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 atone view ; also, Complete Lists of Word-signs and Con- 
 tracted Word-forms, with Rules for Contracting Words for 
 the Use of Writers of all Styles of Phonography. 12mo. 
 Paper, 25 cents. 
 
 VI. The Phonographic Reader and Writer. Con- 
 taining Reading Exercises, with Translations on opposite 
 pages, which form Writing Exercises. 12mo. 48 pages. 
 25 cents. 
 
 VII. Writing Exercises. For gaining Speed in Phonog- 
 raphy, the Exercises are printed contiguous 10 the lines on 
 which they are to be written, and are interspersed with 
 Word-signs, Phrases, and Sentences, beginning with the 
 first lesson. New edition. 64 pages. 25 cents. 
 
 VIII. shorthand Dictation Exercises. Counted and 
 timed for 50, 75, loo, 125, and 150 words per minute, for ad- 
 vanced Learners in any System of Shorthand, and for Type- 
 writers. 12mo. 72 pages. 25 cents. 
 
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 of the price. 
 
 ROBERT CLARKE & CO., Publishers, 
 
 Cincinnati.
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 \ 
 
 A i'DMI'LKTK (1UIDE 
 
 TO TIIK ACQI'ISITION OF 
 
 's pljoitcjir ^{prlt|aub 
 
 WITHOUT OR WITH A TEACHER. 
 
 By ELIAS LONGLEY. % 
 
 CINCINNATI: 
 ROBERT CLARKE & CO. 
 
 1891.
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlic 
 
 year 1879, 
 
 BY ELIAS LOXGLEY, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, sit 
 
 Washington, D. C.
 
 
 
 TWENTY-FIVE years have elapsed since the author published 
 his first edition of the AMERICAN' MANTAL OF PHONOGRA- 
 PHY. During that time many changes in Phonography have 
 been proposed; some have been adopted, and become per- 
 manent features in the writing of nearly all phonographic 
 experts; while others, though still embodied in the instruc- 
 tion books of their respective authors, are generally rejected 
 by their students as soon as they become familiar with the 
 corresponding features of other works. 
 
 As Phonography now stands before the public, in this 
 country, it lias no generally recognized exponent. Jt is 
 Lo! here, and lo! there ; and nobody knows who is the true 
 phonographic prophet. A young man, or young lady, wishes 
 to learn the coveted art, and by chance, or on the recommen- 
 dation of some friend, purchases one of the instruction books 
 in the market. Before mastering the system as presented in 
 its pages, he or she is told by some other friend that there is 
 a better system, in some other book ; and forthwith that 
 other l>ook is bought, and the learner soon becomes con- 
 founded with the conflicting systems, or conflicting modifica- 
 tions of the original system. 
 
 The fact most to be regretted in this connection is, that all 
 the American modifications of Phonography differ as widely 
 from the present system of Isaac Pitman, the original English 
 author, as they do from each other. In England there is but 
 one system, and harmony prevails among her many thousand 
 phonographic writers. This is not so much the result, we 
 learn, of unity of views, as it is the happy outcome of obe- 
 
 452233
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 dience to the law of copy-right, which secures to Mr. Pitman 
 the sole right to publish phonographic books in Her Majesty's 
 kingdom. 
 
 For the purpose of exerting what little influence he can in 
 the way of restoring harmony among American phonogra- 
 phers, and unity in the style of writing that shall be acquired 
 by those who hereafter study the art, the writer has carefully 
 and hopefully prepared the following pages. In them he 
 presents all the new features that have stood the test, for 
 many years, of both experiment and practical experience , ;uid 
 he also exhibits others in reference to which there is a differ- 
 ence of opinion, and which are used only by limited numbers 
 of phonographic writers. Thus the student who acquires his 
 knowledge of Phonography through this manual, will become 
 familiar with the distinctive features of other authors, and 
 be able to read the writing of phonographers of any school. 
 
 As an ECLECTIC SYSTEM OP PHONOGRAPHY, therefore, 
 this Manual is presented to a discriminating public. It is 
 the result of careful investigation and experiment, and of 
 long practice with the reporter's pen; in addition to which, 
 might be added, a continuous correspondence, for a quarter 
 of a century, with the most critical phonographers, from the 
 esteemed and now venerable author, Isaac Pitman, down to 
 the latest self-styled "inventor" of "some new contrivances" 
 of his own. In view of the fact that for so long a time 
 thousands of skillful Englishmen and ingenious Yankees 
 have been doing their best at improving Phonography, it is 
 scarcely possible for anything new, and also valuable, to be 
 hereafter discovered and rendered serviceable, in the use of 
 the very limited number of straight and curved lines, circles, 
 hooks, dots and dashes, that are available for the pen. Hence 
 it may safely be presumed that the phonographic art has 
 reached the ultima tlntk of perfection. 
 
 As to the method in which the art is presented in the fol- 
 lowing pages, but few words need be said. It is in the main 
 the same as that employed in the old, and always popular, 
 AMERICAN MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. The first lessons 
 are rendered still more simple and easy of comprehension by
 
 PREFACK. 5 
 
 the introduction of only portions of the alphabet at a time, 
 and by interlined translations of the shorthand in common 
 print, both of which are features peculiar to this book alone. 
 
 The exceeding brevity of Isaac Pitman's Manual, which 
 contains but 64 small pages, has been avoided ; while the 
 great prolixity of certain American authors, whose large and 
 crowded pages extend to 250 and 300, has been as judiciously 
 guarded against. In this convenient little book the time and 
 memory of the pupil are nut taxed with unnecessary and ini- 
 practicable discussions? of philosophical points in relation to 
 language and its visual representation. He is not deterred 
 from beginning the study, by a formidable volume, nor 
 discouraged by the slow progress of memorizing page after 
 page of abstract principles and rules before becoming 
 charmed with the practice based upon them. In these in- 
 viting pages principle and practice go hand in hand. 
 
 Immediately following the explanation of each new princi- 
 ple is a Reading Exercise, embracing, as much as possible. 
 words illustrative of the preceding text. This is followed by 
 an Exercise for Writing, which should be written before pro- 
 gressing further, while the manner in which the words are to 
 be formed are fresh in the mind. Then, at the close of each 
 lesson, is a general Writing Exercise, embodying, besides the 
 principles just presented, all that has previously been learned. 
 This should be written by each pupil, during the intervals be- 
 tween the meetings of the class; and at the next recitation, 
 the pupils should exchange their manuscripts with each 
 other, and then read, each a sentence in turn, from their 
 written exercises. They might then be passed to the teacher 
 for his correction. 
 
 Another leading feature is such an arrangement of the 
 lessons that no word, or class of words, is required to be 
 written until the principle is explained by which they are 
 written in their most approved forms. By this means the 
 student is not compelled to spend his time in learning to 
 write certain words, and then suffer the discouragement of 
 having to drop and forget the forms thus learned, and famil- 
 iarize himself with new and better ones. What is once 
 
 J
 
 r 
 
 6 PREFACE. 
 
 learned in this book, remains a fixed fact with the pupil in 
 all his after use of the system. 
 
 The Review at the close of each lesson will be of great 
 assistance to the teacher, especially to the inexperienced, in 
 questioning his class us to what they have gone over; it will 
 also be useful to the private learner, filling the place, almost, 
 of an oral instructor. The questions may be asked the class 
 either collectively or individually ; the latter is generally the 
 better way. It would be well, as often as convenient, to 
 have the pupils illustrate their answers on the black-board. 
 
 The pupil is advised to read the following Introduction 
 carefully through, in order that he may get a general idea 
 of the phonetic theory, before beginning the practice and 
 study of the phonographic art. He will then be prepared to 
 make more rapid and satisfactory progress than he would 
 by commencing with the first lesson proper.
 
 BIjC T)iltCtcrili(l Ocufttnj has undoubtedly eclipsed all 
 preceding time in the number and value of its discoveries and 
 inventions. In mechanics, manufactures, agriculture, and 
 th arts, what changes have taken place even in the memory 
 of our fathers! Scarcely anything is done now as it was in 
 the days of their boyhood. New methods and new machinery 
 are accomplishing twenty-five, fifty, or a hundred per cent, 
 more in the same time, than was accomplished by our fore- 
 fathers, and at very much less expense. The laborious 
 and tedious process of shaping wood and stone, iron and other 
 metals, by the carpenter, mason, and machinist, are uliliost 
 forgotten by the. workmen who feed and watch the wonder- 
 ful machines that saw, and plane, and turn, and mould, by 
 the power of steam, the multitudinous forms needed in archi- 
 tecture, mechanism, and the various arts and sciences. 
 
 .Modes of travel and of mental communication have in 
 like manner changed. Steam vessels and railroads have 
 superseded the sail and tow-boat and the stage-coach, and 
 we now travel more than twice as fast, and far more comfort- 
 ably than did our fathers; while the electric telegraph and 
 the telephone have far out-stripped, ia speed and usefulness, 
 correspondence by mail. 
 
 While the transmission of words and facts to distant points 
 has been astonishingly facilitated, by late inventions, the 
 record of original thought, its transfer from mind to paper, 
 has not been correspondinglv'improved, until by the inven- 
 tion and perfection of Phonography such perfect facility in 
 thought representation has been rendered possible. The pho-
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 nographic art is certainly a boon of inestimable value to the 
 human mind, rendered indispensable by the rapidity with 
 which thought may be transmitted to the farthest ends 
 of the earth. It presents to the student, as well as the 
 scholar, an alphabet of letters so simple and facile that 
 he who uses them may readily keep pace with the fastest 
 speaker affording a system of writing as much superior to 
 that of the old script alphabet, as railroads are to the old- 
 style stage coaches or telegraphs to the postman's plodding 
 pony. 
 
 It is not our wish to underrate the value of the pres- 
 ent system of writing; it has been of great service in its 
 time, having done much in the way of civilizing and en- 
 lightening the races of men. But the state of things in 
 the scientific world demands a change in the character of 
 our written language, Science is a stern ruler; her laws 
 encircle every art, and although for a long time they may 
 remain undiscovered or not applied, yet as the world pro- 
 gresses in knowledge and learns wisdom from experience, 
 it will cause them to be developed, and future generations 
 will derive the advantages of conforming to them. These 
 facts have been illustrated in the various improvements 
 to which we have alluded ; and they are still to be ex- 
 pected in such departments as have not yet undergone 
 the remodeling process of modern ingenuity. They take 
 their turn in the great circle of progression ; and it is the 
 object of the present work to demonstrate the laws that 
 apply to the art of writing, as required at this stage of the 
 world's history. 
 
 The spirit of our age demands two new features in the art 
 of writing: First, Speed in its execution; second, Syrian witf 
 orthography. In treating of the first desideratum we shall 
 briefly refer to the alphabet, now in use, and the habits of 
 writing it requires. 
 
 Like the ancient implements of industry and modes of 
 labor, the alphabet of our fathers*was constructed at a time 
 when the ingenuity of man had not been brought into full
 
 INTRODUCTION. 9 
 
 play. The letters are complex, and the use of them cumber- 
 some in the extreme. To illustrate: take the letter a for 
 example; to make this letter the fingers have to perform four 
 inflections or movements, while it represents but a simple 
 sound; in making the letter 771 seven inflections are re- 
 quired, while it, too, represents but one sound; and every 
 letter of the old alphabet is thus complex, to a greater or less 
 degree, although they are designed each to represent but a 
 single sound. 
 
 Xow, while there is complexity in the art of writing, in 
 spoken language the organs of speech perform but one move- 
 ment in the enunciation of each sound; and hence the labor 
 of the penman is four or five times as great as that of the 
 speaker. While the latter is moving off freely, as on the 
 wings of the wind, the former is trudging at the snail's 
 pace, weary and provoked at the contrast. 
 
 The object to be accomplished, therefore, is to present an 
 alphabet, each letter of which can be written by one inflec- 
 tion of the pen, so that the writer' need no longer be four 
 times distanced by the moderate speaker; and if the reader 
 will follow us through this book, he will see that the system 
 we are about to develop more than meets this requirement. 
 
 But a greater difficulty, if possible, than the mere substi- 
 tution of anew alphabet, is to be overcome. The orthogra- 
 phy employed in using the old alphabet is nearly as cumbrous 
 as the formation of its letters; while its want of system 
 makes it a study of many years to memorize the spelling of 
 the fifty or eighty thousand words in our language. 
 
 Thus, take the sound of a; if we had nothing to do, in 
 order to represent it in our common writing but to write the 
 one letter called a, the evil would be trifling compared with 
 what it is. But we more frequently have to write two or 
 three, or even four letters to represent this one sound. It has, 
 in fact, thirty-four different modes of representation, consist- 
 ing of various combinations of nine different letters, a few 
 only of which we have room to exhibit. Thus, aa, as in 
 Aaron ; ai, as in pm ; aig as in campmgrn ; aigh, as in straight ; 
 ay, as in mayor ; eig, as in reign ; eighe, as in weighed, &c.
 
 10 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Now common sense, as well as the laws of science, suggests 
 that the sound of a in each and all these should IK' written 
 with the same letter. When this shall be done, more than 
 t>ro-thirds of the labor of representing this sound will be 
 saved; bu by .substituting a new letter that can be made 
 with but one movement of the pen instead of the four that 
 a requires, and of the four times four that several of the 
 above combinations require, nine-fi.-/it/in of this labor will be 
 avoided. In writing the letters to represent the sound a 
 in these seven words, instead of making seventy inflections of 
 the pen, we will have to make but seven! 
 
 The sound of misrepresented in forty different ways. Ex- 
 amples: e, as in me; ee, as in meet; ea, as in each; ea-i.it', <{< in 
 league; eye, as in keyed; eifj, as in s^V/nor; elyh, as in Iv /'///; 
 i-e, as in niar/ne; ie, as in field; etc. We need not repeat that 
 the sound of e in each of these words should be represented 
 by the same letter ; or that by substituting for the complex 
 letter e a simple character that can be made with one motion 
 of the pen, seven-eighths or nine-tenths of the labor in writ- 
 ing would be saved. These are facts that are evident, alter 
 the illustrations are presented. And we might thus illustrate 
 the unscientific mode of representing nearly every word in 
 our language, with equally deplorable results. But we will 
 only state the melancholy fact, that the various sounds em- 
 ployed in speaking the English language are each represented 
 in from four to forty ways, and that in the large majority of 
 cases two or more letters are required to do the service. It is 
 also true, that there is no letter in the alphabet that uni- 
 formly represents the same sound; thus, a has a different 
 sound in each of the following words: ate, at, all, are, any; 
 and e has a different sound in each of the following words : 
 eel, ell, vein, verse, height, etc. 
 
 The consequence of this want of system is, in the language 
 of a distinguished writer on the subject of education, that 
 "reading is the most difficult of human attainments." And, 
 as a further consequence, one-third of the population of 
 England are unable to read, and om-lt'ilf unable to write; 
 while in the United States, the number of adult white per-
 
 INTRODUCTION. 11 
 
 sons who can neither read nor write, is one to every twenty 
 who run ; and this wide-spread ignorance must continue un- 
 til the rudiments of education are simplified. Such incon- 
 sistencies and mischievous errors as we have referred to, are 
 not in harmony with the developments of order and science 
 in most other branches of industry and art, and hence they 
 must be superseded by something truer and more expedi- 
 tious; or, if not superseded, we must use the more speedy 
 and economical system in connection with the old, as steam- 
 bo. its, railroads and telegraphs are used, conjointly with the 
 old modes of conveyance. 
 
 5l|f yijancfir ^rwdpte. 
 
 The term I'/mtftir is derived from the Greek word phone, 
 sound. A phonetic alphabet, therefore, is one which, refer- 
 ring solely to speech, derives all its laws from a consideration 
 of the elements of speech. To illustrate what we mean by the 
 phrase "elements of speech," we have but to ask the reader 
 to adjust his lips to a round position and deliver the voice as 
 he \\ould commence to speak the words ode, oak, own. Now 
 this same sound is heard in thousands of words in our lan- 
 guage, and is what we call an element of speech. -Another 
 element is heard in the commencement of the word ooze and 
 at the termination of the word who. In pronouncing the 
 words see, say, saw, so, we hear, at the beginning of each of 
 them, the same kind of a sound, namely a hiss, which is also 
 an element of speech, for it frequently combines with other 
 sounds to make words. By analyzing all the words in the 
 English language, it has been found that it is constituted of 
 but forty-three elementary sounds; or, to be more precise, 
 thirty-nine simple sounds and four compound ones, formed 
 by the close union of certain simple sounds, which it is con- 
 venient to consider as elements. Tn speaking, therefore, our 
 words consist simply in the utterance of one of these, or a 
 combination of two or more of them ; and in writing these 
 words, common sense would suggest that each element should 
 be represented by a single letter, that should never stand 
 for any other sound.
 
 12 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 It is supposed the original Phoenician alphabet, from which 
 our present alphabet is remotely derived, was phonetic ; that 
 is, it represented the elements of speech in such a manner 
 that when the sounds of a word were heard the writer knew 
 immediately what letters to use, and when he saw the letters 
 he knew at once what sounds he was to utter. But when 
 this alphabet was adopted by the Greeks and Romans, who 
 used sounds unknown to the Phoenicians, many of the old 
 letters were necessarily used to represent new sounds as well 
 as old ones, so that there was no longer any very strict ac- 
 cordance between the sounds and letters of words. But 
 when other European nations, including the English, adopted 
 the Romanic alphabet, and used it in very different ways, 
 insomuch that no one could guess what sound should be 
 attributed to any one letter, almost all trace of the pho- 
 netic nature of the alphabet was lost. And hence the de- 
 plorable state of English spelling and writing, as depicted 
 in previous pages, which, in few words, is so bad that no 
 one can tell the sound of an unknown word from its 
 spelling, or the spelling of a new word from its sound. 
 
 Phonetic spelling, therefore, is no new thing, and the 
 efforts of writing and spelling reformers is simply an at- 
 tempt to place the representation of the English language 
 on the same rational basis that the most claasic of the ancient 
 languages stood, and in addition thereto to afford the means 
 for the most rapid writing that it is possible to attain. No 
 further argument, therefore, should be required, in presenting 
 a system so accordant with scientific truth and utility. 
 
 And yet, in this age of improvement and scientific exac- 
 tion, when from all the universities, colleges, and other rep- 
 resentatives of knowledge and literary judgment, the de- 
 mand for an enlarged alphabet and reformed orthography is 
 being pressed upon public attention, an author ventures to 
 shock all sense of consistency by bringing out a system of 
 brief writing based on the old absurd orthography.* His 
 
 ^Cross's Eclectic Shorthand; Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Ce. 1879.
 
 INTKOIUVTIOX. 13 
 
 alphabet corresponds, in number and signification, with the 
 twenty-six Roman letters, and differs little, in its unphilo- 
 sophical principles and modes of spelling, from the sten- 
 ographic, systems of Willis (1012), Taylor (1786), and 
 (iould (1835). He gives as the principal reason why 
 Phonography can never become general, the following 
 enunciation of its fundamental character: "Its basis 
 is on a rigid elementary analysis of the sounds of the 
 English language, requiring as many letters as there are 
 sounds." He says further: "It is certain that no one can 
 ever acquire the same readiness in the use of twenty 
 vowel characters that he can in the use of the five, , r, 
 i, n, a." In this objection he ignores the fact that Pho- 
 nography employs but two dillcrent forms for the vowels, the 
 dot and the dash, which, when made both heavy and light 
 double the number to four only ; and disregards the other 
 fact, that the skillful writer has no occasion to use any vowel 
 signs, or but very few. Elsewhere the author declaims 
 against omissions of the vowels in Phonography, but in the 
 development of his system he provides a scale of four im- 
 aginary lines, in addition to the one line of writing, by means 
 of which to indicate the omission not only of his five vowels 
 but of six consonants ; while Phonography needs a scale of 
 only three positions: above the line, on the line, and under 
 the line. 
 
 As to this author's objection, that "the alternate shade and 
 hair lines of the phonographies are a great embarassinent to 
 rapid writing, which the reporter can surmount only by dis- 
 regarding this feature," it is best answered by the fact that 
 he provides for fully as much shading as is employed in Pho- 
 nography. In the first place, he says: "the diphthongs au, aw, 
 ou, ow, oi and oy are represented by a, o and i, shaded equal/;/ 
 from top to bottom." In Phonography the ^diphthongs are not 
 shaded at all. In the second place, notwithstanding the 
 above quotation, he says: "No heavy linen are used, except 
 for r, which, being a heavy line, is added to any other line of 
 the alphabet by making it heavy." The result of which is, 
 that as r either precedes or follows almost every other letter
 
 14 INTRODUCTIONS 
 
 in the alphabet, in the formation of words, nearly every let- 
 ter is frequently shaded, while in Phonography Irs* than half 
 the number are shaded. And if anything more is needed to 
 .save Phonography from this Knight of Absurdity, the follow- 
 ing will be sufficient: "To the unskillful hand exact shad- 
 ing may seem at first to be difficult, but practice will soon /<//>/ 
 it caxy." 
 
 Jtpwywflpi in JJrirf. 
 
 Phonography is a system of shorthand, based on an an- 
 alysis of words into their elementary sounds, and a philo- 
 sophical representation of those sounds, without regard to 
 the ordinary mode of spelling them. The principal object 
 being rapidity of execution, with a reliable degree of legibil- 
 ity, the simplest signs which it was possible to obtain were 
 chosen for the alphabet. They are, first, the dot, . ; second; 
 the dash, which is only a lengthened dot, - ; third, the 
 straight line, ; fourth, the curve, s~^ . The dot and dash 
 are used in 'telegraphy, as the swiftest means of recording 
 the words transmitted by lightning. In Phonography they 
 are employed to represent the vowels, and the straight lines 
 and curves to represent tiie consonants. 
 
 The following diagrams exhibit the geometrical source from 
 which the consonants are drawn, and show the different po- 
 sitions they occupy in representing different sounds: 
 
 It will be observed that the straight line admits of four 
 different positions, and the curved one eight. These are as 
 many positions as can be recognized without danger of con- 
 fusion; and these two simple characters, the straight line and 
 curve, can be written in these twelve positions so as to be 
 just as distinct and legible as though this number of differ- 
 ently shaped letters were employed. Here, then, are the 
 means of representing twelve consonant sounds; but since,
 
 INTRODUCTION. 15 
 
 in writing, we ran make either light or heavy marks, this 
 number may be doubled by recognizing the same number of 
 ln'inj straight lines and curves. 
 
 While it is found necessary to make each of the primitive 
 characters heavy, in order to obtain a sufficient number, it is 
 also found a useful and philosophical method of distinguish- 
 ing between the natures of different sounds. Thus, eight of 
 the sounds which these characters are to represent are mere 
 ir/tiftjit'rx, produced by the transition of the organs of speech 
 from one position to another, or by the simple contact of dif- 
 ferent parts of the mouth, without any vocal sound; and 
 there are eight others made in the same manner, but they 
 have, in addition, as slightly roughened or vocal sound, which 
 requires a greater effort to produce them. 
 
 To follow nature, therefore, and preserve a correspondence 
 between signs and sounds, the light signs are made to repre- 
 sent the light or whispered sounds, and the heavy signs to 
 represent the heavy sounds. Thus, both the diffcreni-e be- 
 tween the sounds and their rcxaubhiiicc are at once repre- 
 sented. And it being so natural to represent a light sound 
 by a light stroke, and a heavy sound by a heavy stroke, the 
 phonographic pupil finds, after a little practice, that he 
 make's the difference in the strokes without any thought 
 about it. But the similarity of sound given the heavy 
 and light strokes is so great that, if at any time the differ- 
 ence in the thickness of the lines is not clearly made, it will 
 not seriously affect the legibility of the writing to the expe- 
 rienced phonographer. Thus, for example, if the word 
 rthtitiitfiti were written so as to be pronounced Zinzuxidi, 
 the reader could hardly mistake the intention of the writer. 
 
 THE CONSONANTS are classified as follows: 
 
 1. ABRUPTS. These elements sometimes called explo- 
 dents, are produced by a total contact of the organs of 
 speech, abruptly interrupting and exploding the outward 
 passage of the breath, or the voice. They are eight in 
 number, and being stiff, unyielding sounds, are appropri- 
 ately represented by the eight straight, unyielding right
 
 r 
 
 1<> INTRODUCTION. 
 
 lines, a.s illustrated in the following table the italicised 
 letters of the words indicating the sounds represented : 
 
 WhisjHjrcd, \ ny/e, j fa/e, /' etch, lot-/., 
 
 Spoken, \ rote, I fa'/e, / <''fy', I".'/- 
 
 I5y a little observation in comparing the sound of ]> with 
 that of b, in the won Is rojn' and rolx, the distinction of ///.<- 
 // ,!<( and xj><il;i:it, or light and heavy, will be appreciated. As 
 far as articulation, or Uie contact of the organs of speed) is 
 concerned, the consonants j> and /,* are identical; the sound of 
 the former, however, is produced by the breath only, while 
 the latter requires the as-istance of the voice, which com- 
 mences before the lips, the organs by which the articulation 
 is produced, are disconnected, The same remarks apply to 
 cad) of the other pairs of ubrupts, as the reader will discover 
 by speaking the illustrative words in connection. 
 
 2. CONTINUANTS: The organs of speech are in contact in 
 the production of these elements, yet not so firmly as to 
 totally obstruct the passage of breath, or voice; but the 
 sounds may be continued any length of time. There arc, 
 also, eight of these elements half of them whispered and 
 half spoken; and as they are of a flowing, yielding nature, 
 they are appropriately represented by curved and flowing 
 signs ; thus: 
 
 Whispered, v^_ safe, ( wreath, ) buss, _J visions. 
 Spoken, ^ sare, I wre&the, ) buzz, ^ vision. 
 
 3. LIQUIDS. These are r and /, and are called liquids be- 
 cause they readily run into or unite with other consonant 
 sounds. They are not distinguished by any variation of 
 sound, as the abrupts'and continuants, and are represented 
 by light curves; thus: 
 
 T iall, ^ for.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 17 
 
 4. NASALS. Tin- sounds of >n, n and mj, are called nasals 
 from the fact that the organs are brought into complete con- 
 tact, and the voice driven through the nose. The in and ti 
 arc represented by the two remaining light curves, and n<j by 
 the heavy curve corresponding to >i, as being nearly related 
 to that sound; thus: 
 
 /-~N see//;, ^-^ seen, > ' sing. 
 
 5. COALESOENTS. Y and w hold a medial character be- 
 tween the vowels and consonants ; w being a weak sound or 
 modification of oo, and y a modification of short i, or ee. 
 They never occur in English except before a vowel, with 
 which they closely coalesce. The following are their pho- 
 nographic signs, and the words illustrating their powers: 
 
 <>. ASIMIIATK: The power of h is simply a breathing upon 
 the following vowel, and is generally represented by a light 
 tick, thus : ' ; but sometimes a lengthened form ^ is em- 
 
 ployed. 
 
 VOWEI, ARRANGEMENT. In order to represent twelve 
 vowel sounds by the two signs, a dot and a dash, a scheme 
 similar to that of representing musical sounds by the round 
 note is resorted to. As the vowels rarely occur except in 
 connection with a consonant, they are indicated by the posi- 
 tion in which the dot or dash is placed to the consonant 
 stroke; thus, a dot placed at the beginning of a consonant 
 represents the vowel ah, at the middle a, at the end e ; the 
 dash at the beginning is au, at the middle 6, at the find 6f>. 
 The remaining six vowels are short or brief, as compared with 
 the foregoing six, and are appropriately represented by the 
 dot and dash in the same manner but made lighter; and most 
 of what has been said in regard to light and heavy consonants 
 applies to the vowels. 
 
 In the following illustration the vowel signs are placed to 
 a dotted line, that represents the length of any consonant
 
 18 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 stroke, merely to indicate the position of the dot and dash ; 
 it is no part of the vowel. The italic letters in the accom- 
 panying words suggest the vowel sounds: 
 
 rm, 
 
 am, . ell, 
 
 H, - oak, I ooze, 
 
 (ill, 
 
 on, 
 
 up, 
 
 \ wood, 
 
 DIPHTHONGS: These being compound sounds, and all the 
 simple characters being otherwise appropriated, they arc rep- 
 resented by complex signs. They will be understood by the 
 following illustration: 
 
 isle, 
 
 '; oil, 
 
 ORGANIC CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS. 
 The following classification, with reference to the positions 
 of the mouth and the parts employed in producing the sev- 
 eral elementary sounds, will interest the reader having a 
 scientific turn of mind : 
 
 ^ \\'l i i sirred. \ n 
 Abrnpts. \ v 
 
 ^ S/wA-. \b 
 
 ( H 7 A?sue/t'(/. V i- 
 < Oiitm- > V_ t 
 
 iiaitts. f Spoken. V y 
 
 Liquids. 
 
 liesonants, - x in 
 
 Ambigiies. ^ \v 
 
 c c 
 
 H 
 
 ( th ) 
 ("' ) 
 
 ri 
 
 ? s 
 
 
 
 ^ 2. 
 
 In the above division of the c<ir>-ornnt sounds, reading in 
 columns downwards, we begin with, (1), those formed at the 
 lips, as p, b,f, &c., and call them Labials; (2), we then go 
 
 \
 
 INTRODUCTION. 19 
 
 back to the region of the tip of the tongue and the teeth, 
 where, f, <l, &e., are formed, which class we term Linyuo-Den- 
 tak, (tongue-teeth sounds;) (3), then to the hard palate or 
 root of the mouth, a little back of the teeth, where we find 
 <-/i,j, -"A, &c., which we call lAnffUO-Pdlatais; and, finally, to 
 the foot of the tongue, near the throat, where k, </, &c., are 
 foimed, which we term Gutturals, or Throat-&jnmlx. 
 
 Jprfiuiliou of Brrms* 
 
 riiuiK 1 1< -. from jihiiit'-, voice, is a general term, signifying the 
 .-cienct; ni' the voice. Phonetic science treats of the dilf'ercnt 
 sounds of tlic human voice, their mollification.-? and combinations; 
 hence the mode of spelling baaed on this science is called phonetic 
 spelling, to distinguish it from the ordinary spelling now in use. 
 
 Phonography, from jthtntr. voice, and i/rajiln, writing, means 
 voice-writing, or the representation of the sounds of the human voice 
 l>y written signs : it is also applied to the style of writing thus pro- 
 duced by means of Mr. Isaac Pitman's brief and scientific shorthand 
 alphabet. 
 
 Phoiiotypy, from phone, voice, and tiijmx, type, means the art of 
 representing the sounds of the human voice by printed letters, in 
 accordance with the rules of phonetic science: also the style of print- 
 ing thus produced. 
 
 riionntype is a printed letter, used to represent any particular 
 sound in a word. 
 
 Phonogram, from phone, voice, and gramma, letter, signifies a 
 written sign or letter, used for the representation of a certain sound. 
 
 Logogram, from logos, word, and gramma, letter, is a phonogram 
 or single sign, used for the sake of brevity to represent the whole 
 word: as | </, which represents do. 
 
 (irammalogiic, (the parts of the last word -transposed,) means a 
 letter-word, or a word that is represented by a logogram: a- do is the 
 grammalogue represented by the logogram | </. 
 
 Phraseogram is a combination of shortband signs, for the rep- 
 resentation of a phrase, or several words in a sentence. 
 
 Phraseography is the system of representing phrases by the 
 writing of phraseograms.
 
 J^onograiifyic J0n(jabch 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 
 \ p rope 
 
 
 'V_ f sa/e 
 
 03 f/' 1 f., // 
 
 ~ } ' 
 
 
 \ b rooe 
 
 
 V v saz/e 
 
 |{"^ r for 
 
 
 t fate 
 
 00 
 
 \ ft wrea^/i 
 
 f'' N m seem 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 . 
 
 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 d farfe 
 
 Z 
 
 1 d wreaf/ie 
 
 < \ -^^> n seea 
 
 
 
 
 
 f. ] 
 
 Q < 
 
 3 
 
 X g et-,7i 
 
 z " 
 
 H 
 
 j s buss 
 
 ^ ^_x n sing 
 L J 
 
 H 
 
 / j edge 
 
 5 
 
 ) z buzz 
 
 M ' f A ^>rv 
 
 W^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 J /^ 
 
 
 k lo<7r 
 
 
 _y J vicious 
 
 a S * y yea 
 
 w 
 s / 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 <j i/ h Aand 
 
 
 ___ g lo<7 
 
 ^^ 3 vision 
 
 ^* ^ 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 
 a arm 
 
 
 a m 
 
 " i ilc 
 
 
 a ale 
 
 
 ' e ell 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 or OtV 
 
 
 
 . e eel 
 
 H 
 
 PA 
 
 
 O 
 
 Z <j 
 
 
 { 
 
 a < 
 
 o 
 
 o aiced 
 
 K 
 
 o odd 
 
 H 
 Oj 
 
 
 
 
 
 p A S OM?1 
 
 
 o ope 
 
 
 u p 
 
 
 
 - ui fool 
 
 
 _ u fwll 
 
 L ' * d " P 
 
 Note. The vowels are simply the dots, dashes, etc., placed to the 
 beginning, middle, or end, of the consonant signs. 
 
 x
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 Of 
 
 EXPLODENT CO>S( )\ANTS. 
 
 1. Let the pupil take a pointer, or a pen without ink, and 
 trace the signs in the following division of the consonants. 
 termed <:rji/t><l<'itfx, the perpendicular and inclined ones from 
 the top downwards, and the horizontal ones from left to right, 
 ---speaking, at the same time, the name of each, as printed 
 beneath. 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 Pe l?c Tc DC C'hay .lay Kay Gay 
 
 The consecutive order and tabular arrangement of these 
 signs should be fixed in the mind, by relating them fre- 
 quently as above; after which the exercise may be varied 
 as follows: 
 
 
 \\ \\ \\ \\ 
 
 T, D 
 
 1 II II II II II II 
 
 T - 7* - ^ - 1*- - -^ - 7^ - ^ - X - ^ - ^ - < ' f ' t 
 
 , J // / / / / / / / / / / / / 
 
 2. In the above, and a few subsequent exercises, is exhib- 
 ited the manner of writing on double-ruled paj>er ; in the use
 
 r 
 
 '2'2 AMEKK'AX MANTAL 
 
 of a single line the signs should be written to it as though it 
 were the lower line in the double-ruling, thus : 
 
 \x\il I / 
 
 ".. The power, or simple sound, of each sign, must now IK- 
 learned, and this may be most readily done as follows: 
 Ik'iieath each sign will be placed a by-vord, with a hyphen 
 just before the letter, or letters, representing the last sound 
 in the word; and if the learner will pronounce each word as 
 iar as the hyphen, then pause, and in a moment give the final 
 sound by itself, that sound will be the unvarying j>ower of the 
 shorthand sign above the word. Thus: 
 
 \ I / 
 
 rc-^e ro-fce, fa-fe fa-rfe, ea-c-A a-*/* 1 ? lo-ejfc !<>-/ 
 
 Of course the final e in rope, robe fatr, fad', and in ag'. i- 
 silent ; the c/i in ear//, and the d: in lor-/., represent single 
 sounds; and the g in age has the same sound as / in /'oy. 
 
 The drill on the key-words should be related until the 
 pure sound of each sign can be given by itself, without hesita- 
 ' ion ; and. in sjK'lling out words in reading exercises, the soimd< 
 of the signs should generally be employed, in preference to 
 their names. 
 
 COMWXIXCJ Tin: CONSONAXTS. 
 
 4. When a word requires two or more consonant signs, they 
 should all be written without lifting the jK'n. continuing I'rom 
 one stroke into another, until all are formed, thus: 
 
 The first downward stroke should stop on theliottom line, 
 and when another one occurs in the same word it sin mid ! 
 continued on l>elow, as the tail of a letter in longhand 
 writing.
 
 OF PHoMHiKAI'HY. 23 
 
 The following, and all other reading exercises, after being 
 read once or twice by sound, should also be copied into the 
 learner's copy-book, the pupil speaking the sounds of the signs 
 as lie copies them. In doing this either the powers of the let 
 ters may be used as. j> /. /: j>, t k, &c., or the names, pv /:</, 
 i.n ]>. tf /:a, &c.; in class teaching the latter method is the 
 better, after having drilled the learners well in speaking the 
 simple powers of the letters. 
 
 5. In copying this exercise, observe that the place of begin- 
 ning each form, or outline, of a word containing a perpen- 
 dicular or inclined stroke, is just above the top ruled line. 
 If paper containing single ruling is used, begin writing these 
 strokes their length above the line. 
 
 READING AXD WRITJXG EXERCISE I. 
 
 Z 
 
 
 In writing the following exercise, from print, frequent ref- 
 erence to g 1 and 4 will be necessary for a time, in order 
 to insure correctness. If doubt should arise as to the proper 
 shorthand sign to be used for any letter, it may be settled at 
 once by consulting 3. 
 
 It is a good plan, after having written any combination of 
 strokes correctly, to repeat it several times before going on tc 
 the next one, 
 
 WIUTIXG EXERCISE. 
 
 pk bk tk dk ch-k jk kg g-ch 
 kp kb kt kd k-cli kj kk gk 
 pb td ch-p tb bt jM-h d-ch jb
 
 24 AMERICAN MANTAL 
 
 LONG VOWELS. 
 
 6. The six primary or long vowels of the English language, 
 for practical purpose*, are thus arranged, in conformity some- 
 what with the scientific classification of the elementary sounds 
 of the language. The sounds are indicated by the following 
 letters and the words beneath: 
 
 AH A E AW 00 
 
 arm ale eel awl 
 
 The first three sounds are represented l>y a heavy dot, placed 
 at the l>eginning, middle, or end, of a consonant; and the last 
 three by a short, heavy dash in the same position. Thus: 
 
 AH A E A\V U 00 
 
 (i-rm -le ee-l aw-l o-ld > >-/.( 
 
 The shorthand <ign in connection with the dots and dash- 
 es above, is used merely to indicate their position to any con- 
 sonant. 
 
 7. The sounds of these dots and dashes may be learned by 
 first pronouncing the key-words underneath, noticing the first 
 or vowel sound in each; then, by pronouncing each word a,^ far 
 as the hyphen only, the proper sound of the shorthand vowel 
 sign will be heard. 
 
 8. This vowel scale should be repeated over and over, thus: 
 "AH, A, E, heavy dots; AW, o, oo, heavy dashes," until they 
 can be as readily recalled as the figures 1, 2, 3, etc. They may 
 be described as follows: AH is the first-place heavy dot; A is 
 the second-place heavy dot: E is the third-place heavy dot ; AW 
 is the first-place heavy dash; o is the second-place heavy 
 dash ; oo is the third-place heavy dash.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 25 
 
 VOWEL PLACES. 
 
 . To aid the learner in understanding the three positions 
 in which the vowel signs are written to the several consonant 
 >trokvs, and to remember their order, the following illustra- 
 tions are presented: 
 
 A/'ti-r Cininoiiantx. 
 
 VOCALIZIXG SINGLE COXSOXAXTS. 
 
 10. In vocalizing the consonants, that is, in placing the 
 vowels to them, the dots and dashes should be written near 
 the strokes, but not so that they will join; thus, I tea, j/ age. 
 
 jut. The dashes should be written at right angles, or 
 nearly so, with the consonants, as, \ jirm; -p </, /**jair. 
 
 Inclined signs are regarded as perpendicular, with reference 
 to the reading or placing of vowels before or after them. 
 
 11. If the vowel is to be read first, we place it before or to 
 the left of vertical and inclined consonants, and above horizon- 
 tal ones; thus: j eat, ^\ape, _!_ oak,' if the vowel is to be read 
 after the consonant, we place it after, or to the right of ver- 
 tical and inclined consonants, and below horizontal ones; thus: 
 [ ihiy, T~ f/ay, /^ Joe, . b'y . 
 
 \'L The following exercise should be read over frequently, 
 till the learner acquires the correct sounds of the vowels, and 
 
 their consecutive order. 
 3 
 
 V J
 
 26 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 READING AND COPYING EXERCISE II. 
 
 Words in which the Vowel* follow the Consonant*. 
 
 pa pay pea paw bow pooh 
 
 \ I- \- I' I- I- 
 
 ball day bee taw toe two 
 
 / / /- A I- 
 
 jay gee jaw joe do 
 
 gay key caw go coo 
 
 Vowels prfcedtiiij Consonants. 
 
 1 .X / 
 
 ate each age eke ache 
 
 "i .-I "i -i x - 1 - 
 
 ought oat awed owed ope oak 
 
 VOCALIZING COMBINED CONSONANTS. 
 
 13. The spelling, and manner of writing, the following words 
 may be studied first with the aid of the key underneath ; after 
 which it is a good plan to lay a strip of paper over the key 
 and read without the aid of the printed words; then reverse 
 the process; lay the paper over the shorthand line, and write 
 in phonography from the printed copy, and afterward compare 
 your own with the forms here given.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 27 
 
 READING AND COPYING EXERCISE III. 
 
 peak keep take gate talk coat coop 
 
 / 37- I" 1 /v S -T! , 
 
 ZL; / I X Xx 
 
 cheek cage caught chalk joke goat cake 
 
 beat 
 
 paid date taught boat 
 
 WRITING EXEKCISE 
 
 pope 
 
 boot. 
 
 Pa, pay, day, gay, bay; ten. lice, key; aid, ache, age, eat; 
 each; paw, bow, booh, taw, toe, two, dough, do, chaw, joe, 
 caw, go, coo. 
 
 NOTE. The author has prepared a series of " Writing Exercises, 
 fo'r the use of Students in Phonography, 1 ' in which the illustrative 
 words in each writing lesson of the Manual are arranged on the mar- 
 gin of copy-book liases, with a blank line following each word, in 
 which it may be written a dozen times or more. Each exercise on 
 words is followed with short sentences, both in short-hand and com- 
 mon print, to be read and then written several times in blank lines 
 underneath. It is thought that such an arrangement of exercises will 
 so facilitate the writing of them as to greatly promote the rapid pro- 
 gress of pupils. 
 
 REVIEW OF TIIK FIRST LESSON. 
 
 (Seejfl..) What arc the names of the straight consonant signs? 
 What are they termed? (t.3) Repeat the powers of these signs. 
 ( jj 4. i When two or more consonants are required in it word, how are 
 f they written? ( j( a. ) Where do you begin to write perpendicular or 
 inclined strokes? (% 6) How many simple long vowels are there in the 
 English language? Repeat them. {# 8 ) How are the first three repre- 
 sented? The last three? (jf 10. ) How arc the dasli vowels written 
 with reference to the consonants? (j|II.) How are the vowels written 
 to the consonants with reference to reading the same?
 
 28 AMERICAN MAM AL 
 
 CONTINUANT CONSONANTS. 
 
 14. The second division of consonant signs is given below, 
 preceded by their names, and followed by a line of key-words 
 l>eneath, indicating their several sounds: 
 
 eF Ye iTH THe eS Ze iSH /Ha 
 
 ^ ( ( ) J 
 
 . a a-/e sa-re OA-tJi ]<>a.-the bu-** \>u-zz ru-*/i a vure 
 
 The learner must pursue the same course, in order to obtain 
 the simple sounds of these signs,. as he did with the explodents 
 in g 
 
 15. When the sounds of these signs are comprehended, and 
 they can be readily made, their consecutive order should be 
 well memorized, and the position of each sign well lixed in the 
 mind, so that they will not be confounded with the additional 
 curved signs which are yet to be learned; after which tin- 
 following exercise may be traced, and then copied from 
 memory, repeating the sound of each sign while doing so. 
 They are all written from top downward, except that, in com- 
 bination with other signs, _J is occasionally written upward. 
 
 F >V: 'VX W VX V^ V^ '. V ; ^ 
 
 Th,TH: ( ( ( '(( (( (( (( ( 
 
 8 Z:_ )))))) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 
 Sh,Zh: _)J JJ l-J
 
 r- 
 
 OF PHONOGHAPHY. 
 
 29^ 
 
 EEADING AND COPYING EXERCISE IV, 
 
 
 ^ ^ i_" L T7 ^ ^ 
 
 2- 
 
 V\ S-.'S v v' 1 
 
 \ 
 
 X X X X > \ > 
 
 > 
 
 ^ < ? ? r" < < 
 
 r" 
 
 r r r r > > y 
 
 / 
 
 v \ x -x s ^ v 
 
 5 
 
 ^ : Y v / v i ^ 
 
 I 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 
 fg vg kf kv gf gv k-th 
 
 k-dh 
 
 g-tli g-dh sk zg k-sh g-sh sh-k 
 
 sh-g 
 
 fp fb ft fd f-ch fj th-t 
 
 th-d 
 
 pf bf pv bv p-th b-tli p-dh 
 
 b-dh 
 
 f?p si) st sd sh-p sh-b sh-t 
 
 sh-d 
 
 t-th t-dh d-tli d-dh is tz ds 
 
 dz 
 
 ch-s ch-z js jz jvsh b-sh ch-sh 
 
 j-sh 
 
 f-th f-dli ff fv f-sh f-sha v-th 
 
 v-sh 
 
 sh-f sh-v sh-s sh-z ss sz sf 
 
 sv 
 
 v 
 
 J
 
 30 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 16. These curved signs are combined with each other, and 
 with the straight strokes, in the same manner as the straight 
 strokes are united one with another in $ 4. page '2'2. The dash 
 vowel signs are also placed to them in alxmt the same way, viz: 
 at right angles to the curve. 
 
 READING AND COPYING EXERCISE V. 
 
 k, *. c i > r J s 
 
 fee foe thaw see say saw she sliaw 
 
 A 1 ) Sr > < -> >L - 
 
 show shoe ease eve owes oath ooze agk 
 
 < 
 
 feed fade faith food sheep shape shade 
 
 V ^ 
 
 shake path bathe shave sheaf thief veto evoke 
 
 LIQUIDS, NASALS, AMBIGUES, AND ASPIRATE. 
 
 17. The remainder of the consonants can not be grouped as 
 those heretofore given; nor do they exist in pairs of whispered 
 and vocal; therefore they must be learned as independent 
 signs. The pure sounds of these signs should be learned as the 
 others have been, and as indicated below : 
 
 LIQUIDS. NASALS. 
 
 ^L aR Ray eM eN iN<i 
 
 r- ^\ / ^ 
 
 iM far row seem see .-!;/ 
 
 AMBIGUES. "^ f ASPIRATE. 
 
 i Way Tea t ^ay
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 31 
 
 18. L C~ i* written upward, when the only stroke conso- 
 nant in a word, and generally so in combination with others; 
 but it is written downward, in combination, when it is more 
 convenient to do so. 
 
 1!'. R \ is written downward, and Ray ^ , as an alter- 
 nate, is written upward. It is distinguished from Chny j , 
 first, in the fact that Ray is more inclined than Clmy, and 
 second, because 1 the former is always written upward and the 
 latter always downward, and the direction in which they are 
 written is in most cases apparent. 
 
 20. M ,x, n *^_s, itg ^^ , are written from left to right. 
 
 21. Way ~^\ and Yea f are written downward, as are 
 all heavy perpendicular and inclined strokes. 
 
 'I'l. If'ii/ , is always written upward; but a down-stroke 
 form for It, ,7 , is sometimes employed. 
 
 -'.'>. Now trace the following lines with a pointer, repeating 
 the xiiiiid of each sign in doing so; afterwards copy them with 
 peiici 1 or pen : 
 
 L r r r r r r r r 
 * v ^ Y ^ 
 
 w > V > > ^ ^ > > 
 
 \rrrrrrrr 
 
 H /
 
 32 
 
 AMERICAN MAM'AI, 
 
 READING AND COPYING EXERCISE VI. 
 
 X.OTE. After reading and copying this Excrrisp. a dirivtcd i.n j>;i^i> -JO. SI-P 
 Imw many words can be made out of the various combinations l>y inserting 
 appropriate vowels. 
 
 v 
 
 \r 
 
 ir r~_ 
 
 u n 
 
 r^ y 
 \x i 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 
 X" x- 
 
 V , v_ V 
 
 < ^ 
 
 ^^ ^N '"V^ 
 
 ^r 
 
 \^r^~V ru ^-v- 
 
 rVs
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 33 
 
 24. To distinguish between the upward and downward (~ y 
 when speaking of them, the up-stroke is called Lutj, and the 
 down-stroke, FA. 
 
 25. In the following exercise observe that the first-place 
 vowels ah. and <//', are written to I ( r / and h ^/ at the 
 place where you begin to write them, viz: on the line; the rule 
 being, that the first-place position of a consonant is at the end 
 where you begin to form it, and the third-place where you 
 finish it. 
 
 First read, and then write, as described in 6. 
 
 BEADING AND COPYING EXERCISE VII. 
 
 f r- c P r\ r\ 
 
 lay lea . law low leap leaf league 
 
 ~*\ ^ >\ -"v. ^r ^r 
 
 ark air ear oar arm meal njale 
 
 calm maim came name fame meek 
 
 --/ "x v -r^ V -T^ v ~r' X s " 
 
 V-,. \-^ W^ V_ 7T T f 
 
 ream roam room knave kneel nail cool 
 
 V V XT ' 
 
 peel pale ball pole gore lame loam 
 
 woke wake 
 
 /^" ^ 
 
 r ^ 
 
 yea hay hail
 
 AMKRK AN MANTAL 
 
 WRITING EXERCISK II. 
 
 'S. The words in this Exercise containing the letter r should 
 all be written with the down-stroke sign for this sound, except tliuM" in the 
 last paragraph, which must be written with tin- up-stroke. Rules for writing / 
 and r, upward and downward, are given on Page 42. 
 
 Ark, lark, par, bar, tar, mar, jar, far, farm, laugh, 
 
 Pale, bail, tale, tame, dame, lake, lave, lathe, faith, vague, 
 shame, game, delay, became, female. 
 
 Peel, beam, team, deem, deal, tear, teeth, jeer, theme, keel, 
 gear, veal, fear, shear, veer, leer, : leak, heap, heed, heath, heed, 
 
 Paul, bawl, tall, daub, gall, fall, laud, maul, haw, hawl. 
 
 [ Write the following words with upstrokes ^J and f ] 
 shale, shoal. 
 
 Pore, bore, both, tore, door, toll, dome, chore, comb, foam, 
 showed, lobe, load, loaf, lore. 
 
 Pool, boom, tool, tomb, tooth, tour, doom, booth, loop, 
 loom, room. 
 
 Wrath, raid, rake, rage, rave, reap, read, reach, wreathe. 
 Wrought, wrote, road, robe, rope, root, rude, repay, retail, 
 redeem, revoke, parch, porch, torch, forge, hearth. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE SECOND LESSOX. 
 
 (See 14.) What are the names of the first eight curved consonants? 
 What are they termed ? Repeat their powers. (13.) lu what direc- 
 tion are they written? (16.) How are the dash vowels written to the 
 curved consonants ? (?17.) What are the names of the liquid conson- 
 ants? Of the nasals? (% 18, 19. ) How are these liquids written? Give 
 their sounds. (20.) How are the nasals written ? Give their sounds. 
 (17.) Whatare the names and sounds of the amhigues ? What of the 
 aspirate? ( 21, 22. ) How are these signs written? ( 111. ) How are rimy 
 and ray distinguished? (23.) Where is the first-place vowel written 
 to lay, ray and hayl Where the third-place?
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 20. The student having Income familiar with the arrange- 
 ment and manner of writing the long vowels, it will now be 
 an easy matter for him to understand and use the following 
 seale of short vowels: 
 
 ' a e J \ ~\ 6 - u 
 
 Ax in at e\\ it odd tip 
 
 The six vowel signs above given approximate so nearly in 
 quality to those given in 4, the main difference being length 
 or fullness, that they are represented in precisely the same 
 manner, excepting that the signs are made lighter.* 
 
 * In England, where Phonography had its origin, the six long and 
 MX short vowels thus presented, are all the simple vocal elements 
 recognized in good pronunciation. In this country, however, our 
 standard dictionaries. Wehster and Worcester, recognize and mark 
 three additional vowel sounds: as heard in the words: (1) nk,lnst^ 
 i 2 i nir, tln-ir: ( :> > ln-r. */>. The first being a medial sound, between 
 the vowels iii linn and <it. may be appropriately represented by length- 
 ening the first-place light dot into a light parallel dash : thus : 
 / nxk, y^~~^ firoma. The second being regarded by most 
 authors as a modification of long a, (Webster having marked it so 
 until quite recently \ may be represented by lengthening the middle- 
 place heavy dot into a parallel dash : thus : ^^ /><">. [ <//' . 
 
 The third being regarded by refined speakers as a slight lengthening of 
 the short vowel in //, and by others as the vowel in up, modified by 
 the following r, it may he appropriately represented by the middle-place 
 
 light dash, written parallel to the stem: thus: *\ p rr,\ fir. 
 
 ^\ 
 In ordinary writing, however, it is not necessary to make these nice
 
 36 AMKKIOAX MAM'AI. 
 
 27. The proper sounds of thesedote and dashes, in their several 
 positions, must be well memorized. They may be learned in 
 the same- manner as the long vowels were learned, by first 
 pronouncing the key-words underneath, and then beginning 
 to pronounce them but omitting to sound the consonants. 
 They are designated thus: ft is the first-place light dot; c is 
 the second-place lighfdot ; 1 is the third-place light dot ; tf is 
 the first-place light dash; ft is the second-place light dash ; r>f> 
 is the third-place light dash. 
 
 As a general thing it is more convenient, and except in 
 analyzing words it is just as well, to name the short vowels 
 with the consonant f after them; thus: at, d, it, of, ut, vat. 
 
 COMPLETE VOWEL SCALE. 
 
 28. Another method of drill, in attaining the correct sounds 
 of the short vowels, is to utter them in cminection with tin- 
 long vowels, as in the following table, thus; "ah a/' 
 
 "aye ---6," "e---I," "aw ---6," "oh---fi," "66 ---60." 
 Repeat the scale in this manner, over and over again : 
 
 1 >t place, "I ah - - - - "| & 
 
 '2d place, a - ( 8 
 
 3d place, - I I 
 
 aw - - - 
 
 o 
 
 -| oh - - - n 
 oo - - - oo 
 
 29. The following exorcist 1 on the short vowels should be 
 practiced till their consecutive order is well mastered, and the 
 position of each sound can be told without hesitation. 
 
 distinctions; hence, we represent these vowels by the dots and dashes 
 presented above. Those who wish to represent tli-<c shade vowels can 
 do so as here indicated.
 
 01' PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 AND COPYING EXERCISE VIII. 
 
 at, et, it, ot, ut, out, 
 
 \\x\x\ 
 
 ab, cb, ib, ob, ub, oob, 
 
 v_ IL Zi c_ c~ / (\ <A 
 
 park. tack. jack. fag, lag, rag, lap, hat, 
 
 v^ U L- r ^~ y \r si 
 
 peck, deck, check, leg, neck, nell, bell, hedge, 
 
 pick, tick, chick, fig, lick, nib, l>ig> rig, 
 
 dock, cob, lock, poll, knock, rock, fog, hobby, 
 
 Li. ^\ r V^ v^A ^A \j__ A 
 
 duck, cub, luck, dull, numb, ruin, buggy, ruddy, 
 
 LI \_i/- V^^jjj r" \* 
 
 took, book, look, bull, nook, shook, rook, pully, 
 
 air, fare, lath, laugh, rare, early, earthly, firm. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE III. 
 
 Add, am, back, lack, rack, rap, catch, "hatch, hang. 
 Ebb, edge, egg, bell, fell, dell, red, ready, head. 
 Pig, tip, pill, pick, dip, mill, gill, hill. 
 Odd, off, top, shock, lock, mock, folly, body. 
 Up, us, cup. luck, love, jug, mug, rug, putty, lucky. 
 Pull, took, look, cook, pully, fully. 
 Asp, data, dicta; bear, share, repair; earth, early, mercy. 
 
 45S2S33
 
 AMEIilCAX MAXfAL 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 v |.i "| oi A | ow J u 
 
 A.s in z'ce, oil, on-], mule. 
 
 30. The sounds of these diphthongal signs are apparent from 
 a glance at the key-words underneath. The form of the sign 
 of the first three is essentially the same, the only difference 
 being in position and the direction in which it is written. 
 
 (1.) When written with the point downward, the angular 
 sign represents the first sound in irr } which is a close com- 
 bination of & and i : thus; j ice, v "\ pie, (^~ lie. 
 
 (2.) When written with the point slanting upward to the 
 right, in the first-place, it represents the first sound in oil, 
 which is a close combination of o and i; thus: ^ oil, N^ boy, 
 
 /"joy- 
 
 (3.) When written in the third-place, with the point up- 
 right, it represents the first sound in our, which is a close com- 
 bination of ah and ##; thus: "A^ our, con: 
 
 (4.) The fourth of the series is represented by a small half 
 circle, written in the third-place; thus: J n due, V^ feu:* 
 
 31. These diphthongs being all compound sounds are appro- 
 priately represented by compound signs, and necessarily, too, 
 as the simple signs have all been appropriated by the simple 
 
 * Theoretically most Americans who have made the subject of pro- 
 nunciation a study, hold that the diphthong in </<. /'<. unit, IU-H-. etc.. 
 is not exactly the same as that heard in uiiiti', /-'urn/,!. Kn-inij. i/ixiiiiinn, 
 etc. They say that the former is a pare diphthong, resulting from a 
 close coalescing of I ari'd fio, or 1 arid <"><">. thus : ion ; while the latter is 
 a combination .of the consonant y and oo, thus : yoo. The very critical 
 phonographic writers in this country, therefore, represent the pure 
 diphthong thus : |> due, ^\cnltc: but the mixed diphthong yoo 
 
 thus: v"l unite. Practically, however, it is not desirable to make 
 this nice distinction, as learners can not appreciate it. and skillful 
 writers rarely insert either sign.
 
 PHOKOGBAPHY. 
 
 sounds. When written alone, or to a single stein, is regarded 
 as a first-place sign, but as there is no danger of its being mis- 
 taken for either of the other .signs, it is often written in the 
 middle-place, or even in the third-place, when more con- 
 venient ; thus : v pilr, I ___ : '/<"////, x-~ ///>'. 
 
 ;! The sign is, of course, written for the pronoun /; and 
 the sign for the pronoun yon: and A for how. 
 
 KEAUIXG EXERCISE I. 
 
 Pie, die, fie, vie, thigh, sigh, shy, lie, nigh, knife, pike, like, 
 type, ripe, defy, revile, piety. 
 
 Boy, joy, hautboy, foil, decoy, annoy, enjoy, boiler, loyal, 
 ( 'ow, vow, out, owl, fowl, mow, allow, hourly. 
 Due, dupe, cube, few; pure, fume, mule, jury, fury. 
 
 RULES FOR VOCALIZING. 
 
 33. The following rules will guide the learner to the best 
 method of placing the vowel signs: 
 
 (1.) In vocalizing or inserting the vowels of words com- 
 posed of two or more consonants, it i.s important to keep the 
 vowel signs away from the inside of angles, as in such posi- 
 tions it is impossible to tell to which stroke they belong; 
 therefore, when a first-place vowel comes Ix'tween two conso- 
 nants it is placed immediately after the first; as v~-^ balm,
 
 r 
 
 40 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 not before the second consonant, thus: \ ^ ; I tack, 
 
 not L , which might be tirk as well as tack. 
 
 (2.) A second-place vowel coming between two consonants, 
 if it is long, is also written after the first; as j <it'', 
 l^x dome; but if short, it is written before the second; as 
 
 ] get, [jL^ dumb; by which means the sounds of the middle- 
 place vowels may be determined, if they should not be clearly 
 indicated by the size of the vowel dot or dash. 
 
 (3.) Third-place vowels, whether long or short, coming 
 
 between two consonants, are written before the second; as 
 
 V\ keep, not \ ; duty, not In ; \ boot, \ ' book. 
 
 (4.) In words beginning with the prefix syllables be-, d<--, 
 re-, the vowel sign may be omitted, with the understanding 
 that when the consonants b, d and ; are written without a 
 vowel sign they are to be read as though the vowel e were 
 there; thus; \A 7 belie, I depot, /Vg. revoke. 
 
 (5.) If two vowels come between two consonants, the fir.-t 
 one uttered is written to the first stroke, and the next one to 
 the second ; v-s. poem. 
 
 (6.) If two vowels, or a diphthong and vowel, precede the 
 first or only consonant, in a word, the first one uttered is writ- 
 ten farther from it than the second; thus; -| iota; if a word 
 terminate with two, the last is written farthest from the conso- 
 nant sign; as /^ x Ohio. 
 
 (7.) When the diphthong ' J begins a word, it may often be 
 united with the consonant following without lifting the pen ; 
 as / icy. When the. diphthong A or is the final sound 
 in a word, it may often be written to the. preceding conso- 
 nant without lifting the pen ; thus ; ^ ditc, {^ few, \/\ boir, 
 *^j new, (with part of A and n )
 
 OF 
 
 41 
 
 (8.) In reading words containing two or more consonants, it 
 must lu' observed that each stroke, and the vowel sign or signs 
 placed to it, must lie read precisely as they would be if they 
 
 stood unconnected with other consonant strokes: thus \/TL_. 
 
 s ,- I 
 read in this way would be analyzed thus: \/ .] - pol-it-ir ; 
 
 and ^\y_ thus: [/ / Vy tcr-i/y. This analysis, in the mind, 
 will l)e necessary only for a short time, until the learner can 
 read words from their general appearance. 
 
 READING EXERCISE II. 
 
 V V 
 
 A /i. r\. "> 
 
 /> /. r\ / v I x ^ xTN 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE V. 
 
 Bar back; car, catch; bake, beck; bait, bet; dale, dell; 
 fail, fell; lake, leg; mail, mellow; peach, pitch; cheap, chip; 
 meal, mill; mealy, miller; gaudy, copy; bore, burr; shore, 
 shove; booty, pully; badly, purely; Fanny, funny; heavy, 
 handy, ahead; lazy, fellow; holy, honey; haughty, hollow; 
 chide, chime; boiler, power. 
 
 May I write my name? You may now read. I enjoy OUK 
 ride. You may leave my room. I love my lively boy. ~^/
 
 AMERICAN MAXTAL 
 
 RULES FOR WRITING; /, AND It. 
 
 34. The following rules will enable the learner to deter- 
 mine when to write f I upward and when downward, and 
 when to use the downward and upward forms, \ and / r. 
 
 (1.) When I or r is the first letter in a word, write the 
 sign upward, as fi like, (^ ^ lame, ^ ray, /(\ road, 
 / rock, /< roar. Exception: when "^ is immediately 
 followed by s~^ , it is better to Avrite the downward strok 
 ~\^ . roam, ^S remedy; though many prefer to preserve 
 uniformity, and write ^S~^ roam, S~\^_ remove, etc. 
 
 / 
 
 (2.) When I or r is the first consonant in a word, lut 
 preceded by a vowel, we usually write the down-stroke ; ;i> 
 
 f^j alike, f~^ atony, ~^\ era, \ argue. ~^/^ hourly, 
 Exception: when f or is immediately followed by a 
 down-stroke sign, the up.st.roke must be used; as /^] all<w<l, 
 ^7 allege, /A arrayed, ^>^7 wye, yf earth. 
 
 (3.) When r is the final sound in a word, the down-stroke 
 form is generally written; but when r is the last consonant, 
 followed by a vowel sound, the up-stroke is used; as '\_bnre, 
 
 \y berry; ~T~*\gore, /' ffory,^Lfirc,\ ^ fury; and 
 
 when a downward ^ r would carry the pen more than one 
 stroke below the line, and when r follows / at the end of a 
 
 word, the up-stroke is used; as \. , prepare, ('y furor, 
 
 .^ ^\ 
 
 (4.) Final f I is generally written downward after ^ / 
 
 V v, _ ^ n, ^s ng and up-stroke //r; as Sx feel, >^ riff, 
 
 -T* kingly, /tf r U- After other 'consonants, and 
 
 especially, when followed by a vowel sound, it is written 
 
 upward ; as \f pile, ^^/^ mail, \^f' valley. -^/^' <J<ti/>/, 
 
 J^ relay.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY, 
 
 43 
 
 HEADING AND COPYING EXERCISE IX. 
 
 WRITING EX-ERCISE VI. 
 
 Lake, elk; limb, elm; luckily, alkali; laying, along. 
 Row, oar; robe, ohb; rock, argue; rainy, early. 
 Rake, ark; rebuke, Europe; rear, arrear; rarity, arrive. 
 Pair, parry; beer, berry; tare, tarry; dare, dairy. 
 Cheer, cherry; care, carry; fair, fairy; revere, vary. 
 Bar, barrier; car, carrier; mar, merrier; infer, inferior. 
 Fail, folly; vale, valley; rail, rally; peril, poorly. 
 
 Army, rum; elbow, alive, alarm, allude, arch, arid, calmly, 
 canal; jeer, Jerry; mayor, Mary; lower, Leroy; inure, nar- 
 row; fur, furrier. 
 
 1 
 
 >^_ . .-^*
 
 44: AMERICAN' MANUAL 
 
 REVIEW OF THE THIRD LESSON. 
 
 (25.) How do the short vowels differ from the long? (j;26. (Jive 
 the sounds of the first three. How are they written ? The last 
 three? (#27.) What are the names of the short vowel.-? 
 Sound the long and short dot vowels in conjunction, (jf 30. i What are 
 the sounds of the diphthongs? How written? (if 31.) How may the 
 sign / be written, as to place? < '/ :!2. Which of the diphthongs are 
 word-sign-*? ijf33.' When a first-place vowel comes between two 
 consonants, to which is ir written? To which 'ire the middle-place 
 vowels written ? Third-place? When may the third-place vowel e be 
 omitted? When two vowel sounds come between two consonants, how 
 are their signs written? When two vowels precede or follow a conso- 
 nant, how are the signs written? Whicii of the diphthongs may be 
 joined to consonant stems, and. when? (34.) What is the rule for 
 writing initial I and r? What the exception? How are I and r 
 written if a vowel precede them at the beginning of words? What 
 the exception? What is the rule for writing r when it is the last 
 consonant in a word and followed by a vowel? What is the rule 
 for writing I when the last consonant in a word and is followed by 
 a vowel? What are the exceptions to this rule?
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 45 
 
 THE S AND Z CIRCLE, ST LOOP, ETC. 
 
 The fact that and z represent sounds of very frequent 
 occurrence, renders it necessary, in order to secure the greatest 
 brevity and lineality in writing, that they be furnished with 
 an additional sign. Indeed each subsequent lesson is but to 
 introduce some more abbreviated method of writing, which, 
 while it seems to render the system more complex, adds to it 
 new beauty as well as value. 
 
 :5f>. The second form for s and z is a small circle, made 
 light for the former, and thickened on one side for the latter; 
 thus; ox, 02; the thickening of the z-circle, however, is 
 scarcely ever necessary, as the sense will nearly always indi- 
 cate whether the circle should be * or 2. Where precision ia 
 requisite, the stroke z should be used. 
 
 The "circle-ess," as it is called, to distinguish it from the 
 stroke ) s, is used much more frequently than the latter; it is 
 employed, however, only in connection with stroke consonants, 
 except as word-signs. It affords almost wonderful facility for 
 joining l>oth straight and curved strokes^ and in a graceful 
 and fluent manner. 
 
 .% The table on the following page will assist the learner to 
 fix in his mind the mode of writing the circle to each of the 
 long signs; it will also be of service for reference in writing 
 out the exercises in the writing lesson.
 
 46 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 TABLE OF THE CIRCLE S. 
 \ sp \ sb f st f sd / s-ch X 5 S J o_ sk o_ sg 
 
 \_ gf ^ sv (J s-th (^ s-th ^ ss ^) sz _^? s-sh _^ s-zh 
 si \ sr ^/ sr 3-^ sm Q_^ sn <^ sng > s\v 
 
 36. The y and A signs never take an initial circle, but it is 
 written to the termination of each; thus: g ys, / hs. The 
 table represents the circle written only at the initial end of 
 the strokes, whereas it may be written at either end or at 
 both ends ; thus : X^ ps, D fa, ,- ^ ms, ^ tcs, sts, Q_P sus ; 
 
 and it is also written between stroke consonants; as ^ f*k, 
 
 & /-o , y_o_^, 
 
 ^\ rsp, 5 gsls, I smnt. 
 
 37. Observe that the circle is written only on the right-hand 
 side of perpendicular and inclined straight .strokes, excepting 
 upstroke r, which is nearer horizontal than vertical; and on 
 the inner or concave sides of curved signs. 
 
 38. When the circle comes between two strokes, it is turned 
 in the shortest and easiest way ; thus, between two straight 
 strokes forming an angle, it is turned outside, as ^ bsk, 
 
 tsp; between two curved strokes, turning in opposite direc- 
 
 tions, it is turned on the inside of the first; as ^-^_^ MXH, 
 
 ^^ msv. In a few instances it is necessary to make 
 
 exceptions to this last rule, in order to keep consonants from 
 
 running too far below the line of writing; as C_"1. /'">/'(</, 
 
 ^^/ vassalage. 
 
 39. In vocalizing words in which the circle s is used, the 
 vowel signs are placed to the strokes before which or after 
 
 which they are heard, just as if they had no circle attached ; 
 
 ^ / /^ 
 as, J eat, J smt, (^ low, > slow, - - key, o keys, 
 
 succeed. 
 
 J
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 47 
 
 \.- 
 
 \ 
 
 V. 
 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 b 
 
 AND COPYING ExKKCISE X. 
 
 / r _* C c 
 
 A 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 J
 
 48 AMERICA X MANTAL 
 
 40. In reading words containing the circle .<, if there is an 
 initial circle, it is read first, as it is written first; next the 
 vowel sign preceding the stroke, if there be one; then the 
 stroke; the vowel-sign following the stroke; and lastly' the 
 final circle; thus: | .//'/, /'-, *"/Y'"- v '', \ *///</. <!(//:< 
 
 / \^ o Sitjjice, ^Q/^ xdi-i'titi:-; 
 
 41. It is sometimes impossible to insert correctly the third- 
 place vowels in the forms for words in which the circle s 
 occurs, in which cases they are omitted, as in Rule 4 for 
 vocalizing, page 40; thus: \f~*^~^ beslime, JJ^ </.v//v>/. 
 
 L:: /r.*/o/r. These omissions are in accord- 
 
 ance with the practice of advanced writers, who omit all 
 except the accented vowel*, reporters omitting all vowels. 
 
 REAWXC; EXEUCISE III. 
 
 P f vp y 
 
 vi 
 
 XH EXKRCI^I: VII. 
 
 Spy, sky, stay, slay, sly, sway, snow. 
 
 Pays, bows, days, dose, lays, laws, loose, rays, rose, ways, 
 woes, amaze. Peace, tease, cheese, choose, keys, cause, gee>e, 
 goes. Face, fees, sees, size, lease, release. 
 
 Sap, sip, sob, sop, soap, soup; sage, side, said, sowed, 
 
 ^ _ J
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 49 
 
 siege, .such, seek, soak, south, sash, sell, soul, same, sum, 
 sign, soon, sink, sunk. 
 
 Spade, speed, spoke, scheme, sphere, sleep, slack, smoke, 
 smell, scale, swell, swill, swam, swallow. 
 
 Bestow, beset, deceit, decide, task, bask, gasp, rasp, mask, 
 wasp; space, specify, stays, skies, suHice, slice, recite, denies, 
 reason, chosen, hasten, mason, moisten, noisily, , 
 
 LAUtiK CIRCLE SLZ LOOPS XT' AND STR. 
 
 42. When the souu.ds of * and ; occur in connection with 
 some other consonant, in such syllables as ,-vX .s. *//*, XHX, c-ixr, 
 they may generally be represented by writing a large circle, 
 double the ti-ual six- fir*; \3' ]>i>>f<'*, C-*\ *>/*'<'i/i, 71. ''"xs-/V//, 
 _^ exerdac. The vowel, or diphthong, may be written 
 inside the circle, but it is seldom necessary. A small circle .s 
 may be added to the large circle; thus: _^> r.mw*. 
 
 I-'!. As another means of keeping the forms of words from 
 running too furbelow the line of writing the circle * is length- 
 ened to a loop one-third the length of the stroke, for the addi- 
 tion of /, and sometimes <I ; thus, we write \ b*f, ^^ //</W; 
 ^\B v//w, s/\ refused, J-^ clhrnl^rd. 
 
 44. By lengthening the loop to two-thirds the length of the 
 stroke, it becomes *//; us N^ bortsfer, . ^~=> crtster, 
 
 The circle .* may also be added to these loops; as 
 ^ rent*; t (^ fcsterx, ^^ masters. 
 
 The at loop is also written initially and medially; thus: 
 ^H^ stop ^ stayr, ^ style, ^ justify, ^ stcttMir*. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS TO THE USE OF CIRCLE ,?. 
 
 45. There are certain classes of words in which the long s 
 and z must be employed: First when or z is the only stroke 
 consonant in a word; as ) erizy, j saw; second, when it is
 
 r 
 
 50 / AMERICAN MAXCAL 
 
 the first consonant, and preceded by a vowel; as '_) _ u*k, 
 escape; third, when two distinct vowel sounds come 
 
 \ J 
 between the s and following consonant; as in | tdenee, 
 
 f joyous; fourth, when s or 2 is the last consonant in a 
 
 word, and followed by a vowel: as */"") a ^t ^O. rosy; 
 fifth, when z begins a word; as ^ zero, )^T zealous. 
 
 4<>. When s-s or s-z are the only consonant* in a word, they 
 may be written }, or , or V, if the word terminate with 
 the sound of s, it is better to use the first; as Y~ sauce; if it 
 terminate with a vowel, use the second, as ~ .-;///,//; if 
 it terminate with 2, use 1 the latter, as ) size. 
 
 RKAPI\<; AND COPYING KXKRCISE XI. 
 > & o_D J-oXbJ^^K,^^ 
 
 . v- 
 
 o .; 
 
 V f / *-" ^^-x.^^o^^ 

 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 THE COMBINATION -'//' OR Mli. 
 
 47. A. very simple combination of consonant sounds is that 
 of nip or mb; and it is appropriately represented by simply 
 thickening the sign ^-^ m, for the addition of j) or b ; thus: 
 f 4 ^ limp, ^"^-^ empire, L^vxf temporal, /f ^ < ^ > embarrass. 
 
 As -, is not written heavy, or thick, for any single sound, 
 this use of it will not cause any confusion. In writing words 
 in which p and b are silent, the -^ need not be thickened; 
 such words as limb, dumb, tempt, should be written as though 
 they were spelled Urn, dum, temt. 
 
 f b. 
 
 x^ xu V? 
 
 U/ -cX' A* 
 
 <^ -^. </ . IrA 
 /Q 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE VIII. 
 
 Teases, causes, gases, voices, misses, opposes, revises, posses- 
 sor, resist, desist, exhaust, decisive, discusses, emphasises. 
 
 Taste, cost, fast, last, safest, repast, arrest, disposed, amazed; 
 steps, stakes, stiff, stir, still, stock, steadfast; pastor, buster; 
 faster, lustre; posts, costs, lasts, musters, monsters, ,
 
 52 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 LOGOGRAMS, OR WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 48. By a word-sign is meant the use of a single character of 
 the shorthand alphabet to represent an entire word. This 
 scheme is in accordance with the custom in the common spell- 
 ing, of writing i. e., for that is ; e. g., for e.ra/>/j>/' ; //. ///., //</.-,/ 
 meridian, or afternoon; Gen., for General, etc.; and it is resorted 
 to for the purpose of saving time and labor in writing. 
 
 Those words are chosen thus to be represented which occur 
 the most frequently in composition, twenty-five of them 
 actually constituting one-fourth of any ordinary discourse. 
 
 The signs are chosen so as to suggest, generally, the words 
 they represent. Words thus represented are called sign-word*, 
 or grammalogues, while the signs themselves are called 
 word-signs, or logograms. (See page 19.) 
 
 VOWEL WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 a or 
 
 an and the 
 
 
 aye ah 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 x 
 
 all 
 
 two or too O, oh, owe 
 
 before 
 
 ought who 
 
 > 
 
 S 1 X 
 
 1 or 
 
 V 
 
 of 
 
 to but should 
 
 I 
 
 how you 
 
 49. Only two places, the first and third or above and on 
 the line, are used in writing the vowel word-signs, because 
 without a consonant sign it would be impossible to determine 
 between a first and second-place position. If the word to be 
 represented contain a first-place vowel sound, the sign is writ- 
 ten above the top line ; if a second or third-place vowel, it is 
 written on the line, with but few exceptions.
 
 F PHONOGRAPHY. 53 
 
 CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 \ I I / / - 
 
 up bo it tlu which large can come go give-n 
 
 v^ v,_ _i_ ( ) ) > _j_ 
 
 for . have think them so was shall usual-ly 
 
 r \ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 will lier, or i are my, time me, may on, any in, no 
 
 ~ ^ r ^ / 
 
 long, language thing your way he 
 
 ^^ o 
 
 x-~s O 
 
 importaiH-ce iinprove-ment as is 
 
 50. In the above, and all other lists of word-signs, when a 
 word is printed with a hyphen, as give-n, the sign will repre- 
 sent either the whole word, or only so much as precedes the 
 hyphen, which is, by itself another word: thus __ is either 
 give or given. Such words, being nearly alike in sound and 
 meaning, cause no difficulty to the reader. 
 
 51. Inasmuch as the horizontal strokes do not fill the space 
 which a line of writing occupies, they are made to represent 
 two words, by being placed in different positions; as in the 
 case of the vowel word-signs, one above the top line and the 
 other on the bottom line the sign-words of those written 
 above the line generally containing first-place vowels; those 
 on the line, second or third-place. There are but few excep- 
 tions to this rule, one of which is in the word any in the 
 above table: though its vowel is second-place, the ' is writ- 
 ten above the line, so that it will not conflict with ^_^ no, 
 on the line; go, having a second-place vowel, is written above 
 the line, so that give may be written on the line and to keep
 
 0-i AMKKICAX MAM'AI. 
 
 go from conflicting with conic, in the second position, if it 
 should accidentally be written heavy. 
 
 52. The circle * may be added to any consonant sign, to 
 ivpivseiit the plural or the possessive case of nouns, or the 
 third-person singular of verbs; thus,: ^ its, ^^ thiifj*, 
 D come*, [^ dm*. 
 
 JOINING OF WORDS. 
 
 53. The words a, ait and the are of such frequent occurrence 
 that provision is made for joining them to preceding word- 
 signs, and to many other words, by a short tick, which saves 
 much time in the aggregate by not lifting the pen ; thus, 
 " of-thc, - : , 'to-the, v biit-tlie, ^~^ in-the, ^ ichich-thc; i#-oj 
 c_ as-a, \ for-a or for-an, |_ do-a, etc. The is represented 
 by a tick written at an acute angle to the preceding sign; a 
 or an, by a tick written at a right angle to the preceding sign. 
 The tick for the is also frequently used to represent the word 
 he, as ~t can he, { for he, p is-the, or is-he. (See page 86.) 
 
 This principle of joining is applied to all other word-signs 
 that join well; as ^-^, he-may, ^ it-is, \ become.-^. fo-l,<\ 
 
 ADDITIONAL WORD-SIGNS. The very common words 
 
 first \^ and o next are thus abbreviated. An c and /.* c , 
 
 already given, are also used for the representation of has 
 and o his. 
 
 54. PUNCTUATION, ETC. On account of the use of the dot 
 for words, in phonographic writing, we thus write the points: 
 X period, J colon, ^ interrogation, wonder, * sorrow, 
 ? laughter, ( } parentheses;, trie comma, semi-colon and 
 quotation marks, may be written as in common manuscript. 
 When it is desired to indicate that a word should begin with 
 a capital letter, write two parallel lines under it, thus : 
 O ^TI -Mr. Smith.
 
 of I'lIo.NoiiKAPllY. 
 
 55 
 
 HEADING EXERCISE V. 
 
 r x ^ . 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 The first thing to do is usually of importance. You should 
 think as I do. But are you or I to give up? How long will 
 it be as a usual thing? I too shall have to improve my 
 language. All of them ought to be as large as the first. 
 You will now go on your way. For he ought to go in 
 before me. Which way will you go now? You have a large 
 and important improvement. It was in no way as large as 
 the first. I think you may do so for her. Have you any 
 thing of importance to do? You can come and go as usual.
 
 56 AMKKKAN MAM AL 
 
 WEITLSG EXEKCISE IX. 
 
 \nti-. Words that are connected by hyphens should bo written 
 together without lifting the pen. 
 
 Honesty is-the best poliry all-the-time. 
 The richest miser is-a clave to-his riches. 
 Your duty to-your family comes iii>t. 
 A thing of beauty is-a joy for-you and for-me. 
 The animal exists and subsists on-the food-he cats. 
 He who asks justice should-bc ready to give it. 
 The wisest and-the best are-the purest of earth. 
 The use of steam was-a most important improvement. 
 Many who-are first shall-be last, and-the last, ii; 
 Two fools in-a house are too-many by two. 
 Think to-day and speak to-morrow. 
 Be zealous in business, but be no slave to- it. 
 Ask wisely, and-it .shall-be given unto you. 
 *It-is no avail to fast if-you-are next to feast. 
 Laziness is said to-be-a hopeless dis'a>e. c 
 Most things have two sides to-lhein, aud-ijt-is 1" 
 look at both. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE FOURTH LESSON. 
 
 ( 35.) On which side of straight strokes is the circle written? 
 On which side of curve* ? < '/ 30. ) Which signs never take the circle s 
 initially? ( 38.) How is the circle written between the straight 
 strokes? How between the curved strokes? (jf 3D.) When a vowel is 
 written before a stroke beginning with a circle, which is read iii>t. the 
 vowel or thecircle? ( 41.) When may third-place vowels be omitted? 
 ($ 42.) In what classes of words is the largecirclo used? i ; 1-1. How 
 is the st loop written, and in what cases is it used? ( ''/ -11. How is 
 the str loop written, and when used ? How may the circle * be written 
 after the loop? ($45.) In what cases is it necessary to write the 
 stroke orz? (46.) In words having only the consonants *-* or -z, 
 in what cases should the form begin with the one or the other? ( '', -l~ . ) 
 How is the combination mp or nib represented ? < '', Is. , What is the 
 principle on which word-signs are formed ?
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 57 
 
 INITIAL HOOKS FOR L AND R. 
 
 "'">. A peculiar characteristic of the sounds of I and r is, 
 that they freely blend with other preceding consonants, form- 
 ing double sounds a- it were, similar to the vowel diphthongs, 
 and hence their classification as liquids. Take, for illustra- 
 tion, pint/ and npjJi', fly and fickle, and observe how almost 
 simultaneously the 1 letters jsl, Jt, and H are uttered, the / 
 gliding imperceptibly into each of the others; take, also, the 
 words jiftty, try, eager, and in pronouncing them notice how, 
 in each case, the pr, tr, yr, glide into almost a single effort 
 of articulation. 
 
 ~>ii. The briefest and most philosophical way of representing 
 thr.-c combinations of I and r with the preceding conso- 
 nants, is by distinct and uniform modifications of such conso- 
 nants. Very simple modifications are provided, by a small 
 initial hook on one side of the straight strokes for r, and on 
 the other side for I; thus: 
 
 \ P^ \ Pi, } tr, f tl, = kr, _ kl. 
 
 57. These compound strokes must be regarded primarily 
 as single, indivisible signs, and spoken as such in analyz- 
 ing or spelling out words, as well as in naming the sijrns; 
 that is, as the final syllables in apple (pi), little (tl), taper 
 (pr), acre (kr), etc.; and not as p-l; f-l; p-r; k-r. A 
 distinction is thus made between b-r as in \x> borrow, and 
 br as in \ . brow; k-r^ as in s' carry, and kr as in 
 c-p crow; b-l as in \S\ below, and bl as in \ blow.
 
 58 
 
 AMERICAN MANTAL 
 
 ILLUSTRATION OF THE 7MIOOK. 
 
 pr 
 
 tr 
 C\ chr 
 
 kr C 
 
 TABLE OF THE R-HOOK. 
 
 pr C \ br 1 tr 1 dr '/ ch-r / jr -- - kr c gr 
 fr V vr or th-r f or ) th-r J sh-r > xh-r 
 
 Ir 
 
 ^"N. 
 
 58. To assist the pupil in remembering these hooks, or 
 compound signs, the above illustrations are given. If the 
 Eight hand be held up, and the fore-finger bent as in the 
 cut, the outline ] tr will be seen; and, by turning the 
 hand round to the four different positions, all the straight 
 double consonants of the Pr series will l>e indicated. In 
 other words, the R-hook is indicated by the Right hand, 
 except as to a few curved strokes. 
 
 59. On all the curved signs the hook is written on the 
 concave, or inner side, because of its more easy formation 
 there than on the outside of a curve. 
 
 60. The combinations sr, zr } being more readily written 
 by the -circle, thus, ^ & / / > than by the forms c ) *), 
 these latter are used as duplicates for the frequently recur- 
 ring thr, light and heavy. Being similar in form and 
 position, this irregularity will not make any trouble. The 
 first forms C C, are used when preceded by a vowel, as: 
 "i author, C either; the second forms are used when 
 followed by a vowel, as; ^ j throw, r V y thrice; in other 
 
 V __ _ _ J
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 59 
 
 combinations, whichever form is most convenient is used, 
 as; ) ///or, ) f'uf/icr. 
 
 til. The use of lieavy /// and M iu forming the .r hook, 
 as '"^ ////, ^ ///, is rendered necessary by the fact that 
 the same forms written light are needed for another pur- 
 pose in the further development of the system. As nip ^^ 
 and inj x^^ do not require this hook, there is no danger 
 of ambiguity resulting from this use of them. 
 
 <>:>. The vocalization is the same as with the simple 
 strokes; if a vowel precedes the double consonant it is 
 written before, or above the stroke, as j after, -J odor, 
 c : caycr, ^s owner; if a vowel follow the double conso- 
 nant it is written after, or under the stroke, as; /////, 
 
 THE SI'K SERIES OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 63. From the j/r series of double consonants a series of 
 triple consonants is formed, by prefixing the s-circle to the 
 r-hook ; thus, "Cupper, ^\ .y/y/^o-. As the simple s-circle is 
 never written on the r-hook side of straight strokes, this new 
 circle is made to represent both circle and hook; thus: 
 
 \ spr "N^ shr j str ^ sdr . skr ^ sgr 
 
 04. A vowel may be written either before or after these 
 triple signs; but the circle-* is the first thing to be read, 
 then the vowel preceding the stroke, if there is one, next 
 the stroke and hook, and the following vowel; thus; 
 "1 cider, ^1 succor, \ 9 spree, ^ stray, \^^ supreme 
 
 65. The double circle nw r also be written on this side 
 of the stroke, making the quadruple combination, as in 
 
 | sister. 
 
 66. On the curved strokes the s-eircle must be written 
 completely before forming the hook, since the combination
 
 r 
 
 60 AMKKICAX MANTAJ. 
 
 has to occupy the circle side of the stems; thus: 
 j*^ suffer, .^ sever, .J? seizure, ~^ suiniinr, O ot>/t>'r ; and 
 these five are the only ones on which then- i> occasion 
 to use it. 
 
 67. When \ spr, | str, . #kr, follow a preceding 
 stroke, the hook must be distinctly formed; thus: "^NQ 
 ujifitx, ~^^>^_^_ c.ftreinf, \\ pro*p> r. 
 
 68. There are a few combinations in which it is impo.->i- 
 ble to form very, distinct hooks in connection with the 
 a-circle, and imperfect ones have to suffice; thus: < _ 
 subscribe, [ o disgrace. . v ^ 
 
 SPECIAL SCIIKME OF VOCALIZATION. 
 
 69. Although the double consonants of the spr \ .// | 
 scries are generally employed where no vowel intervenes, 
 or only an indistinct one, convenience and brevity require 
 that a little license should be taken with the rule, and 
 therefore the double consonants are used occasionally even 
 when the vowel sound is distinctly heard between the 
 stroke and the hook. 
 
 70. When this is done a peculiar scheme of vocalization 
 is resorted to, namely: the dot vowels are indicated by a 
 small circle placed in each of the three positions, before the 
 stroke for the long, and after for the short vowels; 
 
 1 _ dark, ^"' dearly, c _/ r * careless, < \/^? jmriifi/zc^ 
 term; when a dash vowel is to be read between the stroke 
 and hook, it is indicated by striking the dash through the 
 stroke; as c+o course, \ _ Turkey; or, when it is a first- 
 place dash vowel it may be written just in front of the hook,; 
 thus: I<^_^T-S/"" normal; when a third-place diphthong, it 
 may be written through the stroke; thus: *\ posture; or 
 thus: \^_ : n figure. *
 
 OK TMlONOUIt. M'lIY. 
 
 Gl 
 
 71. /MIOOK WORD-SIGNS. t 
 
 ^ principle-al, *\ re-inember, j true, truth, | dear, Dr. 
 
 - Christian, .. '-. care, /? larger, ^ from, \^ ever-y 
 
 (' other, ^ there, their, J) sure, j pleasure, ^ error, 
 
 s~~^ C 
 
 wear, more, s-*,. Mr., ' nor, ^ __ ; near. 
 
 \, 
 
 .CSV 
 
 \3 
 
 . 
 
 HEADING E 
 
 ^ T I. 
 
 3 
 
 *r 
 
 \v w 
 
 \ 
 
 v_ A 
 
 9 T y 
 
 ^ \ \ \ 
 
 \ f - v ^
 
 02 AMKIMIAN MANIAL 
 
 WKlTlN<i EXKKCISK X. 
 
 Dry, dray, tree, pray, cry, grow, divaui, bridge; acre, odor, 
 upper, April; brass, cross, trace; fry, freak fresh, throw, 
 shriek, Friday; oiler, over, honor, mover, minor, dinner, 
 wager, frainer, transpose, transfer. 
 
 Spry, stray, strike, struck, strap, strip, strange, string, 
 scrap, M-rape, scream; supper, sober, sadder, supremacy, 
 secrecy; safer, sinner, summer, brisker, proscribe. 
 
 Charm, dark, sharp, sharper, cheerless, nearer, thirty, 
 perverse, north, enormous, enormity, coarsely, work, morality, 
 nourish, journey, purchase, erasure, Yarmouth. 
 
 Error is sure to-be exposed to sharp, criticism. 
 
 Danger is said to-be next neighbor to security. 
 
 He is-a pretty fellow to take care of prisoners. 
 
 The dear Doctor rarely brings-a prize to shore. 
 
 True courage grows strong from vigorous exercise. 
 
 A dry summer brings small crops for-the harvest. 
 
 Truth and honesty are sure to-receive favor at-last. 
 
 All proper promises are supposed to-be free from error. 
 
 Every member of-a Christian church should take care to 
 spcak-the truth, both in prosperous and adverse times. 
 
 REVIEW OF FIFTH LKSSOX. 
 
 ( 55.) What is the peculiar characteristic- of / and r? ($ 56.) How 
 arc the}' represented in combination with other consonants ? ($57.) 
 Describe the difference between ]>-! and ]>J, />-r and JH-. ($ .j.s. i On 
 which side of straight .stems is the r-hook written? ($59.') On 
 which side of the curved stems? ($60.) How are duplicate forms 
 for thr, light and heavy, obtained ? What, is the rule for their use ? 
 (261.) How is the r-hook represented on >n and // ? i$6:',.'> IIow 
 is the s-circle written so as to precede the r-hook on straight 
 stems? ($ 66.) How on the curved strokes? ($61.) Tf a rWel 
 precede these triple stems, what is the order of reading? ($ 67. ' In 
 what cases must the hook as well as the circle be distinctly formed? 
 ($70.) Explain the special method of writing the dot vowels to 
 these triple consonants. The dash vowels, and diphthongs.
 
 OF PHONOGBAPHY. 
 
 63 
 
 * ii 
 tnlj 
 
 ILLUSTRATION OF THE /^HOOK. 
 
 pi 
 
 TABLE OF THE Z-IIOOK. 
 \ pi \ bl f tl f (11 /* ch-1 X 9 jl o_ kl o_ gl 
 
 th-1 
 
 ml 
 
 rl 
 nl 
 
 72. If the Loft hand be held up, and the fore-finger bent 
 as in the cut, the outline | tl will be seen ; and,' by turn- 
 ing the hand round to the four different -positions, all the 
 straight double consonants of the PI series, and most of the 
 curved ones, will be indicated. The Z-hook is shown by 
 the Left hand. 
 
 73. On all the curved signs that take the -hook, it is 
 written on the concave, or inner side ; but, in order to 
 distinguish it from the ?--hook, it is written twice as large. 
 Sh-l is generally written upward, as in V^^ ") official. 
 
 74. The stems for s and z, as with the r-hook, do not 
 take the Miook, f and /' being preferable to ) and \ , 
 as in ^\^a mi/sclr, or muzzle. Neither does the stroke 
 (_ I take the /-hook. Nyl c^/ for mgbj, is occasionally used.
 
 AMERICAN MAXCAI. 
 
 75. The stroke and hook being considered as one sign, are 
 vocalized generally in a very simple manner. If a vowel 
 precede the double consonant sound, it is written before the 
 sign; thus: \ able, \^_ evil, \^ iiu-ful, v l idle, <__: eagle; 
 if a vowel follow it must be placed after; thus: V j>l"y, 
 -.jo dose; or a vowel may be written both beforehand after 
 the consonant sign; thus: \. aMy, ' \' 'ij>j>!y, "X^ f> ' /; / '*'', 
 
 THE SPL si:i;n;< OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 76. The s-circle is prefixed to the /-hook, on both straight 
 and curved strokes, in the same manner that it is prefixed 
 to the 2--lux>k on the curved signs, that is, by writing both 
 the circle and the hook distinctly; thus: 
 
 1 
 
 s-pl (Vtl x^s-chl G_ s-kl 
 
 \ s-bl [ s-dl /^s-J 1 Q g -gl 
 
 s-fl C^s-thl y s-shl 6^ s-ml 
 
 s-vl (Vthl v's-zhl 
 
 77. The vocalizing of these triple consonants is the same 
 as that of the *]>/ series; thus: j *<!t/<lle, \v/ Sl/ J'l'fy> 
 G i sickly, \^ ciril, -- L -e- f -^-^ c.rclairn, ~j^ ffi,-,/"L 
 
 78. The special scheme of vocalization is also applied to 
 the J-hook; thus: ^* valuable, [' till, f% ; legal 
 
 tolerable, \^ falsify, 
 
 Z-IIOOK WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 people, | tell, until, | deliver c call, 1 cool, 3 /children. 
 
 V^ follow, 1 full, 2 \^ value, c_^ only.
 
 OF PIIOXOMIAI'IIY. 
 
 HEADING EXERCISE VII. 
 
 9s I I V 
 
 V> Sv (t (b Q Vr, 
 
 \ N i 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XI. 
 
 Plea, ply, plow, blue, glee, bible,' title, couple, regal, 
 penal, tunnel, iickle, vocal ; biases, classes, oblige, reclaim, 
 disclaim, discloses, radical, clerical, journal, removal, \ 
 inflame, -Vlm.shel, shovel/ marshal, partial, imTTa], rillr. 
 ruffle, rely, relieve, relapse ; lovingly, jokingly, strongly. 
 " Falsity, volume, fulminate, philosophical, calamity, 
 collect, college, voluminous, colonize, vulgar. 
 
 Supply, suppleness, saddle, satchel, possible, feasible, 
 peaceful, deceitful, advisable, excusable. 
 
 V J
 
 66 
 
 \Mi:i;i( AN MANUAL 
 
 IvKAPIXG EXEKCI.SE VIII. 
 
 -<\- 
 ^ 
 
 I x-v 
 
 > * ' <L0 
 
 */ 
 
 V_ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 - u 
 
 r 
 
 j ^ 
 
 V 
 
 b^ o 
 t 
 
 ~^\ , J | c_D o 
 "I- -r- "-O
 
 NV1UT1.XU EXEHCl^E XII. 
 
 To grow angry at trifles is miserable folly, and a disgrace. 
 
 Mt people prefer reasonable cheert'ulne-- to >eiiselr>- mirth. 
 
 All Christian graces and virturs must he fed by personal 
 charity. 
 
 Nothing can supply the place of valuable books in a family 
 of children. 
 
 There is nothing as soon overthrows a strong head as 
 
 The Uible is a most noble old book, full of both philosophic 
 and moral truths. 
 
 Female beauties arc as likely tu be fickle in their faces 
 as in their fancies. *v 
 
 A graceful presence bespeaks? favor from the most extreme 
 stickler for propriety. 
 
 Peaceful times are the mo.-t pnperous and desirable 
 to all sensible people. 
 
 Poverty may suffer for many things, but avarice de-ire.- 
 and grasps at everything. 
 
 The principal glory of every civilized people arises from 
 the triumphs of its authors. 
 
 Children are like travelers in a strange place, and should 
 receive every necessary 
 
 REVIFAA' OF THE SIXTH LESSON. 
 
 (JJ72.) On which side of the straight stroke? i.< the /-hook? (73.) 
 How is it represented on the curved signs? Cjf74.) What signs do 
 not take the /-hook? (75. } How are these double-consonants vocal- 
 izedT~"f $~6. ) How is the *-circle prefixed to the /-hook? i ;78. ) Ex- 
 plain the special mode of vocalizing these double consonants, when a 
 vowel is to be read between the stroke and the hook. (',79. ) What 
 are the straight stroke word-signs of the /-hook series? What are the 
 curved word-signs?
 
 68 AMERICAN MANl'AL 
 
 TERMINAL HOOKS FOE N, F AND V. 
 
 80. Since the hooked strokes, although representing two 
 elementary sounds, arc written with nearly the same facility 
 as the simple strokes, the hooking principle is applied to the 
 termination of consonant stems as well as to the beginning. 
 The most useful purposes which the two small terminal hooks 
 can subserve, are to represent the frequent sounds of 
 n, f and v. 
 
 TABLE OF THE JV-HOOK. 
 
 \ pn \ ln ,111 J dn / ch-n ^ jn ~~= kn 3 gn 
 V^fu V^. vn ^ th-n ^ th-n J sn J zn ^ sh-n J zh-n 
 f^ In -^ rn /' rn ^~^ mn v ? nn f yn ^N wn ,/ hn 
 
 81. On the straight strokes the -hook is written on the left- 
 hand side of the vertical and inclined, and on the under side 
 of the horizontal strokes, embracing the upstroke r and It. 
 On. the curved strokes it is written on the inner or concave 
 side, as shown in the above table. 
 
 82. Stems with the n-hook are vocalized as the simple 
 strokes, not requiring the peculiar methods of the r-hook and 
 /-hook; thus: \ pain* \ dawn, ^\v fine, /C run, / \. rapine, 
 
 VT-^ remain, l^X 7 foreign.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 09 
 
 8b. Third-place vowel signs are written outside of the 
 hook; thus: " ; /:></i, thin, j moon. 
 
 84. Strokes having an initial circle, loop, or hook of any 
 
 kind, may also have a final hook; as: '^ spine, \ plan, 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 * sprain, ^^soften, V^stiffen, / stolen. 
 
 S,'. If no djstin.-t vowel sound is heard between the sound 
 of the stroke and the hook, no vowel sign is written ; as in 
 X^ open, V^ often, / '_, shaken, -^/ rci/imi. 
 
 8G. This hook is often written in the middle, as well as at 
 the end of word.i; as ] =-'> economy, r\ . organic, 
 
 u 
 
 THE A'-IIOOK FOLLOWED BY S, ST, STR. 
 
 87. When n is the last consonant in a word, followed 
 by a vowel, the stroke must be written; thus, compare 
 ~s> moon, '"~\Lx. rnonnj, ^ lone, ' ^C. l toin j> ( ^ 1 f un > \^_ i 
 f li 'J, .<& china. 
 
 ss. When the sound of s follows n without an intervening 
 vowel, it may be represented, on straight stems, by turning 
 the n-hook into a circle, since the simple s-circle is written 
 only on the opposite side of the stem; thus: Vdlne, I ij/'m-x; 
 
 X * /? /C> 
 
 / ' j"' n> , / ] j"i>'*; /^ run, /\ runs. The double circle may 
 be written in the same way; as -rfcw, ^-dunces; ^'chance, 
 <y chances. 
 
 89. The xt and xfr loops may be added to the n-hook in the 
 same manner as the circle s; thus: \ bounced, -/' c]tain-<d, 
 
 Q o rt 
 
 \ spinster. 
 
 90. When the sound of s follows the -hook on a curved 
 stem, however, the circle must be formed in addition to the 
 hook, since the simple ,-circlc is written in that position; 
 thus: V^ fine, \^ fines; ^J ocean, o y?' oceans; fi' IIHDI ; 
 /v loam;
 
 70 
 
 AMERICAN" M .MAI. 
 
 91. The loops st and sir cannot be added to the n-hook 
 on curved strokes; and therefore in such combination.- the 
 stroke n must be written; as V^, finest, /^ *-* renounced. 
 
 92. JV-HOOK WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 ^ upon N^ been J done ( / general-ly % = again 
 
 V phonography ( than, 1 then f^ alone ""^ man ^-^ men 
 
 ^opinion 3 ^ learn 
 
 V 
 
 READING EXERCISE IX. 
 
 \ J- J, J, ^ 
 
 9-o 
 
 ~J 
 
 V
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 71 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XIII. 
 
 Pain, boon, tone, dawn, chain, John, coin, gun, gone, 
 fine, A-ain, then, shone, ocean, loan, line, main, mean, mine, 
 known, wine; open, ripen, ribbon, redden, region, shaken, 
 organ, orphan, heaven, heathen, fallen, turn, mourn ; 
 remain, regain, abstain, swain, swoon. 
 
 Pen, penny; pun, puny; down, downy; Jane, Jennie; 
 cane, canal; fan, Fanny; vine, vinegar; shine, shiny; line, 
 lion; rain, rainy; main, many; pan, panm-1 ; tun, tunnel; 
 chain, channel; fine, final; thin, thinly; spine, spinal; 
 train, eternal; sprain, sprinkle ; swine, swinny; hone, honey. 
 
 Pains, beans, towns, chains, gains, reins, burns, hence, 
 residence, expense, explains, inclines; Germans, offence, 
 refines, heavens, shuns, leans, loans, means, remains, 
 canons, violence. 
 
 Every man's main chance is to earn his money by due 
 diligence. 
 
 A mean man's manners are generally as offensive as his 
 meannesses. 
 
 A man has no more right to say d"n uncivil thing to 
 me than to knock me down. 
 
 A man's opinions are often the growth of ignorance 
 and chance remark. 
 
 Muscular strength is often taken for true courage, by nine 
 out of ten among men. 
 
 The fallacy of this opinion has been shown by general 
 practice, for prudence is also necessary. 
 
 A truly Christian man looks down like an eternal sun 
 upon the autumn of his existence. 
 
 A man's religion generally inclines his soul to turn to 
 heaven for guidance. 
 
 Physical pain is less grievous to be borne than an offence 
 against the soul.
 
 72 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 TABLE OF TlIK /' AND 1* HOOK. 
 \. pf or pv ^ tf tv / ch-f cli-v __^ kf kv 
 
 Y bf bv [df dv / jf jv 3g f g\- 
 
 .X 3 rf rv J lif hv 
 
 93, The houk for/ and r is tlie same, since their sounds are 
 si) nearly alike that whichever is pronounced will suggest the 
 right word. It is used on the straight strokes only, and on 
 the side opposite to that of the ?<-hook, namely: on the 
 right-hand side of perpendicular and inclined strokes, and on 
 the upper side of horizontals, including / and //. 
 
 94. This hook is not written on the curved strokes, because 
 the it-hook occupies the concave side of the curves, and an- 
 other hook cannot be readily or gracefully formed on the 
 convex side.* 
 
 !>'). Strokes having this /and r-hook are vocalized and read 
 simply, as those taking the //-hook; \j. beef, - ( = cnni/li, 
 \j_ prove, \v strife, c-^ grave, <r v 3 cttrce, ^^ defense, 
 
 y^ 1 reverse. 
 
 96. When f or v is the last consonant in a word, and 
 followed by a vowel, the full stroke must be written ; thus, 
 compare ^ = cotigh, ?~\. co ff (( "> 
 
 /? rough, /\^ riven; [; deaf, (^ defy, 
 
 97. The circle s or z may be added to this hook, by 
 turning a distinct circle inside the hook; thus j 9 cotiyli*, 
 
 L drives, y? raves. 
 
 98. F AND T HOOK \VOHD-SK :NS. 
 X^ above I differ / whichever Jehovah = gave 
 
 f: = Mr. Munson's scheme, and that of Mr*. E. 15. liurns, admit of the 
 n*p. to R limited extent, of a long slender hook on the curved 
 strokes, for f and / but it cannot be commended, since it tends to 
 ambiguity.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 73 
 
 READING EXERCISE X. 
 
 \> |j X> <^ ^ <^ _p _o _p X* /? 
 Nb 'V ^ ^ c-^ ^> ^ 3 \S- 
 
 /^ S\r ^e ^V ^V P-* X*/^ 
 U ^ V,A^ ^ lf--f 1%ST**- 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XIV. 
 
 Puff, deaf, gave, rough, roof, scoff, serve, curve, drove, 
 grief, cleave, grave; cliffs, gloves, groves; bereave, preserve, 
 provoke, deserve, refer, reference, retrieve; devoid, divide, 
 provide, bravery; observes, reproves, engraves, derives. 
 
 (Irief drove the poor man roughly to his early grave. 
 
 They who deserve reproof strive to bear it bravely. 
 
 It behooves the brave man to preserve his honor and 
 maintain his glory. 
 
 The man's chief province, I discover, is to puff bravery 
 and provoke strife. 
 
 REVIEW OF LESSON SEVENTH. 
 
 (81.) On which side of the straight strokes is the n-hook written? 
 How written on the curves? (-87.) When is it necessary to write 
 the full stroke i ? (88.) How may the -circle be added, on straight 
 strokes, to the it-book? (90.) How on the curved strokes? (89.) 
 How may the nt and *tr loops be added? (92.) What are the 
 ii-hook word-signs? < 'AM.} On what strokes, and which side, is the 
 f-e hook written? (?9<>. ") When is it necessary to write the full 
 strokes /'and r? (97.) How may the circle * or z be added to this 
 hook? (98.) What are the/ and r-hook word-signs ?
 
 74 AMERICAN" MANUAL 
 
 LARGE TERMINAL HOOKS FOR SHN, TR AND THE. 
 
 99. In the earlier editions of Phonography only one si/e 
 of hooks, initial and final, was employed. But, in the pro- 
 cess of experiment and improvement, it was satisfactorily 
 established that a larger as well as a small hook could IK 
 easily written, and readily distinguished one from the other. 
 As the best use that could be made of one of the large 
 terminal hooks, it was appropriated to the representation 
 of the frequently recurring syllables, -clan, -Han, -x'ton, -tkm ; 
 thus: \j passion, L_D occasion, e ^ Grecian, W 5 notion, 
 ^2 ration, Q-Psam-tioH. 
 
 100. This hook is called the shun hook, because in ordinary 
 speech the syllables thus uniformly represented are so pro- 
 nounced; but in careful reading and speaking the short 
 sounds of a and o should be given wherever these letters 
 occur. Although this representation is not entirely phonetic, 
 inasmuch as there are three elementary sounds to the one 
 sign, yet it is near enough so for a contracted style of writ- 
 ing. Of course this class of words could be written out 
 in full, with the sh and 7i-strokes, or with the sh stroke and 
 yi-hook, but for the sake of simple, graceful forms, and 
 speed in making them, the hook is preferable.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 75 
 
 TABLE OF THE SHN-llOOK. 
 
 V > p-shn 
 \j b-shn 
 
 kj f -< h 
 
 L t-shn 
 1, d-shn 
 (" th-shn 
 
 / ch-shn 
 /, j-shn 
 
 ~] s-shn 
 
 _D k-shn 
 _^3 g-shn 
 / sh-shn 
 
 Vo v - shn 
 
 ^ th-shn 
 \ ^Pr-shn 
 
 .) z-shn 
 ^ 1-shn 
 
 ^J zh-shn 
 "^ w-shn 
 
 f o m-shn 
 
 v__2 n-shn 
 
 s^p n g-shn 
 
 l^ 1 h-slm 
 
 101. This s/iM-hook, it will -be seen, is written on the same 
 side of straight strokes as the. /-r-hook, and on the curved 
 strokes the same side as the -hook, but about twice as 
 large in eacji case. 
 
 102. The stroke f does not require the use of the hn- 
 hook, for the writing of English words, and on some of 
 the others it is rarely if ever used. 
 
 103. Stems taking the s/w-hook are vocalized simply as 
 t!io<c having the ?t-hook; thus: V^ potion, I addition, 
 
 j^j sedition, **-^2 section, \ 3 discussion, > ^ omission, r fashion, 
 
 t . vision, f\-) junction. 
 
 104. When the sounds of sh and n final are the only con- 
 sonants in a word, the form ^ must be used as v/ ocean; 
 and if an accented vowel come between the sh and n, the 
 same form must be used ; as fr ~*) machine. 
 
 105. This hook may also be used advantageously in the 
 middle of many words; as I ^g* dictionary, ', ^/' mis- 
 sionary, ^XJ^T^ functionary. 
 
 106. The circle s may be added to form the .plural of words 
 ending in -sion, -tion, by writing it inside of the hook; thus: 
 
 'L additions, \ ^discussions, \^~^ admissions. 
 
 107. The sAn-hook may also be written to a stem having a 
 final s-circle, an n.s-circle, or an str-loop; as - 9 accession, 
 
 I. decision, V cessation, \ compensation, 'OZ? illustration.
 
 76 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 The s-circle may be added to this form of the hook ; as 
 
 V^ positions, \_ physicians. 
 t> ^S 
 
 The vocalization of this hook is seldom necessary, as the 
 
 preceding syllables generally indicate what the word is ; but 
 the second-place vowels a and e may be written to the middle 
 of the hook, and the third-place, i, to the end, as shown above. 
 
 108. SHN-IWOK WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 \jobjection, \) subjection, temptation, - -H> occasion, 
 
 /^ revolution, 3 ^~~^ motion, ^-2 nation. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XI. 
 
 Xi 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XV. 
 
 Passion, potion, auction, option, rotation, ojipression, 
 repression, obligation, instigation, ambition, abrogation, 
 duration, adhesion; selections, delegations, exhibitions, 
 eruptions. 
 
 Fusion, provision, invasion, revision, division, session, 
 collision, abolition, adulation, inflation; emotions, orations, 
 ammunition, nominations.
 
 yf OF KIONC 
 
 OF I/HONOGKA1'HY. ) 77 
 
 WlUTIN(i EXERCISE XV CONCLUDED. 
 
 Petitioner, occasional, additional, rational, visionary, 
 national, provisional. 
 
 Causation, decision, opposition, supposition, propositions, 
 accusations, precision, dispensation, physicians, musician, 
 sensation, molestation, illustrations. 
 
 TABLE OF THE Tit AND THE HOOK. 
 
 ^ p-tr J t-tr ^/ ch-tr ~) k-tr 
 
 \ t-tr J d-tr fj j-tr 3 g-tr 
 
 /Vtr i/ 1 h-tr 
 
 109. This hook is written on the straight strokes only, 
 since the curves can take but one large hook, and that is 
 used for the s/m-hook. It occupies the -hook side, and is 
 written the same size as the s/m-hook. 
 
 110. It is generally used to represent the syllables -tcr, -tor, 
 -(her, and sometimes -ture; thus: \, potter, '> actor, 
 J v tighter, 3 gather, [ ' structure. In the latter word 
 and others of its class, only, is the vocalization peculiar, 
 as in $70. 
 
 111. The s-circle may be added, to form the plural or pos- 
 sessive case of words; as: \ plotters, J gathers, \_. 
 jiir/itrrs, /^ writers. The n-hook may occasionally be writ- 
 ten inside of this large hook, for the addition of the word 
 than; as j 7 tighter-than, /^ rather-than. 
 
 112. This hook is sometimes used in the middle of words 
 advantageously; as: daughter-in-law. ;C brothcr-in- 
 
 r, ^-f* -f<+ 
 
 law, ,X subterfuge, ' t /^ hitherto. 
 
 >^ 
 113. x T 1 hese syllables -ter, -tor, -thcr, -dcr. are represented 
 
 on the curves by simply doubling their length, which is
 
 78 
 
 AMERICAN MAM A I. 
 
 equivalent to straightening out the large hook, so that it may 
 be distinguished from the shn; thus: \T father, (* litn; 
 x ^ neater, ^ij^~^ filter, ^~^C ' motherly, ^rf entirely, 
 s^-^ signature. 
 
 114. Doubling the curves /""^ mp, mb, and ^^ ng, is 
 not needed for the addition of //, thr ; therefore these signs 
 made double-length are utilized for the addition of -er, 
 -ger, or -kcr; as U v damper, ^~^~ x Umber, ^ anyer, 
 
 ^- '' linger, *\^^s banker. 
 
 115. The s-circle may be added to these double-strokes; as 
 V ? another's; also, the w-hook, for the addition of the 
 
 words one and than; as v ? another-one, f Hrj]iter-t1i<n). 
 
 116. TR AND THR WOPD-SIGNS. 
 
 V father 1 ^"~~N matter 1 s--^. mother ^_^ another 1 
 N 
 
 v ' neither 3 ^~ latter 1 ^ further ^) shorter 1 
 
 ^~S longer 1 younger 2 ~"\ order "N wider 1 weather 
 
 READIXO EXERCISE XL
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 79 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XVI. 
 
 Pother, batter, debtor, sputter, splatter, victor, heater; 
 stutters, brothers, gutters, doctors; debater, dissipator, 
 operator, curator, deseerator, demonstrator, reflector. 
 
 Feature, voter, softer, sifter, flatter, flutter; easterly, 
 oysters, shorter, lighter, loiter, slaughter, orators, weather, 
 water, murder, northern, senators, smother, innovator, 
 elevator, provider, dissenter, originator; timber, limber, 
 slumber, November, hanker, hunker. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XIII.
 
 80 AMEKICAN MAXTAI, 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XVII. 
 
 Passion and oppression drive men to revolution. 
 
 Ambition is-an emotion liable to long duration. 
 
 Violations of-inoral obligations deserve disapprobation' 
 
 In-this nation of freemen every voter may-be a senator. 
 
 Observation and discrimination insure-the best legislation. 
 
 Neither father nor mother can supply-the place of another. 
 
 The careless debtor is likely to-become a dissipator and 
 to-slumber in- the gutter. 
 
 It-is entirely a matter of choice whether oysters are eaten 
 in November or December. 
 
 The pen of the ready writer is a scepter of power 
 which knows no limitation. 
 
 Man's subjection to-temptation gives occasion, first, for dis- 
 sipation, and- then for reformation. 
 
 The calculation of the diameter of the earth is based on the 
 discoveries of the later philosophers. 
 
 Brothers and sisters should make provision for each other's 
 information and progression in co-operation. 
 
 REVIEW OF LESSON EIGHTH. 
 
 (j>9) What syllables are represented by the fi-hook? (101J 
 How is it written? (j/104. ) In what classes of words must the stroke 
 sh and n-hook be used, and not the s/i)-hook? (jflOG.) How may the 
 *-circle be added to this hook? (j/107.) How may the A-hook be 
 added to a stem ending with a circle*? (108.) What are the shu- 
 hook word-signs? (109.) How is the tr or <Ar-hook written? 
 (gill.) Is the -circle added to this hook? (2113.) Explain the 
 double-length curved strokes. (114.) What is the effect of doubling 
 the length of mp and ngl (JJ116.) What are the straight tr ami tltr 
 word-signs? What are the word-signs of the double-length curves?
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 81 
 
 IRREGULAR DIPHTHONGS BRIEF W, Y AND H. 
 
 117. The fact that the sounds of w and y never occur in 
 English except before vowels, and thus occur so frequently, 
 induced the inventor of Phonography to provide for repre- 
 senting the combination of each of these elements with each 
 of the vowels, by single signs. In doing so, he selected signs 
 so brief, and that so readily unite with other signs, that, like 
 the circle s, they are more frequently used than the regular 
 stroke signs. 
 
 118. The sign for the w-series is obtained by dividing a 
 small circle perpendicularly, thus: c :> ; taking the first, or 
 left-hand half of the circle, to represent the union of w with 
 the first, or dot series of vowels; and, like them, it is made 
 heavy for the long, or full sounds, thus: I weed, V wave; 
 and light for the short, as: c wet, c / witch. 
 
 119. The second half of the circle represents the union of 
 w with the second, or dash series of vowels, heavy and light; 
 as ? walk, :> / / ^\ warp, _J/ wash** 
 
 *These diphthongal signs were at first, and until recently, written 
 separately from the strokes, in the first, second, and third places, 
 the same as the simple vowels; but for the sake' of greater legibility 
 when the vowels are omitted, in ro^ml writing, it is found better to 
 represent tne w element in nearly all words in which it occurs.
 
 82 AMERICAN MAMAI. 
 
 120. TABLE OF THE IP-SERIES. 
 THE DOT GROUP. THE DASH GROUP. 
 
 Long. Short. Long. S'//"/v. 
 
 wah I wa 
 
 wa <j we" 
 
 we , I wi 
 
 wau j wo 
 
 wo >! wQ 
 
 woo ,| WOO 
 
 121. These signs should be written as small as they well 
 can be and preserve distinct semi-circles; and they must 
 always he written vertically, and not change with the dim-r- 
 ent positions of the consonants. 
 
 122. Practically, of late years, only the first-place si^ns 
 of this w-series are used to any extent, and they are em- 
 ployed to represent the simple power of w, leaving the vowel 
 to be understood, or inserted. When thus used, either half 
 of the circle may be written, according to convenience in 
 joining, and the light sign should be employed ; but when 
 one sign is as readily joined to the following stroke as the 
 other, that one should be used which indicates the group to 
 which the vowel belongs that is heard in the syllable ; thus: 
 
 .] wed, | wod, ._j wish. To k and / r, however, 
 only the sign of the dash-group can be written, hence we 
 write : 3 * week, i : wiy, as well as ^ yoke and >/ war. 
 On \^ and "\ also, * is more easily written, while on 
 / and / c is more readily joined; thus, S^ weep, 
 
 \^ web, / watch, -f wedge. 
 
 THE IT-HOOKS. 
 
 123. For convenience in joining, and to get better forms for 
 many words, w is also represented by a large initial hook on 
 I and upstroke r, thus: /^" wl, t/vr. The hook is read first, 
 then the vowel and following stroke to which it is prefixed ; 
 as, ^~ wall, ^"^ welfare, / 'wire, ^L^y{ unworthy.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 83 
 
 124. There is a large class of words which, in the com- 
 mon orthography, contain the combination qu, which in 
 Phonography are equivalent to ku; as in qaaLr, inquire; 
 a smaller number, containing the similar combination git, 
 as in lamjuid; there is also a considerable class of words in 
 which t and d are followed by u; as in ttciir, ivixt, (brill. 
 These combinations are likewise represented by a large 
 initial hook, but unlike the w-hook in 123 where the hook 
 is read first, in these cases the stroke is read first and then 
 the hook, followed by the vowel; thus: ( - ^queer, 
 
 " c ;x inqwrr, ( T~:, quiet, ""^""7 anguish, \\i* twice. 
 
 125. In the table of r hooks, 61, '""^ m and -^_^ were 
 di reeled to be written heavy, with a small initial hook, for 
 the eombination /; s mi; ^ r, so as to leave the same 
 forms, written light, for another purpose. That purpose is 
 the representation of in combination with m and n; thus, 
 
 ' - "///, ////, in such words as ^ women, ^.^vltcn, 
 c_U one; and more especially in such frequent phrases as, 
 ~-* we-may, ^ ' wken-thcre, ^ / one-other. 
 
 126. The circle s may be prefixed to these ;r-hooks ; 
 as Q^ swear, ^-i N square, ga /" squall, ^ i squad; the 
 circle * may also be written inside of the brief ( and 
 3 when it cannot be otherwise readily expressed ; 
 as : ^1 sweat y, / switch. 
 
 THE ir-WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 127. These diphthongs and hooks afford a number of 
 additional word-signs. Like the simplevowel-signs, most 
 of them are to be written above, or on the lines as their 
 positions in the table indicate. 
 
 * we . with ^ what would 
 
 f c 
 
 L while, well, <J/ were, c - equal-ly, ^-*" when, <^_^ one.
 
 84 
 
 AMERICAN MA XI" A I. 
 
 KKA DIXO EXERCISK XIV. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XVIII. 
 
 [Write with c ]. Wade, wed, wits, witty, weedy, widow- 
 er, wedges, watches, wishes, washing, waves, wifely. 
 
 [ Write with ' ]. Webster, weeping, weekly, weakness, 
 wakeful, wagon, wickedly, warriors, wove, woven. 
 
 [ Write with W-Hooks.~\ Wail, wealthy, well nigh, well- 
 being, well-known, willingness, welcome, wallow, wolf, Walter; 
 weary, weariness, wary, warehouse, wiry, wire-puller, worry, 
 worthless; windows, Winchester, winter, wonder, women. 
 
 Quack, quick, quickly, query, quest, bequest, inquest, re- 
 quest, quell, quill, equip, equity, quota, quietly, quenchless, 
 relinquish, extinguish; tweak, tweed, tweesers, twinge, twist, 
 betwixt, twelve, twenty; squeeze, square, squalor, squeamish, 
 sequester, sware, swarthy. 
 
 [ Write stroke W.] Waver, warm, warmth, warmly ; sweep, 
 swoop, swim, swamp, swag, swell, swallow, swelte'r, woman.
 
 OF rHONOUKAPHY. 
 
 TABU-: OF TIIK 
 THK DOT (illOUP. 
 
 LninJ. Xlinrt. 
 
 yah "" ya 
 
 y 
 
 }' 
 
 r-SEKIKS. 
 
 THE DASH GBOl'I'. 
 
 yau 
 
 y^ 
 
 \ yoo 
 
 yo 
 
 y tt 
 
 yoo 
 
 128. To obtain characters to represent the ?/-series of irreg- 
 ular diphthongs, the small circle is divided horizontally, 
 thus: -9- ; the under half, representing the dot group of 
 vowels, is made heavy for the long sounds and light for 
 the short ; as, kr ~\ yarn. The upper half represents the 
 union of y with the dash group of vowels, heavy and light ; 
 as, --=- yoke, ^/' york. 
 
 129. As with the brief ;/'-signs, the signs of this //-series 
 are used to a considerable extent to represent the simple 
 power of //, leaving the vowel to be understood or inserted; 
 as ^-^ ; Ymiker, V youth, \ young, Vv utilize. But 
 it is also used frequently as a vowel, in the second and 
 third places as well as the first; thus: 
 
 ^*t induce, / genius, ^^/^ ratio, .P idiot.* 
 
 BEADING EXERCISE XV. 
 
 #In the last three, and many similar words, where the i precedes 
 another vowel, it is not pronounced exactly as >/, but it comes so near 
 it that, in order to avoid lifting the pen and writing two signs, they 
 arc written as above.
 
 86 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 MODES OF WRITING ASPIRATE //. 
 
 130. The aspirate It occurs so frequently at the beginning 
 of words, and being one of the weakest elements in the 
 alphabet, it may be appropriately represented by the briefest 
 sign ; accordingly the stroke / h is reduced to the tick ' 
 alone, wherever it can be readily united with the next con- 
 sonant, and it so unites with - /-, g, J s, ) z, (^ I, ~~^ r, 
 
 m, ~^\u-; as in the following words: * - hook, ** hoy, 
 zzyf~\ketp, *\^ harm, ^Jiere, ^ home, S^ whine. 
 It may be also written to brief > ; as; ^-- - vimr/:, 
 1 whig, ( whiff. The aspirate is indicated before 
 wl, C/ 'ti'i', l'. v thickening the hook; as Y~ whale, 
 (/^^^^ wherefore. 
 
 131. ' Occasionally, in the advanced style of writing, in 
 order to obtain brief forms for words of frequent occurrence, 
 in which brief ' h cannot be used, both signs are omitted; as 
 '*~ > ?\ f wthappy, '\_adhere. In former editions of Phonogra- 
 phy, the h was represented in this, and most of the above 
 classes of words, by writing a light dot before the vowel ; 
 
 as '" N^_p happiness, "N>_ abhor. This is still allowable, 
 though it is rarely necessary. 
 
 In a few words, mostly proper names, a downward form of 
 the stroke h is convenient, namely, /7 ; as in "\s behoove, 
 
 / Jehu. < ~y^ Mahomet. *4 
 
 Z 
 
 THE r-WORD-SIGXS. 
 
 131. The following are the word-signs of this y-series: 
 u year, w years, " yet, n beyond, ^ you.
 
 OF PHONOGBAPHY. 
 
 Witmxc; EXKKCISE XIX. 
 
 [Write brief "" Y, joined.'] Yon, yonder, yawp, yarn, yawl, 
 yankee, yearly, yearling, yes, yore, yoke, young, youngster, 
 youth, youthful, utility, utensil, Utopia, usury, usurious, 
 usurp, usurpation, ubiquity. 
 
 [ Write stroke K] Yawn, yearn, yell, yelk, yellow, yellow- 
 ish, yelp, yeoman, yeast, yesterday, unity, unique, Unitarian, 
 universe, universal, Universalist. 
 
 [ Write ~ or " disjoinc d.~\ Obvious, envious, previous, serious, 
 pinions, onions, minions, palliation, abbreviation, alleviation. 
 
 [ Write brief / H^\ Harm, harmony, harsh, harshly, horse, 
 heaiven, harp; hack, hackman, hackney, hog, hoggish, hogs- 
 head, hug, hoax; hail, heal, hull, health, hellish, help, helper, 
 helm, wholesale, wholsome, halter; ham, hamper, home, home- 
 sick, homespun, hominy, humbug, humiliation; whale, wheel, 
 while; wheelbarrow, where, whereby, whereas, whereupon, 
 wherever, wharf; whine, whip, whipper, whisper, whiskers, 
 whimsically. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XVI.
 
 OS AMKRICAX MANUAL 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XX. 
 
 Yale College yearly receives many young pupils. 
 
 We would-be willing to- wear the honors of Wi-bster. 
 
 The youth of-our Union uniformly assume superiority. 
 .The utility of-a utensil should-be obvious at first view. 
 
 Healthful exercise harmonizes the various functions of 
 body and brain. 
 
 A quiet and uniform course of study qualifies any one 
 for honest industry. 
 
 The quack quickly equips his horse, and hastens to 
 humbug-the homesick woman. 
 
 When one lives beyond his years he loses his youthful 
 ambition, ami-becomes worthless. 
 
 The yelling youngster yearns to whack the horse with 
 his whip, while he twists the halter. 
 
 It is horrible to hoax-the humble people by-the million, 
 whereby they-are victimized by-the wholesale. 
 
 The weeping widower speaks well of-his deceased wife, 
 while on-the outlook for some winsome widow. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE NINTH LESSON. 
 
 (218.) Describe the brief 'method of writing w. Which half of 
 the circle represents the first series of vowels? (j/119. ) Which the 
 second series? ($121.). How are these signs written with reference 
 to inclined strokes? (122.) When joined to stroke signs, which of the 
 series is used? (123.) What strokes take a large initial hook fur ? 
 (124. ) How aregw and </n represented? (i/125.) How is ir represented 
 on m and w? ( $127. ) What are the tr-diphthong word-signs? What 
 the -hook word signs? (128.) How is brief y written? Which half 
 of the circle represents the first series of vowels? Which the second? 
 IffeO.) What are the y word-signs? (2131.) How is brief h written? 
 To what strokes may it be written? How is h indicated on a ic hook? 
 (i; I-" 1 -- ) When may the sign for h be omitted, and how afterward sup- 
 plied?
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 89 
 
 HALVING THE STROKES TO ADD T OR D. 
 
 133. In consequence of the frequent recurrence of the 
 sounds t and it, it is found very convenient, and .sometimes 
 nece>sary, to give them another and more contracted repre- 
 sentation. In science, it is well known, the more a sub- 
 stance a poison, or steam, for example is concentrated, the 
 greater is its power; so, in order to get a duplication of the 
 power of the consonants t and d without writing them at 
 length, the single strokes and I , by being compressed into 
 halj' tlnir fcnyth, are made to represent the addition of a t or d. 
 
 134. In the same way the power of t or d may be added 
 to all other consonants, viz: by writing them half their 
 usual length. 
 
 13"). To illustrate this principle, suppose the word failnl is 
 to be written: there are three consonants in it, all downward 
 strokes, which would carry the last d the length of two strokes 
 below the line, but by making the first d half its usual 
 length another d is supposed to be added, and the word is' 
 thus neatly written: Vr faded. So with the word aj>jn'Hli\ 
 in which, following the down-stroke p, the letter t must be 
 repeated ; by writing the first one half its usual length 
 another t is indicated, and the word is thus briefly written: 
 \. appetite.
 
 90 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 136. This principle of contraction is further illustrated by 
 comparing the following words: | talk, Q talked; 
 /f\ rap, ^^ rappf.d; j^\^ live, ^"\ lived ; L^" deal, 
 1^- dealt; |^_^. deem, I . deemed. 
 
 137. As a general thing, resulting from the mro.-ary ac- 
 tion of the vocal organs in producing the successive sounds 
 in words, the light strokes, when halved, are followed by the 
 light sound, t ; as \ pat, ^ fought, } caught, j^ (blight; 
 and the heavy strokes, when written half-length, are followed 
 by the heavy sound, d; as /\ robbed, /^ r ragged, 
 
 \_ moved. 
 
 138. But occasionally the light sound, /, will follow a heavy 
 stroke, and also the heavy sound, d, follow a light stroke; as 
 in /V rebut, ^~"Vy incite; I/ drridr, ^j*' melted, 
 / XI . redeemed, /]* retired. Generally the sense of the 
 preceding words will indicate what any word of this class 
 should be, even without vocalizing. 
 
 139. The halving principle is applied to strokes having 
 initial and final circles, hooks and loops; or, rather, circles, 
 hooks and loops are written on half length strokes, the same 
 as on full length strokes; thus: ^ spite, \- pets, \ bleed, 
 ^ blind, 1 straight, 3 strained) I settled, ^-^ secret, \ stopped, 
 V P u ff e d> C/ Rationed, "^ battered, v^ freight, ^_ soft, 
 
 ,ty stuffed, c */^ stored, ^ stemmed, ^ motio tied, A L outward, 
 /* ! ~~~ ruined. 
 
 140. The rule of reading the added t or d, it will be ob- 
 served by the above examples, is to give the added power 
 immediately after the half-length, or after its final hook; but 
 when a final s-circle or atf-loop is written to a half-length 
 stroke, the t or d is read before the circle or loop ; thus, 
 
 cat, T cats, not cast, which is written _-=> cast; 
 *~? amid, '"-& amidst.
 
 OF I'HONOGUAIMIY. 91 
 
 141. With the foregoing explanations, the order of reading 
 vocalixed half-lengths will be simple, since it i.i practically 
 the s-.iine as with the full strokes. 
 
 142. Half-length strokes may be employed in the beginning 
 or middle of words, as well as finally; thus: \^^ bottom, 
 
 ^> between, ^~\ editor, ^/^ hotpitable^ c ~ ! ^ creditable; 
 ^ baffled, ^~^ rumored, o- o fenfhiienf. ^ 
 
 Kfl.KS FOR WK1TINU -TED, -1>EI>, AC. 
 
 143. The final syllables -ted and -ded, are generally written 
 with a half-length j or | , instead of adding the full stroke 
 to the primitive form of the word ; thus: act, I- in pref- 
 erence to ^ </c/nl ; /N" repeat^ / / ^\ not /^ repeated; 
 
 7 (juide, \n - guided. . .1 
 
 144. When a word contains d-d, or t-d, following another 
 down stroke sign, it is sometimes necessary to write a 
 detached half-length t as in \-',da(ed, ^] retreated. 
 
 14;">. The half-length ") .<?, for the sake of symmetry and 
 brevity, may be written upward after the s/m-hook; as 
 j ^.educationist, \^J inflationist. 
 
 
 
 WHEN HALF-LENGTHS RIIOVLD NOT BE USED. 
 14(>. ^Monosyllabic words containing I r.nd d should be writ- 
 ten with the full strokes, leaving the half-length I for words 
 containing I and t; thus: ^| lead, ^] allowed; <\j liyht, ^ let. 
 
 147. When r is followed by t or d, in monosyllables begin- 
 ning with r, the full-strokes should be used; as ,,-^1 rig/it, 
 /f\rate, /^j road, since half-length / rt would conflict 
 with the word-sign / should, and / and, 
 
 148. In words of two or more syllables, in which there is 
 but one consonant beside a / or d, the latter should be repre- 
 sented by a full stroke: as V" poet, ^diet; ^^ annoyed.
 
 r 
 
 92 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 149. When the sound of t or d is the final consonant, but 
 followed by a vowel, the full stroke must be written ; as 
 ^j^"~] faulty, I/] tardy; also, in words where the half-length 
 
 cannot be clearly indicated; as '^^"H instead of ^~^-. 
 
 .1 / 
 
 moneyed; S """^ V> ) instead of < ^*^ animate; /^~ ~] instead of 
 ^""~ looked; V^ . instead of V, ._ affect; c "^ in- 
 stead of c * correct. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XVII. 
 
 - v - 
 
 WRITIXG EXERCISE XXI. 
 
 Bad, deed, dead, tight, caught; deeds, doubts, cheats, 
 kites, gets; fate, fat, foot, vote, viewed, thought, sat, 
 sight, shot, late, mate; fights, fits, sets, shoots, meets, 
 nights, arts; bride, proud, trot, street, flight, fret, fruit, 
 threat, throat, shred; plot, blood, glad, flat, float; band, 
 tend, count, gained, rent, find, offend, land, lend, mend; 
 pants, attends, rents, finds, lends, minds; repent, refined, 
 enjoined, ordained, pretends, discounts; advent, advocate, 
 definite, replied, requite, reserved, return, returned, retire, 
 retired, wayward, heated, habit.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 93 
 
 150. HALF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 f caught, act 
 
 toward 
 
 /* child 
 
 1 could 
 
 P told 
 
 ^ world 
 
 _ ! God 
 
 ( thought 
 
 - Lord 
 
 1 good 
 
 f that 
 
 ,.V short 
 
 __, f cannot " 
 
 * 1 without 
 
 ^ word 
 
 1 account 
 
 . j sat 
 
 f held or hold 
 
 <^- called 
 
 J (set 
 
 flight 
 
 according 
 
 ^ j after 
 
 ^ llet 
 
 e great 
 
 i future 
 
 ^^ f might 
 
 *S spirit 
 
 ^. ( not 
 
 1 met 
 
 c\ j part 
 
 ( nature 
 
 ^ made 
 
 (. opportunity 
 , f gentleman 
 
 i went 
 -' 1 won't 
 
 >. J wind 
 | wound 
 
 1 gentlemen 
 
 -^^ under 
 
 "^ wide 
 
 1"1. The forms f held or Ao/</, -^ made and ^,ninl<r, 
 which are given in the above table, are derived from 
 the facts : first, that f y, <~-^ ij> , aud - *- >KJ, written 
 half length, unconnected with other strokes, are never 
 needed; second, that by thickening a half length light-Stroke 
 the addition of d is indicated, and not t; hence f Id, 
 /ml. -nil, properly represent the above words. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XVIII.
 
 94 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXII 
 
 God is as good as he is great, and cannot do wrong. 
 
 The word of the Lord is given as our guide in life. 
 
 Freedom of thought greatly promotes the spirit of liberty. 
 
 Reward of merit is one of the greatest incentives to effort. 
 
 The greatest wealth amounts to little when one is 
 called to part with it all. 
 
 Supply and demand, according to the laws of trade, 
 are supposed to regulate prices. 
 
 A good and sound mind is-a kind of divinity lodged in 
 human nature, that-is a-blessing to all about-it. 
 
 A good man is-a gentleman who wants good laws made, 
 so-that all who live under-them may be benefited. 
 
 The man who-is without God in-this great world, might 
 be looked upon as-a ship at sea, destitute of chart, and 
 not bound for any port in particular. 
 
 Sin cannot remain- at-a stand; if we don't retreat from 
 it, we are sure to-be carried with-it; and-the further on 
 we go the more we will-have to return. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE TENTH LESSON. 
 
 (135.) How may the power of t or d bo added to any stroke? 
 ($137.) If a light stroke is written half-length, which is generally ad- 
 ded at or dl If a heavy stroke, which? ($139.) May strokes having 
 circles, loops, and hooks be halved? Where is the added t or d road, 
 in the case of half-length strokes ending with a hook? Whore is the 
 t or d'' read, in case a half-length ends with an -circlo or e<-loop? 
 (#142.) May half length strokes be written at the beginning or middle 
 of words, as well as at the end? ($143.) How are the syllables ted 
 and (led generally written? ($144.) When ted or d<-d follow a pre- 
 ceding down stroke, how may it be written? ($146.) When should l-d 
 be written by the full length strokes? ($147.) When should r-t be 
 written in full? ($148 and 149. ) In what other cases should t and d 
 be written in full? ($150.) Write as many half-length word- 
 signs as you can remember.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 95 
 
 PREFIXES, AFFIXES, AND ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Having presented all the rudimental principles of the 
 Phonographic; art, tho learner's attention is now directed to 
 what may be regarded as .somewhat arbitrary and unscientific 
 features of tho system. They are nevertheless essential, to 
 avoid lengthy and difficult forms for long words and to afford 
 sufficient speed in writing. 
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 152. COM, cox, CUM, coo. These syllables are of frequent 
 occurrence, both initially and in the middle of words, and 
 therefore claim the briefest representation. Corn, con and 
 fiini, when beginning a sentence or line, may be represented 
 by a light dot written near the beginning of the following 
 consonant; thus: \v comply, \- comlcinn, V ro/t.Wr, 
 ^^^l^cumbertome. When preceded by a consonant, either in 
 the same or a preceding word, either of the above syllables is 
 indicated by proximity, that is, by writing the word 
 (In*'' to the preceding consonant; thus: \ <ii-i-c>ni]xiinj, 
 | \ decomposition, /o v circnmsrrlbf, ^^ encumbered, 
 Disconcerted, /(-^\ reconcilable, ~\%~\ irri't-onnldbb', 
 incomplete , /'"$~-9 recognize, //^, recommend^ and 
 uncommon ; so, in connection with a preceding word: 
 will comply, /o^i he consented, / ^_^ and commenced. 
 Contra and counter are represented by a short dash, written 
 before the initial end of the following consonant; thus: 
 | contradict, V. contravene, I counteract.
 
 96 AMKIMC AN M \NTAL 
 
 153. In cases where the forms would not be mistaken for 
 other words, the prefix may be united with the rest of the 
 word; a-: ~l , accommodation, v ineontiettnt. 
 
 lf>4. EXTER, INTER. These syllables have heretofore been 
 represented by nt, written near the rest of the word; as 
 v -'^_ > , interview, ^ introduce; and sometimes joined, as 
 "~f interest. But since the more extended use of the double- 
 length curved signs, it is about as convenient and speedy, 
 
 generally, to writer ^"ntr; as: ^~~~^%^ interpose,^ ^\\ ^ 
 
 introduction. 
 
 1 "">. MA<;N~A. MAOXE, MAGXI. These syllables are rep- 
 resented \>y ' ^ written over the first part of the rest of the 
 word; as: ^""^ magnitude, ^\^i mn ynify, 'L_. magnetic. 
 
 150. SELF. As a prefix this word is represented by the 
 s-circle, generally written near the beginning of the remain- 
 der of the word; as j self-conceit, ,/^~V self-love; but in 
 s(jme words the circle may be united to the following conso- 
 nant without ambiguity; as: \^_^ self-evident, _^) selfish. 
 
 157. Ix and Ux. When the treble consonants ^ spr, 
 1 str, a skr, are preceded by the syllable in or un, it is in- 
 convenient to write the necessary. n; hence it is repre- 
 sented by a joined prefix in the nature of an w-hook; thus; 
 
 y -, inxt ruction, & \^vixcrij>ti<i, \ insujtrmlh: This 
 hook is also convenient in such words\ as: \/^^V ///.<//////. 
 -g-<^ unseemly, Y inconsiderable. 
 
 TEUMIATIOXS AND AFFIXES. 
 
 There are numerous of terminal syllables, having many 
 words in each class, that may be much more briefly and 
 speedily indicated than written out in full : 
 
 158. TTY, ITIES. The terminations, -ity and -ides, may be 
 represented by writing the previous consonantal Btroke half
 
 V 
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 97 
 
 length; as: ^-c affability, ^^ sensibility, y fidelity, 
 -^" integrity, ~^\ poverty, V^\, finality, xj? minorities, 
 
 >=> facilities. 
 
 !'>!). -BLR and -ELY. When it is inconvenient to form 
 the hook for the final syllable ble or bly, it may be omitted; 
 as: QL__^ sensible, ( .^ fashionable-y. 
 
 160. -BLENESS, -FULNES.S, -IVKXESS, -LESSXESS. These 
 terminations may be represented by strokes written 
 thus: ^~%^ affabltness, ^-^\^ sinf alness, 3. >>V sensitiveness, 
 
 / --T-I ^^ \^O ^^O 
 
 ^ (^ heartlessiiess. 
 
 161. -!XG and -IXGS. When it is not convenient to write 
 the stroke ^, ny or ^-^ ngs, the syllable ing may be repre- 
 sented by a dot at the end of the preceding consonant, 
 and ings by an s-circle in the same place, thus: j doing, 
 Jt joining, *\ buildings. 
 
 162. -LY is sometimes more readily written by disjoining; 
 as: ~(^~ kindly, 'TS/'" Innnanely. 
 
 163. -MENTAL, -MENTALITY. Represented by writing 
 >?< disjoined; thus: \ -^fundamental, ^, ^ instrumentality. 
 
 164. -ALOGY and -OLOGY may be represented by dis- 
 joining / j', thus: (fl genealogy, \^/ phrenology. 
 
 165. SELF and SELVES are represented, the first by an 
 -circle, and the latter by a ses-circle, either joined or dis- 
 joined; thus: """fc myself, f" yourself, L. themselves, 
 
 166. SHIP is represented by the stem.// sh, disjoined 
 when more convenient to so write it; as _9 lordship, 
 c+LsJ ownership. 
 
 167. Word-signs may be written either as prefixes or 
 affixes; thus: V^, forsake, v~^_p afternoon, r withhold, 
 
 M 3 understand. 
 J
 
 98 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 READING EXERCISE XIX. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XX [II. 
 
 Combine, combination, compare, commutation, communi- 
 ty; consider, concerning, congregate, conduce, compose, 
 conjecture conspire; accomplish, accomplice, accommodate; 
 circumvent, circumference, circumflex; decomposed, discon- 
 nected, encumber, inconsiderate, incongruity; reconsider, 
 recumbent, recommendation, recognition, recompense; un- 
 concerned, uncompromising; entertain, interested, interpre- 
 tation, interruption; magnitude, magnetism, magnanimity; 
 self-interest, self-defense, self-control; instruct, instrument, 
 inspiration, insuperable, insoluble, enslave. 
 
 Probability, feasibility, durability, regularity, irregularity, 
 plurality, singularity; forcible actionable, erascible, sur- 
 mountable; saleableness, reasonableness, serviceableness ; 
 \vilfulness, usefulness, spitefulness, combativeness, manful- 
 ness; heedlessness ; tbougbtlessneas; putting, playing, 
 spreading, dreading, repeating, plottings, biddings, headings; 
 supplemental, rudimental, instrumentality; kindly, secondly, 
 physiology, theology; himself, herself; ourselves; worship, 
 leadership, workmanship.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 99 
 
 OMISSION OF VOWELS. 
 
 In 36, Rule 4, directions were given in regard to the 
 omission of the vowel e in the initial syllables be, de, and re. 
 The learner may now begin to omit other unaccented vowels, 
 writing in only such as are necessary to indicate each word 
 beyond a doubt. 
 
 168. The statement may seem strange, that the omission of 
 many of the vowel signs, so far from obscuring the legibility 
 of phonography, actually contributes to its simplicity and the 
 ease with which it may be read, as well as written. In ordi- 
 nary longhand, and even in common print, words are read by 
 their outline, their length, and the familiar number of 
 ascending and descending strokes; and just so it is in phono- 
 graphic writing, the outlines of words are not changed by the 
 failure to insert all the dots and dashes. Most words 
 differ from each other in form, by reason of being com- 
 posed of different consonants, or the same consonants in 
 different positions, and hence are recognized one from 
 another without much reference to their vowels. 
 
 169. The following words illustrate the principle of insert- 
 ing only the accented vowels: \^ obey, - x /" capital, 
 /\ radical, [X^X, terrible. 
 
 170. It is seldom necessary to insert a vowel when it comes 
 in a syllable represented by the double consonant *\ pr or 
 ^ pi; thus: x^^ permit, V^ vocal, J. ^German. 
 
 171. It is also unnecessary to vocalize the double-circle 
 o s-s, the rest of the outline, and sometimes the sense of the 
 sentence, indicating what the vowel should be; thus: 
 
 vjD^ necessary, ^^ exercise. 
 
 172. When a word begins or ends with a vowel, it ia 
 better, in ordinary writing, to insert it; as y~ idol, 
 
 attack, /\ ready. 

 
 100 AMERICAN MAXl'AL 
 
 X 
 
 DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 173. Besides the regular diphthongs '' i, A oi, , ow, u, 
 treated of in $30, and the irregular diphthongs, c we, 
 > wo, * yea, " yaw, etc., given in 121 and 128, it is found 
 convenient to represent by a single sign, the sounds of two 
 vowels occurring in different syllables, but with no interven- 
 ing consonant, as bay-o-net, re-al, mn-se-iun. The following 
 scale of inclined acute angles, provides for representing these 
 dissyllabic vowels without lifting the pen : 
 
 ah-i 4 a-i J e-I ^\ aw-i -?] 6-1 I oo-I 
 
 9 
 
 174. The fourth in the series will be recognized as the same 
 sign, and representing nearly the same sound as the regular 
 
 diphthong oi and oy, in \ boy, . f~ coil. The other signs 
 
 > v~ > -^ 
 
 represent similar modifications; thus: ^^ hurrahing, 
 
 ^T clayey, )* saying; ^^, being, and the same sign in 
 (J/^ theory, and ^~~^~~ museum; "^ boyish, ^ stoic, 
 
 ^ Owen, ^) Louise, 
 i' 
 
 Of course it~iis not necessary that these signs should 
 always be used, since the separate signs may generally be 
 inserted, if for the sake of simplicity or precision they are 
 
 preferred ; as in the words : Y- sawing, C_^. snowy, 
 
 v i 
 
 ^^/ mayor, ) Isaiah. 
 
 175. It is sometimes convenient to be able to add a simple 
 vowel sign to a diphthong, without lifting the pen; hence it 
 is allowable to write a tick at an acute angle for I, and a tick 
 at a right angle for 5 or a'- thus: j^ deicy, I defying, 
 
 \T bias, "^^J biology.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 loi 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXIV. 
 
 Payee, clayey, being, deity, beatific, theater theory ^ 
 theorize, theoretical; flawy, strawy; billowy, stoic, 
 heroic; zoolite, zoology; bowie-knife, St. Louis, Lewis, 
 truism ; bias, biased, diameter, diadem, diagram, 
 miasma, Elias, biography, biology, employe'. 
 
 The payee of the note, Elias Lewis, being in St. Louis, 
 as an employe', heroically drew a diagram of his bowie- 
 knife, and wrote his own biography. Theologians theoreti- 
 cally locate Deity in regions beatific, with diadems of 
 glory to crown all who faithfully serve him. Billowy "are 
 the waves, but the zoologist pursues his study of biology. 
 
 176. THE RULE OF POSITION. 
 
 The rule for indicating what vowel should be read in any 
 word left unvocalized, was presented briefly in 51, as ap- 
 plied to the word-signs. Its more general application, espe- 
 cially in reporting, will be here stated: 
 
 177. Contracted words, and words having but one or two 
 consonant strokes, are written in the first position, that is, 
 above the line of writing, if the accented vowel or diph- 
 thong in the word be a first-place one; thus: r~ cause, 
 \ '^^calm, \,v vile, 
 
 178. If the accented vowel or diphthong be second-place, 
 the consonant stroke, or strokes, are written on the line ; 
 thus; ^j^_case, -pN smoke, | D decays, / /S \D re P OS - 
 
 179. If the accented vowel or diphthong be third-place, 
 vertical and inclined strokes are written through the line; 
 thus: \-- i . peace, |^r deem, L --^l room, ^---.Europe. In the 
 
 ^"/"^* 
 
 case of horizontals, words containing the diphthongs oic, u,
 
 102 AMERICAN MAXUAL 
 
 ew, are written under the line ; thus: gmim } ~v^- account, 
 
 A A 
 
 :~~Q~ accuse. 
 
 *^ 
 
 The second position, that is on the line, is the most natural 
 and easy to write in; therefore the rule of position should 
 be observed only with respect to those words which if left 
 unvocalized might be read for other words. 
 
 180. EXCEPTIONAL WORD-SIGNS. The following words of 
 frequent occurrence, for the sake of convenience, and because 
 they will not interfere with other words, are written on the 
 line, out of position: Are, be, been, dear, do, for, from, have, 
 he, it, shall, think, upon, use, usually, was, wliicli, u-ill, yvur. 
 To avoid clashing with other words, written in the same way 
 and in their true positions, the following are written out of 
 position: Any, go, ago, more, /miff/, number, 0, over, 
 particular, this, those, though, true. 
 
 The writing and reading of words, out of position as well 
 as in, comes by habit, and causes no hindrance to the expert. 
 
 OMISSION OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 181. Besides the omission of consonants in the use of pre- 
 fixes and affixes, it is allowable to omit certain consonant 
 signs that are scarcely, if at all, heard in ordinary pronuncia- 
 tion, and others that it is difficult to form in some connec- 
 tions: 
 
 K and G in such words as : <j_p sanction, > 4* anxiety. 
 
 T in such words as : ' ~G-^- mistake, Y~^ postmaster. 
 
 / 
 P in such words as: (~ " lumped, i/-^ stamped. 
 
 Nva. words like: '! attain, ( attainment; '\ assign, 
 
 Y assignment; ! strain, ]1 stranger; I trance, L transmute. 
 
 R-Hook As in : I down, I downward;^ lord, /^S landlord.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 103 
 
 AV KITING EXERCISE XXV. 
 
 Distinction, distinguish, junction, function. anxious 
 postpone, postage, mostly, lastly, restless, testify, 
 testimony, New Testament, attempt ; cramped, tramped, 
 dumped ; atonement, postponement, appointment, stranger* 
 translation, landscape. 
 
 A wise man may seem ridiculous in a company of fools. 
 Advise not what is most pleasant, but what is most useful. 
 Argument seldom convinces any one against his inclination. 
 Bad luck itself is good for something in a wise man's hand. 
 Business may be troublesome, but idleness is pernicious. 
 Charity and pride have different aims, yet both feed the poor. 
 Comparison, more than reality, makes men happy or wretched. 
 Courage, conduct and perseverance conquer all before them. 
 Do not look upon a vessel but upon that which it contains. 
 Emulation is lively and generous, envy base and malicious. 
 Fortune dreads the brave and is only tolerable to the coward. 
 Game is cheaper in the market than in the fields or woods. 
 Government of the will is better than increase of knowledge. 
 Great minds are easy in prosperity and quiet in adversity. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE ELEVENTH LESSOX. 
 
 (#152. ) How are tho prefixes com, con, cum, and cmj indicated? 
 (#l. r >4.) How are inter and intro represented? ($155.) How are mn<jnn, 
 linn/in', miKjni represented? (156.) How is the prefix self written? 
 (#157.) How may the initial syllables in and u be written before the 
 treble consonants spr, xtr, Ac.? (158. } How "are the affixes, -"/it;/, 
 -arity, etc., represented? (#159.) How are -lie and -My written? (160.) 
 How -blcnexi, -fiilncnn, -ivcnexx, -lensnessf (#161.) How are imj and inrjs 
 written? (#163.) How are mcntxl and mentality written? (#165.) How 
 nclf and act vex? (#166.) How *////>? (#160.) What is the rnle in re. 
 gard to the omission of vowels? (#17:5.) Explain the dissyllabic 
 diphthongs, and tho manner of writing them.
 
 104 
 
 AMEi;l-.\\ MANl'AL 
 
 READING EXERCISE XX. 
 
 _6 \ 
 
 O 
 
 -P. 
 
 r 
 
 X % 
 
 ./: .v 
 
 \ 
 
 I C^ c 
 
 C 
 
 V, 
 
 ( Z- 
 
 
 L 
 
 V<P
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 105 
 
 EXERCISE OX PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 Key to Reading Exercise XX, page 98, to be copied. 
 
 Learn to accommodate yourself to circumstances. Self- 
 respect is incompatible with self-esteem. 
 
 Study condensation in your style of composition,- and thus 
 contravene constant criticism. 
 
 Magnificent entertainments are often accompanied by the 
 most useless and inconsiderate expenditures. 
 
 We should postpone taking testimony, so as not to incom- 
 nmde the postmaster and stranger. 
 
 It is inconsistent with truth to say that compassion and 
 friendship are but selfishness in disguise. 
 
 If the earth be circumscribed at the equator, we obtain its 
 greatest circumference. 
 
 Its magnitude is not inconceivable, although we may not 
 appreciate its amazing vastness. 
 
 We t-iin form no distinct conception of infinity while occu- 
 pying contracted space. 
 
 Sensibility united with criminality is, of course, one of the 
 possibilities of human nature. 
 
 It was a fundamental theory of the stoics that nothing 
 should be conceded to the emotions. 
 
 Our landlord makes a mistake in not distinguishing be- 
 tween strangers and tramps. 
 
 A St. Louis merchant made an assignment on the theory of 
 doing justice to his creditors. 
 
 The truths of inspiration, though not self-evident, neither 
 are they inscrutable. 
 
 Translations of the New Testament have been made into 
 nearly all the known languages of the earth. 
 
 The plottings of politicians for leadership are wonderful 
 illustrations of selfishness. 
 
 Regularity and punctuality are important qualifications in 
 any pursuit. 
 
 Irregularity and interruption in business affairs are insu- 
 perable obstacles to success.
 
 106 AMERICAN MAM A L 
 
 um 
 
 lflfj 
 
 OUTLINES OF WORDS, PHRASEOGKAPHY, &C. 
 
 182. The learner has no doubt been impressed with the fact 
 that not only may the same word be written in several differ- 
 ent ways, but entirely different words may be written in the 
 same way, that is, with the same consonant outline; as, for 
 instance, c \ x _ prosecute, persecute. This may seem, on first 
 thought, an objection to Phonography ; but the same objec- 
 tion exists in regard to common longhand, many words being 
 written so nearly alike persecute and prosecute among the 
 number that printers are often puzzled to know what word 
 was intended to be written by the author of their "copy." 
 But the very fact that the phonographic system renders it pos- 
 sible to write the same word differently, enables the skillful 
 writer to give very different outlines to words that are ordi- 
 narily written much alike; thus the two words above are 
 clearly distinguished as follows: \ w _ prosecute, ^*\/" per- 
 secute; so with I* train, p^ 9 turn; ^~ proceed, \J^J pursued. 
 
 183. In a similar way a distinction i.s made between words 
 having a positive and negative meaning; as /^ responsible, 
 
 \ irresponsible; /^ resolute, ~"^y^ irresolute. These forms 
 come under the rules for the use of downward and upward r. 
 But there are other words, of opposite meaning, that must be 
 distinguished by doubling a consonant stroke that represents 
 part of the difference in meaning ; thus: ^ -^r material, 
 im-material; ^ ~ legal, ^^ U-legal; 
 
 necessary, .\^ry^ un-necessary.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 107 
 
 WORDS DISTINGUISHED BY DIFFERENCE OF OUTLINE. 
 184. When two or more words follow one outline they are 
 distinguished from each other by vowel-position ; when a 
 vowel should be inserted it is marked in italic. 
 Ptbl V compatible, 1 potable, 2 computable; 3 ^ pitiable. 
 
 Ptt-d \ patted, 1 appetite, 1 petted, 2 pitied; x potato. 
 
 Ptns . \ competence, 1 pittance; 3 V ~V_P aptness. 
 
 Ptrf - petrify; ^0 putrefy. 
 
 Ptrfkshn \/V_o petrification; putrification. 
 
 \ S> """ 
 
 Ptrn V| patron; \S pattern. 
 
 Pstr \j pastor, 1 poster; 2 V compositor, 1 pastry; 2 \p ,pas- 
 
 I/ ture. 
 
 Pshnt \3 patient; \, passionate. 
 
 Pshns.... \9 passions; 1 patience. 2 
 
 Pnr ^ opener, 2 pioneer; 3 >/ penury. 
 
 Pltr. N^ plotter; 1 \f pelter; ^* ' paltry, 1 poultry. 2 
 
 Plj \ pledge; vS apology, pillage. 
 
 Pis \^ palace, 1 appeals, 2 police; 3 \f~) policy. 
 
 Plst-d \, placed, 2 pleased; 3 ^ placid. 
 
 Plshn .... \j completion; \i compulsion, compilation. 
 
 Pint . .... ^ pliant, 1 ^planet, plenty ,\/^ opulent. 
 
 Prps \o purpose; "X perhaps, propose. 
 
 \o 
 
 Prprt %. appropri-^X x property, Cx^ propri- \ x\ pur- 
 
 P. ate; n ety, ^ port. 
 
 1 rprshn V appropriation, ^\ -) pre- c\ proportion. 
 
 fv \5 r\^/ paration, \ 
 
 Prprshnt. \ nronort innate \ 
 
 V) ' V| proportioned. 
 
 P rt ^\ part. 1 \x apart; port, 2 \x| purity ^pretty. 
 
 upright, 1 
 
 Prt-d-kslm c\ -, protection, \. production, 2 prediction. 
 l_0
 
 108 
 
 AMERICAN MANTAL 
 
 Prtv 
 
 Prtn 
 
 Prtnd 
 Prtns 
 
 Prtr 
 
 Prd 
 
 Prch 
 
 Prfkshn . 
 
 Prfr 
 
 Prvs 
 
 Prs 
 
 Prspr 
 
 Prst 
 
 Prskt .... 
 Prskshn . , 
 
 Prsr 
 
 Prsn. 
 
 Prsnt 
 
 Prsl. 
 
 Prsh. 
 
 Prshn 
 Prmnt 
 
 Prls 
 
 Bs 
 
 Bst 
 
 Bndr . . 
 
 X 
 
 comparative, 
 
 pertain: 
 
 pretend, 
 
 operative. 
 appertain. 
 
 portend. 
 
 \ 
 
 % 
 
 V 
 
 V, 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 pretence; C i>rettiness:\/v5' P ertnes f_' 
 
 |^_9 F uprightness, 
 
 portray ; o operator : ^ . porter. 
 
 prude: \~ paired; \/| parody, 1 parade, 2 period. 
 
 approach, preach: \/J parch, 1 perch, 2 porch. 2 
 
 perfection, provocation. 
 
 ^_^> 
 proffer; ^\f^ prefer: \/V/ periphery. 
 
 previous; \/Vc pervious, c \v prophecy. 
 
 price, 1 \ \ 9 \ s\ 
 
 praise- X. P lerce > ^^ peruse, \SJ pursue. 
 
 prosper; >>^/ perspire. 
 
 pressed. 2 \ v r> . n 
 
 priest- 3 ^v P O( > r est, \/ purest, \/} pursuit. 
 
 prosecute; \^ ~ persecute, 
 prosecution; \/~ persecution, 
 oppressor; X/O ]>ursuer, \^s peruser. 
 
 person; \/~ parson, 1 comparison, Parisian. 
 
 \ J^-^ per cent \ /A 
 present; \^jr ^\^^) pursuant. 
 
 parcel, parsley; \/b parasol, perusal. 
 Prussia; \/l Persia. 
 
 oppression, r> ti apportion, 
 operation; **s 
 
 prominent, 1 permanent; 2 c v-^x^ pre-eminent, 
 paralyze.i V^Q peerless, 2 \x^pearls. 
 abase, 2 abuse, 3 bias. 1 
 
 biased, 1 best, 2 boast, 3 beast: 3 Np bestow, beset. 
 binder, 1 bender;'- > y // bindery, 1 boundary. 2
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 109 
 
 Bndnt-d ^_ abundant, ^ abandoned. 
 
 Brb \ bribe, \/\ barb. 
 
 Brt . ,. ^ bright, 1 \ broad. 
 
 Brk ...... \ break, 2 broke, 3 brick, 3 brook: :i \X bar!;. 
 
 Brth. ... f broth, 1 breath:- N/t. birth. 
 
 Brshn . V) abrasion: \s abortion, 1 aberration. 2 
 
 Brn ...... O brain,? brown: 3 \s born, 1 barren, 1 burn.' 2 
 
 Brnt-d. .. J brand, 1 \o burnt, ^S^. brunette, >^--j brandy. 
 
 Brl ...... V '' N/ barrc1 ' ^f burial - ^V x- barel y- 
 
 Brr .. x_ lar ' ..^X/^ brewery: \s^ barrier, borrower. 
 
 V^ brewer^ ^^ V^ 
 
 \x bearer, borer. 
 
 Trtr ...... 1 traitor, 'U torture, \/ tartar, 1/ territory. 
 
 Trf ..... ^ contrive: 1 i trophy, [/ tariff, l/\. terrify. 
 
 Trn ...... |J train; [/^ turn, torn:' ^attorney: [/~ "^ tyranny. 
 
 Trnd ... trained; L^> torrent, tyrant; \. eternity, truant. 
 
 Dtr. ...... L auditor, 1 deter; J daughter, 1 debtor,' doubter; 3 
 
 ^ editor; (X X auditory, dietary. 
 
 Dtrmnt-d n detriment; k determined. 
 
 pf ns U~P defence, defines; I defiance. 
 
 Df r .. J defray, deform ;l / - x/ defer, [^devour. 
 
 I 
 
 Dvrr J divers, adverse; UN. divorce, diverse. 
 
 Dstn D destine, jy destiny. 
 
 Dss-z 1 disease, D decease, I diocess. 1 
 
 Dmnshn . I O damnation, 1 dimension: 2 U ^ domination, 
 
 Dltr .. I adultery; ^Y\ idolatry; V^ idolator. 
 
 Drns T^j dryness, 1 dearness;'-' J/ adorns, durance. 
 
 Chrt . . 7 chart; /- ch&riot; >^ x lharity.
 
 HO 
 
 AMERICAN MAMAL 
 
 Jnt 
 
 Jntl. 
 Jns. . 
 Ktr . 
 Ksprshn. 
 Kst-d . 
 Kskrt 
 Kstnshn. 
 
 K1 P S 
 Kltr 
 
 P extenuation; 
 eclipse, 
 
 (/ gent, </, giant. 1 agent, 2 
 
 X genteel, fS gentle-y; v/ Gentile. 
 
 </ joins; </p genius; ^ agency. 
 
 __ ) actor, 1 cutter: 2 ^ catarrh; """]/'' coterie. 
 expression; "V/' expiration. 
 cost, 1 kissed; 1 ~~f caused. 
 execrate; . p / excoriate. 
 ' extension. 
 
 collapse. 
 
 -} clatter, 1 culture; 2 /"^collator. 
 c - clock, 1 cloak, 2 clique; 3 f colic, calico. 
 . C_D collision, 1 conclusion; 2 __/^coalition, collusion. 
 <r ~\T c r P r al; C ~ r corporeal. 
 
 Klzshn . . 
 Kr P rl 
 
 accurate. 
 ^ curator. 
 Gd ...... 
 
 Grdn ..... 
 
 Fvrt- 
 
 Fktr ...... V --- factor; V __ factory. 
 
 Fns ...... \s .fines, 1 feigns, 2 fence; V_. g offense, affiance. 
 
 Fnrl ..... V^. ^ funeral; 
 
 cart, 1 accord, 1 court, 2 accrued; 3 
 carter, 1 creature: 2 c | creator: 
 God, 1 good, 2 | guide, gaudy. 
 garden, *" J guardian. 
 
 rt-d. ... Vj. favorite; L_ favored. 
 tr ...... V --- 1 factor; V __ factory. 
 
 floor, 2 flour; 3 ^/flowery: T\ follower, failure. 
 
 <L c 
 
 ^^_^ fortune, >~i frighten, VX3 fourteen. 
 
 J V fa o 
 
 Vo offers, 1 phrase, 2 freeze; 3 ^^ o \ ^/^ 
 
 Fir 
 
 Frtn 
 
 Frs VD offers, 1 phrase, 2 freeze: 
 
 Frm V^N firm, 1 frame: V. farm, 
 
 \ yo ^""^ 
 
 Frns. ^~x^> furnace, 2 \^/^ conference, 1 
 
 \ 
 
 furious. 
 
 fairness.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Frl N_ frail, furl; Qj^~ furlough; 2 freely; 3 V. farewell. 
 
 Frwrd.... V^_, forward; V_^ froward. 
 
 Vlshn.... \J> valuation, convulsion; ^_^> violation. 
 
 VIns ^ violence; V^ vinSesT' V vilen ^' 
 
 Vrt C^ overt, convert; C virtue, V/1 variety, verity. 
 
 Sprt-d.. . \ spirit, 1 separate;- X" support, ^ spread. 
 
 \ o O 9 Q /\cniT<nir 
 
 Sprst X> suppress; X_sparse; \/ spur ion*; \/ J /. 
 
 Pi '2 ^ 
 
 *|^i J sat, 1 sight. 1 sought; set, 2 sit^east,^ 
 
 Std stead, state; 2 steed, stood; 3 P S j ^ .' ) estate. 
 
 Stshn .... Q, station: j situation: ) citation. 
 
 Stin f^~^ stem, 1 steam; 2 ^ - asthma,' esteem. 2 
 
 Stn J^ satin, 1 Satan; 2 cx^- stony stain. 
 
 Str stray; ) star, store; 2 G>/ story; ^astray. 
 
 J oyster, 1 easter; 2 -s^ austere, astir. 
 
 Strn 9 strain; o stern; j eastern; ^/^ Saturn. 
 
 Sds P seeds, seduce; 3 J acids, assiduous. 
 
 O ^ > 
 
 Sst ^ assist; i consist; J essayist; J society. 
 
 Smtr .... 6 ^ smatter, 1 scymitar;' T~/ cemetery, symmetry. 
 
 Sntr. Q ^ centre, senator; ] sentry; ^~^[/ century. 
 
 Sns ...... Q_9 signs, 1 sense;' 2 ) science, assigns, 1 assignees.* 
 
 Snr py sinner: ./" scenery; ^~^\ sneer; _) assignor. 
 
 **~s SLs' 
 
 Sltr ^ slaughter; (^ solitary; g\ sultry. 
 
 ^h r( U 9 shrewdly: )^- assuredly. 
 
 K , ^ 
 
 Mpshnt-d x-~vj? impassioned, J impassionate. 
 
 "\[ s h n S~^> emotion, 1 motion, 2 mission; 3 ^} machine. 
 
 Mshnr f~~}/ missionary, J machinery. 
 
 J
 
 112 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 ,, monster, 1 ^75 . . . ^~~~ Px 
 
 Mnstr ^~ -OministerV 2 1 ministr y; J/ monastery. 
 
 Mrtr-dr. c ^ - martyr, 1 murder: . -^/ \ marauder. 
 
 Mrtrs-drs. ^~^> J^JgJj ^ murderous: ^ murderess. 
 
 Xdkshri. . ^ indication; " ] -, induction. 
 
 Xdfnt-d . ^"1^ indefinite; ^^ undefined. 
 
 Xills ..... "T' endles?: 2 ^/ needle.**. 3 
 
 Xjns. . ^-^ ingenious: ^~_^, ingenuous. 
 
 Xvt-d-bl ^~^W inevitable;' unavoidable. 1 
 
 Xvshn . s \J} innovation: \J invasion. 
 
 Lbrt-d /\ labored; ill-bred: (^ elaborate. 
 
 Lt-td /H latitude, /Hj altitude. 
 
 Ltr ..... /^ latter, 1 lighter, 1 letter: 2 ^S lottery: f*\ ultra. 
 
 Lkl / t likely, 1 local;2 - f~ luckily. 
 
 Lrnt-d. (? learnt; {T^" learned. 
 
 Rprshn . s^\3 repression; /\r reparation. 
 
 Rtr /> Wr ;K er ' ~^\ ^ t0r ' /"U r^ire, ^/ artery. 
 
 / rather; \order: 
 
 Rv. ....... f rave, rove; Xv. review: ^ arrive. 
 
 Rvl ..... /\^_ rival, revel; /\S~ re veil; arrival. 
 
 Rsm. ^ ^ resume; -~^ reassume. 
 
 R n( j /'""' ruined; /^~~^\ renewed. i**\ (wronged.) 
 
 Rlr.. / roller, 2 railer, 2 ruler; 3 ~\^~^ earlier. 
 
 Wt-d "> white, 1 weighed, 2 wooed; 8 ] wet, 2 wit. 3 
 
 Wr Cx X wire,i were, 2 we-are; s v^ war; > wear. 
 
 Wnt-d. . "5 wand, 1 wind, 1 waned, 2 wound; 3 -> wont, ^ went. 
 
 HI. i/^~ hail, hale: ^^^ holy; isf howl. 
 
 Hr . . : . . >y hire, 1 her,* here; 3 ^X^ hero, hairy, hurrah. 
 
 V .
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 113 
 
 CCtt 
 
 Iii addition to the 
 ed by the alphabetic 
 ing contracted forms 
 resent the more prom 
 as to be most readily 
 the pronunciation of ( 
 
 ^ Abundant-ly 
 
 / acknowledge 
 
 f- quantity 1 
 ^ acquaint-ance-ed 2 
 
 / advantageous 
 advertise-inc 1 
 
 [TRACTED WORDS. 
 
 word-signs heretofore given, represent- 
 sigfls, simple and compound, the follow- 
 lave come into general use. They rep- 
 nent consonants in each word, so joined 
 written, and at the same time suggest 
 he word : 
 
 ^\ Capable 1 -^ democrat-cy 
 b 
 
 ^ catholic-ism 
 X V V ^ certificate 
 / change-ed 
 
 . b 3 description 
 L . determine 
 T develop 
 
 advertisment 1 
 
 ^ almost 1 
 
 P circumstantial -' 
 u^ citizen 3 
 
 f> disadvantage 
 J downward 3 
 J Especial-ly 
 
 ^_^ essential-ly 
 
 2 cstablish-cd- 
 -^ ment ] 
 
 |j ' distinguish 
 C everybody 
 
 <_ evidence-t 
 ^ except 
 r j^ exist-ed-ence 
 V_ expect 
 ^ expense-sive 
 
 \^ experience-ed 
 
 most- 
 ' already 
 
 > 
 
 V, although 
 
 ^ ^ anybody 1 
 nobody 1 
 
 >-. confidential 
 QO conscqucnt-ly 
 (T consistent 
 \j construction 
 ^j convention 
 
 tf~N custom 
 __^-v customer 
 
 d~\ December 
 \j defendant 
 ( J -x / deficient 
 J delinquent 
 
 " anythiiiR 1 
 
 _f\_Q r _appear-cd 3 
 ^> appointment 1 
 
 apprehend 
 ^ comprehend 
 
 ^> astonish-ed-rnent 1 
 
 \ s __^ Bankable 
 \^ bankrupt-cy 
 
 \ become 
 \ busy-iness
 
 114 
 
 \MEKIC \\ M \>:r \L 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 v> express- age 
 
 y intelligence-ent-ly 
 
 ^^^ Nntur'il 1>* 
 
 
 
 1 s intemperance-te 
 
 v_^ neglect-ful 
 
 1 
 
 extravagant 
 
 T ^ interest-ing^ed 
 
 x "> r.fgligence-t 
 
 ^v February 
 
 L introduction 
 
 ^- nevertheless 
 
 V 
 
 ^i 
 
 " notwithstand-ing 
 
 ^^^ former 
 S/ forward-ed 
 
 TO investigation 
 ~^ irregular-ity-ly 
 
 Q nothing 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 v_^, November 
 
 ^> furnish 
 
 Airreepecttfe 
 
 N^ never 
 
 5~i Government 
 
 dv irresponsible 
 
 \ Participate-ed 
 
 t- guilt-y 3 
 
 i 
 
 ^ , January 
 
 \ > participation 
 
 ^^ Heretofore 
 ^\ herewith 3 
 
 / Knowledge 
 Landlord 1 
 
 f\ particularly 
 
 9 pnaspngor 
 
 ^^. ImmorleraH'-ly 1 
 ' immediate ly 2 
 
 ' / legislate-ure 
 
 \ peculiar-ity-ly 3 
 
 *' impartial 
 
 ' (j legislation 
 
 \ pecuniary 3 
 
 N incapable 
 * inconsiderate 
 v ~j inconsistent 
 
 ( ^. locomotive 
 s-^- Magnanimous-ly 1 
 
 niagnificent-i-ncc-ljz 
 
 \S manufactory 
 
 ^. perform 
 \ s^ perpendicular-ly 
 
 \_^ phonographer 
 
 x^ independence- 
 en t-ly 
 
 indispensable 
 
 "^~^\_ manufacture 
 '^-^l/ manufacturer 
 
 i phonographic 
 
 plaintiff 1 
 S plenty 2 
 
 "-V. individual-ly a 
 
 ,-^f , memorandum 
 
 N platform 
 
 o^ indulgence 
 
 ^^~f*~ mercantile 
 
 \popular 
 
 ^ inexperienced 3 
 
 / merchandise-ing 
 
 \o postage 
 
 -^^y influenced 2 
 
 / messenger 
 
 IV 
 
 practicable 
 
 ^_ inform-ed 1 
 
 ^~~\ Methodism-ist 
 
 > project 1 
 prejudice' 
 
 \O information 
 
 / '^_ misfortune 
 
 f \^ privilege 
 
 U instruction 
 
 mistake 2 
 ^ a mistook 3 
 
 ( \ probable-y
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 115 
 
 \f' proficient 
 
 <S* ^ relinquish-cd 
 
 V_-^ sufficient-ly 
 
 profit 1 
 
 j/ reluetanc-e-t 
 X* ^ remark-able-ed 
 
 f suggest-cd 
 (, suggestion 
 
 V property 
 
 \ 
 \ . proportion 
 
 \ represent-ed 
 
 S superintend-ent 
 
 prosperity 
 
 ^V) represen tat ion 
 
 \o surprise 1 
 
 ^p protestant 
 
 X^\j representative 
 
 system 
 
 f protected 
 
 Arepublic-ish-ed 
 
 n 
 
 L Telegraiih-ie 
 
 f ^ protestantism 
 
 X^N. republican 
 
 [ s, temperance-ate 
 
 \ pnh1ic-i>li 
 
 /\ respect-cd 
 
 <r\_x testimony 
 
 \ piiblipnfinn 
 
 /^ responsible-ive 
 
 <j-3 transaction 
 
 \> punish-ment 
 
 /O revelation 2 
 revolution 3 
 
 1 
 ^-P transfer 
 
 .j_ purpose 
 V purposely 
 
 ^x_ Rev. revenue 
 J, Satisfaction 
 E^'^ satisfactory 
 
 1 
 
 ft> transform 
 
 J, transportation 
 Unconstitutional-ly 
 
 c v v j qualification 
 
 p Savior 
 \_ several 
 
 v_^_, underhaml-ed 
 
 ( ~-^~ quality 1 
 
 _^ selfish 
 ^-^ September 
 o s^ somebody 
 (5~N^' something 
 (5"^~^ sometime 
 
 "j? M" nnderstand-stood 
 ^T uniform 
 
 .^^ unimportant 1 
 unimproved 2 
 
 No universal-ly 
 v_Q United States 
 
 _2 quantity 1 
 
 \ * ^quarrelsome 
 
 C quarterly 
 c / x ^ Railway 
 
 / recover-ed 
 /^_ reformed 
 //VD re fo rm a t io n 
 
 ^ somewhat 1 
 
 / watchful 1 
 whichever 1 
 
 " whatever 1 
 
 "I stranger 
 j subscribe 
 
 "V. whenever 
 
 /1_ reformer 
 
 \y ~) subscription 
 
 C^N- wherever 
 
 X~ ~~ regular-ity-ly 
 
 < \p substantial 
 
 t whoever
 
 116 
 
 AMERICAN MAXTAL 
 
 COMPLETE LIST OF WOKD-SKLNS. 
 
 VU\VKI.-. CONSOXA.VIX 
 
 
 
 a, 1 an 
 
 \ 
 
 happy. 1 hope, 2 put. :! 
 
 
 the 2 
 
 \ 
 
 pract ice, 1 priiicipal-le.- 
 
 
 
 ah! 1 
 
 \ 
 
 apply, 1 people. - 
 
 
 eh ? - aye ' . 
 
 \ 
 
 happen, 1 upon.- oj in ion 3 
 
 ' 
 
 and, 1 ( upward.) 
 
 \ 
 
 spoke,- speak. 3 
 
 l 
 
 I 1 ( in phrases. ) 
 
 * 
 
 spoken. 1 
 
 i 
 
 but 2 
 
 
 possible-ly. 1 
 
 x 
 
 of 1 
 
 \ 
 
 practiced, 1 oppressed. 2 
 
 
 to 2 
 
 %> 
 
 .-urpri.se, 1 exprc- 
 
 ' 
 
 should,- (upward.) 
 
 
 experience. 2 
 
 ^ all 1 
 
 
 part, 1 opportunity.-' 
 
 > two, -'too* 
 
 ^ 
 
 complete. 1 
 
 s 
 awe, 1 ought. 1 
 
 S 
 
 spirit. - 
 
 S who 2 whom, f whose, 
 
 \ 
 
 by, 1 be,-' to-be. :! 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^\ 
 
 remeinber-ed, 2 member, 2 
 
 
 O, 1 oh, 1 owe; 1 before. - 
 
 > 
 
 number.- 1 
 
 
 I, 1 high, 1 aye. 1 
 
 \ 
 
 belong, 1 able, ? believe/' 
 
 . 
 
 how 2 
 
 \ 
 
 coi'ubine, 1 been.- 
 
 c 
 
 we, 1 (and 3 in phrases.) 
 
 X 
 
 behalf,i above. 2 
 
 c 
 
 with* 
 
 \ 
 
 subject, 2 \j subjection. 2 
 
 5 
 
 what, 
 
 \) 
 
 objection. 2 
 
 
 would 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 behind? 1 bound. 3 
 
 - 
 
 beyond l 
 
 1 
 
 fl 
 
 at, 1 it, 2 out. 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 you * 
 
 1 
 
 try, 1 true, 2 truth. 3 
 
 u 
 
 yet 2 m 
 
 f 
 
 tell, 2 till, 2 until. 3 
 
 w 
 
 rear * 
 
 j 
 
 contain. 2
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 117 
 
 f 
 
 satisfy. 1 city. 2 
 
 X 9 
 
 largely. 1 
 
 L 
 
 temptation. 2 
 
 (/ 
 
 general-ly, 2 join. 1 
 
 L 
 
 itself, 3 it is,' 2 advertise. 1 
 
 s 
 
 Jehovah -. 
 
 J 5 
 
 / 
 
 circumstantial. 2 
 circumstance. 2 
 
 </ 
 
 generation. 
 ' gentleman, 1 -nien. 2 
 
 Q 
 1 
 
 Strong, 1 strength. 2 
 
 religious-ly. 2 
 
 1 
 
 tried,' toward, 2 treat-ed.s 
 
 
 
 can * come,' 2 country. <i 
 
 P 
 
 told. 2 
 
 
 Christian, 1 care,'-' cure.-* 
 
 1 
 
 had, 1 dollar, 1 do. 2 
 
 c 
 
 call, 1 coal, 2 cool. 3 
 
 f 
 
 Dr. 1 dear, 2 during/ 1 
 
 C 
 
 equal-ly." 
 
 1 
 J 
 
 deliver y. J 
 
 deliverance. 2 
 
 
 question, 2 3 cover. 
 describe, 1 Scripture." 
 
 1 
 
 does.i 
 
 
 description. '-' 
 
 I 
 
 distinct. 3 
 
 
 
 act, 1 could. 2 
 
 [ 
 
 divine,'- differ-ent-ence. 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 because.' cmnes, 2 a,ecuse. 3 
 
 J 
 
 done, 2 down. 3 
 
 ^ - called. 1 difficult-y. 5 
 
 1 
 
 consider, 2 ^ considered. 2 
 
 c- 
 
 accord-ing, 1 court, 2 
 
 '^ , 
 
 consideration. 2 
 
 =.. 
 
 cannot, 1 kind, 1 county. 2 
 
 1 
 
 did, 3 doubt-ed. 3 
 
 C_ 
 
 quite l 
 
 1 
 
 had n't, 1 don't. 2 didn't. 3 
 
 
 
 go, 1 ago, 1 give-n.- 
 
 I 
 
 condition, 1 add it ion. '- 
 
 f 
 
 degree, 2 grew. 3 
 
 / 
 
 much, 1 which,'-' each. 3 
 
 
 
 glory 2 
 
 / 
 
 Buch. 
 
 , 
 
 began, 1 again, 2 tegin. 3 
 
 X 7 
 
 child, 1 /* children. 2 
 
 -^ 
 
 altogether, 1 together. 2 
 
 / 
 
 chair, 2 cheer. :i 
 
 j 
 
 govern -or. 2 
 
 / 
 
 chief, whichever. 
 
 , 
 
 signify. 2 
 
 / 
 
 large, 1 advantage. 2 
 
 f . significance. 2 
 
 / . larger, 1 danger. 2 
 
 f . -a signification. 2
 
 118 
 
 AMERICAN MANTAL 
 
 v, 
 
 V. 
 
 ^ 
 
 God, 1 good. 2 
 great, 2 agreed. 3 
 glad, 1 gold. 2 
 half, 1 for, 2 if. 3 
 form 1 , from, 2 free. 3 
 follow-ing, 1 full. 2 
 fine, 1 often, 2 phonography .'< 
 formation. 2 
 find, 1 found. 2 
 : fast, 1 first. 2 
 fact, 1 after, 1 future. 3 
 offered, 1 effort.' 2 
 friend, 2 frequen-t-ly. 3 
 have," very, 2 view. 3 
 over, 1 every, 2 however. 3 
 value, 2 evil. 3 
 heaven, 2 even -ing. 3 
 several. 2 
 
 thank, 1 think, 2 thousand. 3 
 thought. 1 
 
 throw, 2 three, 3 through. 3 
 authorize. 1 
 authority. 1 
 third. 2 
 
 though, 1 they, 2 them. 2 
 other, 2 either. 3 
 their, there. 2 
 than, 1 then, 2 within. 3 
 
 C 
 
 J 
 
 C 
 c 
 
 \ 
 / 
 
 those,'- this, 2 these. 3 
 themselves, 2 this-is. 2 
 that, 1 without. 2 
 saw. 1 so.'- us, 2 see. 3 
 sat. 1 sight, 1 set, 2 sit. 3 
 as, 1 is. 2 alsoO has, 1 his. 2 
 was, 2 ease-y. 3 
 shall, 2 show, 2 she, 3 
 sure. 2 
 
 shine, 1 shown. 2 
 short, 1 shirt. 2 
 usual-ly. 2 
 
 pleasure. - 
 
 law, 1 w ill, 2 allow. 3 
 
 less,- lose. 3 
 
 line, 1 alone. 2 
 
 while, 1 well. 2 
 
 light. 1 let.-' 
 
 learn. 2 
 
 learnt. 2 
 
 or,' her,- our, hour 3 . 
 
 liovo.3 lioar. 3 
 
 herself. 2 
 
 are2 
 
 arise, 1 arose, 2 hours, 3 
 
 ourselves.' 1 
 
 rise, 1 rouse. 3 
 
 sir,- sour. 3 
 
 J
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 119 
 
 ^ art. 1 
 
 <L_S 
 
 seen, 2 soon.* 
 
 \ heart, 1 hard. 1 
 
 ^J 
 
 nation. 2 
 
 c/ world, 2 ruled. 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 notion, 1 
 
 (_/ were, 2 where. 3 
 
 ^s 
 
 hand, 1 end, 2 under.* 
 
 c 1 rely, 1 real, 2 rule. 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 not, 1 night, 1 nature. 2 
 
 * refer-ence.2 
 
 o_; 
 
 sent, 2 cent. 2 
 
 writer, 1 rather. - 
 
 ^ 
 
 send, 2 sound. 3 
 
 my, 1 may,- me. 2 time. 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 want, 1 went. 2 
 
 s him, 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 long, 1 language, 1 thing. 2 
 
 myself, 1 Is ci himself. 2 
 
 ^.^ .single-ular. 3 
 
 - Mrs. '^i Misses. 
 some, 2 similar-ity. 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 why, 1 way, away, 2 weigh.' 
 wear, 2 aware. 
 
 v more, 1 Mr. 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 warning, 1 jvorn, 2 
 
 1 almost, 1 most,- missed. 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 wane. 2 
 
 mine, 1 man, 1 men. 2 
 
 ^> 
 
 wind, 1 wound. 3 
 
 mind, 1 amount, 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 wide, 1 weighed. 2 
 
 might, 1 met. 2 
 
 inad, 1 made. 2 
 
 ^"~"- importarit-ance, 1 improve- 
 ment. 2 
 """^ sample,' simple. 2 
 
 r 
 
 C 
 6 
 
 ward, 1 word. 2 
 your, f 1 yield. 
 yours, 2 use, 2 yourself. 3 
 yourselves. 8 
 
 / & , impossible, 1 improvements. 2 
 
 / 
 
 Ohio, 1 he. 2 
 
 ^' on, 1 any, 1 in, 2 no, 2 know. 2 
 
 / 
 
 or ) house. 3 
 
 ""'' nor, 1 honor, 1 near.'- 
 
 L_ 
 
 from their, 1 further. 2 
 
 when, 1 one. 2 
 
 c 
 
 latter, 1 letter.* 
 
 whence, 1 once. 2 
 
 "~\ 
 
 order, 1 
 
 v ^ honest, 1 next. 2 
 
 s^ 
 
 matter, 1 mother. 2 
 
 kiiown,i none, 2 nnion.s 
 
 v -another, 2 neither'. 
 
 i 
 
 : 
 
 x 'j influence, knows.- | s ^ anger, 1 longer. 1
 
 120 AMERICAN MAM'AI, 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE ON IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 The following, in the construction of sentences for the employment 
 of all the word-signs, was furnished for an early edition of Phonog- 
 raphy by the Rev. John Hope, an English clergyman. It should be 
 written and re-written, until every word can be put upon paper 
 without hesitation. The words connected by hyphens should be 
 written as phrases, without lifting the pen. 
 
 Establishments for improvement a ml -for knowledge in- 
 general, axe important things in-a government; and the more 
 so where it-re usual with-them to acknowledge good principles. 
 A-Phonographic organization in particular, is-aii immediate 
 advantage to-every gentleman, lady, or child, who is-a mem- 
 ber of-it, and to all. According to general opinion, 1'honog- 
 raphy is-a subject we could, and should have picture in; 
 without it, language is-not quite what it-should-bt a remark 
 in-which there-is great truth, and to-which I-think-there can- 
 be no objection. Again, every one who-has thoughts \\liich- 
 are dear to-him, or important to-the world, is called-upon to- 
 eare for-them and improve them, to-the full, when-he-has 
 opportunity. How, or on what ]rii.(iplc can-wc lie ^.md 
 without imjirovement. Remember, thal-it-is thought that 
 every-thing is-an object of-importance that comes under-it ; 
 and, beyond all, that-the sure word of God was given 
 for improvement. Should there-be difficulties in-the-way of- 
 your improvement, and of-the subjection of-your nature to 
 < rod's truth, then 1 call-upon you, while you-can improve, to- 
 do-so. After what I-have told-you, are-there yet objections 
 to-it? Were there, an account of-them would already have- 
 been given. Great and good things can-not come together 
 without improvement. But should I-be-told that-it might- 
 have-been so, from what I know of-the friendly spirit of-all. 
 I tell-you-the truth is-as I-have given it, nor can-you object 
 to-it. In-short, gentlemen and ladies, you ought-to establish 
 it as-your first principle, that-you will not give up; but-as 
 you-have opportunity, why not do ail-that can-be-done 
 towards improvement in every-thing in-this-world? And 
 should it-be done well, you-will give pleasure not to-me alone, 
 but to all. 
 
 <*- 1
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 i-t**-* 
 
 c / 
 
 c_ 
 
 6 " 7 
 
 ...<\ y A 
 
 \ - 
 
 n N 
 
 
 V) 
 
 V- 
 
 JLJLa V - I. 
 
 ^i. , < i i r 
 
 ^ 
 
 y. 
 
 V 
 
 x
 
 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 PHBASEOGBAPHY. 
 
 Phonographers who look forward to reporting, either pro- 
 fessionally or for their own satisfaction, should at once, begin 
 to cultivate reporting habits, by the use of phraseogruphy, 
 that is, the running of words together without lifting the pen. 
 This principle was introduced in $53, where the pupil was 
 taught to write of-the, to-the, iti-n,for-a, if-he, tie-may, etc. It 
 is applied to the writing of all words of frequent occurrence, 
 and that generally come together in clauses or phrases; as 
 V I-have, f~ you-will, t - as-good-as, /^ <tis-trcll-<ts, 
 ^ tlior-rmi-be, ^v^^^p therc-ivere-many-thmys. 
 
 186. In order to keep' phrases from running too far below 
 the line, it is allowable to abbreviate word-signs, and sonic- 
 times entirely change their representation; thus \ been is 
 represented by the hook alone in such phrases as: \^ 1-lutre- 
 
 been, > you-have-been, ) tltere-ltave-been; (^ than is represented 
 
 V= "^ 
 
 by the hook alone, in \ v / 7 better-titan, ^^ y renter-titan; 
 
 as and is change to ) z, in such phrases as ) (z-t) as-it, 
 )is-it, \ as-it-was, )is-it-nt; and all is represented by 
 the /-hook upon the previous word, as : \ by all, |' <it all, 
 C for all, ^^ on all. 
 
 187. In such phrases aa (-^it-ix-s-iul, Q_Js (ix-wott-ax, the double 
 circle indicates the repeating of s, after is and as, in the follow- 
 ing word. The loop <J fr, represents as-t/iere, 1 is-tlte>-t.- 
 
 188. The first word in a jihrase must always be written in its 
 own proper position, that is, in the first, second or third 
 position, with reference to the line of Avriting; thus: 
 
 \can-be, ^.coidd-not-be, ^ uf-nur. After the first 
 word is written, however, the succeeding words may be writ-
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY, 123 
 
 ten out of position; as n you-can, \ it-is-not, A^ I-have- 
 
 h<l. A first-position word-sign, in a phrase, may be 'slightly 
 raised or lowered, to indicate the position, (and the word) of 
 tin- next sign, thus: | 1-lu.id, vi I-do ; ^ 1 /tail-not, ^ I-tliJ-not. 
 
 DOUBLE-LENGTH CURVES. 
 
 ls<>. The double-length curved strokes, which represent 
 the addition of // or //</ to the single-length strokes, with the 
 ."-circle and '//-hook added, aflord a useful series of phrases: 
 
 for-their, X^ 
 if-their, \ 
 
 A f 
 
 V^ from-there, l 
 ^ have-their, ' 
 VL over-there, 
 
 for-there-is, V for-their-own. 
 
 if-there-is. V if-their-own. 
 N- ^ r, 
 v from-their-own, \. farther-than. 
 
 ^ have-there-been, (or, own.) 
 V over their own. 
 
 ^_ , 
 
 think-there, ( think-there is, ( think-their-own. 
 o \j 
 
 ( though-there, ( though-there-is, ( th'-other-one. 
 } saw-their, sa\v-their-own; see-their-own. 
 
 J was-there, ) was-their-own. 
 
 /" 
 
 ( lighter-than ; later-than; lay-their-owu. 
 
 b siighter-than; saltier-than. 
 
 ^ show-their, wish-their, shall-there. 
 
 \ whiter, "^ whiter-than, wider-than. 
 
 f ~^ may-there, / x, may-their-own. 
 
 ,5- - s some-other, . some-other-one. 
 
 ^ -^ another, ' " another-one; neither-one. 
 
 V S longer, ^ ? longer-than; younger-than.
 
 r 
 
 124 AMERICAN MAXL'AL 
 
 190. In such phrases as if-there~arc, thouyh-there-are, knou-- 
 tht're-are, the curved stroke is written treble-length, to indi- 
 cate the addition of are. 
 
 191. Some writers hold that the -hook should be read be- 
 fore the addition of tr and thr; thus: ^^ fainter, or j'nn- 
 their, V^ rendrr, ^-_ ^ knomi-their, ) shomi-their. But 
 as in \^ ftr, "'^ - y ntlu\ etc., the tr and tin- are represented 
 by the additional length of the curves, we hold that it is 
 philosophical, when the -hook is added, to add the sound of 
 the hook to the tr, and thr, and read the signs V ftr-n, 
 
 ^ 7 nthr-n, etc. To do otherwise, would take from us most 
 
 of the above very frequent and useful phrases, and we would 
 g.iin little to compare with their loss. 
 
 192. Doubling the length of straight strokes, with an 
 ><-hook, for the addition of tr and thr, ii!i\b>i-t/ir, -kn-thr, 
 a.* practiced by some writers, is un philosophical and objec- 
 tionable, except in phrases. 
 
 193. OMISSION OF OF-THE." The frequently recurring 
 phrase "of-the" is significantly represented by writing the 
 words between which it occurs near to each other, thus show- 
 ing by their proximity that the one is of t/ie other; as: 
 
 ( ~^_ v lore of the beautiful, \^\ subject of tlit imrk. 
 
 194. OMISSIOX OF "To."- Many American writers omit the 
 word to nearly altogether, and indicate that it is to be read 
 by beginning the following word below the line of writing, 
 that is below where to would be placed if it were writ- 
 ten; thus: V to-be, I to do, //\ to write. It bas never 
 received the sanction of the author of Phonography, (except 
 in the phrase to be, in which it is impossible to make an angle 
 between to and be,) and is not used by the best English re- 
 porters. There is very little gain in it. and much loss in
 
 OF I'HOXOGRAPHY. 125 
 
 many words, by the pen being carried so far below the line. 
 
 195. The words the, a, by, after, etc., and occasional syllables, 
 are omitted, for the sake of making easy phrases; thus: 
 "-^ itt-thr-imrttl, \^~_ for-the-sake-of, V^ for-imt<i/i<-> . 
 \\ dmj-bij-daij, lj tltn f -,tff<'f-<!ay, 1 1 from day tojday,^~^ from- 
 ti in- -to-time. 
 
 196. HOOKING OF DASH WORD-^IGXS. In the "Hand- 
 Book of Phonography," by Andrew J. Graham, a scheme of 
 writing the small hooks to all the dash word-signs, is pre- 
 sented. They are used to form phrases; thus: * of all, 
 
 ^ to-all, r but-tdl, P should-all; ^ of-our, "\ to-our, i but-our, 
 1 should-our, -^ to-have, i bid-have, t should-have, ? and- 
 hnir, (- I-hnvf^ all-burr, ^ ou</ht-to-have, 6 iclio-have; f who-will, 
 &c., &c. Other signs, of course, are attached to these to 
 represent additional words in longer phrases; as: r of -a II- 
 tfoaCj^^cf-vur-prmciples, \o>t(/ht-to-/irtre-been. The use of 
 this whole scheme cannot be recommended ; the forms re- 
 quire too much care in writing, to be legible, and where the 
 alphabetic signs will join together they may be more freely 
 written, and will not be confounded with the hooked half- 
 length strokes. A few of them, sueh as ^ of-all, ^ to-all, 
 ( shoidd-have, \jbut-have, ought-to-have, and ^ I-have, may 
 sometimes be used to advantage. 
 
 The foregoing constitute the leading principles governing 
 the formation of phraseograms. There is scarcely any limit 
 to the extent to which they may be used. On the following 
 pages we give a list of those generally employed in ordinary 
 writing. They should be studied and copied in connection 
 with the key; then read without the aid of the key, by cov- 
 ering with a strip of paper; and finally you should write 
 them, over and over again, by having some one read them 
 alcud to you, until you can form them without hesitation.
 
 126 
 
 AMERICAN MAXl'AL 
 
 LIST OF COMMON 1'HKASKS. 
 
 A few words 
 Y a great deal 
 a short time 
 \- > able to make 
 
 ^o about such 
 
 / P 
 
 ~~\ / about which you arc 
 
 y about which it is not 
 
 (y all that is 
 
 (p all that is said 
 
 > r 
 
 Vv- all that has been 
 
 > 
 ____C/< all that you 
 
 C and all that 
 
 _\. _<ni as if there 
 
 -TL- and as it is not 
 
 . "_(. and as to that 
 
 _._and is not 
 
 / and though there is 
 
 s*^-^s\ 
 
 _ V .and whenever there i.- 
 
 ^_s 
 
 ^^-- as far &a possible. 
 
 o D as great as 
 
 g_jj as long as Vj 
 
 R as soon as possible 
 
 ^-wv as it could not be 
 
 X v as it may be 
 
 { as it was 
 
 at all times 
 at once 
 at hand. 
 
 at their own expense 
 at the same time 
 because it is 
 because of its 
 because they were 
 by all means 
 by means of 
 by their own 
 Can it be 
 
 can there be 
 can there not be 
 
 could not be 
 Do you mean 
 do their duty 
 does not this 
 did you give them 
 Every person 
 every one 
 everything else 
 For my part 
 for the purpose 
 for this reason
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 1-27 
 
 A 
 
 (ieiitlemen of the jury 
 
 S 
 
 I have been 
 
 _^-v 
 
 give me the 
 
 ^S 
 
 I have not been 
 
 1 
 
 give them the 
 
 f 
 
 I have said 
 
 
 give their time 
 
 V 
 
 I have their own 
 
 ? 
 
 gi\ e their at tent ion 
 Had there been 
 
 <\/L 
 
 I hope you are satisfied 
 T hope you will have 
 
 4 
 
 had there not been 
 lie ran be 
 
 ^-v 
 
 i^r~ 
 
 1 know they will 
 I may as well 
 
 X 
 
 lie can not be 
 
 1 T 
 
 I may be told 
 
 ~^ 
 
 he could not have been 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 may not be there 
 
 ^ 
 
 he has been there 
 he has not been 
 
 ^\ 
 ^\ 
 
 I might not be 
 I must be 
 
 \ 
 
 he would not have been 
 
 \^ ^i 
 
 I never 
 
 */** 
 
 how are you 
 
 \A 
 
 I shall be 
 
 ^ 
 
 how could you 
 
 y 
 
 I think it is impossible 
 
 ~\ 
 
 how many of them 
 
 L 
 
 I think there is 
 
 l-"S 
 
 I admit 
 
 vfV, 
 
 I will be sure 
 
 1^, 
 
 I am glad 
 
 
 I will not be there 
 
 V sn 
 
 I am sure of it 
 
 -^ 
 
 I wish there 
 
 ^-- <_, 
 
 I am inclined to think 
 
 
 if ever there is 
 
 I*"" ** f 
 
 L 
 
 I am very glad 
 
 Jvo 
 
 if ever you are 
 
 s 
 
 I believe that 
 
 -C^_ 
 
 if it be 
 
 
 
 I do not know 
 
 k_L. 
 
 if it be not 
 
 Z(d 
 
 I do not think 
 
 -w- 
 
 if it is not 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 if it is said 
 
 V 
 
 I expect 
 
 
 
 ,A 
 
 
 
 if there is. to be 
 
 
 I fear you will have 
 
 " x ^c - 

 
 128 
 
 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 ^X/NDin all respects 
 
 i 
 
 it is said that 
 it is well known 
 
 V. /? 
 
 / in as much as 
 o 
 
 ( ? 
 
 <r~b - 
 
 it seems to me 
 
 ' ^~"O in consequence 
 
 P 
 
 it will be said 
 
 v_^-\ 
 
 rf 
 
 
 \ in my opinion 
 
 V 
 
 it will not be 
 
 '"^V^ in reference 
 
 < 
 
 it would not be 
 
 ^^ in regard 
 
 & 
 
 Just as good as 
 
 ^"^ in relation 
 
 ^ 
 
 just been 
 
 ^"*\ in respect 
 
 y* 
 
 just as well as 
 
 Vp in the first place 
 r>\O 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen 
 
 v "^""xo in the next place 
 
 r 
 
 less than 
 
 v P 
 >SQ in the second place 
 
 ^Nn 
 
 let us be sure 
 
 \ CL __ in this country 
 
 Cy 
 
 Planner in which 
 
 jf^ in your place 
 
 ~^ 
 
 many circumstances 
 
 v f in your own 
 I.) 
 
 ^ 
 
 many think 
 
 Q^ is not 
 
 "^p 
 
 . 
 
 
 C^ 
 
 may not have been 
 
 (p is this not 
 
 ^V 
 
 might not have 
 
 \^ is it not 
 
 rv 
 
 Mr. Chairman 
 
 X-/ is it not better 
 
 " T 
 
 Mr. President 
 
 l_^. is it not possible 
 
 ^^ 
 
 more and more 
 
 L_, v it could not be 
 
 <~c- 
 
 most likely 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 cL it has been 
 
 *-^ 
 
 much more 
 
 0~"5> it is impossible 
 
 ^ 
 
 must have been 
 
 >T^ it is most important that 
 
 ^5 
 
 my dear brother 
 
 0^^ it is iny opinion 
 
 ,- ^/ x 
 
 my dear friend 
 
 ^_p^^- it is necessary that 
 
 ^^5 
 
 my dear sir
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 129 
 
 ^* 
 
 Neither of them 
 
 Quite likely 
 
 ^ 
 
 New York City 
 
 6 quite certain 
 
 ^ 
 
 no such thing 
 
 Railroad 
 
 ^<_^ 
 
 not only 
 
 t/ L' railroad station 
 
 N o 
 
 Of course it is 
 
 /*- 
 
 . p 
 
 
 c/ railway 
 
 M^ 
 
 of course it must be 
 
 X~) 
 
 v\ 
 
 
 ^ \ rather be 
 
 > 
 
 of which 
 
 ^v 
 
 ' 
 
 
 "* rather give 
 
 \ 
 
 of which it might be 
 
 \^ rather have 
 
 V 
 
 of great advantage 
 
 V) render themselves 
 
 "^ 3. 
 
 k* 
 
 /\ ' 
 
 
 inu 
 
 ' \^\^ reporting style 
 
 / 
 
 of those who are 
 
 ( 
 
 ) 
 
 
 6~&v Seems to be 
 
 4/ 
 
 of which you are 
 
 CLxv O 
 Senate of the U. S. 
 
 ~^x 
 
 on account of 
 
 ^ shall be 
 i\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 on the contrary 
 
 O^. shall not be 
 
 *" >x 
 
 on their part 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ shall have 
 
 
 on this account 
 
 /^^ should be able 
 
 
 on this side 
 
 V 
 
 ..__^r>^ should not be 
 
 
 on this occasion 
 
 xi should have been 
 
 ~x_yw 
 
 on the one hand 
 
 J so as to be 
 
 ff 
 
 ought not to think 
 
 o* 
 
 ,J so as to give 
 
 ^v 
 
 ought not to have 
 
 /^^ so that you may 
 
 ^ 
 
 ought to be done 
 
 so there may be 
 
 V 
 
 out of the way 
 over and over 
 
 CT~-^^_C something has been 
 /o o 
 <L/~^> such a man 
 
 \? 
 
 Peculiar circumstances 
 point of view 
 
 ff such as are 
 c/ such as can
 
 130 
 
 AMERICAN MANTAL 
 
 \a That has been 
 
 .-^ to do something 
 
 V that it is 
 
 _._V^>^ f * so|n e extent 
 
 \-f C\r that is not necessary 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ~y.. -. j w j,, cn y ou are 
 
 that it may be 
 
 ) Was it 
 
 \f\ x that there are 
 \ that which has been 
 
 1 
 ^ was not 
 
 ) was there not 
 
 {A/ that you are 
 
 . | we do not know 
 
 
 ^< 
 
 f there can be 
 J therefore you will 
 
 ^ . we did not know 
 ...../I- we did not think 
 
 J there has been 
 
 ^^j we have been 
 
 ^ 
 
 J there is another 
 
 we think there may be 
 
 o_^. there is no objection 
 
 /? we are not 
 
 f\ ^*^ 
 
 /s 
 
 f^~^\^ there must always be 
 
 C/ we arc rather 
 
 <7dv there seems to be 
 
 (./ we are ready 
 
 l^O they are rather 
 
 r ^ >> v we may be 
 
 \^ ^"~ they may as well 
 
 c ~ v ^^ we might not be 
 
 V/O they may not be 
 V/'-fc they will most likely 
 
 't^/' we were 
 f/o we were there 
 
 (p this is a matter 
 
 (J\. we will be 
 
 ^ this is not 
 \ n this question 
 
 (_, Vj we will be sure 
 (j 1 we will try 
 
 C,^ those who are 
 
 C/X*^ were I 
 
 Cj those who have 
 
 CX\ were they 
 
 \^ to be sure 
 
 C_/ / <_ were there not 
 
 V to be there 
 
 CX^^ were we 
 
 \ * to be worthy 
 
 C/ were you
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 131 
 
 s^ V whore are they 
 /4s 
 
 L. while there is 
 
 /^ where are we 
 
 C while we are 
 
 / -y' where can it 
 
 -*S*r 
 
 while you are 
 
 / where will they 
 
 *) who are 
 
 C/s where shall 
 ~~\, what were you 
 
 who were 
 f- y who can be 
 
 \ what can be 
 
 o< who has been 
 
 \ what cannot be 
 
 ^s what shall be 
 
 ~~^\ 
 V^^ when ever you 
 
 v who have been 
 Q' who is it 
 < who was it 
 
 ""V whenever there is 
 ^^^) 
 
 KS. who will not be 
 
 when there is 
 
 $_- who would not be 
 
 ~~^ when there has been 
 
 f^\ will be found 
 
 ^_ when we have 
 
 /^"\ will you be 
 r with which 
 
 Tf when we were 
 
 SJ 
 
 f which are 
 
 ..( with which there 
 
 
 C/ 
 j^s with me 
 
 ^ which are now 
 /_ which can be 
 
 C/^\^G with reference to 
 
 / N, 
 
 ot which has been 
 
 (^/\ with respect to 
 
 . ^ .. which it is not 
 
 i would become 
 
 3 which would have been 
 /-~ which may not be 
 
 -) would have been 
 f^^ You are 
 
 >( which you could 
 
 f ^ ) you are not 
 
 / which will be 
 
 ^^"\_ you will be sure 
 
 /-^ which will make 
 which will not be 
 
 f^- Q. you must be 
 /v^j-^v you must not be
 
 ' 132 AMERICAN MANt'AL 
 
 CONCERNING. CONVERSATION. 
 
 For a Key to this article, see following opposite pages. 
 
 ( / C ^ " ^ x > 2 ' C >: 
 
 7 ^3 r 
 
 D, 
 
 D / J 
 
 ^-^ \o 
 
 ^ ( ) i i^/? ^j> y 
 
 A M. 1 
 
 v C c x L ^ y. ( 
 
 
 C ^ 
 
 / 
 
 rv v __ - ) 
 
 ) _ OS 
 
 Q. 

 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 133 
 
 ( < )N( 'KILN I M i ( '( )N YK11SATIOX. 
 
 BY Il'C 1>K I. A RorilFon AULD. 
 To l ii-i'if/> a in S/Kiiili'/iul. mi'l < 'nmpnri'il idtli fhr (tjipositc Page. 
 
 1. The reason why so few persons are agreeable in conver- 
 sation is. that each thinks more of what lie desires to say, than 
 of what others say. anil that we make bad listeners when we 
 want to speak. 
 
 2. Yet it is necessary to listen to those who talk ; we should 
 rive them the time they want, and let them say even senseless 
 Qiings. 
 
 3. Never contradict or interrupt them; on the contrary, 
 we should enter into their mind and taste, illustrate their 
 meaning, praise anything they say that deserves praise, and let 
 them see we praise more from our choice than from agreement 
 with them. 
 
 4. To please others we should talk on subjects they like, 
 and that interest them : avoid disputes upon indifferent 
 matters, -rldom ask questions, and never let them see that 
 we pretend to be better informed than they are. 
 
 5. We should talk in a more or less serious manner, and 
 upon more or less abstruse subjects, according to the temper 
 and understanding of the persons we talk with, and readily 
 give them the advantage of deciding without obliging them 
 to answer when they are not anxious to talk. 
 
 6. After having in this way fulfilled the duties of polite- 
 ness, we can speak our opinions to our listeners when we find 
 an opportunity without a sign of presumption.
 
 134 
 
 AMERICAN MANUAL 
 
 CONCERNING CONVERSATION, CONTINUED. 
 
 7 x. v 
 
 ^ 
 
 C_o 
 
 </ 
 
 ?. c c 
 
 > ^ V 
 
 c~- 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 10. 
 
 <i 
 
 J 
 
 \ 
 
 I. f 
 
 \> 
 
 A3. 

 
 OF PHOXOCKAPHY. 13' 
 
 CONCERNING CONYERSATION, CONTINl HI). 
 
 7. Above all things we should avoid often talking of our- 
 selves and giving ourselves as an example ; nothing is more 
 tiresome than a man who quotes himself for everything. 
 
 8. We can not give too great study to rind out the manner 
 and the capacity of those with whom we talk, so as to join in 
 the conversation of those who have more than ourselves, with- 
 out hurting by this preference the wishes or interests of others. 
 
 !>. Then we should modestly use all the modes above men- 
 tioned to show our thoughts to them, and make them, if possi- 
 ble, believe that we take our ideas from them. 
 
 10. We should never say anything with an air of authority, 
 nor show any superiority of mind. 
 
 11. We should avoid far-fetched expressions, expressions 
 hard or forced, and never let the words be grander than the 
 matter. 
 
 12. It is not wrong to retain our opinions if they are rea- 
 sonable, but we should yield to reason wherever she appears, 
 and from whatever side she comes. 
 
 13. Reason alone should govern our opinions; we should 
 follow her without opposing the opinions of others, and with- 
 out seeming to ignore what they say,
 
 136 
 
 AMERICAN* MANT.U. 
 
 CONCERNING CON YKUSATlOX, CONTINUED. 
 
 ilL. I / v . \ 
 ) ^ \ 
 
 AS. 
 
 \ 
 
 / u ^ v r 
 
 V, ^ C 
 
 -r c x 
 
 1 L . 
 
 \ 
 
 L 
 
 \ 
 
 . O- 
 
 ^ ). 
 
 -) - 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ao. 
 
 V 
 
 4^- 
 

 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 137 
 
 CONCERN-IN*; CONVERSATION, CONTINUED. 
 
 14. It is dangerous l< seek to be always the leader of the 
 conversation, and to push a good argument too hard, when \ve 
 have found one. 
 
 lo. Civility often hides half its understanding, and when 
 it meets with an opinionated man who defends the bad side, 
 spares him the disgrace of giving way. 
 
 1<>. We arc sure to displease when we speak too long and 
 too often of one subject, and when we try to turn the conversa- 
 sation upon subjects that we think more instructive than others. 
 
 17. We should enter indifferently upon every subject that 
 is. agreeable toothers, stopping where they wish, and avoiding 
 all they do not agree with. 
 
 15. Every kind of conversation, however witty it may be, 
 is not" equally fitted for all clever persons; we should sele< t 
 what is to their taste and suitable to their condition, their sex, 
 their talents, and also choose the time to say it. 
 
 1'J. We -should observe the place, the occasion, the temper, 
 in which we find the person who listens tons, for if. there is 
 much art in speaking to the purpose, there is no less in know- 
 ing when to be silent. 
 
 :>o. There is an eloquent silence which serves to approve 
 or to condemn; there is a silence of discretion and of respect.
 
 138 
 
 AMERICAN MAXl'AL 
 
 CONCERNING CONVERSATION, < <>N< U DED. 
 
 -Jr*- 
 
 ML. 
 
 \ 
 
 . 3 
 
 Vjl 
 
 L ^ x 
 
 3. . 
 
 -^ f>- 
 
 C 
 
 / ^ c 
 
 c- 
 
 A 
 
 \ > 
 
 L > \j> ^ C 
 
 > 
 
 C 
 
 > ' , \
 
 OF PHONOGRAPH V. 139 
 
 CONCERNING CONVERSATION, CONCLUDED. 
 
 21. In a word there is a tone, an air, a manner, which 
 render everything in conversation agreeable or disagreeable, 
 refined or vulgar. 
 
 22. One of the reasons that we find so few persons rational 
 and agreeable in conversation is, there is hardly a person who 
 does not think more of what he wants to say than of his 
 answer to what is said. 
 
 2:>. The most clever and polite are content with only 
 seeming attentive, while we perceive in their mind and eyes 
 that at the very time they are wandering from what is said 
 and desire to return to what they want to say. 
 
 24. Instead of considering that the worst way to persuade 
 or please others is to try thus strongly to please ourselves, and 
 that to listen well and to answer well are some of the greatest 
 charms we can have in conversation. 
 
 2-~>. It is oftener by the estimation of our own feelings 
 that we exaggerate the good qualities of others than by 
 their merit, and when we praise them we wish to attract 
 their praise. 
 
 2b'. But it is given to few persons to keep this secret well. 
 Those who lay down rules too often break them, and the safest 
 we arc able to give is, to listen much, to speak little, and to say 
 nothing that will ever give ground for regret.
 
 140 AMERICAN MANTAL 
 
 EXERCISE ON CONTRACTED WORDS. 
 
 1. Students should-now be abundantly able to-write-the 
 following disconnected .sentences: I-beg (to) acknowledge-the 
 receipt ol'-your-letter, which would-have-been acknowledged 
 earlier but-that I-have-been too busy (to) give-it attention. 
 I-wish (to) say that shorthand is advantageous even to-an 
 advertiser, if-he wishes (to) advertise' his business, and almost 
 any-person can-learn it. A large-number ot'-my acquaintances 
 are studying it already, and-they-do-not expect much trouble 
 in mastering it. Is any-body astonished at-this statement? 
 
 '2. Xobody need apprehend anything serious will result 
 .from-the appointment of-a new postmaster. Any-one may 
 comprehend-the construction of-such language. The banker 
 went into bankruptcy because-he could-not become-a mill- 
 ionaire. There-seems-to-be some confidential correspondence 
 going-on between-the bankrupt and-broker. Most members, 
 of-Congress thiuk-they-are capable of-giving advice (to-the) 
 President. The captain of-our company in-the late war \\as- 
 a Catholic, and-he gave-me-a certificate of good character. 
 Constant change has characterized his conduct under-all- 
 circumstances. The commercial customs of-all civilized peo- 
 ple are well established, and-not difficult (to) comprehend. 
 
 3. Circumstantial-evidence should-not convict a-citizen of- 
 murder in-the first degree. He-will-not cross-examine-the wit- 
 ness until December. It-is-said-the defendant is-a Democrat, 
 but-the jury is-not democratic. He-tried (to) describe-the 
 destruction of-a city, but-his description was quite deficient 
 and faulty in delivery. You-should-not determine (to) de- 
 velope one faculty (to-the) disadvantage of another. 
 
 4. For-the-amount herewith enclosed, please-forward goods 
 heretofore ordered per-exprcss. I-have expressly provided 
 that-the expressage shall-be paid promptly. Everybody is 
 considerably influenced by-the information obtained from 
 the newspapers. Daily intelligence of-this-kind is interest- 
 ing, while it also affords instruction. Great disappointment
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 141 
 
 followed his discharge froiu-the establishment. The distin- 
 guished speaker is certainly quite efficient in-his line of- 
 argument ; and-he will no-doubt inake-an impression npon- 
 the convention, especially if anything essentially new comes- 
 up. Establishments for education are examples of-progress 
 and improvement. Heretofore this has-not always-been con- 
 sidered indispensable, but hereafter it-will-be. 
 
 f>. Whilc-we exist we must expect irregular things (to) 
 happen, and-we might-as-well accept them impartially. Law- 
 yers except (to- the) rulings (of-the) Court, but reporters 
 accept everything (of-the) kind. If-you expect (to) dimin- 
 ish your customary expenses, you-wili certainly have (to) 
 change your style of-living. All expensive habits should-be 
 controlled, but-not by extraordinary means. Are-you ac- 
 quainted with-the character (of-the) defendant's business? 
 Although-hc-may-be deficient in-his casl: -account, he-may- 
 not be-a delinquent. In February-the officers (of-the) gov- 
 ernment completed their investigation. Immoderate drinking 
 immediately results in conduct unworthy of human-nature; 
 indulgence of-this-kind should therefore be-suppressed. 
 
 (>. Inconsiderate people are usually inconsistent, and-not 
 capable of independent thought. Every individual should- 
 be discharged who-is found to-be inexperienced ami-unfit 
 for- the office-he holds. I-intend (to) use my influence (to) se- 
 cure his nomination, and-I-consider myself an-influential man. 
 A-careless investigation of books is insufficient (to) warrant 
 their introduction. Tins-State is noted for-its intelligent 
 people, irrespective of-its proportion of intemperate and irre- 
 sponsible subjects. Yon-must carefully distinguish, in Writ- 
 ing, between-tin: words January and June. 
 
 7. Every landlord should-have some knowledge (of the) 
 laws passed by-the last Legislature. My employer is-a mag- 
 nanimous gentleman, a-magnifieent business-man, and-is at- 
 present engaged in-the manufacture of-machinery in Massa- 
 chusetts,, in-a large manufactory of-his-own. Please make-a 
 memorandum of-this fact, as-it-may-be of-service (to) you in
 
 142 AMERICAN' MAXr.U. 
 
 the future. Notwithstanding-he is-not-a Methodist, he-thinks 
 well of- Methodism. A-mistake is-not necessarily a-niisdc- 
 meanor, though it-may-be-a misfortune. As-a usual-thing 
 it-is-not regarded as good policy (to) mortgage property. 
 
 8. You-m ust-not neglect practice for speed, for-such negli- 
 gence is fatal' (to) success as-a shorthand writer. Never go 
 (to) New- York unless-you-have nothing-else (to) do, in Octo- 
 ber, November or December. I-am somewhat negligent about 
 my pecuniary affairs; nevertheless I-have-never lost much 
 property. The locomotive (of the) passenger train performed 
 its duty nobly, and-enabled-the people (to) participate in-the 
 railway celebration. He-is-a very peculiar man ; his greatest 
 peculiarity being-a desire (to) perform his duty in every mu- 
 sical performance. There-is-a wide difference hetween-a per- 
 pendicular and-a horizontal stroke. Both-tin- plaintiff* and- 
 the defendant are gaining popularity by-the propriety of- 
 their conduct. 
 
 9. It-is scarcely practicable (to) discuss-the project with- 
 out prejudice. The express messenger delivers his packages 
 of- merchandise on-the platform. You-will-probably improve 
 in proportion (to) your earnest endeavors (to) prolit by-your 
 instruction. The public welfare should-be-considered in-the 
 publication of-a new book. Shorthand publications should 
 receive-a ready support from every phonographer who takes- 
 an interest in-the phonographic art, and-desires (to) qualify 
 himself for reporting. For-the last quarter of-a century 1-have- 
 been-a regular subscriber (to) your journal, and-it-has reached 
 me every month free of postage and-with great regularity. 
 
 10. You-must observe propriety in matters of-religion, 
 or-else relinquish all hope of-prosperity in-this-world. You- 
 might make-a memorandum of-this remark for the-purpose 
 of-testing its truth. He-will represent our county in-the 
 next legislature, as-he is-the chosen representative (of the) 
 Reform party. Taxation without representation is supposed 
 (to) have-been-the cause (of the) American-Revolution. In- 
 an intelligent Republic like-this all good books in foreign Ian-
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 143 
 
 guages should-be translated and republished. Each member 
 (of the) firm bore his respective share (of the) responsibility, 
 although-the manager alone was responsible for-the accident. 
 
 11. A sermon on-the Protestant Reformation was preached 
 by-the Rev. Stranger, a .Roman-Catholic-Priest. It-gave gen- 
 eral satisfaction (to-the) members of-his-own church, but-was- 
 not satisfactory (to) supporters of-Protestantism. Sometimes 
 there-is-not much difference between-a selfish reformer and-a 
 religious fanatic. The revelation of-a man's guilt often re- 
 sults in-a revolution of public sentiment. The qualification 
 (of the) superintendent (of the) Transportation Company 
 was-a question discussed when-he-was appointed. Both-the 
 quantity and quality of-telegraphic dispatches given in-the 
 papers are-a surprise (to) everybody. I-came*here in September 
 and remained several-days, trying (to) find something that 
 would-be more popular than-the Temperance-Reform; but-as 
 I-was-a stranger I-gave my subscription to-a religious news- 
 paper, and made-an original suggestion that seemed (to) sur- 
 prise-the editor. 
 
 12. If-you expect to-write rapidly you-must take sufficient 
 time (to) master-the system you study thoroughly. You-may 
 now take-the testimony in shorthand and-transcribe it on-the 
 type-writer. The Bill, although important in-many-respects, 
 we understand, was decided unconstitutional. We-think if- 
 your suggestion had-been properly understood-the proposition 
 would-have-been -relinquished. Such-an underhanded trans- 
 action as-the illegal transfer of IT. S. bonds, in-order-to-avoid- 
 the punishment due his misconduct, is inexcusable, whoever 
 he-may-be. That-man cannot at-once be transformed into-a 
 saint. My client's unimproved property is-an unimportant 
 consideration, I am reluctant (to) say, in-the-way of meeting 
 his obligations. A simple and-uniform method of spelling- 
 tile English language, would tend (to) make-it-the universal 
 language (of the) world. Whatever may-be-said (of the) 
 gentleman's official character, whenever and-wherever it-was 
 possible he-made himself useful as-a private citizen.
 
 144 
 
 AMERICAN MANTAL OF 1'HONOGKA 1'H Y. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. The Old Stylo of Writing The Phon- 
 etic PrincipleOld Style Shorthand Phonography in 
 P>rief Definition of Terms . ........ 7-1!) 
 
 Phonographic Alphabet ............ L'n 
 
 FIRST LESION. Explodent Consonants ....... ' iM 
 
 Long Vowels ................ 24 
 
 SECnXD LESSON. Continuant Consonants ...... 2s 
 
 Liquids, Xasals, Anihigues. Aspirate ....... "" 
 
 THIRD LESSON. Short Vowels .......... :;/> 
 
 Complete Vowel Scale ............ .">li 
 
 Diphthongs ................. 
 
 Rules for Vocalizing ............. .">! 
 
 Rules for Writing L and R .......... 42 
 
 FOURTH LESSON. The S and 7. Circle ........ 4:> 
 
 Large ('ircle. Loops, etc ............. 4U 
 
 The Cond.inatinn MI' or MP, .......... . r .l 
 
 Logograms, or Word-Signs ........... f>2 
 
 I 11-TH LKSSOX. Initial Hook for R ........ ">s 
 
 Special Scheme of Vocalization ......... <in 
 
 SIXTH LESSON. The L-Hook Principle ....... t;:l 
 
 SEVENTH LESSON. Terminal Hook for X ..... (is 
 
 Terminal Hook for F and V .......... 72 
 
 EIOHTH LESSON. Large Hook for s h n ...... 7-i 
 
 Ter and Ther Hook. . . .......... 77 
 
 NINTH LESSON. Brief W-Diphthontrs 
 
 W-Hooks .......... ' 
 
 Brief Y-I>iplithongs 
 
 Modes of Writing the Aspirate II 
 TENTH LESSON. --The Half-Length Principle 
 
 Half-Length Word-Signs ... 
 ELEVENTH LESSON. Prefixes. Allixe-. etc 
 
 Omission of Vowels 
 
 Dissyllahic Diplithongs 
 
 The Rule of Position 
 
 Omission of Consonants 
 TWELFTH LESSON. Outlines of Words . 
 
 Contracted Words 
 
 Complete List of Word-Signs 
 
 Exercise on Improvement 
 
 Phraseopraphy 
 
 Concerning Conversation 
 
 Exercise on Contracted \\'ords , 
 
 -! 
 !>" 
 
 !!' 
 1M" 
 
 UK; 
 11. " 
 11H 
 1-0 
 122 
 1^2 
 140
 
 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND, 
 
 THE ORIGINAL PITMANIC SYSTEM. 
 
 AMERICAN 'SERIES 
 
 OF 
 
 PHONOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTION BOOKS. 
 
 BY ELIAS LONGLEY, 
 
 For twenty-fire years a Practical Verbatim Reporter, and Teacher of the 
 Phonographic Art. 
 
 I. THE AMERICAN MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 II. THE AMERICAN PHONOGRAPHIC DICTIONARY. 
 IIL EVERY REPORTER'S OWN SHORTHAND DIG- 
 
 TIONARY. 
 
 IV. COMPEND OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 V. THE PHONOGRAPHIC READER AND WRITER. 
 VI. SHORTHAND DICTATION EXERCISES. 
 VII. THE AMERICAN REPORTER'S GUIDE. 
 7III. WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 Sent Ity mail, prepaid, on receipt of the price. 
 
 I. The American Manual of Phonography. A Com- 
 plete Guide to the Acquisition of PITMAN'S PHONETIC 
 SHORTHAND, with or without a Master. 12tno., 144 pages, 
 with stiff paper covers, 65 cents ; cloth, 75 cents. 
 Mr. Longley's name has been prominently connected with 
 phonographic writing, reporting, and publishing for the last 
 twenty -five years. His " MANUAL " was first published in 1854, and 
 continued for twenty-five years one of the most popular Short- 
 hand books in the market In 1879 it was thoroughly revised, 
 and as the "AMERICAN MANUAL," has become a standard work. 
 In this new edition of 18S2 it has again undergone careful re- 
 vision. The system is that of ISAAC PITMAN (of England), with 
 all his latest improvements, and those suggested and developed 
 by the best American writers on Phonography and the author's 
 own experience in the constant practice of his profession for 
 many years. 
 
 The new edition preserves all the characteristic features of the 
 \ormer book, simplicity of style, classification and sequence of
 
 [2] 
 
 illustrations and exercises. The first lessons are rendered more 
 easy of comprehension by the introduction of portions only of 
 the alphabet at a time, out of which simple exercises are readily 
 formed; and by interlined translations of the shorthand in com- 
 mon print, both of which are features to be found in this book 
 alone. 
 
 The exceeding brevity of the English instruction books has 
 been avoided, while the great prolixity of most American authors, 
 whose large and crowded pages, reaching into the hundreds, has 
 been as judicially guarded against. In this book of convenient 
 size the time and memory of the pupil are not taxed with un- 
 necessary and impracticable discussions of philosophical points 
 in relation to language and its visual representation. He is not 
 deterred from beginning the study by a formidable volume, nor 
 discouraged by the slow progress of memorizing page after page 
 of abstract principles and rules before becoming charmed with 
 the practice based upon them. In its inviting pages principle 
 and practice go hand in hand. 
 
 An important feature in the American Manual is such an ar- 
 rangement of the lessons that no word or class of words is required 
 to be written until the principle is explained by which they are 
 written in their most approved forms. By this means the student 
 is not compelled to spend his time in learning to write long lists 
 of words, and then suffer the discouragement of having to drop 
 and forget the forms thus learned and familiarize himself with 
 new and better ones. What is once learned in this book remains 
 a fixed fact with the pupil in all his after use of the system. 
 
 [From the Cincinnati Daily Commercial, Angus 1 11, 1882.] 
 A practical book by a practical man. Mr. Longley has been 
 writing about and practicing phonography for thirty-five years. 
 He has used it in former years when reporting for the Commercial 
 and other dailies of this city. The most difficult exercise of 
 phonography is taking a full report of a speech late at night for 
 the next morning's paper. Mr. Longley has done this hundreds 
 of times, and his instructions, therefore, have the highest value. 
 His Manual is for beginners, and it is so clear and terse that we 
 should think that a close student could become a phonographer 
 without any other teaching than can be found in its pages. Pho- 
 nography is progressive, and this edition of the Manual is a care- 
 ful revision for 1882. The system is Isaac Pitman's, with the
 
 [3] 
 
 most helpful American improvements. The book leads the stu- 
 dent through graded exercises, and avoids burdening his mind 
 with a word or mark that is not strictly necessary. The princi- 
 ples and rules are always practical, and the abstract philosophy 
 of the language is not gone into. The use of phonography is in- 
 creasing. Even a fair knowledge of it is worth much to all who 
 act as secretaries, official or private. There is such a saving of 
 time and labor in phonography, and the system is so logical that 
 the question comes up : will it not supersede altogether the fin- 
 ger-cramping and needlessly extended script now employed? 
 The phonetic missionaries might get along faster if they attacked 
 tiie script before the Roman letters. A newspaper would not 
 have to be very big to contain all the news in phonetic short- 
 hand. 
 
 [Prom the Daily Advertiser of London, Canada, whose Editor is an Ac- 
 complished Phonographer.~\ 
 
 " This interesting work proves to be all that the advanced 
 sheets promised one of the most useful works on short-hand be- 
 fore the public. It is really the best exposition of Pitman's Pho- 
 nography that we have seen, combining the best features of the 
 original system with the most practical improvements recently 
 invented. It contains all the information that is required by a 
 learner of the art, which is far more than can be said of Pit- 
 man's Manuals, while it is not overloaded with prefaces, etc., like 
 some of the other text-books. 
 
 \_From D. A, Brown, Teacher of Phonography in the Spencerian Busi- 
 ness College, Washington, D. C.~\ 
 
 " Your little book seems to me to be the very best for learners 
 that has yet been issued. It is a clear, honest exposition of what 
 phonography is and can do. The matter of the book is excellent, 
 in its simplicity of arrangement, fullness of suggestion, method- 
 ical and practical presentation of the principles of the art, and 
 in its helpfulness to the unpracticed student. The typographical 
 execution is faultless, and reflects credit upon the author's knowl- 
 edge ' how to do it' in the printer's art. 
 
 "Permit me also to familiarly say that the whole tone and 
 tendency of the book are pure and helpful, and show a -careful 
 scissors, or a very wise, honest head and heart in the composition 
 of matter for the reading and writing exercises. 
 
 " It gives me pleasure to write these words of commendation 
 on 3, piece of work that merits more praise from a more discerning
 
 [4] 
 
 judgment, and which 1 have no doubt is already widely appre* 
 elated. 
 
 [From S. H. East, Teacher of Phonography in the Central Normal Col- 
 lege, at Danville, Ind.~\ 
 
 " I take pleasure in saying that I have used your 'American 
 Manual' in my phonographic classes for some time past, and 
 consider it the best instruction book on shorthand published. I 
 formerly used Isaac Pitman's books, but consider your American 
 Manual -'ar superior, either for classes or for private students. I 
 shall continue to use the American Manual in the Central Nor- 
 mal College." 
 
 II. The American Phonographic Dictionary. Ex- 
 hibiting the CORRECT and ACTUAL SHORTHAND FORMS for 
 all the useful words of the English Language, about 50,000 
 in number, and, in addition, many Foreign Terms; also, 
 the best Shorthand Forms for 2,000 Geographical Xamcs, 
 and as many Family, Personal, and noted Fictitious Names. 
 12mo., 16 + 368 pages, cloth, $2.50. 
 
 In the compilation and phonographic preparation of this work 
 the author has spent three years of study and labor. It is the 
 first dictionary published in the United States, in which the 
 shorthand forms of words are given; and it contains nearly 
 twice as many words as Isaac Pitman's (English) Phonographic 
 Dictionary, now out of print. 
 
 That such a work was needed has been sadly evident to every 
 one who has had an opportunity to observe the great diversity 
 in the writing of even the most skillful phonographers. Hereto- 
 fore there has been no standard to which they could turn and 
 see at a glance how words of doubtful construction should be 
 written, in accordance with principle, and as the result of long 
 practice, by those who have made a systematic study of the art. 
 The attempts of other authors to " indicate " by a complicated 
 " nomenclature" how fifty thousand words shall be written, have 
 not been eminently satisfactory. Every one knows the value of 
 the eye in enabling the memory to recall the forms of words in 
 common print, and in reproducing them with the pen. It ia
 
 [5] 
 
 much more important for the phonographic student to see and 
 copy the shorthand forms of words, in order to understand and 
 remember them. 
 
 The style of phonography presented in this dictionary is es- 
 sentially that of Isaac Pitman, the inventor of the art, so far im- 
 proved, by the use of a number of features that have been 
 developed by the best American writers, as to enable them to 
 keep pace with the lightning speed of Yankee eloquence. En- 
 glish phonographers, therefore, will find this work of great value 
 in enabling them to abbreviate their lengthy outline of words, 
 and thereby increase their speed. 
 
 The following are some of the advantages to be derived from 
 the use of the dictionary. 1. It will enable the student of 
 phonography to make more rapid progress in his study than has 
 heretofore been possible, for he will need to waste no time in 
 experimenting and changing to secure the best forms of words. 
 2. By the etymological instead of alphabetical arrangement of 
 words, the student will readily acquire the habit of writing the 
 various modifications of words in uniform ways, instead of learn- 
 ing to write each word separately. 3. In addition to giving 
 the full phonographic forms of words, the briefest contractions 
 for many thousands of the most frequently recurring words are 
 given which will enable the learner, from the start, to be making 
 desirable progress in the advanced style of the art. 
 
 " The specimen pages of your forthcoming Phonographic Dic- 
 tionary have been received, and examined with pleasure. The 
 pleasure was increased by reason of the fact that I am saved the 
 task which I had laid upon myself of urging you to bring out 
 some book for general readers that would train them in reading 
 and writing the best phonographic forms of words. The work 
 which you have in hand will prove of far more value than any 
 thing that I might have suggested. I hope that you may reap a 
 double reward for this great work a fair pecuniary reward, and 
 the greater reward of seeing the cause to which you have given 
 the I test years of a well-spent life flourish beyond all precedent. 
 I shall look earnestly for the new book, but I hope you will not 
 permit me, or any one else, to hasten its appearance by a single 
 day, at the expense of first-class work. 
 
 " PROF. CHARLES S. ROYCE. Collegeville, Pa."
 
 [6] 
 
 III. Every Reporter's Own Shorthand Dictionary. 
 The same as the above, but printed upon writing paper, leav- 
 ing out the Shorthand Forms, and giving BLANK LIXES op- 
 posite each word, for the purpose of enabling writers of all 
 systems of Shorthand to put upon record, for convenient refer- 
 ence, the peculiar word-forms they employ. 12mo., 4 -f 
 368 pages, cloth, $2.00. 
 
 The author of the "American Phonographic Dictionary," at 
 the solicitation of many phonographers, and others who write 
 systems of shorthand different from his own, has generouslly 
 allowed an edition of his work to be printed "in blank" for 
 their use. The plan of his book, and the process employed for 
 printing in the phonographic signs, are such as to allow the 
 typic portion to be used for any other style of Phonography, or 
 any other system of shorthand indeed, as well as for his own. 
 
 The facility with which the followers of Isaac and Benn Pit- 
 man, Graham, Munson, Burns, Lindsley, Scovill and Cross, may 
 herein- record for their own ready reference or that of their 
 pupils, their peculiar shorthand forms for words, places them in 
 almost as favorable a position, in this respect, as are those who 
 accept as their standard the printed forms of the "American 
 Phonographic Dictionary." The pages are printed on good writ- 
 ing paper, and the work of writing in the shorthand signs for the 
 words will be found an interesting pastime to the critical steno- 
 grapher, as it will also be an instructive exercise to the learner. 
 
 The arrangement of the words, though not strictly alphabetic, 
 is sufficiently near it to enable one to find any word readily ; 
 while the etymological classification, beginning each family with 
 the root-word, is of great advantage to the student. Thus, be 
 ginning with next to the last word in the alphabetical arrange- 
 ment, we have: edify, edified, edifier, edifying, edification, edificatory ; 
 instead of the ordinary dictionary arrangement: edification, 
 edificatory, edified, edifier, edify, edifying. We have, also : inspire, 
 inspired, inspiring, inspiralle, inspiration, inspiratory ; instead of the 
 unsystematic order : inspirable, inspiration, inspiralory, inspire, in- 
 spired, inspirer, inspiring.
 
 By following this entymological arrangement the learner will 
 first write the simple root-form of each family of words, and 
 then build upon that through all its modifications; and he will 
 soon discover the uniformity observed in writing the termina- 
 tions : -ed, -ing, -able, -able/iess, -ability, -atory, -ance, -tion, etc., and 
 he will have no hesitation in writing the same terminations to 
 any root-word. Indeed he will naturally acquire the habit of 
 writing the various modifications of words in uniform ways, in- 
 stead of learning to write each word separately. 
 
 As a mere copy-book, therefore, in which to write a complete 
 course of instruction, the pages of this work will prove of great 
 service to the shorthand pupil. 
 
 In addition to the full forms of words, there is room in most 
 of the blank lines for the expert stenographer to enter his most 
 contracted forms, and to add to the number as he finds it nec- 
 essary to abbreviate special terms. He will thus, in a short time, 
 compile for himself an invaluable book of reference, which he 
 may also use in teaching his assistants and pupils to write in ex- 
 act accordance with his own style. 
 
 IV. Compend of Phonography : Presenting a table of 
 all Alphabetic Combinations, Hooks, Circles, Loops, etc., at 
 one view ; also, Complete Lists of Word-signs and Contracted 
 Word-forms, with Rules for Contracting Words. For the 
 use of Writers of all styles of Phonography. 12mo. 32 
 pages. 25 
 
 This is designed to be used as a pocket companion, for the 
 ready reference of students, to ascertain the briefest and best 
 forms for constantly recurring words, and as an aid in reading 
 one's notes. 
 
 V. The Phonographic Reader and Writer. Con- 
 taining Reading Exercises, with translations on opposite 
 pages, which form Writing Exercises. 12mo., 48 pages. 
 Paper, 25 cents; limp cloth, 
 
 This little book should be in the pocket of every phonographic 
 student until he can read and write every line without hesitation. 
 It is the best substitute he can have for the constant presence of 
 an attentive teacher. Though he may have studied the lessons
 
 [8]' 
 
 tnoroughly, he will find it slow work reading phonography until 
 he has learned to recognize words by their form. To attain this 
 skill it is necessary to read a great deal ; and to do this one 
 should not spend much time in analyzing the structure of words, 
 or guessing at them as a whole. In the absence of a teacher 
 to tell him, he needs an ever-present guide to save him from 
 unnecessary waste of time. This prompt and faithful guide he 
 will find in this little book, in the convenient key to every word, 
 on the same or opposite page. 
 
 VI. Shorthand Dictation Exercises. Counted and 
 timed for advanced Learners in any System. 12mo. 72 
 pages. 25 cents. 
 
 " This book will save time and trouble to teachers and stu- 
 dents, without respect to system. It is ingeniously iirrant-ed for 
 five rates of speed, namely 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 words pet- 
 minute. We predict popularity for the ' Exercises.' " Phono- 
 graphic Magazine. 
 
 VII. The American Reporter's Guide. Containing 
 the most complete list of phrases ever published ; also, Ex- 
 haustive Lists of all Contracted words used in reporting ; 
 supplemented with ample exercises in the briefest style of 
 writing, with a key to the same in common print on the 
 opposite pages. -22mo. 248 pages. $2.00. 
 
 The author's long experience of twenty-five years in practical 
 reporting, both on newspaper work and as an official court re- 
 porter, and his critical study of all other works on the subject, 
 enable him to bring to the compilation of a new book on this 
 most difficult art unequaled qualifications for accomplishing 
 well his task. Having within the past year retired from the ac- 
 tive pursuit of his reportorial profession, he is devoting the best 
 efforts of his ripe years to the production of a volume that will 
 not only be a credit to his reputation as a phonographer, but a 
 most reliable and helpful guide to the thousands of young re- 
 porters whose accurate and skillful services will be required in 
 the immediate future. 
 
 VIII. Writing Exercises. For gaining speed in Phonog- 
 raphy, the Exercises are printed contiguous to the lines on 
 which they are to be written, and are interspersed Avith 
 Word-Signs, Phrases, and Sentences, beginning with the 
 first lesson. 64 pages. 25 cents. 
 
 THE SAME. Larger edition. 64 pages. 25 cents. 
 
 EGBERT CLARKE & CO., Publishers. 
 
 Cincinnati.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 Form L9-10m-3,'48(A7920)444 
 
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 L86a American manual 
 o phoiiography. 
 
 J&SU2SK REGIONAL LIBRARY 
 
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