoir le droit certein ; Amour de soi est la foi tricherouse, Qe plus promette et meinz apporte au mein ; Le riche est povere et le courtois vilein, L'espine est moUe et la rose est urtie : En toutz errours amour se justefie. 2. L'amier est douls et la doulgour merdouse, Labour est ease et le repos grievein, Le doel plesant, la seurte perilouse, ro Le halt est bass, si est le bass haltein, Qant Ten mieulx quide avoir, tout est en vein, Le ris en plour, le sens torne en folie En toutz errours amour se justefie. 3. Amour est une voie dangerouse, Le pres est loign, et loign remaint proschein ; Amour est chose odible et graciouse, Orguil est humble et service est desdeign, L'aignelle est fiere et le leon humein, L'oue est en cage, la merle est forsbanie : 20 En toutz errours amour se justifie. XLVIII 4 e {/or et) 8 La mier 11 La halt 20 forsbanie 376 BALADES 4. Ore est amour salvage, ore est soulein, N'est qui d'amour poet dire la sotie ; Amour est serf, amour est soverein ; En toutz errours amour se justifie. XI.IX. I. As bons est bon et a les mals malvois Amour, qui des natures est regent ; Mais I'omme qui de reson ad le pois, Cil par reson doit amer bonement : Car qui deinz soi sanz mal penser comprent De bon amour la verite pleinere, Lors est amour d'onour la droite miere. 2. Bon amour doit son dieu amer aingois, Qui son dieu aime il aime verraiment, Si ad de trois amours le primer chois ; 10 Et apres dieu il doit secondement Amer son proesme a soi semblablement ; Car cil q'ensi voet guarder la maniere, Lors est amour d'onour la droite miere. 3. Le tierce point dont amour ad la vois, Amour en son endroit ceo nous aprent Soubtz matrimoine de les seintes lois. Par vie honeste et nonpas autrement. En ces trois pointz gist tout I'experiment De boun amour, et si j'ensi le quiere, io Lors est amour d'onour la droite miere. 4. De bon amour, pour prendre avisement, Jeo vous ai dit la forme et la matiere ; Car quique voet amer honestement, Lors est amour d'onour la droite miere. L. I. De vrai honour est amour tout le chief, Qui le corage et le memorial Des bones mours fait guarder sanz meschief : De I'averous il fait franc et loial, XLVIIl 25 touz XLIX I ales 19 cest BALADES 377 Et de vilein courtois et liberal, Et de couard plus fiers qe n'est leoun ; De I'envious il hoste tout le mal : Amour s'acorde a nature et resoun. 2. Ceo q'ainz fuist aspre, amour le tempre suef, Si fait du guerre pes, et est causal lo Dont toute vie honeste ad soun relief. Sibien les choses qe sont natural, Com celles qe sont d'omme resonal, Amour par tout sa jurediccioun Claime a tenir, et par especial Amour s'acorde a nature et resoun. 3. Au droit amant riens est pesant ne grief, Dont conscience en soun judicial Forsvoit, mais li malvois plus qe la Nief Est en tempeste, et ad son governal 20 D'onour perdu ; sique du pois egual La fortune est et la condicioun De I'omme, et sur tout le plus cordial Amour s'acorde a nature et resoun. 4. N'est qui d'amour poet dire le final ; Mais en droit moi c'est la conclusioun, Qui voet d'onour sercher I'original, Amour s'acorde a nature et reson. I. Amour de soi est bon en toute guise, Si resoun le governe et justifie ; Mais autrement, s'il naist de fole emprise, N'est pas amour, ainz serra dit sotie. Avise soi chascuns de sa partie, Car ma resoun de novell acqueintance M'ad fait amer d'amour la plus cherie Virgine et miere, en qui gist ma creance. 2. As toutes dames jeo doi moun servise Abandoner par droite courtasie, 10 Mais a ma dame pleine de franchise Pour comparer n'est une en ceste vie. L 6 plusfiers LI 7 pluscherie 378 BALADES Qui voet amer ne poet faillir d'amie, Car perdurable amour sanz variance Reniaint en luy, com celle q'est florie De bien, d'onour, de joie et de plesance. 3. De tout mon coer jeo I'aime et serve et prise, Et amerai sanz nulle departie ; Par quoi j'espoir d'avoir ma rewardise, Pour quelle jeo ma dame ades supplie : 20 C'est, qant mon corps lerra la compaignie De m'alme, lors lui deigne en remembrance D'amour doner a moi le pourpartie, Dont puiss avoir le ciel en heritance. O gentile Engleterre, a toi j'escrits, Pour remembrer ta joie q'est novelle, Qe te survient du noble Roi Henris, Par qui dieus ad redresce ta querele : A dieu purceo prient et cil et celle, Q'il de sa grace au fort Roi corone Doignt peas, honour, joie et prosperite. Expliciunt carmina lohannis Gower, que Gallice composita Balades dicuntur. 15 cett TRAITIE Puisqu'il ad dit ci devant en Englois par voie d'essample la sotie de cellui qui par amours ainie par especial, dirra ore apres en Fran9ois a tout le monde en general un traitie selonc les auctours pour essampler les amantz marietz, au fin qils la foi de lour seintes espousailes pourront par fine loialte guarder, et al honotu: de dieu salve- ment tenir. I. r. Le creatour de toute creature, Qualiter creator Qui I'alme d'omme ad fait a son ymage, omnium rerum deus ^ / D > hominemduplicis na- Par quoi le corps de reson et nature ture, ex anima racio- Soit attempre per iouste crovernage, "^'' ^^ humana carne, ^ ^ •' ° ° ' in pnncipio nobilem II done al alme assetz plus d'avantage; creauit; et qualiter Car il I'ad fait discrete et resonable, ^"'"^^ ^.^.,^"^ *^''^^'' cionis pnuilegio supe- Dont sur le corps raison ert conestable. corpus dominium pos- 2. En dieu amer celle alme ad sa droiture, Tant soulement pour fermer le corage En tiel amour u nulle mesprisure lo De foldelit la poet mettre en servage The text is that ofY Fairfax 3) with collation o/S {All Souls' 98), G {Glasgow, Hunterian Mus. T. 2. 17), and T ( Trentham Hall). A full collation of B {Bodl. 294) is given for the heading and it is occasionally cited afterwards. Heading. In G as follows : Cest vn traitie quel lohan Gower ad fait selonc les auctours touchant lestat de matrimoine dont les amantz marietz se pourront essampler a tenir la foi de lour seintes espousailes. S T are imperfect at the beginning. I Puis qil B Pvsquil F cy B englois B 2 celluy B 3 franceis B 4 vn B vne F solonc lez B pur ensampler B 5 foy B seints B 6 purront B 1 Margin dominium possidebit] regimwis dominium possidebat B 7 Raison ert Conestable G sidebit. 38o TRAITIE De frele char, q'est toutdis en passage : Mais la bone alme est seinte et permanable ; Dont sur le corps raison ert conestable. 3. En I'alme gist et raison et mesure, Dont elle avera le ciel en heritage ; Li corps selonc la char pour engendrure Avera la bone espouse en manage ; Qui sont tout une chose et un estage, Qe I'un a I'autre soient entendable : Dont sur le corps raison ert conestable. 20 Qualiter spiritus, vt JI j celiim impleatur, cas- titatem affectat, et cor- pus, vt genus huma- mim in terra multipli- cetur, coniugii copu- 1am carnaliter concu- piscit. De I'espirit I'amour quiert continence, Et vivre chaste en soul dieu contemplant ; Li corps par naturele experience 'Quiert femme avoir, dont soit multipliant ; Des bones almes I'un fait le ciel preignant, Et I'autre emplist la terre de labour : Si I'un est bon, I'autre est assetz meilour. A I'espirit qui fait la providence Ne poet failir de reguerdon suiant. Plus est en I'alme celle intelligence, Dont sanz null fin I'omme en serra vivant, Qe n'est le corps en ses fils engendrant; Et nepourqant tout fist le creatour : Si I'un est bon, I'autre est assetz meilour. JO A I'espirit dieus dona conscience, Par quelle om ert du bicn et mal sachant. Le corps doit pas avoir la reverence, Ainz ert a I'alme et humble et obeissant; Mais dieus, qui les natures vait creant, Et I'un et I'autre ad mis en son atour : Si I'un est bon, I'autre est assetz meilour. 20 ] 12 Du G 14, 21 Raison ert Conestable G 15 reson G J J 9 The text o/T begins here 11 enserra T 13 toute T TRAITIE 381 III. I. Au plus parfit dieus ne nous obligea, Mais il voet bien qe nous soions parfitz. Cist homme a dieu sa chastete dona, Et cist en dieu voet estre bons maritz : S'il quiert avoir espouse a son avis, II plest a dieu de faire honeste issue Selonc la loi de seinte eglise due. 2. Primerement qant mesmes dieus crea Adam et Eve en son saint paradis, L'omme ove la femme ensemble maria, Dont ait la terre en lour semense emplis : Lors fuist au point celle espousaile empris Du viele loi, et puis, qant fuist venue, Selonc la loi de seinte eglise due. 3. Et puisque dieus qui la loi ordina En une char ad deux persones mis, Droitz est qe l'omme et femme pourcela Tout un soul coer eiont par tiel devis, Loiale amie avoec loials amis : C'est en amour trop. belle retenue Selonc la loi de seinte eglise due. Qualiter virginalis castitas in gradu suo matrimonio prefertur : ambo tamen sub sacre conversacionis dis- ciplina deo creatori placabilia consistunt. 10 20 IV. I. Ovesque amour qant loialte s'aqueinte, Lors sont les noeces bones et joiouses; Mais li guilers, qant il se fait plus queinte, Par falssemblant les fait sovent doubtouses, A I'oill qant plus resemblont amorouses : C'est ensi come de stouppes une corde, Qant le penser a son semblant descorde. 2. Celle espousaile est assetz forte et seinte, D'amour u sont les causes vertuouses : Si I'espousaile est d'avarice enceinte, Qualiler honestas coniugii non ex libi- dinis aut auaricie causa, set tantum- modo quod sub lege generacio ad cultum dei fiat, primordia sua suscepit. 10 III I plusp«Hit MSS. 4 The text o/S begins here 5 quiert S T G quier F 7 seint ST 8 qwant T 14 seint S esglise F G 21 esglise F IV Margin libidine S i sa queinte G 3 lui G B guiliers S r G plusqueinte T 6 com S T 382 TRAITI6 Et qe les causes soient tricherouses, Ja ne serront les noeces graciouses ; Car conscience toutdis se remorde, Qant le penser a son semblant descorde. 3. Honest amour, q'ove loialte s'aqueinte, Fait qe les noeces serront gloriouses ; Et qui son coer ad mis par tiele empeinte, N'estoet doubter les changes perilouses. Om dist qe noeces sont aventurouses ; Car la fortune en tiel lieu ne s'accorde, 20 Qant le penser a son semblant descorde. yualiter matrimonii V. I. Grant mervaile est et trop contre reson, sacramentum quod ex ^, ^^j^ ^^ ^ ^^^-^ ^^ femme eslire, duorum miituo con- ^i 1 i- sensu sub fidei iura- Et puis confermer celle eleccion mento firmius astrin- p gg ^ile, et puis apres desdire gitur, propter diuine ^ ^ t- t- vindicte offensam eui- Sa foi, qant il de jour en jour desire tandarnnullatcnusdis- ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ j^^ j^ ^^^^^ . solui debet. '^ ^ Sa foi mentir n'est pas a I'omme honeste. 2. De I'espousailes la profession Valt plus d'assetz qe jeo ne puiss descrire : Soubtz cell habit prist incarnacion 10 De la virgine cil q'est nostre Sire : Par quoi, des toutes partz qui bien reniire, En I'ordre de si tresseintisme geste Sa foi mentir n'est pas a I'omme honeste. 3. De I'espousailes celle benei^oun Le sacrement de seinte eglise enspire : C'est un liens, sanz dissolucioun Q'om doit guarder; car quique voldra lisre Le temps pass^, il avera cause a dire, Pour doubte de vengeance et de moleste, 20 Sa foi mentir n'est pas a I'omme honeste. IV 15 sa queinte T 20 sacorde S T V I merveWe S resorm T 3 puiss T eleccioMn T 13 tr^ssentisme T 15 lespousails T beneicown F T beneiceon S beneicon G 16 esglise S 17 dissolucion S 20 vengance T TRAITIE 383 VI. I. Nectanabus, qui vint en Macedoine D'Egipte, u qu'il devant ot rois est^, Olimpeas encontre matrimoine, L'espouse au roi Philipp, ad viole, Dont Alisandre estoit lors engendre : Mais quoique soit du primere envoisure, Le fin demoustre toute I'aventure. 2. Cil q'est de pecche pres sa grace esloigne Ceo parust bien, car tiele destinee Avint depuis, qe sanz nulle autre essoine Le fils occist le pere tout de gree. Ore esgardetz coment fuist reveng^ D'avolterie celle forsfaiture : Le fin demoustre toute I'aventure. 3- Rois Uluxes pour plaire a sa caroigne Falsoit sa foi devers Penolop^ ; Avoec Circes fist mesnie la busoigne, Du quoi son fils Thelogonus fuist nee, Q'ad puis son propre piere auci tue. Q'il n'est plesant a dieu tiele engendrure, Le fin demoustre toute I'aventure. Nota hie contra illos qui nuper spon- salia sua violantes in penam grauis vindicte dilapsi sunt. Etprimo narrat qualiter Nec- tanabus rex Egipti ex Olimpiade vxore Phi- lippi regis Macedonie magnum Alexandrum in adulterio genuit, qui postea patrem suum fortuito casu interfecit. 10 Qualiter Vluxes Penolope sponsus in insula Cilli Circen ibidem reginam adul- terando Thelogonum genuit, qui postea propriis manibus pa- trem suum mortaliter iaculo transfodit. VIL I. El grant desert d'Ynde superiour Cil qui d'arein les deux pilers fichoit, Danz Hercules, prist femme a son honour Qe file au roi de Calidoine estoit ; Contre Achelons en amies conquestoit La belle Deianire par bataille. C'est grant peril de freindre I'espousaile. 2. Bien tost apres tout changea cell amour Pour Eolen, dont il s'espouse haoit : Celle Eolen fuist file a I'emperour 10 D'Eurice, et Herculem tant assotoit, Q'elle ot de lui tout ceo q'avoir voloit. VI 7, 14, 21 demonstre T 8 eloigne S G 9 destine S 10 sanz inii. S II piere S G T 18 De S sont S VII Margin amwouit T 2 darrein T 4 de oni. S 6 bataile T 8 celle T 10 fiUe T Qualiter Hercules, qui Deianiram regis Calidonie filiam de- sponsauit, ipsam pos- tea propter amorem Eolen Euricie Impe- ratoris filiam a se penitus amouit. Vnde ipse cautelis Achelon- tis ex incendio postea periit. 384 TRAITIE N'ert pas le fin semblable au comensaile ; C'est grant peril de freindre I'espousaile. Unqes ne fuist ne ja serra null jour, Qe tiel pecche de dieu veng^ ne soit : Car Hercules, ensi com dist Tauctour, D'une chemise, dont il se vestoit, Fuist tant deceu, qu'il soi mesmes ardoit. De son mesfait porta le contretaille ; C'est grant peril de freindre I'espousaile. 20 Qualiter lason vxo- rcm suam Medeam relinquens Creusam Creontis regis filiam sibi carnaliter copu- lauit : vnde ipse cum duobus fiiiis suis pos- tea infortuiiatus de- cessit. VIIT. I. Li prus Jason, q'en I'isle de Colchos Le toison d'or par I'aide de Medee Conquist, dont il d'onour portoit grant los, Par tout le monde en court la renomde, La joefne dame ove soi ad amenee De son paiis en Grece, et I'espousa. Freinte espousaile dieus le vengera. 2. Qant Medea meulx quide estre en repos Ove son mari, et q'elle avoit port^ Deux fils de lui, lors changea le purpos, El quel Jason primer fuist oblige : II ad del tout Medeam refuse. Si prist la file au roi Creon Creusa. Freinte espousaile dieux le vengera. 10 Medea, q'ot le coer de dolour clos, En son corous, et ceo fuist grant pit^, Ses joefnes fils, quex ot jadis enclos Deinz ses costees, ensi come forsenee Devant les oels Jason ele ad tue. Ceo q'en fuist fait pecch^ le fortuna ; Freinte espousaile dieus le vengera. 20 VII 16 vengee S G taiie SGT VIII 3 loos T 4 encoiirt S T quelle T 15 cloos T 17 queux T 19 tant OM. S qil S G ao coiilre- TO luy T en clos MSS. ir quell S Ci 18 com S T TRAITIE 385 IX. T. Cil avoltiers qui fait continuance En ses pecches et toutdis se delite, Poi crient de dieu et Fire et la vengeance Du quoi jeo trieus une Cronique escrite Pour essampler; et si jeo le recite, L'en poet noter par ceo qu'il signifie, Horribles sont les mals d'avolterie. Qualiter Egistus, Climestram regis Agamenontis vxorem adulterando, ipsum regem in lecto noc- tanter dormientem proditorie interfecit, cuius mortem Orestes filius eius crudelis- sime vindicauit. Agamenon, q'ot soubtz sa governance De les Gregois toute la flour eslite, A Troie qant plus fuist en sa puissance, S'espouse, quelle estoit Climestre dite, Egistus I'ot de fol amour soubgite, Dont puis avint meinte grant felonie : Horribles sont les mals d'avolterie. 10 Agamenon de mort suffrist penance Par treson qe sa femme avoit confite ; Dont elle apres morust sanz repentance : Son propre fils Horestes I'ad despite, Dont de sa main receust la mort subite ; Egiste as fourches puis rendist sa vie : Hori-ibles sont les mals d'avolterie. 30 X. I. La tresplus belle q'unqes fuist humeine, L'espouse a roi de Grece Menelai, C'estoit la fole peccheresse Heleine, Pour qui Paris primer se faisoit gai ; Mais puis tornoit toute sa joie en wai, Qant Troie fuist destruite et mis en cendre Si haut pecche covient en bass descendre. Qualiter ex adul terio Helena vxoris Menelai regis Troia magna in cineres conuersa pro perpe- tuo desolata perman- sit. 2. Tarquins auci, q'ot la pense vileine, Q'avoit pourgeu Lucrece a son essai, Sanz null retour d'exil receust la peine ; Qualiter ob hoc quod Lucrecia Rome Collatini sponsa vi 10 oppressa pre dolore intenit, Tarquinus IX Margin Clemestram S T G 4 croniqe S 6 ceo] se F qil S T G 17 repentace S 18 Orestes T X 3 Estoit S 4 quoi T se om. S 5 way T 6 Qitani T 7 halt T 8 Tarquinus T pensee S T G 10 nul T c c 386 TRAITIE ibidem rex vna cum Arronte filio suo, qui sceleris auctores ex- titerant, pro perpe tuo exheredati ex ilium siibierunt. Qualiter Mundus Romane milicie prin- ceps nobilem Paul- inam in templo Ysis decepit ; vnde ipse cum duobus presbiteris sibi confe- deratis iudicialiter perierunt. Et la dolente estoit en tiel esmai, Qe d'un cotell s'occist sanz null deslai : Ceo fuist pite, mais Ten doit bien entendre, Si haut pecche covient en bass descendre. Mundus fuist prince de la Court Romeine, Qui deinz le temple Ysis el mois de Maii Pourgeust Pauline, espouse et citezeine : Deux prestres enbastiront tout le plai, Bani fuist Munde en jugement verai, Ysis destruit, li prestres vont au pendre : Si haut pecche covient en bass descendre. 20 Qualiter Helmeges miles Rosemundam regis Gurmondi filiam Albinique primi regis Longobardorum vxo- remadulterauit : vnde ipso rege mortaliter intoxicato dictam. vxo- rem cum suo adultero dux Rauenne conuic- tos pene mortis adiu- dicauit. XI. I. Albins, q'estoit un prince bataillous, Et fuist le primer roi de Lombardie, Occist, com cil qui fuist victorious, Le roi Gurmond par sa chivalerie ; Si espousa sa file et tint cherie, La quelle ot noun la belle Rosemonde. Cil qui mal fait, fait qu'il au mal responde. 2. Tiel espousaile ja n'ert gracious, U dieus les noeces point ne seintifie : La dame, q'estoit pleine de corous A cause de son piere, n'ama mie Son droit mari, ainz est ailours amie; Elmeges la pourgeust et fist inmonde. Cil qui mal fait, fait qu'il au mal responde. 3. Du pecche naist le fin malicious. Par grief poison Albins perdist la vie : Elmeges ove sa dame lecherous Estoient arsz pour lour grant felonie ; Le due q'ot lors Ravenne en sa baillie En son paleis lour jugement exponde : Cil (jui mal fait, fait qu'il au mal responde. 10 20 X Margin vnaw S 12 cotell F T G coutell S 14 halt T Margin Paulinaw T {hy cor>-ection) G Paulinu;;; F S 18 embas- tiront T 19 iuggement S T G 20 prestre S T G 21 halt T XI Margin Elmeges S Gurmundi S G Abbinique F 5 fille T 8 Ciel T 9 seintefie T 12 aillours S 18 estoiont S T G ars S 19 quot T 20 iuggement S T G TRAITIE 387 XII. I. Le noble roi d'Athenes Pandeon Deux files ot de son corps engendre, Qe Progne et Philomene avoiont noun : A Tereiis fuist Progne mariee, Cil fuist de Trace roi ; mais la bealte De I'autre soer lui fist sa foi falser. Malvois amant reprent malvois loer. 2. De foldelit contraire a sa reson Cil Tereiis par treson pourpensee De Philomene en sa proteccion Ravist la flour de sa virginite, Contre sa foi, qu'il avoit espousee Progne sa soer, qui puis se fist venger : Malvois amant reprent malvois loer. Qualiter Tereiis rex Tracie Prognem filiam Pandeon regis Athen- arum in vxorem duxit, et postea Philomenam dicte vxoris sue soro- rem virginem vi op- pressit. Vnde dicte sorores in peccati vindictam filium suum infantem ex Progne genitum variis decoc- cionibus in cibos transformatum com- edere fecerunt. 10 Trop fuist cruele celle vengeisoun : Un joefne fils qu'il ot de Progne n6 La miere occist, et en decoccion Tant fist qe Tereiis I'ad devoree ; Dont dieus lui ad en hupe transformee, En signe qu'il fuist fals et avoltier : Malvois amant reprent malvois loer. 20 XIII. I. Seint Abraham, chief de la viele loi, De Chanaan pour fu'i'r la famine Mena Sarrai sa femme ovesque soi Tanq'en Egipte, u doubta la covine , De Pharao, qui prist a concubine Sarrai s'espouse, et en fist son voloir. En halt estat fait temprer le pooir. Qualiter pro eo quod Pharao rex Egipti Sarrai vxorem Abrahe ob carnis concupis- cenciam impudice tractauit, pestilencia per vniuersum Egip- tum peccatum vindi- cauit. 2. Cist Abraham, qui molt doubta le roi, N'osa desdire, ainz suffrist la ravine, Pour pes avoir et se tenoit tout coi : XII Margin transmutatum STB 10 proteccio? N'ert pas segeur de soi qui dieus ne guarde. 2. La bealte q'il veoit ensi lui meine, Qu'il n'ot poair de son corps abstenir, Maisqu'il chaoit d'amour en celle peine, Dont chastes ne se poait contenir : L'un mal causoit un autre mal venir, L'avolterie a I'omicide esguarde : N'ert pas segeur de soi qui dieus ne guarde. 10 Mais cil, qui dieus de sa pite remeine, David, se prist si fort a repentir, Q'unqes null homme en ceste vie humeine Ne receust tant de pleindre et de ghemir : Merci prioit, merci fuist son desir, Merci troevoit, merci son point ne tarde. N'ert pas segeur de soi qui dieus ne guarde. 20 XIII II falsisine F 17 esfroi T 19 eel T XIV Margin Bersabe S sepulcro F B sepulture S T G I lumainc T 3 la Bible S la bible T G enseigne S 8 quil S G 9 Qil S 10 Mais quil S la un autre] lautre F TRAITIE 389 XV. I. Comunes sont la cronique et I'istoire De Lancelot et Tristrans ensement ; Enqore maint lour sotie en memoire, Pour essampler les autres du present : Cil q'est guarni et nulle garde prent, Droitz est qu'il porte mesmes sa folie ; Car beal oisel par autre se chastie. 2. Tout temps del an om truist d'amour la foire, U que les coers Cupide done et vent : Deux tonealx ad, dont il les gentz fait boire, i L'un est assetz plus douls qe n'est pyment, L'autre est amier plus que null arrement : Parentre deux fait q'om se modefie, Car beal oisel par autre se chastie. Qualiter ob hoc quod Laiiceolotus Miles probatissimus Gunnoram regis Ar- thuri vxorem fatue peramauit, eciam et quia Tristram simili modo Isoldam regis Marci auunculi sui vxorem violare non timuit, Amantes ambo predicti magno infor- tunii dolore dies siios extremes clauserunt. o- As uns est blanche, as uns fortune est noire; Amour se torne trop diversement. Ore est en joie, ore est en purgatoire, Sanz point, sanz reule et sanz governement : Mais sur toutz autres il fait sagement, Q'en fol amour ne se delite mie ; 20 Car beal oisel par autre se chastie. XVI. I, Om truist plusours es vieles escriptures Prus et vailantz, q'ont d'armes le renoun, Mais poi furont q'entre les envoisures Guarderont chaste lour condicion. Cil rois qui Valentinians ot noun As les Romeins ceo dist en son avis, Qui sa char veint, sur toutz doit porter pris. 2. Qui d'armes veint les fieres aventures, Du siecle en doit avoir le reguerdoun ; Mais qui du char poet veintre les pointures, 10 XV Owittg to a sliglit damage to the leaf the begimihigs of the first ten lines and a few syllables of the marginal summa>y are wanting in F. Margin exr^mos S G i lestoire SG 4deSG 61al 8 trust . . . ffoire T 11 plusdouls F T G 12 plusqw^ F G 14 oiseal T XVI I es S G B et T de F 4 condiciown T 6 Romeines T 9 endoit FT 10 poeit S Qualiter Princeps qui sue carnis con- cupiscenciani exupe- rat pre ceteris laud- abilior existit. Narrat enimquod cum probus Valentinianus Imper- ator octogenarius in armis floruit, et suo- rum preliorum gesta coram eo publice decantabantur, asse- ruit se de victoria sue carnis. cuius ipse motus illecebroij ex- tinxerat, magis letari, quam si ipse vniueisas mundi partes in gladio belliger subiugasset. 390 TRAITIE Le del avera trestout a sa bandoun. Agardetz ore la comparisoun, Le quell valt plus, le monde ou Paradis : Qui sa char veint, sur toutz doit porter pris. Amour les armes tient en ses droitures, Et est plus fort, car la profession De vrai amour surmonte les natures Et fait om vivre au loi de sa reson : En manage est la perfeccioun ; Guardent lour foi cils q'ont celle ordre pris : 20 Qui sa char veint, sur toutz doit porter pris. 10 Noia hie quod XVII. I. Amour est dit sanz partir d'un et une; secundum iura eccle- ^ 1. 1 r • 1 • j ^ sie, vt sint duo in ^eo voet la foi plevie au destre mam : carne vna tantuin ad Mais qant li tierce d'amour se comune, sacri coniueii perfec- xt *. • j-^ u • cionem et non aliter ^on est amouf, amz serra dit barguam. expediens est. Trop se descroist q'ensi quiert avoir guain, Qui sa foi pert poi troeve d'avantage, A un est une assetz en mariage. 2. N'est pas compaigns q'est comun a chascune ; Au soule amie ert un ami soulain : Mais cil qui toutdis change sa fortune, Et ne voet estre en un soul lieu certain, Om le poet bien resembler a Gawain, Courtois d'amour, mais il fuist trop volage : A un est une assetz en mariage. 3. Semblables est au descroisgante lune Cil q'au primer se moustre entier et plain, Qant prent espouse, ou soit ceo blanche ou brune, Et quiert eschange avoir a I'endemain : Mais qui q'ensi son temps deguaste en vain Doit bien sentir au fin de son passage, JO A un est une assetz en mariage. XVI 1 1 baundown S G 12 Agardes G comparison S G 16 plusfort MSS. professiown S 18 resown S T 19 perfeccion S G 20 cell S XVII Margin due F 3 q»ont T 6 troue T 16 primere F monstre (1) T 17 Qiiani T TRAITIE 391 XVIII. I. En propret^ cil qui del or habonde Molt fait grant tort s'il emble autri monoie : Cil q'ad s'espouse propre deinz sa bonde Grant pecche fait s'il quiert ailours sa proie. Tiels chante, 'c'est ma sovereine joie,' Qui puis en ad dolour sanz departie : N'est pas amant qui son amour mesguie. 2. Des trois estatz benoitz c'est le seconde, Q'au manage en droit amour se ploie ; Et qui cell ordre en foldelit confonde Trop poet doubter, s'il ne se reconvoie. Pource bon est qe chascun se pourvoie D'amer ensi, q'il n'ait sa foi blemie : N'est pas amant qui soun amour mesguie. 3. Deinz son recoi la conscience exponde A fol amant I'amour dont il foloie; Si lui covient au fin qu'il en responde Devant celui qui les consals desploie. O come li bons maritz son bien emploie, Qant I'autre fol lerra sa fole amie ! N'est pas amant qui son amour mesguie. 4. Al universite de tout le monde Johan Gower ceste Balade envoie ; ^ Et si jeo n'ai de P>angois la faconde, Pardonetz moi qe jeo de ceo forsvoie : Jeo sui Englois, si quier par tiele voie Estre excuse ; mais quoique nulls en die, L'amour parfit en dieu se justifie. Nota hie secundum auctores quod sponsi fideles ex sui regi- minisdiscreta bonitate vxores sibi fidissimas conseruant. Vnde ipsi ad inuicem con- gaudentes felicius in domino conualescunt. 10 20 Hie in fine Gower, qui Anglieus est, sua verba Galliea, si que incongrua fuerint. ex- eusat. Quis sit vel qualis sacer ordo connubialis Scripsi, mentalis sit amor quod in ordine talis. Exemplo veteri poterunt ventura timeri ; Cras caro sicut heri leuiter valet ilia moueri. Non ita gaudebit sibi qui de carne placebit, Quin corpus flebit aut spiritus inde dolebit : XVIII Margin adinvieem T 2 cil S 4 aillours T 6 enad T 9 endroit T 12 Pourceo S T G purvoie S G 13 quil S G naid G 14 sown F son S T G 19 com T 23 lehan S G 25 foruoie G 27 en die S endie F T G 392 TRAITlt Came refrenatus qui se regit inmaculatus, Omnes quosque status precellit in orbe beatus, Ille deo gratus splendet ad omne latus. Carmen de variis in amore passionibus breuiter com- pilatum. Est amor in glosa pax bellica, lis pietosa, Accio famosa, vaga sors, vis imperiosa, Pugna quietosa, victoria perniciosa, Regula viscosa, scola deuia, lex capitosa, Cura molestosa, grauis ars, virtus viciosa, Gloria dampnosa, flens risus et ira iocosa, Musa dolorosa, mors leta, febris preciosa, Esca venenosa, fel dulce, fames animosa, Vitis acetosa, sitis ebria, mens furiosa, Flamma pruinosa, nox clara, dies tenebrosa, so Res dedignosa, socialis et ambiciosa, Garrula, verbosa, secreta, silens, studiosa, Fabula formosa, sapiencia prestigiosa, Causa ruinosa, rota versa, quies operosa, Vrticata rosa, spes stulta fidesque dolosa. Magnus in exiguis, variatus vt est tibi clamor, Fixus in ambiguis motibus errat amor : Instruat audita tibi leccio sic repetita ; Mors, amor et vita participantur ita. Lex docet auctorum quod iter carnale bonoruin Tucius est, quorum sunt federa coniugiorum : Fragrat vt ortorum rosa plus quam germen agrorum, Ordo maritorum caput est et finis amorum : Hec est nuptorum carnis quasi regula morum, 5 Que saluandorum sacratur in orbe virorum. Hinc vetus annorum Gower sub spe meritorum Ordine sponsorum tutus adhibo thorum. T omits the ' Carmen de variis ' etc., ' Est amor . . . participantur ita,' and combines the eight lines, ' Lex docet auctorum,' ivith the first puce ' Quis sit vol qualis '. S has the title thus: Carmen quod lohanncs Gower sup^r amoris multiplici varietate sub compendio metrice, composuit. 10 tenobrosa S The last two lines are omitted in B NOTES MIROUR DE L'OMME Table of Contents. — This table is written in a hand which differs somewhat from that of the text, and it has some peculiar forms of spelling, as 'diable,' 'eyde,' 'por,' 'noet,' 'fraunchement,' 'fraunchise,' 'governaunce,' ' sount,' ' lesserount ' : some of these forms are also found in the rubrics. After the Table four leaves have been cut out, and the first leaf that we have of the text is signed a iiii. It is probable that the first of the lost leaves was something like i. 6 in the Glasgow MS. of the Vox Clamanizs, which is blank on one side and has a picture and some verses on the other (being, as this is, a half-sheet left over after the Table of Contents), and that the text of the Mirour began with the first quire of eight {a i). If this is so, three leaves of the text are missing, probably containing forty-seven stanzas, i. e. 564 lines, an allowance of twelve lines of space being made for title and rubrics. The real subject of the book begins at 1. 37 of the existing text, as will be seen by the rubric there, and what preceded was probably a prologue dealing with the vanity of worldly and sinful pleasures : see 11. 25-30, 1. Escotdte cea Sec. This is addressed to lovers of sin and of the world, not to lovers in the ordinary sense, as we shall see if we read the first stanzas carefully. 2. perestes : see ' perestre ' in Glossary. The 3rd pers. sing. ' perest ' is fully written out in the MS. several times, e.g. 1760, 2546. 4. ove tout s'enfafit, * together with her children,' ' s'enfant ' (for ' si enfant ') being plural. For ' ove tout ' cp. 27662, ' Le piere et miere ove tout I'enfant,' where ' I'enfant ' is singular. This shows that ' ove tout ' should be combined, and not ' tout s'enfant.' For other adverbial uses of ' tout ' see Glossary. ' Ove ' counts always as a monosyllable in the verse, and so also ' come ' : see 1. 28. 6. chapeal de sauls, the wreath of willow being a sign of mourning. 394 MIROUR DE L'OMME 23. Changeast : pret. subjunctive for conditional, a very common use with our author. 25. porroit : conditional used for pret. subjunctive, cp. 170, 322, Bal. i. 3, &c. 28. come, also written 'comme'and 'com,' has always, like ' ove,' the value of a monosyllable in the metre. 31. V amour seculer, 'the love of the world.' 37. ore, counting as a monosyllable here, cp. 1775, &c., but as a dissyllable 4737, 11377, Bal. xxviii. i. 39. fait anient ir, ' annihilates ' : see note on 1 135. 46. Que, ' For.' 51. The reference is to John i. 3 f , ' Omnia per ipsum facta sunt : et sine ipso factum est nihil, quod factum est. In ipso vita erat,' &c. This was usually taken with a full stop after 'nihil,' and then ' Ouod factum est in ipso, vita erat.' It was read so by Augustine, who seems to suggest the idea which is attributed below to Gregory, viz. that the 'nothing' which was made without God was sin. ' Peccatum quidem non per ipsum factum est ; et manifestum est quia peccatum nihil est,' &c., Joan7i. Eva?ig. i. 13. Gregory also held that sin was nothing : ' Res quidem aliquid habet esse, peccatum vero esse nullum habet,' i. Reg. Exp. v. 14, but I do not know whether he founded his opinion specially on this text. Pierre de Peccham expresses the same idea : ' Pecche n'est chose ne nature Ne si n'est la deu creature, Einz est de nature corrupciun Et defaute et destructiun,' &;c. M.S. Bodl. 399, f. 21 v^ 65. de les celestieux, 'from heaven,' cp. 27120, and such expressions as ' les infernalx ' just below. 74. toutplein, 'a great number ' : often written as one word ' toutplein,' so, for example, Bal. xxxvii. 2, Mir. 25276 &c. ; divided as here 1. 11021 . 83. att droit divis, ' rightly,' an adverbial expression which is often used by our author to fill up a line : cp. 872 and Glossary under ' devis.' 84. du dame Evein, ' in the person of Eve ' : ' du ' for ' de,' see Glossary. 85. For this kind of repetition cp. 473 and Cotif. Am. Prol. 60, 'So as I can, so as I mai.' 89. The sentence is broken off and resumed under another form : cp. 997 ff., 17743, &c., and Conf. Afu. vi. 1796 ff. 94. q'estoit perdue, 'that which was lost.' The {orm perdue \s not influenced by gender but by rhyme. 100. For the position of ' et ' see note on 41 5. 115. avoit, ' there was,' for ' y avoit ' : so used frequently. 116. luy, a form oi ly, le, sec Glossary. 118. n^etifuist mangant, 'should not eat of them.' This use of pres. participle with auxiliary instead of the simple tense is frequent not NOTES. Lines 6-29G 395 only with our author but in old French generally : see Burguy, Gram- maire ii. 258. 131. a qui consfatice &c., because of her nature as a woman. 135. u que, 'where': sometimes combined into 'uque,' 'uqe,'e.g. Bal. XV. 3, but usually separate. 136. deable, also written 'deble,' and never more than a dissyllable in the metre. 139. en ton endroit, ' for your part.' Phrases composed with ' endroit ' or ' en droit ' are among the commonest forms of ' fill up ' employed by our author : cp. note on 1. 83, and see Glossary under ' endroit.' 163. Cp. Con/. A/n. i. 1610, ' Yor what womman is so abovej 168. lejist . .forsjuger, 'condemned him,' see note on 1135. 170. serroit: conditional for subjunctive, cp. 1. 25. 190. Ce doni, ' the cause whereby.' 194. Note that the capital letters of ' Pecch^,' ' Mort,' ' Char,' ' Alme,' 'Siecle,' indicating that they are spoken of as persons, are due to the editor. 217 ff. Taut perservoit . . . doni ilfuisiScc. This use of 'dont' (instead of que'), after such words as 'tant,' 'si,' &c., to introduce the conse- quence, is very common with our author, see 544, 657, &c., cp. 682. Compare the similar use of the relative in English, e.g. Conf. Am. i. 498. Here there is a second consecutive clause following, which is introduced by ' Que' : ' His daughter so kept him in pleasant mood and made him such entertainment that he was enamoured of her so much that,' &c. 218. en son degrd, 'for her part ' : cp. note on 139. 230. vont . . . engendrant, equivalent to ' engendrent,' another instance of the use of pres. partic. with auxiliary verbs for the simple tense, which is common in old French: cp. 118, 440, 500, and the conclusion of this stanza, where we have ' serray devisant ' and ' est nomant ' for ' deviserai ' and ' nomme.' 238 ff. ' As I will describe to you, (telling) by what names people call them and of the office in which they are instructed.' 253. celle d' Avarice, 'that which is called Avarice.' For this apposition with 'de' cp. 84, 14197. 276. grantment: corrected here and in 397 from 'grantement,' which would be three syllables. We have 'grantment' 8931. 296. Accidie. This counts as three syllables only in the metre, and it is in fact written ' Accide' in 1. 255. A similar thing is to be observed in several other words with this ending, as ' Vituperie ' 2967, 'familie' 3916, 'contumelie' 4067, 'perjurie' 6409, 'encordie' 6958, 'remedie' 10912, 'pluvie' 26716; and in general, when the accent fell on the antepenultimate, there was a tendency to run the -ie into one syllable. The accent, however, was variable (at least in Anglo- Norman) according to the exigences of metre, and in some cases where we should expect the above rule to apply we find the accent thrown on the penultimate and all the syllables fully sounded, as 2362, ' Contumacie I'oi nommer.' 396 MIROUR DE L'OMME 301. ceos mals : equivalent to 'les mals,' so 'eel homme ' 305, 'celle Alme ' 667, ' celle amorouse peigne ' Bal. iii. i. This use of demonstra- tive for definite article is quite common. 305. poi, perhaps meant for subjunctive. 307. Cp. Bal. V. 3 : 'Si fuisse en paradis ceo beal Manoir.' 322. serroit, ' he might be,' conditional for subj. ; cp. 1. 25. 330. 'And swore it mutually' : see note on 1 135. 355. a son derere, ' to his harm.' 364, porray, fut. for subj. 373. de sa pariie, 'for his part': like 'en son endroit,' 'en son degre,' 8lc., 11. 139, 218, &c. 397. grantinent : cp. 1. 276. 407. Q'un messager &c. 'So that he sent a messenger at once after him in great haste.' This is better than taking ' tramist ' as subjunctive ('that he should send' &c.), because of ' Cil mes- sager ' in the next stanza. For ' que ' meaning ' so that ' cp. 431, 485. 415. Depar le deable et. This position of the conjunction is charac- teristic of Gower's English writing, e.g. Conf. Am. Pro/. 155, 521, 756, &c., and it often occurs also in the present work: cp. 100, 1008, 2955, &c. ' Depar le deable ' evidently is better taken here with 'pria' than with the preceding line. The words thus treated are 'et,' 'mais,' 'car,' * ainz ' (24646). 416. /lastera : see note on 1184. 438. soiez, for ' soies,' 2 pers. singular ; so 645. 440. Je fen vois loer promei/ant, ' I promise you payment for it' : ' vois ' is for ' vais,' and this is a case of the construction noticed at 1. 230, &c. 442. ne fen soietz : the singular and plural of the second person are often interchanged by our author: cp. 25839 fif., 27935, 29604, &c. 454. Et si, ' and also ' ; so 471. 488. sejist muscer, 'hid himself' ; see note on 1 135. 492. Du, as usual for ' de.' 500. vas tariant : cp. 230, 440, &c. 541. The rhyme of 'scies' with 'malvoistds' should be noted. 575. te lerra q'une haire, ' will leave thee (nothing) but sackcloth.' The negative is omitted as with ' but ' in English. 581. Either 'Makes vain encouragement,' or 'Encourages the foolish person.' 626. s'esluit : see note on 997. 637. sifuisseiz avis^e, 'if you only knew ! ' 654. Ftdssent . . . recottfoj-tant, 'should encourage' : cp. 118. 658. en, ' with regard to this.' 667. celle Alnie, ' the Soul' : cp. 301. 682. Par quoy, used like ' dont ' to introduce the consequence : cp. 696, 743, and see note on 217, where the consecutive clauses are piled up much as they are here. 688. lessera, future used as in 416. NOTES. Lines 301-1085 397 740. Du Char folie, 'by reason of the wantonness of the Flesh': ' du ' belongs to ' folie.' 761. de ion honour^ 'bymeans of the honourwhich you have to bestow.' 780. ' So that you may have Man back again ' : for this use of ' dois ' see note on 11 93. 799. £■'//, for 's'ir : so ' ce'for 'se' 1147,' Ciriens'for ' Siriens' 103 14. 815. qui, ' whom ' : this form is quite freely used as an object of the verb ; see Glossary. 865. en son degre: cp. 1. 139, &c. 912. le\ this is used (side by side with 'luy,' e.g. 921) as indirect object masculine or feminine, though ' la' is also found. 940. We must take * deesce ' as a dissyllable. The usual form is ' duesse ' (' dieuesce ' Bal. xx. 4). 943. ce bitissoti, i.e. 'le buisson.' 948. This line occurs again 9453, and is practically reproduced Bal. xiii. I : ' Quelle est sanz point, sanz reule et sanz mesure.' It means here that the feasting was without limit. For the form of expression cp. 984. 987. As grans hanaps Sec, i.e. 'a emplir les grans hanaps.' This kind of combination is not uncommon, e.g. 5492, 'des perils ymaginer.' 988. par envoisure, ' in gaiety ': ' envoisure ' means properly ' trick,' ' device,' connected with such words as ' voisdie,' hence ' pleasantry/ ' gaiety.' 992. les firont rejoir, 'delighted them': see note on 1135. 997. s'estuit. In 613 and 15144 this means 'was silent,' from 's'esteire,' and that sense will perhaps do for it here. However, the form ' restuit ' below suggests ' esteir,' which presumably might be used reflexively, and ' s'estuit ' would then mean ' stood.' This may be the sense also in 626. 1008. Cp. 415. 1015. liiy, used for 'ly,' the def. article : see Glossary under 'ly.' 1016. 'Much resembled one another': cp. such compounds as ' s'entrecontrer,' ' s'entrasseurer,' &c. 1027. le livre. What ' book ' is our author following in his statement that the Deadly Sins are ' hermafodrite,' as he calls it.^ Or does this reference only apply to what follows about the meaning of the word ? 1030. ' If I lay upon them female names,' but ' enditer' is employed in an unusual sense. 1061. au seiftte . . . quideroit, ' should believe her to be a saint.* 1066. Tant plus come, ' The more that,' answered by ' Tant plus ' in the next line. 1069. Apparently the meaning is that Hypocrisy in public separates herself from others and stands apart: for 'singulere' cp. 15 13. 1081. 2 Kings XX. 12 ff. 1085. ' According to the divination of the prophet,' taking ' devinant' as a substantive, like * vivant,' ' pensant,' &c. 39S MIROUR DE L'OMME 1094. For this use of the verb cp. Trait, iv. i, 'qant plus resemblont amorouses.' 1100 fif. Cp. Conf. Am. i. 604 f., ' And he that was a lomb beforn Is thanne a wolf.' 1117. Matt, xxiii. 27. 1127. Probably Is. ix. 17. 1 1 35. q' 01)1 fait despire, ' which one abhors,' the auxiliary use of ' faire,' which is very common in our author, like ' do,' ' doth,' in English : cp. 39, 168, 368, 488, 992, 1320, Bal. iv. I, &c. In some places this auxiliary (again like the English ' do') takes the place of the principal verb, which is understood from a preceding clause, e.g. 3180, 10649. These uses are common in Old French generally, but perhaps more so in Anglo-Norman than in the Continental dialects. 1146. Bern. Serin, in Cant. xvi. 10. 1147. ce for ' se' : see note on 799. 1180. boit: indicative for subjunctive to suit the rhyme; so 'voit' 1185, 'fait' 1 401. 1184. gu'il serra poy mangant, 'that he shall eat little,' the future being used in command as in 416, 688. For the participle with auxiliary see note on 1. 118. 1193. Vett doit loer: ' should praise him ' : an auxiliary use of ' doit,' which stands for ' may ' in all senses : cp. 780, 3294, 6672, 17041, &c. 1194. Similar sayings of Augustine are quoted elsewhere by our author, e.g. 10411, 20547. 1244. qici lors prise, &c., ' when one praises her, she thinks not that God can undo her by any means.' This is probably the meaning : cp. such expressions as 'qui bien guarde en son purpens' 9055, 'qui bien se cure' 16541, &c. Compare the use of ' who that' in Gower's English, e. g. Conf. Am. Prol. 460. 1261. laisse nient que, &c., 'fails not to keep with him,' &c. 1273. Job xxi. 12, 13 : ' Tenent tympanum et citharam, et gaudent ad sonitum organi. Ducunt in bonis dies suos, et in puncto ad infema descendunt.' 1280. Perhaps Is. v. 14. 1285. The passage is Jeremiah xlv. 5. 'Ysaie' is a mistake for 'Jercmie,' which would suit the metre equally well and perhaps was intended by the author. 1201. There is nothing exactly corresponding to this in the book of Joel, but perhaps it is a general reference to the first chapter. 1317. Ecclus. XXV. 3. This book is sometimes referred to as 'Salomon,' and sometimes more properly as ' Sidrac' : cp. 2509. 1326. Ps. li. 3, ' Quid gloriaris in malitia, qui potens es in iniquitate ? ' 1335. Job XX. 6, 7. \^{]h. frise : a puzzling word. It ought to mean here 'blows,' or ' blows cold,' of the wind. NOTES. Lines 1094-1684 399 1375. ' It is she who causes a man to be raised from a foot-page to great lordship.' 1389. ' He plays them so false a turn ' : ' tresgeter ' came to be used especially of cheating or juggling, hence ' tregetour.' 1400. Cp. 14473- 1401. fait: indie, for subj. in rhyme. 1416. Cp. 12780, 'N'ad pas la langue au fil pendant.' 1446. Perhaps ' pareill ' is here a substantive and means ' equality.' 1447. qui, ' whom.' 1460. est plus atnani, I.e. ^ a.ime..'' 1495 fif. Cp. Ctmf. Am. i. 2409-2415, where the same idea of a wind ■of pride blowing away a man's virtue is suggested under the head of ' Avantance.' 1518. 'Noli me tangere' is perhaps originally from John xx. 17, but it has received a very different application. 1563. The story was that the hunter, having carried off the tiger's cubs and being pursued, would throw behind him in the path of the animal a sphere of glass, the reflection in which was supposed by the tiger to be one of her lost cubs. This would delay her for a time, and by repeating the process the man would be able to ride away in safety with his booty : see Ambrose, Hex. vi. 4. The story is founded on that told by Pliny, Nat. Hist. viii. 25. 1575. Perhaps an inaccurate reminiscence of John viii. 49. 1585. The reference is to Job xi. 12, ' Vir vanus in superbiam erigitur, et tanquam pullum onagri se liberum natum putat.' The rest is due to our author. 1597. Ecclus. xxxvii. 3. ' O praesumptio nequissima, unde creata es . . . .' ' The rest is added by our author. 1618. Perhaps Bern, de Hum. Cond. 5, ' Stude cognoscere te : quam multo melior et laudabilior es, si te cognoscis, quam si te neglecto cognosceres cursum siderum,' &c. 1624. Matt. vii. i, 2. 1627. Probably Is. xxix. 14, but it is not an exact quotation. 1645. Job XXX. I, 'Nunc autem derident me iuniores tempore.' 1648. Job xii. 4, ' deridetur enim iusti simplicitas.' 1653. The reference is no doubt intended for the Elegies of Maximianus, but I think no such passage occurs in them. Perhaps our author was thinking of Cato, Distich, iii. 7, Alterius dictum aut factum nee carpseris unquam, Exemplo simili ne te derideat alter. 1662. /(7/j'tfz7, singular for the rhyme, with the excuse of 'chascun' to follow. 1669. Perhaps Prov. xxiv..*9, 'abominatio hominum detractor,' or xvi. 5, 'Abominatio Domini est omnis arrogans.' 1678. Ps. lix. ( Vtilg. Iviii.) 8 (9), ' Et tu, Domine, deridebis eos.' 1684 ff. It is suggested here that Malapert gets his name from 400 MIROUR DE L'OMME discovering things which should be concealed, saying them 'en apert ' ; but the word is rather from 'apert' in the sense of 'bold' 'impudent,' whence the modern English ' pert.' 1688. serroit, 'ought to be,' a common use of the conditional: cp. 691 5, 8941, &c., and Vox Clam. iii. 1052 and elsewhere, where the Latin imp. subj. is used in the same way. 1709 f. 'All set themselves to listen what he will say.' 1711. si nuls soil, ' if there be any.' 1717. Prov. ix. 7, ' Qui erudit derisorem, ipse iniuriam sibi facit.' 1740. ft'en dirroit plus avanl, ' would not go further in speaking of it,' 'avant ' being probably an adverb : cp. 1762. 1758. Boeth. de Cons. iii. Pr. 8. ' Igitur te pulcrum videri non tua natura sed oculorum spectantium reddit infirmitas.' 1762 f. si par tout avanl, &c., 'if he could go on further and see the rest.' 1776. volt, used apparently for pret. subj., as 327 ; here in conditional sense. 1784. Aug. in Joann. Ev. i. 15, 'Quid est quod te inflas, humana superbia ? . . . Pulicibus resiste, ut dormias : cognosce qui sis.' 1790. Boeth. de Cons. iii. Pr. 3ff. 1795. de nounstable, ' instead of transient.' 1824. ' Often you see evil come (upon him).' The reference may be to Prov. xvi. 18, or to some similar saying. 1825. Zephaniah iii. 11. 1828. Perhaps Jer. xlviii. 29 fF. 1837. Lukexviii. 9ff. 1848. par soy despisant: a characteristic use of the gerund for infinitive : cp. 6093. 1849. The references to Solinus in this book are mostly false. Many of the anecdotes may be found in Pliny, but not this. Isidore gives the etymology, but the original of the story here is perhaps Albertus Mag- nus de Animalibus (quoted by the Delphin editor on Plin. N. H. x. 3). 1868. Perhaps Ps. ci. 5. In any case the last lines of the stanza are an addition by our author to the quotation. 1883. /<2z/ a reprendre, 'deserves to be blamed': cp. 5055, 9687, 12238, &c., and see the examples quoted by Burguy, Crat/if/iaire, ii. iGjl. 1887. The story is told at length in Coftf. Am. i. 27S5 ff. 1912 ff. Cp. Con/. Am. i. 2416 ff., but the parallel is not very close. 1942. parferroit. The contraction is thus written out in all parts of this verb, because ' parfaire,' 'parfait,' occur in full, e.g. 4413. Probably, however, there was fluctuation between ' par ' and ' per,' as in ' parfit,' ' parigal.' 1944. It would perhaps be difficult to say why Montpelliers should be a proverbially rich place, but Mr. Archer points out to me that such expressions as this are common in the c/iansons de gesle, e.g. Chanson d'Antioche ii. 628, ' II n'y vousist mie estre pour I'or de Monlpellier.' Pavia is referred to in Mir. 7319 in the same way. NOTES. Lines 1688-2353 401 2022. frocke et haire, i.e. the outer and the inner garment of a monk or friar. 2037. Perhaps rather 'Tout mal dirra'; but the text may be trans- lated ' he will curse continually.' 2067. Veil chasiie, ' may correct him for it ' : but perhaps we should read ' I'enchastie ' without separation ; cp. 7917. 2090. Rom. v. 19. 2095. Moises : a dissyllable here, but elsewhere ' Moises,' &c. 2101. Sol. Collect. 52, * [Monoceros] vivus non venit in hominum potestatem, et interimi quidem potest, capi non potest.' 2135 f. Cp. Conf. Am. i. 1240 ff. 2142. France is looked upon simply as a land which has revolted from its lawful sovereign, Edward III, who has the right 'from his mother,' 2148. This passage was apparently written before the death of Edward III. 2169. 'Is dehvered up in slavery to him.' 2184. Dit permajiable vilenie, to be taken with 'rnort,' 'death comes suddenly upon him bringing him to everlasting shame.' 2185. Is. xxxiii. i. ' Vae qui praedaris, nonne et ipse praedaberis ? et qui spernis, nonne et ipse sperneris?' &c. 2197. Deut. xxviii. 38 fif. 2209. Ezek. xvii. I9ff. 2221. Prov. xvii. 5. 2224. Mal. ii. 10, ' Numquid non pater unus omnium nostrum ? num- quid non Ueus unus creavit nos? Quare ergo despicit unusquisque nostrum fratrem suum ? ' 2242. Greg. Moral, xxiii. 31, ' Obstaculum namque veritatis est tumor mentis.' 2275. Luke xiii. 14. The person who protested was the * ruler of the synagogue,' whom our author calls ' un archeprestre,' and the miracle was done upon a woman. 2281. Prov. xxix. 22, ' qui ad indignandum facilis est, erit ad peccan- dum proclivior.' 2293. Prov. xxx. 13. 2301. Is. ii. II, or v. 15. 2305. Danger : see note on Bat. xii. 1. 8. Here Danger represents the spirit which rejects advances of friendship from motives of pride. 2323. fait . . . appeller: see note on 1135. 2326. Cp. 2362, where we have 'oi' (monosyllable), as also 410. 2330. Numbers xiv. 30. 2341 fif. Numbers xvi. 2348. Que, ' For.' 2351 f, que plus avatit, &c., ' so that by this he gave warning to the rest for the future ' (' plus avant '). 2353 ff. Acts ix. 5. In this stanza the word 'point' occurs no less than six times in the rhyme. This is an extreme instance of a common case, any difference in the meaning or manner of employment being * Dd 402 MIROUR DE L'OMME held both in French and English verse to justify the repetition of the same word as a rhyme. Here ' point ' is the past participle of a verb in 2357 and is used as an adverb in 2356: in the other four cases it is simply the same substantive with differences of meaning. 2377. I Mace. iii. 13-24. 2384. I Mace. vi. 1-16. 2389. Deut. xxi. 18-21. 2405. Exod. xvii. 1-7. 2413. Deut. xxxii. 2425. I Mace. vii. 26-47. 2441. Perhaps Is. v. 20. 2443. 2 Kings xix (Is. xxxvii). 2449. Levit. xxiv. 16. 2452. Luke xxiii. 39 AT., but our author has characteristically reversed the story, giving us the supposed punishment of the blasphemer instead of the mercy shown to the penitent. 2462. C'est itn des ious, &c. Cp. the expression in fourteenth- century English, 'oon the beste' &c. 2463. Rev. xiii. l,6f. 2509. Ecclus. X. 12 (14). The references of our author to * Sidrac ' are to this book, 'The wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirach,' but he also quotes from it under the name of Solomon, cp. 131 7, and curiously enough rhe very next quotation, taken from the same chapter, is a case of this kind. 2513. Ecclus. x. 7, ' Odibilis coram Deo est et hominibus superbia.' 2534. fait plus a redoubt er: see note on 1. 1883. 2538. a son passage, * at his death.' 2548. Ecclus. x. 17, 'Sedes ducum superborum destruxit Deus, et sedere fecit mites pro eis.' 2587. Mai. i. 6. 2629. Haymo: Bishop of Halberstadt, ninth century. The reference is to his Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, i. 10, ' Detractio est aliorum bene gesta opera vel in malum malitiose mutare, vcl invidcndo fallaci fraude diminuere,' &c. (Migne. Patrol. cxvii. 377). 2653. Numbers xii. i. 2665. Probably the reference is to Is. xiv. 13-15, but the beginning is loosely quoted : tlie latter part is closer, see verse 15, * ad infernum detraheris in profundum laci.' 2677 {{. Cp. Conf. Am. ii. 388 ff., where ' Malebouche ' comes in as the attendant of ' Detraccioun.' 2700. leiiteitiz, 'the less,' cp. 'ly pire' 2760, 'le plus' 12347, 'lemeulx' 14396. 2715. I do not understand this. By comparison with Conf. A/n. ii. 394ff.thepassagesliouldmean that he praises first, and then ends up with blame, which overcasts all the praise : cp. Chaucer, Persrnes Tale, 494 (Skeat). Perhaps we ought to read ' primercment ' for ' darreinement.' NOTES. Lines 2377-3160 403 2742. For the metre cp. 24625 and see Introduction, p. xlv. 2749. See du Cange under 'fagolidori' (Gr. (fiayoXoiSofwi), where the passage of Jerome is quoted, but the word is set down as probablj- a corruption of (piXoXniSopoi. 2761. Ps. X. 7 ( Vii/g. ix. 28). 2779. Ps. cxl. 3 ( Vu/^-. cxxxix. 4). 2790. Ps. xxxviii. 20 {Vu/g. xxxvii. 2i\ 'Qui retribuunt mala pro bonis, detrahebant mihi, quoniam sequebar bonitatem.' 2799. Jer. xviii. 21 f. 2809. Ps. xxxi. 18 {Viilg. xxx. 19), cp. cxix. {Vtilg. Ixviii), 23. 2861. Jer. li. i, but the passage is misunderstood. 2865. Rom. i. 30, ' Detractores, Deo odibiles.' 2874. Bern. Itit. Dom. xxiii. 49, ' Detrahentes et audientes pari reatu detinentur.' 2893. The disgusting habits of the hoopoe in nesting are often referred to. 2894 ff. There is a close parallel to this in Conf. Am. ii. 413 ff., ' Lich to the Scharnebudes kinde. Of whos nature this I finde,' &c. 2908. Perhaps Prov. xxii. i. 2917 ff. Lukexvii. i, 2. 2923. Matt, xviii. 8, 9. 2931. Ps. 1. {Viilg. xlix.) 20, but it is a very much expanded quotation. 2941. Deut. xxii. 13-19. 2955. See note on 415. 2959. Perhaps a general reference to Ezek. xviii. 2961. ne tient plait de, &c., 'does not hold discourse of example of holy scripture.' 3109, Acts iv. I. 3116. This line is too long, no doubt by inadvertence, having five measures instead of four. So in Bal. xxvii. the first line is of six measures instead of five. Both might easily be amended, if it were thought desirable : for example, here we might read * Q'avoit leur prechement oie.' The word 'prechement' occurs 18092, and very probably this is what the author meant to write. 3133. Ps. vii. 16(17). 3137. The reference is perhaps to Ecclus. xxvii. 25-29. 3145. The reference is Jeremiah xlv. 3. 3158. Cp. Con/. Am. ii. 222, 'A vice revers unto this,' where the author is speaking of the same thing as here. 3160. The MS. has 'male,' but perhaps the author meant to write *mal,' for disregard of gender is common with him, while formal irregularity of metre is exceedingly rare. Compare, however, 10623, 10628. For the form of expression cp. 3467. D d 2 404 MIROUR DE L'OMME ."{180. faity used here to supply the place of 'escoulte.' 'As the fox listens for the hounds, so doth he for other men's loss.' See note on 1135- o233. Par si q\ ' provided that,' cp. 20576. 3234 ff. This is the tale told in illustration of the vice of ' Gaudium alterius doloris,' in Conf. Am. ii. 291-364. 3240. 'When the game was thus set between them.' From this kind of expression comes 'jeu parti,' 'jeupartie,' meaning a set game or match between two parties, hence a risk or hazardous alternative : Engl, 'jeopardy.' 3248. Ps. xxxviii. 16 (or xiii. 4). 3253. Ezek. xxv. 3 ff. .3265 ff. John xvi. 20. 3271 ff. This is an addition by our author, who is always unwilling to uvcrlook the punishment of the wicked. 3277. Ecclus. xix. 5, ' Qui gaudet iniquitate, denotabitur.' 3285. Matt. viii. 12, kc. 3294. doit siipplMiter, ' may supplant ' : see note on 1193. 3361. Cic. de Off. iii. 21. 3365. Conjecture, ' trickery ' : cp. 6389. 3367. ce que chalt : cp. 8905, 25269, 25712. Here and at 8905 it stands by itself, but in the other cases it is followed by ' car,' or ' quant.' It is apparently equivalent to ' it matters not,' or some such phrase. 3388. Ps.xli.9 ( Vulg. xl. 10) : 'magnificavitsuperme supplantationem' is the Latin version. 3398. Ambiciou7t\ evidently not 'ambition' in the ordinary sense, but the vice of those who go about prying into other people's affairs, and playing the spy upon them with a view to some advantage for themselves. 3415. Perhaps Habakkuk ii. 8, 9: cp. 3601, where Habakkuk is certainly quoted as ' Baruch.' 3445. Jer. iii. 24. 3458. cele, used for definite article, see note on 301. 3457. Prov. xi. 3 fif. 3467. A favourite form of expression with our author, cp. 3160, and Trait, ii. i ff., ' Si I'un est bon, I'autre est assetz meilour.' 3487. Qui, ' He whom.' 3531. Prov. xxvi. 22. 3533. overseers of some kind, who do not efficiently superintend those under their authority. 6082. 2 Tim. ii. 12. 6102. ou pis, for 'au pis,' ' in his heart': cp. 7100. 6103. James i. 23 f. 6109. Prov. xxxi. 4, 5. 6115. Hos. iv. 6. 6226. ne serroit partie, ' should not be a party interested in the suit.' The conditional is used for subjunctive, as often. 6253 ff. Cp. Conf. y'lm. v. 2015 ff., * Bote as the Luce in his degre Of tho that lasse ben than he The fisshcs gricdili devoureth,' &.C., where the author is speaking, as here, of ' Covoitise.' 6303. The ' lot,' as a measure of wine, is about half a gallon. NOTES. Lines 5758-6685 411 6313 ff. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 2859 ff., where Coveitise has two especial counsellors, Falswitness and Perjurie. 6315. ' Chalenge ' (Lat. calumnia) is a claim or accusation against a person in a court of law, usually in a bad sense. 6328. fait . . . pour retenir, ' it is necessary to retain ' : ' pour ' is often used by our author instead of ' de ' or " a,' representing perhaps the English 'forto ' : cp. 11. 7650, 10639, 29078, Bal. iv*. i, xlv. I, 2, &;c. 6345. Mai. iii. 5, 'et ero testis velox maleficis et adulteris et periuris et qui calumniantur mercedem mercenarii,' &c. 6363. Jer. 1. 33 ff. 'Haec dicit Dominus exercituum : Calumniam sustinent filii Israel . . . Gladius ad Chaldaeos, ait Dominus, et ad habitatores Babylonis,' &c. 6386. Can this be Is. xix. 9, ' Confundentur qui operabantur linum . . . texentes subtilia ' .' 6389. Cottjeciure, cp. 3365. 6391. Luke xvi. 8. 6397. Ambrose tells the story, Hex. v. 8, of the crab and the oyster, ' tunc clanculo calculum immittens, impedit conclusionem ostrei.' I do not know the word ' areine.' 6409. Perjurie : see note on 1. 296. 6434. This was a charge commonly brought against swearers by the preachers of the day : cp. Chaucer, Pardoneres Tale, 1. 12, &c., Persones Tale, 591 (Skeat). 6445. Cp. Matt, xxiii. 21 f. 6451. Probably Is. xlviii. i. 6482. Zech. v. 1-4. 6496. si tresfalse noun, ' except (what was) utterly false ' : cp. 8853, Bal. xxiv. I. 6498. Ps. Ixiii. 11. 6499. Mal. iii. 5 : cp. 6345. 6528. Perhaps Prov. i. 18, 'moliuntur fraudes contra animas suas.' 6529. Levit. vi. 2-7. 6539. ' Fails to do right at the risk of his soul,' and not merely of his worldly goods, as by the old law. 6544. Cp. Bal. xlii. 3, where 'fraude et malengin' go together, as here. 6545 f. ' It were well if they were caught in the snare, to be thrown far into the deep sea.' 6553 ff. Cp. Co7if. Am. v. 4396 ff., where the practice here mentioned is ascribed to ' Usure.' 6556. an creance, ' on credit,' meanmg apparently that they charge exorbitant prices when credit is given, cp. 7246, 7273 ff. 6561. Deut. xxv. 14. 6640. tout son propre adu7ie, 'gathers together everything for him- self,' i.e. appropriates everything. 6672. quit doit vivre, ' that he should live ' : for this use of ' doit,' cp. 1 193. 6685 ff. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 4917-4922. 412 MIROUR DE L'OMME 6733. For this treatment oi dameasa monosyllable in the metre, cp. 135 14, 16579, and Bal. xix. 3, xx. 2, &c. 6745. Cp. Co;!/. Am. v. 1971 (for the form of expression). 6750. Matt. xix. 24. 6758. I Tim. vi. 10. 6760. Senec. Dial. xii. 13, * si avaritia dimisit, vehementissima generis humani pestis.' 6769. Prov. xxvii. 20. 6781. Conf. Am. vii. 2551. 6783 fif. 2 Chron. xxi. Our author is evidently familiar with ever>' part of the Old Testament history. 6798. Ambros. Hex. vi. 24. 6841. Probably Ezek. xxii. 25. 6855. Job iv. 11,' Tigris periit, eo quod non haberet praedam.' The English version is different. 6859. Prov. xi. 24. 6865. Is. xxxiii. i. 6869. Jer. xxx. 16. 6877. This time ' Baruch ' stands for Nahum, ii. 8 ff. 6886. Nahum ii. 10, 'et facies omnium eorum sicut nigredo ollae.' 6925 ff. The same three that are mentioned here. Robbery, Stealth, and Sacrilege, are dealt with in the same order in the Confessio Amanfis immediately after ' Ravine ' (v. 6075 ff.), though not as depen- dent upon it. 6940 ff Cp. Conf. Am. v. 6089 ff.. ' Forthi to maken his pourchas He lith awaitende on the pas,' &c. 6958. vi'eftcordie : see note on 1. 296 ; but perhaps we should read ' m'encorde,' cp. 1. 7574. 6967. »e fait fas a demaitder, ' there is no need to ask ' : an im- personal form of the construction noticed on 1. 1883. 6987. Ps. Ixii. 10. 6991. Prov. xxi. 7. 6999. Joshua vii. 7015. Ambros. Hex. v. 18, 'Accipitres feruntur in eo duram adversum proprios fetus habere inclementiam, quod ubi eos adverterint tentare volatus primordia, nidis eiciunt suis,' &c. 7025 f. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 6501-65 16, a close parallel. ' Stelthe ' (in the Latin margin ' secretum latrocinium ') corresponds to ' Larcine " here. 70;:3ff. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 65 17-6521. 7081. Gen. xxxi. I9ff. 7093. This story is told Conf. Am. v. 7io5*-7207* under the head of Sacrilege, with no essential difference except in the greater detail and in the name of the person involved. Here it is ' Dyonis,' apparently for convenience of rhyming, there Lucius. NOTES. Lines 6733-7597 413 cTAppolUnis: the genitive form is also used in Conf. Am. v. 7109*, * Unto the temple Appollinis.' 7109. Conf. Am. v. 71S6* ff., ' Gold in his kinde, as seith the bok, Is hevy bothe and cold also,' &c. 7153 ff. The distinctions of various kinds of Sacrilege, indicated in this stanza, are more fully developed Conf. Am. v. 701 5* ff. : cp. Chaucer, Persones Tale, 801 ff. (Skeat). 7177 ff. The same examples occur in Conf. Am. v. 7007 ff., with the addition of Antiochus. 7181. 2 Kings XXV. 8 ff 7193. Jer. 1., li. 7209. Cp. Neh. x. 31, &c. 7215. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 4395, ' Usure with the riche duelleth.' 7227 ff. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 4387. 7249. Lev. xxv. 37, &c., Luke vi. 35. 7270. Qe, repeated from the line above. 7282. ou jnein, apparently for ' au meinz,' ' at least.' 7315. The reference seems to be a mistaken one. 7319. le tresor de Pavie, cp. 1. 1944. Pavia no doubt has its reputa- tion of wealth from having been the capital of the Lombard kingdom. 7379. Les lettres : cp. Co7if. Am. Prol. 209. 7393 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. I233fif. 7416. Poverte avoir, 'that Poverty has.' 7429. Matt. xxi. 12. 7441. Rev. xi. i. 7453. Ezek. vii. 12. 7454. Is. xxiv. 2. 7459. 2 Kings v. 20 ff. 7475. concordance : that is, what we should call a ' harmony ' of the Gospels or other parts of the Bible. 7499. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 4678, and the marginal Latin. 7507. Probably we should read ' tenont,' or ' tienont,' for ' tenoit ' ; cp. 8459- 7511. prive de son secroy, 'privy to his secret counsels.' 7549. The reference is not really to the Psalter, but to the song of Moses, Deut. xxxii. 13. 7562. Ecclus. xxxi. 29, * Nequissimo in pane murmurabit civitas.' 7569. 2 Cor. ix. 6. 7587. ' the right pit of helle,' as they said in English. The same comparison is made Conf. Am. v. 29 ff. With these cp. Chaucer, Tale of Melibeus : ' And therefore seith seint Austyn that the averous man is likned unto heile ' &c. 7597. I fear that this is a rendering of 'Avaro autem nihil est scelestius,' with additions by our author : Ecclus. x, 9. 414 MIROUR DE L'OMME 7603 ff. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 249 ff. 7609. Col. iii. 5, ' avaritiam, quae est simulacrorum servitus.' 7611. 2 Kings xxi. 21 ff. 7621 fif. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 363 ff., where the same comparison is made in fuller detail. 7640. The author referred to as ' Marcial ' here and in 11. 15505, 15949. is in fact Godfrey of Winchester, popularly called by the name of the epigrammatist whom he not unhappily imitated. He was a native of Cambrai, and prior of St. Swithin's in the twelfth century. His epi- grams are repeatedly quoted under the name of Martial by Albertano of Brescia in the Liber Consolationis. They will be found in Wright's Satirical Poets of the Twelth Century {R-oW?, series). The reference here is to Ep. cxxxvi, ' Non sibi, non aliis prodest, dum vivit, avarus : Et prodest aliis et sibi, dum moritur.' 7645 ff. Cp. Conf Am. v. 49 ff., a very close parallel, ' To seie hou such a man hath good, Who so that reson understod, It is impropreliche seid, For good hath him and halt him teid,' &c. 7650. Pour . . .fare : cp. 6328. 7678. Perhaps Jer. xv. 13. 7694. Bern. Serm. Resurr. iii. i, ' Et vero magna abusio et magna nimis, ut dives esse velit vermiculus vilis, propter quem Deus maies- tatis et Dominus sabaoth voluit pauper fieri.' 7728. farin : a form of 'frarin' (' frerin'j, 'beggarly,' hence ' wretched.' 7731. For this use of 'tire' cp. Conf. Ajh. vi, 817. 7739. See note on 415. 7777. Job XV. 27, ' Operuit faciem eius crassitude, et de lateribus eius arvina dependet.' Perhaps our author read ' anima ' for ' arvina,' unless he was also thinking of xl. 15 (11). 7791. ces, for ' les,' see note on 301. 7825 i{. Cp. Chaucer, Pardo7ieres Talc, 76 ff. 7827. Cp. Co7tf. Am. v. 870 (margin), ' Jupiter deus deliciarum.' 7883. allaita, apparently here ' sucked (milk) ' : 'he thinks not of the former time when he sucked the simple milk and longed for it' 7896. ' Nor will they hunt in that wood,' that is, they will not share in the sport : ' brosser,' ' bruisser,' a term of the chase, meaning to ride or run through thick underwood, see Littre under 'brosser,' and New Eng. Did. 'brush.' 7940. ' Martinmas beef was the meat salted in the autumn for the supply of the household during the winter, in times when keep for cattle in winter was hard to get. 7969. Cp. Trait, xv. i ff., ' Car bcal oisel par autre se chastie,' a pro- verbial expression meaning that one shoidd take example by others. 7972. The story is told in the same connexion Conf Am. vi. 91^6 ff. NOTES. Lines 7603-8916 415 7993. 2 Pet. ii. 12 ff. ~ 8049. Deut. xxxii. 15 ff. 8053. Is. xlvii. 8, 9. 8072. For the position of ' et ' see note on 415. 8077. Job XX. 15 f. The preceding stanza is mostly the invention of our author. 8089. Job XX. 19 ff. 8103. Lam. iv. 5, 'qui nutriebantur in croceis, amplexati sunt stercora.' Our author misunderstood ' in croceis.' 8138 f. Cp. Conf. Am. vi. 19-23. 8191. serroit govern^, ' should be ruled.' 8236. Gen. xix. 30 ff. 8246 ff. Cp. Conf. Am. vi. 71 f-, ' He drinkth the wyn, bot ate laste The wyn drynkth him and bint him faste.' 8266. puis la mort, ' after death,' ' puis ' used as a preposition. 8269. Is. V. n. 8278. Prov. xxiii. 31 f., or Ecclus. xxxi. 32 ff. 8289. Jer. XXV. 15. 8294 ff. See note on 4864 8376. ou = ' ove.' 8403. The 'sestier' would be about a gallon and a half. 8459. I substitute devontiox devoit: cp. 7507. 8482. stiperflual: the adjective form is used instead of the name ' Superfluite ' lor the sake of the rhyme. 8495. Some correction seems to be required. Perhaps read ' Siqe ' for ' Siq'il.' 8501. Cp. Conf. A?n. v. 7755 f., ' For thanne is ther non other lawe, Bot " Jacke was a good felawe." ' 8533. Senec. Ep. Ix. 2, ' Una silva elephantis pluribus sufficit : homo et terra et mari pascitur ' 8553. Cp. Conf. Am. vi. 60, ' And seith, " Nou bailiez ga the cuppe."' 8559. I Cor. vi. 13. 8581 ff. This stanza is a repetition, with slight variations, of 8041- 8052. 8815. conivreisoun. The dictionaries quote no examples of 'conniver' or ' connivence' earlier than the sixteenth century. 8853. si de vo teste noun, cp. 6496. 8869. The bird meant is no doubt the lapwing : see note on Trait. xii. 1. 19. 8905. ce que chalt'. cp. 3367. 8911. A reference to Wisd. iv. 3, ' spuria vitulamina non dabunt radices altas,' a text not unknown in English history. 8916. Matt. vii. 26. 4i6 MIROUR DE L'OMME 8924. * Whereby she will deliver up her body free,' i.e. since she gives presents as well as receiving them, she must be held not to sell herself, but to give herself away to her lover ; and this, observes the author, is the worse alternative, because it impoverishes her husband. 8941. creroie, ' ought to trust,' see note on 1688. 8942. verroie, conditional for pret. subj. : see note on 1. 25. 8952. Cp. Bal. xliii. 2, ' Si es comun plus qe la halte voie ' : also 9231 flf. 8984. soubgite et abandonne'e, ' as his subject and servant.' 9055. ' If we consider well, we shall see that ' &c. : see note on 1244. 9068. The reference is to Job xxxi. 9-12. The verse quoted is ' Ignis est usque ad perditionem devorans, et omnia eradicans genimina.' 9085. ' Incest ' is here used in a much wider sense than belongs to the word in English. It includes the impure intercourse of those who are near of kin, as we see in 11. 91 81 ff . ; but the cases of it which are chiefly insisted on have to do with breach of the ecclesiastical vow of purity, and this not only where the confessor corrupts his penitent (who is his daughter in a spiritual sense), but also in general where monk, nun, or priest commits fornication. 9130 ff. 'so that at last by reason of his inconstancy and habitual sin we see Incest throw off his vows and leave the order.' 9132. The ' possessioners ' are the members of those religious orders which held property, as distinguished from the mendicant orders mentioned next. 9138. ses Abbes. If this is singular, the use of the subject form after a preposition is very harsh: it is 'son Abbes' (though subject) in 1. 121 15. Perhaps the monastic rent-collector is spoken of here generally, and as coming from a variety of monasteries. 9139. vol's, the usual form for ' vais,' as 440, &c. 9143. vro//, see 1688. 9148. /y liviiia7itz, ' the limitour ' : cp. Chaucer's ironical reference to him at the beginning of the IVyf of BatK s Tale. 9156. The woman's husband passes for the father of the children. 9158. an dieu demeine, ' in the possession of God.' 9168. ' Than he who does (the same) as regards his neighbour ' (who is not under a religious vow). 9171. This is the case of the widow's marriage to the Church, the vow of not marrying again, sec 17827 ff. This was taken, for example, by Eleanor, sister of Henry III, who afterwards married Simon de Montfort. The vow of course would be dispensed with, and the rela- tions here contemplated are probably those of marriage, notwithstanding the severity with which they are spoken of in 11. 9172-74: therefore the author is doubtful about the punishment of this offence in a future state, and suggests that the arrangements of human law, by which the wife would often suffer in property by such a marriage, may be a sufficient punishment. On this subject see Furnivall's Fifty Earliest English Wills, E. E. T. S. NOTES. Lines 8924-9671 417 9229. en cest escrit, ' in the scripture,' cp. 9277 : so ' celle ' is used for the definite article, 9786 and elsewhere ; see note on 301. 92.S0. The reference seems to be a general one to such passages as Jer. iii. i fif. 9240. en ion despit, ' in hatred of thee.' 9265. El viele loy, e.g. Deut. xxiii. 17. 9281. Perhaps 'burette' is here the same as 'birette,' used for a lady's head-covering, see Littrd : usually it means a small phial, and ' burettes ' might stand here for scent-bottles. 9292. For 'mie ' without negative particle cp. '2589, and Bal. xliv. I. 9311. an petit loisir seems to mean 'in a small space of time,' 'loisir' ('leisour') being ordinarily used in its modern sense, referring to restrictions of time : so in the phrase 'par loisir' 5693, and 'a bon leisour' 9222. In the next stanza, however, it has a somewhat different sense, 'femme a son loisir faldra,' 9315, meaning apparently 'the woman shall not be at his {p?- her) own disposal ' ; and later (9322) ' au bon loisir' means ' with ease.' 9314. siir luy, that is 'on her': cp. 21 51, 9351. 9320. luy, here equivalent to ' la ' : cp. Bal. xxiii. 2. 9359. The reference probably is to Matt. v. 28, ' Whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already in his heart.' 9410. s" ordinaire : cp. 1477. 9496. ' Compels hearts to love ' : so ' par destresce ' 5549, ' by force.' 9553. I Cor. ii. 14, ' Animalis autem homo non percipit ea quae sunt Spiritus Dei.' Our author not unnaturally fails to understand ' animalis.' 9557. Wisd. i. 4, 'in malevolam animam non introibit sapientia.' tal: used here for the rhyme, but it is in fact the older Norman form, as in Rom. de Ron, 2270, quoted by Burguy, Gramm. i. 193. 9565. Nihil est enim tam mortiferum ingenio quam luxuria est : quoted as ' -Socrates ' by Caec. Balbus, p. 43 (ed. Woelfflin). 9579. Amos i. 5, 'disperdam habitatorein de campo idoli et tenentem sceptrum de domo voluptatis.' The English version is different. 9588. Que, ' that which ' : cp. 9646. 9591. cliniant. This is the reading of the MS., but possibly the author wrote ' cliniant ' (for ' cligniant '). 9601. I do not know the reference. 9611. 'unto the enemy's throat.' 9613. The sense of this line is repeated by the word ' Luxure,' 9616. 9616. Cic. de Off. i. 123, 'luxuria . . . cum omni aetati turpis, turn senectuti foedissima.' 9620. ' Others will excuse themselves ill, but the old worse than the rest, — or rather, none will be able to excuse themselves at all ' : this seems to be the meaning. 9656. serroit: note on 1688. 9671. la halte vole, &c., the high-way to hell : ' remeine ' instead of ' remeint * for the rhyme. * E e 4i8 MIROUR DE L'OMME 9678. feis., 2 sing. pret. 9687. fait a loer, 'she ought to be praised,' see note on 1883. 9720. Qui corps, ' whose body,' cp. 3491. 9782. jjies amis : the subject form of the possessive pronoun is used here, as 'tes' in Bal. iv*. 3. 9786. The sHght alteration of ' mettroit ' to ' metteroit ' is required by the metre. 9816. tieni may be preterite, though ' tint ' occurs 3322 : cp. 4561 fT. 9820. dont/uist a baniere, ' whose leader she was.' 9889. Rev. xiii. 9907. ' Seven heads, because he devotes himself to the seven sins.' 9956. 'When she plays with the mouse': 'se fait juer' is simply equivalent to 'se jue,^ cp. 39, 1135, ^320, &c. 10071. De resoun, &c., explaining ' le faisoit.' 10117. I take ' pareies ' to be for ' parees ' (past part.), as ' joumeies ' for ' journees,' see Introduction, p. xx. 10121. preies, i.e. ' proies,' the older form used for sake of the rhyme. For the meaning cp. Bal. xv. 4. 10125. les cornont, 'play music to them': for 'les' cp. 2416, &c. ; ' par leur joumeies ' seems to mean ' on their way.* 10140. That is, the meeting will not be one of like with like. 10176. oiefz duiJiqon fiourie: cp. Bal. Ded. i. 3, 'Ore en balade, u sont les ditz floriz.' 10176(R). PuisqHladdit,^c. We have the same form of expression in the heading of the Traitid. 10215. 2 Kings iv. 33. 10221. Luke vi. 12. 10233. Ps. cxlv. {Vulg. cxliv.) 18. 10239. Ps. xxxvii.( F?c/^. xxxvi.) 7,' Subditusesto Domino, etoraeum,' but there is nothing to explain ' delacioun.' 10243. Dan. vi. 10. 10249. I Mace. iii. 44 ff., 2 Mace. viii. i, and x. 25. 10262. Tobit iii. 7 ff. 10267. Tobit iii. i ff. 10273. I Sam. i. 10279. Luke vii. 38. 10286. Luke xxi. 36. 10297. James v. 16, 'multum enim valet deprecatio iusti assidua.' 10301. Ex. xvii. 8ff. 10306. ' When he was a lowerer of his hands,' the pres. part, being used as an adjective or substantive. 10311. 2 Chron. xx. 10324. There is nothing, so far as I know, corresponding with this reference. It is possible that the author may have mistaken the application of Jer. xxix. 7, where the Jews who are in captivity are bidden to pray for the peace of the city where they now dwell, namely NOTES. Lines 9678-10643 419 Babylon. This occurs in close proximity with anticipations of an eventual return. 10335. Baruch i. 11. 10341. Puisqii'iL As ' il' for 'ils' is found in rhyme 1. 25064. I have not altered it here : cp. 23922, 24635. 10347. The reference is not quite correct, for the decree of Cyrus was before the time of Ezra, though it did not take full effect until that time. 10358. 2 Mace. xii. 41-45. 10371. Ezra ix. f. 10374. del oi'r, ' in order to hear.' 10405. Isid. Sent iii. 7. 8, ' Pura est oratio quam in suo tempore saeculi non interveniunt curae ; longe autem a Deo animus qui in oratione cogitationibus saeculi fuerit occupatus.' 10411. Aug. z'« Fs. cxviii., Serm. xxix. i, ' Clamor ad Dominum qui fit ab orantibus, si sonitu corporalis vocis fiat, non intento in Deum corde, quis dubitet inaniter fieri?' Or Serm. Ixxxviii. 12, 'ne forte simus stre- pentes vocibus et muti moribus.' Cp. 11 94, 20547. 10441. Exod. xxiii. 15. 10450. ' But he who bears himself humbly,' &c. For this use of 'qe' cp. Bal. Ded. i. i ff"., ' Q'en dieu se fie, il ad bel avantage.' 10453. 2 Chron. xxx f. 10467. Exod. XXXV. 10479. Num. xvi. 10498. I do not think that what follows will be found in Jerome. The classification of the seven deadly sins is of later date. 10505. ' Lest Sloth should seize him ' : the subjunctive was to be expected, but syntax gives way to rhyme. 10526 ff". Cp. Chaucer, Pers. Tale 133 ff". (Skeat), where there are six causes which ought to move a man to contrition ; but they are not quite the same as those which we have here. 10553. Qil n'en deschiece, ' lest he should fall by reason of it.' 10554. I Cor. x. 12. 10574. Luke vi. 21, much expanded. 10605. solait, for ' soloit,' which is used as a present in several passages, 15405, 20419. 10612. 2 Cor. xii. 2. 10623. Here and in 10628 we have a pause after the first half of the verse, with a superfluous syllable : see Introduction, p. xlv. 10637. par sembla7ice^ 'as it were,' implying that 'morir' is meta- phorical. 10639. pour despire : I take ' pour ' to be dependent on ' commence,' and to be used as a variation of ' de ' : cp. 6328, 10664, 1 1520, &c. 10042. tajtt hiy tarde, as in Mod. French, 'so eager is he.' 10643. fait se7iiir, 'feels' : see note on 1135. E e 2 420 MIROUR DE L'OMME 10649. /«// here, and in 1. 10653, supplies the place of the verb ' desire,' like ' doth ' or ' does ' in English : see note on 1 135. 10051. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 2238 ff, where, however, the connexion is difterent. 10669. ot, 'there were': so 'ad' is not uncommonly thus used for 'il y a,' e.g. 2174. 10707 ff. hi chala7tdre. This bird, which seems to be a kind of lark, is mentioned also in Bal. xii. i. liozon, Contes Mo7-alizes, p. 63, calls it ' calabre,' and says that if a man is ill, and they wish to know whether he will live or die, they may bring in this bird, and if it turns away from him, he will die. See M. Paul Meyer's note on the passage. 10717. The story is probably taken from Solinus, who combines the story of the Arimaspians, as told by Herodotus and Pliny, with the account of the emeralds produced in the country : Collect. 15. 10718. 'the land which is called Scythia.' 10747. Pour nosire essatnple. The idea that these things were done, not only related, for our example is merely an extension of the usual medieval view of Natural History. 10748. nous aitrait, 'teaches us,' ('brings before us'). For the various meanings of ' attraire ' compare the following passages, 567, 1550, 14480, 16637, 17800, 21623, 23361. St. Remigius does not, so far as 1 know, mention the story of the griflfons and Arimaspians, but probably the following passage, where the truth is compared to a treasure, may be the one referred to : ' Habemus namque magnum depositum fidei et doctrinae veritatis . . . velut pretiosum multiplicem thesaurum divinitus nobis ad custodien- dum commendatum : quem sine intermissione domino auxiliante delemus inspicere, extergere, polire atque excutere ac diligentissime servare, ne per incuriam et ignaviam nostram aut pulvere sordescat aut . . . malignorum spirituum insidiis vel a noctumis et occultis furibus efifodiatur et dcripiatur.' (De tenenda Script. Ve?it. i. i.) 1U800. 'And in it he rejoices': 'fait demener' is equivalent to ' demeine,' and 'demener ses joyes' means 'to rejoice,' cp. 444, 503S, &'c. 10801. Probably referring to Albertus Magnus de Animalibus, but I do not know the passage. 10'Sl:>. This comparison does not appear to be in Isidore, though he gives much the same account as we have here of the origin of pearls. (Isid. Etym. xii. 6. 49). Isidore no doubt borrowed the story from Solinus (ch. 53), who had it indirectly from Pliny, A^. H. ix. 54. In Bozon, Contes Moralizes, p. 41, we have the story with nearly the same application as here. 10882. ' He who considers this ' &c. 10903. 'That which pleases the one' &:c., the verb being used here with a direct object. 10909. Cp. Bal. xxx. 2, and Conf. Am. i. 515 ff. 10912. reinedie : see note on 296. 10934. Prov. xxviii. 14. NOTES. Lines 10649-11343 421 10942. Cp. Bal. xx. i. 10948. Ovid, Pont. iv. 3. 35. Cp. Conf. Am. vi. 15 13, where the original Latin is quoted in the margin and attributed (as here) to ' Oracius.' 10959. Perhaps a reminiscence of the line in Paniphilus, 'Ex minima magnus scintilla nascitur ignis.' 10962. The quotation is really from Ovid, Rem. Am. 421, ' Farva necat morsu spatiosum vipera taurum.' It has perhaps been confused with Sen. Dial. i. 6. 8, ' corpora opima taurorum exiguo concidunt volnere.' 10965. Ecclus. xix. i, 'qui spernit modica, paulatim decidet.' 10969. Ecclus. V. 4-9, 'Ne dixeris : Peccavi, et quid mihi accidit triste ? ' &c. 11004. 'And it awaits them after their death.' 11018. 2 Kings xvii. 11020. Evehi stands for the Avites, who are 'Hevaei' in the Latin version. 11044. August. Ep. cxl. {De Graf. Ncm. Tesf.) 21, and many other places. 11056. Probably Rom. viii. 15, with amplifications. 11065. Quiconque ait: there is an elision, though it is not indicated in the text. 11069. Esther iiiff. 11102. Matt. X. 28. 11114. Judith xi. 8,9. 11126. Ps. XXV. {Vulg. xxiv.) 14, * Firmamentum est Dominus timentibus eum.' 11128. Ps. cxi. [Vitlg.c^.) 5. 11137. Lev. xxvi. 2ff. 11149. Lev. xxvi. 5. 11160. arestu, a past participle from the form 'aresteir, used here for the rhyme. 11177. Neh. i. 11. 11185. Tobit i. 10. 11191. Judith xvi. 19. 11197. Is. xix. 11203. ly futur, ' they that should come after.' 11209. Deut. xxviii. 11221. Deut. xxviii. 58 ff. 11243. 'There shall be no bodily fear by which' &c. 11245. pom- deviser^ cp. 12852, so 'a diviser' 5031. 11305. Prov. xxiii. 34, amplified: 'Et eris sicut dormiens in medio mari, et quasi sopitus gubernator, amisso clavo.' 11309. prist: this tense is for the sake of the rhyme instead of ' prent.' 11332. Jobiv. 13. 11343. Luke XV. ir. 422 MIROUR DE L'OMME 11354. Tout quatre : for this use of 'tout ' with numerals cp. 1 1570, 'Ad tout quatre oils.' It seems to be an adverb, as in the expression ' ove tout ' 11. 4, 12240, &c., and has no particular meaning apparently. 11396. an fin q !(€,'• \xvi\\\.' 1 1404. This ' Mestre Helemauns' is H^linand,the monk of Froidmont, whose Vers de la Mort were so popular in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The lines which are quoted here are quoted also in the Sonifiie lies Vices et des Vertus, with a slight difference of text. See M. Paul Meyer in Romania i. 365, where a preliminary list of the MSS. is given. Death is supposed to be the speaker here, ' Do away your mockery and your boasting, for many a man who thinketh himself sound and strong hath me already hatching within him.' The usual reading is ' Laissiez vos chififies' (or 'chifflois'), but ' Ostez' and ' trufes' are also found in the MSS. 11410. 'Death has warned thee of his tricks,' because in the pre- ceding lines Death is supposed to be the speaker. 11412. atteins, 'caught unawares.' 11434. a liiy, 'to her,' so 626, 2i5i,&c. 11466. Dont here seems to stand for 'que,' as it does so commonly in a consecutive sense after ' tant,' ' si,' &c. 11504. Mais d^tene chose, ' except for one thing.' 11510. sentence, perhaps here 'feeling of pain,' 'suffering.' 1 1520. Pour venir, after ' assure,' equivalent to ' de venir ' : see 6328. 11521. Ecclus. i. 22, 25, ' Corona sapientiae, timor Domini . . . Radix sapientiae est timere dominum.' 11535. Is. xxxiii. 6, 'divitiae salutis sapientia et scientia : timor Domini ipse est thesaurus eius.' 11536. Ps. xiv. 4, 'timentes autem Dominum glorificat.' 11540. Luke i. 50. 11548. Jer. x. 7, 'Ouis non timebit te, O Rex gentium? tuum est enim decus.' 11570. See note on 11354. 11572. Rev. iv. 6. 11600. That is, 'everything depends, as it were, on the cast of the dice.' 11611. Ps. ci. ( Vulg. c.) 7, 'Non habitabit in medio domus meae qui facit superbiam.' 11616. 'Which is a true child of Arrogance.' 11647. Rom. vi. 23. 11653. iy discret, i.e. Discretion. 11668. Plccles. iii, 19, ' cuncta subiacent vanitati, et omnia pergunt ad uiium locum.' 11671. Matt. xxiv. 35, &c. 11676. i.e, ' His word of everlasting doctrine.' 11680. 'Three things make me sure that the state of man' &c., referring to what follows. 11685. Job .xiv. 2. NOTES. Lines 11354-12217 423 11694. Cp. Conf. Am. iv. 16325., ' So that these heraldz on him crie, " Vailant, vailant, lo, wher he goth ! " ' 11721 fif. 'But as for man,... by reason of sin which holds possession of his body, hell retains the soul for ever.' For 'celle' see note on 301. 11724. fait a despire, ' it is right to loathe ' : see note on 1883. 11728. pour sa mazsoten, like ' de sa maisoun,' ' as regards his house.' See 2 Kings xx. 11770. It is likely enough that Cassiodorus says something of this kind in his official letters, but it is hardly worth while to search for it. Expressions such as, ' Multo melius proficitur, si bonis moribus serviatur,' are common enough. 11822. Cp. Conf. Am. i. 299. 11846. John iv. 14: but it was said actually to the woman of Samaria, not to the disciples. 11848. au tiel exploit, 'in such a manner': properly 'with such success {or result).' 11865. desjoint: so in Chaucer, Troilus iii. 496, 'Or of what wight that stant in swich disjoynte.' 11866. je quidoie: cp. Co7if. Am. v. 7666, ' Til ate laste he seith, " I wende." ' 11898i Ps. cxii. (Vulg. cxl.) 3, ' Pone, Domine, custodiam ori meo, et- ostium circumstantiae labiis meis.' 11939. Perhaps the word is 'enguarise.' 11978. Ecclus. xxxii. 14, 'Ante grandinem praeibit coruscatio: etante verecundiam praeibit gratia, et pro reverentia accedet tibi bona gratia.' 11989. I Tim. ii. 9. 11995. Ecclus. vii. 21, 'gratia enim verecundiae illius super aurum.' 12003. Job iii. 25, 'quod verebar accidit.' 12006. Ps. xliv. 15 iVuig.yXm. 16), 'Tota die verecundia mea contra me est.' 12025. Gen. ix. 22. 12038. doit: cp. 12669, ^.nd see note on 1193. 12044. Judith xii. 12 ff. 12056. Luke xii. 3. 12140. nefais soiiffrir, ' you do not endure.' 12161. Deut. xvii. 12. 12169. Eph. vi. 2 ff. 12180. demeijie, an adjective, 'thine own profit.' 12188. Ecclus. iv. 7, 'presbytero humilia animam tuam, et magnato humiha caput tuum.' 12200. Perhaps Rom. x. 9 f. 12202. Heb. xi. 6. 12206. Heb. x. 38. 12209. Markxvi. 16, 18. 12217 ff. Cp. Heb. xi. 424 MIROUR DE L'OMME 12228. De Abraham: for the hiatus cp. 12241, ' De Isaak,' 27367, 'De Ire,' and Bal. xxxiv. 3, ' De Alceone.' 12238. Eccles. iv. 17. fait a loer: see note on 1883. 12240. ove tout, ' together with,' cp. 1. 4. 12241. De Isaak : there is no elision, and 'Isaak' is a trisyllable. For the hiatus cp. 27367 ' De Ire, Accidie et Gloutenie.' V22hA:. pour foy, equivalent apparently to 'par foy' 12293 fif., see Heb. xi. 23. 12289. Heb. xi. 33ff. 12296. des ces lyons, i. e. de les lyons : see note on 301. 12-303. I John v. 4 f. 12326. Eccles. iv. 12. 12331. du grein ou goute, ' in any way whatsoever.' 12347. le plus, 'the more,' see note on 2700. 12350. The reference belongs apparently to the next line, ' Him whom wind and sea obey,' and presumably it is to Mark iv. 41 ; but, if so, there seems no reason for referring to St. Mark rather than to the Gospels generally. 12356. Ps. cxviii. 9. 12361. Seneca, Ep. Ixxxviii. 29, ' Fides sanctissimum humani pectoris bonum est, nulla necessitate ad fallendum cogitur, nullo corrumpitur praemio.' 12373. James ii. 14-20. 12406. Supply 'porte' from the next line: 'he carries equally corn or beans.' 12409. Seneca, Ep. xxxvii. 4, ' Si vis omnia tibi subicere, te subice ration!.' 12440. appara is future, cp. 1 140 ; used here in the sense of command, 'it shall not appear,' 'obeie' above, and 'requiere' below, being sub- junctive in imperative sense, 'let a man obey,' &c. 12448. Bed. in Luc. xi., ' Clavis scientiae humilitas Christi est.' 12452. This is a reference to the series of maxims attributed to Ptolemy and prefixed in many MSS. and early printed editions to the Almagest. See the paper in Anglia xviii. pp. 133-140, by £. Fliigel, who prints the whole set of sayings and shews that the Almagest references in the Roman de la Rose and in Chaucer are to these. We have here a reference to the ninth in order, ' Qui inter sapientes humilior est, sapientior existit, sicut locus profundior magis abundat aquis aliis lacunis.' 12464 ff. Cp. Bal. xxxviii. i. 12505. The adjective ' vrais ' seems here to fill the place of an adverb. 12518. Ecclus. iii. 20. 12520. Prov. xvi. 19. 12528. compleindre le contraire, ' bewail thy disobedience to it.' 12529. Lukexiv. 11. 12565 fif. The story may be found in the Legenda Aurea. St. Macarius NOTES. Lines 12228-12877 425 was a recluse of Upper Egypt, who is described as ' ingeniosus contra daemonis fallaciam.' Several of his personal encounters with the devil are recorded in legend : cp. 1. 20905. 12577. je te vois passant, 'I surpass you': 'vois' for * vais,' as often. 12601. Cp. Covf. Am. i. 3103 fif. 12624. p?-iz'^, substantive, 'intimate friend.' 12628. The reference is to the ' Benedicite,' Dan. ( Vulg.) iii. 58 ff. 12664. Perhaps i Pet. iii. 12. 12668. Ecclus. xv. 9, ' Non est speciosa laus in ore peccatoris.' 12669. Qo7n doit, ' that one should,' &c., see note on 1193. 12674. Ps. li. 15, {Vu/g. 1. 17). 12681. Ps. Ivi. 10, II, {Vulg. Iv. 11). 12685. The reference to Judith is wrong : it should be to Esther (Vulg.) xiii. 17, 'ut viventes laudemus nomen tuum, Domine.' 12689. Ps. cxv. 17. 12696. plier, ' turn away (from us).' 12697. The form ' fas ' is presumably for the rhyme. 12709. Probably Ecclus. xliv. i. 12725. 'Vox popuH, vox Dei.' 12727. See below on 12733. The Disticha of Dionysius Cato are supposed to be addressed to the author's son. 12732. le pjiet celer avant, ' can continue to conceal it/ i.e. ' can conceal it for ever.' 12733. Cato, Distich, ii. 16, ' Nee te conlaudes, nee te culpaveris ipse ; Hoc faciunt stuiti, quos gloria vexat inanis.' 12754. I Cor. xi. 2, 17. 12775. Ainz que voir sciet, &c., ' But what she truly knows in the matter,' &c. 12780. Cp. 1416. 12835. Zephaniah iii. 19. 12850 f. eti son affaire, ' for his part ' : ' secretaire ' means ' private adviser,' ' privy-councillor.' 12852. potir deviser, ' to describe him,' i.e. ' if one would describe him rightly': cp. I1245. 12855. cuillafite : the participles are here inflected as adjectives ; so ' flairante,' ' fuiante,' ' considerante.' Perhaps ' bien parlante ' and ' volante ' may be regarded as really adjectives ; but, even so, the author would have had no scruple in saying ' parlant,' ' volant,' if it had been more convenient. 12856. de nature, ' by nature.' 12865. 'Solyns' seems to be a false reference: the statement may be found in Pliny, Nat. Hist. viii. 23. 12877. Ps. Ixxiv. {Vulg. Ixxiii.) 21, ' Ne avertatur humilis factus confusus : pauper et inops laudabunt nomen tuum.' 426 MIROUR DE L'OMME 12885 f. ' And (whereby) in this hfe neighbours are honourable each to other.' 12925. Luke xv. 8, ' si perdiderit drachmam unam,' &c. 12926. ert conjoys, ' was rejoiced with,' a transitive use which we find also in 1. 12934, where 'luy' stands for direct object, as often. The form ' conjoys ' here is an example of that sacrifice of grammar to rhyme which is so frequent. 13005. Du tiele enprise, &c., ' for having accomplished such an enter- prise.' 13008. scs amys : the old subject-form of the possessive, cp. *mes,' 'tes,' 9782, Ba/. iv*. 3. 13021. Cp. Cofif. Am. ii. 1772 ff. 13026. ' So that defeated and taken he led him away.' 13037. 1 out f Hist que, ' albeit that ' : apparently an imitation of the English expression. 13040. Rom. xii. 15. 13056. ' Whom this example does not bring back to the path.' 13064. ' Makes endeavour to supplant them,' i.e. Ma bonne gent.' 13122. Redrescer, ' correct ' by punishment, as we see by the last lines of the stanza. 13129. Sen. de Benef. vii. 25. 13173. je in'eti vols dessassentant, ' I disagree.' 13178. Prov. xxvii. 6. 13204. aze droit deviser, 'to speak aright ' : cp. 5031. 13264 fif. ' For, simply because she loves God, no adversity of present pain can harm her.' 13301. on balance, i.e. 'au balance.' 13302. Cp. 25607. 13309. This is Fulgentius, Bishop of Ruspa in the sixth century. The passage quoted is from Serin, iii. 6, ' Caritas igitur est omnium fons et origo bonorum, munimen egregium, via quae ducit ad caelum,' &c. He is cited also in 1. 13861, but there 1 cannot give the reference. 13333. Greg. Horn, in Ezech. vii. It is a commentary on Ezek. xl. 13361. Cp. Isid. Etyni. xvii. 7. -^t^, 'Lignum vero iucundi odoris est, nee a tinea unquam exterminatur.' 13435. The philosopher here may be supposed to be Socrates, of whom the Middle Ages knew next to nothing except as a patient husband : cp. 4168. 13441. Phil. iv. 5, ' Modestia vestra nota sit omnibus hominibus.' 1.3475 f. 'And yet she does not omit to punish according to right.' 13485. Cato, Distich, i. 3, ' Virtutem primam esse puta compescere linguam : Proximus iile deo est, qui scit ratione taccrc.' 13498 fiF. ' If anyone should take note of good and ill, he would often see experience of both ' : that is, of endurance leading to honour, and NOTES. Lines 12885-13953 427 of failure to endure leading to loss of honour. Perhaps we should read ' en prenderoit,' ' take note of it, of the good and the evil,' &c. 13503. cti la Jin: the MS. has 'en fin,' but a correction is required for the metre and ' en la fin ' is used elsewhere, e.g. 15299. 18528. 'who being spiritual renders good for evil,' &c. 13537. Aug. Episi. civ. 15, and other places. 13514. Dame Pacience : see note on 6733. 13550. a soy mesmes, ' for his own part,' i. e. speaking of himself. 13554. a ce que soie, ' in order that I might be.' 13578. Eph. iv. i5f. 13586. do7it sont tenant, ' from whom they hold,' in the feudal sense. 13606. Matt. v. 46. 13669. Sen. de Mor. 16, ' Quod tacitum esse velis, nemini dixeris. Si tibi ipsi non imperasti, quomodo ab aliis silentium speras ?' 13675. Petr. Alph. Z'/jY. Cler.'\\., 'Consilium absconditum quasi in carcere tuo est retrusum ; revelatura vero te in carcere suo tenet ligatum.' 13686. Ecclus. xiii. i. 13695. ' Pro amico occidi melius quam cum inimico vivere' : quoted as ' Socrates ' in Caec. Balbus, Niig. Phil. p. 25 (ed. VVoelfflin). 13713. Conf. Am. Prol. 109. 13717. Ecclus. vi. 15, 'Amico fideli nulla est comparatio, et non est digna ponderatio auri et argenti contra bonitatem fidei illius.' 13732. Ambr. de Spir. Sanct. ii. 154, ' Unde quidam interrogans' quid amicus esset. Alter, inquit, ego.' 13741. The reference no doubt is to 2 Tim. iii. 2, ' Erunt homines seipsos amantes,' &c. The explanation suggested by our author of the double word ' se-ipsos ' is that these men would love themselves with a double love, that due to God and that due to their neighbour. 13779. ' But it is a covetous bargain.' 13798. Conf. Am. Prol. 120 fif. 13805. I John iii. 14. 13853. Ps. cxxxiii. i. 13893. qtci descorde, ' whosoever may be at variance.' 13897. paciente, ' of Patience.' 13918. Cassiod. Var. xii. 13, ' Pietas siquidem principum totuiu custodit imperium' : cp. 1. 23059, and Conf. Am. vii. 3161*. 13921. The saying is thus quoted in the Liber Consolationis of Albertano : ' Omnium etenim se esse verum dominum comprobat, qui verum se servum pietatis demonstrat.' Cp. 1. 23055, and Conf. Am. vii. 3137. The story connected with it is told in the Legenda Aurea, ' De sancto Silvestro.' 13929. James ii. 13 : cp. Corif Am. vii. 3149*. 13947. ' But it is never less worthy in consequence of this.' The alteration to ' n'est meinz vailable' is not necessary, for 'ja' is some- times used for 'never' without the negative particle, e.g. 10856. 13953. I Tim. iv. 8, 'Pietas autem ad omnia utilis est.' The original of ' pietas ' is evae^eia. 428 MIROUR DE L'OMME 13964. dont elle est pure, ' of which she is wholly composed.' 14014. ' That I may not be bent by adversity,' the reflexive verb in a passive sense. 14017. Ps. xxxvi. 39, &c. 14026. For ' deinzeine ' see Skeat's Etymol. Diet, under ' denizen,' where it is pointed out that 'deinzein' was a term legally used 'to denote the trader within the privileges of the city franchise as opposed to " forein." ' Here ' la deinzeine ' is the inner part of man's nature, the soul, as opposed to that which is without (' forein ' ). 14042. Perhaps i Pet. i. 6, 7 : cp. Ecclus. ii. 5. 14105, The adjective ' regente ' seems to be used as a participle with ' et corps et alme ' as object, ' ruling both body and soul.' 14126. souleine. Genders of course are of no consequence in com- parison with rhymes. 14134. ly autre seculer, ' the secular priests also,' those mentioned above being regular. 14143. See note on 5266. 14155. Matt. xxiv. 46. 14163. Matt. xxvi. 41. The interpretation here put upon the latter part of the verse is curious, and not authorised by the Latin : ' Spiritus quidem promptus est, caro autem infirma.' 14172. ce que f aire doit, ' that which he ought to guard,' ' faire ' being used to supply the place of the verb, as so often : cp. 14133 f. 14197. celle de Peresce, i.e. the vice of indolence, cp. 253. 14209. Sen. Ep. Ixxiv. 13, ' magnanimitas, quae non potest eminere, nisi omnia velut minuta contempsit.' 14255. Apparently ' honnestete ' means here ' honourable deed.' 14262. par chivallerie, *in warfare': cp. 151 11. 14296. Sen. Ep. lix. 18, 'Quod non dedit fortuna, non eripit.' 14807. quelle part soit, for ' quelle part que soit,' ' wherever,' or ' on whichever side'; so 'combien' in 1. 14310 for 'combien que,' 'however much.' 14343. Perhaps Sen. Ep. Ixvii. 10, ' constantia, quae deici loco non potest et propositum nulla vi extorquente dimittit.' 14365. 1 Cor. ix. 24, ' omnes quidem currunt, sed unus accipit bravium.' 14392. Matt. x. 22. 14413. Cp. Prov. xxx. 8. There is nothing exactly like it in the bdok of Tobit. 14425. 2 Thess. iii. 10. 14434 i. cil qui serra, &c., 'if a man be industrious, it will avail him much.' 11437. Ps. cxxviii. 2. 14440. A proverb, meaning that God helps those who help themselves. 14443. I Kings xix. 14449. The reference is to a dramatic love-poem in Latin elegiac verse with the title Painphilus, or Paiiiphilus de Amore, which was NOTES. Lines 13964-14769 429 very popular in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Pamphilus (or Panphylus) is the name of the lover who sustains the chief part, but others besides Gower have supposed it to be also the name of the author. The line referred to here is, ' Prouidet et tribuit deus et labor omnia nobis,' (f. 6 v°). 1 quote from a copy of a rare fifteenth- century edition (without date or place, but supposed to have been printed about 1490 at Rome), in the Douce collection, Bodleian Library. It has the title 'Panphylus de amore,' and ends, 'Explicit amorem per tractus (i.e. pertractans) Panphyli codex.' The book is not without some merit of its own, though to a great extent it is an imitation of Ovid. It is quoted several times by Albertano of Brescia in his Liber Consolatioiiis, and was evidently regarded as a serious authority : see Chaucer's Tale of Melzbee, which is ultimately derived from the Liber Co/isoiationis. It is referred to also in the Fraiikeleins Tale, 381 f., ' Under his brest he bar it more secree Than ever did Pamphilus for Galathee.' 14462. ail labourer coviejit, ' it is necessary to labour.' 14466. 'Whoso wishes,' &c., i.e. 'if a man wishes': see note on 1244. 1447.3. dispense, ' deals favourably' : cp. 1. 1400. 14496. le menlx : see note on 2700. 14551. Matt. vi. 33. 14568. The alteration of ' contemplacioun ' to ' contempler,' used as a substantive as in 1. 10699, is the simplest way of restoring the metre : but cp. 31 16, and Bal. xxvii. i. 14581. Isid. Diff. ii. 153. 14619. Rom. xii. 3, ' Non plus sapere quam oportet sapere, sed sapere ad sobrietatem.' 1462.3. Bern. Ser/n. in Cofit. xxxvi. 4, ' Cibus siquidem indigestus . . . et corrumpit corpus et non nutrit. Ita et multa scientia ingesta stomacho animae,' &c. 14653. Bern. Semi, in Cant, xxxvi. 3, 'Sunt namque qui scire volunt eo fine tantum ut sciant, et turpis curiositas est. Et sunt qui scire volunt ut sciantur ipsi, et turpis vanitas est.' 14670. A reference to the story of St. Jerome being chastised in a dream by an angel because he studied the style of his writing over- much, and was becoming ' Ciceronianus ' rather than ' Christianus.' 14701. For the four bodily temperaments, cp. Conf. Am. vii. 393 ff. 14707. ' If I be tempered so as to be phlegmatic ' : cp. Bal. 1. 2, ' Ceo q'ainz fuist aspre, amour le tenipre suef.' 14725. This refers to the so-called ' Salvatio Romae,' the story of which is told (for example) in the Seve>i Sages. 14730. fesoit avant, 'he proceeded to make': cp. 17310, 18466, 20537. 14757. An absolute construction, ' with the sword of penitence in his hand.' 14769. en Hel devis,a.nsvitxQd by'Dont,"in the manner by which,' &c. 430 MIROUR DE L'OMME 14776. I do not understand this. ' Malgr^ le seen ' might perhaps mean ' in spite of itself,' as ' malgre soen ' is sometimes used, but how about ' de sa casselle ' ? 14797. I John iv. i. 14812. Ecclus. xxxii. 24. 14833. It is needless to say that Boethius gives no such directions. They are the usual questions of the priest in enjoining penance, ' Ouis, quid, ubi, per quos, quotiens, quomodo, quando ' : cp. Myrc's Instruc- tions for Parish Priests (E. E. T. S. 1868). The name of ' Boece ' perhaps crept in by accident in the place of some other, because the writer had in his mind the quotation given at 14899. 14854. qu'il est atteins, ' to which he has reached,' i. e. ' in which he is.' 14862. fo}-ain, here used in opposition to ' benoit,' 'sacred,' meaning that which is outside the consecrated limits. 14899. This is from Boethius, Cons. Phil. i. Pr. 4, ' Si operam medicantis expectas, oportet ut vulnus detegas tuum.' 14901. Siconinie la plaie, Sec. This seems to depend on ' descoverir,' ' how large and grievous the wound is.' 14982. y/alt, ' there is needed.' 14945 f. ' According to the exact measure of the delight taken in the sin.' I do not know the passage referred to. 14947. 'But as to the meditation which intercession for sin makes,' &c. 14951. Bern. Serm. de Div. xl. 5, ' Tertius gradus est dolor, sed et ipse trina legatione connexus,' &c. 149G1. o)n doubteroit, ' one ought to fear ' : see note on 1688. 14973. ' and has reflected with a tender heart.' This position of ' et ' is quite usual ; see note on 415. 15088. qant ot fait le tour, &c., 'when he had done the deed of denying his creator.' 15090. Matt. xxvi. 75. 15110. Job vii. I, ' Militia est vita hominis super terram.' Not the same in A. V. 15194. These are the opening words of the Institutions of Justinian : ' lustitia est constans et perpetua voluntas ius suum cuique tribucns.' 15205. The sense of this might easily be got from Plato, but of course the citation is not at first hand. 15217. Civile is no doubt 'la loy civile,' referred to in 14138, 15194, &c. We find 'Civile' as here in 1. 16092 in a connexion which leaves no doubt of its meaning, and again 22266. Civile, it will be remembered, is a personage in Piers P/o'wi?ian. 15227. Cp. Trait, xviii. 3, ' Deinz son recoi la conscience exponde.' 15241. Aug. de Mus. vi. 37, ' Haec igitur affectio animae vei motus, quo intcUigit aeterna, et his infcriora esse temporalia, . . . et haec appetenda potius quae superiora sunt, quam ilia quae inferiora esse nouit, nonne tibi prudentia videtur ? ' NOTES. Lines 14776-15593 431 15253. Cp. Conf. Am. i. 463 ff. 15260. Matt. x. 16. 15266 fF. The use of the future in these lines is analogous to that noticed in the note on 1 184, ' We must extend,' &c. 15326. cil Justice, ' those judges.' 15336. en Galice : a reference to the shrine of St. James at Com- postella and the rich offerings made there. 15337. This might be a reference to Aristotle, Eih. Nic. v. 3, but of course it is not taken at first hand. 15371. ' Even though he should have to pay double the (usual) price,' i. e. for the food that he gave to the poor in time of dearth. 15383 f. ' He will not neglect by such payment to keep his neighbour from ruin.' 15396. tant du bienfait, ' so many benefits,' ' du ' as usual for ' de.' 15445. Tobit iv. 7. 15448. Prov. iii. 9. 15459. I Kings xvii. 15463. ' As Elisha prophesied ' : but it is in fact Elijah, not Elisha, of whom the story is told. 15470. Tobit xii. 12 ff. 15475. Acts X. 15486. Luke xxi. 2. 15500. du quoy doner. Here ' du quoy ' is used like the modern *de quoi,' and so elsewhere, e.g. 15819, and 'quoy' 15940; but sometimes we have 'du quoy dont,' e. g. 3339, where it seems to pass from an interrog. pron. into a substantive, and ' quoy ' is used simply as a substantive in some passages, e.g. 1781, 12204, meaning ' thing' : cp. the use of what ' in English, Conf. Am. i. 1676. 15505. See note on 1. 7640. The reference here is to Godfrey of Winchester, Ep. clxiv, ' Si donas tristis, et dona et praemia perdis.' 15522. Prov. xxi. 13, 'Qui obturat aurem suam ad clamorem pauperis, et ipse clamabit et non exaudietur.' 15529. 2 Cor. ix. 7. 15533. Sen. de Ben. ii. i, 'nulla res carius constat, quam quae precibus empta est.' 15538 f. The logical sequence is somewhat inverted : it means, ' Hence a reluctant giver gets no reward, for his gift is bought at so high a price.' 15563. par sa ruine S'en vole means perhaps, ' he precipitated himself from his place and flew away.' 15566. Is. Ixvi. 1,2: but the quotation is not exact. 15578. Job xxvii. 8; but, as in the quotation above from Isaiah, something is added to make a special application. The original is only, ' Quae est enim spes hypocritae, si avare rapiat ? ' with no mention of almsgiving. 15593. Jer. xii. 13, but again the quotation has its special application given by our author. The original is ' Seminaverunt triticum et 432 MIROUR DE L'OMME spinas messuerunt : . . . confundemini a fructibus vestris propter iram furoris Domini.' 15613. Ecclus. iii. 33. 15627. Matt. xxv. 14 fF. For the word ' besant ' in this connexion cp. Co7if. Am. V. 1930. 15650. Ecclus. xiv. 13 ff. 15662. Prov. xix. 17. 15665. Matt. xxv. 40, compared with x. 42. 15674. Tobit xii. 8. 15680. Ps. xli. I. 15691. Is. Iviii. 7 fif. 15711. Dan. \\. 24, 'peccata tua eleemosynis redime, et iniquitates tuas misericordiis pauperum.' 15756. ' is for a rich man to turn to poverty.' 15757. This story will be found in any Life of St. Nicholas. 15776. Prov. xxi. 14. 15788. Ecclus. xx. 32 f. 15793 flf. ' This, in short, is a great charity, — he who has more know- ledge or power, when he sees his neighbour in distress from a burden too heavy for him, ought to give him aid, and speedily,' &c. 15801. Galat. vi. 2. 15808. Acts iii. 6. 15817. du petit poy: cp. Bal. xxviii, ' Om voit sovent de petit poi doner.' 15821. lee: a form (properly fem.) of Met,' from Lat. 'latus,' equi- valent to 'large,' 15824, to be distinguished from 'liet,"lee,' from 'laetus.' 15822. allegger, ' allege as an excuse ' (allegare) ; to be distinguished from ' allegger,' ' alleviate.' 15867. Matt. xix. 29. 15941. suf tiele ge7it et toy: apparently for ' sur toy et tiele gent,' ' on thyself and on such people as thou shalt see most worthy of thy liberality.' 15949. See note on 7640. The reference here is to Godfrey of Winchester, Ep. ex., *Ne noceas tibi, sic aliis prodesse memento.' 15954. Cic. de Off. i. 43, 'Videndum est igitur ut ea liberalitate utamur, quae prosit amicis, nemini noceat,' (See. 15963. ' Attemprance ' however is already in the retinue of Justice, see 15232, and 'Discrecioun,' who is the third daughter of Humility, 1 1 562, and therefore herself the mistress of a household, is also in the employ of Abstinence, 16323. 15985. Ps. XX. 4 {Vulg. xix. 5), 'Tribuat tibi secundum cor tuum,' the meaning of which is not what our author supposes. 15997. Cic. de Off. i. 21, 'Sunt autem privata nulla natura . . . naturam debemus ducem sequi, communes utilitates in medium afferrc,' (S:c. 16011. Matt. xiv. 15 ff. NOTES. Lines 15613-16539 433 16022. Matt. xxii. 21. 16025. Gen. xxviii. 22. 16026. ainqois, often used, as here, for 'but.' 16045. Ecclus. xli. 15, but the special application is by our author. 16060. Prov. xxii. i. 16073. The cry of heralds was ' Largesce ! ' addressed to the knights whose prowess they recorded. Here the poor with their cry of ' Largesce ! ' are the heralds by whom the praise of the liberal man is brought before the throne of God. 16092. ' By breach of Canon law or Civil.' 16100. Cp. Co77f. Am. Prol. 207 fif., where the 'letters' are also mentioned. 16138. The MS. has ' Sa viele loy,' which can hardly stand. 16181. de celles s'esvertiie, 'strives after these,' that is the offspring of ' Franchise ' : cp. 16237. 16192. comblera'. fut. for subj. in dependent command, as 416, 1 1 84, &c. 16203 ff. This passage seems to need some emendation. Perhaps we might read ' est ' for ' a' in 1. 16203, and ' Les' for ' Des ' in 16206, setting a colon after ' trahi.' But I have no confidence that this is what the author intended. 16231. poia- temptacioioi., perhaps ' because of temptation,' i. e. to avoid it. 16285. Quiconque, 'He whom.' 16288. asselne, 'approaches,' i. e. drinks. 16303. des tieus del ices savourer, 'from tasting such delicacies': cp. 5492, ' des perils ymaginer ' and often elsewhere. 16327. iotife voie, nevertheless, like the modern ' toutefois.' 16338. paretitre det/r, 'between two things ' : cp. 11 78, Bal. xxvii. 4, &c. In the Table of Contents 'parentre deux' seems to be for 'parentre d'eux,' and so it might be in some other places, e. g. Trait. XV. 2, as ' entre d'eux ' in Mir. 874 ; but this is not the case in 1 178, nor probably in the other passages where it occurs. 16347. Greg. Reg. Past. iii. 19, ' Non enim Deo sed sibi quisque ieiunat, si ea quae ventri ad tempus subtrahit non egenis tribuit, sed ventri postmodum offerenda custodit.' 16360. Isid. Seftt. ii. 44. 8, ' Qui autem a cibis abstinent et prave agunt, daemones imitantur, quibus esca non est et nequitia semper est.' 16381. S071 pour qiipy, 'his purpose,' that is, the object of his life. 16425. Ecclus. xxxi. 35 ff. 16506. That is, he will not exceed his income. 16513. Luke xiv. 28. 16524. oiiltrage, 'extravagance,' of boasting or expense. 16532. Cp. 15499. 16535. au commun, 'for the common good' : cp. 14574. 16539. oritie: properly ' origin,' hence 'stock,' 'race,' ('de franche * Ff 434 MIROUR DE L'OMME orine,' 'ceux de ourine ou ancienete,' Godefr.). Here it is almost equivalent to 'offspring.' 16541. Qui bicn se cure, ' if a man takes good heed' : note on 1244. 16597 ffTcp. Conf. Am. i. 299 ff., ' For tho be proprely the gates, Thurgh whiche as to the herte algates Comth alle thing unto the feire, Which may the mannes Soule empeire.' The substance of the stanza is taken from Jerome adv. Jov. \\. 8, 'Perquinque sensus, quasi per quasdam fenestras, vitiorum ad animam introitus est. Non potest ante metropolis et arx mentis capi, nisi per portas eius irruerit hostilis exercitus.' 16600. jzJ^zr si fort esial, i.e. coming into so strong a position for fighting. 16605. ' The fortress of judgment in the heart.' 16633. 'Quae facere turpe est, haec ne dicere honestum puta : ' quoted as ' Socrates ' by Caec. Balbus, p. 18 : cp. 13695. 16646. s'en remort, 'feels sorrow for its offences.' 16670. Perhaps Ecclus. xx. 7. 16673. A similarly severe moral judgment is pronounced upon Ulysses in Trait, vi. 3 ; the story of the Sirens referred to below is repeatedly mentioned, e. g. 11. 9949, 10911, Bal. xxx. 2, Co7if. Am. i. 481 ff. In all these places the spelling ' Uluxes' is the same. 16700. nefist que sage : an elliptical form of expression common in old French, ' ne fist ce que sage feroit,' ' did not act as a wise man ' : see Burguy Gramm. ii. 168. 16701. For this cp. Conf. Am. v. 7468 ff. 16710. 'Tanque' here answers to 'tiele' in the same manner as * dont ' so often does. 16717. 1 do not know the passage. 16721. ruer luy font, 'cast it down,' the auxiliary use of 'faire': ' envers ' is an adjective, ' inversus.' 16725. pervers, used as a substantive, ' a pervert.' 16729. Not Isaiah, but Jer. ix. 21. 16740. ' which cannot be extinguished.' 16741. Job xxxi. i, ' Pepigi foedus cum oculis meis ut ne cogitarem quidem de virgine.' 16753. Ps. cxix. 37. 16756. Matt. vi. 22. 16768. Perhaps we should read ' soul ove sole.' 16769. 2 Sam. xiii. This example is quoted also in Co?f. Am. viii. 213 ((. 16797. For the opposite effect produced by love of a higher kind see Bal.\. I, .... ' De I'averous il fait franc et loial, Et de vilein courtois ct liberal.' NOTES. Lines 16541-17074 435 16817. I Cor. vi. iS. 16875. Bern. Super '■Missus esf Horn. i. 5, 'Pulchra permistio virginitatis et humilitatis.' 16880. meist: this must be pret. subj. used for conditional, as in 16883. 16890. enterine, 'perfect,' notwithstanding her motherhood. 16906. clamour, standing for an adjective, 'loudly expressed.' 16909. serront, 'should be,' i. e. ought to be, see note on 11 84. 16919. ' If he have nothing wherewith to give support to his hand' : cp. 1 3 102, where the verb is transitive. 16924. suppoer. This need not be altered to ' supponer,' but may be the same as the French 'soupoier ' 'to support,' cp. Lydgate's ' sopou- aille' or ' sowpowaylle,' in the Tale of Troy: see MS. Digby 232, f. 29, 1. 79. (The printed editions do not give it.) 16931. ' So that she allows not her flower to be found elsewhere and seized.' 16952. Eccles. iv. 10. 16955. N'est autre . . . liiy piiet: relative omitted, ' there is no other can help him.' This use of 'pour' is rather remarkable. 16957. Gen. xxxiv. i, 2. 16974. La dist : cp. 13268. Sometimes Me ' is used as indirect object fern, as well as masc. ; see Glossary. 16980. quoi signefie, ' what the meaning is,' that is, what the discourse means. 16987. ' whether in grief or in joy.' 16990. Cp. Bal. xxv. ' Car qui bien aime ses amours tard oblie.' 17000. Matt. xxv. i ff. 17010. bealte s&^ms here to be counted as three syllables. Regularly it is a dissyllable, as 18330, Bal. iv. 2. 17019. virginal endroit, 'condition of virginity.' 17020. ' Candor vestium sempiternus virginitatis est puritas.' 17030. Jerome, Coituii. Ezech. xiv. 46, * Unde et virginitas maior est nuptiis, quia non exigitur , . . sed offertur.' 17041. q''ovi doit nommer, ' whom one may mention ' ; for the use of ' devoir ' see note on 1 193. Just below we have ' doit tesmoigner,' which seems to mean ' may be a witness.' 17044. Rev. xiv. 1-4. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 6389. 17064. endie : perhaps this should be separated, 'en die,' but 'endire' seems to be used in several passages ; see Glossary. 17067. Cp. Conf. Ani.v. 6395* ff. Gregory says (i. Reg. Expos, v. 3) ' incomparabili gratia Spiritus sancti efficitur, ut a manentibus in came carnis corruptio nesciatur.' But the quotation here and in the Co?tf. Am. seems to be not really from Gregory, but from Guibert or Gilbert (Migne Patrol, vol. clvi.), who says of virginity ' adeo excellit ut in came praeter carnem vivere ut vere angelica dicta sit,' Mor. in Gen. V. 17 ; unless indeed he is quoting from Gregory. For Gilbert see 171 13. 17074. Gen. i. 27. F f 2 436 MIROUR DE L'OMME 17089. Cp. Trait, xvi. and Conf. Am. v. 6395 fif. The text of the Cotifessto Amantis makes Valentinian's age 'an hundred wynter,' but the Latin margin both there and in the Traitie calls him ' octogenarius.' 17108. Num. xxxi. 17 f. 17113. This is the Gilbert mentioned in the note on 1. 17067. He was abbot of S. Marie de Nogent in the early part of the twelfth century. His ' sermoun ' is the Opusciihan de Virgiiiitatc, to which this is a rather general reference. 17119. Jerome adv. Jovin. i. 41. 17122. See note on 5179. 17125. Cyprian, Tract, ii. ' Flos est ille ecclesiastici germinis, decus atque ornamentum gratiae spiritualis.' 17149 ff. Cp. Trait, iii. 2. 17166. Soubz eel habit, &c., cp. Trait, v. 2. 17200. Gen. ii. 18. 17208. aconipaigner, ' take as a companion.' 17223. 1 Cor. vH. 9. 17228. ' which cause us to take matrimony upon us.' 17238 ff. Cp. Trait, iv. 17268. ' I call in the world as my witness to this.' 17293. ' If a man thus takes a wife' : cp. 1244, &c. 17308. Cp. Trait, v. 17310. jure avattt, ' proceeds to swear ' : cp. 14730. 17336. Compare the popular lines, 'When Adam dalf and Eve span, Who was then the gentleman ? ' Much the same argument as we have here is to be found in Conf. Am. iv. 2204 ff. 17366. ' the ladies are not of that mind.' 17374. ai/i<^oisdemein, 'before the morrow ' ; 'angois' as a preposition. 17417. Tobit iii. 8, and vi. 13, 14, but nothing is said distinctly of the reason here assigned. It may bethought that it is implied in Tobit viii. 9. The idea is fully developed in the Conjessio Aiuantis, where the whole story is told with this motive and in connexion with the same argument about chastity in the state of marriage. See Conf. Am. vii. 5307-5381. 17450. regent, used here as a present participle. 17469. Nanian: more correctly ' Aman ' in 11075. 17472. retient, ' saved ' : it seems to be a preterite, cp. 8585, 9816, &c. 17484. volt avoir tnalbailly : so 'volt avoir confondu' below; perhaps a translation of the English ' would have illtreated ' &c. 17497. fait bien a loer : see note on 1883. 17498. ' it is good to marry the good ' : ' du ' for ' de.' 17500. Ecclus. vii. 21. 17532. ' to be companions by Holy Church,' that is by ordinance of Holy Church. 17593. Ecclus. ix. 2, .xxv. 30. NOTES. Lines 17089-18004 437 17608. 2 Sam. vi. 17616. puis tout jour, ' ever after.' 17630. ou, for 'au,' see Glossary. 17641. Cat. Distich, i. 8, ' Nil temere uxori de seruis crede querent!, Semper enim mulier quem coniux diligit odit.' 17689. e7-t : future in imperative sense, * shall be ' ; so in the lines that follow. 17702. An7te, called ' Edna' in the A. V. 17705. Tobit x. 12. The Authorised English version has but one of the five points, and that in a somewhat different form from our author's : ' Honour thy father and thy mother in law, which are no\v thy parents, that I may hear good report of thee.' The Vulgate reading is, ' Monentes earn honorare soceros, diligere maritum, regere familiam, gubernare domum, et seipsam irreprehensibilem exhibere.' 17714 fif. estrive . . . quiert . . . labourt : apparently present indicative, stating what the good wife does. 17743. ' For if a woman' &c. The construction is confused, cp. 89. 17776. n'ait homme tant pecche, 'however much a man may have sinned.' 17785. Ez. xxxiii. 14 ff. 17801. Cz7, i.e. 'the latter,' as the following lines show. 17827. The widow's marriage : cp. 9170 and note. 17845. I Tim. v. 3-6. 17864. le vou Marie : see 27734 ff- 17874. Ps. Ixxvi. 11 ( F/z/o-. ixxv. 12), 'Vovete et reddite Domino Deo vestro.' 17876. 'that purpose has Httle merit, which' &c.: 'decert' for ' desert,' from ' deservir,' so also the substantive ' decerte ' for ' deserte.' 17882. sanz en faire glose, 'without need of comment.' 17904. Nevertheless according to 17302 ff. he is bound to do so. 17935 ff. Cp. Trait, ii. i, ' Des bones almes I'un fait le ciel preignant, Et I'autre emplist la terre de labour.' The original of it is perhaps Jerome adv.Jovin. \. 16, 'Nuptiae terram replent, virginitas paradisum.' Much the same thing is said by Augustine and by others. 1794.5. Jerome, Ep. xxii. 20, ' Laudo nuptias, laudo coniugium, sed quia mihi virgines generant : lego de spinis rosam.' 17948. I Cor. vii. 9. 17952. 'as the highest teaching.' 17996. trestout ardant belongs of course to ' fornaise ' in the next line. These inversions are characteristic of the author's style : cp. 15941. 18004. Bern, de Ord. Vit. ii. 4, ' Et ne incentivis naturalibus super- entur, necesse est ut lasciviens caro eorum crebris frangatur ieiuniis.' De Convers. 21, ' Quidni periclitetur castitas in deliciis.' 438 MIROUR DE L'OMME 18018. chalt pas, 'at once.' 18025. Ambr. Hex. vi. 4. 28, ' leluni hominis sputum si serpens gustaverit, moritur. Vides quanta vis ieiunii sit, ut et sputo suo homo terrenum serpentem interficiat, et merito spiritalem.' 18067. q'est cFaspre vie, ' which belongs to hard hfe.' 18097. Matt. xiii. 18154. ' And then performs the circumstance of it,' that is the deeds suggested by it. 18159 ff. With this passage on the power of the divine word compare that on the power of the human word in Conf. Am. vii. I545ff- 18172. John xv. 3. 18292. Ps. cxxvi. {Vulg. cxxv.) 6, 'Euntes ibant et flebant, mittentes semina sua. Venientes autem venient cum exsultatione, portantes manipulos suos.' 18301. Val. Max. iv. 5. The story is also given in the Confessio Amantis v. 6372 ff. with a slight variation in the details, and it is alluded to in Vox Clam. vi. 1323. It is to be noted that the same corruption of the original name Spurina, into ' Phirinus,' is found in all three. The lines corresponding to 18301 f. are Coitf. Am. v. 6359 f., ' Of Rome among the gestes olde I finde hou that Valerie tolde ' &c. 18303. Oty ' there was,' for 'y ot.' 18317. donf, ' because of which.' 18324. Ce//e a/me, 'the soul' : see note on 301. 18329. Dont answering to 'ensi,' in consecutive sense, as often. 18348. gan^ s'esianoie, ' in his glory ' ; lit. ' when he diverts himself.' 18371. 'What can I say more except that God honours thee ? ' 18420. Lescoles, for ' les escoles,' ' li ' (or ' le ') being used for ' les ' : see Glossary ' ly,' ' le.' 18421. The part of the work which begins here runs parallel with a large portion of the Vox Clamantis, viz. Books iii.-vi. inclusive. 18445. The assertion that he is merely giving voice to public opinion is more than once repeated by our author in his several works, e.g. Conf. Am. Prol. 122 ff. 18451. Simon Magus is the representative of spiritual corruption, called 'simony.' His name is similarly used in our author's other Avorks, e.g. Conf. Am. Prol. 204, 439, and often in the Vox Clamantis. With the argument here compare Vox Clam. iii. ch. 4, where nearly the same line is followed. 18462. detcx pointz, 'two points,' instead of one: 'ou . . . ou,' ' whether . . . or.' 18466. ' Or if not so, then proceed to tell me ' &c. For ' avant ' cp. 14730. 18469. ' I cannot believe.' NOTES. Lines 18018-18761 439 18505. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. 265 ff., ' In quanto volucres petit auceps carpere plures, Vult tanto laqueos amplificare suos ' : &c. Here the speech is put into the mouth of a member of the Roman court, for which cp. Vox Clam. iii. 817 ff., where a similarly cynical avowal is put into the mouth of the Pope. 18539. perchera. I am disposed to take this as a future of 'percevoir,' in the sense ' receive,' ' collect,' (' parcevoir rentes' Godefr.). Roquefort (Suppl.) gives ' perchoir ' as a possible form of the word. 18542. serrons, from ' serrer.' 18553. Cp. Vox Clatn. iii. 141, ' Clauiger ethereus Petrus extitit, isteque poscit Claues thesauri regis habere sibi.' 18556. Cp. Conf. Am. Prol. 206 ff., where the parallel is very close. 18580. The allusion is to the cross upon the reverse of the English gold coinage of Edward Ill's time, as also on that of some other countries and perhaps on the pound sterling, see 25270. 18584. cil Inassier, ' the doorkeepers.' 18589. This form of sentence is characteristic of our author : cp, Bal. xviii. 2, ' Tiel esperver crieis unqes ne fu, Oe jeo ne crie plus en ma maniere.' Also Bal. vii. 4, xxx. 2, Conf. Atn. i. 718 and frequently in the Vox Clamantis, e. g. i. 499 ff. 18631. Referring to the payments made by Jews and prostitutes at Rome for liberty to live and exercise their professions. 18637. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. 283 ff. and Conf. Am. ii. 3486 ff. 18649. John xiv. 27. The discourse however is not to St. Peter alone, cp. 18733. 18663. des bonties almes refettir, for ' de retenir les bonnes almes,' ' in keeping guard over souls ' : cp. 5492, &c. For the substance of the passage cp. Vox Clam. iii. 344, 'Hie animas, alius querit auarus opes,' where ' Hie' is St. Peter and 'alius' the modern Pope. 18672. 'As long as physic may avail' to save us from it. 18673. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. 343 ff. and Conf. Am. Prol. 212 ff. In the latter we have a pretty literal translation of 1. 18675, ' Of armes and of brigantaille,' which seems to mean ' of regular or irregular troops.' 19>12\. faisons qtte sage : cp. 16700. 18733. Matt, xxiii. 8-10. 18737. Rev. xix. 10. Precisely the same application of this passage is made in Vox Clam. iii. 957 ff. 18761 f. 'that he distinguished his cardinals by their red hats.' 440 MIROUR DE L'OMME 18779. With this stanza cp. Vox Clam. iii. ii fif. 18783. Innocent. This must be taken to be a reference to the Pope generally and not pressed as an evidence of date. Innocent VI, the only pope of this name in the fourteenth century, died in 1362, whereas we see from 18829 fT. that this work was not completed until after the schism of the year 1378. 18793 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. 1247 flf., ' Antecristus aget que sunt contraria Cristo, Mores subuertens et viciosa fouens : Nescio si forte mundo iam venerat iste, Eius enim video plurima signa modo.' 18797. 'What think you of whether such an one has yet come? Yes, for truly pride now rises above humility' &c. That this is the meaning is clear from the above-quoted passage of the Vox Clamantis. I assume that the author is now speaking in his own person again, notwithstanding ' nostre court ' below, which occurs also in other places, e.g. 18873. 18805. Vox Clam. iii. 1 271, ' In cathedram Moysi nunc ascendunt Pharisei, Et scribe scribunt dogma, nee illud agunt ' and Co7iJ. Am. Prol. 304 ff., ' And thus for pompe and for beyete The Scribe and ek the Pharisee Of Mo'ises upon the See In the chaiere on hyh ben set.' 18829 ff. A reference to the schism of the papacy, which must have taken place during the composition of this work : see Introduction p. xlii. 18840 (R). solonc ce que Ven vaii parlani : cp. 19057 ff. and such expressions as ' secundum commune dictum ' in the headings of the chapters of the Vox Clamantis, e. g. iii. ch. 15. 18848. Maisque, apparently here the same as * mais.' 18876. verra : fut. of ' venir' instead of the usual ' vendra.' Burguy (i. 397) does not admit the form for the Norman dialect, but it was used in Picardy. Usually 'verrai' is the future of 'veoir,' e.g. 19919, as in modern French. 18889 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. 1341 ff., ' Cuius honor, sit onus ; qui lucris participare Vult, sic de dampnis participaret eis : Sic iubet equa fides, sic lex decreuit ad omnes. Set modo qui curant ipsa statuta negant.' 18925. 2 Kings v. 18997. The story is alluded to in much the same connexion Vox Clam. iii. 249, ' Alcius ecce Simon temptat renouare volatum.' 19031. s'il sa garde pance, &c., 'if he neglects his belly-armour of NOTES. Lines 18779-19949 441 antidote ' : ' garde pance ' is to be taken as practically one word, though not written so in the MS. The idea is that the Pope has to take the precaution of an antidote against poison with all his meals. 19044. 'as a chicken does the hen,' i.e. 'follows the hen' ; a good instance of the use of ' faire ' often noted before. 19057 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. Prol. 11 ff., *A me non ipso loquor hec, set que michi plebis Vox dedit, et sortem plangit vbique malam ; Vt loquitur vulgus loquor,' &c. There, as here, the excuse is prefatory to an attack on Church dignitaries. 19113. pejsuacioim : five syllables in the metre. 19117. The application of this reference, which is here lost, may be supplied from Vox Clam. iii. Ii45fif., where the instance is quoted, as here, in condemnation of the laxity of bishops. 19315. The leaf which is here lost contained the full number of 192 lines without any rubric, as we may see by the point at which the present stanza begins. The author is still on the subject of bishops. 19833 ff. With the substance of this and the following stanza cp. Conf. Am. Pro!. 449 ff. 19345. An unfavourable view of the bee is generally taken by our author : cp. 5437 ff. 19372 f. 'The wanton prelate, who is bound to God, separates' himself grievously from him by reason of the sting ' : ' q'a dieu se joynt ' seems only meant to express the fact that by his office he is near to God. 19377. Referring to some such passage as Gal. v. 16 f. 19380. ' would be in better case if they had no sting.' 19407. Cp. Chaucer, Persones Tale, 618 (Skeat) : 'And ofte tyme swich cursinge wrongfully retorneth agayn to him that curseth, as a brid that retorneth agayn to his owene nest.' 19411. Du quelle part, 'in whatever direction.' 19457. S'e7ifuit: apparently used in the same sense as 'fuit,' with ' sainte oreisoun ' as direct object. 19501 f Evidently a play upon the words ' phesant,' 'faisant,' and ' vin,' ' divin,' as afterwards ' coupe,' ' culpe.' 19505 f. 'Rather than to correct and attend to the fault of the Christian man.' This use of ' pour ' has been noticed before, 6328, &c. 19891. The two leaves which are lost contained the full number of 384 lines, and we are still on the subject of bishops. 19897. Not .Solinus, so far as I know. 19907. 1 Tim. iii. i. 19941. la divine creature, ' God's creature.' 19945. I Sam. xii. I9ff. 19948. ' was not disturbed in his charity.' 19949. ne place a dieu, &c., ' God forbid that I should not pray for you.' 442 MIROUR DE L'OMME 19957. Jer. ix. i, ' Quis dabit capiti meo aquam, et oculis meis fontem lacrymarum ? ' &c. 19968. Presumably we should read either 'du prelat ' or ' des prelatz.' 19971. Possibly Is. Ixiii. 3, 5, but it is not an exact quotation. 19972 f. * He looked, but there was none of the people who regarded, or who sighed for his sufferings.' 19981. Val. Max. v. 6, but he does not give the name of the enemy against whom the war was made, therefore the story is perhaps not taken directly from him. The story is in Conf. A>ii. vii. 3181 ft"., beginning, ' for this Valeire tolde, And seide hou that be daies olde Codrus,' &c. 19984. ceaux {TOrense: in the Conf. Am. 'ayein Dorrence.' The war is said by some authorities to have been ' in Dorienses,' and this is no doubt what is meant, but there is evidently a discrepancy here between the Miroiir and the Cimfessio Ainaiitis with regard to the name. The MS. reading here is of course 'dorense.' 19995. proprement, 'for his own part,' i.e. 'himself.' 19996. ' or suffer his people to be killed.' 20014. mais pour chei-ii-, 'except for taking care of.' 20016. Judas is the type of those who fall by transgression from their bishoprics. 20019. Luke x. 30 fif. The 'deacon' here stands for the Levite of the parable. 20035. Zech. x. 3, 'Super pastores iratus est furor meus, et super hircos visitabo.' 20042. Perhaps Is. xxix. 15. 20053. This must be a reference to Matt, xxiii. 13, attributed by mistake to Isaiah. 20065 ff". This is also in Conf. Am. v. i gooff, with a reference to Gregory's Homilies, and referred to more shortly in Vox Clam. iii. 903 ii. 20109. de celle extente, ' to that extent.' This seems practically to be the meaning ; that is, so far forth as the purse extends. 20120. la coronne : evidently this indicates the tonsured priest, whose circle of unshorn hair was supposed to represent the crown of thorns. As to the following lines, we must take them to mean ' if you read the sequence of the Gospel you will know who is meant,' the relative being used in the same way as in 1244, &c. 20123. son incest: see note on 9085. 20126 f. ' offices fall to the lot of different persons at different times.' 20140. ' There is no one by whom they may be corrected.' 20153 ff. 'There are those who farm out prostitution as if it were property of land and tillage.* NOTES. Lines 19957-20355 443 20161. This stanza is very closely parallel with Cotif. Am. PfoL 407-413, ' And upon this also men sein, That fro the leese which is plein Into the breres thei forcacche Here Orf, for that thei wolden lacche, With such duresce and so bereve That schal upon the thornes leve Of wulle, which the brere hath tore.' Cp. also Vox Clam. iii. 195 f. 20178. Pour dire &c., to be connected with 'ce ne te puet excuser': * it cannot excuse you to say ' &c., ' pour ' standing for ' de,' as often. 20195. ma boiirce est net : this looks like a personal use of ' estovoir,' but presumably ' ma bource ' is a kind of object, ' it is necessary for my purse,' as in phrases like ' m'estuet.' 20197 fif. Cp. Chaucer, C. T. Prol. 658, ' Purs is the erchedeknes helle.' 20200. ' It is of a piece with this, that he uses no other virtue to correct me, provided that I give him my substance.' 20225 ff. The substance of this is repeated in Vox Clam. iii. 1403 ff. 20244. eiitribole : we might equally well read ' en tribole,' ' disturbs by it.' 20247 fif. To this corresponds Vox Clam. iii. 1351 ff- 20250. pieist, properly pret. subjunctive. 20287 ff. Cp. Vox Clam a fills, iii. 1375 ff., ' Littera dum Regis papales supplicat aures, Simon et est medius, vngat vt ipse manus,' &c. 20294. s'absentont. Note the rhyme on the weak final syllable, so below 'esperont': the irregularity is perhaps due to the similarity in appearance of the future form, e. g. ' avanceront,' ' responderont.' 20305 ff. With this compare Vox Clam. iii. 1487 ff. 20308. easera : fut. for pres. subj. expressing purpose : cp. 364. 20813. Cp. VoxCla7>i. iii. isogff., ' Stat sibi missa breuis, devocio longaque campis, Quo sibi cantores deputat esse canes : Sic lepus et vulpes sunt quos magis ipse requirit ; Dum sonat ore deum stat sibi mente lepus.' 20318. ava?il, to be taken here perhaps as strengthening ' Plus ' : but see note on 20537. 20344 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iii. 1 549-1 552. 20.355. Cp. Vox Clam. n\. I5i9ff, ' Dum videt ipse senem sponsum sponsam iuuenemque, Tales sub cura visitat ipse sua ; Suplet ibi rector regimen sponsi, que decore Persoluit sponse debita iura sue.' 444 MIROUR DE L'OMME 20401. Matt. XV. 14. 20425 ff. Note the loose usage of the conditional in this stanza for future, pres. subj., and in the sense noticed on 1. 1688. 20441. au primer divis, 'firstly' ; so ' au droit devis,' 'rightly.' 20449. Cp. Greg. Ep. vi. 57 (end). 20462. Probably Hos. v. 4-7. 20488. s'elle, &c., ' as to whether she,' &c. 20492. Perhaps Prov. vi. 27 ff. 20497 ff. The meaning of the word ' annueler ' which occurs in the heading of the section is sufificiently explained in these lines. The corresponding passage in the Vox Clamantis is iii. 1555 ff. 20527. Vox ClajH. iii. 1559, ' Plus quam tres dudum nunc exigit unus habendum.' 20528. 1/iais, for 'maisque,' 'provided that.' 20537. avant : used often with no particular meaning, cp. 20318. Here we may take it with ' dirrons,' ' what shall we go on to say then,' secundum com- mune dictum d(e fra)tribus scripta pa(tent), transgressos simp- (liciter) et non alios mater(ia> tangit : vnde h(ii) qui in ordine transgressi sunt ad (viam) reuertentes prius(quam) in foueam cada(nt) hac eminente (scrip)tura cercius pre(mu)niantur.' 21301. Flaterie professe, i.e. Flattery the friar. 21B25 ff. This stanza is nearly a repetition of 11. 9145-91 56. 21369. In 0!\?MC&x,Soinptioiirs Tale,\\\& sack is carried by a 'sturdy harlot,' who accompanied the two friars. At the present day the Capuchin in his begging expeditions often goes alone and carries his own sack. 21373 ff. Observe how clearly this agrees in substance with Chaucer's humorous description in the Sonipnours Tale. 21376. ' If the woman has little or nothing to give,' like the widow in Chaucer's Prologue, ' Yet wolde he have a ferthing or he wente.' 21377. meins is rather confusedly put in with *ne s'en abstient.' The writer meant to say 'none the less does he demand,' &;c. 21382. Matt, xxiii. 14. 21399. The quotation is actually from Hos. iv. 8. In Vox Clam. iv. 767, the same quotation is given in the same connexion and attributed rightly to Hosea. 21403. Cp. Vox Clam. iv. 1141 ff. The passage of th& Plow7nans Crede relating to this subject is well known. 21449. An allusion to the story current about the death of the Emperor Henry VII in the year 13 13. 2145.5. sHl volt lesser, &c., ' if you ask whether he will spare us.' &c. 21469 ff. Chaucer, C. T. Prol. 218 ff., * For he hadde power of confessioun. As seyde himself, more than a curat.' The confessor would claim the right of burial, if it were worth having : cp. Vox Clam. iv. 735 ff., ' Mortua namque sibi, quibus hie confessor adhesit, Corpora, si fuerint digna, sepulta petit ; Sed si corpus inops fuerit, nil vendicat ipse,' &c. NOTES. Lines 21266-21754 447 21477. For baptism there would be no fee : so Vox Clam. iv. 739 f., ' Baptizare fidem nolunt, quia res sine lucro Non erit in manibus culta vel acta suis.' 21481. Matt. vi. 25. 21499 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iv. 815, ' Appetit ipse scolis nomen sibi ferre magistri, Quern post exemptum regula nulla ligat : Solus habet cameram, propriat commune, que nullum Tunc sibi claustralem computat esse parem.' 21517. Cp. Vox Clam. iv. 971 ff. 21536. acomparas: for this form of future cp. ' compara ' 26578, ' dura ' 3909, &c. 21544. Cp. Vox Clam. iv. 981 ff. 21562. Vox Clain. iv. 991 f., ' Set vetus vsus abest, nam circumvencio facta Nunc trahit infantes, qui nichil inde sciunt.' 21580. Rom. xvi. 17, 18. 21604. Ps. Ixxxiii. ( Vulg. Ixxxii.) 6, 7. 21607. Brev. in Psalm. Ixxxii. 6 ; but our author has not quite understood the explanation. 21610. ou pitz, i.e. ' au pitz,' ' in the breast.' 21625 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. iv. 787 f., 'Nomine sunt plures, pauci tamen ordine fratres ; Vt dicunt aliqui, Pseudo prophetat ibi.' It seems that the word ' pseudopropheta ' used Rev. xix. 20 and else- where was read ' pseudo propheta,' and ' pseudo ' taken as a proper name. At the same time this was combined with the idea of the wolf in sheep's clothing suggested by Matt. vii. 15, 'Attendite a falsis prophetis,' &c. 21637. ' The Pseudos whom men call friars.' 21641. ' Cannot fail to suffer for it ' : 'compere ' for ' compiere ' from ' comparer,' which is usually transitive, like ' acomparer ' 21536, mean- ing * to pay for.' 21647. The reference is to 2 Pet. ii. 1-3, where ' pseudoprophetae ' is the word used in the Vulgate. 21663 ff. The same argument as was before applied to the monks, 21061 ff. 21676. rCen puet chaloir: the meaning apparently is 'it cannot be doubted,' but I cannot clearly explain the phrase. 21739. The Apocalypse does not exactly say this, but it is apparently our author's interpretation of ch. viii. 10, 12, or some such passage. 21754. 'But, before it do trouble us worse, it were well,' &c., 'face ' being used as auxiliary with ' grever.' 448 MIROUR DE L'OMME 21769. m^en soit au travers, 'should be of the opposite opinion to me on the subject.' 21776. Mais &.c. : answering apparently to the conditional clause, ' s'aucun,' Sec. 21780. Encore . . . -plus., 'even more (than I have said).' 21979. One leaf with its full number of 192 lines has here been cut out. We find ourselves in the favourite story of Nebuchadnezzar's pride and punishment : cp. Conf. Am. i. 2785 ff., where it is told in full detail. Here it is one of a series of examples to illustrate the incon- stancy of Fortune to those at the head of empires. 22002. The sense seems to require a negative here and in 22004. 22004. de halt en bass, ' (bringing him) down from his height.' 22009. It is difficult to say what occasion precisely is referred to here. 22026. iiiella : ' Fortune' is the subject of the verb. 22033. With this review of the succession of empires compare Conf. Am. Pro I. 670 fif. 22081 fif. Cp. Vox Clam. ii. 93 ff. 22101. Vox Clam. ii.6i, ' ]Mobilis est tua rota nimis,'a nearly exact translation. 22125. mal partie, 'badly ordered.' 22158 fif. With these references to the former greatness and present decay of Rome cp. Cottf. Am. Prol. 834-848. 22159. emperere: apparently used here as a feminine form, but not so in 1 71 20. 22168. Troian: this form of the name is used also in Conf. Am. vii, 3144, and ' Troianus ' in Vox Clam. vi. 1273. The justice and humanity of Trajan were proverbial in the Middle Ages, owing chiefly to the legend about him connected with Gregory the Great. 22182. 'Well know I that this has not happened (for nought), but it is because of our wanton life.' 22191. deux chiefs, i.e. the Pope and the Emperor. 22192. 'The one is he who sets forth the will of holy Church,' i.e. the Pope. 22201. This stanza seems to be a reference to the helplessness of the Empire. 22273 fif. With these stanzas compare Vox Clam. vi. 589 fif., where there is the same reiterated personal address, ' O rex,' ' O bone rex,' &c., but the substance of the advice is there specially adapted to the age and circumstances of Richard II, whereas here it is general. 22292. par halte cfiprise, ' loftily' : cp. 1. 22077, and elsewhere. 22294. 'and forces him to confess his error': ' recreandise' is properly the admission that one is vanquished, or the fainthearted- ness which might lead to such an admission. 22.333. 2 Maccabees xi. 1-12. 22341. The number given is 11,000 footmen and 1600 horsemen. 22350. Lev. xxvi. 17. 22744. After the omission of 384 lines (two leaves cut out), we find NOTES. Lines 21769-23053 449 ourselves again in the story of Nebuchadnezzar : cp. Conf. Am. v. 7017 ff. Here it seems to be used as a warning against excess of drinking and other such vices, whereas there it is an example of sacrilege. For the form of sentence here, ' Mais cil q'estoit,' &c., cp. Conf. Am. v. 6925, vi. 2250, &c. 22765. 3 Esdras iii. f. The story is told at length in Conf. Am. vii. 178311., where the number of persons who give answers is three, the third giving two opinions, as in the original. Here no doubt the author is trusting to his memory. 22804. Ore, see note on 37. 22819. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 861 f. 22827 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 501 f., ' Propter peccatum regis populi perierunt, Ouicquid et econtra htera raro docet.' See also Cofif. Am. vii. 3925 ff. 22835. Vox Clam. vi. 498, ' Nam caput infirmum membra dolere facit.' 22843. 2 Sam. xxiv. 22866. fail blemir, ' injures.' 22874. The MS. has ' dix,' but the author evidently meant ' six.' 22883. au parlcr, ' so to say.' 22894. fait plus ne meinz, ' does just the same thing.' 22962. ' There is no one whom David will teach by his example,' i.e. who will follow David's example. 22965. That is, for the French the harping is out of tune, because they do not accept their rightful ruler. 22967. With this question cp. Conf Am. Prol. 1053 ff., ' Bot wolde god that now were on An other such as Arion,' &c. 22975 f. Apparently the meaning is ' And the sorrow that David felt for his sins is now changed.' 22981. si f7-etz que sage, see note on 16700. 22982. Perhaps Cic. de Off. i. 68, 'Non est autem consentaneum, qui metu non frangatur, eum frangi cupiditate.' 22984 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 807-810. 22995. Is. xxviii. i. 23006. 2 Sam. xvi. 5 ff. 23011. I Sam. xxiv. 23021. 2 Kings xix. The number of the slain is given in the Bible as 185,000. 23041 ff. For Justice and Mercy as royal virtues cp. Cojif. Am. vii. 2695 ff-» where they are the third and fourth points of policy, the first and fifth being Truth and Chastity, which have been dealt with in 22753 ff., and the second Liberality, which may have been spoken of in the lines which are lost. 23053. Sen. Clem. iii. 2ff. * Gg 450 MIROUR DE L'OMME 23055. Cp. 13921 and Conf. Am.\\\. 3137. 23059. Cp. 13918 and Conf. Am. vii. 3161.* 23072. I Mace. iii. 18, 19. 23082. Ps. Ixxxv. 10: cp. Conf. Am. Prol. 109. 23089. Observe the mixture of tenses, present ind., conditional, and imperfect ind., in the conditional clauses. 23116. tant amimte, 'is in the same position.' 23136. lie son aguait, 'by the snare which he sets for him.' 23149. Cp. Conf. Am. vii. 3891 fif. 23191. Cusy: in the Vulgate ' Chusai,' A. V. Hushai. 23216. Cp. 5459- 23370. The quotation is actually from Juvenal, but it is attributed to Horace both here and in Conf. Am. vii. 3581. The lines are Sat. viii. 269 fif., * Malo pater tibi sit Thersites, dummodo tu sis Aeacidae similis Vulcaniaque arma capessas, Ouam te Thersitae similem producat Achilles.' Our author no doubt picked up the quotation in a common-place book. He refers to ' Orace ' also in 11. 3804 and 10948, the true reference in the latter case being to Ovid, while the former quotation is really from Horace. 23393. The ' pigas ' is the long-pointed shoe worn by fashionable people at the time. ' Not one of these rich men is born with his pointed shoe,' says the author. 23413. ' Much is that bird to be blamed,' &c. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 835 f., ' Turpiter errat auis, proprium que stercore nidum. Cuius erit custos, contaminare studet.' 2.3492. si ie pourvoie, 'and provide thyself (accordingly).' 23500. Probably Matt. vi. 19. 23534. ' That the law excuses you ' : ' despenser avec ' is used simi- larly in 1. 1400. 23573 f. sc delitera . . . tout avant, ' will go on taking pleasure.' 23582. a ce q'en ce tertnine, &c., * according as the matter appears in regard to this order,' i.e. what lies within the limits of this class: cp. 16151. 23607. Qe nous ne devons, ' so that we may not,' so also in 23640 ; see note on 1 193. 23638. 'At the making of the new knight': a curious use of the gerund. 23659. auprodhomme, 'to be valiant.' 23671. Vonour de France: the particular name of the country is of no consequence and is determined probably by the rhyme. That the general point of view is not a continental one is shown by 23713. 23683. jours d'a?nour, ' love-days,' for reconciliation of those who had differences. 23701 (C. Cp. Vox dam. v. 519 f. NOTES. Lines 23055-24326 451 23704 fif. ' If anyone pays him well, he will show himself valiant at the sessions.' 23722 ff. 'Though the heralds cry little to him for largess, yet he gives the poor reason to complain ' : he robs the poor without the excuse of being generous to others out of the proceeds. 23726. U7i cJiivaler de haie, ' a hedgerow knight.' 23732 fif. Terms of war are ironically used : he draws up his court in order of battle and throws into confusion the jury-panell, to support his friends and dismay their poorer opponents. 23755. die loy empereoiir, ' by the law of the emperor.' 23815. n' ad garde de, ' does not keep himself from.' 23844. quatorsze. The precise number is of no importance, cp. 24958. In Conf. Am, ii. 97, the author says ' mo than twelve ' in a similar manner. 23869. Sisz cJiivalers. The author apparently will not admit the three pagan worthies, Hector, Alexander, and Julius Caesar. 23895. Cp. Conf. Am. iv. 1630 f., ' Somtime in Prus, somtime in Rodes, And somtime into Tartaric.' 23907. vois, for ' vais.' 23920 fif. Cp. Cotif. Am. iv. 1634 fif., ' And thanne he yifth hem gold and cloth, So that his fame mihte springe,' &c. also Vox Clam. v. 257 fif. 23922. See note on 10341. 23933 fif. Cp. Cojif. Am. iv. 1664 f., and Vox Clam. v. 267 fif. 23982. trop sont petit: probably, 'there are too few.' 24097. This denunciation of war is quite characteristic of the author : cp. Co7if. Am. Prol. 122-192. 24129. uoldroiont, 'ought to desire' : see note on 1688. 24170 f. Cp. Co7if. Am. Prol. 833, ' The world empeireth every day.' 24216. Veila: so 'vei cy,' 23688. 24226 fif. i.e. he will not undertake the cause which is not favoured by fortune. The ' double ace ' would of course be the lowest throw with two dice, and ' sixes ' the highest. 24255 fif. Cp. F<7jr C/^Jw. vi. 241-244. 24265. ' Ne quid nimis.' 24267. Des tieux, ' such persons,' subject of the verb. 24272 f. 'Neither his nature nor his strain is seasoned with justice." 24290. The word ' mire ' seems here to be used for a surgeon as distinguished from a physician : that, however, is not its ordinary use. 24325. Qui, like ' Quique ' in 24313, 'Whosoever may have to pay, these will get exemption, if they can.' 24326. appaier. I take this to be for 'a paier,' like 'affaire' for ' a faire ' : ' estovoir ' is used with or without ' a,' cp. 1. 42. Gg2 452 MIROUR DE L'OMME 24338. volt, imperf. subj., cp. 327. 24362. encharn^. The metaphor is from hounds being trained for hunting, as we see from ' quiree,' ' courre,' ' odour,' &c., in the succeeding lines. 24379. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 251, ' Si cupit in primo, multo magis ipse secundo,' i.e. 'in primo gradu,' which is that of 'Apprentis,' the second being that of ' Sergant.' 24398. Matt. xix. 29, but the quotation is not quite accurate. 24435. Sur son sergant : the double meaning of ' sergant ' is played upon, as in ' Qui sert au siecle,' 24415. 24440. coronne: alluding to the French coin so called from the crown upon it. 24469 ff. I do not know the origin of this curious statement. 24481. Probably Is. v. 21 ff. 24485 f. mats la partie, &c., 'but as for the side that is poor, justice sleeps.' 24519. Jobxxi. 7-13. 24530. Gen. xxxii. 10. 24543. Is. V. 8, 9, ' Vae, qui coniungitis domum ad domum, et agrum agro copulatis usque ad terminum loci ' : &c. 24544. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 141. 24582. la vernmr, i.e. the truth expressed in the preceding line, that they make their gains by wrongful means. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 144, ' Set de fine patet quid sibi iuris habet.' 24583. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 145 ff. 24605. a demesure,\. e. at an extravagant price, so that, as the author goes on to say,, poor people cannot afford to buy in their market. 24625. For the metre cp. 2742, 26830 : see Introd. p. xlv. 24646. ' But advanced my unjust cause,' &c. This position of ' ainz ' is quite characteristic of the author : see note on 415. 24678. Ex. xxiii. 8. 24697. James i. 19. '24715. Gal. iii. 19, and Rom. xiii. 4. 24722. Deut. xxvii. 19. 24733 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 387 ff. 24748. comme tant, ' how much.' 24769. Is. i. 23. 24782. Ad, ' there is.' 24817 ff. The Vox Clainantis as usual runs parallel to this, with the heading, 'Hie loquitur dc errore Vicecomilum, IJalliuorum necnon et in assisis luratorum,' &c., vi. 419 ff. 24832. For the order of words cp. 24646. 24852. 'His conscience will not fail him,' that is, will not be an obstacle. NOTES. Lines 24338-25177 453 24858. il n'est pas si nice, ' he is not so nice,' i. e. not so careful about it. The word ' nice,' meaning originally ' ignorant,' ' foolish,' passes naturally to the meaning^ of ' foolishly scrupulous ' in a half ironical sense, as here. 24917. enmj la main. As 'devant la main,' 'apres la main,' mean ' beforehand ' and ' afterwards,' this apparently is ' meanwhile.' 24949. Des soubz baillifs, &c. Cp. 25014. ' Des ' depends on 'tout plein ' (toutplein), ' a quantity' ; as ' toutplein des flours,' Bal. xxxvii. 2, ' tout plein des autres,' Mir. 74. Join ' soubz ' with ' baillifs,' * under- reeves,' the 'visconte' being regarded as a superior 'baillif or reeve,' which of course in a certain sense he was, witness the name ' sheriff.' 24955. Vei /a, cp. 24216 : 'ministre ' is of course plural. 24958. Cp. 23844. 24962. Cp. P'ox Clam. vi. 467 f., * Ut crati bufo maledixit, sic maledico Tot legum dominis et sine lege magis.' 24973. Vox Clam. 463 f., ' Ouid seu Balliuis dicam, qui sunt Acherontis Vt rapide furie ? ' 24981. ribalds: observe the rhyme, showing that the 'd' is not sounded. 24996. A proverbial expression, which occurs also in 15405 f. 25021 ff. 1 do not clearly understand the first lines of the stanza. Terhaps it means, * For the expense to which you go in buying their perjury they pay (or suffer) the burdening of their conscience.' Then afterwards, ' The bribe is enough for them by way of evidence, for covetousness dispenses them from anything more' : 'ove leur dispense,' 'arranges with them ' that this shall be enough. 25064. il, for 'ils,' cp. 10341. 25071. sanz culpe (fendiler, ' free from indictable fault.' 25110. tesinoignal : the original idea of a jury, as a body of persons living in the locality and able to bear witness to the facts of the case, had not disappeared in the fourteenth century. 25127. le pot hosier, ' might have stopped it.' 25151. serra vendu, 'will prove to have been bought by you' (at a high price). 25153. 'Truth is no libel,' the author's justification for speaking; freely. 25166. Cp. Vox Clam. vi. 439, ' Causidici lanam rapiunt, isti quoque pellem Tollunt, sic inopi nil remanebit oui.' 25177 ff. With this compare the heading of Bk. v. ch. ii. in the Vox Clamantis : ' Quia varias rerum proprietates vsui humano necessarias nulla de se prouincia sola parturit vniuersas,' &c. 25216 ff. Cp. Con/. Am. Prol. 489 ff. 454 MIROUR DE L'OMME 25239. In the Vox Clamantis also we have cheating personified (under the name of Fraus), and its operations classified as affecting (i) Usurers, (2) Merchants and shopkeepers, (3) Artificers, (4) Victu- allers. See Vox Clam. v. 703-834. 25240. pour sercher^ &c. For the form of expression cp. Bal. xi. 1. 5, Conf. Am. i. 2278, ' To sechen al the worldes riche,' and other similar passages. 25254. Brutus, i. e. Brut of Troy : so London is referred to in the Confessio Amantis, Prol. 37*, ' Under the toun of newe Troie, Which tok of Brut his ferste joie.' 25261 fT. ' Fraud may have large dealings, but he has small honesty when he buys and sells by different standards of weight.' The idea is apparently that the buyer is deceived as to the true market price when wholesale dealings are carried on with weights nominally the same but really different, as when the merchant buys coal by the ton of 21 cwt. 25269. See note on 3367. 25270. la crois, &c. : cp. 18580. 25287. Cp. Bal. xviii. 1. 8. 25289. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 749 ff. 25302. ' Chalk for cheese,' a proverbial expression used also in Conf. Am. Prol. 415 : still current in some parts of England. 25321. John iii. 20. 25327. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 779 f., ' Fraus eciam pannos vendit, quos lumine fusco Cernere te faciet, tu magis inde caue.' 25332. du p7-is lafoy, ' the true price.' 25333. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 757 ff., ' Ad precium duplum Fraus ponit singula, dicens Sic, " Ita Parisius Flandria sine dedit." Quod minus est in re suplent iurancia verba,' &c. 25350. a son dessus, so 'at myn above ' in Conf. Am. vi. 221. 25556. in plederas, ' you will have to sue him.' 25558. ' He pays no regard to honesty.' 25569. parasi, equivalent to ' parisi,' properly an adjective used with names of various coins, as ' livre parisie,' but often also by itself to denote some coin of small value, in phrases such as we have here. 25607. For this function of St. Michael cp. 13302. Here the point suggested is that the seller ought to be reminded by his balance of that in which his merits must eventually be weighed. 25618. eticlinez : this is simply a graphical variation of enclines, rhyming with ' falsines,' &c. NOTES. Lines 25239-26133 455 25631. Cp. 20912. 25657 fif. ' I would not desire a better stomach than could be ruined by medicines, or a longer purse than could be drained by an apothecary,' i.e. the best of stomachs and the longest of purses maybe thus ruined. 25691. ' But if they had worn wool,' &c. 25717 fif. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 793 ff., ' Si quid habes panni, de quo tibi vis fore vestem, Fraus tibi scindit earn, pars manet vna sibi ; Ouamuis nil sit opus vestis mensuraque fallit, Plus capit ex opere quam valet omne tibi.' 25729 fif. Vox Clam. v. 805. 25753 fif. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 745 fif. 25801 fif. Cp. Cofif. Am. Prol. in fif. 25826. 'Will see their halls carpeted' (or 'covered with tapestry'), so ' encourtiner ' below ; a loose employment of the infinitive. 25839 fif. Observe the confusion of 2nd pers. sing, and 2nd pers. plur. in this stanza, especially ' tu gaignerez ' in 25842. Even if we take 'baillerez,' 'gaignerez,' &c., as rhyme-modifications of 'gaigneras,'&;c., this will not go for ' avisez,' which must be meant for 2nd pers. plur. pres. subj. : cp. 442, &c. 25853. This would be to avoid arrest. The liberty of St. Peter would perhaps be the precincts of Westminster Abbey, that of St. Martin might be the Church of St. Martin in the Fields : but perhaps no definite reference is intended. He takes advantage of the sanctuary to make terms with his creditors. 25887. Ecclus. xiii. 24 (30), ' Bona est substantia cui non est pec- catum in conscientia.' 25898. Matt. xvi. 26. 25975 f. The author returns to the observation made at the beginning of his remarks on the estate of Merchants, that the calling is honourable, though some may pursue it in a dishonest manner. 26019. Cp. Vox Clam. v. -]-]-] f., ' Fraus manet in doleo, trahit et vult vendere vinum, Sepeque de veteri conficit ipsa novum.' 26112. maisq^elles soient lieres, 'even though they should be robbers ' (of their husbands) : maisque can hardly have here its usual meaning ' provided that' ; cp. ■2,6()2y. 26120. brusch. The occurrence of this word here in a connexion which leaves no doubt of its identity is worth remark : see Ncio Engl. Diet, under ' brusque,' ' brisk,' ' brussly.' 26130. au sojoiir, 'at their ease' in their tavern: 'sojour' means properly ' stay ' in a place, hence ' rest ' or ' refreshment ' : cp. the uses of the verb ' sojourner.' 26133. lie pil ne crois, 'neither head nor tail' of a coin, i.e. no money : ' cross and pile ' was once a familiar English phrase. 456 MIROUR DE L'OMME 26185 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 809 f., ' Fraus facit ob panes pistores scandere clatas, Furca tamen furis iustior esset eis.' 26231. les chars mangiers, &:c., 'flesh will not be food for the common people.' 26288 ff. ' His conscience does not remind him of the truth until after he has been paid.* 26342 ff. ' Of all those who live by buying and selling 1 will not except a single one as not submissive to Fraud.' 26365. This complaint, directed against some particular I\Iayor of London, whose proceedings were disapproved of by the author, is repeated in the Vox Clainanils, v. 835 ff. 26374. Cp. Vox Clam. v. 1005 ff. 26391. celle autre gent, 'the other people.' 26401. Matt. v. 29 f. 26427. gttardessent, for ' guardassent,' or rather ' guardeissent.' 26477. en orgiiillant: perhaps rather ' enorguillant.' 26480. ati servir sojiffrireni, ' submitted to service.' 26497 ff. Cp. Con/. Am. Prol. after 1. 498, ' Ignis, aqua dominans duo sunt pietate carentes, Ira tamen plebis est violenta magis.' 26571. Hos. iv. 1-3, 'non est enim Veritas, et non est misericordia, et non est scientia Dei in terra . . . Propter hoc lugebit terra et infirma- bitur omnia qui habitat in ea,' &c. 26581 ff. With this discussion cp. Conf. Atn. Prol. 520 ff. 26590 ff. Cp. Vox Clam. vii. 361, ' O mundus, mundus, dicunt, O ve tibi mundus ! ' 26699. la malice seculier, ' the evil of the world.' 26716. pluvie. For the suppression of the ' i ' see note on 296. 26737. Commete: the reference is probably to that of the year 1368. 26745. diete, ' influence,' from the idea of regularity in the physical effect which the heavenly bodies are supposed to produce, like that of food or medicine : cp. Coftf. Am. vii. 633 ff. 26748. Nous n'ai^ons garde de, apparently for ' que nous n'avions garde,* ' that we should not pay regard to.' 26749. Albumasar's books on astrology, especially the Introductorkmi in Astronotniam and the Liber Florum, were very well known in Latin translations, apparently abridged from the originals. This reference is to Iniroduct. iii. 3 : ' Ut vero sol aercm calefacit, purgat, attenuat, sic pro modo suo luna et stellae. Unde Ypocras in libro climatum. Nisi luna et stellae, inquit, nocturnam densitatem attenuarent, elementa impenctrabilis aeris pinguctudine corporum omnium vitam corrum- perent.' (Quoted from the Bodleian copy of the edition printed at Venice, 1506.) NOTES. Lines 26185-27088 457 26799. Qui, ' for whom.' 26810. Referring perhaps to Hos. iv. 3, quoted above. 26830. For the metre, cp. 2742. 26851. ' For that in which he is alone to blame ' : ' dont que' used for ' dont,' cp. 1779. 26857. Job V. 6, ' Nihil in terra sine causa fit ' : it is different in A. V. 26869. This is a citation which occurs in all the three books of our author : cp. Conf. Am. Prol. 945 ff. and Vox Clam. vii. 639 ff. In both places the argument is the same as here. The quotation is from Greg. Hom. in Evano;. ii. 39, ' Omnis autem creaturae aHquid habet homo. Habet namque commune esse cum lapidibus, vivere cum arboribus, sentire cum animalibus, intelligere cum angehs.' Cp. Moral, vi. 16. 26885. Et en aler. Similarly in the Vox Clatn. vii. 641 motion is made one of the five senses to the exclusion of smelling, ' Sentit et audit homo, gustat, videt, ambulat.' 26927. maisq'il le compiere, 'that he should abye it ' : for this use of ' maisqe ' instead of ' que ' cp. 261 12. 26931. Aristotle speaks of animals as microcosms (e. g. Phys. viii. 2) and argues from them to the ^xiya^ Ki'iaixos, but of course the quotation here is at second hand. 26934. Cp. Vox- Clam. vii. 645 ff., ' Sic minor est mundus homo, qui fert singula solus,' &c. 26955. The rhyme requires 'mer et fieu' for 'fieu et mer.' 26989. Lev. xxvi. 3 ff. 27001 f. With what follows compare Vox Clam. ii. 217-348, where the whole subject is worked out at length with many examples, including nearly all those which occur in this passage. 27015. Vox Clam. ii. 243, 'Sol stetit in Gabaon iusto losue rogi- tante,' &c. 27019. Vox Clam. ii. 247 f. 27022. Vox Clam. ii. 249 f. 27031. Vox' Clam. ii. 259 f. The story is in the Legetida Aurea : it is to the effect that in an assembly of prelates Hilarius found himself elbowed out of all the honourable seats and compelled to sit on the ground. Upon this the floor rose under him and brought him up to a level with the rest. 27037. Vox Clam. ii. 253 f. 27040. Vox Clam. ii. 255 f. 2704G fif. Vox Clam. ii. 265-274. 27061. Paul, the first eremite, is said to have been fed daily by a raven for over sixty years. 27065 fif. Vox Clam. ii. 277-280. 27077. Vox Clam. ii. 287 f. 27079. Vox Clam, \\.i\si. 27081 fif. Vox Clam. ii. 281-284. 27088. soy vivafil, ' while he is living.' 458 MIROUR DE L'OMME 27165. That is, 'he passes by his death into a life of damnation' : the antithesis ' vit du mort ' and ' moert du vie ' is a very strained one. 27367. De Ire: cp. 12241. 27372. ' With no compensating goodness ' : ' refaire ' must mean here ' to do in return ' (or in compensation). 27411. que me renovelle, ' which is ever renewed in me' : for ' reno- veller' in this sense cp. 11364. 27568 f. vats . . . tie?i : indicative for subjunctive, ' tien ' for ' tiens,' unless it is meant for imperative. 27662. oveiout re7ifant, ' together with the child ' : cp. 11. 4, 12240, &c. 27722. Tiels Joufs y ot, 'on some days.' 27814 f. 'He it is whom you will espouse to the virgin,' i.e. the bearer of that rod. 27841. a coicstinnniance,^ ■2d\e.x the custom': the MS. has ' acous- tummance,' but this can hardly stand. The same in 28190. 27867. Cp. Bal. xxv., ' Car qui bien aime ses amours tard oblie.' 27935. enstes: apparently 2nd pers. pi. preterite. If so, it is com- bined rather boldly with the 2nd pers. sing, in ' as ' and ' avras ' : cp. 442. 27942. Comme oil q^est ioutpuissa7it: a very common form of ex- pression in the Confessio Ainajitis, e.g. i. 925, 1640, &c. See also Bal. vii. 1. 7, xi. 1. 16. It occurs more than once in this narrative portion of the Mirour, e.g. 28248, 28883, 28900. 27949. There may be some doubt here as to the arrangement of the inverted commas ; but it seems best to take the whole of this stanza as direct report, in which case 'II' in 27950 refers to 'God.' The sentence below is a little disordered, as is often the case with our author : ' He showed thee a special sign six months since in thy cousin Elizabeth, who was barren, but God,' &c. Cp. 17996, Co7if. Am. vi. 1603 ff,, and many other passages. 28091. Probably Ps. cxxxviii. 6. 28110. Maisqtie, here apparently 'moreover': cp. 28276. 28112. te He, ' binds thee (in swaddling bands).' 28115 f. That is, all these characters, daughter, wife, nurse, mother, sister, &c., were summed up in one woman : ' forsqe ' here means ' only,' the negative being omitted, much as we say 'but' in English. 28139. Luke ii. 14, from the text 'et in terra pax hominibus bonae voluntatis.' 28160. y vemiit, 'there came,' a kind of imj^ersonal expression. 28183. estoit finis, ' was brought to an end.' 28190. a coitsluma/ice : cp. 27841. 28205. Luke ii. 29 fif. 28247. qu'il serroit desfait, &c., 'planned that he might be destroyed.' 28310. fiere, ' strange.' 28349. ' By agreement between thee and them.' 28358. yirm, for 'fesis,' 2nd sing. pret. 28383. That is 'A Nazareth a ton parente.' 28394. Maisqite, 'except that,' cp. 1920. NOTES. Lines 27165-29421 459 28395. Archidecli7i : a corruption from 'architriclinus,' used in the Latin version of John ii. to represent the Greek apxirpLKXivos, ' master of the feast,' and commonly supposed to be the name of the enter- tainer : cp. 28762. 284:09. /esowfz^ a loer, 'were fit to be praised': cp. 28506, and see note on 1883. 28414 ff. ' But above all he showed great joy in your lineage, each in his degree,' that is in keeping company with those of the Virgin's family : but it might mean 'he caused great joy to be felt by those of your lineage.' 28475. de son affere, ' for his part,' one of those rather meaningless phrases, such as ' endroit de soy,' ' en son degre,' ' au droit devis,' with which our author fills up lines on occasion. 28502. j-^ ^^w;'7W/, 'considers with himself : cp. 14973. 28547. toute pleine : rather a more unscrupulous disregard than usual of gender and number for the sake of metre and rhyme. 28762. Centurio, taken as a proper name: cp. 28395. 28790. pour estovoir, 'for their need,' i.e. to accomplish that which had to be done. 28813. For the form of expression cp. 22744 and Trait, xiv. 1. 15 : it is common also in the Confessio A/nanlis. 28847. la sentence, ' the sentence ' in a judicial sense, i. e. the judgment executed by the spear. 28914. compassiou7i, used especially of the sufferings of the Virgin during the passion of Christ. 28919. ta meditacioun, 'meditation upon thee,' if the text is right, but I am disposed to suggest ' ta mediacioun.' 28941 f. These two lines are written over an erasure and perhaps in a different hand: cp. 4109, 41 16. 29078. Pour . . . avoir, see note on 6328. 29178. n''e?i doubt e mie. The author shows here an unexpectedly clear perception of the difference between Gospel history and unautho- rized legend. 29222. Qe tious devons, ' in order that we may,' so below, ' Aingois q'om doit par tout conter,' ' but that we may tell it everywhere.' For this use of ' devoir ' see note on 1 193. 29264. tcncline, ' bows to thee ' : the verb is intransitive and the pronoun dative. 29390. The word 'pensee' counts as three syllables in this line, whereas usually the termination ' -ee ' in Anglo-Norman verse of this period is equivalent to ' -e ' ; cp. 29415. Perhaps we should read ' penseie ; ' see Introduction p. xx. 29411 f. ' Well fitting was the love which he had for thee, through whom,' &c. 29421. de son halt estage : cp. Con/. Am. iv. 2977, ' This Yris, fro the hihe stage Which undertake hath the message,' &c. 46o DEDICATION OF BALADES 29585. la disme joye, ' the tenth part of the joy.' 29604. ^u vendretz : see note on 442. 29636. Probably we should read que for qui: '(I pray) that thou wouldest send.' 29746. de sa covine, ' by his purpose.' 29769. poiirloigjiasse: pret. subj. for past conditional, cp. 29778. 29784. Ussont moiisire, ' they ought to show,' used for conditional in the sense referred to in the note on 1. 1688. 29798. ' Witness thy Gospels,' i. e. ' the witness is that of thy Gospels.' 29821, le Ih'Te: cp. 27475 ff-? where it is implied that the author follows a Latin book. 29869. me donne, ' tells me.' 29878 fif. ' But in order that it may perchance please thee, I set all my business, as best I may, to do honour to thy person.' I have separated ' Maisque,' because that seems necessary for the sense. The author hopes that, though his Lady has the crown of heaven, yet she may be pleased by his humble endeavours to do her honour on earth. 29890. fen fais contitiuer, ' thou dost continue in the work,' a reflexive use of ' continuer ' with ' faire ' as auxiliary. DEDICATION OF BALADES L 7. ' He who trusts in God,' &c. ' Oe ' is used for ' Qui.' 15. Vosire oratour. The poet means no doubt to speak of himself as one who is bound to pray for the king. At the same time it is to be noticed that 'Orator regius' was at the beginning of the sixteenth century an official title, borne by Skelton in the reign of Henry VIII, and perhaps nearly equivalent to the later ' Poet-laureate.' Skelton was ' laureatus ' of the Universities, that is he had taken a degree in rhetoric and poetry at Oxford, and apparently sonicthing equivalent at Cambridge. 16. The pronunciation of the name 'Gower' as a dissyllable with the accent on the termination, which is required here and in the Envoy to the Traiti^, is the same as that which we have in the Confessio Amantis viii. 2908, where it rhymes with '-er.' 23. perjit: so written in full in the MS. and correctly given by the Roxburghe editor. Dr. Stengel gives 'parfit' on the assumption that there is a contraction. That is not so here, but in many cases of this kind he is right. 24. sentence: so in M'S. (not with a capital as in the Roxb. ed.). The same remark applies to 'valour' in ii. 1. 33, 's'est' in Bal. vii 1. iS, 'lettre' xviii. 1. 24, xx. 1. 25, xxii. 1. 27, ' lors ' xxxvi. 1. 3, ' se,' xxxvi. I. 10, ' helas ' xliii. 1. 6, ' vous ' xlix. I. 23, NOTES. MiR. 29585— Bal. II 9 461 O RECOLENDE, &C. 8. After this line probably one has dropped out, for when this piece appears (in a somewhat different form) among the Latin poems of the All Souls' and Glasgow MSS. we have ' Rex confirmatus, licet vndique magnificatus, Sub Cristo gratus viuas tamen immaculatus,' and ' licet ' seems to require some such addition. The quotation ' Nichil proficiet ' is from Ps. Ixxxix. (F/i-/^. Ixxxviii.) 23, and the other from Ps. xli. {Vielg. xl.) 2. II. This balade has been printed hitherto as if it consisted of four stanzas only, but in the MS., which is here damaged, there is not only space for another, but the initials of its lines still remain. 20. vend?-a\ the reading 'voudra' is a mistake due to the Roxb. edition. 26. For the conjectural ending of the line cp. Mirour 26423. BALADES Title. — This is partly lost by the damage to the leaf of the MS.,. which has been mentioned above. The fragments of the latter part seem to indicate that the whole series of balades was expressly written by the author for the entertainment of the court of Henry IV : cp. D. ii. 1. 27 f. The end of it perhaps ran thus, 'ad fait, dont les nobles de la Court se puissent duement desporter,' or something to that effect. I. All that remains of the first stanza is the endings of the first three lines, and more than half of the second stanza is also lost. 16. Moiin. Forms such as this, e.g. 'soun,' 'doun,' 'noun,' 'bounte,' and the '-oun' terminations in xxi.andelsewhere, usually appear with 'on ' in the MS. Note however that ' noun ' is written fully in xxi. 11. 25, 27. 17. voldroit : a common use of the conditional in our author, cp. Afz'r. 1. 25. Here it is answered by the future ' averai.' The meaning seems to be 'If God should put an end to my happiness and to my life at once, my faith being unbroken, I should be content ; but meanwhile I remain true to thee always, whatever may befall.' II. 4. qUl s'esjoiera. The Roxb. editor gave by mistake ' qils ' for ' qil,' out of which Dr. Stengel produces ' qil ssesjoiera,' with the remark ' Verdoppelung anlautender Consonanten nach vocalischem Auslaut auch sonst haufig.' The passages to which he refers in support of this curious statement are ix. 1. 13, where the Roxb. edition has 'tanquil lest' by pure mistake for ' tanquil sest,' and ix. 1. 31, where he has chosen to make ' un ssi ' out of ' uns si.' This shows the danger of constructing a theory without ascertaining the facts. 9. come. Dr. Stengel is not right in proposing to read ' com ' for 462 BALADES 'come' and *ou for ' ove,' wherever the words occur. These words regularly count as monosyllables for the metre, but the author much more commonly wrote them with the final ' -e.' Occasionally we have 'com' in the Ba/ades (twice for instance in this stanza), and once in the Miroiir we have 'ou' for 'ove' (1. 8376). Similarly 'povere,' ' yvere,' are regularly dissyllables by slurring of the medial ' e,' and are occasionally written ' povre,' ' yvre.' On the other hand ' ore ' is sometimes a dissyllable, as Bal. xxviii. i, and sometimes a monosyllable, as Mir. 37, 1775, <^c., and some words such as 'averai,' ' overaigne.' ' yveresce,' vary between the longer and the shorter form. 12. com: so in MS., wrongly 'come' in Roxb. edition, which also has ' viveet ' wrongly for ' vive et ' of the MS. 23. Et pensetz, dame. An additional weak syllable is occasionally found at the caesura in this metre : cp. xix. 1. 20, xxiii. 1. I4,xxv. 1. 8, &c., xxxiii. 1. 10, xxxviii. 1. 23, xliv. 1. 8, xlvi. 1. 15, Trait, ii. 1. 5, &c. In every case the additional syllable is at a break after the second foot (epic caesura). It may be a question, however, whether ' dame ' should not be taken as a monosyllable in some cases : see Introd. p. xxx. III. 1. celle, used for the definite article : see note on Mir. 301. peigne : this form of spelling does not indicate any difference in pronunciation, for the rhymes ' pleine,' ' meine,' are used to correspond with it in the next stanza. It is intended to produce visible conformity with the verb ' compleigne,' to which it rhymes, and so in 1. 15 we have ' halteigne ' pairing with ' atteigne.' The verbal ending ' eigne * rhymes regularly with ' eine ' both in the French and English of our author, and the ' g ' often falls out of the spelling. 10. Milfflitz: one word in the MS.; so ' millfoitz ' ix. 1. 10. nil. 3. s' ad fait itnir, 'has united itself: see note on Mir. 1135. 4. As toutz Jours mais : cp. Mir. 2856. 11. sjifficaunce: endings of this kind represent the MS. ' -ance,' cp. note on i. J. 16. 16. la: so in the MS. The Roxb. ed. gives 'sa' by mistake. nil*. The number is repeated by inadvertence, so that the whole series consists really of fifty-one balades, apart from the religious dedication at the end and the Envoy. 4. For ioi c/icrir: see note on Mir. 6328. The address in the second person singular is unusual in the Balades and hardly occurs except here and in the contemptuously hostile pieces, xli-xliii. 11. dont, answering to 'auci': see note on Mir. 217. 17. tes: see Glossary under 'ton': cp. 'vos amis,' ix. 1. 5. 22. The MS. has ' De,' as Dr. Stengel has rightly conjectured. V. 19. a tant: cp. vi. 1. 16 and Mir. 23953. Margin : d'amont Jesqes cnci, 'from the beginning up to this pcjint': ' d'amour ' is a mistake of the Roxb. editor. NOTES. II 12— XII 8 463 VI. 6f. par qiioi, &c., 'wherefore mine eye hath desire, to the end that I may see again your presence,' i. e. desires to see, &c. VII. 6. restrt\ 'habitation,' i.e. place of abode. 'I desire your country' as my dwelling-place.' 7. Come cil qui: cp. xi. 1. 16, and see note on Mi7\ 27942. 9. Cp. Mir. 5822. 24. Qe jeo n'ai plus, Sec, a variation of the form of expression used in xviii. 1. 8 f . and common in our author: see M/r. 18589. Usually the ' plus ' of the second clause answers to some such word as ' tiel ' in the first. VIII. 17. retenue, 'engagement' to follow or serve : cp. xv. 1. 14. IX. 6. The ' trescentier ' of the Roxb. edition is a mistake. 16. en voie : see 'envoie' in Glossary. 24. sicoiii jeo songeroie: conditional for subjunctive : cp. ^/r. 25. 36. deiiwrir, ' remain.' Dr. Stengel wrongly alters to ' de morir,' which is nonsense. 37. poestis : cp. Mir. 1222. 41. au droit devis : see note on Mir. 83. X. 2. The reading 'jour' for 'jeo' in this line is simply a mistake of the Roxb. editor. 5. Maisqu^il vous pletesf, 'provided that it might please you,' pret. subj. : ' maisque ' in this sense is used either with indicative or subjunc- tive, cp. xi. 1. 8, xxiii. 1. 10, &c. 7, Q avoir porrai, 'so that I may have ' : cp. Mir. 364. 13. s'allie, ' binds itself (to you).' XI. 5. pour se?-cher le monde : cp. xxi. 1. 18, and Mir. 25240. 23. perestes. The reading 'par estes ' is a mistake; the MS. has ' pestes,' which might be either perestes or parestes, but perest occurs written out fully in Alir. 1760, 2546. dajigerouse, ' reluctant to love ' : see note on xii. 1. 8. XII. 1. Perhaps the author wrote ' Ma,' but the scribe (or rather the illuminator) gives ' La.' Chalandre: c^. Mir. 10707 fif. 8. Dattger. This name represents in the love-jargon of the day those elements which are unfavourable to the lover's acceptance by his mistress, partly no doubt external obstacles, but chiefly those feelings in the lady's own mind which tend towards prudence or prompt to disdain. In the Roman de la Rose, which was the most influential example of this kind of allegory. Danger is the chief guardian of the rose-bush. He has for his helpers Malebouche, who spreads unfavourable reports of the lover, with Honte and Paour, who represent the feelings excited in the lady's mind leading her to resist his advances. 464 BALADES Of these helpers the most valiant is Honte, daughter of Raison and Mesfait. These all are the adversaries of the Lover and of Bel-Acueii his friend and helper. See Rom. de la Rose 11. 2837 ff. Elsewhere the word 'dangler' is used for the scornfulness in love of Narcissus, Rom. lie la Rose 1498, * Du grant orguel et du dangier Que Narcisus li ot mene.' or of the difficulties made by a mistress, ' Or puet o s'amie gesir, Qu'el n'en fait ne dangier ne plainte.' Roi/i. de la Rose 21446 f. Here the author says 'Danger turns his eyes away,' that is, the lady's feelings of disdain or reluctance deprive him of her favour, and in 1. 19 he entreats her to remove ' danger ' from her regard. This idea is illustrated further by the expressions in xxvi. 1. 26, ' Ne sai si vo danger le voet despire ; ' and xxxvii. 1. 20, ' Vostre danger tantost m'ad deslaie : ' where ' danger ' clearly stands for the lady's aversion to the lover's suit : see alsoxxiii. 1. 10, xxx. 1. 15 fif., and Co7tf. Ajn. iv. 3589. In Conf. Aw. iii. I5i7ff., and v. 6613 ff., Danger is very clearly described as the deadly enemy of the lover, always engaged in frustrating his endeavours by his influence over the lady. Note also the adjective 'dangerous' in the last balade ; so ' dangereus,' Rop/i. de la Rose 479, 'grudging,' and 'dangerous' in the English translation, 1. 1482, ' disdainful.' 11. The same complaint is made Conf. Am. v. 4490 ff., but the reply there given (4542) is complete and crushing. 27. Qa : the Roxb. ed. gives ' Qe ' by mistake for ' Oa.' XIII. 1. )/!t(ance, see Glossary. The Roxb. ed. gives ' nivance,' but the MS. reading seems to be rather 'mvance,' the 'v' being written for greater distinctness as in ' remue' xv. 1. 8, &c. Certainly change is more characteristic of March than snow, and it is the changes of his fortune of which the lover complains, ' Ore ai trove, ore ai perdu fiance.' 5. Cp. Mir. 948. 8. al oill: cp. Mir. 5591, 'al un n'a I'autrc ' ; but we might read a Voill. For the MS. reading here cp. Mir. 5386, where the MS. has 'al lun ne lautre.' XII II. 6. dont, answering to ' si ' above : see note on Mir. 217. 17. asseine, from ' assener,' here meaning ' strike.' 20. ' I cannot fail to have the fortune of one (or the other),' i. e. death or sickness. The word ' tant ' in the line above is not answered by anything and does not seem to mean much. NOTES. XII 11— XXI 6 465 XV. 1. creance: see 'credentia' in Ducange. It means a cord for confining the flight of falcons. 25. 'All my prayers are to your image at the time when,' &c. 27. vostrc proie, ' your prey,' i. e. your possession by right of capture. XVI. 6 ff. ' But by feeding on this food of the mind I cannot, though I seek it up and down, find for myself the path of grace.' The food he feeds on is his feeling of hope: for ' celle sente' = 'la sente,' cp. iii. I, and see Alir. 301. 26. Q'es. The confusion of singular and plural in the second person is common in our author : see note on Alzr. 442. (' Q'es ' is of course for ' Qe es,' ' qe ' or ' que ' being quite a regular form of the relative used as subject by our author. I note this here because Dr. Stengel's remarks are misleading.) 28. maisq'il votis talente, ' if only it be pleasing to you.' XVII. 2. Salvant Vestat d' amour: a kind of apology for the idea of blaming his mistress : cp. xxii. 1. 26. 5. guardon : so written in full in the MS., cp. xxxiii. 1.6, so that it is not a case of 'falsche Auflosung,' as Dr. Stengel assumes. He is right enough as regards ' perlee '1. 19, and ' parcer ' xviii. 1. 6. 27. ' I cannot leave off from loving her' : ' maisque ' here ' but that,' cp. xl. 1. 7, Trait, xiv. 1. 10. XVIII. 11. Qe jeo ne crie plus : a favourite form of expression with our author : cp. vii. 1. 24, xxx. 1. 13, Af/r. 18589. 17. c'esf, for 's'est' : cp. Af/r. 1147. XIX. 17. proeu, the same as ' prou ' apparently: ' proen ' can hardly be right, though the MS. would equally admit that reading. 18. fr/eus : cp. xxxix. 1. 15. The usual form in the Mirour is ' truis.' The Roxb. ed. has ' criens ' by mistake. XX. 1. Roe: treated as a monosyllable in the verse here, but other- wise in Mir. 10942. 2. The position of the conjunction ' mais ' is characteristic of our author, who frequently treats ' and ' and ' but ' in the same way in the Confessio Amantis. Cp. xxxvii. II. 9, 19, Mir. 100, 415, 7739, &c. 6. So MS. The reading 'basse' and the omission of 'lever' are mistakes of the Roxb. ed. 22. 7nesna sa leesce, ' had his joy ' : ' mener ' (but more commonly 'demener') is used with words meaning joy, sorrow, &;c., to indicate the feeling or expression of it, e. g. xxxiii. 1. 5. XXI. 2. comparisoiin : see note on i. 1. 16. 6. par tani, ' therefore ' : cp. Mir. 1 1 9. * H h 466 BALADES 15. veneisotm, 'chase,' hence 'endeavour.' 18. Dr. Stengel rightly gives 'Trestout' : nevertheless the MS. has ' Terstout ' written in full. 20. Honte et paour, see note on xii. 1. 8. 21. N'i. This seems preferable to ' Ni,' being equivalent to 'Ne i,' ' nor there ' (i = y), cp. xxxvii. 1. lo. The proper word for ' nor ' is ' ne,' not 'ni.' XXIII. 5. r for ' le,' as indirect object, ' to her ' : see Glossary under le, pron. plevi: so MS., as Dr. Stengel conjectures : cp. Trait, xvii. 1. 2. 10. danger : see note on xii. 1. 8. 13. lui, 'her,' see Glossary. 15. aims: the MS. reading here might be 'anns,' as given in Roxb. ed., but it is quite clearly ' aun ' in xxxii. 1. i. XXIIII. 5. autre, si le noun: so MS. rightly. It means 'anything else except it,' i.e. his lady's name, 'noun' being the negative : cp. Alir. 6495 f., ' qu jammais parla Parole, si tresfalse noun,' and 8853, ' Certes, si de vo teste noun, N'ad estd dit d'aucune gent.' XXV. 8. See note on ii. 1. 23. 10. The MS. has ' Portont ' and in 1. 13 ' sache ' : Roxb. ed. ' Partout ' and ' sachez.' 11. Du quoi: so MS., Roxb. ed. ' Un quoi,' which is nonsense. 18. q''a : Roxb. ed. 'qe' by mistake for 'qa.' 19. Et iVautrepart : Roxb. ' En dauterpart,' MS. Et daut?,?part. XXVI. 4. MS. 'sil,' not 'cil,' as given in Roxb. ed. 9. ' If a man gives himself, it is a proof,' &c. For the form of ex- pression, which is a favourite one with our author, cp. Mir. 1 244, note. 15. per/it: cp. Ded. ii. 23. 26. vo danger : see note on xii. 1. 8. XXVI I. 1. The first line is too long, but the mistake may be that of the author. Similarly in Mirour 3116, 14568, we have lines which are each a foot too long for the metre. In all cases it would be easy to correct : here, for example, by reading ' Ma dame, quant jeo vi vostre oill riant.' In xii. 1. 22 we have, ' Douls, vair, riant,' as a description of eyes. 3. Roxb. ' Par un,' Dr. Stengel ' Par mi,' MS. ' Parmi.' 5. jeo me paie, ' 1 am content.' 24. Parentre deus, 'between the two (alternatives) ' : cp. Mir. 1178. XXIX. 19. pourcella, cp. xlii. 1. 7, so ' pourcela,' Mir. 2349, &c. NOTES. XXI 15— XXXVII 9 467 XXX. 5. Le Nief: I suspect this is a mistake of the transcriber for * Le vent.' It is not the ship that imperils his hfe but the storm, and * Le ' for 'La' is rather suspicious here. 8. Uluxes : the usual form of spelling in our author's works, both French and English. 13. Cp. xviii. 1. 9. 15. Danger: see note on xii. I. 8. Here the double meaning of the word is played upon, danger in the ordinary sense and ' danger ' as representing the forces opposed to the lover. XXXII. This alone of the present series of balades has no envoy. 15. Roxb. ed. omits ' se,' and accordingly Dr. Stengel turns ' qa ' into ' que ia,' to restore the metre. 20. retenue, ' service,' referring to ' servant ' just above. XXXIII. 2. a bone esireine, a form of good wish, as ' a mal estreine ' {Mir. 1435) is of malediction. 5. See note on xx. 1. 22. 6. giiardofter : so in MS., cp. xvii. 1. 5. 10. See note on ii. 1. 23. XXXI 1 1 1. 6. a covefiir, apparently ' by agreement.' 11. The word omitted by the Roxb. ed. is 'a.' 18. De Alceone. The hiatus must be admitted, as indicated by the separation in the MS., cp. Mir. 12228. We must not accent ' Alceone ' on the final ' -e' as Dr. Stengel proposes, because of the way the word is used in the Confessio Amaniis., rhyming, for example, with ' one,' iv. 3058. ' Ceix ' is a dissyllable here and in the English. XXXV. 10. ^« ^r^z/ rt'^, ' as regards ' : see Glossary, ' endroit.' 17. en droit de man atour, ' as regards my state.' 22. falcoun : the Roxb. ed. gives ' facon,' a false reading which has hitherto entirely obscured the sense. XXXVI. 3. Pdpegai. This seems to stand for any bright-plumaged bird. It is not to be supposed that Gower had the definite idea of a parrot connected with it. 6. ati tiel: so MS., but Roxb. ed. ' aut tiel,' whence Dr. Stengel ' au ttiel,' in pursuance, no doubt, of his theory of ' Verdoppelung anlaut- ender Consonanten ' : see note on ii. 1. 4. au tiel assai, ' with such trial,' i.e. 'so sharply.' 10. Cp. Mir. 8716. 15. For the opposition of the rose and the nettle cp. xxxvii. 24, Mir. 3538, &c. XXXVII. 4. /a : used (as well as 'le') for indirect object fern. See Glossary. 9. See note on .\x. 1. 2. H h 2 468 BALADES 10. entree. The termination ' -ee ' constitutes one syllable only here, as at the end of the verse, where ' -€ ' and ' -ee ' rhyme freely together : see, for example, the rhymes in xvii. 19. w^ r where the same form is used, ' Uluxes, qant il folparla A Circes et a Calipsa.' VII. Margin damaged in the Trentham MS., as above mentioned. For the story cp. Conf. Am. ii. 2145 ff- ^^^^ i^- 2045 ff. 1. El grant desert, &c. Cp. Chaucer, Moftkes Tale, 1. 128. 5. Achelons: so in Conf. Am. iv. 2068. Chaucer has 'Achiloyns,' wrongly given ' Achiloyus ' in some editions. 9. Eoleti : this is the form of the name used in the Conf. Am. v. 6808 fif. 11. d'Er/rice: 'Euricie' in the Latin margin; cp. 'The kinges. dowhter of Eurice,' Conf. Am. ii. 2267. It is taken as the name of a country, but no doubt this results from a misunderstanding of some such expression as Ovid's ' Eurytidosque loles,' ' of lole the daughter of Eurytus,' taken to mean ' Eurytian lole.' Hercttlem : cp. ' Medeam ' in viii. 1. 12. 17. Pauctour: probably Ovid, Met. ix. VIII. Cp. Mir. 3725 fif. and Conf. Am. v. 3247 ff. 13. Creusa, a dissyllable, as in Conf Am. v. 4196 fif. IX. Cp. Co?f. Am. iii. 1885 fif. X. 8. Cp. CoJif. Am. vii. 4757 ff. 15. Cp. Cojif Am. i. 761 fif. 18. enbastiront tout le plai, 'contrived the whole matter.' The word ' plait ' or ' plee ' means properly a process at law, hence a process or design of any kind : ' bastir un plait ' is the same thing as ' faire un plait,' used of designing or proposing a thing. See Burguy, Gram. ii. under ' plait ' in the Glossary. XI. Cp. Conf. Am. i. 2459 fif. 3. co/n oil qui: see note on Mir. i']^i,l. XII. Cp. Conf. Am. v. 5551 ff. 19. hupe : the Conf. Am. v. 6041 says, 'A lappewincke mad he was.' The two birds might easily be confused because both are marked by 472 TRAITlfe the crest which in this case (according to the Confessio Amaniis) determined the transformation. A similar confusion appears in Mirour 8869, where the bird that misleads people as to the place of its nest is no doubt meant for a lapwing. XIII. 10. This punctuation is more in the manner of the author and also gives a better balance to the sentence than if we made the pause after ' avoir' : so ' du roi mais ' in the next line : see note on Bal. XX. I. 2. 13. dont, consecutive, answering to 'tiele' : see note on Mir. 217. XIV. 7. qui, 'whom.' 10. Maisqti'il chaoit : cp. Bal. xvii. 1. 27. ' He had not power to keep his body from falling into the pains of love.' 13. a Vo7nicide esguarde, 'looks towards murder.' XV. 1-10. The losses at the beginnings of these lines in the Fairfax MS. are as follows : Comun | De Lan | Enqore ma | Pour essamp | Cil q'est gu | Droitz est | Car be | To | U que | Deu | 7. Car beat oisel, &c., cp. Mir. 7969. 10. Cp. Con/. Am. vi. 330 ff. 13. Pare7iire deux: cp. Bal. xxvii. 1. 24, Mir. 1178. XVI. Cp. Mir. 17089 ff., Conf. Am. v. 6393 ff. XVII. 2. 'This the faith pledged with the right hand requires.' For ' plevie au destre main ' cp. Bal. xxiii. I. 5. 9. ert, ' there shall be,' cp. Mir. 17689. Both future and conditional are used to express command or obligation. 13. This is the traditional character of Gawain ' the Courteous ' : ' " Art thou not he whom men call light-of-love ? " " Ay," said Gawain, " for women be so light." ' Tennyson, Pclleas and Ettarre. XVII I. 22. This Envoy, though it may be taken to have reference to the whole series of balades composing the Traitic, belongs in form to the concluding balade and speaks of it specially, ' ceste Balade envoie.' It is addressed to the world generally, 'Al universite de tout le monde,' and, as was the wont of Englishmen who wrote in French, the author asks pardon for his deficiencies of language. The Latin lines * Quis sit vel qualis ' follow the Traitid, so far as I know, in every existing copy, and must be taken in connexion with it. In all except one of the MSS. these first nine lines are followed, as in the text given, by the short Carmen de variis in amore passionibus beginning 'Est amor in glosa,' and this is followed by the eight lines beginning ' Lex docct auctorum.' In the Trentham copy, however, the intervening Cartnen is omitted and these last eight lines are given as if they formed one piece with the first nine. NOTES. XIII 10— 'Lex docet,' 7 473 ' QUIS SIT VEL QUALIS,' &C. 2. mentalis sit amor, &c. I take this to mean, ' so that there may be such spiritual love (as I have described) in the order' ; but it is not very clear, and it must be noted that F punctuates after ' mentalis.' 3 f. ' We may fear what is to come by the example of what is past ; to-morrow as yesterday the flesh may be lightly stirred.' Carmen de varus, &c. With this compare Bal. xlviii., and Rom. de la Rose, 4320 flf., 'Amors ce est pais ha'ineuse, Amors est haine amoreuse,' &c. 1. in glosa, 'by interpretation.' ' Lex docet auctorum,' &c. \. quod iter, «S:c., 'that the fleshly pilgrimage is more secure for those who have the bands of wedlock upon them.' 5. quasi regula : apparently comparing marriage to a monastic rule, into which men are gathered for their salvation. 7. Hinc vetus annorum. The comment on this concluding couplet is to be found in the record of the poet's marriage, in the year 1397-8, to Agnes Groundolf. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES Note. This Glossary is intended to be a complete Vocabulary of the language used by Gower in his French works, recording as far as possible every word and every form of spelling, with a sufficient number of references to serve for veri- fication. The meanings in English are given only where this seems desirable, either for explanation of the less usual words or to distinguish the various uses of those that are more familiar. It must be remembered that some -of the meanings given are conjectural, and the unqualified statements of the Glossary are sometimes discussed in the Notes. With regard to the references, it should be noted that the number of them is not at all an indication of the frequency with which a word occurs. Many of the commonest words, occurring in one form of spelling only and presenting no difficulty, are dismissed with a single reference to the first passage where they occur in each section of the author's works. On the other hand words which are found with different forms of spelling usually have references given for each form, and often the fact that a word is of uncommon occurrence or presents some difficulty as regards meaning has caused it to be followed by a larger number of references. It should be observed that for the purposes of the Glossary our author's French works have been regarded as falling into two distinct sections, the first consisting of the Mirour de rOmvie, and the second of the Balades and the Traitie, and wherever a word or form occurs in both sections the double reference is given. This is done in order to exhibit the likeness or difference of the language used, and to serve as additional evidence of the authorship of the Mirour. For Proper Names a complete set of references is regularly given, but allegorical names and personified vices and virtues are not usually classed as Proper Names. The references to a number only are to lines in the Mirour de rOmtne. The letters D, B, and T, followed by a Roman and an Arabic numeral, refer to the balades in the Dedication, the Cinkante Balades, and the Traitie respectively. These are not referred to in the Glossary by lines but only by stanzas. The 476 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES Table of Contents at the beginning of the Mirour is referred to by the letter C. Such a reference as 16272 (R) is to the rubric following 1. 16272. Where difterence of spelling consists in the insertion or omission of a single letter, the fact is often recorded by means of parenthesis, e. g. ' con(n)estable,' * baro(u)n,' indicating that both ' connestable ' and ' conestable,' ' baroun ' and ' baron,' are found. The inflexional s ox z in the termination of singular nouns is usually treated in the same way, but references are not always given for both forms. The gender of substantives is not noted, because so much irregularity prevails in this respect that it seems hardly worth while to investigate the subject. All verbal inflexions of any interest have been set down. The grammatical abbre- viations, J. substantive, a. adjective, 7'. a. verb active, v. n. verb neuter, I s. p. first person sing. pres. tense, pp. past participle, and so on, will be readily understood. Words which occur in the text with an initial mute h dropped owing to elision will usually be found under the letter h. a, prep. 42, D. ii. i : see al, au, as. &, for ad, see avoir. Aaron, see Aron. aas, as, i-. 7313, 11 600, ace, one. abaier, ?'. a. 4282, bark forth. abandoun6(e), ,y. 8943, 8984, devoted ser- vant abandon fn)er, habandonner, 7/. a. 546, 1507, 2169, B. xvii. 2, deliver up, give freely. abatre, v. a. 315, 7855, beat down, over- come, abate : s'abatre, 16566, be over- come. abaubir, v. a. 25761, confuse. abay, s. 1728, barking. abbacie, s. 20901, abbey. abbes, s. 9138, 121 15, abbot. abbesse, s. 121 15, abbess. abeisser, abesser, 7'. rt. 2124, 3846, lower, abase. Abel, 4566, 4969, 1 22 1 7. abesser, see abeisser. abev(e)rer, 7'. a. 2410, 11837, supply with drink. abeyver, -,'. a. 12956, supply with drink. abhominable, a. 1108, 4495. abhominacioun, s. 1670. abhosm6, a. 1 121, abominable; 8195, filled with horror. abhofsimer, 7'. a. 2646, 6692, abhor. Abigail, 13662, 17473. Abiron, 2343. abisme, s. 1 878. abit, see habit. 'abitement, s. 12535, habitation. abject, a. 12836, cast away. able, a. 17396, fit. Abner (i), 4771. Abner (2), 17480, Heber. abondanee, see habondance. abonder, see habonder. Abraham, 11418, 12228 f., T. xiii. I. absent, a. 975. s'absenter, v. 20294. absoldre, see assoldre. Absolon, 1470, 12985, 23190. absolucioun, s. 10380. abstenir, 7'. a. 1742, B. xviii. 3, T. xiv. 2: V. n. B. XXV. 3. abstinence, s. 7725, 16272 (R). abstinent, a. 1 6298 ff. abus6e, a. 7695, wrongful, perverse. abusioun, s. 20471, abuse. aeatant, s. 7456, buyer : cp. achatant. acatement, j. 25806, buying. acater, v. a., 3 s. p. acat, 6956, buy : cp. achater. acceptable, a. 4491. accepter, 7/. a. 4493. accident, s. 2069, 23340. accidie, accide, s. 255, 5126, sloth, accompte, acompte, s. \ 504, 6519, 1 1922, reckoning, account, affair. accord, accorder, see aeord, acorder. accoustumm6, s. 7330, customer. accru(z), see acrestre. accusatour, s. 17471, accuser, aceusement, s. 8852, accusation, accuser, 7/. a. 161. aceraer,ascenier, 7'.a. 1241,18329, adorn. Achab, 4957, 6775, 12592, 17635. Achaie, 20072. Achar, 6999. achatant, s. 7430, buyer : ep. aeatant. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 477 achater, v. a. 1938, 6294; 3 s. p. achat, 6904 : provide, buy : cp. acater. Achelons, T. vii. i. aehever, achiever, v. a. 331, 336, ac- complish. Achilles, Achillant, 23365 ff. Achitofel, 23189. acier, s. 883. s'acliner, v. 7836, incline. acol(l)er, v. a. 1051, 8718, embrace. acoinpaign(i)er, acompainer, v. a., n. and refl._ 370, 607, 1514, 3871, 4716, 21305, join as companion, accompany. acomparer, v. a. 8336 ; 2 s. fut. acom- paras, 21536 : pay for. aeomplir, %>. 4656. acomplissement, s. B. i. 3, deed. acomptable, a. 231 12. acomptant, s. 6902, accountant. acompter, v. 1747, reckon up, give an account. acord, accord, s. 1428, 22898, B. xxxiv. i, acort, 226, 29440, agreement, company. acordance, s. 2947, agreement. acordant, accordant, a. 738, 18001, B. xxxii. 3, in agreement, suitable. aeordement, s. 593. acorder, accorder, v. n. and ?efl. yi(), 1 1 88, B. xii. 3, 1. I, agree, be willing. acorder, s. 13894, agreement. acort, see acord. acostoier, v. n. 5S04, be by the side. s'acoupler, v. 9186, have intercourse to- gether. ac(o)urre, v. n. 7400, 185S4, run up. acoustumer, see acustummer. acoustummable, a. 9581, accustomed. acoustummance, see aevistummance. acoustumme, see acustumme. acqueintance, see aqueintance. acquere, a(d)quere, v. a. 1990 ; }, s. p. aquiert, adquiert, 3358, 8400. acquester, aquester, v. a. 1352, 5360, adquester, 7204, acquire. acquiter, aquiter, v. a. 11095, 11209, remit, set free, acquit, perform. acrestre, (accrestre), acroistre, 7'. a. 7030, 994 1 , 1 8007 ;//. accru(8), accru( z ), 2778, B. xvi. 2 : increase, strengthen, cause. acrocher, v. 26164, gain. actif, a. 14406. acuillir, v. a. 1 5086 ; 2, s.p. acuilt, 5047 : take, seize. aculper, v. a. 27263, blame. acun(s), see ascun(sj. acurre, see acourre. acuatum(m)ance, acoustummance, jr. 8826, 18003, 24385, custom, intercourse, acustummant, a. 6809, accustomed. acustumme, acoustum(m)e, a. 2680, 6906, 23242, accustomed, habitual. acustummer, ac(o)ustumer, v. a. 6437, accustom ; 9450, 27699, practise. ad, see avoir. Adam, Adans, 82 ft", 6995, 9988, 1 1366 ft", 12338, 17152, 18689 ft"., 21 102, 27075, 27747, 28452, 28855 ff-) T. iii. 2. addicioun, j'. 5192. ades, adv. 195, 2424, 2906, D. i. 2, B. xx. I, at once, continually, in order, adescer, adesser, v. a. 1800, 2658, 10862, B. vi. 3, take hold of, seize, reach. adherder, (adherdre), v. a. 2347, 6142, attach: 7'.//. 17235, adhere: c/.aherdre. adhers,//. 14457, attached. adjouster, adjuster, v. a. 3148, 6350, add. adjug(g)er, v. a. and n. 1504, 24787, judge, pronounce (as a decision). adjutoire, s. 18693, assistance. adonque, adv. 15036, then. adoubbement, s. 18090, equipment. adoub6, s. 15 131, armed knight. - adouber, v. a. 14271, equip, appoint, adourer, see aourer. adourner, see aourner. adquere, see acquere. adquester, see acquester. adrescer, v. a. 8070, B. vi. 3, direct : s'adreseer, 5784, B.xliv. 3, apply oneself. aduner, %>. a. 6640, gather together. adure, a. 14276, hardened. advers, adverse, a. 4630, 23532, hostile, adversaire, s. 570, enemy. adversant, a. 14084, hostile: j-. 13038, adversary. adverse, s. 3168, enemy. adverser, v. n. 4084, be opposed, adverser, a. 2324, hostile, perverse. adverser, adversier(s), s. 1429, 5022, 1 1 272 \ f. adversiere, 197 : enemy, adverser, s. 10289, I4047) adversity, adversite, adverset6, ^. 252, 504. advocat, s. 6329. aese, ease, aise, ese, s. 3879, 5134, 5155, B. X. 3, xiii. I. affaire, = a faire, 14, 15228. affaire, affere, s. 178, 681, B. iv. 4. affaitier, af(f)aiter, v. a. 5162, 14065, 20140, train, teach. affeccioun, ^. B. xxi. 3. aflferant, s. 1 1756, due place. 478 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES affere, sec affaire. afferir, v., 3 s. p. affiert, 5863, 71 n, affiere, 3068, strike, belong, be litting : s'afferir, 13 177, agree, affermer, v. a. 1952, 10187, affirm, strengthen, affiance, j. 8683, assurance, affier, ?'. a. 10158, affiance: s'affier, 3589, trust. affiler, v. a. 4046, 6292, 9086, 16082, (sharpen), prepare, train, afflicciovm, s. 41 31. affliger, ?'. a. 11 57. aifoler (i), 7/. a. 2486, 5726, make foohsh : ?'. //. 11952, think foohshly. affoler (2), 7'. a. 2840, 3533, wound, kill. s'aflforcer, 71. 1995, endeavour, affoubler, v. a. 7111, put on (a garment): s'affoubler, 871, dress oneself, agait, agaiter, see aguait, aguaiter. Agamenon, 15. xx. 3, T. ix. 2. Agar, 1 1416 ff. agard, agarder, sec aguard, aguarder. Agarreni, 21604. age, s. 1647. s'agreer. ?'. 14520, be pleased, s'aggregger, t. 1516, grow worse, agreste, a. 3527. 12868, wild, savage, agu, a. 1766, 28723, (fiebrej ague, 9546, sharp, violent, piercing. aguait, agait, s. 2695, 3847, 9212, 9222, ambush, lurking-place, snare, danger. aguaiter, agaiter, v. a. yig, 4823, 18124, lie in wait for. aguard, agard, J. 4997, 17 148, B. ix. 5, care, view. aguarder, agarder, v. a. and n. 933, 2157, 2265, 4674, 1>. xxii. 4; imperat. aguar, 582 : see, look at, pay regard, take care, aguile, s. 6751, needle. aguilil)oun, aguil(l)on, aiguiloun, s. 2354, 3549. 4871, 5437, i937o, sting, goad, aherdre, v. a., 3 s. p.&hert, 5872, attach, s'ahonter, ?'. 2529, be ashamed. aide, s. T. viii. i, eide, 528 (R), eyde, C. aider, 7'. a. and n. })i'j, 5494, 5811, B. xxvii. I ; 3 s.p. suhj. aid, 25451. aie, aye,.f. 374, 28521, D. ii. 4, aiue, ayue, 2966, 6313, aid. aigle, s. 860, B. xlvi. i. aignel, aigneaKs), s. 1 101, 21090; /". ai- gnelle, J>. xlviii. 3.aignale, 91 19: lamb. aiguiloun, see aguilloun. ailours, adi'. B. xl. 2, T. xi. 2, aillours, 4456, elsewhere, besides. aimal, s. 21020, jewel (?). aincois, adv. D. i. i, aneois, 74, 319, beft)re, on the contrary, but ; aincois que, 2120, B. ix. 2 : prep. 17374. ainsi, sec ensi. ainz, ains, einz, adv. and conj. 15, 3375, 1 1 369, 13022, B. XX. I, 1. 2, T. xi. 2, formerly, rather, on the contrary, but : ainz que, 1891. air, s. 2577, B. xvi. i, eir, 13S67. aire (1), s. 2987; de mal aire, 13457, du bon aire, 15187 : disposition. aire (2), s. 18056, ground. s'airer, v. 22250, be angry. aise, sec aese. aisee, a. 5172, at ease. aiseement, adv. 5259, easily. aisne, a. 244, eldest. aiue, see aie. aiuer, v. a. 1769, 16412, help. al, 532, T. i. I. alasser, v, a. 14278, weary. Albertes, 10801. Albins, T. xi. 1. Albumazar, 26749. Alceone, B. xxxiv. 3. alconomie, s. 25515, alchemy. alegger, see allegger (i). aleine, s. 2037, B. xiv. 4, breath, voice. alenter, see allentir. aler, 7'.;/. 325,411, 1572, B. vi. 3; \ pi. p. aloms, 28377 : see va and irrai. alie, s. 23898, alder-berry. aliener, v. a. 5678, estrange. alier(s), s. 10656, traveller. Alisandre, 12998, 22051 ff., T. vi. i. allaier, v. a. B. xxvii. 3, alleviate. allaiter, v. a. 1434, 7883, suckle, suck. alleg(g)ance, s. 29909, B. xiii. 4, allevia- tion. alleggement, s. 10367, alleviation. allegger (i), v. a. 4295, 10210, alegger, B. xxxvi. 3, alleviate, lighten. allegger (2). 7'. a. 5611, allege. allentir, alenter, i'. n. 3712, 14363, grow sluggish, he slack. allentis, a. 5534, sluggish. allever, 71. a. 1376, 18208, raise, bring up. alliance, s. 270, 6925, 9853, B. iv. 3, alli- ance, allies, company, council. allier, v. a. 25515, B. x. 2, join together, alloy: v. n. 1813S, be an associate, alliner, v. n. 5126, intermarry. allouer, v. a. 20184, 24946, allow, award. allumer, v. a. 26684. alme, s. 392, D. i. 3, T. i. i, soul. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 479 almofDsne, s. 7576, 13840, 15423, alms. almoisner, v. a. 15495, relieve with alms. almoisnerie, s. 15603, alms-giving. almosnere, ( i ), st'e auinosnier(s). almosnere (2), j-. 15525, alms. alors, adv. 12964 : cp. lors. alouette, s. 5637. Alphonses, Alphonse, 2843, 13675. alqant,^r<';//.,ly(luy) alqant, 2793, 25945, certain persons. altier, see autier. altre, see autre, alumer, v. a. 17987, set on tire. alure, s. 107 14, speed. Amalecli. 5662, 10301. Aman, 11075 fif., Haman : cp. Naman. amant(z), amans, s. 1,9332, B. iv. i,x. 2. amasser, v. a. 7532. ambe, ambes, a. 2786, both. ambedeuK, />?on. 3238, both. ambesaas, s. 24226, double ace. ambicioun, j. 3398, see note. Ambrose, Ambroise, 6397, 6798, 7016, 8253, 13321, 13732, 14569, 16927, 17077, 18025. amegrir, v. a. 20865, make lean. anieist6, amiste, s. 501, 4355, B. x. i. amendant, .f. 1 1 396, amends. amende, s. 4733. am.endement, s. 1595, 2914. amender, v. a. 731, B. xlv. i. amender, i\ 26854, amendment. amener, 7/. a. 497, T. viii. i; 3 J./, ameine, 28539. amenuser, ?/. 9690, diminish. amer {i), v. a. 1374, B. i. 2 ; i s. p. ayme, 1301, aime, B. xxi. 4, aym. 8951, aim, B. iv.* I ; t//!p. amoye, 4022. amer (2), s. 29451, love. amer(8), /. amere, a. 157, 2474, 6689, am.ier, B.xlviii. 2,amiere,B.xvi.2,bitter. amerous, see amorous, amerrir, v. a. 191 5, 2724, diminish, destroy: v. n. I1130, fail. amertume, s. 18237, bitterness. ami(s), amy, s. m. 333, 944, B. iv.* 2, 3, ix. I ; /. amie, amye, 149, 1609, B. iv. i. amiable, a. 1 113, B. xl. i, lovable, kind. amiablement, adv. 19483, lovingly. amiie, see ami. amier, see amer (i). amiste, see ameist6. amollir, v. 2055, soften. Amon (I), 3254. Amon (2), 16770, Amnon. Amon (3J, (King of Judah), 7611. amonester, v. a. 583, warn : v. n. 17809, give exhortation. amont, prep, and adv. 95, 712, 2123,6. xviii.3, d'amont,2848i, B. v. 4 (margin), up, up to, up in, above. amontanee, i-. 13308, rising. amonter, v. /?. , 3 s. p. amonte, 1501,6. xlvi. 1, amont, 5801, rise high, be worth, signify. amorous, amourous, a. 19, B. iii. 1, xxxi. 3, amerous, B. xi. i fif. amortir, amorter, v. a. 9597, 12379, destroy. Amos, 4220, 9579. amour, a-. 3, 23949, D. ii. 3, &c. amourette, ^■. 9288, 17896. amourous, see amorous, amperere, see emperour. amy, amye, see ami. an, aun, i\ 1932, 6621, B. xxiii. 2, T. xv. 2. ancelle, s. 1008, waiting-maid, servant, ancesserie, s. 25802, D. ii. 3, ancestors, ancessour, s. 11959, ancestor. ancestre, s. 15767, 17345, parent, ancien, a. 4729. an9ois, see aincois. Andreu (Saint), 20071, 29177. - anel, s. 7100, B. xxxiii. 2, ring, anemi, anemy(s), enemy, s. 633, 2631, 28937, D. i. 2, B. xxiii. 2 ; / anemie, 2438 : enemy, anesse, jt. 8136. angel, see angre. angelin, a. 1149, 5170, angelic. angelour, a. 29529, angelic, angle (i), s. 10598, corner, angle {2), s. see angre. angre, J. 62, 79, angle, 1150, angel, 10702, angel. anguisse, s. 10524. anguissous, a. 23194. anguler, a. 19427, full of corners, animal, s. 24977. Anne (i), 10274, Hannah. Anne (2), 17702, Edna. Anne (3), 27488, St. Anne. ann6e, s. 8416. annoy, s. 3128, harm, annoyer, v. a. 3360, harm, annueler, s. 20496 (R.). Antecrist, 6721, 18793. Antiochus, 2384, 4480, 10254. antiquement, adv. 7095. antiquity, s. 12600. antis, a. 5680, old. aourer, adourer, v. 18738, 27683, worship. 48o GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES aourner, adourner, v. a. 11991, 26730, adorn. aparcevance, s. 1984. aparcevoir, 7'. ir. and re/i. 2697, B. xli 3 ; 3 s. pre/, aparcut, 123, aparcuit, 625 ; />res. part, aparceivant, 20764 ; pp. apareeu, 10602. apareiller, see apparailler. apartenir, see appartenir. s'apenser, v. 27549, intend. apent, see appendre. apert, apers. a. 1975, 6980, 21777, open, public, allowable: en apert, 1395, openly. apert, adv. 9002. apertement, adv. 1079. aperticer, v. a. 2995, make known, show, apiert, see apparer. apocalips, apocalis, 2464, 7441, 8061, 9889, 17044,21739. apostata, .s-. 2512. apostazer, v. n. 2020, 9132. apostazie, s. 20979, apostacy (from reli- gious rule). aposteme, s. 13960, abscess. apostre, s. 49. appaier, = a paier, 24326. s'appaier, v. loioo, be pleased. apparailler, ap(p)areiller, v. a. 1221, 5220, 2221 1, apparel, prepare, apparant, a. 11 82, B. xxxviii. 3. apparant, s. 5580, heir (?). apparantie, s. 11 24, appearance, apparence, apparance. s. 3510, 14802. apparer, v. >i. and reji. 487 ; 3 ^■. p. apiert, 2597, appiert, 17732, appiere, 1775: 3 s.fut. appara, 1140, apparra, 20068; 3 s. p. siibj. appere, 12035 : appear. apparisance, s. 11 38, appearance, apparisant, a. 16900. aplpiartenir, v. tt. 450 ; 3 s.pret. appar- tient, 4562 ; pres. part, appartienant, 6475- . , , appell, s. 4765, 1 1 28 1, nammg, chal- lenge. aplpieller, v. a. 222, 20358; I s.p. appeU, 5041 : call, summon, accuse. ap(p)endre, ?'. «.. 3 s. p. appent, 1535, apent. 2612, belong. appeser, 7'. a. 17475, appease. appeticer, v. a. 18915, desire. appetit, s. 5198, B. xxvi. 3. appetiter, v. 6275, 8697, desire. appiert, appiere, see apparer. applier, apploier, v. a. 2982, 7578, 14324, 18880. Appollo, AppoUinis, Appolin, 7093, 19986, 22328. apporter, v. a. 259, B. iii. 4. appourtenance, s. 8443. apprentis, s. 24361. apprentisal, ^\ 25799, apprenticeship ap(p)roprier, v. a. 8092, 13976. approver, %>. a. 13325, prove, approve, apreiidre, v. a. 57, 240, 835, B. xxix. i, XXX iv. I. apres, adv. and prep. 385, 675, 4434, D. ii. 4, B. ii. 4 ; en apres, 92. aprest, s. 6236, loan. aprester, apprester, 7-. a. 976, 7221, 15356, prepare, lend. aprise, s. 59S, 1036, 1149, teaching, skill, school. aprocher, 7'. ;/. 3190. aprompter, v. 5446, 7232, borrow, aproprie, a. 1 01 30, proper, apt, a. 5647. aquasser, v. a. 15646, (destroy), remove, aqueintance, s. 1634, acqueintanee. H. xxiii. I, aquointance, 130. aqueinte (i), .$■. 5293, friend. aqueinte (2), s. 13690, fi-iendship (.'). aqueintement, s. 26021. aqueinter, aquointer, v. a. 7267, B. x. i, make acquaintance with ; s'aqueinter (s'aquointer) de, 5072, B. xlii. 1. aqueste, s. 15358, acquisition. aquester, see acquester. aquiert, see acquere. aquitance, s. 26064. aquiter, see acquiter. aqxiointance, aquointer, see aquein- tance, aqueinter. aquointement, s. 4580. Arable, B. xxxv. 2. arbitrement, s. 187 12, decision, arbre, s. 116. arbroy, s. 7S96, wood, arcbalaste, s. 9337, crossbow, archangre, s. 3734, archangel, arche, s. 4533, 102 19, ark. archedeacne, s. 20091, archediakne, C, archdeacon. archepreste, s. 2275, chief priest. archer, s. 2834. Archideclin, 2S395. ardant, a. 606, B. iii. I, xxvii. I. ardantment, ad^K 7664. ardoir (arclre\ v. a. and //. 9471, T. vii. 3 ; \ s. p. ars, B. ix. 4 ; 3 s. arst. art, 1879,3632, 3822; pp. arsz, T. .\i. 3: burn. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 481 ardour, s. 3030, ardure, 377S, heat, passion. arein, arrein, s. 14731, T. vii. i, brass. areine, s. 6397, crab (?). arer, 7/. 5451, plough. arere, m/v. 780, 20646, back, behind. areson(n)er, v. a. 528 (R), 68 5, reason with. arest, s. 11850, hindrance, arestance, s. 3622, stopping. aresteisoun, s. 16735, 17723, delay, ceasing. arester, (aresteir), 7>. a. and «. 2997, 3918, s'arester, 9810; pp. arestu, 11160, arrestu(z), 26504: arrest, stop, take one's stand. argent, s. 1076. argentin, a. 24730, of silver. arguer, v. a. 1095, 2973, 10112, refute, blame, argument, s. 1397. Ariagne, B. xliii. i. Arimaspi, 10737. Aristotle, Aristote, Aristole, 1449, 3382, 7393, 10957, 17617, 17629, 24714, 25969, 26929. armer, v. a. 14274, B. xliii. 2. armes, s. 1941, T. vii. i, armoy, s. 23718. armure, s. 12887, armour. Aron, Aaron, 161 41, 20701. arondelle, arundelle, s. 16104, 22131, swallow. aro(u)ser, v. a. 3S28, 5177, water. s'arouter, v. 20138, 29680, assemble, form a company. arrable, a. 26717. arraier, v. a. 29804, prepare. arrainier, v. a. 18409, declare (war). array, arrai, ari'oy, s. 840 (R), 854, 5432, 18964. arrement, s. T. xv. 2, ink. arreri(s), arrery, //. 3232, 3377, put back, damaged. arrestuz, see arester. arrogance, s. 1831. arroy, see array, ars, art, arst, arsz, see ardoir. arsure, s. 1 1 5 1 4, burning heat. art, s. 1899, B. xix. i ; pi. ars, 1450. artefiee, artifice, s. 21418, 25500 (R), device, handicraft. article, s. 12343. artificer, s. C. Artus, Arthus, 14273, 23870. arundelle, see arondelle. as,= a les, 949, D. ii. 5 ; as ses, 3265 ; as les, 23922, T. xvi. 1 : {also often a les, e. g. B. xxxi. i). as, s. see aas. Asahel, 4769. ascemer, see acemer. ascencioun, j-. 29220 (R). ascendre, v. n. 602 : v. a. 131 52. aseoulter, asculter, v. a., n. and refl. i\Ti, 1039, 1709, 2692, escoulter, i, 2736, listen to, listen. ascun(s), aucun(8), pron. 504, 975, 1321, D. ii. 3, 4, B. xvi. 3, acun(s), 1445, 20647, some, any, some one, any one. ascunefois, adv. 25562, also ascune fois, aseunement, adv. B. xix. 2, aucunement, 485, 1726, at all, in any way. ascunepart, adv. C, in any direction, ascuny, /r^;;;. 2714, any one. asne, s. 889. aspirant, s. 26948, breath. aspirer, v. a. 8538, draw in fas breath). asporter, v. a. 1 569, carry oft". aspre, a. 3686, B. 1. 2, rough, sharp ; Aspre vie, 17965. asprement, adv. 2556. aspret6, s. 11 56. assai, s. B. xxxvi. i, trial. assaillir, v. a. 5497 ; -^s.p. assalt, 2537 ; assavdt, 6269; assaille, 4210. assalt, s. 9304, attack. assavoir, = a savoir, 375, B. xli. 2. asseine, see assener. assenible(e), s. 1708, 7899. assembleisoun, s. 8645, meeting. assemblement, s. 343, assembly, union, assembler, v. a. 332, join, gather together: s'assembler, 9183, have intercourse together. assembler, s. 8658, meeting. assener, v. a. 25394; i, -^s.p. asseine, 2745, B. X. 2, xiv. 3, xxxix. 2, strike, direct, address, dispose, approach : s'assener, 133 16, address oneself. assentir, v. ?j. and reji. 8682 ; ■^ s. p. assente, 131 72, 13786. (asseoir, asseir), v. a., 3 s. p. assit, 129, assist, 2160, assiet, 17887; pp. assis, _/C assise, assisse, 906, 1707, 2498,2938, D. i. 2, B. ix. 5 : place, set, appoint, arrange, assetz, asses, adv. 900, 2173, B. viii. i, T. ii. I ft"., much, enough : d'assetz, 9166, by much. asseurance, s. 1674 1. asseurer, see assurer. 1 1 482 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES assez. a.(?) 1 3828, great. assieger, v. a. 23727, besiege. assigner, 7'. a. 29300, appoint. Asiirien, jr. 1 1021. assisse, assise, s. 2295, 2497, 3743» S*^''^) place, company, trial, decision ; ^1264, amount (assessment). assissour. s. 6332, 161 12, juror, assister. t. fi. 17049, stand by. associer, f. a., «. and ?t'/l. 2307, 4757 ; 2i s. p. associe, associt, 2437, 17136: join. assoldre, absoldre, 71. a. 21262, 22954, absolve. assorbir, assorber, v. a. 7624, 8624. assoter, 7'. n. and fcji. 3897, 20688, be foolish, be made a fool ; assoter de, 7404, be fond of: 7'. a. 9329, make a fool of. assuager, v. n. 2543, become less: v. a. 18227, alleviate. Assiierus, 17467. aasumpcioun, s. 29341. assurer, asseurer, 7/. a. 8630, 10148 ; 1 s.p. assure, asseur, B. iv. I, vii. 2: assure, betroth : v. n. and rejl. 4359, 14640, B. xii. 2. astronomye, s. 10679. atalanter, 7/. 3713, desire, atant, s. and adv. 820, 3610; a tant, 23953, B. V. 3 : so much, so many, just so : jusques atantque, 3320, until, ateint, see atteindre. Athenes, 13433, 19982, T. xii. I. atiflfer, 7'. a. 8716, adorn. atir, s. 8915, 18468, preparation, ecjuip- mcnt, arrangement. atirer, v. a. 5562, 15567, 19318, adorn, arrange, prepare; 15 145, bring. atort, a(h\ 13109, wrongly : cp. tort, atour, s. 925, 1255, 11178, B. xxxv. 3, T. ii. 3, adornment, equipment, state, manner. atourner, atto(u)rner, v. a. 6283, 161 14, 1671 1, direct, dispose, prepare, atrapper, see attrapper. attacher, 7'. a. 28995. atteindre, v. a. and ;;. 4312, 5107, 9918, attain, reach, attack, come://. at(tleint, attains, 167, 3662, B. xlii. i, convicted, tainted, atteintiz), a. 8705, 25033, affected (in the wits), corrupt, atteinte, s. 13687, defilement. attem prance, s. 1 5232, 22919, self-control, tempering, harmonising. attemprer, tA^. 3874. T. i. 1, temper,tune. attemprure, s. 22898, harmony. attempter, v. a. 2598, 21466, aim at, attack. attendance, s. 272. attendant, s. 5, 881. attendre, 7'. a. 605, 7919, B. v. margin, wait for, expect, be destined to : 7'. n. 309, 597. 3939, B. iii. i ; imperat. atten, 5214: wait, remain, belong. attenir, v. n. 15220, belong. attourn6, s. 24795, attorney. atto(u)rner, see atourner. attraire, attrere, v. a. 567, 17356; 3 s.p. attrait, attraie, 1550, B. xxvii. 3, xxxviii. I, attret, 6235 : draw, bring, collect, carry out, assume, teach : see note on 1. 10748. attrait, s. 8938, establishment. attrap(p)er, atrapper, v. a. 2213, 3562, B. xix. I, catch, contine. QiW, prep., Tjery commonly for a,, 105, 416, B. xxxviii. I, &c.; a/so/ora, le,si, B. ix. i ; and a la, 133, B. iv. 4, (S:c. aube, s. 27622. auci, adv. 90, 1101, B. iv.* 2, aussi, 536, so, also, as. auctorit6, s. 17143. auctour, s. 1297, 1676, T. vii. 3, author, authority. aucun(8), see ascunfs). aucunement, see ascunement. audience, s. 349. audit, s. 1143, hearing. aviditour, s. 3558, 16662, hearer, auditor (of accounts), augst, august, .r. 10651, 1S295, harvest. augurre, j-. 1476. augury. august, see augst. Augustin(s), 1 194, 1784, 4225, 10411, 11044, 13477, 13537, 13549, 15241, 17907, 20547, 20845, 20886. aulques, aulqes, adv. 899, 12256, some- what. aultier, see autier. aultre, see autre, aumosnieris), S41 1 ; y! almosnere, 1077: almoner, almsgiver. aun, see an. aussi, see auci. autier, aultier, s. 4463, 20386, altier, 20442, altar. autre, a. and s. 247, D. i. 3, B. xxvi. 2, aultre, 7565, altre, 19395, other,second: d'autre part, d'autrepart, 616, 937, on the other hand. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 483 autrecy, aiitreci, adv. ^^,6, 1948, thus, just so. autrement, adv. 1727. autrepart, adT. 4419, elsewhere ; d'autre- part. 616, on the other hand : cp. autre, autresfoitz, autre(s)fois, adv. 7911, 24468, B. vii. 3, another time, again. autretiel, a. 6696, just such ; avitre tal, 9557, a hke thing. autri, siatYj. proti. 1107, 1419, T. xviii. I, others, of others. aux, = eux, 7181. aval, adi'. and prep. 712, 2257, B. vii. 2, down, avaler, ?'. a. 8338, 10306, lower, swallow down, bring down: v.n. 558, comedown. avance, s. 20232, superior, avancement, s. 6713. avancer.z'.a. 274, 1739, B.xv.3: ?'.«. 3099. avanci6, a. (pp). 20269, promoted. avant, ad7'. 1 14, 3628, 9271, first, in front, onwards, henceforth; en avant, 12, further on ; si avant, 655, so far; plus avant, 269, 971, moreover, afterwards : puis avant, 2214, thenceforth: avant que, 8360. avant, j. 1740, boast. avantage, s. 827, D. i. i ff. avantance, s. 1731, boasting. s'avanter, i73ofr., toast. avanterie, 12087, boasting. avantgarde, s. 3675. avarice, s. 253, T. iv. 2. ave, inie7'j. 16974, hail! avec, see avoec. avenant, a. 1702, 9275, 17261, suitable, agreeable. avenement, see avienement. avenir, ?'. 71. 917, 8789, B. xviii. i; 3 j-. pret. avint, avient, 8584, T. vi. 2 ; fut, avendra, 3264 : happen, be suitable. aventer, v. ft. 13782, B. xvi. 3, happen, succeed: v. a. 4786, 20101, 21265, follow after. aventure, s. 1239, 1853, 5029, B. xii. i, chance, danger, uncertainty, strange thing. aveoe, see avoec. averous, a. 7345, B. I. i, avaricious, avesques, see avoec. avienement, avenement, s. 9079, 29280 (R), coming. avier(s), a. 15998, 19347, miserly. aviler, v. a. 216, 2471, debase, defile, avis, s. 18S, B. ii. 3, opinion, thought: m'est avis, 824, &c., in my opinion. avis6, a. 637, 2190, aware, careful. avisement, s. 22772, B. xlix. 4, considera- tion. s'aviser, 7'. 729, 231S1, B. xlv. 2, take thought, consider. avisio(u)n, s. 5187, 20466, 28148, dream, vision. aviver, v. a. 4638, rouse. avoec, prep. 1047, B. xvi. 4, aveoc, 2196, avec, 1S006, avesques, 1339, 2670: cp. ove, ovesque. avoegler, 7'. a. 1390, blind: ?'. n. 29683, become blind. avoi, avoy, ifjierj. 535, 9248, shame ! avoir, v. a. 25, B. xiv. 3 ; \ s. p. ay, 122, ai, 9721, D. i. 4 ; 3 j-. ad, 109, D. i. I, &c., a, 7109, &c. ; /';;//. avoie, 6620; 3 s. pret. ot, 61, B. xxx. 2, out, 18217 ; 3 s. fut. avra, 6, avera, 18535, B. ix. 5, T. i. 3, ara, 3696 ; 2 pi. imper. eietz, 446; I s. p. siibj. eie, 18503; 3 s. ait, 1821, B. vi. 2 ; 3 pi. eiont, 2703; 3 s. pret. subj. eust, 181, B. viii. 2, ust, 505, 3238 ; 2 //. ussetz, 3759, eussetz, 29774; 3 P^- iissent, 19380, usscnt, 2977S, eussont, 29782 ; pres.part. eiant, 1468 ; pp. eeu, 182. avoir, s. 473, B. v. 2, property, goods : avoir du pois, 25263, wares (of a bulky kind). s'avoler, t/. 13673, fly away. avolterie, avoulterie, s. 8748 (R), 8759, T. vi. 2, adultery. avofu)ltier(s), s. 8828, T. ix. I, xii. 3 ; /. avoultiere, 8953: adulterer, adulteress. avoltre, s. 19108, adultery. avouer, v. a. 29303, promise. aymy, ay my, inter j. 11225, 29144, alas! ayue, see aie. Babilant, Babiloyne. Babiloine, Baby- loyne, Babyloine, Babyloigne, Babi- loigne, Babilon, 10S4, 1889, 2666, 2858, 4004, 7189, 7196, 8054, 10247, 15712, 17991. Babilonien, j. 11020. bachelei', j-. 23688, young knight. Bachus, 970, 20694. baigner, v. ft. 6756 ; re/l. 24474 : bathe. bailie, s. 42 li, charge. bailler, v. a. 104, 15543, deliver up, give. baillie, s. 2616, T. xi. 3, charge, govern- ment. I 1 2 484 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES baillif, s., pi. baillis, 20976, 24949 ff., 2515S, overseer, reeve, baisant, s. 3500, kissing. baiser, v. a. 3513. bai3er, s. 4373. balade, s. D. i. 3, I'), v. 4. balance, s. 4960, 10308, B. xiii. l, balance, weight, measure, danger. balancer, ?'. 13302. baler, 7'. n. 17611, dance, balsme, s. 12845, '^alm. Baltazar. 7183, 10340. Banaa, 4S98. bando(u)n, .s-. 7050. 141 S3, B. xxi. i, T. xvi. 2 ; a bandoiin, promptly ; a sa bandon, en lour bandovm, in his (her, their) absokitc power. ban(i)eie, s. 5664, 9S20, B. xxvii. 2, banner. banir, v. a. 10037, T. x. 3, banish, baptesme, s. 31 17. baptist, baptistre, s. 27986, 28430. baptizer, v. a. 12209. baptizere, s. 26661, baptiser. baraign, barein, baraine, baraigne, a. 5578, 12226, 25449, 27953, barren. baraigner, v. 20621, make barren. barat, s. 543, 4446, trick, quarrel. baratier, s. 20689, 20779, cheater, quar- cller. baratour, J. 23319. baratter, v. a. 543, deceive, cheat, barbe, s. 3719. barein, see baraign. bargaign, barg(u)ain, bargein. j-. 3301, 3303, 21395, T. xvii. I, bargain, business. bargaignement, s. 6284. bargai(g)ner, bargeiner, v. n. and a., 3368, 7432, 7451, 9483 : bargain, traffic ; bargain for, traffic in. barnage, s. 22051, barons. baro(u)n, s. 417, 881 1, 10266, lord, hus- band. Baruch, 1286, 3145, 3416, 3601, 3997, 6877, 10335. bas. .V(V bass, basilisque, s. yjM- bass, bas, a. 69, 320, 18429, B. ix. 3, xvii. 3 ; de halt en bass, 3183 : aih'. 563. bastarde, s. 11616. bastir, v. a. 4688, 9858, B. xxxviii. 4, build, establish, make. basto(u)n, s. 4100, 41 15. batailil)e, s. 1472, T. vii. i. batailler, v. >t. 22929, fight. bataillous, a. T. xi. i, warlike. baterie, s. 4647, beating, fighting. batre, v. a. 2946, 8899. baucan, s. 903. baud, a. 8887, bold. bauldour, s. 13341, confidence. bealfs), beau, bel(l), / beKDe, 248, 307, 635. 1182,3493, D.i. I, B. i. 4, iii. 2, v. 3. beal, bel(l), beau, adv. 486, 580, 3353, 12646. 13. xli. 3. bealparler, s. 1253, fair speech. bealpere. s. 19963, father. bealpinee, a. 1705, (well-combed), well- dressed. bealsire, s. 436. bealt6, see beut6. beatitude, s. 15890, blessedness. beau, see beaKs), beal. beaute, see beut6. Bede, 7681, 9603, 12448. bedell, s. 4842, attendant. Beemoth, 4453. begant, pres. part. 6666, begging. beggerie, jt. 5800. beguinage, s. 5452, beggary. beguyne, s. 6S98, beggar. bek, s. 41 13, beak. bel, bell, see beaKs), beal. belement, ach'. 3581. Belsabu, Belzabu, 4802, 7173, 24167. bende, s. 9282, band. bender, v. a. 28710, bandage. benefice, s. 1330, 4536, 7422, benefit, kindness, benefice. benei9oun, s. 1 2036, T. v. 3. beneur6, see benur6. benigne, a. 12879. benignenient, adv. 2059. benignet6, s. 22169. bender, Ijenyer, benoir, 7'. a. 7145* 8398, 12244, bless. Benoit, Beneit, 3199, 7931, 9122. benoit, a. 138, D. ii. 1. benur6, beneur6, ^7.4193, 11 147, blessed. berbis. ^., pi. berbis, berbitz, 3448, 22886, sheep. bercelet, s. 3437, hound. berces, berce, .f. 4798, 13524, cradle. bercheresse, s. 21031, shepherdess. berchierls*, s. 20567 ; f. berchere, 5300: shepherd, shepherdess. Bernard! s), Bernars, 11 46, 161 8, 2874, 5877, 7694. 9631, 12445, 14020, 14623, 14653, 14951. 16875, 18004, 20974. Ber8ab6(e), 4968, 16699, 22821, T. xiv. I. besant, s. 1 5628, besant (talent). beste, .V. 905, B. xvi. i. bestial, a. 7829, 9554. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 48= bestial, s. 8529, beast. bestiality, s. 24. Bethanie, 28513. Bethlem, 2S048, 28133 fif. beut6, beavite, s. 1254, 3770, bealt6, 17010, B. iv. 2. beverage, j. 61 10. beveresse, s./. 8125, drinker. beverie, s. 7604, 132 17, drinking. bible, s. 1657, T. xiv. i. bien, aih'. 80, B. iv. 2 ; le bien venuz, 2263 ; bien tost, 913. bien, s. 140 ; p/. biens, bien, 60, D. ii. 5, B. vi. 2 : good, wealth, good things. bienam6, a. 10193 : s. 12982. bienfaire, v. a. 3132, 8215 : v. n. 1055 1. bienfaire, bienfere, s. 1573I) 22912. bienfaisance, see bienfesance. bienfait, j'. 2272 ; pi. bienfaitz, bienfetz, 1839, 13821 : good deed, benefit. bienfesance, bienfaisance, s. 1992, 7539. bienfesant, bienfaisant, s. 184 1, 19074, well-doing, well-doer. bienfesour, J-. 17454. bientost, see bien. bienvenu(s), a. 5202, welcome, bienvuillance, s. 5683. bienvuillant, s. 26951, benefactor. bier, j\ 23108, man. bilingues, a. and s. 3519, 3580, double- tongued, Double-tongue. blame, s. 2958, 12708, blame, reproach. blamer, v. a. 2719, 7682, B. xvii. i, blasmer, C. blamer, s. 25216, blaming. blanc, a. 3498, B. xlv. 3 ; / blanche, 1560, B. xxxvii. 3. blanchour, s. 9340, whiteness. blandir, v. a. 506, flatter. blandisant, a. 8210. blandisement, s. 1388. blandisour, s. 3559. blandit, s. 8723, caress. blasmer, see blamer. blaspheme, s. 2438. blasphemer, v. 2446. blasphemus, a. 2450. bl6(e), s. 2565 ; pi. bledz, bleedz, 11144, 14527 : corn, blemir, v. a. 2625, injure. blemure, s. 9708, blemish. blescer, v. a. 2659, wound. blesceure, j. 2070, wound. blounde, s. 8688, fair one. bloy, a. 25329, blue. bobance, s. 1989, arrogance. bobancerfs), s. 1883, arrogant person. bobant, s. 1 1057, arrogance. bochier(s), see bouchier(s). Boece, 175S, 1790, 14833, 14898. boef, s. 7747. boel(l)e, s. 3396, 8084, bouelle, 8598, bowels. boidie, s. 3848, 6393, deceit. boire, v. 1 180, 3603, B. xlvii. I ; 3 J. imp. bevoit, 18234; 3 pi. pret. beurent, 21 1 13; 3 s.fut. bevera, 11852. bois, s. 941. boiste, buiste, s. iiT^, 4624, box. bon(s), a. 33, D. i. i, boun, 11273; /. bonne, bone, 598, 13154, B. iv. 2. bonde, s. 4053, 8202, T. xviii. i, bounds, control. bon(n)ement, <7(^?'7/. 2610, 14157, B. xlix. i, in good manner, good-humouredly. bonneg(u)arde, s. 16585, 16606. bont6, s. 1387, B. xxxiii.4, bounty, 8317, B. iv. 2. Boors, 1473. bordel(l), s. 8735, 20637, stews. bordellant, s. 9267, frequenter of stews. bordeller, s. 5502. bordeller, v. n. 9088, commit fornication, boscage, j-. 2136, wood. boscheus, a. 5336, bossy. boscu, a. 27029, wooded. botel(l)er, buteller, s. 298, 7547, 16447, butler. botenure, i-. 1242, adornment of buttons. botoun, s. 25629, button. botu(z), pp. 171, thrust out : cp. bouter. bouche, s. 3513, B. xiv. 4. bouchier(s), bochier(s), s. 26213, 26223, butcher. bouelle, see boel(l)e. boun, see bon. bounty, see bont6. bountevous, a. B. xxxi. 2. bource, s. 910. bourdant, s. 3901, jesting. Bourdeaux, "z^iA^i,. bourny, see burny. bout, s. 5252, 8130 (bout de latonelle). bouter, v. a. 1337 ; 3 s. p. bout, 10384 : thrust, put in, cast down. bovier(s), s. 26439, herdsman, braielle, i\ 5227, braiel, 7053, girdle. braier, v. a. 7951, bray (in a mortar). braire, v. n. 2807, lament. brandir, v. a. 4671, move about. branler, v. a. 14744, brandish, bras, s. 7099. 486 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES br'ef, a. 6604, B. xvii. 3, short, small ; danz brief, in a short time : adv. 26341. brief, s..pL bries, 337, 24865, letter. brievement, adv. 13745- brigantaille, s. 18675, irregular troops. briser, v. a. 9324, B. yX\\. i : v. ?i. 10952. brocage, .y. 6579, 9460, agency, brokerage, intrigue. brocager, 7'. n. 24890, intrigue. brocour, s. 7225, agent, broker. Brugges, 25251. brviiller, v. 2345, burn. bruire, v.n. 3032, 19893 : v. a. 3628 : burn. bruiaser, 7/. n. 7896 : see note. brun, a. T. xvii. 3. bmsch, a. 26120, acid, sour. Brutus, 25254. buffet, s. 13402, blow. buffle, s. 25277, jest (?). bufFoy, s. 1778, pride. builer, buylier, v. ;/. 4148, B. vii. 2, bubble. buillie, s. 3876, 26158, bubbling, brew. buillon, s. 25531, mint. buisso(u)n, s. 943, 8899, bush. buiste, st'e boiste. buleter, v. 7805, bolt fmeal). buUe, s. 1S759, bull (of the pope). burette, s. 9281 : see note. burgois, i-. 7252, citizen. burgoiserie, s. 7Bi()j. burny, bourny, a. 1 1 12, 14060, burnished. bu3che, .f. 9470, fragment (of woodj. busoignable, a. 14578, necessary. busoignle), s. 1962, 5405, T. vi. 3, busi- ness, affair, necessity. busoigner, v. fi. 25194, have need. busoignous, a. 7314, 14541, needy, necessary. buteller, see botel(l)er. buylier, see builer. C 9a, adv. 1 09 1 7, 24475, hither. caccher, v. a. 7010, drive : cp. chacer. cacheuB, a. 8601. cage, s. B. x'ix. i : cp. gage. Cahim, Cahym, Chaym, 4565, 4969, 12219, Cain. caitif(s>, caitis, caytis, a. 4001, 5678, captive, wretched: j. 6106, 11368, 11438, wretch, villain : cp. chaitif. Calcas, B. xx. 3. Caldieu(8», Caldeus, Caldiee, 22017 ff., 29321, Chaldeans. Caleph, 2336. Calidoine, T. vii. i. Calipsa, 16675. Calvarie, 28730. camele, s. 4417: cp. chameal(8). camelion, s. B. xvi. i. camerette, s. 17S97. camp, s. 5129, field : cp. champ(8). Canana, 17488. Candy, 26094. canin, a. 4281, like a dog. canoller, s. 8660, spinning. cano(u)n,.y.274i,7372, 16092, 21 157 f., rule, canon law, canon (regular) : a. loy canoun, 17140. capitein, a. 27375, chief. capitein,capitaiii,i'. 476,7 1 5 : /".capiteine, capitaine, 764, 1045, B. xxxix. 2. capitous, a. 26384, obstinate. capo(uin, chapoun, s. 7746, I54i5> 24729. captivesoun, s. 10372, captivity. car, conj. 5, D. ii. 3, &c., quar, 3922, 14479. carbo(u)n, charbo(ujn(8), 3627, 6888, 8849, 16793- cardiacre, .$■. 5093, heart-disease: cp. M.E. ' cardiacle.' cardinal, s. 18560, 18849 ff. cardoun, s. 27190, thistle. Carnie, s. 21760, Carmelite 1 friar). caroigne, s. 11 21, 9537, T. vi. 3, carcass, body, carrion. carole, s. 16668, dance, caroler, v. n. 9366, dance (in a round), carpenter, s. 21430. carte, s. 8890. cas, s. 1861, B. xxii. i, case, chance: par cas, 1908, perchance, casselle, jr. 14776. Cassodre, 11770, 13920, 23059, 24592, Cassiodorus. castell, sec chastel. catell, sec chateal. Catounis), Caton(s), 4077? 4704. 5266, 12727, 12733, 13485, 14143, 17617, 17641 ff. causal, J'. 154, B. 1. 2, cause, cause, i'. 100, 1 1663, D. i. i, cause, affair, causer, v. 1 56, B. xxxi. 2. cautele, s. 7076, 24213, device, trickery, cave, s. 2 II 09. caytis, see caitif( s). ce,pro/i. 13, 78,1). i. 4 ; (\\'\\.\\ prep.) de ce, pour ce, oultre ce, 21, 89, 400: (/. pource. ce, dcm. a. B. ii. 4 ; //. ce, 14890 : cp. ceo, cest. ce, = se, 1147, B. xviii. 3. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 487 eea, see ceo. ceaux, see celui. cedre, s. 13357, cedar. cedule, s. 25671, prescription. ceinture, j-. 1707. eeinturelle, s. 20654, girdle. Ceix, B. xxxiv. 3. eel, cell, dem. a. 152, 305, B. iii. i, T. xviii. 2 ;/.cellei3o,cele 3453: that, the: cp. ceo, cest, cil. cela, pron. 106, B. ii. i, cella, 7195. celant, s. 1737, concealer. celebr6, a. 721 1. celebrer, v. a. 8662, 16130, celebrate, sanctify. celee, a. 1125, concealed, secret; au plus eel6e, 2681, most secretly, celee, s. 494, concealment. celeement, adv. 1078, secretly. celer, ?'. 4S79, hide, eeler, eelier, j'. 7814, 25991, cellar, celeste, celestre, a. 5068, 17352. celestial, a. 1977, D. i. i : s. les celes- tieux, les celestials 65, 27120, heaven, celes'.in, a. 316, 18640, B. xxi. 2, celestial. celestious, a. 1094, heavenly. celestre, see celeste, celle, s. 21437, cell. celui, celdiuy, celly, pron. 1649, 2646, 12167, B. viii. 3 ; f. celle, 244, B. v. 4 ; pi. ceux, ceaux, 2S6, 1022, B. xliii. 3 ; /. celles, B. xli. i. cendal, s. 25292. cendre, j-. 1367, T. x. i. cene, s. 28649, supper, cent, centz, nicin. 1693, 2945, sent, B. xli. 2. centante, 15871, a hundredfold. centfois, 24401, a hundredfold. centisme, a. 9982, hundredth. centmil, nmn. B. xvi, 4, cent mil, 6125. centmillfoitz, adv. B. viii. 2. Centurio, 28762. ceo, cea, pron. i, D. i. 2 : de)n. a., pi. eeos, 301, B. iii. 4, V. 3, XXXV. 3. cercher, see sercher. cercle, s. 9280. ceit,z), certe, a. 1691, 3176, sure. certain(s), certein(s), a. 367, 1316, B. iv. 3, viii. 4; en certein, "j"] . certainement, adv. 9032. certein, certain, s. 8372, 9839, 18866, B. xlviii. I, certainty, obligation, due, certain sum. certes, adv. 555, B. xxvii. i. cervel(lje, s. 1270, 3054. cervoise, s. i^ni"], beer. cervoiser, s. 26136, beer-seller. Cesar, 16023, 18601, 18625 ^-i I9333> 22174. cesser, v. ?t. 4127, B. vi. 3. cest, deni. a. 36 (R), 9229, B. i. 4 ; / ceite, 528, B.iv. I ;/.//. cestes 17893, this, the. cete, J-. 27055, whale. Cezile, 18852, Sicily. chace, s. 3900. chacer, 7/. a. 7433, 11251 : cp. caccher. chacun,chacuny,j<'^chascun,chaacuny. cha(i)ere, s. 2481, 3066, seat, place, chair (of a teacher). chaitif, cheitif, a. 3033, 7974, 8275, captive, wretched : cp. caitif. chaitif, chaitis, s. 2'J2,'27, 27551. cha!i)tivelle, a. 1 140, 3055, evil, wretched. chalandre, s. 10707, B. xii. i : see note, chalanger, see chalenger. chald, a. 3031, B. ii. i : s. 21921 ; chalt pas, adv. (hot foot), at once, 180 18. Chaldee, 6361. chalemelle, s. 1263, pipe, chalenge, jt. 6315, accusation. chalengex', chalanger, v. a. 6346, 15879, 25433, accuse, claim. chalice, s. 7143, 20693. challou, s. 3716, stone. chaloir, v. n. usu. inipers. B. xliii. I; ■}, s. p. chalt, chault, 1704. 7223: matter, be of consequence : ce que chalt 3367, 8905, 25712: with pers. subject, ne chalt de tuer, 4S27. chalour, s. 3821, B. ix. 4, chalure, 5392. chalt pas, see chald. Cham, 12025, Ham. chamberer, s. 296, chamberere, 465, B. xvi. 3, xxxvii. 2, chamberlain, chamber- maid. chamberlain, chambirlein, chambir- lain, chambrellein, ^. 2678, 5173, 5429, 7280 ;/". chamberleine, chambreleine, 1047, 10185. chambre, s. 713. chameals), s. 6752, 28449, camel: cp. cam.ele. champ(s), ^. 941, 2200, B. xxxvi. i. champaine, champeine, s. 1604, 28982. champartie, s. 6571. champestre, a. 14850: s. 24588, country. champio(uin, s. 14038, 14129. Chanaan, T. xiii. i. chance, s. 5433 ; par chance, 14876. chanceler, 2/. ;/. 11 357, 16584, totter, waver. chancellerie, s, 19495. 488 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES chanconfs), s. 3166, ehancovm, B. xxxv. 4, chauneon, B. xl. 3. chanconal.'i-. 27359. song. chan9onette, j-. 9285. chandelle, s. 1132. chanclellier, s. 20782. Chanel, s. 5258, hinge. changable. (i. 5876, changing. change, s. T. iv. 3. changer, 7/. a. and «. 69, 1666, 5333, B. V. I. chant, s. 1699. chanter, v. 943, B. xii. 3. chanter, s. 1433, singing. chanterole, ^^ 41 10, song: a. 16629, apt to sing. chaoir, cheir, v. n. jy, 306, 1 1655 ; 3 s. p. chiet, 14S6 ; 3 p/. cheont, B. xviii. i ; 3 s. iifip. chaoit, 65, B. xx. 3 ; 3 J. prei. chaist, 74, chait, 1 1 50, chay, 1 8999 ; fiet. cherra, 10559; pp. cheeM(z), cheeuis), 127, 600, B. xxii. I : fall, chapeal, s. 6, 18762, B. xxxvi. 3, chaplet, hat. chapeKlleinfs), chapellainfs), s. 2132, 4432, B. xxiv. I. chapelle, jr. 4830. chapero(u)n, s. 8819, 20912, hood. chapitre, s. 20152, 21126, 21434, chapter (of a cathedral or abbey), chapter-house. chapoun, sec capoun. char. j-. 260, 7494, B. xxi. 2, flesh, meat. charbo(u)n, see carboun. charette, s. 581 1, 8162, cart. charettier(s), s. 11654; /. charettiere, 8161, driver, carter, chargant, a. 2657, burdensome. charge, s. 5400. charger, v. <>. 1349, 6467. charir, see cherir. charitable, a. 12883. charit6, s. 1974, 12613. charitousement, adt'. 12620. Charles, Charlemainis), Charlemeine, 1303, 11298, 14273, 23870, 29443. charme, s. 4126. charm iiel, a. 5049, 7800. charniere, s. 9189. charrere, s. 15725. charue, s. 5655, 14353, plough, charuer, s. 8659, ploughing. charuere, s. S2Cjg. chascunisl, cheseunfs), chacun, /;w/, and (I. 1, 109, 6596, B. xliii. 3, li. i. chsuBicuny, pron. 1623, 6838. chastei Bj, a. 9683, B. xxi. 4, T. xiv. 2. chastel(l), s. 1256, 8366, castell, 141 73 ; p/. chastealx, 3640. chastement, ad7'. 17779. chastete, chastite, j-. 9171, 29945, T. iii. i. chastiement, s. 850. chastier, v. a. 742, B. xxxix. 2, T. xv. i fif., rebuke, punish, correct. chastier, chastoier, jr. 5024, 1 1000, punish- ment, correction. chat, s. 4256. (chateal), eatell, s. 8406; p/. chateaux, 8930, goods, wealth. chativelle, see chaitivelle. chancier, s. 5227, hosier. chaulcure, j. 1227, hose. Chaym, see Cahim. cheable, a. 1865, liable to fall, cheir, see chaoir. cheitif, see chaitif. chemin, chemyn, s. 5642, 5879, 26555. cheminer, v. ?i. 2S048. travel, chemise, s. 5238, T. vii. 3. cher, see chier. chere, see chiere. chericer, v. a. 254, cherish. cheri(s), a. 229, 26155, dear, cherir, v. a. 428, B. iv.* i, charir, 17589, welcome, cherish. cherra, see chaoir. chescxm, see chascun. chevance, s. 15455, profit, chevetein, cheventeine, s. 1208, 22067, chief. cheveux, s. ipL), 12988. chevicer, see cheviser. chevir, v. a. 20370, acquire. chevisance, s. 7236, profit, gain. cheviser, chevicer, v. n. and tejl. 6357, 24859, make profit. chiche, a. 7670, stingy. chief, s. 2432, 5419, B. 1. I, head, end ; an chief du (dej tour, 1500, 3420, in the end. chief, a. 4803. chien(s), s. 866, 4435. chier, cher, a. 300, 1 1765, B. xxxi. 2 : adv. 3880. chiere, chere. s. 247, 460, 899, B. xviii. 2, face, countenance, appearance, welcome. chierement, adt'. 399. chienelt^, j. 6298, 28196, afifection, price. chiev(eire, s. 929, 20034, goat. chimin^, s. 7331, road. chincherie, s. 26334, stinginess. chitoun. s. 8221, kitten. chival(8j, s. 2847 ; pi. chivalx, 185 16. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 489 chivalcher,chivacher,chivauchier,7^.;/. 902, 9144, 18988, ride: se chivalcher 915, mount. ehival(i)er, s. 2537, 7228, B. vii. i. chivalerouB, a. 24002, knightly. chivaLDerie, s. 14262, 23142, T. xi. i, knighthood, warfare. Chodrus, 19983. chois, s. 29494, B. xhx. 2. choisir, chosir, 7'. . civil, civil, a. (loy civile), 9093, 14138, 23749. clamer, ?'. 2602 ; 3 s.p. claime, clayme, 9972, 20457, B. 1. 2 : claim, call. clamour, s. 668. claret, ^\ 16408 : cp. clarr6e. claret6, clarte, 5-. 10624, 10740, bright- ness, light. clarr6(e), s. 3046, 26079 : ep. claret, claustral, s. 20953, cloisterer. Clement, 19484, 20569. Cleophas, 28817, 29200. cler, see clier. clerc(s), cler(s), 1447, 3016, clerk, priest. clerement, see clierement. clergesce, s. 5546, clergesse, 7346. clergie, s. 5550, 18423, learning, clergy, clerical office. clergo(u)n, s. 3300, 16082, 20785, priest, student. clief, s. 1494, B. XXV. 2, key. client, i-. 1225, 24207, follower, client. clier, a. 201, B. xlv. 3, cler,/. clere, 1 133, 1774, bright, clear: ai^v. 20764. cKijerement. tidv. 1391, 6794, B. xix. 3. climant, a. 9591 : see note. Climestre, T. ix. 2. clochier, s. 21413, bell-tower. clochiere, s. 5 1 80, bell. clocke, clocque, s. 14742, 21162, bell, cloistral, s. 21413, cloisters. cloistre, s. 5314, monastery, cloistrer, s. 21076. clop, s. 1581 1, lame man. clore, V. a., 3 s. p. clot, 10447, B. xviii. 3 ; 3 s.pret. clost, 29229 : close, enclose, clos, a. 5146, T. viii. 3, closed, close, cloue, s. 28732, nail, coadjutour, s. 10049, helper. coard(z), see couard. coardie, see couardie. cocati'ice, s. 8973. cock, coc, s. 880: coc chantant, 141 89, cock-crowing. coec(s), s. 7844, cook. coer{s), s. 26, B. i. 3, xi. 1, cuerfs), 414, &c. cofifre, s. 6950. cogitacioun, s. 1533- cohabiter, v. n. 13855, dwell together. coi, coy, a. 538, 1785, 9247, B. iii. 2, quiet, tranquil, private : en coy, 849. coiement, adv. 10146, quietly. coife, J, 8820, 24376, cap, coif, coigner, v. a. 11976, split. 490 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES col, coll, s. 2267, 2922. Colc(h)os, 3725, T. viii. i. colee, collee, ^^ 23655, 287 11, blow on the neck. se coler, v. 6792, slip, glide. coleiic, a. 14710. collaciovm, s. 692. collectour, s. 201 71. col liomb, s. 932, 28484, columb, 1340S, dove. colour, s. 934, 24189, B. xlvi. 3, colour, pretence. colouree, a. 7131, specious. colourer, v. a. 6210. columbelle, s. 29935, dove, com, st-t- conio. comander, see commander, combatant, s. 3902. combatour, s. 14368. combatre, v. n. and refl. 2381, 3736. combien, adv. 1748 : eombien que, 2164, 2357, B. viii. 3, however much, altiiough. combler, v. a. 15677, pile up. come, com, comme, conj. 28, 81, B. ii. 2, iii. i; comme plus . . . tant plus, 3347. comencer, sec commencer. comencer, J. 27465, B.xxxiii. i, beginning. comensaile, see commensaille. commender, v. a. B. xlv. 4. comimjent, adv. 16, 194, B. ii. 2 : cement que, 1690, howsoever. commandemeut, s. 2198, 6279. comimlander, v. 651, 12163, B. xxv. 3; I s. p. commant, 29656 : command, commend. commanderesse, s.f. 15905. commant, s. 658. comme, see come. commen9aille, see commensaille. commenpance, s. 7470. commencement, j-. 51. comim lancer, v. 21, 304, 350. comimiencer, JT. 13540,27465, B.xxxiii. i. commendable, a. B. xxix. 3. commendacion, x. 18324 (R). commensaille, commen9aille, comen- saile, 5. 15268, 19337, T. vii. 2, beginning, comment, see coment. commenter, v. n. 3709, remark, commete, s. 26737, comet, commettre, v. a. 14100, include. commoigne, s. 20913, fellow-monk, (commovoir), v. a., pp. comm(e)u, 3109, 3955- comimiun, a. 489, II43, B. xliii. 2, T. XV. I. coramun, adv. 12403, in common, commun, s. 14574, 23774, common weal, people : cp. commune, communal, a. 23484 ; en communal, 2735«- communal, s. ^164 (pi.), people generally. communalt§, s. 24823, community. commune, s. 6296, 14301, generality (of people), public, right (?) : ep. commun, s. communement, ad7'. 332, 2669. communer, 7'.fi. 1 3634, communicate : se communer, 6638, T. xvii. i, asso- ciate (with), share. commun(i)er, s. 8170, 20780, commoner, sharer. communer, a. 16000, common : ad^'. 23250. compaignfs\ compain(s), compaine, s. 3370, 9209, T. xvii. 2 ; /. compai gjne, 83, 608, B. xxxv. I. compai(g)nie, s. 153, 384, B. iv. 2, xxx. 4. compaignoiu n, s. 1525, B. xxxv. i. eompaini s I, compaine, see compaign(s). compavacioun, s. 137 19, comparison. comparant, s. 1458, rival. comparant, a. 17071, like. comparer [i), v. a. 2525, B. xii. i, com- pare. comparer (2), ?'. a. and ;/. 8112 ; 3 s. p. compiert, 3880, 6857, compere, 21641; /li/. compara, 26578 ; sui>j. compiere, 2001 : pay for, purchase, suffer. comparisoun, s. 2721, B. xxi. i. compas, s. 4947, 10349, circuit, contri- vance. compassant, a. 13372, compassement, s. 797, contrivance. compasser, ?'. a. 1063, 20750, contrive, arrange. compassio(u)n, s. 4866, 13019, 28914. eompeller, v. a. 18892. compendiousement, adv. 18372 (R), shortly. compenser, 7'. a. 11512, 12922, weigh together, reflect upon. compernage, i-. 5453, 8052, 11349, relish, dainty food. compescer, 7/. a. 4126, tame. competent, a. 6331. compiere, compiert, see comparer. compiler, 7'.^?. 1571, 3414. gather together. compleindre, complaindre, v. a., n. and ;«y/. 524, 755, 12528; 1 .v. /. compleigns, I), xii. 4, xli. 1, compleigne, iii. i ; 3 jt. complaint. 524, compleine, ^"/(^i; pret. compleigna, 755. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 491 eomplei ginte, s. 668, 29103, B. ix. 6. complet, d. 3153. complexioun, s. 14698, disposition. compli, a. 16037, B. x. i, full, perfect. complie, s. 8554, compline. coniplir, 7'. a. 464, 5481 ; 3 s. coiid. eom- pleroie, 1932 : bring to an end, accom- plish. se comploier, v. 15053, be directed. componer, v. a. 16017, 25628, arrange, compound. compost, s. 7S62, mixture. comprendre, v. a. 58, 1362, 1721, 3004, 6449, B. xlix. I, receive, conceive, under- stand, include, fulfil. conipte, see conte (1), compter, v. n. 9138, give account. comun, see commtin. conceler, v. a., 3 s. p. concelle, concele, ii33> 7157- concepcioun, s. 27471. concevoir, conceivre, v. a. 207, 28623 ; 3 s. p. con^oit, 2459, conceive, 4911, conceipt, 10823 > 2/1/. pret. conceustez, 27974; 2 s.fut. conciveras, 27930; pp. conceu, 4914, concuiz), 6728, B. xvi. 1. concluder, v. a. 15900: ?'. it. 9980. conclure, v. a., pp. conclus, 1668, 9092, B. xxxix. 3, shut in, bring to an end, reduce to silence. conclusioun, s. 2974, 24143, conclusion, argument. concordable, a. 2472, agreeable, simi- lar. concordance, s. 3862, 7475, 22265, con- cord, harmony (of the Gospels). Concorde, s. 2736, 13821, agreement. concorder, v. a. 13895, cause to agree. concubine, s. 9003, T. xiii. i. concupiscence, s. 9124, condempner, v. a. 4932. eondescendre, v. fi. 14586, come down. condicio(u)n, s. 1107, B. xxi. 2. conduire, conduier, v. a. 10916, 11 159: V. H. 8518 : guide, be leader. conduiserls), s. 11657, steerer. conduit, i'. 1 1988, guide. conestable, see eonnestable. confederacioun, s. 6569. confederat, a. 24262. confederer, 1'. a. 24254, unite together. confermer, v. a. 9077, T. v. 1 : v. ;/. 10463. confes(s), a. 5624, 6588, confessed. confess, confess^, s. 14846, 21402, peni- tent. eonfessement, s. 14808, confession. confesser, v. 477, 2046 ; se confesaer, 2662. confessio(u)n, s. 4080, 14831, T. ix. 3. confessour, s. 9148, 14000. eonfire, v. a. 4344, 4966 ; pp. confit, 2552, 2758: bring about, perform, construct, season. confiture, s. 7961, 18366, contrivance, seasoning. conflote, s. 7397, company (?) confondement, s. 1532, confusion. confondre, v. a., 3 s. p. confont, 2798, confonde, 10841, T. xviii. 2 ; pp. confondus, 3461, confundus, 1904: bring to ruin, confort, s. 223, D. ii. 4, B. xxx. 3. confortant, a. B. xxvii. 2. confortement, s. 12967. conforter, v. a. 3047, 13. xliv. 2, support, comfort. confortour, s. 12958. se confourmer, v. S920. confrere, s. 31 98, brother (in religion). confus, a. 1293, 6665, confounded, dis- tressed. confusioiu)n, s. 3089, 3445. cong(i)6, s. 9914, 10348, permission, congregacioun, s. 10880, assembly. conivreisoun, s. 8815, connivance, conjecture, s. 3365, 6389, conjecture, plan, plot. conjoi(g)ntement, conjoyntement, adv. 590, 12966, 29775, together. conjoint, conjoynt, a. 10683, 23029, joined. conjoir, conjoier, %'. n. and reji. 12901, 12930, rejoice in common : v. a. 12926, rejoice with. conjoye, s. 12903, joy in common. conjur, s. 6977, conspiracy, conjurer, v. a. 5218, 5796, 9803, conjure, appeal to, contrive (by conspiracy). con(n)estable, s. 3674, 9971, T. i. i, ruler, constable. connestablie, s. 8516. government, conoiscance, s. 6077, knowledge, conoistre, v. a. 670, 1098, B. xxxix. I. conquei-re, ?'. <2. 816, 121 5 ; 3 s. p. con- quiert, 14688 ; pret. conquist, 3173, T. viii. I : win. conquer(r)our, s. 1940, 53S3. conqueste, s. 9897. conquester, v. a. 3729, T. vii. i, win. conroi, conroy, s. ^42, order, equipage. conroier, v. a. 24747, arrange. 492 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES consail, conaal, conseil, J. 1 1, 304, 3704, 4082, D. i. 2. 15. xxiii. 3. T. xviii. 3. consaildiement, .v. 12044, 17635, counsel, consaildler, conseillller, v. a. and rejl. 287. 293, 754, 1474, consult, advise, consailler, consaillour, s. 2360, 8861. consaillei'esse, s.f. 4742. conscience, jr. 161, li. xlii. 3, mind, thoughts, conscience, consecracioun, s. 20724. consecrer, v. a. 7478. conseil, conseiler, see consail, &c. consentir, t'. ;/. and refi. 516, 2635, B- 'V- 2 : V. a. 20797. consequent, s. 15287, consequence, conaideracioun, s. 2297. considerer, v. Jt. and a. 660, 12863, B. xlv. I : Lp. eonsirer. consirer, v. 27331, consider. consistoire, s. 11 508, 18689, continuance, consistory' court. conspir, s. 644, B. xxv. i. conspirant, s. 6515, conspiracy. conspirer, v. n. 783, 2878, 15246, consult, conspire : v. a. 24073, stir up. Constance, s. 131, 143 18. constant, a. 10626. Constantin,Costentin, Constant, 1 392 1, 18637, 23055. constraint, jyv constreindre. constreilglnte, s. 931, B. xv. 2, xlii. 2. constreindre, v. a., 3 s. p. constreine, 2030, constreigne, 10537 ; pp. con- streint, constreins, 4313, 6656, B. xlv. 2, constraint, 2357: press, compel, construer, T'. a. 7374, explain, constru(i)re, v. a. 19418, 20228, build, interpret. consuete, a. 16252, accustomed, contagious, a. 20769. contant, s. 3226, consideration, conte, compte, s. 1505, 2686, B. xlvi. 2, 3, reckoning, story. conte(8), s. 2237, contour, 18524, count, carl. conteckour, s. 4684, contentious person. contek, s. 4647, contention, contempcioun. s. 4050, contempt, contemplacioiu^n, s. 687, B. xxiv. 3. contemplatif, a. 106 13. contempler, 7'. rt.io6o4,T. ii. i: ?'. «.2935l. contempler, s. 10699, meditation, contemplier, s. 10645. meditator. contenance, s. 1637, B. xiii. 2, contien- ance. 8318, B. xv. 3. contencioun, s. 4047. contendement, s. 14995, warring, contenir, ?'. a. 40, B. xvi. 4 ; 3 .r. imp. contienoit, 965, 1843, contencit, B. xliii. 3 : v. n. 17826. content, a. 1656 1. conter, v. a. 15, B. vi. 3. contesse, j-. 25693. contienance, see contenance. contienement. j-. 11789, behaviour. continence, s. 17750, T. ii. i. continent, a. 9389, continens, 17816- continuance, s. 8967, B. i. 3. continuer, ?'. ;/. 10206 : refi. 29890. contour, see conte(s). contourbacioun, s. 9869, disturbance. contourber, v. a. 18652, disturb. contradiccioun, s. 2404. contraire, conti'ere, a. 2050, 23069, T. xii. 2 ; au contraire, 676 ; le contraire, 2026, le contraire de, 2711: adv. V). xxxii. I. contraire, contrere, s. 175, 16520, trans- gression, evil. contraler, v. ti. 24593, go in opposition. contralier, ?'. a. 4979, oppose : ?efi. 2385, make resistance. contrariance, s. 2239. contrarian t, a. 1183, opposite, opposing, contrarier, s. 21494, (the) opposite. contrarious, a. 2403, perverse, contrary, contre, prep. 144, D. i. 2. contredire, v. a. 2412, 2577. contredit, s. 3931, B. xxvi. 2, opposition, contradiction. contr6e, j'. 4825. contrefaire, 7'. a. 25568, counterfeit, contrefait, contrefeit, a. 1397; 2699, 6305, false, falsely invented, contrefait, s. 17 14, mocking, contrepenser, v. a. 8420, 10496, 29366, tliink on the other hand, consider, de- vise, (as a remedy). contreplaider, v. a. 4064, plead against, contreplait, s. 17004, objection. contreplit, s. 1643, opposition, contrepois, j. 13308. contrepriser, v. a. 13303, counterbalance, contrere, see contraire. contrestance, s. 3619, power of resistance, contretaile, s. T. vii. 3, retribution. contretencer, ?'. a. 6216, strive against, contretenir, 7'. n. 2036 ; refi. 3521, T. xiv. I : defend oneself. contretenir, s. B. xxxiv. 4, opposition. contrevaloir, 7'. «., 3 s. p. contre- vaile, 1467, be equal (to). GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 493 contricioun, J. 14911. contrister, v. a. 10973, make sad. contrit(z), a. 14537. contro(e)ver, v. a. 13, 1220, 5193, invent, contrive. controveure, a. 1955, invented. eontumaeie, s. 2326. contvimas, a. 2389. contumelie, s. 4067. conu(s), see conoistre. conuscance, s. 8234, knowledge. convenient, a. 25771, fitting. conventual, a. 2 141 2. convers, a. 6983, 9888, converted, holy, conversacioun, s. 3086, B. xxi. 2. converser, 7'. 2894, 3161, have dealings, dwell. convertir, v. n. and refl. 647, 749 ; pp. f. converse, 22042 : turn : v. a, 29334, convert. convocacion, s. B. xxxv. i. convoier, v. a. 282, 2816, B. viii. 3, xv. i. cop, coup, s. 1947, 4236, 5016, blow, stroke: beau cop, 919, great quantity. cophin, s. 28553, basket. copier, coup(i)er, v. a. 2923, 7035, 11 124, cut. corage, s. 1068, D. i. 3, heart, spirit. coragous, a. 4644. coral(s), a. 3707, hearty. corant, a. 2847, running. coi-byn, corbin(s), s. 6698, 6705, raven. corde, s. 2728, 22899, T. iv. i. cordelle, j. 20362, lash. cordial, a. 717, 13194, of the heart. corn, s. 9896, horn. cornage, s. 22146, horn-blowing. Corneille, 15475. corner, v. n. and a. 5212, 10125, 22144, play music, blow a note, blow. corner, s. 11303, blowing of the horn, cornette, s. 1263, horn, corniere, j-. 1073, corner. cornoier, v. 11321, sound on the horn. coron(n)al, s. 12071, D. i. 3, crown. coronne, coroune, couronne, s. 15 10, 9897, 1 1 522, 20120, crown, tonsure. coronnement, s. 22286, coronation. coron(n)er, v. a. 11628, 29724, B. Envoy 1. 6. eoroucer, coroucier, ?'. a. 4509 : v. n. and refl. 649, 2375 : make angry, become angry. eoroucer, s. 4460, anger, coroupous, a. 4637, angry. coroune, see coronne. corous, s. 2658, B. xxix. i, anger. corporal, corporiel, ^i'. 1969, 10996. corps, s. 93, B. V. 4. correccioun, s. 19109. correctour, s. 20170. corriger, v. a. 2J22>2. corrumpre, 7'. a. 20331 ; 3 j./. corrumpe, 7350, corrumpt, 91 14, corrompt, 16792 ; pp. corrumpu, 192, corrupt, 16258 : ?'. n. 27141. corrupcioun, j-. 13362. corrupt, a. 7784. corsage, s. 12128, body. corsaint, corseint, s. 11 49, 4551, saint. cortil, J-. 2341 1. com, see courre. corussez, a. C, angry. coste, s. 885, side. cost6(e), .$•. 918, 17985, T. viii. 3, eostie, 5165, side. Costentin, see Constantin. costi6, see cost6e. cost(ijere, s. 894, 27986, side. eostoier, v. 28085, be beside. costummer, see coustummer. cosu, //. loioi, sewn, cotage, ^. 411 8, cottage. cote, s. d>d>2„ coat. cotell, see coutell. cotelle, s. 28024, rib (?). cou(s), s. 8761, cuckold. couard, a. 1 63 17, 16596, cowardly. couard, coard(z), s. 5497, B. 1. r, coward. couardie, coardie, s. 5462, 14263, cowardice. couche, s. 895. couch(i)er, v. n. 5140, 5160, B. xliii. 2. couchour, a. 23857, lazy. coue, i-. i4o6,cue, 15258, keue, 1 5271, tail. coufle, s. 916, kite. coulpe, see culpe. coup, see cop. coupable, a. 1109. coupe, s. 8291, cup. coup(i)er, see copier, coui'ber, v. a. 2120. courchief, s. 25291. couronne, see coronne. courre, corre, v. n. and 7rfl. 1591, 4750, 10723, B. vii. 2 ; //. coru, 26554 : run. cour(r)oie, s. 5792, 8492, curroie, B. xxv. 2, strap, belt. cours, s. 4181. courser, s. 18020. court, s. 1376, D. ii. 4. 494 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES court, a. 4668 : tenir court de, 7398, 1 897 1, disregard, neglect. courtement. ac/v. 829. courte(i)our, s. 2731, 16107. ciolurtois, curtais, a. 17 12, 5568, B. xxvii. 2. c(oiurtoisGment, adv. 28389. 29238. cfoiiirtoisie, .*-. 1577. 12S78, B. xxi. 2. cousinisi, s. 6352 ; /'. cousine, 1610. cousinage, s. 24658, cousinship. coustage, s. 15972, expense. cioivister, 7'. 7037, 25756, cost. coustumlm lance, s. 27841, 28190. coustum'mle, s. 7452, 24349, custom. co(u)8tummer(B), cvistummer(s), a. 11084,23990, accustomed, habituated: s. 1941, 26165, practiser, customer. colultell, cutel, s. 4640, 20655, T. x. 2, culteal, 884, knife. couver, v. a. 11408, conceal. coveiter, sec covoiter. covenable, a. 27877. covenance, s. 123, B. iv. i, covenant, agreement. covenant, s. 6479. covenir, v. n. 4272, 5122, B. xlvii. 3; 3 s. p. covient, 4272, &:c., covenist, 14909 ;y}/'/. coviendra, 6332: agree, be fitting, be needful, be obliged. covenir, s. B. xxxiv. i, agreement. covent (i), s. 20850, convent. covent (2). s. 25514, covenant. covleirir, 7'. a., 3. v./. covers, 1407; 3/^/. coeveront, 12034; 3 s. ptrt. eovry, 7089 ; pp. covert, 716, B. xxxii. 2 : cover, defend, roof over. covert, a. 1688, secret. coverteraent, adz'. 8801. coverture, s. 1 168, B. xlvi. 3, concealment, pretence. covetise, see covoitise. covietter, v. a. 6583 : cp. covoiter. covine, covyne, s. 136, 324, 5104, 26497, B. xxi. 3, xxxi. 3, T. xiii. i, company, purpose, device, cunning, disposition. covoiter, v. a. 622, coveiter, 6312, de- sire. covoitise, s. 6183, covetise, C, covet- ousncss. covoitour, s. 6812. covoitous, n. 6229. covrir, see coverir. coy, see coi. craie, s. 25302, chalk. crassfe), s. 6924, 7778, fat. crass, a. 6840. creable, a. 22104, B. xxix. 4, ready to believe. creacio(u)n, s. 20716, B. xxi. 2. creance (i), s. 6556, B. iv. 4, trust, belief, creance (2), j-. B. xv. i, leash (for a hawk). creancour, s. 7247, creditor, creatour, s. 1258, T. i. i. creature, .v. 166, B. xii. 3. crecche, s. 28055, manger. crede, s. 813 1, creed. credence, s. 1167. creer, ?'. a. 52, T. ii. 3. ci'emoit, cremont, Sic, see criendre cremour, s. 6412, fear, cremu, see criendre. Creon, T. viii. 2. crepalde, crepaldlz), s. 5337 I1491, toad. crere, see croire. crescance, s. 6892, growth, crescer, 7'. fi. 5572, 15638, grow, increase. Creseide, 5255. creste, s. 26660, fcrown), consummation, crestre, see croistre. Cresus, 8462. cretine, s. 5105, 20514, flood. Creusa, T. viii. 2. crever, v. a. 2923, tear out : v. «. 8335, burst. crevice, s. 7832, crab, cri, cry, s. 942, 8778, B. xx. 4, cry, ill- fame. cribre, s. 17657, sieve. crieis, crieys, a. 25287, B. xviii. 2, loud in crying. criendre, (cremoir), t/. a. 11550 ; 3 j-. /. crient, 8746, T. ix. i ; 3 p/. cremont, 1 1032, criemont, 1 1006 ; imp. cremoit. 1 1016 ; pp. cremu, 4850 : fear. crier, v. ?i. 1697, 4816, B. xviii. 2, cry, entreat : v. a. 334, 8877, proclaim, entreat for. crime, s. 1108. crimile, s. 9281, lace, criour. s. 104 12, clamourcr. Crisoatomus, 6805, 14941. Crist, 191 1, 12306, 13581, 15475. 18192, 18796, 19901,27945,28461,28559,28712, 28825. cristalll), s. 11 13, B. xlv. i. cristienis), a. 18447 • ^- 5364- cristienete, s. 12283. cristin, a. 4486 : s. 2105 : Christian. croire, crere, 7'. 459, 4474, B. xlvii. 3 ; i s. p. croi, croy, 3074, 8960, B. xxi. 2 ; i GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 495 pi. creons, 22178 ; imf>. creoit, creioi- ont, 12317 ; 2 s. flit, ereras, 555 ; im- perat. croieitiz, 459, B. ii. i \ pres. part. creant, 13040. erois, croix, s. 2453, 4467, cross. croistre, crestre, v. n. 4542, 18647, B. xxvi. 3, grow. cronique, s. T. ix. i. crouste, s. 20892, crust. crualte, s. 3800. crucifier, v. a. 18225. crucifix, a. 4471, crucified, criiel, a. 1104, B. xxx. 3, crueux, 5018. cruse, s. 15461. crusequin, crusekin, s. 19504, 26121. cry, see eri. cue, see coue. cuerfs), see coer(s). Guidance, s. 8830, belief. cuill, s. 8808, breech, cuillette, s. 14482, store, cuillir, v. a. 10742, gather. cuisine, see cusine. culpa, s. 7091, coulpe, 22188, fault, ciilper, V. a. 7038, accuse, culteal, see coutell. cultefier, v. a. 18299, cultivate, cultefiour, .f. 5384, cultivator, culvert, culvers, a. 6982, 7024, villainous. Cupide, B. xxvii. i, xl. 4, T. xv. 2. curatour, s. 19476. cure, s. 986, 10496, B. xii. 4, care, cure, design, charge (of a parish), parish. curer, v. 11. and reJI. 5400, 9362, care, take account, take care: v. n. 10559, take care of, heal. curee, curet, curiet, s. 12 148, 18620, 20363, parish priest, curial, a. 20286, of the court. curie, s. 7949, cookery. curious, a. 1621, 7349, careful, inquisi- tive. curiousement, adv. 10228. curio(u)8it6, ^. 1611, 11703, 14658. curroie, see courroie. currour, s. 3409, 14365, courier, run- ner, curtais, curtois, &c., see courtois, &c. cusine, cuisine, quisine, s. 7825, 15020, 26296. custer, sec couster. custummeris), see coustummer(s). Cusy, 23 1 91, Hushai. cutel, see coutell. cy, see ci. cynk, see cink. D daiamand, daiamant, see diamand. Daire, i3ooof. damage, see dammage. . Damas, 2201 1. dame, s. 84, B. i. 4. dameld6e, see dampnedee. dam(m.)age, s. 540, 3242, B. xix. 3. dam(m)ager, v. a. 331 1, 24901, injure. dam(m)oiselle, s. 1059, 9338. dampnable, a. 3673. dampnacioun, s. 1536. dampned6e, s. 4894, dameld6e, 1S977, the Lord God. dampner, v. a. 4929, condemn, dancer, dauncer, v. n. 1697, 17610. danger, s. 2305, 2963, 26481, B. xii. I, xxvi. 4 : see Notes. dangerous, a. B. xi. 4, unwilling (to love). Daniel, 10243, 15711, 17989, 27049. danter, v. a. 2102, B. xix. i, tame, danture, s. 9446, taming. danz, dans, s. 4168, 10273, T. vii. i, (danz Socrates, danz Tullius, &c.), master. darrein, darrain, derrain, a. arid s.\ au darrein, 184 ; au darrain, 2773 i ^ ^o^ derrain, 6347 : at last. darreinement, adv. 346, 27I5(?), last, at last. dart, s. 3544, B. xxvii. i. Dathan, see Dithan. dauncer, see dancer. David, Davy, 1325, 1867, 2178, 2191, 2553, 2761, 2983, 3133, 3248, 3388, 3543. 3613. 3625, 4901, 6498, 6988, 10232, 10239, 11125, 1 1536, 1 1898, 12005, 12355, 12673, 12689, 12877, 12976, 12991, 13667, 13852, 14017, 14439, 15679, 15985, 16753, 16809, 17609, 17873, 18291, 22819 fif., 23082, 23871, 27082, 27802, 28092, T. xiv. I, (quoted also as ' ly prophete,' &c.). de, prep. 6, D. i. 2 ; de les, 67, B. xlix. 3 : 3007, &c., by reason of; 4123,4142, than : cp. del, des, du. deable(s), deble(s), s. 136, 217, 950, diable, C, 528 (R), devil. deable, a. 11 47, feeble. deablerie, deblerie, s. 703, 6868, 9648, devils (collectively). deablesce, deblesce, s. f. 9497, 13416- deablie, a. 15167, deviiish. deacne, s. 20021, deacon. 496 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES dean, s, 20092. debat, s. 18943, dispute. debatement, s. 24283, dispute. debatre, 7'. n. and re/l. 2244, 26557, contend, dispute: t'. a. 16279, compel. deblerie, see deablerie. deblesce, see deablesce. deblet, s. 1 179, 5197, devil. deboniniaire, debonnere, a. 957, 3530, 23065, B. iv.* I, gentle, kind, sweet. deboniniairete, s. 13452 (R), 13455, good humour. debouter, t. . debout, 10389, deboute, 3092, 11 251, cast down, reject. debriser, 7K a. 1S54, 4662, debruser, 3933 • '''• ''• 29009 : break, break up. debte, see dette. deca, prep. i'})i^2, on this side of. deceipte, s. 18, deceite, 6304. deceiDvable, a. 1791, 9968, deceptive, deceitful. deceivant, desceivant, a. 7692, 25025. deceivement, s. 3556, deception. decent, decente,j^t'descendre,descente. decert, decerte, see deservir, deserte. decesis), s. 199, 2413, departure. decevable, see deceivable. decevance, s. 6554, deceit, decevant, s. 495, deceiver. decevoir, v. a. 311, 6552, 6624, B. xlii. I ; 3 J. fut. de(stceivera, 9318, 24845 ; pp. decuz, B.xvi. 2, de(Siceu,24569, T.vii.3, decevoir, s. 20207, B. v. 3, deceit, declaracioun, s. 17625. declin, s. 3438, full: en declin, 3169, downwards; mettre en declin, 18310, defeat, neglect. declinement, s. 2581 1, ruin. decliner, v. n. and 7-eJl. 662, 12466, fall away, turn away: v. a. 20480, bring down, decoccion, s. T. xii. 3. decoste, prep. 3630, beside, decouper, v. a. 3104, cut off. decre(e), decre(z), decret, s. 219:, 33S2, 20225, rule, law, writing, decretal, s. 20291. dedeignous, a. 12465, disdainful. dedeinz, dedeins, adv. and prep. 159, 1567, 7178, B. vi. I, within. dedier, v. a. 7203, dedicate. deduyt, s. 388, delight. dee ( I ), s. see dieu. d6e (2), s. 5785, 14306, B. xlii. i, die, pi. dice. deesce, see duesse. defaillir, v. n. 561, 16716, fail. defalte, defaute, s. 6341, 13206, B. xxviii. 2, lack, fault. defence, defensfe), s. 9059, 9305, 9808, defence, prohibition. defencioun, ji-. 4051, prohibition. defendant, s. 6218, defender, defendement, s. 14994, defence. defendre, v. a. 1035, B. xviii. r; 3 J'. /. defent, 2145 ; 3 j. pret. defifjendi, 117, 6986 : defend, prevent, forbid. defens, see defence. defensable, a. 4234, 4815, strong, capable, deferer, v. a., 3 s. p. deferre, 5680, put off. deflfendi, see defendre. deflBer, see desfier. definement, s. 5648, end. definer, z'. n. 20483, end. deflorir, 7'. a. 7820. defouler, see desfovder. deglouter, 7'. a. 7763, swallow. degouter, v. n. 7059, 12332, trickle away, flow. degre, s. 218, 493, 648, 27673, degree, place, means, manner, step. deg(u)aster, desg(u)aster, v. a. 8464, 8532, 9523, 21713, T. xvii. 3, waste, spoil. deguerpir, v. a. 6356, abandon, dehors, adi'. iioo, outwardly. Deianire, B. xliii. i, T. vii. I. deigner, v. n. 9562, B. xii. 2, xix. 2 : iinpers. q'il vous deigne, B. xxxiii. 3. deinz, prep. 82, T. viii. 3, in. deinzeine, s. 14026, inner parts. deit6, s. 2411. del, = de le, de 1', 972, B. xi. 3, T. viii. 2. de la, prep. 23713, on the other side of. delacioun, s. 2245, 9866, accusation ; 10240, delay : ep. dilacioun. delaiement, see deslaieinent. Delbora, 17486. delectacioun, ,f. 694. deli, a. 25405, delicate. delicacie, s. 7797. delicat, a. and s. 7837, 7891 : adv. 5320. delicatenient, adv. 8005 . delice, s. 656, 7793, delight, delicacy. delicial, a. 8478. deliement, adv. 3557, delightfully. delitizl, s. 456, 13. xxvi. 3. delitable, a. 981, 4496. delitance, s. 17422, delight. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 497 delitement, s. 8631. deliter, v. a. and ?r/f. 27, 617, T. ix. I : 7'. n. 21747. deliverance, s. 9864. delivrement, s. 10654. delivrer, v. a. 2955, 6472, deliverer, 4832, deliver, give away. demaine, see demeine. demander, v. a. 441 : v. n. 2225. demein, demain, s. 5433, 9838, 20079, morning, the morrow : adv. 20126. demeine, v. see demener. demeine, demaine, demesne, s. 767, 1606, 16043, possession, power. demeine, a. 12180, 1756S, 27983, own. demener, desmener, v. a. 444, 5038, 7818, 28147; 3 ^. Z^. demeine, 13. vii. 2, desmeine, 10541 : carry on, experience, display : se demener, 8787, behave. Demephon, B. xliii. i. demesure, desmesure, s. 1165, 1950, 11792, excess. demeure, demure, s. 159, 937, delay, dwelling. demi, see demy. demise, s. 591, intermission. demonstracioun, s. 18826. demonstrance, see demoustrance. demostrer, see demoustrer. demourer, demorrer, demorir, v. 11. 187, 13377, B. ix. 5; IS. p. demoert, 3834, demure, 3752; 3 s. fut. de- mo! urra, 8901, 8891 : remain, dwell, delay. demoustrance, demonstrance, s. 4238, 12435- demo(u)strer, v. a. 1082, T. vi. i. demure, see demeure, demourer. demy, demi, a. and adv. 255, 5147, B. xxviii. I ; au demy, 4315, by half. denier, s. 1936, penny ; pi. deniers, 7236, money. dent, s. 2644. denyer, v. a. 16326, reject. Denys, (Saint), 3785. depar, prep. 415, B. viii. 3, from, by authority of. departement, s. 4091, parting. departie, s. 6876, 7269, B. iv. 4, parting, ending. departir, v. a., refl. and n. no, 699, 2939, 7390, 17369, B. iii. 3, depart, part, divide, remove. dependre, v. 11. 7780, hang: v. a. 29113, take down. deperir, T/.w., 3J./.depiert, 17734, perish. * K depos, s. 4591, charge. deposer, v. a. 11261, 17884, lay aside, lay low. deproier, v. a. 5050, prey upon, depuis, depuiss, adv. B. xxvi. 3, T. vi. 2. depuisque, conj. 1288, 8997, since. deputaire, a. 12045, 13210, bad, wicked. devere, prep. 1181, behind: adv. 891, B. xvi.3; par derere, a derere,32ii, 3451. derere, s. 355, loss, ruin. derisio(u)n, desrisioun, s. 1635, 168 1, 12029. derisour, s. 165 1. derrain, see darrein, derresner, v. a. 22339, prove, (? dis- prove). derrour, adv. B. xlii. 3 : cp. derere. des, dez, = de les, 75, D. i. 2; = de, 7177 ; (des les), used before tous, tiels, ceaux, 62, B. iv.* 3, vi. 4, xxv. 2 : see de, del. desacrer, 7'. a. 7199, make unholy. desaese, desease, desaise, disaise, j. 4087, 15682, 17300, 19320, B. XX. I, trouble, torment. desallouance, s. 20183. desallouer, v. a. 25906, blame. desamiable, a. 9647, unlovely. desarraier, v. a. 23733, throw into con- fusion. desavancer, v. a. 1641, 3620, 6933, B. xiii. 3, disparage, diminish, injure. desbarater, v. a. 13829, bring down. desceivant, desceivera, see decevoir. ' descencioun, s. 4054, intermission. descendre, v. n. 312, T. x. i; 2> ^- P- decent, 1278: v. a. 13144. descense, s. 15618, fall, descent. descente, decente, s. 1441, 3108. desceu, see decevoir. descharger, v. a. 8657, set free, descharitant, a. 7685, opposed to charity. descheable, a. 3756, 9585, apt to fall, falling : faire descheable, bring to ruin. descheir, v. )t., 2>^'P- deschiet, 1483; subj. deschiece, 10553; 2s./ul. dea- eherras, 3683 : fall down, desciple, see disciple, desclos, a. 4595, 21724, revealed, open, descloser, v. a. 6398, B. xxxvii. 3, open, reveal. descoler, v. a. remove (as from school), 20233. descolour6, a. 869. desconfire, v. a. 2478, defeat, discomfit. desconfiture, j. 14292. 498 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES desconfort, s. 5339. desconfortement, s. 29129. desconforter, 7^. r^. and ft. $447 ^ 14443> 24. n. and 7rjl. 22217, ^- x\''- i< diminish. descripcioun. discripcioun, s. I4']'i (R), 3696 (R). descrire, v. a. 131 7, B. xxvi. 3; pp. de- script, 269, descrit, 2504 : describe : 7). 71. 1 3381, write. descrois, sec descreas. descroiscant, a. T. xvii. 3, waning, descroistre, sec descrestre. desdeign, desdaign, desdein, s. 13 19, 2155, «374, B. xlviii. 3. desdeigner, 7>. a. and n. 2325, B. xii. i, disdain : refl. 2269, B. xiv. 2, feel disdain, feci indif;nation. desdetter, v. a. 5630, free from debt, desdire, 7>.a. 2085, 5121, T. v. I, refuse, forbid, disown. desease, see desaese. desert, s. 1284, 4125, T. vii. i. desert, a. 317, 2333, 10196, left alone, abandoned, lonely, desert. deserte, decerte, s. 2709, 3174, 10195, merit, desert, service, deserter, v. a. 5013, lay waste. deservir, 7>. a. 1530, 6135, B. xvii. i ; 3 s. p. decert, 17876: deserve, earn. desesperance, j-. 2100. 5761, B. xiii. 3. desespere, a. 5750, despairing. (desesperer), T.}!.,2,s,p. desespoire, 5340. desespoir, s. 5760. desfacer, 7/. a. B. xxxii. 3. desfaire. desfere, ?/. a. 88, 4467 ; pp. desfais, ( p/) desfaitz, 3014, 3024: ruin, defeat, destroy : rejl. 14345, be defeated. desfamacioim, diffamacioun, s. 2877, 3797- desfamant, a. 3219. desfame, ,v. 2906, 12860, defamation, evil report. desfamer, 7'. a. 2685, 8301, disfamer, diffamer, 2909, 23999. desfamer, s. 4292, defamation. desfermer, 7'. a. 2341, open, desfier, deffier, 7>. a. 3045, 5746, 6227, defy, distrust, abhor ; v. ti. 2072, rebel, desfigure, disfigure, a. yjT^., 8194. desfigurer, disfigurer, v. a. 18835, 20997, 27132, disfigure, debase. desfio(u)rir, v. a. 5681, 8676, deflorir, 16932. desformer. 7'. a. 3769, disfigure, desfortuner, 7/. rt. 22032, deprive of fortune, desfouir, 7'. a. 4205, dig up. delslfouler, 7'. a. 11423, 19362, oppress, outrage. desfuissonner, 7/. n. 8933, decrease, desgarni, a. 5272, 8107, unprepared, un- provided, desgeter, 7'. a. 8384, cast away. desgloser,7/. a. 7484, remove the comment, desg! u)ager, v. a. 7044, release : reJl. 9787, perform one's promise, desgi master, see degiuiaster. desguiser, v. a. 1 537, 27339. deshait, s. 2696, trouble, deshaite, a. 14066, depressed, vexed, desherbei'ger, v. a. 6667, deprive of lodging. deshei'iter, 7'. a. 5062, disinherit, deshonester, 7'. a. 1354, deprive of honour, deshonlnieste, a. 3526, 5066. deshon(n)our, s. 8993, 11962. deshonourer, v. a. 1578; 3 s. p. des- honure, 6681. deshosteller, 7'. 8380, dislodge. desir, s. 44, B. iii. i, desire, 5474. desirant, a. 2, desirous, deairer, v. 786, B. vi. i, ix. i. desirer, s. 27332, B. viii. i, desire, desirrous, a. 3969, desirous. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 499 desjoindre,desjoi^er,7'. ^. 19373,29012. desjoint, a. 10830, separated. desjoint, ^. 1 1865, difficulty. se desjoyer, v. 12940, grieve. se desjuner, 7'. 16247, break one's fast. deslai, deslay, s. 24934, T. x. 2. deslaiementjdeslayement, s. 5 702 ,24211, delay, adjournment. deslaier, v. a. B. xxvii. 2, xxxvii. 3, put off. desli6, a. 8635. deslier, see desloier. desloial(s), desloyal(8), desloiauls, s. 8, 70, 2852. desloier, deslier, v. a. 8944, 12338, un- bind, loose. desloyalt6, ^. 22979. desloyer,7'.«. 24239,1001 intounlavvfulness. desmembrer, v. a. 2926, 6435. desmener, see demener. 86 desmenter, v. 3098, 13908, lament, be disturbed. desmesurable, a. 5088, unmeasured. desmesure, see demesure. de(s)mesur6, a. 1345, 1910, 3821, violent, excessive. desmettre, v. a., 3 s. p. desmette, 5815. desmonter, 7/. rt:. 1512, 1 1926 : v.n. 18802. desmure(e), a. 3926, unwalled. desnatural, desnaturel, a. 3758, 6686, unnatural. desnatur6, a. 24141, unnatural, desnaturelement, adi'. 5048. desnaturer, v. n. and reji. 6673, 7958, 87 II, become unnatural. desnuer, 7'. a. 1102, 2969, unveil. desobeir,7/. ;/. 2035: se desobeiera, 8036. desobeir, s. 12 178, disobedience. desobeis(s lance, s. 2053, 2089. desobeissant, a. 2042. desolat, a. 5328. desordener, desordiner, v. a. 2 wo, 2005 1 ; 3 s. p. desordeigne, 2317 : disturb. desore, adv. 27326, B.xliii. 1, henceforth. despaiser, v. a. 2772, disturb. desparacioun, s. 5748, despair. desparage, s. 824, degradation. desparager, v. a. 1651, 3020, 4013, lower, degrade, despise. desparaill, a. 27848, unequal. desparigal, s. 1972, disparagement. despendant, s. 7535 ; /. despendante, 10139: spender, spendthrift. despendre, 7). a. 1206; 2. s. imper. despen, 15941. despense, s. 1172, 1399, despens, 7895, expense, profit. K despenser, dispenser, v. a. and 7i. 1171, 1400, 7487, 14473, manage, arrange, dispense, make payment. despenser, s. 7486, distributer. despersonner, v. a. 12743, degrade. despire, v. a. 1 135, 2188, 2757, B. xxvi. 4, hate, despise, vilify. despiser, 7'. a. 1 142, 4099, scorn, contemn, abuse. despisour, s. 2231, despiser. despit, s. 124, 446, V>. XXV. 4, hatred, spite, contempt. despit, depit, a. 9203 f, miserable, hateful. despitous, a. 2182, contemptuous. desplaier, see desploier. desplaire, v. n. 572, displaii'e, 13464 ; 3 s. p. siibj. desplace, 29761, desplese, B. xxviii. 3. desplaisir, jt. 17445. desploier, desplier, 7'. a. 7575, 9328, 11921, T. xviii. 3, desplaier, B.xxvii. 2. unfold, open, display. despoiler, see despuiller. desport, s. 219, B. v. 3, sport, entertain- ment ; 389, 2446, mercy. desporter, v. a. 262, D. ii. 4, B.-xxxiii. 4, entertain : v. n. and a. 2881, 2892, 4101, spare, desposer, see disposer, despovirveu, a. 11066, helpless. despriser, t. a. 2171, disparage, dispraise, desprisonner, v. a. 5699, set free, desprofiiter, v. n. 2759, be hurtful : reJl. 10966, go to ruin. desprover, v. a. 13252, disprove. despuil(l)er, despoiler, v. a. 165, 3607, 4845, B. vii. 3, strip, despoil, carry off. desputer, disputer, v. n. 3835, 26739, B. xxiv. 3. se desquasser, v. 15644, be stirred strongly. desraeiner, v. a. 8201, uproot. desrainer, v. a. 16373, defend. desresonnal, a. 7597, unreasoning. desresonner, v. a. 696, deprive of reason : V. n. and reJl. 12739, 27170, act foolishly. desreuler, v. a. 21 461, throw into dis- order. desricher, 7'. a. 7677, deprive of riches. desrire, v. n. 1654 (de), laugh at. desris, i-. 1655, derision. desrisioun, see derisioun. desrob(b)er, v. t?. 6994, 14170,26147, rob. steal. se desroier, v. 1921, 10905, go astray, be disordered. k2 soo GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES (desromprel, 7'. a., 3 s.p. desrout, 809S, burst asunder. desroy, desroi, s. 844, 3800, 28860, dis- order, tumult, (rebellious) power. dess. s. 8477, table : cp. doia. desaaisoner, v. a. 27180, put out of har- ninii)-. dessassenter, 7'. ji. 131 73, disagree. dessemblable, a. 17393, unlike. desserrer, 7/. a. 553, unlock. dessoubtz, dessoutz, adT. and prep. 91, B. xix. I, below, under. dessuer, v. a. 16178, wipe clean (properly of perspiration). dessur, desur,/r£'/. 130, 3041,5016, upon, above. dessure, desseure, a dessure, adi'. 163, 945, 2430, B. xiii. 3, above, before, on high : cp. dessus. dessus, au dessus, adx'. 1907, 4033, B. xvi. 2, xxxix. I, above, up, on high: a son dessus, 25350, at its highest point. destabler,7'.«.6920, remove (from stable). destager, t. a. 13520, disturb : t. n. and refi. 1 1638, 1 1964, be disturbed, be re- moved, go aside, destalenter, v. 6610, dislike. destance, distance, s. 2139, 4957, B. xiii. I, offence, dispute, disagreement, se destenter, v. 42S8, 13738, issue forth, remove oneself. destenter, s. 4291, coming forth. destin6(ei, s. 1507, B. v. 3, fate. destiner, v. a. \ 999, 1 6006, appoint, mark out. destitut, a. 19929, C, deserted, destour, s. 2772, 20164, disturbance, trouble. destourbance, s. 18704. destourbeisoun, s. 6359, trouble, destoiujrber, z'. a. 2727, B. xxv. 1, disturb, trouble. destourber, s. 4703. trouble, destourdre, v. a. and ;/. 9944, 20268. desto(u)rner, v. a. and n. 1485, 2061, turn aside, destre, a. 859, B. .\xiii. 1 : s. 15766. destreindre, 7'. a. 3672, distress, destreinte, s. 29108, distress, destrer, s. 1783, war-horse, destresce, destress(e), distresce, j. 41 19, 9496, 14386, 15795, 215:2, B. vi. 4, distress, necessity : par destresce, 5549, by force. destroit, s. 11 78, 201 11, B. xliii. 3, strait, difficulty, trouble. destroit, a. 3060 ; pi. destroia, 3802 : oppressed, tormented. destruccioun, s. 3982. destruire, destrure, 7'. a. 1173, T. x. 3 ; ////. destruiera, 1628. desveier, see deavoier. desves, s. 5793, madman, desvestir, v. a. 11383. desvier, 7'. ;/. 26873, cease to live. desvoier, desveier, 7'. a. 2819, 5455, turn away, forbid: v. ?i. and refl. 14377, 17744, go out of the way, go astray, desvoluper, v. a. 20753, disencumber. detenir, 7'. a. 69 II. detenir, s. 28533, delay. determiner, v. n. 29711, B. vi. 2, decide, end. detirer, v. a. 15251, 19980, draw away, disturb. detracciolujn, s. 2619, 2656. detractour, s. 2644, slanderer. detrahir, 7k a. and n. 2647, 2667, speak evil of, speak evil. detrahir, s. 2649, detraction, detrencher, v. a. 26397, cut off. detrier, v. refl. 12576, trouble (oneself). dette, debte, s. 5629, 6980, debt, dettour, s. 7248. deutronomii, 8050, S590, 12162, of Deuteronomy. deux, deus, ninn. 226, B. ix. 2, xxvii. 4, duy, dui, 97, 7889. devant, par devant, /rt/. 1748, B. xii. 2, before, in presence of: adv. 248, 739, B. xvi. 3, in front, before, formerly : au devant, B. xxxii. 2, cy devant, 14577. devant, s. 3905, advantage. devenir, v. n. 48, B. xivi. Z\ Z ^- pft^l- devint, devient, 1054, 8585 : come, be- come, deverie, s. 4824, madness. devers, p>rp. 66, T. vi. 3, towards, near, devine, see divin. devis, devys, divis, s. 83, 232, 1220, B. ix. 6, device, design, opinion, manner. devise, see divis(e). deviser, diviser, 7'. a. and ;/. 238, 286, 17 14, 4159, B. xxxi. 2, divide, speak, tell, describe, com pare, arrange, contrive. deviser, j'. 29526, division. devisioun, see divisioun. devocioun, s. 3093, 10180. devoir, t. n. 36, 588, B. v. 2 ; \ s. p. doie, 588, B. iii. 4, doy, doi, 9955, B. iv. 2 ; 2 J. deis, 13230; 2//. devetz, 1021 ; 3 j. pret. dust, 2018 ; 3 s. prel. subj. duist, GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 501 3071, 4942, deust 9491 ; 3 pL duissont, 2142, deussent, 2651 1 ; fut. devera, B. V. 2 ; coud. deveroient, 9228. devoir, s. 5673, 9441, B. xli. 2, duty afifair. devolt, devoltement, see devout, &c. devorour, s. 6921. devo(u)rer, v. a. 1859, 6259, T. xii. 3 ; fut. devo(u)ra, 6370, 8568. devout(e), devolt, rz. 5628, 10382, 18153. devoutement, devoltement, adv. 1074, 8258. devys, see devis. dez, see des. diable, see deable. dial, s. 4544. diamant, dyamant, s. 12464, B. xviii. 4, daiamand,daiamant, 18343, B. xxxviii. I. Dido, B. xliii. i. diete, dyete, s. 3156, 11128, 16228, lodg- ing, food, moderation in food, regimen. dieu(s), dieux, s. 52, 61, Si, D. i. i, B. xi. 2, di§e, 71 12, d6e, 8192. dieuesce, see duesse. dieurte, see durete. dififamacioiin, see desfamacioun. diffamer, see desfamer. difference, s. 23973. diffinaille, s. i^'^-l^i end. diffinement, s. 20, end. dif(f )iner, v. 2630, 5101, describe, make clear. diflfus. a. 15468, spread abroad. digester, v. a. 8338. digestier, s. 8596, digestion. digne, a. 1386, B. xlvii. i, worthy. dignet6, dignity, s. 1169, 19322. dilaeioun, s. 1 6820, delay : cp. delaeioun. dileccioun, s. 13528, love. diligent, a. 23332. diluge, s. 8198. dimise, s. 4568, remission. Diomedes, B. xx. 3. Dionis, 14761, Dionysius. dire, v. 12, B. ix. i ; i s. p. di, dy, 584, 820, B. ii. 2, die, 10149 isuhj. 1), dis, 5533, B. ix. 6 ; 3 s. dit, 1300, B. xxiv. 3, dist, 1334, B. xxiii. 3; 3//. diont, 17141, B. xxxi. 3 ; 2 J. pret. dltz, 29656 ; 3 s. dist, 376, 401 {subj.) ; 3 pi. distront, 1 1959 ; 1 ^- P- subj. die, 1420, B. xiv. 3 ; fut. dirray, dirrai, 12, B. x, i; iinperat. dy, di, 1600, 2590. direct, a. B. ix. 6, addressed. dis, diss, dix, man. 910, 6126, 26284. dis, see toutdis. disaise, see desaese. disciple, desciple, s. 3265, 6722. discipline, s. 665, 2000, 11676, B. xxi, i, discipline, doctrine, kind. discipliner, v. a. 901 1. disconfiture, s. 2435. discorder, sec descorder. discordial, a. 4543, of discord, discort, discord, see descord. discrecioun, s. 8225, 1 1562 ff. discret, a. 11653, T. i. i. discretement, adv. 22886. discripcioun, see descripeioun. disfame, see desfime. disfamer, see desfamer. disfigurer, &c., see desfigurer, &c. disme, a. 28083, C., tenth. disme, s. 7158, 20213, tithe, disner, s. 7912, 8458. dispensacio(u)n, s. 7365, 21283. dispenser, see despenser. displaire, see desplaire. displaisance, s. 17693. disposer, desposer, v. a. 6405, 11 260, plan, dispose : se disposer de, 1 5926, dispose of. disputeisoun, s. 2972, argument. disputer, see desputer. diss, see dis. dissaisir, v. a. 20981, dispossess. dissemblant, a. 13 166, unlike. dissencioun, s. 3061. dissimulacioun, s. 3658. dissipacioun, s. 181 23. dissipat, a. 6882, dispersed. dissolucioxin, s. T. v. 3. dissolver, v. a. 25650. dissonne, s. 15427, discord. distance, see destance. distresce, see destresee. dit, s., pi. dis, ditz, 459, 1297, D. i. 3, B. xxiii. 4, speech, saying, poem. dit6e, s. 14, poem. Dithan, Dathan, 2343, 27077, Dathan. divers, diverse, a. 1002, 3157, 3912, B. xlvii. 3, different, various, perverse. diversant, a. 10615, different. diversement, ad7'. 7049, 8798, B. vi., margin, differently, variously, widely. diverser, v. a. loi 16, change : refl. and n. 4081, 7986, 9880, be different, offend. diverset6, s. 25177. divider, v. a. 25182 ; se divider, C. divin, divine, a. 56, B. xxxi. 2, devine, B. xxi. 2. 502 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES divin. -c 7938, 8269, 12699, god, divinity, divine word, prophecy. divinaille, s. 1475, prophecy. diviner, f. ;/. and a. 51 89, 65 13. prophesy, foresee. divinere, s. 28161, diviner. divinite, i'. 28019. divis. See devis. divise. i'. 15734, description : t/>. devis. divis(e), devise, n. 595, 1034, 5089, divided. diviser, .vtv deviser. divisioun, devisioun, s. 10500, 11872. dix, see dis. doaire.5. 5 74, 953, dowrv-, estate, dominion. doctourisi, -v. 10411. doctrinal(s), cu 26890, apt to teach. doctrinal, j-. 3167, teaching. doctrine, s. 669. doctriner, 7'. a. 212, instruct. doel, jr. 1343, grief. doer, V. a. 1979, endow. doi. doy, s. 7100, 8781, finger. dois. .V. 73S0, table, place : cp. dess. dolcour, .see doulcour. dolent. dolens, a. 521, 17818, D. i. i. doloii', 7'. 7!., rejl. and impers. 3700, B. v. 2; 3 s.p. dolt, 3177, doelt, 12951 ; pret. 3 s. dolt, 724 ; 3 pi. doleront, 12033 • be in pain, suffer grief, give pain (toj. doloir, s. 11489, suffering. dolour, s. 30, B. ii. i ff. dolourous, a. 6944, dolerous, 14537. doniestfe), a. 977, 8527, tame, familiar. Dominic, 21 554. don, see doun. dongon, s. 7052. donnier, v. a. 328, 486, B. iv. 2; i s. p. douns, 12098 ; 3 s.p. siibj. doignt, 5477, D. ii. 5, B. xxiv. i, doint, 9718, doigne, 1964, donne, 2163 ; fiit. dorra, 809, dourray, 12838; cond. 2 s. dorroies, 6615 ; 3 s. dourroit, 11223. donner, s. 3295, gift. donnoier, 7'. n. 1922, make love. donque, ach'. 1 2551, therefore. dont, rel. pron. and conj. 3, 1039, D. i. 2, I'., xi. 2; dont que, 1779: of which, whence, whereupon, wherefore ; si . . . dont, tant . . . dont, 219 f., 105 1 f., &c., so (so much) ... that : ifiterrog. adv. 1 1427, whence. dormant, s. 4869, sleep; 8189, sleeper. dormir, v. n. 900, 2888. dorr6, a. 11 18, gilded. dortour, s. 5314, 21434, dormitory. dos, doss, s. 1365, 2120. double, a. 1028, B. xlv. 3. doublement, ad^i. 3468. doubler, v. a. and ;/. 1716, 3165, 6463. doubtance, s. 8069, B. iv. 4, fear, doubt. doubte, doute, s. 1341, 21 12, 4678, T. v. 3, fear, doubt. doubter, v. a., «. and rc/l. 442, 802, 1 197, 6324, T. xiii. I, fear, care, doubt. doubtous, a. 27837, T. iv. i, doubtful. douche, see douls. douleement, (uh'. 3553. doulcet, (i;.,y^ doulcette, 22155, sweet, doulcour, dolcour, dou9our, ,$•. 507, 2583, B. iii. I, iv. 3, sweetness. douls, doulz, /. doulce, douche, a. 511, 1700, 9961, B. ii. 2, xii. 3. doun, s. 1528, B. xvi. 2, don, 24772, gift. dousze, num. 12246, twelve. douszeine, s. 4061, dozen, twelve, doute, see doubte. doy, see doi. dragme, s. 12927, drachma. drago(uin, s. 3733, 11491. drap, s. S7'^7 '■! pl- draps, dras, 5175, 6941. drapell, drapeal, s. 23493, 28145, cloth. draper, s. 25309, cloth-seller. drescer, v. a. 2999, B. xliv. 3, set, direct, set in order. droit, droitz, drois, a. 2001, 3419, 3561, B. iv. I, right, just, true. droit, adv. 411, 15202. droit, s. 140. B. vii. i ; a droit, 3517 : en droit, see endroit. droitement, adv. 1645 1. droiture, s. 22905, B. xlvi. 4, T. i. 2, right. droiturer, a. 14437, upright. droituriel, a. 17788, upright. dru,y; drue, s. 4801, 8625, friend, lover, mistress. druerie, j-. 9293, 23903, love, du, prep. = de, 97, 389, &c. ; du 1', 1 149 ; du quoi, B. ii. 3; = de le, 27, B. i. 3 ; = de la, D. i. 1, B. x.\. 3; = des, 4269 : ep. de, del. due, s. 2237, T. xi. 3. duement, ad7f. 1530, duly, duesse, dieuesce, deesce, s. 940, 7408, 9504, B. x\. 4. goddess. duet6, s. 1558, 5631, due right, duty. dui, see deux, dur, see durr. durable, a. 14579, 1 5 106, lasting, untiring. durement, aih'. 11092. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 503 durer, v. n. 2122, 3891 ; 3 s. fui. dura, durra, 3909, 16200: v. a. 15918. duresee, s. 151 58. durete, s. 2396, durtee, B. xvii. i, dieurte, B. xviii. 4. dur(r), a. 2054, 4199, B. xiii. I, hard. duy, see deux. dyademe, ,$■. 188 14. dyamant, see diamant. dyete, see diete. dymenche, s. 18594. Dyna, 16958. Dyonis, 7101. E ease, see aese. eaaer, v. a. 20308, make pleasant. eauage, a. 4120, of water. eaue, s. 2410. eauerose, s. 5177, rose-water. eaux, eux, eulx, pron. 874, 25952, B. xxxiv. I. Eccho, 1426. eclips, s. 28753. Ector, 5520, B. xliii. 2. edifice, s. 214 1 1. edifier, edefier, v. a. 10349, 14669, build, ees, s. 5437, 19345, bee. eeu, see avoir. Eeve, see Eve. effect, s. 3332, 4721. effeminer, v. 5507. efiforcier, 71. a. 185 16, supply. s'eflfroier, 7/. 1782, 5790, s'esfroier, B. ix. 4, XXV. 4, be disturbed, be afraid : effroier, v. 71. 9377, be disturbed. effroy, effroi, s. 539, 852, T. xiii. 3, esfroy, 19386. effus, a. 15465, poured out. eflFusioun, s. 24142. egal, a. 2109, egual, B. xiii. i. egalte, egalite, 14945, B. xvii. 2. Egipcien, j. 1659, 12261, 12269. Egipte, Egipt, 2407, 3671, 8046, 8586, 11199, 14528, 18231, 22321, 28278 tf., 29322, T. vi. I. Egistus, Egiste, T. ix. 2, 3. eglips, s. B. xiii. 3, eclipse. eglise, s. 2370, T. iii. i ff., esglise, C. and V. I. T. iii. egual, see egal. eiant, eie, see avoir, aide, eyde, see aide, eiasi, see ensi. einz, adv. see ainzs. einz, prep. 3162, within : cp. deinz. einzgarde, s. 16593, (inner guard), strong- hold (?j. eir, see air. eisil, eysil, s. 4278, 28738, vinegar. el, pro?t. 1989, 2102, 10559, it, him : c;^. le. el, = en le, 309, D. ii. 3 ; = en la, 2941 ; also en le, e. g. 3457. elaeioun, s. 695, 1673, dignity, haughti- ness, pride. elat, a. 2241. ele, pron. see elle. ele, J. 19004, B. viii. I, wing. eleccio(ujn, s. 161 43, B. xxxv. 3, T. v. i, choice. electuaire, s. 7862, 13207, electuary. eleescer, see esleescer. element, s. 26625. elephant, s. 8533 : cp. oliphant. Eliphas, 1 1 33 1. elisetz, see eslire. Elizabeth, 27953 ff. eile, pron. 1205, B.. v. i, ele, T. viii. 3. Elmeges, T. xi. 2. eloquence, s. 10050. Elye, 1 1 155, Elijah. embatre, see enbatre. enibler, v. a. 1168, T. xviii. i, steal. emblere, a. (/.), 7060, thievish. embracer, see enbracier. emendacioun, j-. 5745. emparler, v. n. 16634, speak. empeinte, see enpeinte. emperesse, s. 29462, B. xliv. i, em- perice, 14056. emperial, a. 18559, D. i. 2. emperialis), s. 962, emperor. emperice, sec emperesse. emperour, .f. 1464, B. xxxv. i, emper- eour, 23624, emperere, 17120: also amperere. empire, enpire, s. 1 136, 7129, 24816, B. XX. 3, empire, kingdom, emperor. empirer, see enpirer. emplastre, enplastre, s. 14906 ff., plaster. emplastrer, v. a. 13139, plaster. emplir, empler, v. a. 987, 16244, T. ii. r. emploier, enploier, v. a. Si 17, 10583, T. xviii. 3. emprendre, see enprendre. emprise, see enprise. en, prep. 8, D. i. I ; de jour en jour, T, V. I : en vole, see envoie. en, pron. 10, B. i. 3, ent, 5184, of it, of them, thence. 504 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES I'en, frotj. 29, B. iv. 2 : cp. om. enamourer, ?'. n. 16965, fall in love, enamoure, a. 220. enavant, adv. 6474, in future, enbaraigner, v. n. 17914, grow barren, enbastir, i\ T. x. 3, contrive, s'enbatre.s'embatre, ■?/. 5707, 7034. enter. enbellir, v. a. 29453, make beautiful. enboer, ?'. a. 1228, defile with mud. enboire, 7'. 3053, 9070, 28302, drink in, drink up : pf>. enbu, 1 1299, imbued. enbraeliler, embracer, v, a. 5241, 8104, B. i. 3, xxxii. 2. enbreuderie, s. 17895. enbroncher, 7'. n. 391 1, cast down, enbrouder, 7/. a. 873. encager, s. 41 12, caging, enceinte, a. 11417, 1>. xlii. 3, T. iv. 2. eneensle), s. 12240, 28166. enchacer, ?'. a. 11422, persecute, enchantement, 5-. 1383. enchanteotir, s. 1382. enchanter, v. a. 13934, bewitch, encharner, 7'. <•;. 9i87,makecarnal; 24362, flesh, enter (of a houndj : refl. 27588, become incarnate, enchastier, v. a. 7917, warn, (encheirj, v. 71., 2 s.fiit. encherres, 1337, fall. enchericer, v. a. 25504, favour, encherir, 7'. a. 25748, raise in price, enchesoner, 1'. a. 25948, allege, excuse, enchesoun, s. 2627, occasion ; par en- chesoun que, 2791, because, enchivalcher, v. n. 844, ride. enci, (uhi. B. v. 4, )nargi?i, jesqes enci, up to this point ; . a. 5675, impoverish. enpreignant, a. 4S65, pregnant. enprendre, emprendre, 7'. a. I359) I54ij 2428, B. iv. * 3 ; 3 s. imp. enpernoit, 28880; 2 p/. imperat. enpernetz, 27419: undertake, acquire, take upon oneself: enprendre sur soy, 1958, pretend. 5o6 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES enpriendre, v. a. 5820, 6592, 23195, press, impress. enprise, emprise, J. 1144, '357' ^^- li- i> undertaking, enterprise, endeavour, enprisonner, v. a. 4833, imprison. enpuisonner, v. a. 4397, poison, enquere, enquerre, enquerir, v. a. and //. 13239, 17361, 20382; 3 s. pret. en- quist, 400 : ask for, enquire, enquerir, s. 25137, inquest, trial. enquerrement, jr. 23767, enquiry, enqueste, JT. 6208, 161 13, 24926, trial, jury. enquore, sec encore. enracin6, //. 12370, rooted, enraciner, v. >i. 18101, take root. enrichir, v. /;.68o3, grow rich: v. rt.21058, enrich, enroer, 7'. n. 9694, grow hoarse, enrougir, v. a. 16907, redden. ensee(c)her, enseclOhir. ?/. (^?. 2559, 3823, 5096, 18120 : V. n. 5578 : dry up. enseiiglne, s. 1056, 2124, 14023, 28989, B. xxxiii. 3, teaching, information, mark, standard, object, condition. ensei g nement, s. 9615, 17738, teaching. ensei(g)ner, v. a. and ;/. 1048, 1439, B. xiv. 3, teach, tell. ensemble, adv. 417, B. xxxiv. 3. ensemblement, adv. 344, together, ensement, adv. 100, B. xxxiv. 3, T. xv. i, thus, similarly. eusenser, v.a. 1 398, 6208, inspire, persuade. enseoir, v. n. 26103, sit. enaerrer, v. a. 1 1 271, shut up. ensevelir, v. a. 5148, bury. ensi, ensy, einsi, adv. 113, 17684, 25379, D. ii. 3, thus. ensoter, v. n. 6368, grow foolish, enspirer, v. a. 12324, T. v. 3. ensu(i)ant, a. 4333, D. i. 4, following. (ensuirej, v. a., 3 pi. p. ensuient, 3335, follow. enaMi, prep. 3205, 211S5, above, about. ensus, adv. 28735, ^^ li'gh- ensy, see ensi. ent, see en. entailiDe, s. 1243, 1470, shape, fashion, entalenter, v. a. 21269, induce, entalentis, a. B. ix. i, desirous, entamer, v. a. 25161, injure. ente, s. 20798, graft. enteccher, v. a. 8344, affect, entencioun, s. 4679, B. xxi. i. eatendable, a. 16847, T. i. 3, obedient, entendance, s. 181 52, 27034, meaning, audience, service. entendant, s. 11981, attendant. entendant, a. 656. attentive. entendement, s. 8231, 10229, B. xix. 4, understanding, hearing, meaning. entendre, v. a. and n. 11, 601, B. xviii. I ff., T. x. 2 ; i/nperaf. enten, 445. entente, jr. 2149, B. xvi. 3, purpose, under- standing. ententif, a. 106 10, intent. enterin, a. 2526, 6718, entire. enterrement, .f. 29673. enterrer, ?'. a. 29674. enticement, s. 422. enticer, v, a. 982, 4329, stir up, entice. enticer, s. 1477, enticement. entier, a. 468, B. iv. i : cp. enterin. entollir, v. a. 18010, take away. entour, (?^/7/.933, round, about : d'entour, 1827, from among. entracorder, v. a. 4698, reconcile together : rejl. 24231, agree together. entraile, .v. 5518, inner parts. entraire, 7'. /i. 15769, bring. s'entramer, 7'. 13598, love one another. entraqueinter, 7'. a. S822, make ac- quainted. s'entrasseurer, 7'. 17272, assure one another. entre, entre de, prep. 590, D. ii. 3., &c. ; entre ce, 3319 ; entre d'eux, 6977 ; cp. s'entr'estoiont parigals, 1016. s'entrebeiser, s'entrebaiser, v. 13713, 23084, kiss one another. entrechange, j'. 22145. s'entrecontrer, v. 27628, meet one an- other. entredire, v. a. 132, 18624, forbid, place under interdict. entre(e), s. 9849, 20863, ^- xxxvii. 2. entrejurer, 7/. n. 330, swear mutually. entremelle, a. 4278, mingled together. s'entremeller, v. 22311, 26048, inter- meddle, mingle. s'entremettre, v. 23718, engage one- self. entreprendre, 7'. a. 237, take possession of. entrepris. //. 3009, B. xiv. 2, astonished, dismayed. entrer, v. a., n., and reJI. 679, 803, 3820, B. x.\xvii. 2, enter, enter upon : 7'. a. 25062, 25742, enter (a dog, &c.), i.e. train him for some kind of sport. entresemblable, a. 11907, similar. entretiier, v. a. 10319, mutually kill. entriboler, v. a. 20244, disturb. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 507 entroubler, v. a. 3054, 26024, disturb, stir up. entusch(i)er, v. a. 4280, 21452, poison, mix (as poison). envaie, s. 3847, attack, envenime, a. 2524, venomous. envers. a. 16721, overturned, envesseller, v. a. 919 {pp.), place in vessels. enviaille, s. 2898, envy. envie, envye, s. 247, 293, B. xxxiv. 3. envier, v. a. 3348 : v. n. 12705. envious, a. 2644, B. 1. I. environer, v. a. 7873, i})T)\i, go about. enviro(u)n, adv. 4306, 2S268, B. xxi. 3. envis, adv. 5544, B. xi. 3, reluctantly, against the will. envoie, adv. 1006, 10901, B. xv. i, en voie, 5509, 7010, away. envoier, v. a. 279, B. iv. 4, viii. 4 ; 3 j-. p. envoit, 2058, D. ii. 5, envoie, 14007 ; fut. envoierai, envoyeray, B. x. 4, xvii. 4 : send, send away. envoisure, s. 988, 9369, 9445, B. xlvi. 3, T. vi. I, xvi. I, concealment, device, snare, jest. envolsier, v. a. 21404, vault. envye, see envie. enyv(e)rer, v. n. 3605, 1644S, become drunk. Eolen, T. vii. 2. Epicurus, 9531. epistre, s. 11054, epistle, equality, s. 26910. equite, s. 4740. eremite, s. 6274, hermit, ermyne, jr. 20475. errance, s. 5323, error, errement, s. 11 327, wandering, errer, v. n. 2106, wander, err. errour, s. 1492, B. xlviii. i. ers, ert, see estre. eructuacioun, s. 2246, belching. 68, = en les, 634, T. xvi. i. Esaii, Eseau, 3386, 4857. esbahir, v. a. 431, 748, astound, dismay : rejl. 9777, be dismayed. s'esbanoier, v. 18348, B. ix. 4, divert oneself, rejoice. esbanoy, j-. 12504, enjoyment, esbatement, s. B. i. 3, xxxiv. 3, diversion, esbaubis, //. B. ix. 3, confused. esbau(ljdir, v. a. 3376, 24197, exalt, em- bolden. escale, s. 6401, shell. eacarbudj ^. 2894, beetle. escarlate, s. 20454. eschalfement, s. 3990, heat. eschalfer, see eschaulfer. eschamelle, J. 5250, 15571, bench, foot- stool. eschange, s. 4451, T. xvii. 3. eschangement, s. 8387, B. i. 3. eschanger, v. a. 83S8. eschaper, v. a. 767, B. xxx. 2 : refl. 20423. escharcement, adv. 7567, scantily. escharcete, s. 7491, stinginess. eschar(s), /. escharce, a. 7513, 26152, scanty, niggardly. escharn, j. 1642, scorn. escharner, escharnir, v. a. 1638, 1646, 28944, scorn. eBchau(l)fer, eschalfer, v. a. 3078, 5238, 5803, heat. escheate, s. 20348. eseheoir, ■?'. ;/. 8910 ; 3 s.p. esehiet, 7040 ; 3 s. fut. escheiTa, 4268 : fall, happen. eschequer, s. 5780, chess. escherir, v. a. 26303, make dear. eschiele, s. 10700, ladder. eschine, s. 5166, back. eschis, a. 5537, 17643, ill-disposed, ill- humoured. eschiver, v. a. 4036, avoid : cp. esehuir. eschuir, eschuier, v. a. 2094, 11 931, avoid: v. n. i^\i% shrink. escient, s. 24700, knowledge, opinion. escla(i)rcir, v. a. 181 74, 26720. esclaire, s. 9281. s'esclairer, v. 3587, shine. esclandre, s. 2709, 2918, slander, scandal. eselandrer, v. a. 2924, offend, s'eselipser, v. 3588, be eclipsed. escliser, v. n. 22763, slip. escole, s. 510, 2843. escoleier, escoloier, v. n. 1440, 20235, go to school. escoler, v. 2842, teach : s'escoler, 7658, go to school. escomenger, see escoumenger. escondire, v. a. 6612, 12550, B. xxvi. 2, refuse, repulse. escondit, jr. 1 5496, refusal. escoreher, v. a. 24995, A^y "ff- escorpioun, s. 3527, 8973, scorpion. escot, s. 8265, reckoning (at a tavern). escoulter, see ascoulter. ese(oJumenger, escomenger, v. a. 9418, 18774, 19399, excommunicate. escoupe, s. 18026, spittle. eseourge, s. 28714, scourge. escourger, s. 28966, scourge. 5o8 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES escourter, T'. a. 5721, shorten. escrier, v. n. and rfjl 7975, 9827, cry out. escriipit, escris, s. 1299, B. i. 4, xi. 4, writing. escripture, s. 1849, 2270, B. xxii. 4, writing, scripture. escrire, escrivre, ?'. a. 50, 6480, 8889 ; I s. p. escris, escrits, D. i. 4, B. Envoy; 3 s. fut. escrivera, 14751 ; 3 5. fret, escrist, 50, escript, 7441 ; pp. escript, 2468, V>. xxiv. 1, escrit, 2933, B. X. 4. escuier, esquier, s. 882, 9847, squire, esciiieresse, jc. 25696, squiress. escumenger, sec escoumenger. escumengerie, s. 6492, excommunication, escusacioun, excusacioun, s. 5609, 20713, excuse. escuser, excuser, v. a. 160, 6462, B. xvii. I, T. ,\viii. 4. escu(t), s. 13927, 24442, shield, crown (of money). Esdras. 10348, 10373. ese, see aese. Eseau, see Esaii. esfroier, esfroy, see efProier, effroy. s'esgaier, v. 9339, 10102, take delight, adorn oneself. esgai'd, s. 21060, B. xxv. 3, counsel, esglise, see eglise. esg.ujarder, v. 9898, T. vi. 2, xiv. 2, observe, look upon, look. eshalcliier, eshaiilcer, ?'. a. 1216, 3083, 1 1538, exalt. s'esjoir, s'esjoyr, s'esjoier, 7>. 276, 1750, 3699, B. ii. 1 ; 3 s. pret. s'eejoit, s'esjoy, 276, 427 : rejoice. eslargir, v. a. 12247, 18458, increase, widen, s'esleescer, s'eleescer, v. 3267, 15886, rejoice. eslire, v. a. 3087, T. v. i ; 3 s.pret. eslust, 3236; ipl. i)nper. elisetz, 23147; //. eslieu, 3671, B. xxxiv. 2, eslit, 125, B. xxvi. 4: choose, elect, distinguish. eslit, a. 2499, 4074, 12453, select, chosen, distinguished. esloigner, ?'. a. 6716, 20952, T. vi. 2, ealonger, 1067, B. vii. i, xxix. i, remove far, tlcc from. esluminer, 7/. . a. 234, T. viii. i, marry. esprendre, v. a. 9478, set on fire : s'esprendre, 9473, take fire: pp. espris, 2010, B. xiv. I, inflamed. esprover, v. a. 6700, 15. xxii. I, experience, prove. Espruce, 23895, Prussia, espurger, espourger, v. a. 8352, 15622, purge. esquasser, v. a. 18057, destroy, esquiele, s. 7754, bowl, esquier, see escuier. esquilier, s. 7755, spoon. esracher, esracer, v. a. 4952, 15016, tear away, esrage, a. 11 440, mad. esrag(i)er, v. a. 4677, enrage: v. n. and rcfl. 4012, 10630, be enraged, essai, see essay. essaier, v. a. 9342, B. xxvii. 2, try. essamplaire, i'. 4856. essample, s. 1087, B. xviii. i. essaniplement,^'. 3335, example, teaching. essampler, v. a. 2399, B. xlv. 2, T. xv. i, warn by example, take as example : v. n. and refi. 5424, 9243, 13043, giveexample, take example. essampler, s. 2962, example, teaching, essamplerie, s. 2173, examples, example, essamplour, s. 22874, example, essance, s. 26909, essence, essarter, v. a. 8409, extend^?). essay, essai, s. 394, 768, B. iv.* 4, xvii. 3, trial, attempt, use. essoifg)ne, s. 1959, 11969, T. vi. 2, excuse (for not attending), necessity, cause. esta, see estier. eatable, a. 11912, steadfast. eatable, s. 6918, stable. establer, establir, v. a. 1889, 2461, 6919, keep, set up, establish, establissement, s. 7945. estage, i-. 537,2292, 17255, 29421, B. xix. 3, place, condition, kind, degree ; stay. s'estager, v. 12 131, remain. estaindre, see exteindre. estal, s. 16600, position. estanc, estang, s. 18230, 24480, pond, estance, s. 2243, condition. estancher, v. a. 7518, 8544, satisfy, fill up. estandard, s. 9826, standard. estant, s. 106 16, 26484, position, nature, class : en estant, 14727, standing up- right. estaple, s. 25361, staple (of the wool trade). estat, J-. 1377, D. i. 2, estate, dignity. estature, s. 8347, figure, stature, estee, s. 5392, 13. ii. i. esteign, s. 6887, tin. esteindre, see exteindre. (esteire), ?'. refi., 3 s. pret. s'estuit, s'estuyt, 613, 1 5 144 : be silent, estencelle, s. 3988, spark. estenceller, v. n. 16651, sparkle. estendre, see extendre. esterling, s. 25004, pound sterling, estlijer, (esteir), v. ti. 585, (997), 2998; 2, s. p. esta, 1822, 2314, B. ii. 2 ; 2 s. imperat. esta, 6879 ; pt-es. part, estant, 1I5> 3315 • stand, remain : cp. steir. estimaeioun, s. 16234. estoet, see estovoir. estoille, s. 12631. estoire, see histoire. estomlmlac, s. 2247, 25651. estoner, v. a. 16013, B. xxx. 3, astound. estorbuillon, estorbilloun, s. 1 346, 3924, storm, estormir, v. 5070, be agitated {or agitate). estoultie, see estoutie. estoupaile, s. 4206, stopping. estouppe, s. 3971, tow : cp. stouppe. estoupper, v. a. 109 13, stop up. estour, s. 1927, 12947, combat, estout, a. 1333, foolish, proud, estoutie, est(o)ultie, estutye, s. 862, 2177, 23S1, 2582, 11201, foily, pride, rashness. estovoir, v. inipers., 3 s.p. estoet, 42, B. xiv. I, estuet, 16133; ^rt'A estuit, 4532 : be fitting, right, necessary ; in'estoet(a),42,&c., I must : pers. 23066. estovoir, s. 308, 803, B. xli. 3, necessity, duty, wealth. estraier, s. 28983, loiterer, stray person : cp. ' estradier,' ( ".odefr. Did. estraine, see estreine. estraire, v. a. 93, B. xv. i, draw, draw out. estrange, a. 3170 : s. 12974. s'estranger, v. 5842, B. xix. 2. 5IO GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES estrangier, s. 24000, stranger. estrangler, v. a. 20334. estre, t. 5, 448; I s.prcs. sui, suy. 772, 7915, B. iv. I, 8U, 9761, suis, B. ix, 5 ; I pi. suismes, 591, susmes, 600. sumes, 9796 ; 2 pi. estes, B. x. 3, estez, 362 ; 3 pi. sent, 17, &c., sount, C. ; l s.imperf. iere, 354; 3 J. ert, iert, 132,4529, estoit, ■})•], B. xl. 2 ; 3 pi. eront. 21 1 12 ; i s.pnt. fui. 533 ; zs. fuist, 63, B. 1. 2, T. viii. 2, fuit, C, fu. W. xviii. 2; ////. serray, 465 ; 2J-. serras, 5025,serres, 1338, ers, 4280; 3 s. serra, 1098, B. ii. 2, ert, 464, D. i. 4, T. i. I ; I s. pres. stibj. sole, B. v. 4 ; 2J. (?) soiez, 438; I pi. scion, 18480; I s. pret. stibj. fuisse, B. xxvi. 2 ; 3 .f. faist, B. iv. 3; 2 pi. fuissietz, 16883, fuissetz, B. ix. 4; pp. est6, 181, &c. estre, s. 1799, 7028, B. 26905 f., vii. i, existence, substance, condition, habita- tion, dwel.ing. estrein, s. B. xlii. i ff., bond. estreine, estraine, s. 371, 1435, 94S7. B. xiv. 3, gift, fortune ; a male (bone) estreine, 1435, '^' x-^xiii- I- estreindre, ?'. a., 3 s. p. estreine, 763 ; pres. part, estreignant : compel, re- strain. estreit, sec estroit. estreper, t. a. 11280, pull up. estrif, .f. 4047, strife. estriver, ?'. //. 4635, 10620, strive, struggle. estroit, estreit, a. 6302, 7742, 201 10, close, narrow, oppressed, stuffed full. estroit, ndv. 6312, narrowly, closely. estroitement, adv. 4583. estruliire, v. a. 14343, 2 141 8, instruct, set up; pp. estru(8), 3668, 17264, estruis, 26469, educated, disposed. estudier. v. 7659. estuit, see estovoir. s'estuit, s'estuyt, see esteire (or estier). estultie, estntye, see estoutie. esvan^ile, see evangile. esvanir, v. n. and rejl. 1893, 24576, dis- appear. esveil l)er, esveillir, v. a. 1727, 5209, 5277, wake up. s'esvertuer, v. 5388, 6321, 15469, exert oneself, endeavour. et, cflfij. 11: at . . . et, D. i. 2. eternal, a. 8327. eterne, a. 2256. ethike, s. 3818, hectic (i.e. consumption). ethiopesse, a f. 2655, Ethiopian. Ethna, 3805. Eurice, T. vii. 2. eixx, see eaux. evangelin, a. 1299. of the gospel. evangelis, ewangelis, s. (pi.), 24885, 29798, gospels. evangelist, s. 49. evangile, s. 50, esvangile, 23500, gospel. Eve, Eeve, Evein, Evain, 84, 90, 131, 17152, 17534- 23404, 27751, T. iii. 2. Evehi, 11020, Avites. evescliie. evesehe(e), 5. 7368, 7448, 20016, bishopric. evesque, s. 6274, evesqe, 19056 (R). evidence, s. 3514. s'evoler, v. 2251, fly out. ewangelis, see evangelis. examiner, 7'. 20791, consider. exceder. ?'. u. 15647. excellence, s. 12920, B. xxvi. i. excellent, a. 1386, B. xvi. 4. excepcionn. s. 1 1 674. excepter, f. a. 26344. excercice, .r. 8321. excessie), s. 16398, 16419. excessif, a. 17721, extravagant. excit, s. 4759, urging, excitement, excitement, s. 9462, stirring up. exciter, 7'. a. 4078, stir up. excluder, 7'. a. 15897. exclus, a. 3465, shut out. excusable, a. 26724, B. xxix. i. excusacioun, see escusacioun. excusance, s. 26904, excuse. excusement, s. 4676, excusing, excuser, see escuser. executour, .y. 6913. exempcioun, s. 24327. exempt, tr. igioi, 23763, exempt, dis- tinguished. exil, J-. T. x. 2, banishment, exiler, 7/. a. 4449, 24022, drive out, lay waste. Exody. Exodi, 6985, I0441, 10467, the b(^ok of I'lxodus. expectant, a. 16108. expedient, n. 29830. expendre, 7'. a. 5434. expense, s. 15691. experience, j". 35 1 1 , B. xxvi. 2, experience. proof. experiment, s. 1 3500, B. xix. i , experience. device, expermenter, 7'. u. 14048, try. expert, expers, a. 10749, 26930, skilled, exploit, see esploit. exploiter, see espleiter. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 511 expondre, v. a., ^s.p. exponde, 22192, T. xi. 3, set forth. exponement, .$•. 55, explanation. exposicioun, s. 5 191. expresse, a. f. 2663, 8503, B. vi. 2, expressed, manifest, exact, expressement, adv. 6455. expi'esser, %'. a. 181 5. exteindre, esteindre, estaindre, v. a. and ;;. 3690. 3750, B. xlii. 2 ; "h s. p. estaignt, exteigne, extei(g)nt, 3750, 4913, 4926, 13715 ; pp. exteint, 5304: exting-uish, destroy, be extinguished. extendre, estendre, v. a. 2212, 2267, 4464, 7120, spread out, stretch forth. extense, a. 12230, 13390, extended, open. extent(e), a. 1452, 7099, expanded, held forth. extente, j". 20109, extent, extenter, -v. a. 4290, enlarge, exteriour, a. 3273, outer. exterminer, v. a. 4571. extorcio(u)n, s. 8438, 24976. eysil, sec eisil. Ezechie, Ezechias. 2445, 10454, 1 1 729, 14914, 23022, Hezekiah. Ezechiel, 2209, 2960, 3253, 3984, 5005, 7453> 17785- P fable, s. 1798, B. xxix. i, falsehood. face, s. 869, B. i. 4. faco:u)n, s. 6108, 10721, appearance, fashion. faconde, s. 1202, 4046, S678, T. xviii. 4, speech, eloquence. faculte, J-. 2165, 24257, faculty, profession, fagolidros, s. 2749 : see note. faie, s. B. xxiv. 3, fairy. faie, a. B. xxvii. 4, of iairj^ faignte, see feint, faillant, a. 25 118, helpless. fail(l)e, s. 557, 1471, failure. faildii, failly, a. 11 15, 3384, 8650, B. xx. 3, worthless, helpless. faillie, s. 452, failure. fail(l)ir, v. n. 371, B. xiv. 3; 3^./. fait, 114, 678, B. xi. 2, fault, 6804, faille, 8373 ; "ipJ- P- faillont, 3477 ; i s. fid. faldray, 381 ; 3 j. faldra, B. iv. 3 ; 3 /^/. fauldront, 7310: fail, be wanting, be necessary : ?'. a. 20983, fall short of. faillir, s. 891 1, failure. faim, faym, s. 7518, B. xvi. 2. faintise, see feintise. faire, v. a. 39, B. i. 3, fere, 22910, fare. B. xxvi. I ; \ s.p. fai, 9053, B. xxi. I, fay, 2595, fais, xvi. 2, faitz, xix. 2, fas, 23398 ; 2 s. fes, 22357 ; 2 //. faitez, 203 ; 3/1/. font, 946, &c., faisont, 3247 ; 2,s.n/!p. fesoit, 2661, faisoit, B. xxiv. 2; is.pret. feis, 967S, fecis, 28358; 3 s. fist, 52, B. XX. 3 ; I s. flit, fray, 368, ferrai, ferray, 460, B. xxxvi. 3 ; 3^. fra, 1 9 1 7, ferra, 2856 ; /. suhj. face, 1 778 ; 3 j-. pret. subj. feist, 37S6 ; \pl. feisse- mus, 18702; 3/^/. feissont, 655; 2 j. imper. fai, fay, 394, 584 ; l pi. faisons, 13044 ; pres. part, fesant, 1322. faisance, fesance, s. 11 552, 14875, creation, action, fait il, 352. said he. fait, «., si fait, 2503, such, fait, fetz, s. 15056, B. xvi. 3; //. faitz, 1360, B. xi. 1, fais, 1018, fetz, 2416, fees, 10487. faitement, adv. 7103, 12977, 1 5591, skilfully, wisely. faitis, a.,f. faitice, 3052, handsome. faiture, j. 1244, make, fashion. falco(u)n, s. 1870, B. viii. i,' xxxv. 4, fau(l)con, 2126, 21045. fallas, fallace, j-. 6238, 6460, deceit. fais, a. 3, B. XXV. i ; /. faulse, 2621, false, 2728: fais pensier(s), 3674; fais semblant, faulx semblant, 3471 ff., 131 52 (R) ; faux compas, 7309. falsement, adi'. 796. falser, faulsei', v. a. and n. 8979, B. xliii. 3, T. vi. 3, falsify, be false to, be false, falsete, s. 6508, B. xlii. i. falsine, s. 141, B. xlii. I, favilsine, 6317, falsehood. falspenser, s. 3651. falsseniblant, s. T. iv. i : cp. fais semblant. falte, s. 12085, fault. fame, s. 2625, B. vi. i, report, good fame, fameildiant. a. 7770, 12955, hungry, fameillous, a. 15741, hungry. familie, famile, s. 3916, 7792. familier, a. 17042. famine, s. 1807, B. xlv. 2, hunger, famine, famous, a. B. xxxi. 3. fantasie, ^. 1062, fancy, fantosme, s. 11 855, phantom. farcine, j-. 27431, farcy. fardell, s. 9829, burden. farin, a. 772?>, wretched. fau(ljcon, see falcoun. SI2 GLOSSx\RY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES faulse, faulser, set^ fals, falser. faulsine, sc\- falsine. faulx, st\- fals. favell, favelle,.y. 17384 f., chestnut horse, chestnut mare, favelle, s. 1267, flattering speech, tale, faveller, v. 3560, speak (flattery). favour, s. B. xii. i. faym, Jtv faim. fee, s. 5173, B. xvii. 2, en fee, 4621. feel, s. scY fiel. feel, fel, a. 2176, 28260. fees (II, fas, fess, s. 2657, 4316, 15055, burden. fees (2), see fait, fein, ^. 1 808 1, hay. feindi-e, 7'. ;/. and reJ7. 4514, 4930, 14939, pretend, be neghgent. feint, a. 3703, 5296, B. xHi. 2, faignte, 5798, feigned, false, faint. feintement, luhf. 27496. feintise, faintise, -s-. 3659, 7088, B. xxix. I, pretence, deceit. fel, see feel, felicite, s. 13242. feloninlesse, <•;./". 4124, 8305, cruel, wicked. felonin ie, felonye, s. 148, 4817, 6866, T. xi. 3, wickedness, cruelty. feloun, a. and s. 2794, 2968, 7163, B. xxi. 3, cruel, evil, guilty. femelin, a. 9155, B. xxi. 3, female, womanly, femeline, .v. 133, woman. femelilje, femmelle, a. 1029, 9383, female, femme, s. 137, B. xxi. 2, femne, B. xliii. 2. fendre, v. a. 4262, 5274, B. xviii. 4 : v. «. 3947, split, burst. fendure, j-. i860, split, cleft, fenelle, s. 8134. fenestral, s. 1659S, window, fenestre, s. 7026. fenestrelle, s. 29939, window, fenestrere, s. 25327, window, fenestrie, s. 16730, windows. fenix, s. B. xxxv. 2, phenix. fere, see faire. ferin, a. 2104, savage, wild. ferir, 7'. a. 4223 ; 3 J'./, fiert, 1871 ; subj. fiere, 2477, fere, 13404 ; 3 s. fret, feri, 4719; pp. fer(r)u, 4853, B. xxvii. 1: strike. ferlyn, s. 26316, farthing. ferm, adv. 893, 12370. ferme, a. 1810, 13533. ferme, ^. 20155, contract, fixed rent. fermement, adv. 7510. farmer, 7>. a. 10186, 11289, T. i. 2, strengthen, fix, shut. farmarie, s. 21435, infirmary. fermet^, s. fixed abode. farr, s. 5527, B. xxxviii. i, iron, ferrement, s. 21428, iron-work, ferirju, see ferir. fertra, see fiertre. fes, fess, s. see fees, fesance, see faisance. fesour, s. 2226, maker. festa, s. 836, B. xvi. 3. festival, a. 8654. fastoienient, s. 7891. festoier, v. a. and reji. 7906, 8455, feast. festrer, v. n. 19473, fester. fe8tu(e), s. 2996, 12098, 26238, straw, wooden spit. fasure, s. 19351, deed, feture, s. B. xii. 2, xxii. 3, features, form, fatz, see fait. feu(8), see fieu(8>. fave, s. 12406, 26452. fi, fy, s., da fl, da fy, 508, 14186, con- fidently, certainly. fiance, j. 7243, B. xiii. i, fiaunce, B. iv. 2, assurance, certainty, ficher, V. a. 7680, 7894, T. vii. i, fix, fasten. fieble, (I. 133. fieblesce, .s\ 2133, fieblesse, ~']1AT. fiabre, see fiavara. fiel, feel, s. 3604, 4278, gall, fiant, ^.48, dung. fiar, V. 71. and refl. 577, 747, D. i. i, trust, fieri s), «. 250, 1211, B. xvi. i, 1. i, proud, fierce, wild, terrible. fiere, s. 4788, (wild-ibeast. fierament, adv. 848. fiarte, a-. 13917, B. xiv. 3, pride. f(i!ertre, s. 29622, 29680, bier. fieu(s;, feu(sj, 1879, 3031, fu, 3954, 1391 1, fire. fiev(e)re, s. 7652, 2S568, fiabre, 9546. figure, s. 134, r>. xii. 3. fi^urar, v. a. 18218, represent, fil, s. 1416, thread. fiKDa, s. 16, 179, 825, B. XX. 3, T. viii. 2. fils, filz, s. 179, 1567, T. ii. 2, fitz, 958, 10333, fil, 12552. fin, s. 6, B. i. 3, end ; 4948, 6092, fine, fin, a. 883, 3728, 41 19, B. iv. 1, vii. l, pure, perfect, faithful, absolute. final, s. 9, B. 1. 4, end. final, a. 13253. finance, s. 1985, 20178, end, payment, fine, adv. 13367, wholly. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 513 fiuement, s. 2718, ending. finement, adv. 16854, B. xiv. i, absolutely, finely. finer, v. a. 137 18, refine. finer, V. H. 2003 : z'. a. 6875 : end. finir, s. 1 1 264, end. firmament, s. 1452, B. xix. i. fis, a. 10334, sure. fitz, see fils. flaiell, s. 4776, scourge. flaieller, 7/. a. 4428, scourge, beat. flairer, v. n. 7627, 12847, smell, be fra- grant. flaket, s. 26069, bottle. flamber, v. n. 16739, blaze, flamme, s. 2345. flanc, s. 7903. flaour, s. 19466, odour. flater (l), v. a. 12354, flatter. flater (2), v. 4523, cast down, flaterie, s. 1372. flatour, s. 1 38 1, flatterer. flec(e)liir, fleccher, v. a. 12367, 24649: V. 71. 1 1 466 : bend. flestre, a. 29642, withered, flestrer, v. n. 16915, wither, fleumatik, a. 14707, phlegmatic. fleur, see flour. flom, flum, s. 7623, 23408, river. Florence, 25249. Plorent, B. xliii. 3. florie (i), s. B. x. 4, flowers. florie (2), s. 16408,= vin flor-ie. florin, s. 9831. florir, &c., see flourir. flote, s. 8721, excitement (i'). floter, V. n. 3889, 7396. 27042, float, abound. flour, fleur, s. 85S, 1497, B. iv. 4, flower; flour de lys, 16852. flourette, s. 9959, floweret. flo(u)rir, v. n. and reji. 27825, B. xxi. I, flower: 7>. a. B. xxiii. 3, cause to flower. flouri(z), flori(z), rt. S56, 2896, D. i. 3, B. ii. I, flowery, in flower, adorned; vin florie, 7819, vin flouri, 19368. flum, see flom. foi, see foy. foial, s. 29248, B. XV. 2, liege subject, foie, s. 5517, liver. foire, s. 1300, T. xv. 2, fois, foitz, s. 3029, 13790, B. xxxix. 3. fol(s),/ fole, a. and s. 7, 280, 9307 ff., B. li. I, folz (//.) 2934, foolish, vain, wanton. folage, s. 9164, folly, idle speech. foldelit, s. 261, 9193, T. i. 2, wantonness, foldelitable, a. 5878. foldesir, s. 16860, wanton desire. foldisour, s. 16659, wanton talker, foldit, s. 16905, wanton saying. folement, adv. 600. folerrer, s. 16985, foolish wandering. folhardy, a. 4759, fol hardy, 1097 1. folhastif, a. and J. 4748. folie, s. 156, B. xlviii. 2. follarge(s), a. 8415, extravagant. follargesce, s. 8427, extravagance. follechour, s. 8822, paramour, foloier, v. ft. 1004, play the fool. foloier, s. 9218, wantonness. foloir, V. 16682, hear foolishly. folour, s. 530, 8868, folly, wantonness. folparler, %>. 12782. folpenser, v. 9522, think wantonly. folpenser, s. 9560, wanton thought, folquidance, s. 8157, vain belief. folquider, s. 5695, vain belief. folregard, s. 16694, wanton looking, folsemblant, s. 16905, wanton appearance, foltalent, s. 9396, vain desire. foltoucher, s. 16591, wanton touching, fondacioun, s. 12301. fondement, s. 8915, fundament, 2566, foundation. fonder, v. a. 12282, found, fondour, s. 20901, founder. fonteine. fontaine, s. 3876, 4917, B. vii. 2, fontaigne, 12992. forain(s). see forein(s). forainement, adv. 3783. force, s. 10S6, B. xxv. 3, au force, 9063. forcible, a. 29445, powerful. forelos, see forselore. forein(s), forain(s),rt'. 2291,3363, B. xi. I, outward, strange, far away. forein, s. 23256. 28403, alien, stranger. forfaiture, see forsfaiture. forg(i)er, 7/. a. 7003, 14275, forge, work. formage, see fourmage. forme, s. 57, B. xlix. 4, fovirme, 4862. former, fourmer, v. a. 99, 9051, B. xxvi. 2. formie, s. 14478, ant. fornaise, s. 4160, furnace. fornicacioun, s. 8638. fova, prep. 1365,4533, B. xvii. 4, outside of, except : forsque, 1058 1, B. xxviii. i, except that, except. forsbanir, 7/. a. 1836, 4318, B. xlviii. 3, forsbannir, 22980, banish. forschacer, v. 8287, drive away. Ll 514 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES forsclore, forclore, v. a. 9564, B. xxxvii. 2, shut out, close. forsene, s. 4012, f. forsenee, T. viii. 3, madman, mad-woman. forsenerie, s. 4039, madness. forsfah'e, forsfere, v. a. 1248. do away with, forfeit : 7'. n. and refl. 4152, 9507, 23661, transgress. forsfait, s. 85, transgression ; pi. forsfetz 15059. forsfaiture, s. 162, 8897, B. xii. 2, trans- gression, penalty, forfeiture. forsjuglgier, v. a. 168, 1626, 247S8, con- demn, overrule. forsmettre, v. a, put forth. forsque, see fors. forsvoier, v. a., n. and 7'efl. T043, 3223, 7468 : 2y s. f). forsvole, forsvoit, B. ix. 3, xliii. 3 : lead away, lead astray, go astray. fortiz), a. 1256. 1465, B. iii. 2, xxx. I. fort, adv. 647, T. xiv. 3. fortune, s. 10937, B. i. 3. fortuner, v. a. 13740, 14300, T. viii. 3, endow with fortune, bring to pass : v. n. 15758, happen, fosse, s. 3143. fossee, s. 20404, ditch. fouc, s. 9263, flock. fouir, V. a. 5274, dig, break into, fouldre, s. 4746, lightning. fouldrere, s. 20651, lightning, four, J-. 3822, oven. fourches, s.pl. 24960, T. ix. 3, gallows, foiulrmage, s. 25302, 26456, cheese, fourme, see forme, fourmer, see former, fournier, s. 26178, baker. fournir, v. a. 24843, supply. fourr6, see fiirrer. f olurrure, s 21018, 23493, fur-trimming. foy, foi, s. 367, 1 1 70, B. i. 3, T. title, franc, a. 597, B. xxiii. 3, xxxiv. 3 ; franc encens, 28166. France, 2142, 8153, 15848, 18702, 18852, 23671, 26056, 27032. Franceis (saint), 21522 ff., 21553. franchement, adv. 1587, fraunchement, C. franchise, J. 596, 2306, 121 54, B. xxviii. 2, fraunchise, C, freedom, rights, liberality. francois, a. 11615, French. Fran9oi8, s. 22965, 26128. Frenchman, francois, s. B. title, T. title, T. xviii. 4, French (language). fraternel, fraternal, a. 3737, 21602, brotherly, of friars. fraternite, s. 13854, brethren, brother- hood, fraude, .v. 6544, B. xlii. 3. freidure, s. 3894, 5390, cold. frein, s. 853, 1590, 5425, bit, bridle, freindre, 7'. rt. 4320, B. xlii. 3, T. vii. i, break. freitour, s. 21435, refectory, frel./. frele, frelle, /^. 133, 16573, T. i. 2, frail. frele t6, s. 9 191. fremir, v. n. 4794, B. ix. 4, shudder. frenesie, s. 2525, frenzy. freour, ^■. 4681, fright. frere, J,-. 2741, 3387. fresch, a. 17941, 26281. fresine, a. 6891, of the ash-tree. fresen(s), s. 6890, ash-tree, frestelle, J-. 8132, whistle (in the phrase 'moille sa frestelle,' wets his whistle). fresteller, v. a. 3578, whistle to. frette, s. 92S0, fret, band. friser, i>. n. 1365, see note. frivole, s. 10388, 22164, B. xix. 3, trifle : tenir a frivole, 5733, hold lightly ; parler du frivole, 14608, speak lightly. frocke, frocque, s. 2022, 20999, frock (of a monk). froid, a. 5450. froid, froit, s. 5235, 29121, B. ii. i. front, J. 2469. froter, v. a. 8724. fructefiable, a. 3753, fruitful. fructefiance, j-. 18155, bearing of fruit, frvictefiier, v. it. 5574, bear fruit, fructuous, a. 12458, fruitful. fruit, fruyt, s. 138, 1349. frument, s. 2200, 26451, corn, wheat, fu, s. see fieu. fu, fui, fuist, see estre. fuiant, s. 16780, flight. fuier, see fuir. fuill(e), fviil(e), s. 149S, 3751, 10420, 16853, leaf. fuir, fuier, v. a. and rejl. 10, Z?>'j, 9860, T.xiii. i; 3 .f./. fuit,fuyt, 19457,19478: flee from, avoid, flee. fuisoun, s. 2409, 17720, abundance. fuis(s)oner, v. ?t. 1506, 8932, 13276, abound, increase : v. a. 28551, increase. Pulgence, 13309, 13861. fume, s. 4838, smoke. fum6(e), s. 4120. fumigacioun, s. 19462. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 515 fundament, see fondement. furiis, jr. pi. 5082, Furies. furoiir, s. 20035. furrer, fourrer, v. a. 7139, 20476, adorn with fur. furrer, s. 25710, furrier. furrure, see fourrure. fustain, s. 25444, fustian (cloth). fusterie, s. 26243, pieces of wood, futis, J-. 1 1369, fugitive. futur, a. 6984, 1 1 203. fy, see fi. fymer, s. 1338, dung. G Gabaon, 27016. Gabaonite, a. f. 9061, of Gibeah. gabboy, gabboi, s. 1968, 20531, vain boasting, jest. gabelle, s. 23775, tax, Gabriel, 27938, 29361. gafre, s. 7810, wafer. gage ( I ), see guage. gage (2), J. 1 199, cage : cp. cage, gai, gay, a. 857, B. xxxvi. 2, T. x. i. gaiement, adv. 3578. gaign, g(u)ain, j-. 1906, 2204, T. xvii. i, gain. gaignage, s. 8418, harvest, profit. gaigner, guaigner, gainer, v. 1 399, 2204, 6353, win, earn, till the ground. gaigner(s), s. 1065 1, tiller of the soil. gaignere, j. 3214, gainer. gaignerie, s. 15625, 18292, tillage, profit. gain, gainer, see gaign, gaigner. gaiole, gayole, s. 4115, 16632, gaol. gaire, sec guaire. gaite(s), see guaite. Galice, 15336. Galil6e, 28387, 29239. Gant, 25251. garant, guarant, s. 2216, 3655, 6220, protection, security. garanter, v. a. 4950, protect. garconner, %'. a. 12742, degrade. garco(u)n, s. 8154, 20421, servant. garde, guarde, s. 547, 1037, 2897, T. xiv. I, care, observation. gardein, see gardin. gardein(s), guardein(s), s. 3441, 6921 ; /. g(u)ardeine, 1431, 7492. garde pance, j-. 19031, belly-armour. L garder, guarder, v. a. and n. 212, B. iv.* 3 ; 3 .y. p. g(u)art, 259, 4307, guarde, T. xiv. i ff . ; "2. s. iniper. guar, 13635 ; 3 pi- pret. subj. gardessent, 26427 : keep, guard, look at, look, garderesse, s.f. 12086, guardian. gardin, gardein, s. 17326, 18279: cp. jardin. garir. guarir, v. a. and 71. 2278, 3036, 3816; 3 s. p. garist, 4212 ; 3 j-. i)np. garisoit, 2278 ; 3 s. pret. guarist, 5520, guarisse, 4533; fiit. guarra, 5519: heal, get well, be saved. garisoun, guarisoun, s. 420, 5441, 177 15, healing, provision, garite, s. 7052, garret. garnache, see gernache. garnement, s. 1226, 23921, 24749, &'ir- ment, furniture. garnir, guarnir, v. a. 3645, 3973, T. xv. I, defend, prepare, furnish, warn, garnisoun, s. 7751, garrison, gas, s. 1 1407, 12134, mockery, jest, gaste, a. 1035 1. gastel, s. 7808, waste] (bread), gaster, guaster, v. a. and n. 1206, 7059, 1 91 22, waste, spoil, gasteresce, s.f. 17725, waster, gastin, a. 19034, waste, gastine, s. 20164, waste place. Gawain, T. xvii. 2. gay, see gai. gayole, see gaiole. Gebal, 21604. > Gelbo§e, 12978. gelee, s. B. ix. 4, frost, geler, v. n. 13736, freeze. gel(l)ine, s. 1982, 6833, hen. gemme, s. 29937, gem. gendre, s. 302, 9155, race, sex, kind, generacioun, s. 2293. general, a., en general, 3098, T. title. Generides, B. xliii. 3. Genesis, genesi, s. 112, 11365, 11 41 4, 17074, 17200, Genesis. genoil, s. 28665, knee. genologie, s. 9725. gent, s. 105, 851, B. x'xxi. 3; pi. gens, 1474, gentz, 1 1005, D. ii. 5 : people, gent, a. 14104, gentle. gentiKs), a. 4728, D. i. 4, B. envoy. gentil(l)esce, s. 12089, B. vi. 1, xiii. 2. genuflectacioun, 5-. 10245. genuller, v. n. and refl. 1224, 10503, bow the knee, germain, s. 6194, brother. I2 5i6 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES germein, a. 2740, true (of kinship). gernache, garnache, s. 7815, 7907, 26091, vernage (wine). Geronde, 4163. geste, s. 981, 5253, R. xxx. 2, T. v. 2, work, behaviour, story. Gethaemany, 28660. getter, jetter, ■;'. a. 1564, 6546, 28526, throw, give forth, geule, goule, s. 1918, 2254, 3730, 7995, neck, throat, gluttony : cp. gule. SB gheindre, 7'. 14625, complain. ghemir, 7'. n. 5082, groan. ghemir, s. 11 489, T. xiv. 3, groaning. ghemissement, s. 180, groaning. ghient, set' gheindre. gibet, s. 5700, gibbet. Giesy. Gyesi, 7459, 18928, Gehazi. Gilbert, 171 13. gile. sec gmle. giroun, J. 4870, 15779, 16804, circuit, fold (of a cloak), bosom, gisir, V. n., 3 s. p. gist, D. ii. 4 ; 3 P^- gisont, 2763; 3 s. imp. gisoit, 1046; 3 s.p. subj. gise, 9106 : lie. glace, i'. 6603. glaun. X. 1 1349, acorn, gleyve, s. 14072, sword, gloire, s. 286, B. xlvii. 2. glorefier, glorifier, v. a. 1064, 1 092, glorify : v. n. 10884, boast. glorious, a. \2T2., B. xi. 2. glose, s. 5156, 1 1 265, 15933, 17882, comment, flattery, gloser, V. a. 7482 ^., 16106, comment on, explain, flatter, glous, s. 772)2, 8099, glutton, glouteement, adi'. 16239, gluttonously. gloaiitonie, gloutenie, s. 258, 914, 7803. glouter, gloutir, v. a. 6253, 8427, swallow, gloutous, a. 15844, gluttonous, gloutousement, ath'. 7731, gluttonously, glu, .V. 24968, bird-lime. gobeiant, a. 12069. Godefrois, 23870. Golie, 2176. Gorge, 23848, St. George, gorgette, s. 5640, little throat, goufifire, s. 4219, 16204, gulf. goule, see geule. goupil, s. 1406, 3178, fox. goust, s. 7794, taste, glo luster, V. a. and n. 3568, 6690, 7628, !'>. xvi. I, taste, gouster, s. 16304, tasting. goutft)e (i), s. 3827, 4120, 29106, B. xviii. I, drop, dropping ; ne . . . goute, 4674, not at all. gout(t)e (2), s. 8599, 28567, gout. gouvernoiu', j. 8990. governage, s. 533, T. i. i, rule, behaviour. govei-naille, s. 25992, management. governal(s), s. 627, B. 1. 3, guide, ruler, helm. governance, s. 2238, B. xv. 2, govem- aunce, C. governant, j. 27089, ruler. governement, s. 15208, B. xxxiv. i. governer, gouverner, 7>. a. 4702, 10044, B. li. I , guide, rule ; se governer, 695 1 , prevail. Gower, D. i. 3, T. xviii. 4. grace, s. 556, 4400, 6645, D. ii. i, B. xi. 3 (//.), fiivour, forgiveness, thanks. Graeedieu, s. 10 149. gracious, a. not, 8772, B. xi. I, T. iv. 2, gracious, highly favoured. grain, see grein. grand, see grant. grandesce, s. 12093, grandesse, 13029. grange, s. 7293, 20493, barn. grant, graunt, a. 124, B. vi. i, xxiv. 2, grand, 667 ; /. grande, 690 ; pi. grans, 1797. granter, 7'. a. 10463, grant. grantmangier, s. 8407, banquet. grantment, adv. 276, 8931. grater, v. a. 5162, scratch. gre(e), J-. 217, 1012, 1971, 1 1693 (;!5/.), B. V. 4, xxix. 2, pleasure, favour, service, inclination; prendre (recevoir) en gre, 1520, &c., receive favourably; du gre(e), 2045, 3767, with pleasure, with goodwill ; en gre, 4490, 26260, accept- ably, at pleasure ; savoir gre(s), 6960, 12660, render thanks; savoir bon gr6, 29419, be friendly. greable, n. 4499, acceptable. grec, s. 26091, Creek wine. Grece, T. viii. i. Gregoire, 54, 2077, 2242, 10657, 10790, 12433. 13333. 14005, 14683, 16347, 17067, 19407, 20449, 26869 ff., 27023. gregois, a. 5105, (jrccian. gregois, .c. 7373, Greek, Greek (language), see Grieu. greignour, greigneur, a. 2978, 1 1904, greater. grein, grain, s. 2202, 7291, 10164, 28672, grain, seed, condition, quality. greindre, a. 6557, 23203, greater, greatest. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 517 gresil, see grisile. Greu, see Grieu. grevable, a. 2462, grievous, hurtful. grevain, gr(i)evein, a. 2781, 5716, B. xlviii. 2, grievous. grevanee, s. 18706, 20639. grever, see griever. grevous, a. 3470. grevousenient, adv. 291 1. grief, / grieve, a. 1157, 2417, B. xii. i, heavy, grievous. grief, s. 3177, trouble, grief. grieft6, s. 27387, burden. Grieu, Greu, s. 23366, 29320, Greek, grievein, see grevain. gr(i;ever, v. a. and n. 1782, 3942, 10392, D. ii. 4, B. ii. 3, annoy, hurt. griffo(u)n, s. 10725 ff. gris, a. 18040. gris, .V. 20475, 26458, grey fur, grey stuff. grisell, s..,f. griselle, 17382 f., grey horse, grey mare. grisile, gresil, s. 11979, 12634, hail. grisilon's), s. 5821, grasshopper. grondiler, grundiller, v. a. 3286, gnash (the teeth): v. 71. and refl. 2031, 7563, murmur. gros, gross, a. 1053, 1952, 2104. grossour, s. 25261, wholesale dealer. groucer, s. 2313, grumbling". grundiller, see grondiler. guage, gage, s. 6200, 97 86, pledge, pos- session. guager, ?'. 24943, make promise. guain, guaigner, see gaign, gaigner. guaire(s), gaire, guere, adv. 7115, 22030, much : ne . . . g{u)aire, 920, 5422, 13509, hardly. guaite, gaite(s), j. 11 282, 11 293, watch- man. guarant, see garant. guarantie, s. 20986, security. guarde, guarder, see garde, garder. guardein, guardeine, see gai'dein. guardon, guardoner, see guerdoun, guerdonner. guarir, guarisoun, see garir, garisoun. guarnir, see garnir. guast, s. 1 77 1 9, waste, guaster, see gaster. guenehir, v. a. 14778. guerdonnement, j. 6717. guerdonner, v. 6606, guardoner, B. xxxiii. 1. guerdoun, s. 6715, 26968, guardon, B. xvii. I, reward. guere, see guaires. guerpir, v. a. 46, B. xx. 3, xli. 4, desert. guerre, s. 2139, ^- ■'^•'^- 2- guerreiour, s. 11 288, warrior. guerroier, v. a. 828, 13023: v. 11. 1260. guerroier (i), s. 1485, warring. guerroier (2), s. 294, warrior. guider, v. a. 20410. guidere, s.f. 8164. guideresse, s.f. 14383. guier, V. a., 3 s. p. guie, guye, 1447, 8518: guide. guile, J-. 213, gile, 21394. guilement, .f. 15599, deceit, guiler, v. a. 1 163, deceive, guilerie, s. 1063. guiler^s), s. T. iv. i, deceiver, guilour, J-. 15599, deceiver, guise, s. 594, B. Ii. i, manner, habit, gule, 7789, gluttony: cp. gevile. gumme, s. 3570. Gurmond, T. xi. i. gustement, s. 9545, sense of taste. Guyene, 26056. guyere, s. 11772, guide. Gyesi, see Giesy. H habandonner, see abandonner. habit, s. 1 100, 15989, T. V. 2 ; abit, 142 10: manner, form, dress, possession. (li)abitement, s. 12535. habiter, v. ft. 1028, dwell. habondance, s. 5326. habondant, a. 106 19. habonder, 71. n. 3346, abonder, 1205. liacliee, s. 3945, torture. haie, s. 4206, 18279, hedge. hair, V. a., i s. p. hee, B. xvii. 3 ; 3 .f. hiet, 206 ; 3 -f. i>np. haoit, T. vii. 2 ; 3 s.fut. harra, 1723, herra, 4611 ; f^p. hai, 1886, hay, 12981. haire, J. 575, 2022, hair-shirt, sack-cloth. haite, a. 20141, encouraged. haker, v. a. 20871, chop up. halcer, v. a. 22027, exalt. halt, a. 69, B. ix. 3, hault, 949, haut, T. X. I : en halt le ciel, 105 15. halt, s. 13349, height. haltein(s), a. 131 1, B. xiv. 2, haltain, 603 ; / halteigne, B. iii. 3. haltement, adv. 2480. haltesce, haltesse, 1295, B. vi. 2. hanap, s. 987, 4684, jar. ii8 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES hange, s. 4335, hatred. haour. .;. 4356, hatred. happer, ?'. a. 13679, B. xxxi. 3, catch. hardeler, 7'. a. 9348, entangle. hardement. s. 22172, boldness. hardiis), hardy, a. 147 1, 15 104. hardiesce, s. 14201, boldness. harnois. s. 20528, trappings. hai pe. s. 5 1 2. harper, v. n. 22967. harpour, s. 22877. harra, see hair. hart, s. 3635, 23195, bonds, noose. hasard, s. 5779. haspald, s. 4669, vagabond, rascal. haste, j\ 4775, B. xliii. 2. haster, v. a. 416, 4774, hasten, press upon. hastif, a.,f. hastive, 4639, hastie, 3866, hasty, hastivesse, j-. 4741, haste. haterel(l), s. 3141, 26001, neck, hatie, J'. 153 18, hate, hatine, s. 4483, hate, hauberc, s. 15124. hault, see halt. Hayino, 2629. hayne, s. 4460, hatred, he, i)iterj. 137, B. xlii. 2, ah ! healme, s. 15 125, helmet. Hebreu(3), Hebru, j-. 1660, 233'!, 12199, 12267, 29325. hebreufsl, hebru, a. 3978, 22009, /• hebrue, 5659. hee, s. 2194, hatred, heir, s. 2541, heir, 20346, heir, helas, inferj. 107. Helchana, 10273. Heleine ( i), 16701, B. xiv. i, xl. i, T. x. I. Heleine (2), 18589. Helemauns, 11404. Helie, Helye, 6788, 12597, 14443, Ehjah. Helia^e, Heliseiis, Heliseu, 102 14, I 5463, 27041, Elisha. Hely (I), 19117, Kli. Hely (2), 28747. henir, v. n. 2502, neigh. Henri(S), D. ii. i, 4, B. envoy, herald, s. 1740, hiei'aldls), 12841. heraldie, s. 16073, heralds. herbage, s. 5823. herbe. s. 3751, B. xxi. i. herbergage, s. 5826, lodging, herbergement, s. 4579, lodging. herbergerie, s. 707, 15568, lodging. herberger, v. a. and n. 4442, 8385, 24741 ft'., lodge. herbergeresee, s.f. 14387, hostess, hex'bergour, j. 12959, entertainer, hei'ce, s. 4627, bier. Hercules, Herculem, B. xliii. i, T. vii. I, 2. heresie, j-. 5742. herice, j. 24962, harrow, heritage, s. 6120, T. i. 3. heritance, s. B. li. 3. herit6(e), a. 923, hereditar)'. heritement. s. 8909, inheritance, hei^mafodi-ite, s. 1026, hermaphrodite, hermite, j-. 2742. Herodes, Herode, 4984, 11468, 28238 ff. herra, see hair, herrow, ifiterj. 6945, alas ! hesitacioun, s. 5740, 18824, wavering, difficulty. Hester, 17466. heu, inter j. 1834, ah ! hidour, see hisdour. hier, adv. 1169S, 26286. hierald(8), see herald. Hillaire, 27032. Hisboseth, 4900. hisdour, hidour, s. 4793, 10002, hideous- ness, horror, histoire, s. 1553, B. xlvii. 3; Testoire, 1023. hoir, see heir, honi, s. 1 134, a man, one, rem, B. .xxxi. 3 : cp. om, homme. homicide, jr. 4799, 6424, T. xiv. 2, murder, murderer, homme, s. 25, T. iii. i, I'omme, 315, B. xii. I, Tome, 225. hommage, s. 519, B. xix. 2. hommesse, s. 5508, manliness, honeste, honueste, a. 1 351, 3919, B. xxix. I, honest, C. hone8tement,honnestement,ar/'ZM0399, B. xlix. 4. honestet6, honnestete, s. 2978, 11752, 14255, virtue, honesty, honourable deed. honir, v. a. 587, 6250, outrage, injure. honour, honnour, honeur, s. 432, 449, 10008, I), i. 1, B. xxi. 2. honourable, (/. 23101, B. xxix. 4, honur- able, 2787S. honourance, j. 12442. honoure, a. 545, honourable. honourer, honourer, v. a. 12 17, 27122, B. xxxi. 2 ; 3 s. />. honourt, 7402, hon- ure, 12916. hontage, s. 1655. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 519 honte, s. 446, B. xxi. 3. hontous, a. 9108, 11906, honteus, 12018, shameful, modest. Horestes, T. ix. 3. horpria, see horspris. hoiTible, a. 288, T. ix. i. hors, ai/7K 316, 2407, out. horspris, horpris, a. 22777-, B. xxx. 4, xxxvi. 2, excepted. hospital, s. 8326, lodging. hospitalite, s. 6668, 15908. hospiteller, s. 13231, 23849, host, enter- tainer. host, s. 103 1 2. hostage, j-. 29632, host. hostal, hosteal, hostell, hostiel, s. 713, 972, 3914, 17793, 17847, ^- xxxviii. 4, lodging. hoste, s. 4442, guest. hostellement, s. 5123, lodging. hosteller, 7'. a. 82,78, entertain. hosteller, hostellier, s. 6145, 6953, 8377, host, householder. hostellerie, s. 14562, household. hoster, houster, ?'. a. 1435, 6881, B. x. 3, take away. hostesse, s. 4123, 16043, hostess, house- wife. houre, hure, (h)eure, s. 164, 481, 729, 938, D. ii. 1, B. vii. 1, x. i, hour; al hure, 2432, now, at once ; houres, 3094, daily prayers. houster, see hoster. huan(s), s. 893, owl. hueher, v. a. and //. 6730, 9601 ff., call to, call. huer, V. a. 5658, 20119, hoot at, shout after. huiss, s. 4462, huss, 13542, door. huissher, s. 11246, door-keeper. humanity, s. 29086. humble, a. 1650, U. i. 3, (h)onible, B. xxxviii. 4. huniblement, ad7'. 10204. humblesce, humblesse, i-. 2235, D. i. 1. humblete, s. 16873. humein, humain, a. 368, 719, B. xiv. i : s. /)/. humeinz, 9919, 22222. humiler, humilier, t. a. 1 831, 2 11 8. hurailiacioun, s. 2296, 10238, humility. hunailiance, J. 11547, humility. humilit§{s), s. 2291, 10132, B. xii. 4. humour, s. 18120, moisture. hupe, s. 2893, T. xii. 3, hoopoe. hure, see houre. hurter, v. n. 9896, 16942, strike. huy, adv. 5433, 9269 (au jour d'uy). hyene, s. 2884, hyena. i, see y. ice, dent. a. 7600: pion. 15949 : this. icell, ycell, dein. pron. 370, 7327, 9175 : cp. icil. icest, /". iceste, yceste, dem. pron. 2677, 3193, 20S00. iei, yci, adv. 3122, B. vi. i ma?\^in. icil, dem. pron. 4508. idropesie, s. 7603, dropsy. ignorance, s. 6074. ignorant, a. 6086. il, pron. 7, D. i. i, B. xxv. 2 ; ilmesmes, 211 ; ils deux, 226; il/welle, T. ix. 1 ; il/(?rils, 2805, 10341. ille, see isle. illeoque(s), adv. 959, 20228, illeoe, 7590 there. illusioun, s. 14695. image, see ymage. imaginer, see ymaginer. implet, a. 9040, full. imposer, v. a. 18509. imposicioun, s. 18470. impresse, a. f. 10864, B. vi. i, im- printed, impressioun, s. \\877, impressure, s. 18272. inearnacio(u)n, s. 28810, T. v. 2. incest, s. 8239. incestuous, a. 21304. inclinacioun, s. 20721. inconstance, s. 5462. inconstant, a. 5465. incontinence, s. 1403. inconvenience, jt. 1402, 27108, evil, unfit thing. inconvenient, s. 21646, evil. incredible, a. 5769, incredulous, incvirable, a. 9643. indetermin6, a. 3287, endless. indevoult, a. 1195. indifferent, a. 187 10, impartial, indigence, s. 12393, indigense, 15755- indigent, a. 12963. indignacioun, s. 2283. inducer, v. a. 8606. indulgence, s. 7366. infeccioun, s. 10497. infect, a. 9042. infelice, a. 21072, unhappy. infernal, infernals, see enfernal, &c. 520 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES infinit, a. 1284. inflacioun, s. 2249. inflat, a. 2233, puffed up. infortime, j. B. xx. 3, ill fortune. infuz, a. 29318, infused. ingluvies, s. 7713, excess (in eating). ingrat, a. 6613. ingratitude, s. 6321. inhabitant, s.,pL inhabitans, 2576. iniquite, s. 3138. injustice, s. 6822. inmonde, a. 26812, T. xi. 2, unclean. innocent, a., pi. innocens, 3537, 6232. B. xli. 2. Innocent, 18783. inobedience, s. 2006, disobedience. inobedient, a. 2137. inpacience, s. 3953. inpacient, a. 3961. inparfait, a. 104 13, inparfit, 19092. inproprement, adv. 7645. inpuni, a. 23047,//. inpunitz, 23316. inquietacioun, s. 4299. inquiete, j. 3146, 9048, trouble. insolible, a. 5761, inconsolable (?) inspeccioun, s. 16332, 29188. inspirement, s. 56, inspiration. inspirer, v. a. 29302. instance, s. 29216. intelligence, s. 14597, T. ii. 2. interiour, a. 3508, inward. invasion, s. 10492. ipocresie, ypocresie, ipocrisie, ypoeri- sie, s. 1059, 1 123, 11S9, 21249. ipocrital, s. 21409, hypocrite. ipocrite, ypocrite, s. and a. 11 17, 11 77. ipotecaire, s. 7S64, apothecary. irasGU, a. 13652, angry. ire, s. 250, T. ix. i, anger. ir6, irre(z), irr6e, a. 2406, 4826, 7617, angry. irous, see irrous. irrai, irray, as Jut. (/ aler, 1022, 2905, B. ii. 4; cotid. irroit, 174. irresonnable, a. 6438. irreverence, s. 3960. irritacioun, s. 3975. irrour, i-. 3880, passion. irrous, irous, a. 4298, 4351, angry, pas- sionate. irrous, ddv. 13387. irrousement, adv. 3994, angrily. Isaak, 12241. Isaie, see Ysaie. Isidre. 10405, 108 14, 1 4581, 16360. isle, ille, s. 3725, 16702, T. viii. i. Ismahel, 11 419. isnele pas, adv. 10506, 24224, quickly. Israel, 3998, 10371, 11019, 17483, 17489, 28338. issi, adv. 4683, so. issint que, conj. 32^7, 26650, in order that, so that. issir, V. ?t. 2467, 5390, 28529 ; }) s. p. ist, 2S34; pres. part, issant, 2247; pp. issu, 4852 : go forth, come forth. issue, s. 92, T. iii. i, race, offspring, (s'eni ist, i'. B. viii. i,goes away : cp. irrai, issir. itiel. itieu. ytiel ytieu, a. 275, 2552, 3073,/. ytielle, 231 51 ; //. itiel, itieu, 7437« 79^9, /• itieles, 4465, such: cp. tiel. iveresce, see yveresce. ivern, yvern, yver, s. 5389, 5450, 14481, B. ii. 1, xxxii. 1, winter. ja, adv. 1226, 10856, ever, even, never; ja ne, 509, 1935, B. v. 3, never. Jabins, 17488. Jacob, 3386, 4858, 7084, 10701, 12244 f, 16025, 16957, 24530. Jacobin, s. 21760, Jacobin (friar). jadis, jadys, adv. 354, 1888, 3782, for- merly, long ago. Jahel, 17479. Jake, see Jaques. Jaket, 1963, Jack. jalous, a. 8762. jalouser, .$•. 17581, jealousy. jalousie, s. 17562. jam(m)ais, adv. 251, 647, B. x. 3 : jammes, 678, B. ii. 2 ; jammais jour, 2634, B. xlii. 2. jangle, s. 4636, B. xxv. i, idle talk, con- tention. janglement, j-.,;?^/. janglemens, 6286. jangler, v. 71. 2632, talk idly. janglerie, s. 1694, idle talk. Janus, V>. xxxii. 1. Japhet, 12030. Jaqvies, Jaque, Jake, (saint), 4213,6103, 13929, 24697, 28658, 29177. jardin, s. 4542, B. vii. 3 : cp. gardin. Jason, B. xliii. i, T, viii. i. jaune, a. 26036. je, froH. 12, &c., D. i. 3, jeo, D. ii. 4, B. ii. 2, &c. jeeu, jeu, s. 181, 3903. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 521 Jehanfs) (the apostle), 49, 2466, 31 12, 7441, 12303, 17035, 18737, 28658, 29055, 29339 ff- Jehan(s) (the baptist), 28010, 28424 ff. jeo, seeje. Jeremie, 1828, 2799, 2860, 3445, 3685, 3984, 4130, 5283, 5763, 5854, 6363, 6S69, 7194, 7615, 7678, S103, 8289, 9230, 10323, 11173, 11546, 15592, 19957. Jericho, 7001. Jerom, 2750, 2871, 5081, 7393, 10498, 11473,14671, 16479, 16603, 16864, 17020, 17030, 17119, 17945, 17953, 20574, 20933, 20989, 21607. Jerusalera, 2429, 10259, 10329, 10350, 17465, 27521. JesabeKl), Jezabell, 4959, 6775, 11 156. jeaqes, jesqe, jcy jusques. Jesse, 29932. jetter, sre getter. jetteresse, see pierre. jeu, see jeeu. jeualx, jeuaux, seejuel. jeuer, jt'^juer. jeupartie, i'^'^ jupartie. Jhesu, Jheaus, Jhesum, 191 1, 2274, 2276, 9079, 12306, 12422, 15475, 18192, 18222, 18939, 19976, 27296, 27945, 27974, 28134, 28402, 28559, 28609 ff., 28707 ff., 29221 ff., 29761 ff. Joab, 4770, 12989. Joachim (i), 10336. Joachim (2), 27483 ff. Job, 1273, 1334, 1645, 1648, 2640, 3667, 5758, 6855, 7777, 8065, 8089, 9068, 1 1329, 11684, 12002, 13987, 14821, 15109, 15578, 16741, 24517, 26857. jo(e)fne, a. 218. 8688, T. viii. i, young. jofnesse, s. 5681, youth. Johan (Gower), T. xviii. 4. Johel, 1291. joial, s. 8720 : ep. juel. joie, joye, s. 68, 316, D. ii. 4, B. ii. i. joier, joir, joyr, v. n. and refi. 8062, 29533, D. ii. 4; 3 s. p. joyst, 12918 : V. a. 13 1 50: rejoice. joindre, v. a. 19372. joious, joyous, a. 3255, 7644, D. ii. 3, B. xxi. 1, /. joyeuse, 27000. joliem.ent, jolyement, adv. 1590, 5823, merrily. joliet6(e), j. 5690, merriment. jolif, joly(s), /. jolie, a. 939, 1696, B. xiii. 4, pleasant, merry, gay. jolivet, /. jolivette, jolyette, a, 9278, 1 7893/ gay. Jonas, 27057. Jonathas, 12980. Joram, 6781. Jordan, 24531. Josapha, Josaphat, 6781, 1031 1, 29691. Joseph, Josep (son of Jacob), 3663, 3671, 12247, 14521, 16777. Joseph (husband of Mary), 27824 ff. Joseph (of Arimathea), 28771, 29113. 29128 ff. Josue, 2336, 7004, 10302 ff., 1 1094 f., 12272, 23871, 27018. jour, s. 177, B. ii. 3 ; jammais jour, 2634, B. xlii. 2. journal, J-. 635, 2855, 5 596, day, day's work, journe, s. 28339, journey. joui-neie, s. 10125, journey. joust(e), a. j'^t' just, jouste, s. 20882, flagon. jouster, V. 11693, tourney. joustice, j-^t' justice, joveneel, s. 8714, young man. jovencelle, J. 17388, young woman, jovente, s. 4787, youth. jowe, s. 13403, cheek, joyant, a. 9, 503, rejoiced, joye, joyous, joyeuse, j-ct joie, joious. joyeusement, adv. 17460. joynt, s. 10831. joynt, a. 10832, 12195, united, clasped, joyntement, adv. 1 4451, jointly. Juda, 3256, 5008, 10311, Judas, 2271, 3389, 3393, 3512, 5757, 15332, 20016, 21104, 23180, 28630, 28690 ff. Judas (le Machabieu), 2382, 23871, see Machabieu. Judee, 20067. judicial, a. 3281, 16605, of judgement. judicial, s. 13191, B. I. 3, judgement. Judieu, s. 11069, 18631, Jew. Judith, I II 14, 12044, 12685, 17464. juel, jeual, s. 25561, B. xxxiii. 2; />/. jeuaux, jeualx. juer, V. n. and refl. 5728, 5779, juer la jeupartie, 25454, jeuer, B. ix. 4, xxxii. 2 : play, sport. juerie, s. 31 11, Jewry, jug, s. 4196, yoke. jugge(s), juge, J. 61 1 1, 6211. jug(g)ement, s. 169, 11 97, T. x. 3. jug(g)er, V. a. 1616, 4883. juggeour, s. 1678, judge. jugier, s. 8597, judgement. juise, juyse, s. 1545, 2508, 15429, B. xli. 3, judgement, condemnation. 522 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES Julian fseint), 15727, 23850. Julius (Cesar), 19333. juniente, s. 4784, beast of burden. jun, juyn, s. 7766, 7859, fast, fasting. jun, a. 18026, fasting. juner. 7'. //. and r<^. 5544, 12568, fast. jupartie, jeupartie, J. 4761, 12260, 24931, game, hazard, jeopardy : Lp. 3240. Jupiter, 7826. jurant, s. 6478, oath. jurediocioun, s. B. 1. 2. juree, s. 6467, jury. jurer, ?'. ;/. and a. 1952, B. xli. i ; pp. juret, jure, 6651, 23786: swear, swear by. jiu'our, s. 6433, 24897, juror. jus, (^(h'. 1482, B. xvi. I, down, jusques, ad7K 1336, jusqus, 5214, jesqes, jesqe, B. v. margt;i, B. xii. 3 : as far as. just(e), a. 737, 1650, 1845, jouste, 15197J T. i. I, joust, 23065. juste, prep. 4075, near, justefier, justifier, v. a. 61 14, 26496, B. xlviii. I, T. xviii. 4, justify, do justice on : V. 71. 13476, do justice. justice (i), joustice, s. 2514, 15 191, 23039, B. iii. I, justice. justice (2), justise, s. 15326, 24676, judge. justicerie, s. 24617, judges. justiciar! s), s. 20505, judge. juyn, .y^^ jun, s. Juys, s. ipl.) 4466, Jews, juyse, see^nl&e. Katelote, 20678. keue, see coue. la, ndv. 3331, B. .\xx. i, there: la que, 11375, where. Laban, 7083. laborious, a. 14534, 16917. labour, s. i486, B. xlviii. 2, T. ii. i. labourer, v. n. and a. 5391, 5778 ; 3 J./. labourt, 2776, 14546: work, till, labour for. labourer, s. 8655, labour, labourer! s), labourier, labourour, s. 10649, 14456, 26430, labourer, lac, s. 2672, 27049, pit. lache, a. 5590. slack, lachesce, s. 5589, slackness. lachete, s. 5595, slackness. lai(s), lay(s), a. ■})127 ; prestre layfs), 20549, 20575. lai(s), lay, s. 3016, 3300, 27479. layman, laid, a. 209, 1014, 4820, ugly, hurtlul. laid, J., //. lais. 3017, wrong. laidement, adv. 1723, 10403, wrongly, outrageously. laidenger, v. a. 17607, 20744, abuse, insult. laidir, v. a. 2935, 8767, injure, disgrace. laine, see leine. laisir, see loisir. laisser, see lesser, lait, s. 47<^7. laiter, s. 8510, feeding (with milk). lamentacioun, j. 2256. lampe, s. 16999. lampreie, lamprey, s. 4453, 7833. lance, s. 5521. Lancellljot, 1473, B. xliii. 3, T. xv. i. lancer, ?'. a. and ;/. 3618, 3621, 20636, hurl, rush. lande, s. 26709, glade. lang(u)age, s. 1198, 6944, D. i. 4. lang(U)e, s. 875, 1416, 1930, 2931 1 ff., B. XXV. 4, tongue. langour, s. B. xliii. 4, sickness, languir, 7\ n. 321, B. iii. i. languisant, s. 3552, sick man. languissant, a. 740, sorrowful, lanterne, s. 15656. lapider, v. a. 2398. stone. larcine, s. 909, theft. larder, s. 20335, larder, large! s), largez, <;. 986. 8228, 15956. wide, liberal ; a large. B. xliii. 3, at large, largement, adv. 452. largesce, largesse, s. 470, 25701, B. xxviii. 2, bounty, largess, liberal supply, largete, s. 749S. liberality. lar(rion, lar(r)oun, s. 2454, 5273, 6906, 13938- las, s. 893, 3561, B. XV. 1, cord, snare. lasls), a. 889, 14101, B. viii. 3, weary, wretched. las(s), interj. 587, 20077, alas ! latin, s. 7171, 2177 s, D. i. 4, Latin (language). Latins, s. pi. 29320. laudacioun, s. 12757. laudes, s. 5640, 8594. laver, v. a. and //. 10522, 26656. layne, see leine. lays, see laKs). Lazar(i), 7975. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 523 Lazar (2), Ijazaro(u)n, 13047, 28514, 28807, 29364. le, r, def. art. m. (used with subject), 99, 107, B. ii. I, (withobject) 20, D. i. 2, tic. ; /. la, 4, B. i. 3 ; pi. les, lez, 10, 948 (R), I>. ii. I, xxxvi. I, le, 18644 : cp. ly. le, l\ f.lSb, pron. (as direct object of verb), 84, 212, B. ii. I, V.I, (as indir.obj.)le, la, 912, 2448, 13268, 13. xxiii. I, xxxvii. i ; pi. les (dir. and ind.), 46, 2416; (with prep.) de la, 107 : cp. luy. leccherie, s. 263. leccherous, lecherous, a. 8827, T. xi. 3. lecchier,lechier, a. 91 82, 1 5844, lascivious. lec!c)hour, leceh.ier(8),.s-. 929, 8931, 9164, 16663, lecher, paramour. lecoun, leeon, s. 2790, 297 1, 8846, B. xxiv. I, teaching, opinion. lee (l), a. 3196, li6e, 17 122 ; pi. leez, 24291 : joyful, glad, lee (2), a. 15821, large, wide; en lee, 25706, in width. lee, s. 3379, side, leesce, s. 480, B. vi. i, delight, leescer, v. n. 29232, rejoice, legacie, s. 18990, embassy, legat, s. 18422, ambassador. legende, s. 20700. legiier, (2. 2419, 5402, active, ready, easy: du (de) leger, 2833, &c., easily, legdjerement, adv. 3930, 9609. legioun, s. 6737. leigne, s. 13648, wood, leine, laine, layne, s. 1603, 5313, 7566. leisour, leisir, see loisir. letter, v. a. 27418, suckle. lendemein, s. 8367, morrow : cp. I'ende- mein. lent, a. 889, slow. lentement, adv. 5614. leopart, s. 9892. leoiu)n, lioun, lyon, s. 849, 4210, 8848, 12296, B. xlviii. 3, lion, lepre, s. 2659, leprosy. lepre, a. 3782, leprous. leprous, a. 28564, leprous, lerme, s. 10203, tear. lerraer, v. n. 4383, weep. lerinerie, s. 18293, weeping. lermoier, v. n. 10261, weep, leaser, laisaer, v. a. 4, B. v. i, xvii. 4 ; 2 s. p. lais, 6164 ; 3 s. laist, 666, B. xxi. 3, laisse, 1261, lease, 4752; 3 s. pret. laissa, B. xl. 1 ; fiit. lerrai, lerray, 384, B. ii. 2, xvii. 2 ; 3 .r. lessera, 688, lerra, B. Ii. 3 ; imperat. lessetz, 4, B. ix. 5. lesure, s. 11 76, injury, harm, letanie, -s-. 20315, B. xxiv. 1. lettre, (letre), s. 6788, B. ii. 4, iii, 4. lettron, .s". 20682, lectern, lettrure, s. '/2>79i reading, letters. lettuaire, s. 25641, electuary : cp. elee- tualre. leur, lour, pron. (dir. or indir. obj.), 77, 239, 6924, B. xlvii. 2. leur, lour, pass. adj. 18, 2230, B. xxv. 2; pi. leur, lour, leurs, lours, 2995, B. V. ?nargl?t, T. title, levable, a. 1869, rising, raised. levain(s), s. 16789, leaven, lever, ?'. a. 531 ; Z s. p. lieve, 5239 ; 3 pi. lievent, 27234: v. n. 5158, 5206, B.xx. 1. levere, see lievere. leverer, s. 21046. Levite, s. 9062. levitici, 5269, 11137. Ii, see ly. liard,/; liarde, s. 17384 f., dappled horse, dappled mare. liberal, a. 3316, B. 1. i, liberal, free, liberalite, s. 15352. liberie, s. 11081. licence, s. 522, permission, lie, lye, s. 5685, 13214, 26172, dregs, lye. liegance, ligance, jr. 2144, B. xv. 2. liege, lige, a, 22253, D. i. 1, C. lien(s), lyen, s. 4197, 12337, B. iv.* 2, T. V. 3, bond. lier, V. a. 1466, B. xv. i, bind. liere(s), s. 1994, 6560, robber. lieu(s), s. 69, 4056, B. iii. 4, lu, B.xviii. 2. lieve, lievent, see lever. liev(ejre, levere, s. 2782, 2810, 12675, B. xli. 3, lip. ligance, see liegance. lige, see liege, lignage, s. 278. limitant(z), s. 9148, 21328, limitour. limiter, 7'. n. 21598, make rounds (of begging friars). lin, lyn, s. 3170, 6541, lineage, (linceal), s.,pl. linceaux, 5178, sheet, lincelle, j. 5226, sheet, line, lyne, s. 2530, 5125, 13359, B. xlv. 3, order, line, linx, i'. 1765, lynx. lioun, see leoun. liquour, s. 3570. lire, lisre, (liser), v. 1081, 1127, T. v. 3 ; 3 s. p. Use, 14492 ; I pi. p. lison, 2330, lisoTin, 3983 ; 2 s. Imperal. Use, 19081 ; pp. lieu, 11068. 524 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES lit, s. 1787. B. xliii. 2. litargire,litargie,.s-. 6158, 26485, lethargy. litiere, s. 895, 5175, litter, mattrass. litigious, a. 4636. livre( 1 ), livere, J. 1027, B.v.f/iar^in, book. livre i2>, s. 6470, pound imonvy). loable, a. 12884, piaiseworthy. loant, jr. 12770, praising. loement, s. 13268, praise. loenge, jr. 1080. 12617, B. xiv. i. loer, louer, v. a. 1145, 12618, praise; je loo, 8052, 1 advise ; se loer de, 1462, 6938, rejoice at. loer ( 1 ), j'. 1 192, praise. loer (2), s. 440, B. xxviii. 3, louer, D. ii. 3, wages, reward, loggier, V. a. 21 109, lodge, logique, s. 1451. loi, loy(s), s. 536, 2038, B. xxxviii. 3. loial(s), loyal(x), a. 6621, B. iv.* 3, 4, T. iii. 3, honest, loyal, loialraeut, loyalment, adv. 9784, B. iv.* 1. loyaument, 12364. loialte, loyalte, s. 6419, 13269, B. xvii. i. loign(8!,loin3,loings,ir?. and^^^/?'. 185, 567, 891, 27283, B. ix. 3, xxxix. 3, far off; de (du) loignls), 997, 5405, 7752, far off, long before, loigntein, loigntain, ci. 2135, B. xxiii. 2, longtain, longtein, 2784, B. xxiv. 2. loisir, s. 5693, 9311, 9315, B. xxxiv. 3, leisir, 27640, laisir, 26107, leisour, 9222, leisure, space of time, free disposal. Lombardie, Lumbardie, s. 18557, 23233, 23714, T. xi. I. Lombardz, Lumbardz, Lombars, s. pi. 23257, 25432 ff. long, a., f. longe, longue, 1746, 5220, B. ii. 2 : en long, 29010, lengthwise. long, nd7J. 5691. longement.longuement,artfe'.9863,i6564. Longis, 28765. longtain, longtein, a. see loigntein. longtains, longtein, adv. 4616, 5368. lors, lor, adv. 7, 188, 1S465, B. i. 3, alors, 10080, &c., then, therefore, los, loos, s. 1215, 1556, 23901, T. viii. i, honour, fame. losenge, s. 7419, flattery, losenger, v. a. 434, flatter. losengour, losenger,j.2735, 1 1083, 12766, flatterer, liar. lot, s. 6303, a measure of wine. Loth, 8236, 9683. lou. loup(3), s. 915, 7525, 8430. louer, see loer. lour, see leur. loy(s), see loi. loyal, see loial. loyalment, loyaument, see loialment. loyalte, see loialt6. lu, see lieu. Luc (saint), 10221, 10286. luce, s. 6253, pike. Lucifer, 63,73,86, 122, 1873, 14352,18944. 21100, 26365, 26876, 29850. lucre, s. 13780, gain. Lucrece, T. x. 2. lui, see luy. luire, v. n. 16761 ; fires, part, luisant, 1132 : shine. luiter, luter, t/. 7/. 10702, 16943, contend, wrestle. lumacoun, s. 5414, snail. lumbard, a., pain Ivimbard, 7809. Lumbardie, see Lombardie. Lumbardz, see Lombardz. lumere, s. 6802, light. lune, s. 8140, B. xiii. 3. luour, s. 68 II, light. lusard, s. 11491, lizard. luter, see luiter. lutous, a. 22113, turbid. luxure, s. 930, lecher)'. luxuriant, a. 20667, of wantonness. Ivixurier, v. n. 87 10, practise lechery. luy,lui,/^r(7«. w.andy;, (direct obj.ofverbl 165, 415, 9320, B. xxiii. 2, T. xii. 3; (indirect obj.) 12, B. xvii. 2 ; ly, 4654, 4883 ; (with prep.) 53, 626, B. v. 3. en Ii, de Ii, B. xx. i, xxiii. 2: cp. le. pron. ly, Ii, r, def. a?t. m. (used interchange- ably with 'le' in sitig. and 'les" in plur.), 70, 79, 272, D. ii. 4, B. ix. 5, luy. 116, 1015, &c. (both with subj. and obj.). ly, pro}i.., see luy. Lya, 16957, Leah. lye, see lie. lyen, see lien(s). lyn, see lin. lyne, see line. lyon, see leoun. lys, lis, s. 16852, 16891, lily. Lysias. 22333. M ma, see moun. mace, s. 11247, club. Macedoine, T. vi. i, Macedon. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 525 Machabieu(s), Machabeu, 2382, 10249, 10359, 23072 : see Judas. Machaire, 12566, 20905. mapon, s. 8571, hook. Madians, 17104, Midianites. madle, a. 1029, 17885, male. la Magdaleine, la Magdeleine, 2272, 10279, 13048, 14560 ff., 15091, 28815, 29199 : cp. Marie (2). magest6, s. 7699. magike, a. 1899. magnanimity, s. 141 99. magnefier, magnifier, v. a. 3391, 25020. magnificence, s. 14247. Magus, 1897. maigre, see megre. Mail, 856, B. XV. 3, xxxvii. i. mail(l)e, s. 15640, 26170, halfpenny. mailler, v. a. 163 18, hammer. mailoller, j. 1433, swaddling. main, see mein. maine, see mener. maint, meint, a. and j-. 42, 932, B. xxiv. 3, xlii. I ; pi. maintz, 2417 : many a, many. maint, v. see manoir. maintenance, s. 23675. maintenant, meintenant, adv. 408, B. xiv. I ; de maintenant, 1877, de mein- tenant, 4914. maintenir, v. a. 292. B. xlvii. i : v. n. maintint, 4737, (or main tint). maintenour, s. 23323, maintainer (of a quarrel). maintenue, s. 23734, maintenance. maintesfois, adv. 4683, often. maiour, a. 3182, 17048, greater, greatest. maire, a. 960, B. iv.* 1 fF., greater, greatest. mais, conj. 10, 1608, B. i. 3, but, except : maisque, mais que, mais qe, 3378, 6840, B. xi. 2, xxiii. 2, provided that ; B. xvii. 4, xl. I, T. xiv. 2, but that; 1920, 4305, except that; 18848, but; 26112, 26926, if, even if; 27282, only : maisy»/- maisque, 20528. mais, mes, adv. 2856, 5627, more ; ne . . . mais, 1 0043, no longer; a tous (as toutz ) jours mais, 2856, B. iv. i, for ever more. maisnye, see mesnie. maisoun, maison, see mesoun, maisque, see mais. maisselle, s. 4418, 9340, jaw, cheek, maistre, a. 298. chief. maistre(s), meistre, mestre(s), s. 1305, 1359, 3110, 24714. maistresse, mestresse, s. 13413, 27194. maistrie,meistrie,mestrie,J. 4655, 9910, 25589, mastery, great feat, maistroier, v. a. 9325, overpower, mal, a. 371, D. ii. 3, B. xxv. 4. mal, adv. 11 71. mal, s., pi. mais, 10, B. xiii. 4. Malachie, Malechie, 2224, 2585, 6345, 6499, 20737. malade, a. 6654. malade, s. 5365, sick person, maladie, s. 2070. maladrie, s. 156S1, sick people, malapert, a. 1683 ff. (as proper name), malbailli, malbailly, a. {pp.) 372, 3608, brought to evil. maldire, v. a. 1911, B. xxv. 4; t, s. p. maldist, maldit, 2141, 2507 ; 3 pi. maldiont, 2140; 3 y. p. subj. maldie, 191 1 : curse. maldit, maldite, jr. 3960, 21300, cursing, curse. maldit, a. 266, 2012, accursed. Malebouche, 2679. malefice, s. 1527, illdoing. maleico(u)n, s. 6487, 12026, curse, malement, adv. 9620, badly. malencolie, s. 3865. malencolien, a. 3918. malencolier, v. 3870. malencolious, a. 3965. malengin, s. 6544, B. xlii. 3, evil de- vice. malfaire, v. 5836 ; pres. pati. malfesant, 4519, malfalsant, 2044. malfee(s), malfie(s), malfe, s. 1 161,8966, 18682, devil. malfeloun, jt. 7165, criminal, malfesance, malfaisance, s. 271, 28321. malfesant, a. 4507. malfesour, J. 15320. malfie(s), see malfee(s). malgaign, s. 24578, evil gain, maigre, s. 6823, ill-will. maigre, p?-ep. 3730, in spite of. malice, s. 192, B. xlii. 4. malicious, a. 1096, T. xi. 3. malignete, j-. 4502. malin,/. maligne, a. 4572. malmener, v. a. 8179, guide ill. malmettre, v. a. 2576, ruin, spoil. malnorri, a. 3048 {pp.), ill-nurtured : cp. mal norri, 3129. maloit, a. 4194, B. xliii. 4, accursed, malparler, v. 2682. malpenser, s. 3687 : cp. mal pensier, mal penser, D. ii. 3, B. xlix. i. 526 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES malsenefs), malsenee, a. 171 3, 4006, 6957, ill-disposed, maltalent. s. 484, evil will. maltalentif, f. maltalentive, a. 4640, moved by ill-will. maltolt, s. 20171, 24044, unjust tax, ex- tortion. inalur6(z\ a. 245, 549. unhappy, malurous, a. 2196, wretched, malveis, sec nialvois. Malveisie, malvoisie, s. 7815. 26091. malveisin, see malvoisin. malvenii, a. 5067. unwelcome, malvoia, rualveis, malves, a. 166, 2821, 4762, 10482, B. xlii. 4, T. xii., evil, wicked, malvoisement, ad^'. 12384, badly. malvoisin, malveisin, a. 3731. 6894, bad as a neighbour. inalvoiste(el, s. 542, 14706, wickedness, malice. malvoloir. s. 4552. ill-will. tnalvuillance, s. 5524. malvuillant, a. 3732, ill-disposed, malvuillant, s. 2993, ill-will, mamelle, ,s-. 1436, teat, breast, mamiellette, s. 17901, breast. mammona, s. 161 90, mammon, manace, s. 4841, threat. manacer, t. 1832, threaten, manaie, manoie, menoie, .f. 744, 14783, 1). xxvii. 3. protection, mercy, power. manant, a. 5807, 17260, in possession. manantie. .s-. -i,"]"], manantise, 67S6, possession. manantis, s. 16198, possessor. Manasses, 21004. manee, s. 21774, sleeve, mandement, s. 425, mandate, mander, 7/. a. 403, 436, B. ii. 3, xxviii. i, send, send for. Mane, 22747. manere, maniere. s. 193, 1770, 11752, B. vi. I, xvi. I. manger, v. a. 11 8, B. xlvii. i ; 3 .v. /. mangut, mangue, 2752, 7933 ; sitbj. mangue, 11 80; 3 ^. pret. mangut, 147; .iv^/^. mangast, 119. manger, mangier, s. 7954, 8478, 1S515, eatin^j, food, meal. mangerie, s. 7528, eating. mangue, mangut, see manger, manier, manoier, v. a. 5164, 28201, handle. manifester, 7'. //. 7201. manoie, see manaie. manoir, s. 307. B. v. 3, dwelling, estate. (manoir), v. ;/., 3 s. p. maint, 4306, B. xi. I , T. XV. I , meint, 3669 ; 2 pi. pret. mansistez, 27975 • remain. manteal, s. 928. mantell, 871. mantel(liet, s. 716, 854, mantle. maquerelle, s. 9440, bawd, go-between. marage, a. 10928, 22105, weary, vexa- tious. marbre, s. B. xviii. 3. marbrin, a. 28056. made of marble. mare, s. 6470. mark (of money). marchande, a./. 7316, of trade. marchander, 7a 7362, traffic. marchandie, s. 6955, marchandise. 7431, trade. marchandin, s. 25783, trader. marchant, s. 6512, 25195 fif. marche, s. 23743, border. marclielel, marchi6(s), s. 4670, 6290, 7327 f., market, bargain ; au bon marehee, la marche bonne, 24441, 25314- marchiere, s. 1072, market. marchis, s. 23215, marquis. Marcial(s), 7640, 15505, 15949. Mardochieu, Mardochee, Mardoche. 1 1069, 12686, 17468. mareschalfs), s. loiii, 26050, marshal. farrier. margarite, s. 1082 1, pearl, mari, see marit(z). Maria, 2653, Miriam. mariable, a. 17400, fit to be married, mariage, s. 801, B. v. margi7t. Marie (i), 11539, 12553,' 14549, 16733, 16972, 17864, 27421, 27579, 27654 ff., 28909, 29745. Marie (2), (sister of Lazarus), 28514. marier, 7>. a. and refi. 1010, T. iii. 2 : 3 s. p. marit, 1 74 1 3. marier, s. 1 71 78, marriage. marine, marrine, a. 5396, 16394. marine, s. 23932, sea. mariner(s), .f. 10648. Marioun, 8660. marit(z), mari, mary, .$■. 965, 8766, T. iii. I, viii. 2. marrement, s. 8578, affliction. marri, a. 8876, 17476, afflicted, angry. Marsz, B. xiii. i, March. Marte, 8412. marteal, s. 14059, hammer. marteler, 7'. a. 1 1976, hammer. Martha, Marthe, 13049, 14560 fif., 28514. Martin (saint), 7940, 15739, 25854. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 527 martir, s. 13981, /. martire, 29066, martyr. martire,^. 1138, 17483, suffering, torment. martirer, 7'. a. 1401 1, make into a martyr. raary, see inarit(z). masse, s. 15642, great quantity. mastinis), s. 3440, 24509, /". mastine, 1 5019, mastiff, dog. mat, a. 899, 1 1 15, 9870, dull, confounded, mater, v. a. 1 5143, confound. matiere, .$■. 204, B. xxxvii. 2. matin, s. 3815, B. v. 2. matin, a. and adv. 5638, 8270, early. matin§(e), matinez, s. 3646, 7907. matins, s. 5548, matins. matrimoine, i-. 8756, 17139, B. xlix. 3, T. vi. I. matrimonial, a. 17 194. Maximian, 1653. me, m', pron. 362, D. ii. 4, B. vi. i. Mede, 29321. Medea, Medeam, Med6e, 3727, B. xliii. I, T. viii. I, 2. mediacioun, s. 3293. mediatrice, s. f. 7424. medicine, medecine, s. 321, 2561, B. xxvii. I. meditacioun, j. 14947. medler, see meller. meement, adv. 5542, above all. meen, a. 14502, middle. meer, see mier. megre, maigre, a. 11 85, 15639, 16278, lean, poor. mehaign, s. 4706, 4718, mutilation. mehaigner, 7/. a. 4730, mutilate. meil(l)our, a. 7385, B. xi. 4, xxxviii. 3, meilleur, 18353. mein, main, j. 81, 97, B. xvi. 2, xxiv. i ; devant la mein, (lez meins), 4558, 8370, beforehand : apres la mein, 5436, afterwards : enmy la main, 24917, meanwhile. mein, see meinz. meindre, a. 1647, B. xvii. 2, less, least. meine, see mener. meint, v. see manoir. meint, a. see maint. meintenant, see maintenant. meinz, adv. 29, B. xvii. i, less : le meinz, 2700, the less : au meinz, 8790, ou mein, 7282, at least. meisoun, see mesoun. meistre, see maistre(s). meistrie, see maistrie. mel, mell, s. 12855, 28445, honey. Melchisedech, 16129. meller, medler, v. a. 3338, 17645, B. iii. I, xxii. 3, mingle, embroil: v. n. 4764, engage in fight. mellee, s. 4672, 26005, fight, mingling. melodie, s. 993. membre, s. 21 16. membre(z), a. 2927, provided with limbs, memoire, s. 636, B. xlvii. i. memoracioun, s. 9868, mention. memorial, s. 2 141 7, B. 1. i, memory, memorial, memorial, a. 3288, brought to mind. menable, a. 3676, 11882, 17392, easily led. menage, s. 285, 2128,4020, 4843, training, guiding, train, household. menaille, s. 19334, train, following. menal, meynal, a. 3317, 18555, menial, subject. mencioun, j. 10370. menconge, mensonge, s. 2699, 2812. men9onger, a. 21638, lying. mencongere, s. 141 1, liar. mendiant, a. 9140, begging: s. 6225, 9145, beggar, mendicant, mendicite, s. 14500. mendier, 71. n. 12880, beg. mendif, mendis, j-. 7520, B. ix. 4, beggar. Menelai, B. xl. i, T. x. i. mener, mesner, v. a. 303, 18205, B. xx. 3, T. xiii. I ; "^s. p. meine, meyne, 759, 6724, B. iii. 2, x. 2, maine, 1607 ; 3/>/. meinont, 13625 ; i s. fut. menerai, B. xxi. I ; 3 J. merra, 6327 : lead, guide, carry on, display (joy, &c.). menestral, s. 991. menoie, s. see manaie. menour, a. 1 301, menure, 167, inferior. Menour, s. 21760, Minor friar. mentier(s), s. 1934, liar, mentir, v. ti. 1733, ^- ^^^- 2, lie: v. a. 8959, T. V. I ff., be false to (a promise), menton, s. 7624, chin. menu, a. 851, B. xviii. I ; /. menue, 851, menuse, 6254: small, inferior, menuement, adv. 876, minutely. menure, see menour. menuser, v. a. 13090, diminish, mer, see mier. mercerie, s. 75274, mercers' trade. merei(s), mercy(s), merci(z), s. 2450, 6131, 6645, B. ix. 5, xiv. 3, mercy, pardon, thanks. merciable, a. 4818, B. xxix. 2, com- passionate. D 28 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES mercier, v. a. 399, 6959, D. ii. 4, thank, reward. merdaille, s. in 6, 28949, dung, filth, filthy wretches. merde, s. 8105, filth, merdous, a. B. xlviii. 2, foul, mere, see miere. merell, s. 23496, token, lot. merelle, s. 5780, hopscotch (a game). merir, s. 6167, 11647, merit, reward. merit(e), s. 1158, 17455, desert, reward, merle, s. B. xxxvi. i, blackbird. merlot, s. 909, merlin (falcon), merriem, s. 896, timber, mervaillement, s. 29063. merveille(8), niervail(lje, s. 1951, 4057, 4208, B. xxxvi. 2. merveilil)ou8, a. 1024, B. xlviii. i. mes, pass. a. see moun. mes, adv. see mais, adv. se mesaler, v. 11326, go astray, mesavenir, v. n. 14827, happen amiss, mesavenir, s. 11262, misadventure, mesaventure, s. 9112, fault. m.eschant, s. 3337, wretch, mescheance, s. 126, misfortune. meschief, i'. 3256, B.l. i, harm, misfortune. meschine, s. 3706, 3727, 5163, maiden, maid-servant. mesconter, v. a. 2686, recount ill. mescreance, .f. 10301, unbelief. mescreant, s. 28510, unbeliever. mesdire, v. 2942, speak evil. mesdire, s. 13389, evil-speaking, mesdisance, s. 1636. m^esdisant, a. and s. 2689, B. xxv. i . mesdisour, s. 1 2861. mesdit, s. \(iA,i. mesfaire, mesfere, v. 86, 4475. mesfaire, s. 8218. mesfait, s. 1394, T. vii. 3; pi. mesfais, 1844. mesfesant, s. 4706. mesgarde, jt. 16589, carelessness. inesguier,7'.«. 16732, T. xviii. i, misguide. mesme(8), a. 126, B. x. 3, xvi. I. mesner, sec mener. mesnie, maisnye, .f. 9819, 13465, house- hold. mesoun, meson, meisoun, s. 201, 2626, 8816, B. xxi. 3, maison, maiaoun(s), 2401, 3883, 14170. mesparler, v. 3246. mesprendre, i>. n. and rejl. 2065, 2649, B. iv.* 3, commit offence : v. a. B. xlii. J , take wrongfully. mesprendre, s. 7001, ill-doing, mesprise, s. 599, 1548, offence, contempt, mesprisioun, s. 7162, 20468, wrongful taking. mesprisure, s. 725, B. xii. 4, contempt, offence, mess, s. 781 1, 24516, dish (of food). message, s. 413, 4842, 6699, B. ii. 3, messenger, message. messag(i)er, s. 407, 496, B. viii. 2 ; / mes3ag(i)ere, 3210, 20292: messenger. messal, s. 20731, service of the mass, messe, s. 5548. Messie, 12341, 14563, 27587, 27918. messon, s. 15595, harvest. mestier(s), mester, s. 240, 652, 2017, 7264, office, need, manner: estre mestier, 21275, to be needful, mestrait, s. 12711, trickery, deceit, mestre, see maistreis). mestresse, see maistresse. mestreter, v. a. 9799, cheat, mestrie, see maistrie. mestroier, 7>. a. 1924, rule. mestru, a. 6452 (pet-haps for ' mesestru,' badly taught), bad. mesuage, .f. 8433, dwelling, mesure, j'. 948, 22908, B. vii. 3, measure, degree, temper, music. mesurement, adv. 16532, in due measure, mesurer, v. a. 7443. mesuser, v. ?i. 1 1825, make ill use : v. a. 27152, misuse. metall, j. 14043. mete, s. 3149, 9037, measure. mettre, metre, v. a. 8, B. i. 3 ; \ s. p. met, B. xlvi. 2 ; 3 j. met, mette, 8, 6399 ; 3 s. pfet. stibj. meist, 16880. meulx, metix, see mieulx. meynal, sec menal. Micheas, 3679, Micah. Michel, Michieux, Micheux (saint), 3734, 13302, 25607. Michol, 1 761 4, Michal. mie, mye, s. 3869, 5S01, crumb, mie, mye, adv. 2380, T. xi. 2 (with nega- tive), at all ; 381, 2589, B. xliv. i, not at all. rca&a.,poss. a. 23305, B. xxviii. r. mier, mer, meer, j. 12 13, 2467, 2922, 7762, B. viii. I, XXX, I, sea. miere, mere, s. 4, 2148, B. xlix. I, mother. mieuil)x, meu|l)x, «(/?'. 588, 1198, 1510, 2460, B. xvi. 2, xxiii. 2, xxvii. i, T. viii. 2. mill 1), ;///;«. 1413,6621, B. xxiii. 3, xxxix. 4. mil(l)foitz, adv. B. iii. 2, ix. 2. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 529 millier, miller, s. 884, 28135. ministre, s. 21237. ministrer, 7'. a. and n. 970, 161 40. minot, si-e mynot. miracle, s. 7560, B. xxiv. 2. m.ire, myre, s. 10935, 12317, B. vi. 4, physician, surgeon. mirer, 7'. 1565. 9760, B. xii. 3 ; is. p. mir, 21702 : gaze at, see, gaze : refi. 11029, observe. mirour, mireour, j-. 1565,23551, B. xxi. 4. mirre, s. 3567, myrrh. misere, s. 356, 2484. misericorde, s. 7573, mercy, misteire, misterie, s. 10752, 20124. mitre, s. 16149. mixt, a. 3536. mixtvire, s. 25530. Moabite, a. 1 1091. mockant, a. 1673, mocking. mockeour, s. 1679, mocker, mocker, <'. a. 1638, mock at. modefipr, v. a. 13632, T. xv. 2, control, guide. moderacio'uln, s. 16488 (Rl, 16490. modeste, s. 13398, modesty, raodestement, aihi. 13451. moeble, .v. 15379, 22323. moel, s. 1852, marrow. moerdre, s. 4863, murder. moerdrer, s. 4905, murder. moerdrice, s.f. 8969, murderess. raoerdrir, %>. a. 13008, murder. moerge, see morir. moertrer, s. 14981, murderer. meet, moeve, see movoir. moi, moy, my, prP7t. 363, i960, 23583, B. ii. 3 ; (as direct obj.) B. xxxiii. i. moie, moye, poss. a. 4032, 13556, B. iii. i, V. I ; la moye, 29732. moignal, monial, «. 91 21 , 20976, of monks. moignefs\ s. 2741, 7932, monk, moiller, see muiller. mois, moys, s. 12255, B. x. 4, month. Moises, see Moyses. moisture, s. 5397. raol, moll, a. 16713 ; /. mole, 514, molle, B. xlviii. I : soft. mole, s. 2921, millstone, molement, ad7>. 5174. m.oleste, .f. 1355, B. xxx. 2, trouble, dis- turbance. molestement, j-. 241 19, trouble, molester, v. a. 491, injure, disturb. molt, see moult, moltoun, multoun, s. 7747, 19106, sheep. * M molu, a. 1 5125, 20874, ground sharp, ground up. molyn, s. 2921, mill, moment, s. B. viii. I. mon, see movin. moncell, s. 16794, heap, mond, monde(s), s. 2^7, 256, 3267, B. ii. I, iv. 3. monde, a. 4048, pure. mondein, mondain, s. 716, 4270. mender, 7/. n. 1234, cleanse, mondial, rt. 965, worldly : s. 7600, world (?). monestement, s. 12968, admonition, monial, see moignal. monoie, monoye, moneie, s. 1925, 3357, 1012S, T. xviii. I, money. monoier, t. 25532, make coin, monseignoiu^ s. 29765. monstre, see mostre. monstrer, see moustrer. mont, s. 2119. montaigne, s. 5300. montance, s. 24452, value. monter, 7'. n. and ;r/?. 598, 848, 21 19. B. XX. I, rise, climb, mount: v. (^z.3323, raise. Montpellers, 1944. Montross, 26095, (a kind of wine), monture, s. 10556, high place, monument, s. 28526, tomb. moral, a. C. va.ovdve,v., $s. p. raordt, mort, 2645,2886, morde (? s7i/'j.\ 2725 ; pp. mors, 3440. morell, /. morellC; s. 17381, black horse, black mare. morgage, x. 6199. morine, j-. 6761, murrain. morir, 7'. ;/. 642 ; 2 s. p. moers, 5289; 3 s. moert, 2103; 3 .f. pre/, morust, T. ix. 3 ; /;//. morrai, 689, B. xvi. 3, mourra, 9031 ; 3 s.p. siibj. moerge, 271 11. morir, s. 4201, dwelling. morne, a. 26731, gloomy, mors, j-. 157, bite, morsure, s. 18285, bite. mort, s. 120, B. xii. I. mort(z^, mors, a. 255, 419°, ^- '^- 3- ^'v- 3, dead, killed ; 8028, deadly (?). mortal, mortiel, mortieux, a. 64, 147, 162, 1014, deadly, mortal. mortal, .v. 6125, deadly sin. mortality, s. 1 1683. mortefier, v. a. 392, destroy, kill, mortiel, mortieux, see mortal, mortielement, adv. 4397- mortier, s. 20872, mortar. mosche, movi(8;che, s. 1783, 5871, 9964. m 530 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES moster, see moustier. mostre, moustie, nionstre, s. 1026, 9342, 18817, monster, show. mostrer, see moustrer. mot, ,v. 4101. 15. xiv. 2. raotour, s. 24712, mover. mouche, see mosehe. moult, a. 912 : moult, molt, adv. 98, 172, T. xiii. 2. moun, va.on,poss. a. 378, 438, D. i. i, mes, 9782 ; /'. ma, m', 353. D. i. 4, B. iv. i ; pi. mes, mez. 1 1, B. i. 3. mourne, a. 28663, sad. mours. s.pl. 1752. 8671, B. xxxviii. 3. mousehe, sec mosehe. mousele. J'. 10815, mussel. ruouster, moustier, moster, j'. 1072,4830, 5561, minster, monaster}'. moustre, see mostre. mousti'er, mostrer, monstrer, v. a. 640, 958,B.xii.3: />/•/. moustray, 707: show. movable, a. 3899, fickle, changing : cp. muable. m.ovoir, v. a. 1499, B. xi. i ; i s. p. moeve, 3251 ; 3 s. moet, 5259 ; 3 //. moevont, 22035 ; 3 s.fut. m.overa, 5768. moy, see moi. moye, see moie. Moyses. Moises, Moises, Moysen, 2095, -653, 3977, 10219, 10304, 10442, 10479, 11149, 11165, 11211, 12161, 12253 ff., 17106, 18205 ff., 18807, 24678. mosrtee, s. 25869, half. mu, mue, mut, a. 2261, 2815, 8312, mute, muable, rt. 1862, 11911, unstable, apt to change. muance, J-. 26057, 29363. B. xiii. i, change, mue, s. 4116, 7714, B. viii. i, cage. mue, a. {or pp.) 868, moulting. muer ( i ), tj. a. 23, B. i. 2, move, remove : V. n. 3498, change. muer (2), v. a. 21045, shut in a cage. muer, (3), a. 1870, in full feather (after moulting). muet, (/. 1199. muill6, a. 4173, wetted, muiller, moiller, v. a. 8132, 29123 f , wet. mule, .f. 846. muler, miulier, s. 17236, 27560, wife, mviltipliance, s. 6557. multiplier, multeplier, 7/. a. and n. 31 18, 7822, T. ii. 1, multeploier, 8114. multitude, J. 15893. multoun, ,v. tt. 24157, reflect, musette, s. 11460, pipe. musike, musique, s. \'2.'ll, 22905. must, s. 26017, new wine, mut, see mu. m.utabilite, s. 5468. my, p?-on. see moi. my, a. 6153, middle, myaille, s. 15645, crumb, mydy, j. 13346, the south. mye, see mie. myne, s. 23864, mine. mynot, minot, <'?. 8716, 18329, B.xxxvi. 2, gracious, dainty. myparty, a. 361 1, mingled, myre, see mire, myte, j-. 6271, 15485, mite. Naaman, Naman, 7461, 18925. Nabal, 13663, 17474. Naboth, 4958, 6778, 17637. Nabugod, Nabugodonosor, 1887, 10338, 21981. Nabuzai'dan, 7181. nacioun, s. 3397, race, nation. nage, s. 6704, 13116, voyage. nager, 7'. n. 3023, sail. nai, nay, adv. 18961. B. xvii. 3, xxx. 3. naiscance, nescance. s. 267, 9986, birth. naiscant, s. 1025, birth. naistre, nestre, v. n. and refl. 275, 1587. 3854, B. li. I ; 3 //. /. naiscont, 1024 ; 3 J-. prei. nasqviit, nasquist. 194, 197, nasqui, 1055 ; pres. part, naiscant, 2618; pp. nee. 1017, 15. iv. i,nez, 9188. Naman (i), see Naaman. Naman (2\ 17469: ep. Aman. naril, j-. 4756, nostril. naselle, s. 8603, nose. Nathan, 4963. nativite, .f. 27480(10. naturliiel, natural, a. 178, 720, 18504, I), ii. I, T. ii. 1, natural, friendly. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 531 nature, ^. 132, B. vii. i. naturesce, ^. B. xxviii. i, xliv. 3, gentle nature. naufrer, ?'. a. 4286, wound. navie, s. 24492, ship, (fleet). nay, see nai. Nazareth, 27860, 28047, 28346, 28383. ne, adv. 256, D. i. 3, B. xxii. 1, ne . . . pas, 13 ; ne . . . mie, B. iv. 3 ; point ne, B. iv.* 3 ; ne . . . goiite, 4674, ne . . . ne 4S6, ne ne, 12734 : not, nor. necessaire, a. 673. necessairement, adv. 5122. necessite, s. 5454, B. xxix. I. necligence, negligence, s. 6072, 10552, 13317- necligent, a. 701 : ^'. ly necligens, 6073. Nectanabus, T. vi. i. neele, see nele. Weemye, 1 1 177. nees, s. 7869, nose, nef, see nief. negge, s. 8072, snow, negger, v. n. 13736, snow, negligence, see necligence. neif, s. 12634, snow. neircir, v. it. 6888, grow black. neis, nes, neis que, adv. 2744, 6164, 22354,neisque, 4i63,noteven,notevenif. nele, neele, s. 6551, 161 75, 20626, tares. nenil, adv. 8373, no. nepourq(u)ant, adv. in, 13035, B. ix. i, nevertheless. nequedent, adv. 48 1 , B. xix. 2, nevertheless. nerf, s. 10831, muscle. Wero, litXlA- nes, see neis. nescance, see naiscance. nestre, see naistre. net, a. 9100, clean. nettement, adv. 1228. nettete, .*-. 10099. nettoier, v. a. 18 175, cleanse. neveu, i-. 4941. nice, nyce, niche, a. 264, 979, 7673, 24858, ignorant, foolish, scrupulous, delicate, nicete, nycete, s. 9175, 15540, ignorance, folly. Nichanor, 2425. Nicholas (saint), 15764. nief, nef, i-. 8182, 9953, 22208, B. xxx. i. nient, s. 29 ff., nothing, void : adv. 5570, not at all. nientmeinz, adv. 2704, nient meinz, 15322, nevertheless. Nil, 23408. M ni Ninive, 4004, 27059. no, f>oss. a. 476 ; pi. no, 97, noz, 2574, D. i. 1, les noz, 20063. noble, a. 97, D. ii. 4, nobil(e), 11565, 23410: s. 16040. nobleie, s. 12077, magnificence, noblement, adv. 98. noblesce, noblesse, s. 469, 16040, B. vi. 2. noces, see noece. noctiluca, s. 1131, glow-worm, noctua, s. 6793, owl. Noe, 4533, 4973, 9992, 12025, 12220. noece, j. 11316; //. noeces, noces, 946, 10094, T. iv. I ff. : wedding. noef, num. 16505, nine, noefisme, a. C. Noel, s. 7324, B. xxxiii. 3. noer, v. 6255, swmi. noet, see nviyt. noier, noyer, v. a. 2922, 9954, drown, sink : v. n. 12270, be drowned. noir, a. 1560, T. xv. 3. noise, noyse, 5. 412, 19478, disturbance, noise. noiser, v. n. 19480, make a disturbance. nominacioun, s. 16227. nommant, s. 4243, naming. nom(m)er, v. a. 239, 410, B. xxiv. i. non, see noun. nonchaloir, see nounchaloir. noncier, see nouncier. nonne (i), j-. 5183, nun. nonne (2), s. 27708, nones, nonneine, noneine, s. 2741, 5306, nun. nonpas, see novmpas. nonsachant, a. 21691, ignorant. nonsavoir, see nounsavoir. norreture, s. 5216, 16371. norri, norry,/". norrie, s. 233, 3209, 5 138, offspring, fosterling. norrice, s. 211, nurse. nor(r)ir, v. a. 369, 18053, bring up, foster, north, s. 13339. no^t'ce, poss. a. D. ii. 3, &c. nostreseignour, s. 28128 (R), 28908 (R). nostresire, s. 4467 : see sire(^sj. notable, a. 26932. notablement, . 791 1. novellerie, s. 26099, novelty. noyse. sec noise. noz, see no. nu, nud, y; nue, a. 90, 1768, B. xliii. 2, naked. nue, s. 91, 2968, P). xxxii. 2, cloud, sky. nuetelei, s. 3606, 11378, nakedness. nuisable, nuysable, a. 3749, 4230, per- nicious. nuisance, s. 6564, hurt. nuisant, a. B. xxxii. i, hurtful. nuit, sec nuyt. nul'a), nulLs),^/. and/;-fl«. 9, 200, 1075, B. iv. 4, V. 3. xxxi. I , no, none, any, anyone : nulle part, 4613, nowhere. nullement, ad7'. 7739. nully, pron. 1514, 9871, 22937, no-one, any-one {na^.]. nuysable, sec nuisable. nuysement, s. 4027, harm. nuyt. nuit, s. 636, 1132, noet, B. xi. 3, C. nujtee, s. 20356, night-time. ny, s. 1985, B. ii. i, nest. nyce, nycet6, see nice, nicete. o. ■^re ou, con J. obedience,.?. 121 10. obedient, d. 12426: s. 25774. obeier, obeir, ?'. ;/. 203S, 2220, B. xlii. 2 ; ?-cJl. 12164, 28665 • bend down, incline oneself, obey. obeisfs lance, .w 2146, 12 174, B. xxiii. i. obeissant, a. 12403, T. ii. 3. objeccioun, s. 29193. oblier, see oublier. obliger. 7'. a. 2650, T. iii. i, bind. oblivioun, .f. 14691. obscur, oscur, a. 3647, 6813, B. xiii. 3 ; en oscvir, 6981 : dark. obscuracioun, s. 2304. obscurity. obscurer, s. 10793, darkness : cp. os- curer, 7'. observance, s. 2097. obstacle, i-. 6245. obstinacioun. s. 5732. occasioun, s. 3292. Occident, s. 25241, west. occire, occier, v. a. 2088, 2804, 9691, T. vi. 2. occupier, v. a. 1343. odiblels), a. 2864, ^- xlviii. 3, hateful, odious, a. 4479. odour, s. 3567. odourer. v. 13560, smell. oedif, a. 5785, 17713, idle. oedivesce, s. $774, idleness. oef, s. 21380; p/. oefs, 1983, oes, 26303, owes, 24728 : egg. oel, oill, s. 1064, 3736, B. vi. i ; //. oels, oil(l)s, oill, 935, 3238, 6806, B. i.x. 2, xxxii. I : eye. oeps, s. 7578, 15567, need, oetisme, a. C, eighth. oevei'e.oevre.ovre, .y. 36 (R), 4228, 10432, 27902, work. offence, see offense, offenciovin, s. 4052. offendre, v. a. 4264, 26192, B. xviii. 2, oftend : rcjl. 12984, be offended. offense, offence, offens, s. 352, 2016, 3952, 9058. office, s. 257. office!', officier, s. 3884, 25968, B. xvi. 3. official, s. 1 1644, officer. offre, s. 3308, 27540. offer, offering, offrende, s. 4491. offrens, 28165, offering, offrendour, s. 25015, worsliipper. offrir, V. a. 7iig; pp. offert, 5688. oiceus, oiseus, a. 5800, 14426, B. xlvii. i,lazy. oie, oye, s. 142S, 3213, B. xxx. 3, hearing, sound, report. oignement, s. 13132, B. xxvii. 3. oignt, s. 2273, ointment. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 533 oil, oyl, adv. 7132, 11 380, yes. oil(l), see oel. oile, oille, s. 3541, 7551, oil. oillage, s. 16999, ojl. oindre, v. a. 2274, anoint. oir, oier, oyer, v. a. 324, 10318, 10914, B. ii. 3, xxiv. i; 3 s. p. ot, 16588; I s. p7'et. oi, 01, 410, 2326; 3 s. 01st, 509, oyt, £05, oy, 10256 ; fut. orrai, B. xvii. 3; ifil. orretz, oretz, 203, 796; pp. 01, 80, B. ii. 3. oir, s. 26884, hearing. oisel, oiseal, i-. 1 199, 3577, B. ii. i; //.oisel, oisealx, oiseals, 942, 3577, B. xxxiv. i. oisellette, s. 5814. oiselline, oiseline, s. 7S29, 26293, bird. oisellour, s. 18505, fowler, oiseus, see oiceus. oistre, s. 6398, oyster. oitante, niiui. 17091, eighty. Olimpeaa, T. vi. 1. oliphant, s. 15105 : cp. elephant, olive, s. 29923, Olive-tree. Olophernes, Olophern, in 15, 12047. oltrage, see oultrage. om, on(s), s. 37, 8961, 17722,0. ii. 3, man, one : cp. horn, ombrage, s. 3539. ombre, umbre, s. 21612, 26769. omnipotent, omnipotens, a. 1632, 28169. on(s), see om. onde, xinde, j-. 10840, 15162, 22313, wave, abundance. oppinioun, s. 26365. opposer, V. a. 16162, 26785, disturb, question. oppress, a. 1292, 2660, 23207, B. xx. 2, crushed, burdened. oppresser, 7). a. 25002. or, see orr. Grace, 3804, 10948, 23370. oracioun, s. 10237, prayer. orage, .s-. 3022. orail(l)e, oreil(l)e, s. 553, 3178, 5212, 7936, 13. iii, 2, vi. I. oratour, j-. D. i. 3. ord, a. 2515, 6791, filthy, vile. ordeignement, j-. 7956, ordinance. ordeinement, adv. 13561, in orderly fashion. ordener, ordiner, v. a. 102, 951, T. iii. 3, ordei(gjner, 2319, 3283, 5174. ordinaire, ^. 9410. ordinal, s. 2 16 12, rule. ordinance, s. 4958, order, control. ordiner, see ordener. ordinour, s. 23623, ordainer. ordre, s. 2110, 11752, T. v. 2. ordure, s. 1126. ore, adv. j,-], 4737, D. i. 3, (ore . . . ore), ore . . . ore . . . ore, 38967^.; a ore, 20523 : now. oreil(l)e, see oraille. oreiller, v. 414, whisper. oreiller, a., f. oreillere, 15520, ready to listen. oreillei-(e), s. 5178, 5240, pillow. oreisoujn, orisoun, s.vioo, 10208, 10502, B. xxiv. 2, prayer. orendroit, adv. 6538, now, Orense, 19984. orer, v. 1200, 10201 ff., pray, pray for. orfevere, jr. 25513, goldsmith, orguil, J. 244, B. xlviii. 3. orguillant, a. 16879, pioud. s'orguillir, s'orguiller, v. 1754, 1 1420, grow proud. orguillour, j. 24177, proud man. orguillous, a. 1093. orient, oriant, s. 846, 13336, east, origenal, a. 17533. origenal, original, s. 152, 8580, 13525, D. i. 2, beginning, rise. orine, s. 3844, 16539, oiig'n, stock, ornement, s. 17128. orphanin, jt. 6872,/^ orphanine, 15377. orphelin, a. 8733, destitute. orr, or, .*-. 254, 911, T. viii. I, gold, ort, s. 12868, garden. oscur, see obscur. oscurement, adv. 25334. oscurer, v. a. 21736: cp. obscurer, s. oscurete, s. 3284. Osee (i),6ii5, 7315, 20462, 26571, Hosea. Osee (2), 11018, Hoshea (the king). oser, V. 727, B. xiv. 2. Oseye, s. 26048. OSS, jr. 1852, bone, ossifragus, s. 1850, osprey. ostour, s. 907, 21045, hawk, ostrieer, a. 25291, of ostrich. ot, see avoir, oir. otroi, ottroy, .y. 3123, B. xxxviii. 4, grant- ing, grace. otroier, ottrier, v. a. 821, B. ix. 5, xv. 2, grant, allow. ou, conj. B. ix. 3, o, 3878, u, 1 1459, or : ou . . . ou, 1975, ou si . . . ou, B. xii. 3, whether ... or. ou = au, 2672, 3808, 4542, &c. ou = ove, 8376. ou = u, 1 1023. 534 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES ouaille, ouaile, .v. 141 27, 19486, sheep, oiibli. oubly, s. 1 1 10, 2082, io690,(mettre en oublii. oubliance, ,f. 61 13. oublier, oblier, o(u)blir, 7'. a., 3 s. p. oublie, oblie, 1620, 4043, B. xxv. i, oiiblist, oublit, oblit, 6640, 16686, B. xxvi. 3. oviblier, s. 13760, forgetfulness. oublivioun, j. 6100. oue, s. 551 1, 26300, B. xlviii. 3, goose. oultrage, outrage, oltrage, s. 288, 1756, 2285, 4707, outrage, extravagance, oultx'ageus, a. 8391. oultragieris), a. 11661, 26226, extrava- c^ant. oultragousement, adv. 16572. oultrance, .9., (al oultrancel, 8040. oultre. ovAre, prep. 400, B. xxii. 3. oultre (outre) mer, 121 3, 25292. oultremarin. a. 23866. ouiDtrepasser, v. a. 6751, 23166, pass through, transgress, ours, s. 20302, bear : cp. urse. out. sec avoir. outrepasser, see oviltrepasser. ove, prep. 4, 2406, B. v. 3, &c., ou, 8376, with, ovel.^?. 8159, 12795, level, equal, like: "■'■^<■'• 22792. ovelement, adv. 4722, equally, fairly. overage, s. 8914, 16391, work. ov(eiraigne, ov(e)i'eigne, s. 363, 3371, 4226, 25549, work, business. overir, ovrir, t'. a. 995, 12675. overt, a. 2663. open, overt, s. 4207, opening, overture, s. 6402. ovesque, /;-^/. 167, T. iv. i : cp. ove. Ovide, 14090. ovile, s. 16089, sheepfold. ovraigne, ovrir, see overaigne, overir. ovre, sec oevere. owes, see oef. oye. see oie. oyl, sec 6\\. pacience, s. 4313. pacient, a. 3968, 41 88, 7653, patient, suftcring. pacient, s. 24307, sick person. page, s. 1375, page (servant). paiage, s. 6202, payment. \ paie, pay, s. 7332, 23000, 24564, payment, ! satisfaction. paiement, s. 3308. paien(s), a. 10342: s. 13020: pagan. paier, v. 1314, 5630, B. xxvii. i, pay, satisfy, pay for. paiis, pais, s. 341, 3789, B. vii. i, country. paile, paille, s. 3869, 20961, straw. pain, s. 2206 ; pain lumbard, 7809. paindemain, paindemeine, i'. 7808. 16286. paine, s., see peine, paine, ?'., see pener. paintour, jt. 1945, painter. painture, s. 1947, painting. paire, s. 25511, coinpany. paisible,peisible,a. 2568, 1 5896, peaceful, paistre, pestre, ?'. a. 1161, 7012, 7031 ; pres. pari, paiscant : feed. paix, see pes. Palamedes, B. xx. 3. pale. a. 870. palefroy, jr. 845. paleis, palois, s. 28241, T. xi. 3, palace, palme (i), s. 12469, 29618, palm-tree. palme (2), s. 7741, tennis. palmer, see pasmer. palois, sec paleis. palpebre, s. 2295, eyelid. Paniphilius, 14450. panee, paunce, s. 5522, 8542, paunch : cp. garde pance. Pandeon, T. xii. i. pane, s. 25706, piece, panell, s. 24896, (jury) panel. paneter, s. 7517, pantler. Pantasilee, B. xliii. 2. pantiere.panetere,i'.9254, i2S66,panther. paon(s), paoim, s. 23451, 23527, peacock, paour, .<•. 663, B. xiii. 3. paourous, a. Ill 19, 16910. papal, a. 18481. papal, s. 27052, pope. pape, j'. 18492. papegai, papegay, j'. 26781, B. xxxvi. i. papir, s. 4587, 7286, paper. par, prep. 18, D. i. i, per, T. i. i ; par tout, I^. 1. 2 ; par si qe, 3233, par ce que, 12684. parable, s. 1 1977. paradis, s. 82, B. v. 3. parage, s. 10084, B. xxiii. 4, rank, se parager, 7'. 13639, associate, parail, sec pareil. parailler, v. a. 2900, make like, paramont, adv. 10017, above. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 535 paramour, s. 28641, lover. parant, (7. 1230, apparent. parasi, s. 25569, halfpenny. parchemin, j". 16102, parchment. parclos(e), s. 161 57, B. xxxvii. 2, en- closure. parcon(i)er(8), parcener, s. 6992, S408, 15546, sharer, partaker. parcroistre, 7/. ;?., //. parcru, 4584, 1 7 108. grow up. pardedeinz, pardedeins, /r^;^. and mh'. 1114. I! 20, within. pardehors, ac/v. 1123, outside. pardela, pri^/). 23252, on the other side of. parderere. aih'. 248. pardessovitz, pardessoubz, adT. 8142, 138S4, below. pardessur(e), ac/r/. 1857, 4746, 10147, on the top, above, besides. pardevant, prep- and adv. 1845, 2393, par devant, B. xii. 2, before. pardon, sec pardoun. pardonaunce, s. 11 730. pardonnement, j. 105 12. pardon! n)er, v. a. 15402, T. xviii. 4. pardonner, s. 1 5092, forgiveness. pardo(u)n, s. 5736, 13342. paree. a. f. {pp.) 18328, pareie, 10117, adorned. pareie, s. ion 8, wall. pareil, a B. x. 2. pareille, pareil(l), parail. s. 1212, 1446, 22210. B. X. 2, equal, rival. paremploier, v. a. 14322, set aside. parensi, ad%i. 15951, in such a manner. parent, s. 97, 2574; f. parente, 3100: parent, relation. parente(e), .s-. 4283, 6671 ; //. 9183 : kin- ship, relations. parenterdit, a. 15561. parentre, prep. 1178, 16338, B. xxvii. 4, T. XV. 2 ; parentre de, C. : between. parer, 7'. a. 21439, B. xvii. 3, prepare, adorn, equip. parfaire, parfere. v. a. 1942, 2947, 4413, 9435, 28472, make complete. parfait, (/. 1 1 70, perfect : cp. parfit. parfaitement, adv. 10776. parfin, s. 2383, end. parfit, a. 1640, 2439, T. xviii. 4, perfit. D. i. 4, B. xxvi. 2 : perfect, ready. parfit, J-. 6828, fulfilment. parfitement, adv. B. xli. 3. parfond, a. 2467, 22317, deep, pai'fondement, adv. 2673. parfondesse, s. 29465, depth. parfournir, v. a. 4680, 21707, perform, parigal, perigal(s), a. 151, 964, 3159, 5604, equal, like : s. 24232. Paris (son of Priam), 16700, B. xiv. i, xl. I. Paris (city), 25245. parlance, s. 1734. parlement, s. 334, 4998, B. xi.x. 3. parler, v. 385, B. viii. 3. parler, s. 28468. parlesie, s. 5519, palsy. parlier(s), s. 15997, speaker. parlire, v. a. 14896 ; //. parlieu, 19956 : read through. parmi,parmy,^;r/. 282, 411 3, to, through, by: adv. 818, 1628, B. xwiii. 3, right through, throughout, completely, utterly. paroche. s. 20210, parish. pai*ochiale, s. f., 91 15. parishioner, (paroir), 7'. ;/., 3 j. ^. piert, 1816, B. xl. i, piere, 1412, 3450 (? sitbj.) ; 3//. pier- ont, 25615 ; 3 i-. pret. parust, 2176, T. xiv. I : appear : cp. perestre. parole, parolle, j\ 351, 9386, B. xix. i. parol(l)er, v. ii.ii^d; 3 s.p. parolt, 2720, parole, 3495; subj. parolle, 17709: speak. part, J-. 276, 2786, 6343, 7386, B. iv*. 3, xxxi. 3; d'autre part, .y^'f- autre ; queu part, 9242, whither? queu part qe, 13864, wherever. partage, j-. 1654, sharing. partenant, a. 1089. partenir, %'. n. and rejl. 45, 924, belonfj. partie, s. 373, 2366, 16080, 18711, side, party, part, departing, quarrel. partir, v. a. 3240, 3981, 6660, divide, distribute, take away : 7'. ft. and rejl. 744 f., 7595, 12524, B. XV. I, depart, part, shave. partir, s. 17549, T. xvii. i, parting, end. partison, s. 7055, share. Partonope, B. xliii. 3. parvenir, v. n. 14925. pas, pass, s. 890, 6940, pace, pass. pas, adv. 900, B. xii. 3. pasmer, palmer, v. n. 28942, 29023, 29120, faint. Pasques, 4434, 7326, 28602. passage, .y. 2538, 27107, T. xvii. 3, journey, death. passant, s. 8465, death. passer, 7/. a. 5444, B. viii. i, x. 2: 7/. /;. 36, 5575 ; passer de, 2795, escape from ; s'en passer. 4195. passible, a. 5765, suffering. passio(ujn, s. 18191, 28770. 536 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES pastfe), s. 7868, 8363, 15660, paste, pastry, repast, paatour, s. 5012, shepherd, pastourage. pasturage, s. 1593, 5503. pastoiiral, a. 9116. pasture, s. 1852. pasturer, 7/. n. 21996, feed, paternoster, s. 5559. pati-iarche, patriarc, s. 7985, 17159. Paul! I) (saint), 10612, 13040, 13249,20069. Paul (2), 13023 ff. Paul (3) (I'eremite), 27061. Pauline, T. x. 3. paunce, see pance. pautoniei-, s. 21382, vagabond, pavement, J-. 21427. Pavie, 7319. pay, Sc'e paie. peal, pell, s. 8724, 234S6, skin. peas, ScT pes. paecatrice, j. /. 2516, sinner. pacehant, s. 2f3i, sinner; 10519, sin. peeeh6(s), s. 3, T. vi. 2, sin; 13341, sinner (?). peeeheour, s. 3150, pecchour, C, sinner, peccher, z'. n. 1847, sin. peccher, s. 1432, sin. peccheresse, a. and s. f. 20542, T. x. i, sinner. peccune, s. 24352 ff., money, peccunier, s. 24463, lover of money, pecti'ine, jr. 2053, breast : cp. peitrine. pedaille, s. 26232, common people. pee, st'd pie. pees, see pes. peindre, peinter, v. a., 3 s. p. peinte, 1 2077, 26037 ; pp. peint, 934, B. xlii. 3 : paint, dye, adorn, peine, paine, s. 182, 1438, li. xxviii. 2, peigne, 15. iii. i ; au peine, a peine, au paine, 2916, 9043, B. xxii. 2, xli. 3. peine, see pener. peinter, see peindre. peiour, a. 2252, worse. peisible, see paisible. peitrine, peytrine, poitrine, s. 3849, 6840, 9010, breast : cp. pectrine. pelerin, s. 5641, /. pelerine, 16166: cp. peregrin! 8 j. pell, see peal. pellicoon, s. 20474, furred cloak, pellure, s. 20453, fur, skins, pelote, s. 1460, ball, pelterie, j. 25682, fur. penance, s. 1157, 2093, 29623, punish- ment, pain. penant, a. 22882, penitent. pendement, s. 14998, hanging. pendre, v. n. 885, 9021, 17843, B. xxv. 2 ; 3i-./;£?/'.pendi, 2453: hang, be attached, belong : v. a. 4113, 5755, 25022, hang. pener, v. a. and rejl. 778, 1002 \ -^ s. p. peine, 990, 2033. paine, 9208 : make to suffer, give trouble to ; refl. take pains, endeavour, suffer pain. penne, s. 3502, 7382, feather, pen. Penolop6, T. vi. 3. peiio(u n, s. 10103, 23728. penouncell(ei, .r. 11289, 14261. pensant, j-. B. iv. 3, thought. pensantie, s. 14267, weightiness. pense(e), s. 2192, 3078, B. vii. 2, xxix. 2, penseie, 14404. pensement, s. 5540, B. viii. 3, thought. penser, v. n. and re/i. 613, 3680, B. ii. 3, iii. I, think: ?'. a. 360, 11509, weigh, reflect upon. penser, pensier(s), s. 3674, 3683,0. ii. 3, B. vi. 3. pensif, a., f. pensive, 4643. Pentecoste. 15 135. Pepin, 1303. pepin, s. 6719, 7725, 8531, apple, pip. per, see par. Perce, see Perse. percer, v. a. 13521, B. xviii. i. perceus, a. 5416, indolent. percevoir, (perchoir), v. a. 2S019; 3 s. _/«/. perchera (?j, 18539: perceive, re- ceive. See note on 18539. perclus, a. 7591, shut up. perdice, see perdis. perdicioun, j\ 2340. perdis, s. 6262, f. perdice, 7831, par- tridge. perdre, v. a. 94, B. ii. i ; 3 s. p. pert. 9009, T. xvii. I. perdurable, a. 1438, 13571, B. Ii. 2. perdurablement. adv. 2076. pere, see piere, pierre. peregrin(8), s. 10656 : cp. pelerin. peresce, s. 5377, indolence. perestre, ?'. 11. 1760, B. xi. 4; 2 j./. peres, 3776 ; 3 s. perest, 138 ; 2 //. perestes, 2 ; 3 //. peisont, 3S59 ; 3 s. fut. perserra, 13691 : appear: cp.^axoSx. perfeccioun, s. T. xvi. 3. perfit, see parfit. peri, a. 75, 2086, 10889, lost. perigal(8), see parigal. peril, .S-. 6739, B. xxx. i. peril(l)er, v. a. 5059, 15394, imperil. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 537 peril(l)ous, a. I104, 4604, B. xlviii. 2. perir, v. n. 2099 ; 3 s. p. piert, 6856, 8397. 19087 ; p- sitbj. perisse, 4332. perjur(s*, s. 6457, perjurer. perjure, a. or s. 25046. perjurer, v. n. and irjl. 6421, 6472, com- mit perjury : v. a. 6446, swear falsely by. perjurer, s. 6318, 24850, perjury. perjurie, s. 6428. perle, s. 9282. permanable, a. 1796, T. i. 2, lasting. permanance, s. 11577. perraanant, a. 11 670. pernont, see prendre, perpetuel, a. 3744. perrie, j-. 858, />/. 25588, precious stones. perrier(s), jr. 25579, jeweller. perriere, s. 3716, catapult. perrine, s. 2054, stone. perroun, s. 2412, rock. pers, c7. 6979, 21773, .livid, purple. P'ersant, a. 10347, l^ersian. Perse, Perce, 12999, 22035, 29321, Persia, persecutour, .r. 6914. perserver, 7'. a. 217, keep. perseverance, s. 14357. persevei-er, v. n. 14393 ff. Persiens, s. pi. 22046. person(n)e, J. 1508, 20208 (R), B. xxxix. 2, T. iii. 3, person, parson, persuacioun, s. 191 13. perte, s. 2069. pertuis, pertus, s. 5258, 7587, hole, perturber, v. a. 3639. pervers(e), a. 2545, 16725. pervertir, v. a. 646, 3175, turn aside, ruin. pes, pees, peas, paix, i-. 203, 1485, 3069, 1 1 135, B. ii. 3, xli. I, T. xiii. 2, peace; 5622, the pax (in a church). pesance, ,v. 1290, heaviness. pesant, a. 5145, B. xxxii. 2. pescheur, s. 8570, fisher. peser, see poiser. pestilence, s. 4630. pestre, see paistre. petit, a. 890, B. xxviii. i, pi. petis, 29796 : un petit, 806, au petit, 310. petit, adv. 5514. petitement, adv. 16562. petitesce, petitesse, j. 13027, 14236. peytrine, see peitrine. Pharao(n), 2332, 12258, 12268, 27080, T. xiii. 1. Phares, 22750. Phariseu, Ph.aris^e, 1837, 3 no, 18805, 28368. Phenenne, 10274. phesant, s. 3502, 19501. philesophre, see philosophre. Philipp, T. vi. I. Phillis, B. xliii. i. Philomene, T. xii. i. philosophic, j-. 1448. philosophre, philesophre, philoso- phe(sj, J'. 1 81 3, 7633, 9530. Fhirin, 18303. phisicien, s. 24289. Phisique, 8521. phisique, physique, s. 7724, 7905, health, medicine. phisonomie, s. 20385. pichelin, a. 6091, small. pie, s. 1696, 9975, magpie. pie, piee, pee, s. 1375, 3797, 10722, foot, pieca, adv. 3271, B. ii. 3, formerly, piece, s. 1858. pier, J-. 1S21, 18787, 23197, equal, peer; pier a(u) pier, 3342, 23419, on an equality, equally. piere, s. 186, pere, T. vi. 2, father. piere, v. see paroir. pierre, piere, pere, s. 896, 2397, 18343, B. xviii. I, stone ; la pierre jetteresse, 5781, pitch-pebble (a game). Pierre, Piere, (saint), 3112, 7993, 12664, 13789, 15088, 15808, 18531, 18553, 18651 ff., 19401, 19484, 2C065, 21648, 25854, 27038, 28658, 29177 : see Simon, pierrous, a. 1242, jewelled, piert, see paroir, perir. pigas, s. 23394, pointed shoe. Figmalion, B. xxiv. 2. pigne, s. 8719, comb, pilage, s. 16183, plunder. Pilat, Pilas, 2S706, 28772 fif., 28938, 2S972, 29003. piler, V. a. 1570, plunder. piler(s), pilier, j,-. 13093, 20783, T. vii i, pillar, pilour, s. 15547, plunderer, piment, see pyment. pire, pir, a. 1895. 23972, worse, worst, pis, adi'. and j-. 1662 ; le pis, 183, B. xii. i, the worst; du pis, 8981, a worse thing. pis, pitz, s. 3808, 17934, breast. pisco(u)n, s. 5396, 8529, fish. pitance, s. 5684, 7546, 8442, portion, share, small portion. pite(s), pitee, pitie(s), s. 2067, 13902 ff., 19967, D. i. I, B. xiv. 3, xvii. 4; pi. 29900. 538 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES pitous, piteus. a. 5236, 8876. B. xi. 3. pitoiisement, piteusement, (Jth'. 13940, 29027, B. xix. 2. pitz, str pis, .y. place, s. 11254, B. i. 2. place, 7A see plere. plai. see plait, plaidant, s. 19042, pleader, plaider, pleder, ?'. ft. and a. 6217, 1S425, 21728. plaidour, pledour, s. 24206, C, ad- vocate. plaie, ^. 4293, B. xxvii. i. plaier, ?'. a. 5019, wound, plain (i), a. 4596, 10230, p'ain. plain (2), a. see pleiniz). plaindre, 7/. ^^'6' pleindre. plaindre, s. 11489, complaining. plainement, pleinement (i ), adv. 7953, 10202, simply, plainly. plainement, pleinement (2), adv. 2915, B. iv. 2, xiv. I, fully. plainerement, ati'7>. 10476, fulty. plain te, pleignte, jr. 25162, 29096. plaintif, s. 6326. plaire, see plere. plaisanee, see plesance. plaisir, plesir, pleisir, s. 467, 479, 27641 , B. viii. 2, XXV. I. plait, plai, plee, s. 2961, 6329, T. x. 3, plea, discourse, affair. plancher, s. 27260, beam, planete, s. 9038. plante, s. 6892. planter, v. a. 2201 , plant, set down. plat. a. 15257, flat: ad7J. 24260. platement, ad?'. 15205, plainly. Platoiin(s), 15205, 15237. pledant, s. 24241, pleading, pleder, see plaider. pledour, see plaidour. plee. see plait, plegge, J-. 19448. plegger, v. 24943, g'^'^ pledges, pleignte. see plain te. plein'zi. plain, a. 249, 480, B. iii. 2. full ; au plain, au plein, 1098, B. xxvii. 3: ad7'. 27167. plein i^), s. see pleine. plein (2), s. see toutplein. pleindre, plaindre, v. n. and 7-eJl. 4177 ; I s.p. pleigne, 766, B. xiv. 3, pleign, 24950; 3 s. pleilgint, 1800, 2859, plaignt, 1645, pleigne, 4625 ; 3 />/. pleignont, 4652. pleindre, s. T. xiv. 3, mourning. pleine, plein, s. 23246, 28298, plain. pleinement, sec plainement. pleiner, plen(i)er, a. 35, 1779, 12256, B. viii. 3. xiv. 3, full, in full, full-grown. pleisir, see plaisir. plener, adv. 6547. plen(i)ei'ement. adv. 424. 1547, fully. plenitude, s. 15892, fullness. plent6(e), s. 11 144, 19960, B. xvii. 3. plentevous, plentivous, a. 12461, 29922, B. xxxi. I, abundant: ad^i. 20841. plere, plaire, v. n. 176, 571, B. iv*. 3; 3 j-. /. plest, 809, B. ii. 4 ; 3 s. imp. plesoit, 980; 3 s. p?-ef. pluat, 1916; p. subj. place, 19949 ; pret.siihj.^\&x^t. 3785, B. X. I ; Jut. plerra, 5157, B. ii. 3, plairra, 8035 : v. a. 10903. plesance, s. 641, B. i. 3, plaisanee, 8033, pleasure. plesant, a. 219, B. iii. 2, plesir, see plaisir. plevir, V. a. 6650, B. xxiii. i, T. xvii. i, pledge. pliant, a. 1416. plier, ploier. v. a. 211 5, 28 li, B. iii. 3, x. I, x'v. 3 : 7'. ;/. 7582. plit, J. 2547, 3934, condition, state: par autre plit, d'autre plit, 2081, 7295, on the other hand. ploier, see plier. plom, s. 897, lead, plonger, see plunger, plorant, s. 13042, mourner, plorer. v. see plourer. plorer, s. I14CS9, weeping. plour, s. 180, B. ix. 4, weeping, plourement, s. 10534. plovirer, plorer, v. n. 3164, 10563 : i s.p. plure, 15010, B. xii. '})\ '^ s. plourt, 1066, plure, 7224 : weep, plovier, s. 26294, plover. pluie, s. 5610. pluis, see plus, pluit, pluyt, see pluvoir. plunger, plonger, 7'. a. 2458, 8124 : 7'. >i. 7979- pluralite, .v. 7363. plure, see plourer. plus, adv. and s. 5, 182, B. iii. 2, pluis, r.. iv. 3, xxxix. 3. plusouris), pluseurs, /nw. 3015, 7134, T. xvi. I ; ly plusour, 2727. plustost, adv. 4452, B. xxxvii. i. xlii. l, plus tost, 1908, sooner, rather. Pluto, 962. pluvie, s. 26716, rain. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 539 ("plvivoir), 7'. «., 3 s. p. pluit, 13736; 3 s-. pret. pluyt, 4531 : rain. poair, see pooir. poeple(s), pueple, s. 2210, 18428, 23153^ poer, see pooir. poeste, s. 2557, power, poestis, a. 1222, B. ix. 5, powerful, able. poi, see poy. poign, s. 859, fist. poignant, a. 1798, 11 529, piercing, sharp. poil, s. 3719, hair. poindre, v. a. 5026 ; 3 ^. /. point, 944, 2642, poignt, 1 1 860, B. xxxii. I ; pres. part, poignant, 1798 ; //.point, 2357: prick, sting, bite. point, s. 504, 948, B. i. 2, xii. 2, //. pointz, poins, 2763, 3793, point, prick, position, limit, thing, saying : au point, 26077, perfectly ; tout a point, 2364, fully prepared. point, adi)., ne . . . point, 2356, point ne, B. iv''. 3; or without ' ne,' 11857: not at all, not. pointure, s. 352S, T. xvi. 2, sting. poire, s. 9961. pois (i), s. 1 1393, B. xiii. I, weight : sur son pois, 26186, against his will. pois (2), s. 13686, pitch. poiser, peser, v. a. and n. 7451, 15075, 15202, weigh: ce poise moy, 9251, it seems to me. poiso(u)n, s. 2524, 4398, T. xi. 3. poitrine, see peitrine. polain, polein, s. 9446, 18074, colt. poli, a. 4240. policie, s. C. pollut, a. 20741, unclean. ponime, .?. 1 17. pompe, s. 1S964. pont, s. 4320. pooir, poair, s. 310, 597, B. iv.* 3, v. i, T. xiii. I, poer, 1252, power: cp. povoir. por, see pour, pore, s. 4806. porceo, see povirceo. porcin, s. 8273, pig. porcin, a. 20516, of a pig. porri, see purri(z). port (I), s. 834, 27450, B. xiii. 2, bearing, value. port (2), s. 4366, harbour. portable, a. 29820, borne. portal, J-. 16608, gate. porta, s. 258, gate : porte colice, 9849, portcullis- porter, V. a. 263, B. xiii. 4 ; 2,s. p. porte, port, 263, 6678 ; stt/ij. port, 7418. portiiier, s. 7522, 9607, gate-keeper. portour, s. 3813, bearer. portraire, 7'. a. and n. 1946, 4360, repre- sent, design, porture, ,*-. 18370, 27982, bearing, burden. pose, -f. 5158, period of time, poser, V. a. 3825. posicioun, s. 23775, imposition, possessioiuln, s. 6231, 24519. possessouner, possession(i)er, a. 9133, 20832 (R), 20835, possessed of estates. possessour, s. 7638. pot, s. 4174. potacioun, j. 16230. potadour, .v. 8493, drinker, potage, s. 7754. potagier, s. 77S<), soup-bowl, potestat, s. 5325, ruler. poudre, ,s\ 20910, powder. potidre, a. 876, scattered about. pour, /r^/. 27, B. iii. i, T. vi. 3, por, C, B. i. 3, iii. 3 ; pour tant, B. xvii. 2 ; pour quoi, B. xx. 2 ; pour ce, 89. Also with inf. for 'de,' see note on 6328. povirce, ath'. 631, 2667 : cp. pourceo. pourcel(l)a, aiiv. 2349, 8995, B. xiii. i. pourceo, adv. B. vii. i, porceo, B. ii. 3, therefore. pourchacier, pourchacer, ?'. a. 174, 21041, B. xxxvi. 4, procure. pourchacier, pourchacour, s. 5840, 21052, gainer, trader. pourchas. s. 5841, gain. pourfendre, see purfendre. pourgatoire, see purgatoire. pourgesir, v. a., 3 s. pret. pourgust, 16772, pourgeust, T. x. 3 ; pp. pourgu, 9063, pourgeu, T. x. 2 : lie with. pourloignance, s. 5586, postponement. pourloignement, j\ 24308, delay. pourloigner, v. a. 5596, put oft": tejl. 29769, be put off. pourpartie, s. 16034, B. li. 3, share. pourpens, purpens, .9. 4410, 9055, B. i. 2, thought, purpose : cp. pourpos. pourpenser, purpenser, v. a. T. xii. 2, plan: reji. 15619, 23965, 27401, form a purpose, reflect. pourporter, v. a. 17181, 18149, signify, suggest. pourpos, pvirpos, s. 331, 3354, 16094, T. viii. 2, purpose. pourposable, a. 1 5027, intending. 5+0 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES povirposer, v. n. and refl. 11258, 16105, consider, inland. pourpre, see purpre. pourprendre, v. a., pres.part. pourper- nant, 1 1698, 25353, t;dtp. poursu(ijoit, 4771, 12999, pursue : persecute. poursute, s. 3838, pursuit. pourtenance, s. 292S2, continuance. pourtendre, purtendre, v. a. 6234, 12636, spread out, offer. pourtienant, a. 15635. pourveoir, p(o ui'voir, v. a. and refl. 318, 5432, 1 1 797, T. xviii. 2, pourvir, 1 1623 ; pp. pourveu, 10093 : provide, prepare; refl. consider with oneself. pourvoiance, pourveance, s. 5591, B. xiii. 2, providence, provision. pourvoiour, s. S438, purveyor. povere(s), povre;s\ a. 1075, 2)2)2)1 ■, B. ix. 4, xlviii. I, poor. pov eirement, adv. 7934, 8498. povei'te, s. 5484. povoir, (pooir), v. ti., i s. p. puiss, B. i. 4 ; 2 .V. poes, 7289, puiss, 1 1551, pus, 6134, 8060; 3 J-. poet, 311, B. ii. 3, puet, 106, 735^) poot, 16647 ; 1 p/. poons, 9060 ; 2 pi. poetz, 973, 15. ii. 2, poves, 9740, B. xxxix. 2 ; 3 //. poont, 26913, poent, 28294 ; 3 ^- i"P- poait, 795, T. xiii. 2 ; 3 s. pret. pot, 305, 660; Jut. po(vijrray, porrai, ifc8, 380, B. vi. 2, xvii. 2 ; 3 j-. puna, 2460 ; 3 pi. pourront, B. xi. 1 ; I .S-. cond. porroie, B. ix. I ; 3 s. po(u)rroit, 25, 657, 15. xxi. 2, purroit, B. xxxi. 3 ; "i s. p. subj. puist, 8694 ; i pi. puissons, 9718. povoir, pover, s. 3305, 28328: cp. pooir. povre, povrenient, see povere, povere- ment. povrete, s. 5832. poy, poi, s. and adv. 34, 1399, 178S, B. xi. I, T. ix. I, little, few; pour poy du riens, 4826, for a small matter ; du poy en poy, 7059, little by little ; au poy, 8766, almost, hardly. praielle, s. 17380, meadow. pre, see pree. prebende, s. 7364. precedent, a. 10434. precedent, s. 5650, 17780, former time. precept, s. 2096, command. precept, a. 5133, commanded. prechement, s. 1S092, preaching. precher, v. 624, 31 13. precher, s. 2132. preciovis, a. 16912, B. xlv. i. precordial, a. 4542, of the heart. predicacioun, s. 3ii6(?j, preaching. pre e), s. 856, 5822, B. vii. 2, pi. pr6e8, pre e tz, 8702, 12854, B. xv. 3, meadow. preie, see proie, s. preignant, a. T. ii. i, fruitful. preis, see prendre. prejudiciel, prejudicial, a. 20601, 26379. prelacie, s. 5 547. pi-elat z), ,5-. 2237. premunieioun, j-. 5194. prendre, ?'. a. B. xlix. 4 ; 3 s. p. prent, B. xxxv. i ; i pi. pernons, 1S725 ; 3 pi. pernont, 21681 ; 2 s. inipcrat. pren, 137, B. xxxi v. 4, prens. 5319 ; 2 //. pernetz, 28275 \ ~ ^- preL preis, 8574 ; 3 s. prist, 267, B. xl. i ; 3//. pristi'ont, 159; 3 j-./.j-z/'/;/.preigne, 13511 : 7'. n. 649, S31, begin, tiike place : rfl. 21 681, behave. prenosticaeioun, s. 188 19. pres, adv. 680, 5626, B. ii. i. near, closely, almost, soon ; du pres, 2654, 10322, cp. 3065; tenir pres, 17210, hold in esteem ; ne loign ne pres, 3036, neither late nor soon : prep. 894, cp. presde. presbiterie, s. 161 31, priesthood. presde, prep. 2984, 4306, pres da, 29884, presdu, 12873, near, before. presence, j. 526, B. vi. i ; pi. 29376. present, presens, a. 347, 2400, B. xxii. i ; au present, en present, 23, 832. present, s. 10431, gift. presentement, adv. 1S625, at present. presenter, v. a. 1442, B. x\i. 2. president, jr. 12157. presse, s. 1698, crowd. prest, a. 478, 4663, ready, quick. prestement, adv. 24719. prester, v. a. 13402, lend, give. presterage, s. 12 188, priests. presteresse, s. 25697, priest's mistress. prestre, s. 2742, T. x. 3, priest, presumement, s. 1531, presumption. presumpcioun, ,$•. 1526. presvimptif, a. 1573, presumptuous. presumptuous, a. 1 549. presumptuouaement, adv. 1622. pretoire, s. 19121, office. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 541 preu, a. for ad%i?) 5216, (near), clear(?) preu, s. see prou. priendre, v. a. 20940, oppress. prier, proier, v. a. and n. 131, 1189, B. xxiv. 2; \ s. p. pri, 361, B. ii. 3, pry, 9763, prie, B. xiv. 2 ; i, 3 s. p. proie, 3353. 1^- ix. I, XV. 4. prier, s. 5783, prayer. priere, s. 461, B. xviii. r. primat, s. 3088, 19322. prime, s. 5209, 28705. primer, a. 243, B. xxiii. I, first; au primer, 158. primer(e), adv. 61, 194, B. xxvi. 3. primerein, primerain, a. 366, 1046, B. xl. 2, first. primerement, adv. 267, T. iii. 2. primerole, s. 3540, primrose. primes, adv. 497, first ; au primes, 4179. prim^our, a. 1308, 2764, first: c/. primer, prince, s. 3 191. princesse, s. B. vi. 4. princ(i)er, s. 7919, 13235, prince. principal, a. 8483. principal's), s. 63, chief. prioresse, ^. 17336. priour, s. 5315, 14595. pris, s. 954, 121 5, B. xi. 2, estimation, glory, praise. prise, s. 7048, taking. priser, v. a. 905, B. li. 3, praise, prize. priser, jr. 25217, praise. prisonne, ,c. 10035 : cp. prisoun. priBonner(s\ s. 5696. prisoun, s. 2214, prison ; 9840, prisoner. priv6, a. 496, 1975, 3075, 29819, private, intimate, well-acquainted ; en prive, 12049, in private. prive(e), s. 1958, pL privetz, 13003, privy-councillor, friend. priver,7/. a. 10617, B. xxxvii. 2, take away, deprive. privilege, s. 21466. privilegie, //. 7207, set apart, probaeioun, j-. 16S19. proceder, v. n. 12387. processioun, i-. 3979, advance. prochein, proschein, a. B. xiv. 2, xlviii. 3. prochein, proschain, adv. 5426, 8549, near, soon. prochein, prcchain, f. procheine, pro- chaine, s. 2040, 2777, 4720, proschein, 4554, neighbour. procheinement, adv. 14229. proclamer, v. a. B. xxxi. 3. procuracie, s. 3355, procuration. procurage. j-. 6584, procuring. procurement, s. 25455. procurer, v. a. 1401, 3402, B. xii. i, bring about, obtain. procurier, s. 7225. proeurour, s. 3350, 3412, procurer, proctor. prodegalite, s. 8414. prodegus, a. or s. 8425, spendthrift. prodhomme, s. 1 186, prodhon(s), pro- don(s), 3790, 9235, man of worth. proesme, prosme, s. 3698, 12885, ^- xlix. 2, neighbour. proeu, see prou. profess,/, professe, s. 5556, 8765, pro- fessed member. professer, v. a. 14382, 21 143, profess, admit (to an order); rejl. 8129, take vows. professioi'u^n, s. 17824, T. v. 2, xvi. 3. professour, .v. 21659. profit, proufit, s. 449, 1332, 5399, B. xvi. 3. profitable, proufitable, a. 6923, 26714. profitement, jr. 13939, profit. profiter, proufiter, z'. n. 11 90, 6270, do good, benefit. progenie, s. 2474, 11540, offspring, gene- ration. progeniture, s. 9698, offspring. Progne, T. xii. i. proie, proye, s. 720, 908, B. xv. 4, preie, 10121, prey, booty, prize, proie, V. see prier. proier, v. a. 6860, prey upon, proise, 23365, famous : cp. priser. promesse, s. 472, B. xl. i. promettre, v. a. 142, 1794, B. iv.* I ; 3 s. p. promette, 4553, B. xlviii. i, promet, 4661. promissioun, s. 2337, promise, prophecie, s. 3390. prophete(s), s. 1085, prophiete, 9045. prophetizement, s. 26570. prophetizer, prophetiser, v. n. 2553, 21398. propre, a. 81, 1605, B. xxiv. i. pvopre, s. 6836, property. proprement, adv. 801, 1624, 2507. proprete, s. 1583, B. xiv. 3, T. xviii. I, property, right. proschain, proschein, see prochein. prose, s. 9981. Proserpine, 963. prosme, see proesme. prosperer, s. 3700, prosperity. 542 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES prosperite, s. 1555, {/>/.) 5788, B. envoy, success. proteceio(u)n. s. 29196, T. xii. 2. protestacioiin, s. 17628. prou, pru, preu, s. 578, 12930, 26552, proeu, B. xix. 3, profit. proii. (uh'. 8964. sufficiently. prouesce, prouesse, j-. 3728, D. i. i, B. xliv. 2, xlvi. 2. proiifit, proufiter, &c., st^e profit, &c. provable, ii. H. xxix. 3. Provence, 26095, wine of Provence. provende, i'. 18081, provender. prover, ?'. a. 2391, h. xl. i. proverbs, s. 5666, B. xl. 2. proverbial, s. 24229, proverb. proverb(i)er, proverbiour,j.4i4i,iio86, 1 1995, speaker of proverbs. providence, J-. 4374, 14922, D. i. i, provid- ence, provision, purpose ; du provid- ence, 4374, of set purpose. provisioun, s. 1 1 736. provisour, J. 161 10. provocacioun, s. 3985. provocer, t. a. 3989. pi'ovoire, jr. 191 17, priest. provost, s. 19089, 26391, superior, mayor. proye, sec proie. pru, s., Scc prou. pruis), tt. 1744, T. viii. I, brave. prudence, s. 357. prudent, a. 15279. prune, s. 6648. prunelle. .f. 14773, pupil (of the eye). psalmoier, ?'. ;/. and . 1S721J, 'did not act as a wise man.' queinte, a. 925 ff., 5294, B. xhi. i , T. iv. I, quointe, 6393, cunning, curious, agree- able. queintement, (Tc/t. 26020, cunningly. queinter, quointer, ?'. a. 3326, 16665, adorn : ny?. 7268, show cunning. queinterie,j-.855,6396,ornamcnt,cunning. queintise, quointise, J-. 1041, 1152, 14697, cunning. quel(l), quiel, /. quelle, qelle, ;r/. and interr. pron. 210, 530, 18 501, B. ii. 2, T. viii. 2, queu, 619 ; -pi. in. queux, 239, 335, quex, T. viii. 3 : /. queles, 3852 (R). quelque, quelqe, rcl.pron. 447, B. xlni. 2; quelle . . . qe, B. xxxi. 3, quelque . . . qe, I454> whoever, whatever. querelle,querele, s. 3056, 14268, B. envoy, complaint, claim, quarrel. querre, quere, querir, v. 174, 8534, 9307, B. xxxvi. 4; I s.p. quier, B. xi. 3, quiere, xxxvii. 4; 2 s. quiers, 2613 ; 3 jt. quiert, 1076, quert, 1192; \ pi. querrons, 20947 ; 3 pi. queront, 5 1 34, quieront, 2 1 II 7 ; 3 s.pret. queist, 1 8687 ; i s. cond. querroie, B. iv. 3 : seek, enquire after, look after. question, s. B. xxiv. 3. questour, questier, i-. 6221, 24880, 25123, juror. queu, see quell. qui, rel. pron. (as subject) 2, 5, D. i. 2, &c.; (object) 815, 1447, T. xiv. i; (with prep) B. V. 3, &c. : indef. 15364: cp. que. qui ( = cui), 3491, 9720, whose. quiconque(s), pron. and a. 3016, 3302. quider, 7'. n. and a. 29, 1061, B. xvi. 2, think, expect. quider, or. 1456, opinion. qviiel, see quel, quiete, s. 1556, peace, quietement, adv. 24520. quinsze, niun. 27673. quint, niiin. a. 255, 2005, fifth : la quinte, 6534, the fifth part. Quintilien(s), 167 17. quique, quiqe, pron. 10, B. xlix. 4, who- soever. quir, s. 21704, skin, leather. quire, ?'. a. 18765, boil. quiree, s. 24364, hounds' fee. quisine, see cuisine, quit, a. 4733, free, quit, s. 7840, boiled meat. quitance, s. 201 So, acquittance. quiter, v. a. 20181, set free. quoi, see quoy. quointer, see queinter. quoique, pron. B. i. 3, xliv. 4, quoy que, 1417, qoi que, B. i. 2, whatever. q(u)oy, q(u)oi, pro7i. inlerr. 853, 1704; pour quoy, pour quoi, 2227, H. xx. 2; le pour quoy, 7893 ; du quoy, 5435, ep. 15500 ; quoy . . . quoy, 7482: rel. with piep. 41, 214, B. X. 2. quoy, s. 1 78 1 , 1 2204, thing : cp. the phrases n'ad quoy, n'ad dti quoy, 3339, 5435, ^c. Rachab, 4898. Rachel, 7081. racine, s. 2558. raconter, see reconter. rage, s. 277, 1585, 3019, rage, temper, violence. Raguel, 17702. raie, raye, ray, s. 10095, 10798, ray, stripe : a. 21774, striped. raier, v. n. 10098, shine. raison, raisonnablement, see reson, S:c. raniage, a. 2126, wild (of birds). ramo(u)ner, v. a. 5864, 6146, sweep clean, ramous, a. 12460, branching. ramper, v. n. 2267, 4257. rampone, s. 4273, mockery. ramu, a. 26761, branched. raa9on(n)er, v. a. 11275, 23681, ransom, hold to ransom. ranco^ujn, s. 10654, 16208. 544 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES rancour, s. 4575. rancune, s. 13870, rancour. randoun, s. 141 82, haste. Raphael (saint), 15474, 15674- rasour, s. 3718, razor. rastell. s. 28146, manger (?). Ravenne, T. xi. 3. ravine, ravyne, s. 1998, 6830, T. xiii. 2, rapine, ravening. raviner, 7/. ir. 6858, seize by violence. raviner, ravener, s. 6846, 15547, robber. ravir, v. a. 7014, 9427, B. ix. 3, xxii. 3, T. xii. 2, seize, carry away, ravish, rob. ravoir, 7'. a. 7338, have back. ray, raye, see raie. realer, v. n. 8339 : cp. revait. rebat, s. 16282, remission. rebatre, v. a. 22255, ^a)^^ against. Rebecke, 4860. rebell, a. 8021. rebeller, v. n. 2359. rebellet6, s. 2339, rebeJl'ousness. rebellio(u)n, s. 2325, 14738. rebonder, v. ti. 1209, spring up. reboun, s. 7743, rebound. rebours, .v., a rebours, 2156, 5307, re- versed, wrong. rebouter, v. a. 25800, push back. rebroier, t. a. and n. 733, 12007, oppose, make resistance. rebroy, s. 31 31, opposition. recapitulacioun, j. 18372 (R). receipte, s. 25627, prescription. recet, s. 25250, fortress. recevoir, rescevoir, resceivre, v. a. 501, 10992, 15359, B- xli. 2 : I s.pjet. resceu, 7122; 3 s. recenst, T. ix. 3, resceut, 2085 5 ; fiii. resceivera, 75 7 1 ; pres. part. resceyvant, 6905 ; pp. receu, U. i. 3, resceu, B. xxiii. I. rechalenger, ?/. a. 6371, claim back. reehanger, v. a. 5467, change. rechatable, a. 18512, redeemable. rechater, v. a. 2215, 6536, rescue, redeem. rechatier(s), s. 24467, redeemer. recheir, v. n., 3 s. p. rechiet, 4687, fall back. reciter, ?/. n. 1027, 2746, T. ix. i. reclamacioun, s. 1677, appeal. reclamer, v. a. 2130, recall. recliner, v. a. 5168, lay down. recloser, 7k a. 6400, close again. Teclwa, pp. 1749, 8541, shut up, enclosed. reclus, s. 2742, /. recluse, 15460. recoi, recoy, s. 1780, 7888, B. x.xxviii. 2, privacy. recomander, v. a. B. xvii. 4, commend. recom(in)eneer, v. 9806, 28583, D. ii. 3. recompensacioun, s. 21284. recompenser, 7'. a. 8418. reconcil, s. 25067, pardon. reconciler, v. 4452, 7793. reconforter, 7'. a. 581, 654, 5039, B. iii. i. reconoiscance, s. 6081. reconoistre, 7/. a. 2134, recognise. reconter, raconter, v. n. 1750, 11924, B. viii. 2. reconvoier, 7/. a. T. xviii. 2, lead back. recorder, v. a. and n. 2726, 7576, 10396 ; 3 s. p. recort, 14144. recorder, j-. 13887, remembrance. recordour, s. 14602. recort, s. 7425, counsel. se reeoucher, 7'. 5239, lie down again. recourir, 7'. ;/. 4464, run back. recoverir, 7'. n. 10014, restore oneself. reeoverir, jt. 4531, 5730, remedy, inter- mission. recoy, see recoi. recx'eaeioun, s. 7925. recr^'andise, .r. 3742, 4102, submission, faintheartedness. recreant, s. 18251. recrestre, v. n. 29851, grow again. rectorie, s. 16136. recuillir, v. a. 12836. redd(e), a. 2000, 3544, rigorous, hard. reddement, adi-. 10504, strongly. reddour, s. 5007, harshness. redempcioun, s. 17116. redempt, a. 29564, redeemed. redevoir, v. n. 24872, be bound. redonder, v. n. 4056, re-echo. redonner, v. 6597, 664S, 13284. redoubte, a. 20137, alarmed. redoubter, redouter, v. a. and n. 886, 2534, 5055. fear. redrescer, redvesser, v. a. 2914, 8506, 27755, !'• envoy. reempiir, 7'. a. 8362, refill, rees, a. 20749, shorn. reetz, retz. .9. 2212, 6234, 9347, net. refaire, refere, v. a. 1560, 15040, 29551. refeceioun, s. 29189, refreshment. referir, 7/. ;/. and reji., 1 s. p. reiiere, 4777. B. xxxvii. 3 ; 3 J. refiere, 1997, 2365, refiert, 8393 : belong, have to do (with), refourmer, v. a. 28440, reformer, C. refrener, 7'. a. 3928 ; 3 .y. ^. refreine, 18078 : curb, keep back. refroider, refreider, v. ?t. 7113, 7988, 9527, become cold, grow cool. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 545 refu, refuist, see restre. refu, s. 26769, refuge. refus, s. 15417. refusable, a. 4494, rejected. refuser, v. a. 789, B. xxix. 2, T. viii. 2. refuz, a. 17267, rejected. regalie, s. D. ii. 5, royalty. regard, reguard, reguart, s.^-pl. regars, 9334, 1 1 839, 29070, B.xii. i,xix. 2, look : au regard de, in comparison of. regarder, reguarder, v. a. and n. 616, 1760, 29106, B. xii. I, xxii. 3 : rejl. 10977. regai'der, s. B. xxxiii. i, look. regardure, J-. 1774, B. xii. 2, look. regehir, v. a. 7074, confess. regent, regens, a. 7918, 11018, 17450, ruling. regent, s. 121 58, ruler. regibber, v. n. 2355, kick back. regiment, s. 2615, rule. regioun, region, s. 2333, B. xxxv. 2, C. regne, s. 10009, D. i. 2. regner, v. n. 2281 1. regrac(i)er, v. a. 1582, 26803, thank. regraterie, s. 26331. regratier, regratour, s. 263 1 3 fif. reguard, reguarder, see regard, &c. reguerdonfnler, ik a. 3762, B. xii. 2. reguerdo;u)n, s. 1529, B. xxiii. 3, T. ii. 2. reguler, a. 141 32. reguler, s. 2021, member of a religious order. rehercer, reherser, v. a. 3165, 4082. rejeter, v. a. 5632. rejoir, (rejoier), v. a. and refl. 462, 1054, D. i. I, B. iv. 3 ; 3 s. p. rejoye, 7461. relacioun, s. 12760, 13727, report. relais, see reless. relef, s. 28552, remainder. relenter, v. a. 6603, dissolve. reles, reless, relais, s. 200, 2421, 3021, 3033, B. XX. I, release, remission, re- mainder, continuance. relesser, relaisser, v. a. 21251, 21271, absolve. relevable, a. 1 872, 9970, to be raised again. relever, j. 29369, resurrection. relief, s. 11310, B. 1. 2, help. relievement, J. 2060, improvement. relJgio(u)n, s. 3085, 7922, 17821. religious, a. 3194, 8765, under vows. relinquir, v. a. 17234, leave. remanoir, remeindre, v. 11. 9067, 23206 ; 3 s. p. remaint, 6147, B. i. 2 ff., re- meint, 4927, remeine, 9671, remaine, * N 14249, 24324 ; pp. remes, 10325, 10484 : remain. rembre, v. a. 4948, ransom. remedie, remede, s. 109 12, 22224. remeindre, see remanoir. remeine, see remanoir, remener. remembrance, j. 4582, B. iv. 3. remembran90ur, s. 14600. remembrer, v. a. 645, 2416, B. ii. 4, xxviii. 4, remind, recall to mind : rejl. and n. 532, 536, B. ii. 2, remember, be mindful. remenant, s. 435, B. xxxviii. 3. remener, v. a., 3 s. p. remeine, 7589, T. xiv. 313^. fuL remerra, 112 16; 2 s. imperaf. remeine, 14816 : bring back, rementevoir, v. a. and reJI. 16047, 18 191, remember. remerir, 7/. n. 2087, 18612, reward, repay. remerra, see remener. remes, see remanoir. remesurer, v. a. 26322. remettre, 7', a. 340, 3011, 5685; 3 s. p. remette, 15708: put back, leave behind, omit, set in return, remirer (1), v. a. and ;/. 620, 11 34, B. i. 4, B. vi. 1, look again, look at, see again : se remirer, 14612, look about one. remirer (2), v. a. 23833, treat (as a physi- cian). remissioun, s. 10369. remonter, v. a. 1743, 11927, raise : v. n. 557, rise again. remordre, 7'. a. 386, 6679, 10397, bite in return, devour, move to repentance : se remordre, 10031, T. iv. 2, be moved to remorse. removoir, v. a. 3309, B. xii. 3. remuer, v. a. 3884, B. xv. i, remove, move. remuere, s. 15842, remover. Remus, 23624. Remy (saint), 10748. renaistre, v. n. 5594, come up again. Renar(s), 7391, 21090. rendement, s. 14996, surrender. rendre, v. a. 2945, B. i. 4, T. ix. 3. reneyer, renoier, v. a. 4013, 5795, deny, reject. Reneys, 26121, Rhenish fwine). renomee, a. B. xii v. 1, renowned. renom6e, s. 2854, 8746, B. iii. 2, T. viii. I. renommer, v. a. 13244, praise. renoncer, 7'. a. 15031. renoun, s. 1252, T. xvi. i. n 546 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES renoveller, ?'. a. and n. 8087, 1 1 364, 23170, B. ii. I, renew, be renewed. rente, s. 31 01, 6242, income, rent, pro- perty, renvoier, ?'. (I. 734, send back, repaiage, jr. 6517, repayment. 1 epaiement, s. 7220. repaier, v. a. 15670. repairer, ?'. n. 674, 4166, 5418, come, return, have recourse (to). repaiser, v. a. 19483, 22853, reconcile, appease. repaistre. v. a., pp. repuz, 8537, B. xvi. 2, repeu, 26512, feed. reparer, v. a. 5417, set right, reparoler, ?'. n. 2489, reply, repasser, v. a. 23163, recall to mind. repast, s. 20S79, ^- x^'- 2, meal, repaster, v. a. 16295, feed, repeler, zk a. 1 1354, call back, repell, reppell, s. 4766, B. xxxiii. I, repulse, recall. repenser, 7/. ti. 1757, reflect: v. a. 29368, think again of. repentance, s. 5679, T. ix. 3. repentant, a. 743. rcpentin, a. 8198, sudden. repentir, v. n. and njl. 4527, 21551, T. xiv. 3. repentir, s. 14830, repentance, repeu, see repaistre. replaier, v. a. 4724, wound in return, replecioun, s. 16324. repleder, v. a. 3872, plead against, repleggement, s. 1 5672, pledge of reward. repleni(s), repleny, a. [pp.], 911, 3948, B. ix. 5, filled. replet, a. 9041, 11129, full, filled, replier, repplier, reploier, v. n. 1380, 1421, reply: v. a. 7583, 12695, bend back, give in return: rejl. 15052, turn back. report, s. 2442. reporter, 7'. a. 2882, 6682, report, return, carry away, repos. s. i486, B. vii. 2. reposer, v. n. and refl. 1787, 9976. repost, a. 7148, laid up: en repost, 10599. in secret, repostaille, s. 19443, storing-place, repparailler, v. a. 556, restore, reppoll, see repell. repplier, see replier. reprendre, v. a. 612, 4434, B. xvii. 2, take again, keep back; 1718, 20669, find fault with, attack. representement, s. 18626, representation. representer, v. 1449, 20800. reprise, s. 1358, 2303, 3968, 22356, B. xli. 4, reproach, trouble, requital ; 7436, 17868, 20457, 20699, taking, keeping, gain. reprobacioun, s. 2301. reproeche, reprouche, s. 2223, 2937. reproef, s. 2989. reproever, sec reprover. reprovable, a. 1 106, to be blamed. reprover, reproever, v. a. 1106, 2994. reprover, s. 1 1 999, reproach. reptil, ^■. 12645. reputer, v. a. 3051, consider. repuz, see repaistre. requerre, v. a.. 1 s. p. requiere, B. xviii. 3 ; 35-. requiert, 2495 ; pp. requis, B. xiv. 2 : request, entreat, seek for. requeste, s. 5256. B. xviii. 3. rere, ?'. a. 3718, shave. rereguarde, reregarde, i-. 5660, 11609. rerement, a//7'. 18543, rarely. resaeher, s. 2837, au resaeher, back- wards. resacrer, 7>. a. 7200, reconsecrate. resaillir, t'. n. 564, mount again. resaisir, 7/. a. 20980. resaner, v. a. 182 12, heal. rescevoir, resceivre, see recevoir. rescoulter, 7'. a. 16678, hear in return. rescourirje, 7'.a. and n. 7726, 10019; pp. rescous, 11 122: save, come to the rescue. rescousse, s. 23550, help, rescue. resemblable, «. 3746, like, to be compared. resemblance, ,$•. 128, B. xv. i. resemblant, a. 231, 1424. resemblant, s. 8869, likeness. I'esemblenient, s. 17038, resemblance. resembler, 7/. a. 11 17, 7128, B. xiii. I, compare, make like : 7a n. 246, 1094, 5036, T. iv. 1 , have likeness, appear. reserver, v. a. 7493, 12802, keep. reservir, v. 8034, serve back. residence, s. 10779. resistence, s. 9813. I'esister, 7'. d. and ;/. 1786, 10764. reson, resoun, s. 24, 366, 684, B. xi. 3, T. xii. 2, raisoiuin, 10876, T. i. i. resonant, (J. 1427, resounding. resonfniable, a. 3745, B. xxix. 1. resonfn lablement, raisonnablement, a(h>. 592, 9542, 16851. re8on(njal, a. 16601, B. 1. 2, rational. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 547 resonnant, a. 5573, rational. resonner, t. a. 527, 9755, 23315, reason with, address, reprove. resordre, v. n. 1<^1T2., rise again, resort, j-. 227, 2890, 8023, power, remedy, help. resortir, resorter, 7'. ;/. and reji. 3228, 8025, 13339, retire, turn, have recourse, resouper, s. 7910, second supper, respirer, 7'. n. 12450^ breathe, respit, J-.2I 53, 29836, intermission, release, respiter, v. a. 2744, 11098. resplendre, v. 71. 1124, 13351, shine, respondre, v. n. 395, 1212, B. xvii. 3; 3 s. f))-et. respond!, 365 ; 2 s. impcraf. respoun, 1600, responde, 2590, res- poune, 26616; 2 //. responetz, 15572. response, s. 1427, B. xvii. 3. (resteir), v. n., 3 s. pret. restuit, 1005, resist. restitucioun, i-. 7155. restitut, //. 15066, 19932, made good, re- stored. restor, s. 13326, restoration. restorer, v. a, 94, B. xlii. \\ 1 s. fut. re- storras, 24563. (restre), v. n., 3 s. pret. refu, 2384, refuist, 2573 ; pp. refu, 21 134 : be again, be in one's turn, restreindre, restraiiidre, v. a., 2 s. p. restraines, 610; 3 s. restreint, 5108, restreigne, 28038, B. xl. 3 ; pp. restreint, 930, restreignt, B. xlii. 4. restuit, see resteir. resur(r)eceioun, 5. 28800 (R), 28803. resuscitacioun, s. 2881 1. resusciter, v. a. 102 18. retaille, s. 1(^211., retail, retenir, v. a. 378, 1682, 21S0, B. xvi. 3, xxxix. 2 ; 3 j-. p7-et. retient, 1 7472, re- tint, 18564. retenu, s. 19924, retainer. retenue, s. 2965, B. viii. 3, following, retinue, engagement. rethorique, s. 8678. ret(i)enance, s. 5461, 6929, 17660, retinue, company, memory. retorner, ret(t)ourner, v. n. and;r/?. 730, 2252, 5754, B. xlii. 2. retour, rettour, s. 1675, 3031, 10666, T. X. 2, return, reversal, remedy. retourdre, v. n. 18599, return. retraire, v. a. 684, 2614, draw back. retrait, s. 9207, 17S05, drawing back, reserve. retrogradient, a. 161 28. N retz, see reetz. reule, s. 948, 7003, B. xiii. I, rule, bar. reuler, v. a. 15238, keep in order, revait, v., 3 s. p. 5160: cp. realer.' revel(l), j'. 999, 11 284, riot, disturbance, reveller, v. n. and 7-eji. 1266, 3059, 19437, revel, rejoice. revendre, v. a. 7245. revengement, s. 2066. revenger, v. a. 3994, 4425, T. vi. 2, avenge. revenir, v. n. 5232, B. xv. 3. revenue, s. 7710, B. viii. 2, return, revenue, reverdir, v. n. 2559, grow green again, reverence, s. 519, B. xxvi. i. reverencer, v. a. 4379. reverie, j-. 863, revelry. revers, a. and s. 3158, 26940, opposite, reverser, v. 4631, 24106, overturn, revertible, a. 5772, returning. revertir, v. n. and refl. 47, 1656, 3134, 1 1037, return, change, change back, se revertuer, v. 9550, recover strength. revestir, v. a. 942, B. vii. 3, clothe, revienement, s. 10655, return, re viler, v. a., 3 s. p. revile, reville, 206, 4442, revile, abuse. revivre, v. n. 28812. revoir, v. a. 11700, B. viii. i. revoler, v. n. 194 12, fly back. reAvarder, v. a. 16313. rewardie, s. 15611, rewardise, B. li. 3, ' reward. riant, a. 935, B. xii. 3. ribaldie, s. 16611, ribaldry. ribaudaille, ribaldaille, s. 2899, 28953, ribaldry. ribauld, ribald, s. 11294, 24981, rioter, ruffian : a. 26531. Ribole, 26094, (a kind of wine). riche(s), a. 640, B. xlviii. 1. richement, adv. 947. richesce, richesse, s. 377, 473, pi. 8077, 10885. richir, richer, v. a. 474, 7669, enrich, ridelle, s. 9382. rien(s), s. 216, 1605, B. xxv. i, thing, anything : 580, 1608, B. ii. 3, nothing ; ne . . . rien(s), 442, B. v. 2, &c. rier, see rire. rigolage, s. 3249, 5828, wantonness, idle enjoyment. se rigoler, v. 2705, 5728, 14613, wanton, delight oneself. Rin, see Ryn. riote, s. 3890, 87 1 7, riot, disorder. n 2 548 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES rire, v. tt. 1422, B. ix. 4, rier, 3106, laugh : V. a. 1635, deride. ris, s. 3535, B. xxii. i, laughter, risee, s. 3282, laughter, rivage, s. 6702, 1093 1, landing, shore, rive, ryve, j. 10816, 17724, 261 19, stream, shore, rivere. i-. 8162, ri\-er. Rivere, 26097, (a kind of wine). robbeour, s. 6974, robber, robberie, s. 6927. robe, s. 10095. Robin, Robyn, 8659, 20S87. roche, s. 1856. roch(i)ere, s. 7540, 18256, B. xviii. 2, rock, roe, s. 10942, B. xx. i, wheel, roelle, s. 12502, circle. roi(8), roy(s), J. 1081, 1958, 22227 fif., D. i. 1,4, B. xxxviii. 2, T. vii. i. roial, royal, a. 3313, 5312, D. i. I. roial(s), s. 29256, king, roialte, s. 22229. roidement, adv. 4223, severely. romance, s. 8150, 18374, 21775, 27477, French (language), story. Romanie, 18715, 1S995, 26094. Rome, 1464, 1900, 7094, 14725, 16109, 18450, 18627, 18829, 20349, 22078, 22158 ff., 23624 ff., 26375, 27024, 27054, B. xliv. I. Romein(sl, Rom.aiii, a. and s. 11053, 12198, 13021, 13695, 17618, 18301, 18502, 22218, 24469, T. X. 3, xvi. I. rompre, v. a. 537 ; pp. rout, 3934, 7066, rompu, 29441. Romvilus, 23625 fif. ronce, s. 18107, bramble. ronger, sec rounger. rose, s. 3723, B. xxxvi. 3. rose(ei, i-. 108 18, 11 836, dew. Rosemonde, T. xi. i. rosier, s. 1 1 280, rose-bush, rost, a. 7840, roast. roster, 7'. a. 18765, roast. rotond, a 20750. rouge, (I. 7002, rugfg)e, B. xxxvii. i, xlvi. 3. rouge mer, 1667, 12266. rougir, v. a. 2710, redden, rougir, v. n. 6842, roar, rounger, ronger, runger, v. a. 2S86, 3450, II 587, gnaw. rout, sec rompre. route, s. 345, 1336, 4671, company, multitude, road, rover, ?■. a. 79^7, 16469, ask for, ask. royalm,e, s. 22070, kingdom. rubie, j. 18668. rue, s. 2257. ruer, 7/. a. 544, 936, cast, cast down: v. n. 16941, fall. rug(g)e, see rouge, ruigne, s. 22891, mange. rviignous, a. 9262, 22887, mang)^ ruiller, 7>. n. 16193, rust. ruine, s. 181 1, fall, ruin, ruinement, s. 12534. ruinous, a. 3197, in ruins. runger, see rounger. russinole, s. 41 11, nightingale. ruyteison, s. 20673, rutting. ryme, s. 9981, rhyme. Ryn, Rin, 26057, 26117. ryve, see rive. a\/or se, si, sa, before vowels :for si = son, 794, 1477, =ses,4, cp. 3672. sabat, s. 2278. sabatier(s), s. 24270, cobbler. sacis), J-. 7238, 20483, sack, sackcloth. sachant, a. 141, 2629, 6904, wise, aware. saeheliD, s. 5804, 9830, satchel. sacre, a. 7160. sacrefier, sacrifier, 7'. 7740, 12217. sacrefise, sacrifise, s. 4563, 16352. saerement, s. 4438, T. v. 3. sacrer, 7>. a. 17184, consecrate. sacrilege, s. 6932. sage(s), a. 823, 25131, D. i. 2, B. iii. 2 ; ly sage(s), 3241, 3277, &c. sage, adv. 2051. sagement, adv. 54, T. xv. 3. sai, see savoir. saiette, s. 2S33, arrow. sain, sec sein(s). saint, saintefier, see seint, &c. saintet6, s. 1356. saintuaire, ^. 2492. saisi(s), seisi, a. (pp.) 859, 3813, 7675, 9770, 12273, helcl, in possession, pos- sessed (of). saisine, se(i)sine, s. 137, 1806, 5399, B. xlv. 3, possession. saisir, v. a. 922, 19003, 23015, B. xx. 3, seize, take possession of, put in posses- sion. saisonnable, a. 26716, in season. saisonner, 7'. a. 8940, mingle. saisoun, s. 10421. salaire, s. 6331. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 549 sale, s. 970, hall. sal6, a. 1 39 1 2, salt. salemandre, s. 9518. saler, zf. a. 20623, season. salf, see saulf. sallir, saillir, 7/. n. 8912; 3 s. p. salt, 851; I pi. flit, saldrons, 563: leap, ascend, descend. salmoun, s. 7748. Salomon, 1317, 1597, 1823, 1833, 2221, 2281, 2299, 2513, 2555, 2787, 3422, 3793, 3913, 4758, 6859, 6991, 7562, 7916, 9557, 10850, 10888, 10933, 1 1667, 11869, 121S7, 12709, 13684, 14811, 15448, 15521, 15788, 15880, 16063, 17593, 20491, 22312, 23150 ff., 23330, 25885. salse, s. 7839, saulse, 7961. salu, pi. saluz, salutz, s. 323, 2262, 3958, B. xvi. 4, salutation, salvation. saluer, v. a. 1302, B. viii. 3. salute, s. 3836, salutation. salvacioun, s. 16822. salvage, sauvage, a. 280, 7756, B. xix. i. salvager, v. n. 2107, go wild. salvagine, a. 8527, wild. salvagine, s. 317, 10736, wilderness. salve, I liter j. 2715. salvement, adv. 16455, safely, truly. salveour, s. 3513. salver, %>. a. 1667, B. xvii. i. salveresse, s.f. 2S185, saviour. salvete, s. 2335. Samarie, 1 1023. Sampson, 1467. Samuel, 10277, 19945. sane, s. 4386, blood. sanetus, 18751. saner, 7/. a. 149 10, heal. sanglent, a. 5050, bloody. sanguin, a. 4956, 14701, 21773, bloody, sanguine, red. sant6, see saunt6(e). sanz, sOjUxs, prep. 187, 12085, D. i. i. Saoul, see Saiil. saouler, see sauler. sapbir, s. 18668. sapience, s. 1619. sapient, a. 1629. Sarasin, Sarazin, j-. 18311, 22326, 25379, unbeliever. Sarepte, 15468. Sarre, Sarrai (wife of Abraham), 11432, 12226, T. xiii. I. Sarre (daughter of Raguel), 10262, 17423, 17703, ^7737- sartilier(s), s. 11277, weeder. Sathan,Sathanas, 2255, 3675, 6177, 7873, 16204. satin, ^■. 25292. satisfaccioun, s. 15042. satisfaire, v. 11. 5215. saturaeioun, s. 7929, repletion. Saturne, 26737. sauf, see saulf. Saiil (I), Saoul, 4899, 12979, 2301 1 ff. Saiil (2), 2353. sauler, saouler, ?/. a. 1804, 4891, satisfy, satiate: v. n. 18888, be satiated. saulf, savif, salf(s), a. 2128, 4366, safe, sure ; en saulf, 5698, sauf (saving), B. xlvi. I, sau(l)f garder, 1035, D. i. 2. sauls, s. 6, willow. saulse, see salse. saunte(ej, sant6, 2522, 8310, D. ii. 5, B. ix. 4. sauvage, see salvage, savoir, saver, v. 160, 2142, B. ii. 2, cp. xli. 2 ; \ s. p. say, 391, sai, B. iv.* 2 ; 1 pl. savetz, B. xxviii. 2 ; iinperat. sachetz, B. vii. I, sachiez, 383 ; is.p. siibj. sace, 9020, sache, B. xxv. 2 ; fut. savra, 7072 ; coiid. saveroit, B. viii. 2. savoir, s. 1496, B. xli. 2. savour, s. 7654, 10673, taste, knowledge, savourable, a. 132 18. savoure, a. 16881, savourj^ savoui-er, v. a. 9555, 20617, perceive the savour of, make of good savour. say, J. 21016, woollen stuff. science, s. 353, 14594- scies, sciet, v. 2, 3 s. p. 541, 1451,6. v. 3, xli. 3; 3 //. scievont, 1623, sciovont, 8964 ; 3 s. pret. seieust, 308, T. xiii. 3 ; 1 pl.pret. subj. scjieussetz, 20, B. xxix. 2 : know, know how. scilence, see silence. scribe, j-. 3110, 18805. se, rejl. pron. 45, D. i. I, ce, c', 1147, B. xviii. 3. seal, s. 1 3 13. secchant, a. 19968, dried up. secclier, v. n. 11854, dry up. seeh, a.,f. secche, 9472, 17901, dry. seconde(s),secunde, ;^/^///. («. 1201, 13339, T. xviii. 2. seconde, s.f. 8207, helper, secondement, adv. 10867, B. xxxi. 2. secr6(e),secret,a. 1378, 3652, 3704, 12027, secret, familiar, privy (to) : en secr6(ej, 488, 8744. secret, s. 11952. 550 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES secretaire, s. 677, 8803, secret adviser, privacy, seeretal, a. 20732, in private, secretement, adz'. 708. secroy, jr. 751 1, secrecy. secul(i)er, a. 31, 290, 653, 1080, of the world, secular: j. 14134, secular priest. seculierement, ach/. 20852. secundaire, a. 13453, second, secur, a. 141 73 : c^. segeur. see,sie, s. 1 308, 1 8708, 1 9027, seat, place, see. seel, s. 20594, salt. segeur. segur, a. 6973, T. xiv. i. seig-neur, seigneurie, see seigneur, . xxxii. 3, appearance, likeness : a mon semblant, 26746, by what appears to me. sembler, v. 7i. 402, B. ii. 3, xxxviii. 2, seem : v. a. 9955, compare, semeine, semeigne, semaiiglne, s. 2321, 4065, 9206, 14374, i5- -^•^>^i>^- 3, week, semenee, semense, s. 9805, T. iii. 2, seed, offspring. semer, v. a. 2200, sow. Semey, 23007, Shimei. sempiterne, a. 52S6, everlasting. sempres, adv. B. xxviii. 2, always. Senaeherib, 2444, 23021. senatour, s. 13022. Senec, Seneques, 1769, 4159, 4390, 5677, 6760,6808,7527,8535,9565,9622,10226, 10945,11773, 12409, 13129, 13695, 14209, 14296,14343,15157, 15279, 15533, 15685, 16635, 16657, 17618, 17653, 23053, 24470, 24699. seneschal, s. 8475. seneschalclaie, s. 16077, stewardship, senestre, a. 15297, 24297, left, distorted: a senestre, a la senestre, 9945, 24581, to the left, wrongly. sengler, s. 879, boar. sens, sen, s. 1202, 3344, B. i. 2, xiii. 2,//. 10565. sensibility, s. 12346, experience of sense, sent, see cent, sente, s. 13171, path, sentement, s. 16340, B. ix. 3, feeling. sentence, s. 2373, 4062, 28847, D. i. 4. sentier, s. 887, path. sentir, %'. «. B. iv. 2 ; i j-./. sente, 13784, B. xvi. I ; 3 j-. sente, 23172 ; pp. sentu, 5527- sentir, s. 26882, feeling. seoir, (seirj, 7/. n. 135, 812; 3 s. p. siet, 5608 ; 3 s. pret. sist, 929 ; pres. part. scant, 1 1 394 : sit, be set, suit. Sephonie, 1825, 12834, 21398. sept, mini. 235. septante, ninn. 19403. septi(s)rae, num. a. 262, C, seventh, septre, s. 9583, sceptre. sepulcre, s. 11 18. sepulture, i'. 13017. sequence, s. 20121, order, sercher, v. a. 'J12, B. xi. i,cercher, 14937, search, look for. Sereine, 9949, 10911, 16688, B. xxx. 2, Siren. serement, see serment. serfis) a. and s. 1795, 18478, B. xlviii. 4. serf, s. 25059, stag. sergant, s. 664, 882, 6221, attendant, servant, sergeant-at-Iaw. sergantie, jr. 24387. serment, serement, s. 4016, 6453, B. i. 4. sermoner, v. a. and n. 7502, 18808, speak, preach, sermoun, sermon, s. 6101, 6235. Seron, 2377. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 551 serpent, serpens, s. 129, 2641, 3724, ser- pente, 3710, 1 1491. serpentelle, s. S083, serpent, serpentin, a. 134, 13480, of a serpent, venomous. serrer, t. a. 18542, lock up. servageji-. 819,2169, 24692,0.1. i, service, servitude, bondmen. servant, s. 438, B. xxiii. i. servicable, a. B. xxix. 2. service, servise, s. 256, 5403, D. i. 3, B. li. 2. servir, 7'. a. and n. 430, 1690, 2030. 6140, B. ii. 2, xvii. i : servir de, 5079. servitour, s. 21 51, servant. servitute, s. 1660. ses, see son. sesine, see saisine. sesoiin, s. 5440. sessant(e), //um. 2129, 5558. sessioun, s. 15878, court-sitting, sestier, s. 8403. sesze, ;/«w. 8595. seur, a. 559: cp. segur. seurement, adz\ 4403. seurte(s), s. 1792, 14295, B. ix. 4. sevelir, 7'. a. 29134, bury. si, adv. 8, 196, B, ix. 4, so, thus, also, and. si, s', coNj. 20, D. ii. 4, if : si . . . noxm, 6496. B. xxiv. I, except; si noun que, 10366, unless. si, a\poss. a., sing. 1477, 3927 ; //. 4, 3672 : his, her. si, adv., for ei, B. title. sibien . . . come, 7720, . . . qe, 8331, both . . . and. Sibille, B. xix. 2. Sichen, 16964 ff., Shechem. siconi(ni)e, sicora, conj. 362, 1027, B. vii. 3, ix. 3, as. Sidrac, 2509, 3553, 16045, 22803, 23188. sie, see see. siecle, s. 27, B. i. 3, world, age. siege, s. 8365, siege. sier, V. 7568, reap. siffler, V. n. 551 1, hiss, sigle, J-. 22106, sailing, sigler, V. n. 4331, B. xxx. I, sail, signal, s. 12444, sign, signe, j\ 2084, ']'. xii. 3. signefiance, .f. 5587. signefiement, s. 182 16. signefier, signifier, ?'. S60, 1425, T. ix. I. sil, for cil, B. xlii. 3. silence, scilence, jt. 1395, 16637. Silvestre, 27052. Simeon, 28195 ff-) 29042. Simon (Magus), 1897, 7369, 18451, 18564 ff., 18857 ff., 18997. Sim.on (Peter), 28816, 29200: see Pierre, simonie, symonie, s. 7347, 7468. simonin, a. 16099, of simony. simple, a. 1689, B. iii. 2. simplement, adv. 12522. simplesce, s. 1649, E- -'^xviii. 3, sinagoge, s. 28418. singuler, a. 1069, 1 513, apart, separate, sintelle, s. 10959, spark. sique, siqe, conj. JJ, B. xv. i, (also si que, si qe, e.g. 18209). sire(s), .y. 11 39, T. v. 2, lord, sirene, s. 2846. Sirien, see Surien. sis, six, sisz, mii/i. 956, 7283 ro526. sisme, fni?n. a. C, sixth, sisnes, s. 24228, sixes (at dice). siste, num. a. 257, 10561. six, see sis. smaragdine, s. 1073 1. sobre, a. 8241. sobrement, adv. 18083. sobret6, s. 164 18. socour, s. 605, B. xxii. i. socourre, socourer, v. a. 10271, 10317: V. n. 20261, 298S6, help, give help. Socrates, 4168. sodainement, see soudainement. Sodome, Sodomie, 5856, 9510, 27081. soe, SKXQiposs. a. f. 1369, 12073, (une sue aqueinte), her, of hers. soeffre, see souffrir. soen, /c^i-jT. a. 3108, les soens, 1827, un soenchambirlain,2678: his, her,of hers. soer, s. 841, T. xii. i, sister : cp. sorour. soffrir, see soufEiir. soi, soy, rejl.pron. 58, B. li. i ; used for se, 27, 4492, &c. sole, s. 23487. soif, .5-. 7548. soir, s. 3815. sojour, J-. 3152, 5015, 12943, B. XXXV. 2, dwelling, rest, security. sojourner, v. n. 21047, B. xlvii. 3, dwell, rest: pp. sojournez, 19329, fresh (of horses). solacer, v. n. 1 1474, rejoice, solacer, s. 1264, delight. solail(l), s. 3587, 1 263 1, B. X. 4. solait, see soloir. solas, s. 892, 1 21 44, delight, consolation. sold, s. 6340, pay. sold^e, s. 6910, wages, payment. 552 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES solde(i)our, soldier, soldoier, s. 5386, 6747, 7 1 73» 1 8674, 23327, soldier, hireling. solder, ?'. u. 23704, pay. sole, solein, see soul, soulein. soleinement, adv. 2S02. solempnement, ad?'. 840. soliciter, z'. n. 18529, be anxious. solitaire, a. 10597. sollempne, solempne, a. 17161, 178 15. sollenipnete, s. 23635, consecration, cere- mony. sollempnizer, 7'. a. 23639, consecrate. sollicitous, solicitous, a. 14435, 214S2, industrious, anxious. sollicitude, solicitude, j. 14402 ff., 15889, industry, anxiety. soloir, souloir, t. n. 726, 18440, D. ii. 3 ; 3 s. p. solt, 1 517, B. xix. I, solait, 10605, soloit, 1 5405 ; 1 , 2 J-. imp. soloie, soloies, B. iii. I, 5019 ; 3 j-. soloit, 726, solait, 17247, souloit, 1S440; 3 s. pret. solt, 3782, 5667 : be accustomed. solonc, ^;'^;^. 289, B. i. 3, xvii. 2, selonc, 9054, B. vi. margin, T. iii. 1 ff., accord- ing to : solonc que, 112, according as. Solyn(s), Solin(s), 1849,2101, 2845, 5029, 12865, 19897. someiller, v. >i. 11 301, sleep. somer, j-. 18540, sumpter mule. som.rae, soumme, s. 72g4, 7300. somonce, s. 2371, 18996, summons. somons, a.g^io, summoned. (8omoner),7v.,3i-.j?5.8omont, looio, 26779. sompnolence, j'. 5135. sompnolent, a. 5222. son, soun, poss. a. 26, 574, D. i. 3; ses [sing.), 13008, pL 7, B. xii. 2; /. sa, 127, B. V. 2. sonar, (sonner), %>. a. 1426, B. xxx, 3, utter : 7'. ;/. 3554, sound. songant, s. 5285, dreaming. songels), sounge, i-. 5604, 6137, dream. songement, s. 5267, dreaming. songer, soungei-, v. n. 5146, 5184, B. ix. 3. songerie, s. 5286, dreaming. sonner, see sonar. sophistre, s. 9979. sophistrie, s. 3590. sorceresse, s. 9494. sorour, s. 989, sister : cp. soer. sort, s. 1476, 4367, 16800, 17457, B. xxxi. 3, lot, chance, company. sot, a. 19 ; s. 5422. sotemant, adv. 1162. sotie, s. 1 1 54, B. xxii. i, T. xv. i, foly. soubdeinement, sec soxidainement. soubgit,//.B. xi. 3, xix. 4,T. ix. 2, subdued. soubgit, soubgis, a. 2Jt,, 2007, sougit, 4980, subject ; en soubgit, 9744, in subjection. soubgit(z), s. 448, D. i. 3 ; / soubgite, 8984 : subject, dependant. soubit, a. 1277, sudden. soubjeccioun, see subjeccioun. soubmettre, ?'. a. 11052, 12297, make subject. soubstance, see substance, soubtil, soutil, a. 823, 13S2, cunning. sou(b)tilement, adv. 421, 7069. soubtiler, v. a. 205, contrive: v. n. and refi. 1568, 7297, be cunning. soubtilite, soutilete, ^\ 1020, 3644, sub- tilitee, B. xlii. 3. soubtz, soubz, Hontz, ptep. 931, 11311, B. xi. 2, T. V. 2, under. soudain, soudein, a. 2447, B. xxii. i ; f. soudeigne, 6741, sudden. so(u)daineraent, so(u)deinement, adz'. 705, 1283, 1666, 4395, soudaignement, 2855, soubdeinement, T. xiii. 3. soufficance, soufficant, souffire, see sufficanea, &.c. souffle, s. 2853, breath, souffler, sufflar, soufler, v. n. 1347, 2849, 16653, breathe, blow : ■^'. 'Z- 9965, B. xxx. I (?), blow upon. soufflet, s. 16613, blowing. s(o)uflfrance, s. 13495, 17419, 28771. souffrir,suffi.'ir, ?'.(«. 2039, T. ix. 3,sofErir, 14064 ; 3^-./. soeflfre, i226,sou£Ere,2i62. souffreite, see suffreite. souffreitous, a. 7636, in want. sougit, see soubgit. souhaid, s. 5463, B. vi. 3, desire, souhaider, v. a. 26, B. xlvii. 2, desire, soul, soule, a. 25, 16768, D. ii. 4, / sole, soule, 7661, B. V. 1, alone, single. soul, adz'. 1322, only. sould, s., pi. souldz, 7329, shilling. soulein, solein, sovilain, a. y^, 718, 881, B. xvii. 3, alone. souleinamant, adv. 3788. soulement, adv. 59, 1387, B. viii. 3, only, even, souler, s. 1227, shoe, souloit, see soloir. soumme, see somma. soun, s. 412. soun, pass, a., see son. sounge, sounger, see songe, &c. soup(i)ar, s. 7909, 21380. souple, suple, a. 8882, 13428, yielding. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 553 soupler, suppler, v. a. 17600, B. xv. 2. souppe, s. 790S, sop. source, s. 67. sourd, a. 22203, deaf. sourdre, v. n. 2139, 3875, arise. sourris, s. 9956. soustenir, &c., see sustenir, iS:c. soutil, &.C., see soubtil, (S:c. soutz, see soubtz. souvenir, sovenir, v. n. 41, 913, come up (in the mind) : v. a. and rejfl. 4534, 741 1, 1 1438, remember, be mindful. so,u)venir, s. 6102, 28975, recollection, sovenance, s. 8244, B. xiii. 3. so vent, adv. 579, \^. iii. i, often. soventesfois, sovente fois, adv. 3656, 25274, often. soverein, souverein(z), a. 4810, 22775, B. viii. 4, f. souveraigne, 9336, su- preme. soverein, soverain, s. 76, 21 17, 9534, B. xxiv. 4, xlviii. 4 ; f. sovereine, 2117. soy, see soi. spelunce, s. 12873, cave, statue, s. 7093. (stair), V. n., 3 s. p. sta, 7108, stand: cp. estier. stipende, s. 20526. stole, s. 17054. stouppe, j\ T. iv. I, tow : cp. estouppe. streigner, (streindre), v. a. 7951, 8697, strain, compel. stupre, J-. 8669, rape. su, sui, suy, suismes, susmes, see estre. subit, a. T. ix. 3, sudden. subjeccio(u)n, subgeccioun, soubjec- cioun, J-. 3096, 16329, 29186, B. xxiv. 4. subsidie, s. 18992. substance, soubstance, s. 1736, 7807, 15966, wealth, substance. subtilitee, see soubtilite. subvertir, v. a. 2563, 3915. succher, sucher, I'.a. 7550, 12495, suck, sue, see soe. svief, a. and adv. 455, 16713, B. xxvii. 2, gentle, gently. suei% V. a. and n. 5378, 28674, sweat, suet, s. 26239, fat. suiB.ca(u)nce, sou£B.cance, s. 1738, 5682, 14499, 1^- iv. 2. sufficant, soufficant, a. 11988, 157 16. suflacer, V. 6884. sufllre, soufflre, v. n. 453, 791 , 4709, 5621, 6609, B. xxvi. 1, suffice, satisfy, be able : V. a. 6168, supply (?). suffler, see souffler. siifQure, s. 3754, 9472, breath, blowing, suffrance, suffrir, see soutfrance, &c. sviffreite, suffraite, s. 1807, 5347, soxif- freite, 6309, want, poverty. suflfrir, see souffrir. subgenay, s. 1241. suir, suier, v. a, and n. 2792 ; Zs .p. suyt, 629, suit, 1008 ; 3//. suioat, 8120 ; 3 j-. imp. suioit, 675 ; fut. suiera, 2906 ; pres.part. suiant, 877, T. ii. 2 : follow, suitier, s. 20501, follower. sulphre, s. 11 490, sulphur. sultif, a. 3784, 10609, lonely. suour, s. \^A,'zi, sweat. superflual, a. 710, 8482, 8525, surfeiting, overflowing. superfluement, adv. 8382, superfluer, v. n. 8360, 22314. superfluete, superfluite, s. 8328 (R), 8342. superiouTjC/. 8997, T. vii. i : le superiour, 23443, the supreme, suple, see souple. sviploier, see supplier, supplant, j'. 3304, supplanting, supplantacioun, s. 3290, supplantement, s. 3332, supplanter, v. a. 3294, supplantour, s. 3464, suppler, see soupler. supplicacio(u)n, s. 10241, B. xxiv. 4. supplier, sup(p)loier, v. n. and a. 3350, 7580, B. ix. 5, X. 3, bend, entreat, pray for. suppoer, V. a. 16924, support. supponer, v. 13102, 16919, support. support, s. 7417, 13061. supportement, s. 13 128. supporter, v. a, 260, B. iii. 3 ; Z ^- P- sup- port, 1 243 1. supposer, v. 5491. sux, prep. 221, B, vi, 4, a^xvGvesea,nt, pres. pari. 1 5630, increasing, surcrois, s. 3803, 20526, increase, surplus. surdoloir, v. n. 8300, suffer afterwards. sure, adv. 4750, 10763 : see Notes. surfaire, v. n. 8330, make a surfeit, surfait, s. 8329, surfeit. surgir, v. n. 4919, rise. Surien, Sirien, {pi.) 22017 ff., Ciriens, '°^'4- ... , surjoir, v. n. 14205, rejoice beyond measure. surmetre, v. 11910, reproach, surmonter, v. a. and n. 752, 13304, B. xlvi. I, overcome, surpass, suronder, v. a. 8199, overflow. 554 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES surplus, s. 1 1 784, B. xxxix. i, abundance, fulness, profit ; de surplus, 17960, over and above, surprendre, 7'. a. 3274. surquerre, v. a., 3 s. />. surquiere, 5295, 7065, 7548, enquire after, come upon, surquidable, a. 1864, overweening, surquidance, s. 1633. surquide, a. 1561, overweening. surquider, 7'. 1699, think overweeningly. surquider(s), s. 1453, overweening man. surquiderie, s. 1443. surquidous, n. 1495. surquidousement, tith'. 1546. Surrie, 2377, 22034, 22333, Syria. siirvenir, z>. a. and ?/. 92 1 , 1 269, B. envoy ; 3 JT. p?-eL survient, 4561 ; 3 //. sur- veneront, 11019: come, come upon. surveoir, survoir, survoier, v. a. 4881, 8991, 29883, survey, oversee, sus, ad7'., de sus en jus, 1482, sus et jus, B. xvi. I, la sus, 15420 : up. Siisanne, 17470. suslivrer, v. a. 6473, withdraw. susnomer, ?'. a. 10729, name above, suspeeioun, s. 8818. suspir, s. 42, B. xlvii. 4, sigh. suspii-er, v. n. 621, B. xxxviii. 2. suspirer, i-. 29380, sighing. susprendre, v. a. 305, 1 543, 8988, B. ix. 2, seize, induce, affect with love, sustenir, soustenir, ?'. a. 478, 10689, B. xvi. I. sustenir, j. 24127, sustenance. sustentacioun, s. 16235, support, sustentif, a. 14410, sustaining. sustenue, s. 16238, sustenance, sustienance, soustienance, sustenance, ■*■• 5532, 7472, B. xvi. 2. sustienement, J. 11 60. sustraire, ?'. a. 96, withdraw, sy, ad7'. 26\7(),fi>r si or ey. sye, s. 13838, sickle. symonie, see simonie. T tabernacle, s. 161 96. table, -f. 961. tache, teche, s. 1231, 2717, 8767, mark, stain, quality. tachous, a. 9255, spotted. taiqant, taisant, a. 10135, 13459, silent, taillage, j-. 22322, tax. taille, s. 19448, 25724, tally, length. tailler, 7'. a. 8477, cut ; se tailler, 8366, 19447, 23962, prepare oneself, behove, be ordered. taire, tere, v. n. and reji. 2018, 18349, B. xiv. 2 ; 3 .y. pret. taist, 417 1 ; pres. part, tesant, 2633. taisant, see taicant. tal, sec tiel. talent, s. 22, B. xix. 3, inclination, will. talenter, v. n. 1445, 14102, B. xvi. 4, have desire, be pleasing. Tamise, 4162, 25253, 261 19. tanconi(ni)e,tantcomrae, (T^^^y. 31 22, 5 598, 15658, B. iv.* I, tant eom, B. ii. 2, tant eonime, 3034, while, when : tant comepluis . . . tant plus, B.vii. i, the more . . . the more. tanque, tanqe, conj. 2531, B. vii. i, xiii. 4, tant que, 3024, until ; tanq' en, 8577, T. xiii. I, into ; tanqu' a, 8555, up to. tansoulement, adv. 5098, B. xvi. i, tant- soulement, 562, only. tant, a. 43, B. vi. 2, xli. i ; en tant, xii. 2 : par tant, 119, 10351, B. xxxii. 2, in consequence, in order (that) : (ne) tant ne qant, 3654, 23358, (not) anything, (not) at all. tant, adv. 2, B. iv. 3 ; see tancomnie, tanque. Tantali, 7622, of Tantalus, tantost, adv. 89, B. xi. 2. tantsoulement, see tansoulement. tapicer, 7>. a. 25826, carpet. tapir, V. n. 3525, lie concealed. tapiser, v. a. 4521, conceal: v. 71. 19424, 21 167, hide, lie hid. tarcel, s. B. xxxv. 4, male falcon, tard, tart, a. and adv. 5202, B. ix. i, 3, XXV. I. tardement, ad7'. 17782. tarder, 7>. a. T. xiv. 3, delay : v. n., tant luy tarde, 10642, so eager is he. tardis, a. 5536, slow. targer, see tarier. tariance, s. 4029, 1432 1, vexation, delay, tarier, targer, 7'. «. 500, 5585, 15651, delay. Tarquin(s), T. x. 2. tart, see tard. Tartaric, 23895. tasse, s. 1 5643. tast, s. 26066, 26884, touch, taste, taster, 7'. a. 801 1, 9383, feel, taste. tavei'nage, s. 16449, 26031. taverne, s. 6285. taverner, v. a. 25999, retail (wine, &c.). GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 555 taverner, i-. 8265, 20690; /. tavernere, 9S25 : tavern-keeper, frequenter of taverns. tay, s. 23430, mud. teche, see tache. Teehel, 22748. techele, a. 9254, spotted. teille, s. 5217, sheet. teindre, 7'. a. 29107, dye. teint, a. 3661, 13686, dyed, defiled. teinte, s. 26030, colour. tel(l;e, see tiel. temperance, s. 15280. temperat, a. 15281. tempeste, s. 984, B. xxx. i. tempestement, s. 14335, waging. tempester, v. n. and rejl. 1350, 26822, B. xxx. I, rage, be disturbed: v. a. 6440, do violence to. temple, s. 1083, T. x. 3. temporal, temporiel, a. 6122, 7375. tempre, ^?. 5202, B. ix. 3, early. temprer, v. a. 11829, B. 1. 2, T. xiii. I, control, temper. temps, s. 939, D. ii. 3, par temps, 5621, long temps, B. xxiii. 3. temptacio(u)n, s. 410, 495. temptement, s. 698, temptation. tempter, v. a. 1 50. tenant, a. 10138, 21371, grasping, ob- stinate. tencable, a. 4235, contentious. tencant, a. 10134, contentious. tencer, v. n. 1175, 4049, contend: v. a. 4170, 15750, contend with, urge. tencer, s. 4216, strife. tenceresse, a.f. 4122, contentious. tencerie, .v. 4245, contention. ten9o(u)ii, s. 4070, 13456, contention. tendre, -v. a. 432, 2722, ofifer. tendre, a. 2S35, B. xviii. i. tendrement, adv. 12973. tendresce, s. 5296, B. xliv. 4. tendrete, s. 5352, delicacy. tenebre, s. 3273, jz^/. 29715, darkness. tenebrour, s. 6807, darkness. tenebrous, a. 25322, dark. tenement, s. 20613, habitation. tenir, v. a. and ;z. D. i. 2 ; 2 s. p. tien, 27569 ; 3 s. pret. tint, 3322, tient, 4565, 9816 ; fut. tendray, tendrai, 26298, B. xliv. 3; ■^s.p.subj.ti&^nQ, ii,tiene, 1148. tente, s. 4286. tenure, s. 91 17, 22901, 27500, keeping, property, keynote (?) tere, see taire. Tereiis, T. xii. i. terme, s. 24494, term, period. termine, j. 161 51, 25679, limit, order. terminer, v. a. 1480, B. i. 3 : v. n. 1249. terminer, s. 3107, end. Ternagant, 22324. terrage, s. (i), 26047, clearing of wine(?) terrage, s. (2), 29639, burial. terre, j-. 171, D. i. 2,//. (lands) 6199. terremoete, s. 4522, earthquake. terrere, s. 358, earth. terrestre, terreste, a. 974, 5069, B. vii. 4, earthly : les terrestes, la terrestre, 10723, 18639, the earth, the land. terr(i)en, a. 7472, 12225, earthly. terrin(e), a. 1306, 18 10, earthly. terrour, s. 4843. Tersites, 233698". tes, see ton. tesmoign(e), s. 6327, 28708, B. v. 3, witness ; 6725, evidence. tesmoignal, a. 3285, 25 no, witness-bear- ing. tesmoignance, s. 2090. tesmoigner, v. a. and n. 51, 1823, B. xxxi. 3, bear witness, bear witness of. testament, s. 7249. teste, 5-. 3519, head. testier, s. 25079, head. text, s. 5156: cp. tistre. Thelogonus, T. vi. 3. Theseus, B. xliii, i. Thimotheu, 11989. Thobie (i), 10267, 11185, I44i3> 15445. 1 5471, 15674, Tobit. Thobie (2j, 17704, Tobias. Tholom6, 12452. Thomas, (saint), 28821, 29205. throne, i-. 6450, 17048. tiel, tal, /. tiel(l)e, tel(l)e, a. 105, 803, 4057, 9293- 9557, ^' i- 2, tieu, 202, 556 ; //. tiels, B. XXV. 2, tieux, 419, tieus, 6636, tieu, 1273, tielles, 8633 : such, many a one. tielement, adv. loi, B. iii. 2. tiers, tierce, Jiitin. a. 250, 1441, 3655, B. xlix. 3 ; au tierce (of time), 5209. tieu, see tiel. tiffer, V. a. 18328, decorate. tigre(s), i'. 1563, 6853. timour, s. 11 175, fear. tine, s. 5717, moth. tirannie, tirandie, s. 15566, 23234. tirant, s. 2428, B. xxvii. 2 : a. 6252. Tirelincel, 5205. 556 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES tirer, v. a. 787, 1310, 3092, draw, take in, tear: v. n. and rcjl. 5564, 6161, approach. tisoiu)n, s. 7054, 16739, firebrand, tistre, s. 7483, 27192, text, title, s. 4590. toi, toY, pron. 437, 532, 634, B. iv.* i, 3. toise, s. 1 6291, stretch. toison, s. 3726, T. viii. I. toll, s. 2S722. tollage, s. 4711, 6518, 15071, toll, takings. tollir, V. a. 2203 ; 1 s. p. tols. 2206 ; 3 s. tolt, 1160, B. xxii. 2 ; 3 J', pret. tollist, 6981; pret. subj. tolsist, 7164; pp. tollu, 1086 : take away. ton, tovin.., poss. a. 139, 533, B. iv.* 2, tes (jm^.) 29512, B. iv.* 3; /ta, 465, B. xlii. I ; pi. tes, 467, B. iv.* 2. tonaire, s. 4851, thunder. tondre, v. a. 20761, shave, chp. tonell(e), tonel, s. 5252, 8292, 20692; //. tonealx, 8403, T. xv. 2, tonell, 8327 : cask. tor, s. 1466, bull. torment, see tourment. torner, tourner, v. a. 68, 2856, B. xix. i : V. 71. 1487, 3171, B. xlviii. 2 : turn, change. tort, a. 3506, 4740, crooked, wrong, tort, s. 140, 2443, wrong, injustice: au tort, 131 18. cp. atort. \.o%t, adv., bien tost, 121, 913, T. vii. 2, plus tost, 1908, B. viii. i, cp. plustost. touche, j\ 25536. toucher, touchier, v. a. 216, 5218, B. xlv. I. toucher, s. 1520, touch, toun, see ton. tour (i), s. 1256, tower, tour (2), s. 926, 1300, 1674, 3516, 15088, turn, round, kind, conclusion, deed : au chef de (du) tour, 1500, 3420, in the end : un autre tour, 10847, in another way. tourdre, v. a. 18595, torment : v, ». 20265, turn. tourmentfe), torment, s. 3598, 9682 ; pi. tourmens, 3801, tormentz, B. i. 3 : torment, storm. tourmenter, v. n. 13735, 13880, rage, whirl about. tourmentour, j. 13992. tournant, s. 2637, turning, tourner, see torner. tournoy, s. 11 469. Tousseins, s. 8702, All Saints' day. tout, a. 4. B. iv. 3, 4; //. tout, 362, B. xiv. I, toutz, 18432, D. ii. 5, tous, 17, /. toutes, B. iv. I : par tout, 273, &ic. tout, adv. 224, B. V. I ; ove tout, 4, 12240: see note on 11354. toutdis, toutdiz, toutdys, adv. 187. 3805, D. i. 2, B. ix. I, C, toutditz. toutdits, B. i. 2, 3, always. toutdroit, adv. 3141, straight. toutplein, a. 11404, 13874. toutplein, s. 25276, 28454, B. xxxvii. 2, tout plein, 74, 1 102 1, a quantity, a great number. toutptiissant, a. 116. toy, see toi. trace, s. 4361, 9018, way, footsteps, com- pany. Trace, T. xii. i. tracer, v. a. 4360. trahir, v. a. 146, B. xlii. I. traicier, traicour, s. 25035, 25060. traire, see trere. trait, s. 1 780 1, stroke. traiter, see treter. traitie, s. T. (title), treatise. traitre(s), s. and a. 168, 1532, 3572, traitor, treacherous. tramettre, v. 408, B. ix. 2, send. transcourir, v. a. 15 108. transfigurer, v. a. 14770. transformer, v. a. T. xii. 3. transgKoluter, v. a. 2342, 27078, swallow. transmigracioun, s. 10326, exile. transmvier, v. a. 1894, change. transmutacioun, s. 28419. transmuter, v. a. 3839, change. transporter, v. a. 6834. travaiKDer, v. a. 1207, 5130, B. vii. 2, trouble, disturb: v. n. 1214, 1367, C, (travaillier), labour, journey. traval(s), travail, s., pi. travauls. travals, 7, 68, 3702, 5601, 14278. trouble, labour. travers, a. 4089, contrary: au travers. 6143, on the contrary, 16730, through. treacle, see triacle. treble, a. 12325, three-fold. trecher, v. n. 17611. treine [\), s. 9957 (?). treine (2), s. 25553, 25745, trick, con- trivance. treiner, v. a. 6560, 8575, draw. trembler, v. n. and refi. 723, 6367. trenchant, a. 2786. trenchant, s. 26995, edge. trente, 7iuiii. 2S633. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 557 trere, traire, v. a. and n. 42, 179, 2728 ; I s. p. tray, 2761 ; 3 s. tret, 2837, trait, 12394 ; imp. trahoit, 4196 ; fut. trera, 8080 ; 3 pi. pi-es. subj. treont, 9288 : draw, pull, endure, bring forth. tresamourous, a. 10684. tresardant, a. 10568. tresauctentique, a. 3336. tresbeal(s), a. B. xii. 3, xxii. 3, tresbelle, 1246, B. vii. I. tresbenigne, a. 3123. tresbien, adv. 1373, B. xxxv. 3. tresbon, a. 9104. tresbuscher, v. a. 3456, cast down : v. 71. 1 87 1, fall. tresehier, a. 773. tresclier, a. 3646. trescovert, a. 3473, very secret. trescruelement, adv. 7179. tresdigne, a. B. xiii. 2. tresdolorous, a. 9503. tresdouls, a. i^T^i B. iv.* 3, xix. 2. tresdur, a. 1 1 198. tresentier, adv. B. ix. I, wholly. tresentierement, adv. B. xxxiv. 2. tresepoentablement, adv. 2676. tresfals, a. 3392, B. xxv. i. tresfel, a. 3424. tresfier, a. 2535. tresfierement, adv. 700. tresfin, a. 13207, B. xvii. I. tresfol, a. 701. tresfort, a. 4236. tresfrel, a. 18053. tresfresseh, a. B. xxxi. 4. tresgent, a. B. xii. i. tresgentil, a. B. ix. 5. tresget, j-. 6379, fraud. tresgeter, tresjeter, v. a. 1389, 5633, cast, put off. tresgrant, a. B. iv. 3. treshalt, a. B. vi. i. treshonourable, a. 17172. treshumble, a. 12423. tresjeter, see tresgeter. tresmal, a. 2695. tresmalvois, a. 209. tresmeulx, a. 13204, best of all. tresmol, a. 13425, very gentle. tresmortiel, a. 15983. tresnoble, a. B. xiii. 2. treson, tresoun, s. 638, 6734, T. ix. 3. tresor, s. 1083. tresord, a. 9638, very foul. tresorer(8), s. 295, treasurer. tresorie, s. 15676. tresoublier, ?'. a. 623, forget utterly. tresparmy, prep. 1767, right through: adv. 4148, throughout, trespas, s. 562, transgression. trespercer, trespercier, ?'. a. 3620, B. vi. I, xviii. 3, xliv. 2, pierce through. trespei'sant, a. 1766, piercing, tresplus, adv. T. x. i, most, trespovere, a. B. xx. 4. tresprecious, a. 13275. tressage, a. 22154. tressaint(z), a. 2928S, B. xxi, 2. tressallir, 7/. ??., i s. p. tressaille, 25985 ; 3 s. tressalt, 5822, B. vii. 2 : leap, omit, tresseintisme, a. T. v. 2, supremely sacred. tressoubtil, a. 14794. trestout, a. and s. 28, 113, B. iv.* 4; p/. trestoiit, 658, B. xxxi. 4, trestous, 206, 713 : all, every. trestout, ad7^. 198, D. i. 3, wholly. tresvilain, a. 2439. tresvilement, adv. 1236. treter, traiter, z'. a. and n. 2051, 2509, 7222, 9467, consider, treat, treat of, deal with, have dealings. triacle, treacle, ^. 2522, 35 5 1-, 13957, remedy (for poison). triacler, s. 4294, remedy. tribe, s. 22010. triboler, 7/. a. 3537, 23288, torment : v. n. 19892, be disturbed. tribulacioun, s. 690. tribut, s. 1S630. trichant, s. 15 199, fraudulent person, triche, s. 6541, 25239 ff., trickery, fraud, tricheour, s. 671, B. xii. 3, deceiver. tricher, trichir, v. a. 368, 261 10, defraud, deceive: 7'. «. 6530, 15199. tricher (i), s. 6319, trickery. tricher (2), s. 6538, / trichere, 3501, deceiver. tricherie, s. 145, 6506, fraud, deceit, treachery. tricherous, a. 213, 6517, B.xliii. I,T. iv. 2. tricherousement, adv. 17636. trieus, see trover, trinite, s. 29083. trist, s. 12942, sorrow. triste(s), a. 13014, B. xxxii. 2. tristement, adv. 172. tristesce, s. 1290. tristour, s. 756, B. ix. 4, sadness. Tristrans, B. xliii. 3, T. xv. i. troeffe, trviflfe, J. 11407, 1 1945, deceit, mockery. 558 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES troeve, see trover. Troian, 22168, Trajan. Troie, 23367, B. xv. 2. Troilus, Troylus, 5254, B. xx. 3. trois, troi, troy, num. 6574. 7889, B.xlix.2. trop, adv. 124, B. ix. i, much, very, too (much): le trop, 12791. trote, s. 8713, 17900, old woman, hag. troter, v. 11. 26085, trip. trouble, a. 141 76, disturbed. troubleisovin, s. 4693, disturbance. ti'ovibler, 7'. a. 3883, disturb. trover, trouver, troever, v. a. 775, 7363, B. xiii. I, XX. 2 ; i s. p. truis, truiss, 1 1 2, B. xxii. 2, trieus, B. xix. 3, xxxix. 2, troeve, xx. i ; 3 j-. truist, 2 121, B. xxi. 3, trove, 1553, 1691. troy, see trois. Troylus, see Troilus. truage, s. 6909, 21424, tribute. truandie, j-. 5798, beggary. truandise, s. 5406, beggary, idleness. truant, s. 3659, 5284, 19039, vagabond, rogue. trufFe, see troeffe. trunc, s. 12472, trunk (of a tree). tVL,pro)i. 444, B. iv.* I ; te, 3S7, B. iv.* 2. tue, poss. a. 5075, 29732 ; la tue, 281 1 1. tuer, V. a. 390, T. viii. 3. tuicioun, s. 23782, defence. Tulles, Tullius, Tulle, 3361, 3505, 4393, 7393, 8677, 9614, 12805, 13925, 14674, 15955, 15997, 22982. turelle, s. 8282, 19432, tower, turtel, s. 7808, pastry. turtre, s. 17882. turtle-dove. turturelle, s. 29931, turtle-dove. tynel, s. 8409. TJ u, cotrj. 321, D. i. 3, ou, 11023, u que, 135, T. XV. 2, u qe, 28291, B. v. 4, uque, 5334, B. XV. 3, where, wherever. u = au, 1314. u = ou, (or), 1 1459. Uluxes, 16674, I^- ^^^- 2. T. vi. 3. umbil, s. T]'&1. navel. umbre, see ombre. un sj, man. and «;/. 25, 34, ]>. v. i, xi. I, 2: indef. pron. 10623, 107 19, T. xv. 2. unde, see onde. unicorn, s. 2101. unir, 7/. a. 20573, B. iv. I, unit6(s), s. 3862. universal(s), universel, a. 61 21, B. vr. margin. universite, s. T. xviii. 4, community. unq(u)es, adv. 856, 1639, B. xviii. 2, T. x. I, ever, never. unszeine, s. 29203, (company of) eleven, uque, see u. uree, see urse. Urie, 4967, T. xiv. I. urse, uree, s. 2125, 9894, bear : cp. ours, urtie, s. 3538, B. xxxvi. 3, nettle. us, s. 1 66 1, 3460, use. usage, s. 3429. usance, s. 2950, usage, user, 7'. a. 7666, use, wear, usure, s. 7213, usury. usurer, s. 7227. usurer, v. n. 7303, practise usury. va, V. n. i)nperat. B. xxxvi. 4; i jr. p. vois. 440, 8209 ; 2 s. vas, 500 ; 3 .f. va, 909, B. ii. I, vait, 149, B. ii. i, voit, 4858 : 3 pi. vont, T. X. 3 ; 3 s. p. subj. voise, 2S276 ; 3 pi. voisent, 28251. vacherie, s. 3448, cows. v^&g&Xit, pres. part. 17846, wandering. Vago, 12045, Bagoas. vail(l)able, a. 11881, 13567, worthy, valuable. vaillance, s. 13845, value. vail(l)ant, a. 1 1694, B. xliv. i, T. xvi. i. vain, see vein. vainement, adv. 8006. vair, a. 935, B. xii. 3, grey. vair, s. 20475. vaisseal, j-. 3933 ; //. vaissealx, 4495. vait, see va. val, vail, s. 4881, 5593, 29S96. val6e, s. 29691. Valeire, 18302, 19981. Valentin, (saint), 13. xxxiv. i, xxxv. i. Valentinian(s), 17090, T. xvi. i. vail, see val. vallettoun, s. 8644, man-servant. valoir, v. 71. 9433, B. v. 2 ; 3 s. p. vait, 602, B. xiv. 2, vaille, 15276, vale. 15792; 3 pi- vaillent, 7448, valont, 18008 ; ////. valra, 5514; pret. sithj. valsist, 1 198. valour, s. \i^i„ D. ii. 5, B. v. 2, worth. value, s. 95. vanit6, s. 1204. vantance, s. 1968, boasting. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 559 vantant, a. 1829, arrogant, vanteour, s. 1741, boaster, vanter, v. n. and rejl. 1742, 1778, venter, 10921. vanterie, s. 1826. vantpai'ler, v. ti. 2497, boast. vantparlour, s. 510, boaster. vapour, s. 4838. variance, s. 5465, B. xiii. 2. variant, a. 11601, changing. varlet, s. 1963, servant. vassal(s), ^. 2854, 3706, 29446, D. i. 3, vassal, servant, fellow, warrior. vassel(l)age, vassallage, i-. 2535, 5504' 11961, 229S9, courage, prowess. vavasour, s. 7229, vassal, veey, interj. 3172, 25296: cp. vei cy under veoir. vedve, see vieve. veer, v. 8279, forbid, veeu, vei, see veoir. veie, see voie. veille, s. 22208, sail. veil(l)er, v. 7i. 2888, 8008, be awake, veilour, s. 12571, watcher. vein, vain, a. 1201, 1206, 7768, B. xvi. 2, vaine, (veine) gloire, 1201 fif., en vein (vain), 2130, B. xxiv. i, T. xvii. 3, vein glorious. 1 1 123. veine, s. 9488, 10832, vein, manner, veintre, (venquer), %>. a. 1472, T. xvi. 2 ; 3 s. p. veint, 6215, T. xvi. i, venque, 18238 ; 3 s. pret. venquist, venqui, 3742, 16780 ; pp. vencu, venqu, 2383, 22013: win, overcome. veir, see veoir. veisdye, s. 3356, stratagem. veisin, see voisin. veisine, s. f. 2824 : cp. voisin. veisin6e, s. 7135, neighbourhood. venant, s. S835, coming, veneu, see veintre. vendable, a. 24476, for sale, vendant (1), j-. 7430, seller. vendant (2), s. 25755, selling, venderdy, s. 28704. vendre, v. a. 6291 \ ^ s. p. vent, 6304, T. XV. 2. veneisoun, s. B. xxi. 2, chase, veneour, see venour. venerie, s. 20314, hunting. vengalDle, a. 13950, revengeful, vengance, vengeance, s. 18S0, T. v. 3, ix. I. vengant, a. 5009, avenging. vengeisoun, s. T. xii. 3, vengeance. vengement, s. 3281, 4415, vengeance, venger, v. a. 387, 4595, T. viii. i, xii. 2, avenge, carry out (a purpose). venim, venym, s. 2783, 2851, venom, venimous, a. 3480. venir, v. n. 4097 \ t, s. p. vient, 178, B. ii. I ; 3 //. vienont, B. ii. i ; 3 s. pret. vint, 78, B. xxvi. 3, venist, 18797, vient, 4564 : 3 //. vindront, 840 (R); fiff. vendrai, 6330, B. vii. 3, verrai, 18876; p. subj. viene, 4097, viegne, 7269, veigne, 8917. venir, i'. 14288, coming. Venise, 25249. venour, veneour, s. 1568, 8947, hunter. venque, see veintre. venqueour, s. 14369, victor, venquist, see veintre. vent, s. 1365, B. xix. 3; jurer vent et voie, 5794. vente, s. 8922, 13779, sale, venter (i), 7'. a. and n. 3023, 9650, blow upon, blow. venter (2), see vanter. ventous, a. 22108, windy. ventre, s. 3532, 13233, belly, womb. venue, s. 427, 14356, B. viii.- 2, coming, retinue. Venus, 971, 8412, 20695, B. xxxvi. i. venym, see venim. veoir, voir, veir, vir, v. a. 1391, 4179, 6162, 28221, 15. vi. 2 ; I s. p. voi, voy, 43, 9762, B. xiv. 2, voie, B. iii. 2, xii. i ; 2 J-. veis, 23512; \ pi. veons, 7914; 2 //.veietz, 20047 ! 3/''- voient, voiont, 3243, 3263 ; imp. veoit, T. xiv. 2 ; I .y. pret. vi, 925, B. xxiii. i ; 2 .y. veias, 29138 ; 3 s. vit, 275, vist, 278; 3 pi. viront, 9244 ; 2 s. i)iiperat. vei, 9206, (vei ci, 2704, vei la, 1 265 ) ; pres. part. voiant, B. xxxviii. 2 ; pp. veu, 2387, veeii(z), 1090, B. xxxix. 3. ver(s), s. 3922, worm : cp. verm, verai, sec verrai. se verdoier, v. B. xv. 3, grow green, verdure, s. 941, B. vii. 3. verge, vierge, .f. 41 15, 26896, 29932, rod, twig. vergiere, s. 18232, rod. vergoigne, s. 1685, 11900, B. xl. 3. vergoignous, <:7. 11933, 16909, ashamed, modest. vergonder, vergunder, v. 11. 9228, 11955, be ashamed : v. a. 20028, shame ; pp. vergonde, 1205 1, ashamed. vergondous, a. 9245, ashamed. s6o GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES vergondousement, adv. 10606, modestly. vergunder, see vergonder. veritable, a. 1799, B. xxix. 2. verit§, s. 2244, B. xl. 3. verm, s. 1 130 : cp. ver(s). vermail. j. 29107. vermaile, a. 18763, red. vermine, s. 1 3362, creeping things, vermin. ver(r)ai, verray, a. 1056, 6725, B. ix. i, xxvii. I, true. verraiment, adv. B. xlix. 2. verre, s. 4241, glass. verrour, s. 670, truth. verrure, s. 21428, glazing. ■vevB,prefi. 728, 2714, 4688, B.x. i, towards, to, agamst. vers, s. 26932. verser, v. a. 988. vert, a. 17S94, B. xxxvi. i. vertir, 7'. 6415; 35-./. verte, 6821: change. vertu, s. 1454, 3385, 7169, D. i. 3, B. ix. 5, virtue, quality, power, vertuer, 7'. 7934, store with virtue (?). vertuol^s, a. 1640, B. xxxi. 2. vertuousenient, virtuousement, adv. 12281, 12713. vespre, s. 8554, vespers. vespree, s. 3647, evening. vesquiront, see vivre. vessell, .y. 132 15. vessellement, j. 7 1 84, 24748, vessels, plate, vesseller (i), s. 25534, maker of plate, vesseller (2), s. 25829, plate, vestement, s. 173. vestir, v. a. iioo, 5313, B. xv. 3, clothe, put on, wear. vesture, s. 1231. veue, vieue, s. 1099, 1765, 25293, sight, power of seeing, view. viaire, s. 2710, face, viande, s. 173. viandour, s. 12955, provider of food, vice (i), J. 259, fault. vice (2), s. 5486, function, vicious, a. 1097. victoire, s. 1557, D. ii. 5. victorial(s), a. 28897, victorious, victorious, a. T. xi. i. vie, s. 386, B. iv. i. viel, a. 2416, B. xlii. 2 ; /. viel(l)e, 2390, 7209, T. iii. 2. vielard(z), s. 5567. vielesce, s. S577- vierge(s) (i), s. 2942, 16928, virgin, vierge (2), s. see verge. vieve, vedve, s. 6871, 15464, widow. vif(s), a. 2345, B. ix. 3, alive. vigile, s. 5310, 14108, watching. vigour, s. 6644, B. xxii. 2, strength. vil(s), a. 48, 209. vilain(s), see vileinfs). vilainement,vilaynenient,«(^/7/.i 70, 4023. vilanie, see vileinie. vile, see ville. vilein(s), vilainrs),^. 1318, 1599, B. xxvii. 4, base, villainous, uncourteous. vilein, s. 2 131. vile(i)nie,vilainye, vilanie, s. 2184, 2440, 2628, 12778, D. ii. 3, B. xxi. I ff. vilement, adv. 108, 2392. viler, 7'. a. 27255, blame. ville, vile, .f. 4441, 6290, house, town. vilte, s. 1407, vileness. vin, s. 919. vine, vyne, s. 2201, 6776, vineyard. vinegre, s. 26088. vinement, s. 10652, vintage. viner's), s. 10652, vine-grower. vingt, nu;>!. 2551 1. viole, s. 16942, viol. violence, s. 6847. violent, a. 215. violer, t. a. 7192. violette, s. 16938. vir, see veoir. virer, v. n. and reji. 10942, 28061, B. xx. I, turn, change. Virgile, 14726. virginal, a. 16933. virgine, s. 8728, B. Ii. i. virginite, s. 8747, 16828, T. xii. 2. vis, J-. 2636, face. visage, j'. 1 196, B. xix. i, face, person. viscaire, s. 18620, vicar. viseonte, s. 24819, sheriff. viscous, a. 7060, sticky. visioun, s. 12033, sight. visitacioun, s. 24998. visitant, s. 21329. visiter, v. a. 11094, B. ix. 2. visitour, s. 12954. vistement, adv. 24697, quickly. vistesce, s. 14200, 15798, quickness, ac- tivity. vitaille, s. 5826. vitaillement, .v. 2631 1, supply of food. vitailler, v. a. 8365, supply with food. vitaill(i)er, j'. 17979, 26228, provider of food, victualler. vituperie, s. 2967. vivant, s. 443, 5806, life, (means of) living. GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 561 vivant, a. and s. 2049, 3478, T. ii. 2, living, living creature. vivement, s. 2205, livelihood. vivre, vivere, v. ?i. 2205, B. ix. 5, xxiii. 2; I J', ^.vive, B. ii.2 ; 3 j. /. vit, 4977, B. xvi. I ; 2 J. pfef. vesquis, 29610; 3 pi. vesquiront, 18276 ; fiit. viverai, 3879, B. iv.* I. vo, vos, pass. a. D. i. 3, ii. 4, B. ix. i, xi. 3 ; pi. vos, voz, 1 1407, D. i. 2. voegle, a. 2926, blind. voeglesce, s. 10624, blindness. voiage, s. 161 67. voiant, s. 1759, sight. void, see vmd. voie, s. 528, 1929, B. viii. I, way; donner voie, 18338, give way ; toute voie, 16327, B. iii. 4, toutes veies, 10120, always, nevertheless : en voie, see envoie. voiette, s. 5819, path. voill, s. 28760, veil. voir, see veoir. voir(8), a. and s. 391, B. v. 3, true, truth ; du voir, pour voir, 383, 1495, truly. voir, adv. 4080, even. voirdire, v. n. 618, 790, speak truly. voirdire, s. 26547, truth-speaking. voirdisant, s. 24683, truth-speaking. voirement, adv. 15, B. xxxiv. 4, truly. vois, s. 2807, B. xvii. 3, voice. vois, voisent, see va. voisin, veisin, s. 1304, 2825, 3243. voisinage, s. 1S21, pi. 61 12, neighbour- hood, neighbours. volable, a. B. xxix. I, ready to fly. volage, a. S^^7i B. xix. 3, T. xvii. 2, unre- strained, fickle, worthless. volant, a. 12862, flying. volatil(l), s. 26282, 26672, birds. volcis, a. 22088, (vaulted), dark (?). volenti, s. 144, B. viii. 2. volent(i)ers, adv. 1692, 1933. voler, V. n. and rejl. 1855, 5442, B. viii. I, xxxiv. 4, fly. voloir, V. n., i s. p. VTiil(l), 15, 437, B. iv.* 1, 4 ; 2s. voes, 448, voels, 13644 ; 3 s. voet, 10, B. ii. 2, veot, 2358, volt, 72, B. x. 3, voelt, 1 1927 ; 2 pi. vuillez, 838, voletz, 16799; 3 j?^A vuillont, 1294; 2 s. z'mp. voloit, 176, volait, 13763; 2 s. pret. vols, 2598 ; 3 s. volt, 487 ; fut. voldrai, B. vii. 4; 3 j. voldra, T. v. 3, veuldra, 7558, voTildra, 8871, vorra, 646, volra, 1 1626; cond. voldroit, B. i. 3, veuldroit, 7175, vorroit, 1060, volroit, 25778 ; p. subj. vuille, 14122 ; pret. subj. volsist, 2268, volt, 327. voloir, s. 143, B. ii. 2. voloy, s. 10709, flight. volsure, s. 21427, vaulting, volum, s. 6484. volupier(s), s. 8719. vomit, vomite, s. 2752, 2755. vomitement, s. 4435. vorage, s. 7761, whirlpool, vos, see vo. vostre, poss. a. 22, D, i. 2, B. i. 4. vou, s. 17305, vow. voucher, v. a. 9972, summon, vouer, vuir, v. 4559, 12175, vow, dedicate. ■vouB, pron. 33, D. i. i. voy, see veoir. vrai(s), vray, a. 2084, B. iv.* 4, xxxvi, 2. vuid, void, a. 36, 7728, B. xvi. 2, empty, vuidance, s. 18879, vacancy, vuidement, adv. 20068. vuider, v. a. 7296, 25445, empty, take away, vuill, s. 71, 4927, will, vuir, see vouer. W "CTrarder, 2>. a. 5425, keep, way, wai, s. 2185, T. x. r, woe. Westmoustier, 24281, 24349. y, i, adv. 283, B. ix. 2, xxi. 3 ; y ad, 449, there is. ycell, see icell. yceste, see iceste. yci, see id. ydole, s. 7610. ydropesie, s. 28567, dropsy. Ydumea, 5006. ymage, image, s. 532, B. xv. 4, xxiv. 2. ymagerie, s. 1 119, ornament, ymaginacioun, J'. 1680, ymaginant, s. 1187, contriver, ymaginer, imaginer, t'. a. 638, 2822, 4388, B. vi. 3, imagine, devise, invent, ymaginer, s. 14780, imagination. Ynde, 29322, T. vii. i. yndois, a. 10095, dark blue, jrpocras, s. 26080. ypocrisie, see ipocresie. o o s62 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PROPER NAMES ypocrite, see ipocrite. Ysaie, Isaie, 1 127, 1280, 1285, 1627, 1833, 2185, 2441, 2665,451°' 4753. 5017,6386, 6451, 6865, 7455, 8053, 8269, 11197, ii535, 15565, 15690,16729,20041,23071, 24481, 24542, 24769. Ysis, T. X. 3. YtaUle, 18678. ytant, 11 188, pour ytant, in that case. ytiel, see itiel. yvere(8), see yvre(8). jrvereisoun, s. 12028, drunkenness. yveresce, iveresce, s. 921, 81 15 ff., 8293. yvern, yver, see ivern. yvemage, a. 221 13, wintry. STTor, s. 7147, ivory. yvre(s), yvere(s), a. 4918, 8233, drunk. Z Zacharie, Zakarie, 4237, 6482, 20040. ADDENDA The following words and references are added here, having been omitted in their proper places : — assent, s. 489, B. xxxiv. i. assoter, v. a., add reference to T. vii. 2. aventurous, a. T. iv. 3. bienvenu, s. 8834, welcome, bienvuillance, s., add ref. B. iv. 2. chanelle, s. 8602, sewer. changable, add ref. B. xl. 2. conelusioiin, add ref. B. 1. 4. cordial, add ref. B. 1. 3. cuiller (variation 20537, 23573. bastir, T. x. 18. bee, 19345- Beemoth, 4453. 'beg,' 5452. bruisser, 7896. biirette, 9281. Caecilius Balbus, quoted as Seneca, 9565, 13695, 16633. capitals, use of, 194. Cato, 4704. chalandre, 10707. chalenge, 6315. chaloir, 3367, 21676. Chaucer illustrated, 41 17, 6434, 7825, 9148, 10526, 21241, 21369 fF., T. vii. I ff. 'Civile,' 15217. come in the verse, 28, B. ii. 9. concordance, 7475. conditional, use of, 25, 1688. conivreisoun, 8815. conjecture, 3365. conjunctions, position of, 415, B. xx. 2. consecutive clauses, 217, 682. creanee, B. xv. i. cross, 18580. ' cross and pile,' 26133. 'daiamant,' B. xxxviii. I. dame in the verse, 6733. ' Danger,' B. xii. 8. date, indications of, 2142, 18829. de, in apposition, 253. deinzein, 14026. demonstrative for article, 301. deviser, 5031. devoir, as auxiliary, 780, 1 193, 1 7041. dont, 217, 1 1 466. -6e, termination, 29390, B. xxxvii. 10. elision, absence of, 12241, B. xxxiv. 18. English forms of expression compared, 1135,2462, 2700, 13037, 17484, 27942, 28115. 'Eurice,' T. vii. 1 1. fagolidros, 2749. faire, as auxiliary, 1135 : cp. 3864. fait a reprendre, &c., 1883. false references, 1285, 1653, 1849, 3601, 6877, 7315, 9565, 10324, 10962, 12685, 13695, 14833, 16633, 16729, 19897, 21399, 23370. friars, 21181, 21241 ff. Fulgentius, 13309. future tense, use of, 364, 1184,15266, B.x.7. GaHce, 15336. garde panee, 1903 1. gerund for inf., 1848, 23638. Gilbert, 171 13. giroun, 4870. Godfrey of Winchester, 7640. Gower, D. i. 16. ' hedgerow knight,' 23726. Helinand, 11404. 564 INDEX TO THE NOTES hiatus, 12241, B. xxxiv. iS. Hilarius, 27031. hoopoe, 2893, 8869, T. xii. 19. Horace quoted, 3801 : cp. 10948, 23370. -ie termination, 296. * incest,' 9085. indie, for subj. 1180. Innocent, 18783. inversionsoforder,4l5, 15941,17996,27949. ja, 13947- jeu parti, 3240. Juvenal quoted, 23370. le meinz, le plus, &c., 2700. lee (I ), 5179. 16e (2), 1 5821. legende, 20700. loisir, 93 1 1 . lot, 6303. love-days, 23683. Macarius, 12565. maisque, 261 12, 28110. ' Malapert,' 1684. Marcial, 7640. Martinmas beef, 7940. Mayor of London, 26365. meschine, 3727. / metre, 296, 2742, 3116, 3160, 1456S, B. xxvii. I. St. Michael, 25607. mire, 24290. Montpelliers, gold of, 1944. Natural History, views of, 10747. nettle and rose, 3721. ' oon the beste,' 2462. cratour, D. i. 15. ore in verse, 37. orine, 16539. -oun termination, B. i. 16. ove in verse, 4. eve tout, 4. * Paniphilus,' 10959, 14449- papegai, B. xxxvi. 3. parasi, 25569. pareies, 101 17. parentre deux, 16338. par si qe, 3233. Paul the Eremite, 27061. Pavia, treasures of, 7319. pearls, 108 13. Pierre de Peccham quoted, 51. pigas, 23393. play on words, 19 501. pluis, B. xxxix. 18. ' possessioners,' 9132. pour, use of, 6328, 10639, 16955. preposition combined with object of verb. 987, 5492. pres. part. 12855. pres. part, with auxiliary, 118, 230, 440. pret. for perfect, 18797. preu, 5216. ' Pseudo,' 21625. Ptolemy's maxims, 12452. que, 407. que . . . plus, 1S589, B. vii. 24. que sage, &c., 16700. qui, use of, 1244. quoy, du quoy, 15500. relative omitted, 16955. rhyme, 541, 1180, 2353, 10505, 11160, 12697, 14126, 20294, 21241. 'Salvatio Romae,' 14725. sanctuary for debtors, 25S53. schism in the Church referred to, 18S29. second pers. sing, and pi. confused, 442, 25839. sestier, S403. si . . . noun, 6496. Sidrac, 2509. Simon, 18451, sojour, 26130. Solomon cited for Ecclesiasticus, 1317, 2509. subj. for conditional, 23, 1776. suppoer, 16924. tags to fill up lines, 83, 139, 373, 28475. 'the less,' 'the more,' (S:c., 2700, 12347. tiger-hunting, 1563. tout with numerals, 1 1354. Trajan, 22168. tuns of sweet and bitter drink, T. xv. 10. Ulysses (Uluxes), 16673. verra, 18876. 'Vers de la Mort,' 11404. Waddington, Will, of, 5205. widow's marriage to the Church, 917 1. * i 1 liii 0«.-Dk It i. ay ^4- WtJN 8 O^ i^v.\^ ov^^^^ U«' ,v^^^^ dtoc .\o>H- liillilillllilliiil 3 1158 00248 507 ^A 000 346 895