GIFT OF f ' THE SPANISH VERB WITH AN INTRODUCTION ON SPANISH PRONUNCIATION BY I ST LIEUT. PETER E. TRAUB, I ST U. S. CAVALRY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF FRENCH AT THE U. S. MILITARY ACADEMY UNDER THE DIRECTION OF PROFESSOR E. E. WOOD DEPARTMENT OF MODERN LANGUAGES, U. S. M. A. NEW YORK - : - CINCINNATI - : - CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY PRESERVATION COPY ADDED COPYRIGHT, 1900, BY P. E. TRAUB THE SPANISH VERB E-P 1 PREFACE OWING to the acquisition of our new territory in the Atlantic and Pacific as the result of the Hispano- American War of 1898, an intimate knowledge of the Spanish language has suddenly become of great military, naval, industrial, and commercial importance. The Pronunciation and the Verb are the prime factors of this knowledge, since without them the intelligent expression of thought would be impossible. The necessity for writing this book lies in the fact that there is no treatise on the Spanish verb in existence, and no satisfactory work on Spanish pronunciation. This book embodies the results of the corresponding portion of the system in vogue at the United States Military Academy, whereby a thorough knowledge of the essentials of Spanish is imparted to the cadet in the short period of three months. The portion treating of pronunciation is in accordance with the latest teaching of the Spanish Academy, and takes into account the peculiarities attending the Spanish-American speech as found to-day in our Island possessions. The system followed in the verb is that of constant repetition, every verb being fully written out, even the English translation in each case. Experience in teaching convinces nearly all instructors that constant and unabridged repetition, not only for the ear but also for the eye, is the only correct way to teach a lan- guage, and more especially the verbs of a language. A constant reference was of course necessary to the Grammar of the Spanish Academy, the foundation of all works on this language pub- lished here and abroad. 1-8 iv PREFACE I wish to tender my grateful acknowledgments to Professor E. E. Wood, Department of Modern Languages, U. S. M. A., for nearly everything of value and originality in this book, both in the material and in the arrangement. The explanation of the reflexive substitute for the passive, the lucid method of writing out the imperative affirmative and negative, the presentation of the reflexive verbs, the uses of ser and estar, and nearly all the remarks concerning the formation of the verb and the use of the tenses, are original with him, have been constantly made use of by him in the section-room at West Point, and now appear in print for the first time. Even when occupied with most pressing duties, he would kindly consent to go over the manuscript patiently, ad- vising, correcting and suggesting points that invariably enhanced its value. PETER E. TRAUB. WASHINGTON, D. C., October i, 1899. TABLE OF CONTENTS SPANISH PRONUNCIATION PAGE The Alphabet . . . . I Pronunciation ... . . . . . I Vowels ..... ..... 2 Consonants ........... 3 Exercises for Vowels and Consonants ...... 5 Diphthongs and Triphthongs ....... 6 Exercises for Diphthongs and Triphthongs ..... 6 The Written or Graphic Accent . . 7 Syllabication .8 Capitals and Punctuation ..... .9 General Exercises ......... 9 Reading Exercise .......... 10 Spanish- American Pronunciation 12 THE SPANISH VERB Classification of Spanish Verbs ... ... 13 The Three Conjugations . . . . . . . . 13 On the Use of the Tenses 15 General Remarks on the Formation of the Verb . . . . 17 Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb Haber ..... 20 Regular Verbs : Terminations of the Three Conjugations . . 21 Conjugation of the Model Verb Hablar ...... 24 The Formation of the Compound Tenses . . . . . 27 Compound Tenses of Hablar ........ 28 The Interrogative Conjugation ... ... 30 The Negative Conjugation . . . . . . . . 31 The Negative-Interrogative Conjugation . ... 34 Conjugation of the Model Verb Comer ...... 36 Conjugation of the Model Verb Vivir . . . . . . 38 Orthographic Changes . . . . . . . . 40 Table of Orthographic Changes ....... 40 Conjugation of the Verb Sacar ....... 42 " " " Pagar ....... 44 " " " Averiguar ...... 46 " " Lanzar . . .... 48 VI CONTENTS PAGE Conjugation of the Verb Veneer . . .... 50 " " " Esparcir ....... 52 " " " Coger . ..... 54 " " " Dirigir . . . . . . . 56 " " " Delinquir . . . . . . . 58 " " " Distinguir . s . . . . 60 " " " Muttir . . .... 62 " " " Brunir . . .... 64 " Ttfw^r ..... . . 66 " " " Creer ....... 68 " il " Continuar ...... 70 " " Auxiliary Verb rfdr . . . . . 72 " " Progressive Verb Estar Comiendo ... 74 Pronominal Verbs ......... 76 Table of Personal Pronouns and their Inflections .... 79 Conjugation of the (Accusative) Reflexive Verb Lavarse ... 80 Negative and Interrogative Conjugations of Reflexive Verbs . . 82 Conjugation of the (Dative) Reflexive Verb Permitirse ... 84 Conjugation of the Permanent Reflexive Verb Alegrarse . . 86 Impersonal Conjugation .of the Permanent Reflexive Verb Alegrarse . 88 Impersonal Reflexive used for the Personal Reflexive ... 90 Conjugation of the Reciprocal Verb Abrazarse . . 9 1 " Auxiliary Verb Ser ...... 92 " " Passive Verb Ser Amado ..... 94 Reflexive Substitute for the Passive ...... 96 Impersonal Verbs .......... 97 Conjugation of Impersonal Verbs ....... 99 Irregular Verbs .... ..... 104 First Class : Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Pensar . . . . .108 " " Errar ..... 112 " Sonar ..... 114 " " Jugar ..... 116 " " Perder ..... 118 " " " " Mover . . . . .120 " " " Oler ..... 122 ..... 124 " Discernir ..... 126 Second Class : Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Sentir ..... 128 " " Erguir ..... 130 " " Adquirir . . . .132 " Morir ..... 134 CONTENTS Vll PAGE Third Class : Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Servir . tt Fourth Class : Conjugation of the Irregukr Verb Conocer . .140 tt tt " Lucir . '44 Fifth Class : Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Atribuir . .146 a a tt " Arguir . . . .148 Sixth Class : Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Andar . tt a Gzfor ... .152 Decir . . J 54 a " Traducir . . .156 a < Hacer . . . .158 tt " 7\?^r . .160 Poner . .162 < Querer . . ,164 " 6Vz^ ... .166 Tener . . . .168 ... .170 ... .172 Seventh Class : Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Asir 1 74 . .176 . .178 . " Ir . . .180 " Irse . .182 6>/r . .184 tt tt tt tt Salir . .186 tt tt tt tt Valer . .188 it ti tt tt v e r ..... 190 tt tt t<. tt Yacer ... . 192 Table of the Classes of Irregular Verbs . 194 Defective Verbs . Conjugation of the Defective Verb Abolir I9 6 Other Defective Verbs . .198 Irregular Past Participles . 2CO INDEX . ..... 20 3 SPANISH PRONUNCIATION AND ACCENT THE ALPHABET I. The Spanish alphabet comprises thirty letters ; twenty-six simple and four compound, as follows : iracters Names Pronunciation Characters Names Pronunciation a a a in mama n ene a' nay b be bay n ene ain' yay c ce tha in thane o in lone ch che cha in chafe P pe pay d de they q cu coo e e d in bale r ere a' ray f efe a fay rr erre air 1 ray g g e hay s ese a say h hache a'tchay t te ta in take i i ee in fee u u oo m pool j jota hcfta V ve vay k ka ca in carry w doble u though b lay 00 1 ele a' lay X equis a' kees 11 elle ail' y ay y ye yay m erne a' may z zeta thata,(tkm thane) 2. These letters, consisting of vowels and consonants, are all of the feminine gender and, with the exception of c and g, have always practically the same sound. Ex.: la i, las les; la jota, las jotas. 3. A' and w are used only in words from foreign languages. Ex. : Washington, kilogramo. PRONUNCIATION 4. In Spanish the vowel sounds preponderate. They are full and sonorous, whereas the consonant sounds are more or less slurred and even suppressed. 2 PRONUNCIATION VOWELS 5. With the exception of h and of u when the latter is placed after q (see 27), and in certain cases when placed after g (see 20, 3), there are no silent letters in Spanish; for, excepting the above, every letter in a word is pronounced. 6. The sounds in Spanish are not given as sharply as in Eng- lish, tonic accent being nothing more than a lengthening of the accented syllable. This indolent intonation produces a more or less drawling effect in the language, when spoken slowly. NOTE : Until the written or graphic accent is explained (see 44), the vowel to be pro- longed in sound will be indicated in heavy type. Should a written accent (') appear over a vowel in heavy type, the sound is not at all affected thereby. VOWELS 7. The vowels are a, e, i, (y,) o, u. a sounds like a in mama. Ex. : la, ma, na, ta, fa. e sounds like a in bale. Ex. : le, me, ne, te, fe. i (y) sounds like ee in fee. Ex. : li, ly, mi, my, ni, ny, ti, ty. sounds like o in lone. Ex. : lo, mo, no, to, fo. U sounds like oo in pool. Ex. : lu, mu, nu, tu, fu. NOTE : In these and similar monosyllabic examples the vowels in Spanish are pronounced without the slight glide at the end. so common in English, and making almost an additional syllable. Therefore do not pronounce as though it were lauh, leuh, Huh, louh, luuh, etc., but do pronounce -without this addition, clear, full, and prolonged, la, le, li, lo, lu, etc. 8. Double e (66) occurs in some words. Each e is sounded. Ex. : lee, cree. 9. Final unaccented e is shortened in sound like ai in said. Ex. : vase (va-se, not va-say). 10. Before n and r, ending a syllable, e sounds like ai in fair. Ex. : comer, romper, gob^rnar. sounds like o in long. Ex.: el humor, el honor, la honra. 11. U, when sounded before another vowel in the same sy liable y is like the English w in way. Ex. : agua = a-gwa, bueno = bweno, Gudnica = Gwd-ni-ca (not a-goo-a, boo-e-no, Goo- d-ni-ca). But gradiie = gra-doo-e, because u and e are not in the same syllable (see 46). 12. Y is a vowel when it stands alone or at the end of a word. Ex.: y, ley, rey. PRONUNCIATION CONSONANTS 3 CONSONANTS 13. The consonants are b, c, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, 1, 11, m, n, n, p, q, r, rr, s, t, v, w, x, (y,) z. 14. B is almost like the English b, but the lips are not pressed together in sounding the Spanish b. Owing to this, b and v sound very much alike and are often mistaken one for the other : Spanish Habana is written and pronounced in Eng- lish Havana. Ex. : bomba, bonito, d6bil, de*bito. 15. C has two distinct sounds. 1. Before e or i it has the strong sound of /// in thin. Ex. : cita, cena, Ponce. 2. In all other situations except ck, it has the sound of k. Ex.: cabo,.alcoba, cubo, electro. 3. Qu takes the place of c before e or i to give the sound oik. Ex.: tocar, toque, chico, chiquito. 16. Cc occurs only before e or z; hence in accordance with the preceding rule it has the sound of kth. Ex. : accesible, dicci6n. 17. Ch has the sound of ch in church. Ex. : chulo, china, chico, chisme. Ch usually follows c in the dictionary. 18. D has the soft sound of th in then ; especially between vowels, and before r. At the end of a word it approxi- mates the sound of t. Ex. : vivido, hablado, Madrid. 19. F, k, 1, m, n, p, t, have the same sound as in English. Ex. : feble, kil6metro, luna, mano, notable, pena, tocado. 20. G has two distinct sounds. 1 . Before e or i it is a palatal guttural like ck in the Ger- man ich. Ex. : general, gengibre, San Germdn. 2. In all other situations, it is hard like g in go. Ex. : gato, gOma, gusano. 3. To make g hard before e or z, u must be inserted be- tween them. The u is not sounded. Ex. : gueta, guincha, guindo, gueltre, Aguinaldo. 4. If necessary to sound the it of gue, gui, a diaeresis ( " ) must be placed over it. Ex. : verglienza, averigu"e*is, argu'ir, Mayagu'ez. 4 PRONUNCIATION CONSONANTS 21. H is always silent except before ue, in which case it has the sound of // in hole. Ex.: hablar, hambre, huevo, hueso. 22. J is always a strong guttural produced by depressing the chin and clearing the throat, causing the soft palate to vibrate. Ex. : jota, junta, jamds. I. In reloj, pronounced rel6,/is silent. In the plural it is sounded, relojes. 23. LI has the sound of Hi in William. Ex. : llorar, llevar, Agoncillo, silla. It follows / in the dictionary. 24. Nm takes the place of mm in English words. Ex. : immer- sion = inmersi<5n. 25. Nn occurs in some words, each ;/ being sounded. Ex. : en- negrecer. 26. N sounds like gn in mignonette. Ex. : ano, lena, otOno. It follows 11 in the dictionary. NOTE : This mark (~) is called tilde in Spanish. 27. Q occurs only before tie or ui. Qu is then equal to k in sound. Ex. : que, qui, querido, quiero. The English sound of qu in quart is represented in Spanish by en. Ex. : cuanto, cuarto. 28. R has the sound of r in English ; but at the beginning and end of words and after /, ;/, s, it is slightly rolled. Ex. : roto, hablar, alrededor, Enrique, ara. 29. Rr, each r is distinctly sounded, thus producing a strong roll. Ex. : perro, ferrocarril, error. 30. S always has the hissing sound of s in sun. Ex. : su, se, solo, son. 31. V is like the English v, except. that the upper teeth are not firmly pressed against the lower lip ; owing to this, v and b sound very much alike, and are often mistaken one for the other. Ex. : vara, vela, visto, votos. 32. W imitates the sound it has in the language from which the word is taken, for, like k, it is used only in foreign words. Ex.: Wdldersee, West Point (pronounced Vdldersee, Uest Point). 33. X has the sound of x in wax (waks). Ex. : sexo, extran- PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES 5 gero, extreme. In older Spanish x was guttural, but/ now takes the place of guttural x. Ex. : Mexico. 34. Y is a consonant when it begins a syllable ; it then has he sound of y myou. Ex.: leyes, reyes, Cayo, Arroyo. 35. Z always has the strong sound of th in thin. Ex. : zeta, zapador, haz, zanja, Luz6n, Munoz, Martinez. EXERCISES SIMPLE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS NOTE : In the following words, if a vowel has an accent (') over it, lengthen that vowel. If there is no accent (') over any vowel and if the word ends in a vowel or n. s, lengthen the vowel in the syllable next to the last ; but if the word ends in ; or a consonant not ;z, j, lengthen the vowel in the last syllable. The syllable that is lengthened should always be a little higher in pitch than the others. 36. Amo, aya, toro, tela, vive, luna, uno, cuyo, nina, vine, ley, rey, otro, tintero, amigo, amputar, capa, escabeche, modista, mogote, purismo, santidad, gobernador, triste, humanidad, ber- lina, encorvar, encorvada, todos, usted, canon, rifle, pistola, grano, hacha, cruz, caballo, cenceno, cepita, comiste, hablaste, corromper, proveer, yacer, asen, asgan, boveda, conozco, muchi- simo, chiche, chiquito, cigarra, ciclo, cigiieiio, cincho, certificado, dolor de cabeza, fechar, filosofador, garganta, girofina, glandu- Icso, gerifalte, gitano, gorgojoso, gorro, guzmanes, gutural, borracho, guindilla, guerrilla, guedejudo, hombre, hocico, juez, juzgado, joya, judas, jarapote, reloj, giralda, gesticular, liguilla, libertadamente, lucir, llovido, llevadero, conmigo, chiquirritm, motin, motines, motilon, motilones, ennoblecer, quemar, quere- llarse, quintanon, quiromantico, santazo, sanmigueleno, samp- suquino, expansive, extranamente, proximo, contrahaz, con- trabandista, azucena, revolver, tipografico, cloroformo, carac- teristico, sinopsis, aproches, virulento, enfermiza, cable, capitan, soldado, cabo, sargento, coronel, ejercito, electrometro, ellos, vosotras, ustedes, gramatica, adjetivo, nombre, pronombre, castellana, ejemplos, hija, silabas, acento, culebrazo, damninca- dor, desasosegadamente, musica, mojiganga, regocijadamente, segundogenito, sencillez, villancejo, yasquero, zipizape, Malate, Malolos, Quebradillas, Manila, Luneta, Fajardo, Culebra, Man- zanillo, Filipinos. 6 DIPHTHONGS DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS 37. The strong vowels are, a, o, e ; the weak vowels are i (y), " NOTE : y takes the place of i at the end of a word. 38. A diphthong is a combination of a strong vowel with a weak vowel or of two weak vowels with each other, counting as a single syllable, although each vowel has its own individual sound. 39. A triphthong is a combination of a strong vowel between two weak vowels, counting as a single syllable, although each vowel has its own individual sound. 40. In a diphthong or triphthong, the strong vowel is pitched a little higher than the weak and is prolonged at the expense of the weak vowel or vowels. If the diphthong consists of two weak vowels, it is always the last one that is prolonged. 41. Two strong vowels coming together count as two syllables. Ex. : ae, ao, o]e, e|o, e|a, o|a. trae, maestro, aecho, acaece ; nao, rao, aova, aojo ; toesa, moeda, roer, poeta; meneo, deseo, veo, trineo ; oce*ano, zea, lea, sean, aspeado; boa, boato, poa, roano ; zee, lee, rOo, zoofito, Humacao, Mindanao, Coamo, guineo. DIPHTHONGS. (Strong and weak vowels) 42. i. ai, ay, au, ia, ua; oi, oy, ou, io, uo; ei, ey, eu, ie, ue. aire, hay, paraiso, caiga; pausa, aun, causar; aliviado, ro- ciada, biasa, piache ; cuando, cuatro, Juan, mengua ; zoilo, oigo, oidor, hoy, soy, voy, doy ; bou, toucan, coutelina ; Dios, biombo, diobre ; fatuo, duodeno ; aceite, reino, reir ; rey, bey, dey ; deuda, feudar, viene, tiempo, nadie, efigie ; nuevo, pues, puerto, bueno, Cayey, Siboney, Jauco, Yauco, Santiago, Guanajay, El Caney, Cauto. DIPHTHONGS. (Two weak vowels) 2. iu, ui, uy. viudo, ciudad, diurno ; zuiza, fuir, huimos, ruido ; muy. TRIPHTHONGS GRAPHIC ACCENT 7 TRIPHTHONGS 43. iai, iei, uai, uay, uei, uey. varidis, varies, averigudis, averigu'eis, Paraguay, Uruguay, buey, Chiluey. NOTE : The vowels in the order of sonorousness are #, 0, e, t, u ; so that the division into strong and weak is not arbitrary but natural. It is belived by some that unless a diphthong or triphthong gets the tonic ac- cent each vowel is of exactly the same length. Ex. : baile, bailarin. In the first case, a is prolonged at the expense of i, because bai gets the tonic accent ; whereas in the second case, since the tonic accent is not on bai, it is claimed that a and / are of exactly the same length. This might be the case if the division into strong and weak vowels were arbitrary ; but being a natural division, based upon the organs of speech, diphthongs and triphthongs should always be pronounced more or less the same way, whether they get the tonic accent or not. THE WRITTEN OR GRAPHIC ACCENT 44. The graphic accent (') indicates to the eye the fact that the word over which it appears is an exception to one of the two general laws of Spanish pronunciation, or else it shows that the word is used with exceptional meaning. These laws are : 1. Words of more than one syllable ending in a vowel (except y) t or in a diphthong, or either of the consonants, n, s, have the tonic accent on the next to the last syllable. Ex. : amigo, ven- tana, hablan, reyes, porque, seria, nadie. 2. Words of more than one syllable ending in y, or in any consonant except n or s, have the tonic accent on the last sylla- ble. Ex. : estoy, Paraguay, hablar, corned, mortal. 45. If the word is not pronounced in accordance with the above laws, a graphic accent must be used to indicate which syllable gets the tonic accent. Ex. : rinc6n, hue*rfano, Andres. 46. If the syllable requiring the graphic accent is a diphthong or a triphthong, the graphic accent must be placed over the strong vowel, or over the last of two weak ones. Ex. : pielago, des- pues, caustico. But, if the Spaniard pronounces the word (consult Spanish dictionary) with the tonic accent on any other vowel, the 8 GRAPHIC ACCENT SYLLABICATION graphic accent must appear, of course, over such vowel, thus dissolving the diphthong or triphthong into two syllables. Ex. : leido, gradue, dias, bahia. 47. The following monosyllables are always written with a graphic accent: 1. The preposition a and the conjunctions e, o, u. 2. Monosyllabic forms of verbs in the Past Definite. Ex.: fui, fue, di, dio, vi, vio, etc. 3. The more emphatic one of two monosyllables of identical form. Ex.: el, he, el, the', mas, more, mas, but; tu, tlwii, tu, thy. 48. The graphic accent is used to distinguish between the uses of the same word in different meanings. Ex. : solo, only, solo, alone ; que? wJiat ? que, that\ como? how? como, as; bajo, I go down, bajo, under. 49. The graphic accent is used in certain correlatives : cuales . . . cuales. NOTE : The graphic accent over the / does away with the dot, t. The initial letter of a sentence, although a capital, takes the graphic accent when necessary. Ex. : A decir verdad, no puedo comer. 50. The foregoing is the method of using the graphic accent adopted by the Royal Spanish Academy in 1888. Up to that time n and s had been considered as consonants ; by this system, they are considered as vowels, for purposes of written accentua- tion. SYLLABICATION 51. A single consonant between two vowels always goes with the following vowel to form a syllable : ca-sa, me-sa, a-mor, flu-xion. 52. The letters ch, II, n and rr are considered as simple con- sonants : chi-co, ca-lle, ni-no, tie-rra. 53. Generally two or three consonants between vowels are separated ; the first one belonging to the preceding syllable : con-ten-to, in-mer-sion, ac-cion, en-no-ble-cer. 54. Diphthongs and triphthongs are indivisible : bue-no, la-bo- rio-so, a-ve-ri-glieis, ver-guen-za, a-ve-ri-guais. CAPITALS PUNCTUATION 9 CAPITALS AND PUNCTUATION 55. Capitals are used as in English. El es Juan. Quiero estar en Paris. 56. The following are exceptions : 1 . The names of the days of the week and of the months of the year : January, enero, June, junio, August, agosto ; Monday, lunes> Saturday, sabado, Sunday, domingo. 2. Proper adjectives : El libro frances, the French book ; el comerciante aleman, the German merchant. But el Frances, the Frenchman, el Aleman, the German. 3. The pronoun ^0, unless it begins a sentence or introduces a direct quotation : Yo estoy aqui. El ha dicho : " Yo tengo dinero." ^Que" he dicho yo? 57. Rules for punctuation are the same as in English, except that interrogative and exclamatory sentences require in addition an inverted mark at the beginning ( y tu el V. haya hayas haya haya that I have or may have that thou have or mayst \ that he have or may have that your honor have or r nosotros hemos we have nosotros hayamos that we have or may have vosotros habeis ye have vosotros hayais that ye have or may have ellos han they have ellos hayan that they have or may have VV. han your honors have VV. hayan that your honors have or may have Imperfect Imperfect {First Form} yo habia I was having or used to yo hubiera that I should have or have had tu habias thou wast having or used tu hubieras that thou shouldst have to have or hadst el habia he was having or used to el hubiera that he should have or have had V. habia your honor was having V. hubiera that your honor should or used to have have or had nosotros habiamos we were having or used nosotros hubieramos that we should have or to have had vosotros habiais ye were having or used vosotros hubierais that ye should have or to have had ellos habian they were having or used ellos hubieran that they should have to have or had VV. habian your honors were having VV. hubieran that your honors should or used to have have or had Past Definite Imperfect (Second Form*) yo hube I had yo hubiese that I had or should have tii hubiste thou hadst tu hubieses that thou hadst or shouldst have el hubo he had el hubiese that he had or should have V. hubo your honor had V. hubiese that your honor had or should have nosotros hubimos we had nosotros hubiesemos that we had or should have vosotros hubisteis ye had vosotros hubieseis that ye had or should have ellos hubieron they had ellos hubiesen that they had or should have VV. hubieron ayour honors had - VV. hubiesen that your honors had or should have REGULAR VERBS 21 Future Future yo habre tu habras I shall have thou wilt have oT yo hubiere tu hubieres j f I have or shall have thou have or shalt have 61 habra he will have 1 61 hubiere & he have or shall have V. habra your honor will have w ~ nosotros habremos we shall have 1 vosotros habreis ye will have - 13 ellos habran they will have V. hubiere rt nosotros hubieremos ^ JB vosotros hubiereis 1 ellos hubieren your honor have or shall have we have or shall have ye have or shall have they have or shall have VV. habran your honors will have a VV. hubieren your honors have or shall have Conditional (Consequent) Conditional (Antecedent) yo habria I should have yo hubiera or hu- biese I should have or had tii habrias thou wouldst have tu hubieras or hubieses thou shouldst have or hadst 61 habria he would have 61 hubiera or hu- biese he should have or had V. habria your honor would have nosotros habriamos we should have V. hubiera or hu- biese . f nosotros hubieramos or hubiesemos your honor should have or had we should have or had vosotros habriais ye would have vosotros hubierais or hubieseis ye should have or had ellos habrian they would have ellos hubieran or hubiesen they should have or had VV. habrian your honors would have VV. hubieran or hubiesen your honors should have or had REGULAR VERBS Terminations of the Three Conjugations 82. i . The verbs hablar, to speak, comer, to eat, vivir, to live, have been selected as the model verbs of the respective conju- gations. 2. By taking away the infinitive endings, ar, er and z>, we get the stem of the verb, kabl-, com-, viv-. 3. The different moods, tenses, persons and numbers are formed by adding certain inflectional endings, fixed for each conjugation, to the stem of the verb ; except in the future and the conditional indicative, where they are added directly to the full infinitive itself. 22 REGULAR VERBS 4. These fixed inflectional endings for the three conjugations are as follows : First Conjugation Second Conjugation Third Conjugation Infinitive -ar -er -ir Present Participle -ando -iendo -iendo Past Participle -ado -ido -ido '-o r -0 ' -0 -as -es -es Present Indicative -a -amos -e -emos -e -imos -ais -eis -is ^-an . -en ^-en f -aba '-ia r -ia -abas -ias -ias Imperfect Indicative >d~ 3 Compound Imperfect {First Fornt) yo hubiera hablado tu hubieras hablado el hubiera hablado V. hubiera hablado nosotros hubieramos hablado vosotros hubierais hablado ellos hubieran hablado VV. hubieran hablado that I should have spoken that thou shouldst have spoken that he should have spoken that your honor should have spoken that we should have spoken that ye should have spoken that they should have spoken that your honors should have spoken 1" fe Compound Imperfect {Second Forni) yo hubiese hablado tii hubieses hablado el hubiese hablado V. hubiese hablado nosotros hubiesemos hablado vosotros hubieseis hablado ellos hubiesen hablado VV. hubiesen hablado that I had spoken that thou hadst spoken that he had spoken that your honor had spoken that we had spoken that ye had spoken that they had spoken that your honors had spoken Compound Future hubiere hablado hubieres hablado hubiere hablado hubiere hablado ~ I, nosotros hubieremos hablado | vosotros hubiereis hablado 1=; ellos hubieren hablado _- VV. hubieren hablado r I have spoken thou have spoken he have spoken your honor have spoken we have spoken ye have spoken they have spoken . your honors have spoken Compound Conditional {Antecedent} yo hubiera tu hubieras d hubiera V. hubiera nosotros hubieramos vosotros hubierais ellos hubieran 1 VV. hubieran or or or or or or or or hubiese hubieses hubiese hubiese hubiesemos hubieseis hubiesen hubiesen J hablado I should have spoken thou shouldst have spoken he should have spoken jf J your honor should have spoken I we should have spoken I ye should have spoken they should have spoken I your honors should have spoken > 1" k 30 INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION THE INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION 87. i. The Spanish verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative mood only. 2. To conjugate the verb interrogatively the subject is placed after the verb, and in compound tenses after the past participle. An inverted question-mark stands at the beginning, a direct question-mark at the end of the interrogation. 3. Sometimes in a declarative sentence the subject stands after the verb ; but there are then no question-marks, and in conver- sation the tone of voice indicates the kind of sentence. 4. In interrogative sentences it is customary to use the pro- noun subjects, though they may be omitted ; when omitted, the interrogation-mark is sufficient. / 88. INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION OF THE VERB HABLAR = TO SPEAK SIMPLE TENSES Indicative Mood PRESENT ^hablo yo? do I speak? (am I speaking?) ^hablas tu ? dost thou speak ?" ^ihabla 61? does he speak? ^hablaV.? does your honor speak? ^hablamos nosotros? do we speak? ^hablais vosotros ? do ye speak ? ellos? do they speak? VV. ? do your honors speak ? IMPERFECT yo ? was I speaking ? or did I use to speak ? ^hablabas tu ? wast thou speaking ? or didst thou use to speak ? ^hablaba el? was he speaking? or did he use to speak? ^hablaba V. ? was your honor speaking? or did he use to speak ? ^hablabamos nosotros? were we speaking? or did we use to speak? ^hablabais vosotros? were ye speaking? or did ye use to speak? ^hablaban ellos ? were they speaking? or did they use to speak? VV. ? were your honors speaking ? or did your honors use to speak ? PAST DEFINITE to w W g ffi w E" 1 ^ * 'o;a 'anbunE 'SEJ; y o -uaiui 'opuEno 'is TT . i C i s ^ 3 Si o H t-i f^ 'SuiijEads jou UIE asn jou pip uo $ Z ^ > g w, o i 111 i 1 1 1 u g - 5 * Jfr^llli *. f - l^= 3 lii 1 !!!! ^l^^1 g "LH-911 > .o ^"^ss^s-i Izlils."? tt-a-lsriSi s^s^^sl^ I w i g 4; ^r s => l| | sj| p| ^ l|'| ||H| <, |j| ||| ? | ^ i ^ ^ HH^j^^>^>>^^_,>, ~H-< > J f JI;>^?>^^-^>^ ->> HH *j ^5 >> ? >^^j > HH ^2 ^ >-, ^ >->"^ > d 1 S s ^ 1" aSeBcsl'Ssa '| cc E.2ec W rii^iiii cccecee ccccccce ceccecee NEGATIVE CONJUGATION OF HABLAR 33 ate. pec to tran resentar, to rep arar, to separat pchar, to to draw. porter, re se so tir tran p p s ira ra to n eigl to p to depi <. to - u e *r ShSs* lili e u u u u = ucxaa L**i 2'| ;5 Jo- oS III ll 34 NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION THE NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION 91. I. The Spanish verb is conjugated negatively-interrog- atively in the indicative mood only. 2. This conjugation is a direct combination of the interroga- tive and the negative conjugations. That is, the pronoun sub- ject stands after the verb in both the simple and the compound tenses ; the adverb no precedes the verb, and the inverted and direct question-marks stand respectively at the beginning and the end of the expression. In other words, make the verb interrogative and then put no before it. 92. NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION OF THE VERB HABLAR = TO SPEAK SIMPLE TENSES Indicative Mood no hablo yo ? -< Vi^s^^^^^^^ ^Zigrt^^rt^^ iSijji.jij l^l^^*!- s i o o -lilii*-! ^ context must distinguish it fr w s R |3 J^^JJ^J^ ^JJJJJJIl JsJJJJJIJJ k ^jj ^ EH r-i W PAST PART SUBJUN( r""i ^ 8 ^ 8 C 'c Q 8 x E .2 c n aaarta'Ssa EEEEEEES So o o o o o o y y y y y y y EEEEEEEE EEEEEESE oooooooo oooooooo yyyyyyyy yyyyyyyy ^-U^l-a>Dl*U EEEEEEEE oooooooo o y & t-1 M '1 SS, . ^->!I=5 S 2 2 2 > ^-^^ll-^ ^-^^H^^ ^ji jr V C > c > c > c > > Q \ v / 'I CO a . 'Dj3 'anbunB 'SBJ^ a (_^ u CO e V -uaiui'opuBno 'is ^A w 2 3 G y 1 2 H y S S W U u J _3 cl 0, 0< y w is e CO U H 04 1 < 1 fe ^ H i x % ^ w 1B3 oj pasn uo > w . A v I Pri f 1 CU 'J .1 < '.n ? bfl 1 p^ | to .5 .S IS I S 4 s 3 rt u U) W MS ! f ^T rt u ro o\ rt n M 1 w y > rt 2 t? ?\ i o c c *f-'*W =5 r3S- u S>.i: ^l^l^-sl J??I.r|S ? a ! |I S !* e g .3 a 1 1 ISsilps-il i.- Ss s- fill 11:11.^1:1^11 C'l-H'Sjs >,> KS >> i-i'S.c >>> KS >> i? ^ si i||8|!|l ^ - 5s||s >- |2l|liUi st person singul f W 5 {T ^ "^ ^ " rf INFINITIA INDIC E .2 e c ieiiieii -oooooooo yyyyyyyy c3eSca'5e8e8 "S-o-oS'SjSju lllllll! lllllill u aM E.2en UUUUVUVV EEEEEEEE oooooooo yyyyyyyy OTE. Como > ? meaning /< COMER 37 * \ J t^ T" T. ^* I 'I should eat "1 thou shouldst eat he should eat your honor should eat we should eat ye should eat they should eat Lyour honors should eat J sndo comido, having eaten. Q 8 I have or may have eaten, et I should have or had eaten, e I had or should have eaten, t- I have or shall have eaten, t I should have or had eaten, e cs X -C ,C_C X x . V "S g e) M U U Conditional (At 11 I'll EBB 00 oooooooo NEGATIVE eat thou not s eat ye not let me not eat let him not eat eat not, your hoi ; let us not eat let them not eat eat not, your hoi PARTICIPLE: 1 SUBJUNCTIV] aya comido, etc. ubiera comido, e ubiese comido, c ubiere comido, e ubiera or hubies ;omido, etc. Q 2 o h fJB'BMJK Q o * *^ o ^ O E * c e < ~ 1 ^"^ ** to = > W >.>,>>>>, 22222222 3 . IBB a all a oooooooo KFIRMATIVE mas mais vc Hill) ENSES CQ M < & Q ?? v 3 - i J >' < ss H 5 S g*g"5 o c > ss oooooo Q 2 S ~ ddddd o D o HE E E E 'w Q u OOOOO " 0< OOOOO w S r* -s S o s V 1-4= CSX u w u a"* c ^ t. ^Ti u rt J .g" l-l * >> g'_2 ^g-f; -** o -'5*o 2 ii 223331 S c"x 1J rt *- 4,"_^ > J3 s g 1 * W "?s"3 > T3 v rt O gs ^>-'IJ>' Q HHME^M rt 2 3 i c 1 8 o u u 2 _^ ,> >.- >. g g Q 3 xr jJri \ S C '^. .21.2-2.2.2.1-2 O fc e MEEEEEE 2 .Q .TJ oooooooo s Si C ^ ^ O uuuuuuuu o (X^^fctiO 2 S - o ddddd o o ^ -g g j > E E E EE ^** - ^ (/3 en "^ ^ OOOOO C > OOOOO 11 ^ll J = P 1 iiiii i.=.? MI! - ss sil- Hit I. I S2 22 | J ^ 2 - 2 l1! s 1 38 VIVIR oj3 'SAIJ XBUI ^... \ . k..i . h,/?1r? ;| c > c > c > c> SIMPLE TENSES 1 CJ H % oj3 'snbunn 'SEJ; -U31UI 'opuuno 'is 0^3 *3Ai{ o; pssn ^o w c o M O o ^ 5 o 2 S U i 8 N M " * s - S WS .S >- > '>~^-S i- oa **>* M o g -^-r* J > o;= ^i'2'^ "! ^3 >7.^ >Z] ^ W "s ^^ .2 u w .>; 2 <^ 72"u^2 ^rrt^'Ss'S'S.^ ^ ^^J^Z!^ ES ^'~ H " - "^ ^ 5 8 - - S 1 ., oop .. 2--E-SS 2-2 22 .2-2-2.2.5.2.2.2 * .-2:2 J* .2 .l:.;:..t.5.;: VIVIR 39 8 -rfVi-rf _j>l! SrfJ > 1 1 llsll T3 U T3 i a v 2 U) C 1!II| i ^ * 1 % ~uu v >* I J5 OT3- I'glfg" 3 1 djtn > c/j * S ** >2^i u-a-c 2 - 3-0 2-o3 g 2 2^ 3-3 2 gin OX 2 O^JZ J2 3-g l2-= >, J&IUlJl O 2 " a Q E "8 ^J= < ^^3 T3 S 0-0 fi-rffl J-i^^^ cibir, to rece: bir, to go up frir, to suffei lir, to unite. a S a pS -C J= -S _G tSIa N * ' o c j> "SI iTl iTi tfi " 2|-sSS o)js > 2 a H . "^ " v 1 ^^ o-- o ^ (^ 5 o >,^ s 5, ^ O S5 o-l|l*| 1 .;: .*.;: .::.:: sg t !: ^ !:!:!:!:!: J^ CQ - > > > o a 00000000 4,4, * a .. f'^uS-S ^ C/3 a 2 . i .2 - ."i i Ecc E ~"s S t_. ^3333 2 | 1 | 22222222 | s | o [H C-^ hl^sl >>>>>>>> ^ g I"" C/3 j c" n * * U TTTT r > ^ ^ a z * "?3 V ef*ll 8 n ! C Ps a ""* ^ U U MM O o u p . . C > ^. > > "* O 3 mill JJ g 3 O bdLobfibft tmnii 21 III!! ccccec S ? EE E E R i w tii S OOOOO *i tl4 Q ?5 OOOOO ^ ^j 7 8 5 aj pC >^ ^* ^ ?j . SnU S 1 C H o -^ HE 1 ^ _ 3 .5'o v ^ ^ el ^J ^ > a J^S . ^.^ a sTT t|t;| -^ W " o 5 _Sr! S z 3 Q o . O_^ -S o > "O ^ o"^ ^ ^ '> "S -a" 2 > 2 M 1 ^ o h Eee | rt 5 Ji j: J: > 1 1 "^ OB a cs ea 09 ^ 8 ^ s c* >>>>>> y - oi 1 ?! ml ( Consequet Ilkllll > H s s Q INDICATIVE he vivido, etc. habia vivido, t hube vivido, c habre vivido, < habria vivido, f>. abierto), to o , to admit, to be present. ir (en), to consist //. cubierto), t 5 >>> >> 31 u g ca 3 o 2 2 u ddddd >,3 ^ > S ^ E E E S OOOOO 4, that necessitate a change of spelling to preserve the sound of the infinitive stem before cer- tain other vowel endings ; and again, some verbs require a slight change in spelling or accentuation to make them accord with the laws of Spanish orthography : all such verbs are said to undergo orthographic changes and are not considered irregular. 97. These orthographic changes are of regular application in all verbs ending as indicated below, excejrt\n. fourteen. Many verbs ending in iar, uar, are not pronounced with the tonic accent on the weak vowel in tenses indicated. For instance in estudiar, the Spaniard says estudio, I study ; not estudio. This, therefore, is not a mechanical rule as are the other thirteen. 98. The following is a tabulated list of the orthographic changes, each of which will be found illustrated in full on the page indicated : i. Verbs ending in car change c into qu when followed by e (Sacar, p. 42) 2. Verbs ending in gar add U after g when followed by e (Pagar, p. 44) 3. Verbs ending in guar take a diaeresis over the U (ii) when followed by e (Averiguar, p. 46) 4. Verbs ending in zar change z into C when followed by e (Lanzar, p. 48) vz. n Past Definite, r*t pers. singular. Pres. Subjunctive throughout. Imperat. derived from Present Subjunctive. ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES 5. Verbs ending in cer preceded by a con- sonant change C into z when followed by o or a (Veneer, p. 50) 6. Verbs ending in cir preceded by a con- sonant change c into z when followed by o or a (Esparcir, p. 52) 7. Verbs ending in ger change g into j when followed by or a (Coger, p. 54) viz. in < 8. Verbs ending in gir change g into j when followed by o or a (Dirigir, p. 56) 9o One verb ending in quir changes qu into C when followed by or a (Delinquir, p. 58) , 10. Verbs ending in guir drop U when fol- lowed by or a (Distinguir, p. 60) j 1 1 . Verbs ending in llir drop i of termina- tion when followed by 6 or e (Mullir, p. 62) 1 2. Verbs ending in Sir drop i of termina- tion when followed by 6 or e (Brunir, p. 64) REMARK : The verb Taner drops i of the termination when followed by 6 or e (Taner p. 66). i vlz . m The verbs Henchir and Reenchir do not uniformly drop i of termination before 6 or e. 13. Verbs ending in eer, uir, change the i of the diphthongal endings ie and 16 into y, since Spanish orthog- raphy does not permit unaccented i to stand between two vowels (Creer, p. 68) 14. Verbs ending in iar, uar, require a ^ written accent over these weak ! vowels (i, u) whenever they receive ' vlz> m the tonic accent (Continual, p. 70) Pres. Indicative, i st pers. sing. Pres. Subjunctive throughout. Imperat. derived from Present Subjunctive. Pres. Participle. Past Definite, 3d pers. sing, and plural. Imperfect Subj. (first form) throughout. Imperfect Subj. (second form) throughout. Fut. Subjunctive throughout. Conditional Subj. throughout. Pres. Ind., ist, 2d, 3d sing., 3d plural. Pres. Subj., ist 2d, 3d sing., 3d plural. Impera. 2.d pers. sing, and forms derived from Pres. Subj., ex- cept ist pers. plural. 42 SACAR oja -D}3 'jno -oja 'jno a^Ej XBUI ^f -?no ^ooj -*0 ajpn pjnoqs * ni*5r!Mr J^y555 ^SirlSi! 1 ^SS3l33i > ? irtrtcertrtrtrtrt Haot:g.,*:3 ION OF THE VERB SACA1 SIMPLE TENSE; PRESENT PARTICIPLE : sacando, am taking out) jno a^E} oj pasn ^^> 1 1 o;a 'anbunu 'SEJ: -uaiui 'opunno 'TJ H Q 4* bo .5 . CONJUGA' 1 1 o u sTDICATIVE MOO Present I take out (do take 01 thou takest out he takes out your honor takes out we take out ye take out they take out your honors take out Imperfect I was taking out thou wast taking out he was taking out your honor was takil we were taking out ye were taking out they were taking out your honors were tal - 3 .* ^ -g 5 JS I , e rt^-^^^sw ^llllllSi ^ ^ 'H^ o^^ So r * lll^sl^ ^ ? fl!gJ'i - hH-SX >,? >. >, I shall take out thou wilt take out he will take out your honor will take we shall take out ye will take out they will take out your honors will take 8 w F* INFINIT o a a a a-'a a a a"aa-aaaa aaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa * S-Scc .^ lie 2 S M-O-O C8 fl S liisiiii o E.2 e c 1111 S'Sll uuuuuuuu SSSSS5SS SACAR 43 o J y ent ch. 5 s - t SI 44 PAGAR 0*3 'XEd XEUI ^> >< S, a >. 2 3 >> a [fl T3 ^ 4 a - | g J^i&iJ Krsi:i' & '! rt T3 & ^ O- &T3 S2 TlJLlI f!l|ll!|i r 5 'S g ft^ &ift>,^ 35 PH y'^rtrt'rtrtrSrt'S'rt u > | *** III "2 JIJ J JIJ|| is"' gllllllij ! ^" < > ^ > > > > &< 1 PQ i P4 W H > W 0) 1 2 i W W _, a ffi W H W J OH _] CL, fe 2 y O CO s fc < OH ^4 H Z W . % 2. '>. a. 8 M S ^ 5, ^ . o >; g & iS,- 1 a - o 8, g, S. M ^Illlllgl $ ! ! ! 8- g ^ 3 I^I^>,|I ..** ^T <^ L. ,V f^ ^ o53p,i;f :i ,h s ^bu|l H H ^NH '^^^^ 3 s , fe HH B CA lllljlll 5 ! 11 bfi bft be bfi bD bfi be bo M be be w'be be S) be ?/:bebebtbebebtbe 'U31J.V\ 'JI . M be be bf t* b* bt bt D;a 'anburiE 'SEJ] -uaiui 'opuEno 'is S. a I >, >' g j|S|! 1.2 bebebebtbebtbt PAGAR pred uo 1 CJ a; "gj "qj .s S* * . .T5 -0 rT3 '. should pay hou shouldst pay le should pay our honor should pay ve should pay e should pay hey should pay four honors should pay iresent subjunctive, and pagado, having paid. have or may have paid, should have or had pai had or should have pai have or shall have paid should have or had pai pegar, to chastise. vagar, to wander. 1 _,- < OJ o 1 Q Hill 3 V) O | a *i -Hi! i ^ w E .2 e c S 1 "^ M S ,B * M s a a a a -a a a a be be bo be be b bo g g H J p w > .'O'O'O^ I! "1 & a a a c. D. a. c. Io ft^Saoo | U H O l&Esu - 2 2 C Si K! 9"!= "Q O ^4J C >" J< ^ rt' ^ y -j -5 Q C8 ^ > O ^v w >. = g S -5" | [H ^) & S 4) g) u be a u > -C--C? H ^ > ^J 55 It! Ill I i -H oa 03333^ II 00000000 a H C/2 o 5 "S H S'g" tO S M C C Q > ~ C/2 >2 o aaaaa'aaa z . g !> . S v !!!!!!!! g 2| ??jil ll riiSJi -B CO U (0 z OH Q ifti I > > S P **>, a&aaao. | (4 ^ W4 hH HH fc*< vj ^ ^o . 2 o o c c *" a Q O esssa o o o o o OOOOO 1 -2-1 1 f-s a p" Q - D U '* &S ^ > X o 1 3* H 00^ "T3 1 V > H ^ < 3 rt 2-3- W 5^3 OH ^^ siilt I '3 a B ,j4 C S ^ * J "S rt ^^ "^ rt C U "S-8 & ^ C ** .* || o a ftfll J2 2 bo^" 1 a* 2 C >> > & *> a b ^3||| U& a > Scc * be*- ^^ >> 2 3 rt 3 *_ o ft o >, ?? % ^ be be Illlll =| J O O *i a~c u v ~^ |I|I||1I ^.^^^2. ;g j! MI a I NITIVE i II ^ M&ssJ &il II Bb o Mjsil rt 73 ; g /-s >7. u a s a a il .2.2.2 IS aaaaa o o o o o OUOOO 22 MM a a 46 AVERIGUAR IHIIIIIi ,SSIJi|i|| l|i||l||l ^^j?c|lo - ^~. ^, . 1^ LH S ON "^ vT ^ ' 13 C * HSS ^ $s i S 1 2 1 w s * t I y en c -S W TS = S ' -5 bfliiwiaJ T3u 5C " r? <" h hr, w, c y f >- H .s .e 1 ii ^ H ^ 1^ i ep 5 J8 8 e . e e 8 ^' s - : ^ i ->>^rt-f^^'f^s~i' j= ^^~^ ; ^~"^^ S o P J llilgJll <,>l51s!l ^ alslsSlo r ^ > s|lsll " > >> >. ^,-H-Sx >, >,-5 > > i-H-5^ >,? >,-5 >, k, H-^:^ >,> ^ >, o a g . I. B js ei i- r \ "Pi -. ._ C I) Q O CS fl -93C8cQ 03cdC8Q'CBCQcQC3 ^CQ^O^OCQ^QS ^aa = = 33 - 3 = 33 :^ 333 3 33 p CSeScaacSeSCScS OSC3c3C8c9C8nc3 ^ sJ >-J t> >^.' AVERIGUAR 47 ain scert tain uld a rtain tain ertai ould ldst ld certa shost a ould ascert honor sho ou sce ou scer sh asc hos sh I shou thou s he su you we ye sld as the ould you nors I Eee 4J 4J 4> - :* ssss-ss 3333333 be be be be bt be be be 1-338383 -33 CSCS8J 23333333 R be be be be be be be rcuuuuur 09938833(33)33 c c ' I 1 Hull U 4) V U U U - u C > w 0) cs a sj cs a es "^ S i-S* ^^ f >-= Q -2 ^ *2 > 03 O CJ 3 ^ 1J 3 S S2-H>i h 5? 00 H W 2 W g 1 j KfJ (83333 ess. oat ^ X ? I * .2 .2 -2 .2.222 &MMMMMMM uuu uuuuu 2 I? g ^ s S'S u fe ^ ^ re cs 83 33 3 3 : bebe C rt O O 4) 83 83 33 8J 03 33 |JJ ^S i ^ W <> a p '-ill! aaaaa E EEEE o o o o o OOOOO 48 LANZAR oja 'JJEP XEUI uo -papEp M 'jjEp pjnoqs M> 'Dja tt . 2 -1 1 1 1 \ * !elS| 1 I -a "5 ,i2 JS "<" 4$ j M . j * fi J! 42 fS r O ^ - c ^ kt-re J2rt. u t> Sr O rt3 r uh' a 'O>>h ^' : '3"3;>-''>u5>,>3,,h t; o ^ s iSl^l^x-II ^2|jsllftll 2i^l^l c^^^ UH '"' 2^j^j^iM^i2i-2 i*ii;^^^i-^j^^ ^^ji^^^;^; ^ -^ w _c P ^ 2 i I, I.I..H ?"u*UUV?U NNNsNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN cccceccc cececccc ceeccecc eceececc Q a at a a a a a a a a a a s s a a a a ea a a a a a a cs a a a OT3 > ie w lize. Q 13 II. ccceccce S ,2 ,2,2 C 00000000 22222222 ^ ~ 1 | ' I HI I ' "^ ^ E .2 c c sj .2.2.2-2.2.2-2.2 . ~ uuuuuuuu II I s f W > , .a 1 1 3s o *t o ii u " ^.2 as, J2 i= eg N 50 VENCER 'OJ9 '9UIOD 'OJ3 '3UIOD '3UIOD -J3AO AEUI JO '9UIED.13AO UO -J3AO pjnOqS JO -J9AO J[KqS g -o I I | gtgJIieU I .I iflllfft TiPtPil ?-l|r l " w s Pillill ^IjlJiJj S|I|J||iJ. ||i;i'| 1g-Sb-S>.!3 ^ >2oi= og^j, I^ScSs Sco35 v^g- ss-c'ss b e ^g 2 r?:gj = o ^- o o > O^ H n^2 a ^^-^ ^^ ^ > .^ _ ^^ ^-5 >, 3 ^5^ ?,? >, k S >-= > ^ g SB Illllllll Siniiiii Rimini Jljjlim W ^ S5 S 12 - S ^--^ . ^ B'S^^ ^ ^-vjwH-^^..w /3^-H w ^ > Sr w "^ ? *^m in ? r nil! izn m > PH . . vS if t 8 t H ^ 1-2 ce ^ 1.2 cc 1-2 cc O 63G3C3CdCB&03C9 oi4>Ud>djd>Ud> fi O O O tt dl < MCM.. ECCCCCEC Z9wSS2 ECCCCCC-C ** c EC 3ji>Daj-i>i^ui> qjui^i>-ii)i^ vv" 1 ^ * '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 u '3 '3 '3 3 o '3 '3 '3 *3 "3 '3 '3 ' ccc cccccccc cccccccc cc 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 Befie!!!! =c = = = = = c cecccecc Cu o u u o u c e e c c e 4)4)4)4)4)4>4>4J o^UDUl>l>^ W 5 w^^^ / ^ W o" '3^3 '9nbunB 'SEJJ W "^ -U9IUI 'oputno 'is 1 1 ! ^ W ^ H 0* ffi ~ C-H to y H -auioa fe 5 -J3AO oj pgsn ^aoi: o>.b Ss^t^^^b * 5 ,!|j|illl 2Jj|iSjK ^1^1,1^11 SI^IIMI w > * W.2CC Bfl 1.2 c e 2 *-8*-sS5-5| & _*^S-sS! .2.2-2.2.2-2.2.2 -_.2:2:2.-.2.SJ.SJ SwSut J5 cecccecc cecececc VEX CER ould overcome ^ i shouldst overcome hould overcome honor should overcome ihould overcome liould overcome should overcome : honors should overcome J ^e first person singular, throu| ndo vencido, having overcoi MOOD [ have 0r may have overcome, ' should have or had overcorm [ had or should have overcome have or shall have overcome, '. should have or had overcome twist again. ^0^3 " 5 . - 4) o T jSj^j SJ.55, O C II 'n ra 1 > jSjSjsjSjS u" iditional (Antecedt | sisss 2. -.2 'o y 'o 'o *o c c c c c Q) 4) Q) 4) 4) III o o'o SSg GATIVE ercome (thou) not 'ercome (ye) not O O > *- g viz., in the present in e verb are printed in it T PARTICIPLE: 1 SUBJUNCT . 1u 1u aj S * * " |lll*o IfiisSl D 4> 4> 4> ^ * retorc ^ fessss fefefe H fc O o b ^ a-5 o.S fc W O) *"* 2; t> e O > E Q 1.1 N u Q 8 ddddd E E E E o o o o o 5 1 s O O g 00000 e * M > H ^ O o % v% v I* ,g g ^ M P. c^ > o J * 2 1 1 W fl] (U ^ > gj iu O ^p u c J > o C C Q e > c P O C rt S 5 O 41 i_, 8 "J g J t/3 Q C u o ^ ^> 55 o J3^ > ^ 1 1 o u Ti""' rt a; g^ e" 1 4) iliil . Si 5 U u a 4) 4) eu a a a a 1> Q _g 1 .5 i jjjlj ill U U c e 4) 4) > > c e c e c e 4) 4) 4) 4) 4) 4) iii cer prec the imperat 1 JS W > | U 4441 Ill's! "c i *^ ^ ^ n *S 2 Q w>.S h ^ > ^ ^ _2 .1 1 * ?f J g ^^ l-s h < o 4) gj w '4)-2 2 c = *z T3 " ^.S >> i E % 3 g 4) M 3 C8 . O c > c i i * .2.2.2.2.2 111 if p . in -M "O " S*2t: c sspps u u u e c c ll s h g 3 O > > > 8 9 aaaaa p- p E E ES > > 1 CJ O O O O OOOOO ESPARCIR 'J3J1EDS ABUI noqs I 15 i x u 5. / \ 5 *j 15 ' o 5 rt u iJ Sh n -o "g 1 1 & t ARTICIPLE: esparc Q O O s w > H 1 L. J|}1|1| Sn rt-C g rt u3>C rt s u ^ X w ^ |ljMf|l ^IIIIIIU v 5 slilllll S;iSu"^S2 1/1 3T3 22'C'3 2 rpuriii ^lllill giiiiiiii g ilillll ^S^^gS^rtg S 3- 513^^ k Ss^^^^^ti ^jjhgj! ture f I scatter j thou scatter he scatter r I your honor scatter P j we scatter ye scatter they scatter 1 [ your honors scatter Illllllll ti PH u z o > ) 0? 1 ! , ^ ^ 8 p PH X to o to E.2 c c ^ to E .2 e c ^22222222 | u .2cc Cfl 'll 1 - a a o, o, o. a o, o, a S 22222211 99 9 9 9 9 i 0.0,0,0,0,0.0,0. *3 '3 '3 '3 "3 '3 '3 '3 0.0.0.0.0,0,0,0. CSC9C3C9CSC3C3Q 0,0.0,0,0,0.0.01 P4 I 588828 uuuuuvuu o vo 2 cQtointotntotflco 3 1 > > > ** > > > > 5 O > > J cu i 1 DJ3 I 3nbunn 'SEJJ CO -U3IUI 'OpUBHD 'IS w 2 2 w g, ' PQ V CM w ., CM J a ^> CU J s s W oo y ffi H H Bi js; OH -;EDS oj pasa ^o O H W J ^ w 2 PL, 1 tJO c &3 Q p 1 1 5 1 o Q oj J2 o .S 1 te bc.S * 1 *^ rS U c/3 D | 2 rt *j rt M " rt Si c'l-S*!'! C ! " .^ 1 i i ^" > CJ I 2 1 IDICATIVE ^|8 8 uS 5 sj e s u ^2 o ||2|l||2l Siiislll N >.^ >,>> tirlcilJ IlIITIl! g 1 ^ to tn M H to o u u u'3 3 u u o to S .2 e e .2.2.2.2-2 2 2 * '3 '3 3 3 '3 3 3 '3 S.2 c c e e e ...25.-2.I.2.II '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 *3 E .2 e c' ;;2;2;22|;2;2 "3 o *u *3 *o *G "G *u ^ e8 S S C5 ea e9 8 rtf3-H3f5?3fl5rt3 Z 0.0,0,0.0,0,0,0. O.OOOOOO, p p p ^ p^ ^ 5 ^ S r^ ft_ p. {% S ^_ ^ fa tototototototoco en to to t t M to tOCACOIAXWCOt/) 4>0>WU*8 ESPAR CIR & o- a a o a T3 aj-nj llifl 53 esparciese esparcieses esparciese esparciese -r esparciesemos esparcieseis esparciesen esparciesen 22222222 "3 '3 *3 '3 y '3 '3 '3 O.D.D.C.CJ.D.D.Ct Sen < tn en tn en en B5S > S' C | 13 S I ;3 S .2 c c 1 11111111 iss NEGATIVE. s scatter (thou) not is scatter (ye) not let me not scatter let him not scatter V. scatter not, your honor mos let us not scatter n let them not scatter n VV. scatter not, your honors i, viz., in the present indicative first per 2 verb are printed in italics. s E 03 - w 8 ,s z < W eg 1 1 U | 1 II ss 2 ! i u o o >l _c s 1 P < o ll T u c rt S i i S o E E s J < c H "1 . 8 N 'g s C c ^ C 5 y 1 ERATP | S Si 1 O >- 1- ItJ n scatter 1 i! sS *j O. OH g L. S fe I fl 3 u ^ 1 c 1 c | i rt S! ^J "Sj CJ "5j "S 1 % 5 i parce parcid ^I fc) uuuuuu y -^ 2.^a^a a S encncnencncn ^a. VUVVUV 'y = il ?l H 09 s * W Q I g H O Q S !Z O D O 52^2 O Hill a > H O o'5 55 p K o (^ 03333 EE ESH o o o o o OUOOO ss IjiJI H^l! i1SJ0 5 = ^^ Q S-sUl o ^^ ^ M " O MM -"- 1 ^ S 4ia^ u S ss-fe 1 if pi aaaaa ESSEE o o o o o OOOOO V 51 I- 54 COGER 3J3 'J91J1K3 XEUI .io IUGATION OF THE VERB COGEI SIMPLE TENSES PRESENT PARTICIPLE: cogiendo, gathering. p 1 % J O u rt M y I c 1 > ^ s e 53 in o C i 5 .S ^j &| g 1 W M w i !O 8 > l5|gl - IH H DICAT ^J&9* 5111 we gathe ye gathe u 3 o 2 g E S hi v w* u ., " s XT: 2 M M C Cfl M M SOO , a 08 to-p-oE "'" bebebebjobtbtbubc > be be be be be be be be be be be be be be 888888 88888888 COGER 55 fe 1 JS "> 2 fe 2 s sill .2 c e 5i bt bJD be be b be'be be C 88S5S858 ^ > OOOOOOOO o 22222222 'bVbV&'bVbVbVbe'SD oooooooo -^ T 3 co u> 2: Q w H ^D S I D O O U g '- i Mil siul la&as SliI ^kail gSiOSJ Sa^-i.a . ||||| 5)8 8 8 S 98 9> P. 11 . C- O-.M o.ao.o.0. > >>~ >> SS If K a * II be be ss ujiij i, S c8 ea a ^'S 1 '^'^ u u u u u u s I- 8" o E.^c c s es ca sa aj u u u u u u u > DIRIGIR 'apmS ABUI j.o paptnS p^noqs H G 2 = o 3 s & w u 5 H. 33&,HW)S,->- L? 2 0) Q 1 1 II 3 -u oT2T33 o ;S Efl-2^3 3-g w>~ '3 3 bC2 M M>^ WJ O _, 3 nj .. MO H H ^ z-z-s-z-s-s-s-s ^l-s*iill ^^^^5-5^55 K*-SJ! ! , ^ E.2cc 22222222 -W U 4> O i 8 E.2ce uu'C'CT'Cuu .2 .- .2 .2 ;2 .2 .2 .2 '5s b'5('5j be St'Ss'be E .2 -o -o -o -o -o -o -o -o > ^ 59 g I fV W c s s > W T w ! w ^ S H s & Dja 'anbunn 'SEJJ -uatui 'opunno 'is ^ O 1 8 apmS 01 pasn -<> . I I 1 j r ? liiiiliil 'o'^-s '3-S fcc>a ^SgSo^wgj^^ IfJjMxjl j.2e c ^21: .sls-slill l^.-2.l.l2.2 ::?;2 'bebebeSSSobebe be be be 5 be Sd'be'be *bV " *Z'Cu 'Cu'Cu'C u'C'C 'Cu'nuu'Cuu ' papinS DIRIGIR 1 . *: u .o 2 v w " u 57 ide ld guide aSi.-34|l| lll^al| Hi Hll I 3 "35 oj=_2 oT5^3 Q 2 s-S fa-S-g xfa ""JjIgE-gl ^ ^MKtKa* ffftf s-SssI l^f"i I|ll| *2 fe *2 - .S-S.S.S-S Illll ccoocooo ! 2 2 2 2 II 1 2 'u'u'n'c'u'n'C ii&'< > I HUH -l^ll^l c ? v^ &- 'O T3 S al a 000000 'C ccccce -5 a .S S o.S ||| t || fj il^lli IS IP |! li t f I * JSS S C ^eo S 6 J22 ? _ g w .s f aaaaa ESSES o o o o o oaooo illll Q 2Z22 Q L^ -"H 1* t/3 -M C 3 O aaaaa ESSES 00000 OOOOO Is 22 C ^ '5t'^ 2 22 u X V 4 , = - "5 8 DELINQUIR o C/3 o* S3 w w w w ffi H o H o 5* 8 S si: t! >>^ *~i|b$fl g Illilllii y $ ^ 2 s-gh-a-g >,b -x, g s^b-iS >>b "<=& ^211 bill 2lj!lilll j.?fil^ ^ 4-+j,M.M._.i-.4-+^ S -*->* J -*J-*-*4J4J4_*^_i *^ n33^3> r* rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt ^J rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt ff -P O ^ s ^---S-S-S-S-B ^-S-Z-Z-Z-S-B-S-S ^ Z-S% ^ .- =J 5.5.5 .= .. S-S-S-S-S cceccec^e "w'u'w^'iJ'u'u'u g 3 3 3 3 3 3 0- 0- T !T !T 3- 3- 3 1 ccecccce o-o-o-a' > D}3 'anbunn 'SEJ^ -U3ttU 'OpUEHD 'IS {JjsSS 3333333 !==!; * E2ee 5 2" 2 cs cs . ' 2 a . 5 5 5 .2 .2 2 '3 '3 '3 's '3 '5 '5 '3 '3 '5 3.3/3 33 a ? 5 1*1" 5 f.1" f .5 J'.I'.S I".!".! .1" '> u jj^^ > ^ DE LIN QUIR 59 ress s ransgress nsgr ess nsgr ress ld tra gress ress nsgress should tran nsgre dst tran d transgr or shoul d transgr transgr ld trans ors s I should trans thou should he should t your honor we should t ye should t they should , your honors frS|gss IlliiJil p|J||I_s *ln!ii -5 jz >> f x~ >, . 2 .2 .2 .2 -2 .2 3 3 3 3 3 3_3 3 .f.E .5 .1" =" E .f.S "5 "5 "5 "5 ^ "s "5 "5 w ii " " S I I I I s 5 I g. S 5- Js ^3 C C C > = co SS 5 .E ft * * 3 IS 53 O Ta o~ v M i) u a 3 o 2 2r C III! H I I *t3 a a *: c c g 3 o 5 h o a a o. o. o, S E E o o o o o rj O O O O 60 DISTINGUIR -utjsip XEUI .* i 1 * o> o> i>43 S l a Ml ill!! =3333333 GG e c c c c_c 333 bdbcbi 333 ibtbeW e c 3 3 be be c e 33333333 be be be be be be be be ccncee c tntoto In to to to In Jfi JB ja to to tttti to In to tn M ^wt(ntn2222 '-3 o'O'O'O'O'a'a'o 6 : o : 5 ; 5 : 5 : a ; 5 ; a o ; o : a : o : a : a ; 6 ; a S'5'5'5'3'3'5'3 H C/3 o > > > > > > >' > CO w o ^ ^ r ^ HH 03 2 c .2 D13 'anbunB 'SBJJ w H 1 -U3UU 'OptlBHO 'IS W I w J O, w CO a CM 1 u 1 H H i qstnS -uusip o{ pasn *o O eu H E rt i S cd -f \ 1 g " CONJUGATIO: r, to distinguish. PRES1 O O w tf I distinguish (do distingu: thou distinguishest he distinguishes your honor distinguishes we distinguish ye distinguish they distinguish your honors distinguish 'fat I was distinguishing thou wast distinguishing he was distinguishing your honor was distinguif we were distinguishing ye were distinguishing they were distinguishing your honors were disting ? finite I distinguished thou didst distinguish he distinguished your honor distinguished we distinguished ye distinguished they distinguished your honors distinguishec ,J 3 SQ c ^lilliM 00 1 > Jg ^ tn ^ M r "s" M C 2 3 INDICA r Js 1.5.S O E w g e 3 '5 '5 3 3 'c c c c c S " 1 E.2cc .2.2-2.2.2.2-2.2 33333333 be be be be be be be be cecccccc | |-0;0 Ijj '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 be be be be be bi c c c c c c inguieror inguieron r ^ * E.2ee -4) -08 - -OS - - '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 be be be be be be be be cecccccc > to to to tfltototolo to In tn In to to to to In to 'in "2 ."2 ."2 en en tn to " tn tn to to to H 555^ 3 -3 "5 "5 "3 S'-S'-o^^^^-o S'5'5 5 -5 -5 : 5 : 3 5 : 5 : 5 : 5 : 5 : 5 ; 5 : o Z > > > > > > > > DISTINGUIR 61 paqstnSupsip i .2 .2 .2 .2 S T3 -d T3 T3 i 1 2 -i S t -3 - t ^ ^ 2 s * |,i<|H-a-3 J.J-S |JS p |rS | HH M M | -<-i: | - i -fi*--B s cccccccc j ^ ^ 55 -3 0.0.0.0.0, ESSES O o o o o o u ouooo 62 MULLIR d ' D * 3 'dn }Baq ABUI ^? -dn ;naq so jsaq pjnoqs -^ 'dn ;Baq PQ I t , ^ I I ft - ftw 3 aSg-a 3 5 x-a 3 c 3 3 t; c 3 o a.-g-ls'gco F^saga S O g-SsS^gg r ^22-3-3 G a MlfJHf ^ill-Si PM O S'S-o^ZSo r S 2 2-3 S 3-3 5 g 3S-5^-S o. - ** G S i 1*11 ^ l-=f 1-2 t 1 J Ij a-3S3- S ^ u S ! -I -I !!! ^-sm-S-l-ll 2, 1 1 mi -SI ?i-5j,8tgji PH " u S -I ^S'l-l-l-S'l'll 2, 1 1 mm -c H. W 5S g^ 1 Xs ^^ M < b <& s E.-cc Ec s 22222222 , ^ 's^'H's^'s^^ "s "3 3 "3 "3 "s "3 "s "s "s "s "s "s "3 "s "3 d BEEEEEEE EEEEEEEE EEEEEEEE EEEEEEEE c? ^ > ^ > > >' ^ & M ^ 'Dja 'anbuns 'SBJI jy -uytui 'opuBno 'is p s 4 > g W J w g I a " y -^- E^ o 2 c5 h=c ^ a H-* ^~, a I > M a J2; .S M ^ 8 I i I ! J j=^ ' ? s ! J a J P. S *r& 3 '5 Mjg c ^ -^ - ? S o. 3 ft = 3& 3: 5 .^S 3 S .- > wS c 2-o-S S * 3 S S -^ .. 3 s 5 - 3 t{ * i >lii^.a!l ||flsl|!i il Jg-s.f1 iplslpi xi !--'^'Ort, /1 c 3 Srte bS<2xic,,' Q J:c^9<^2 3 c 33 rtC-^;^ ^^=c I Eg ! . . 1.2 C B ^ ! *i2il1 K o||s|| 555^=5=5 =1^^1=11 ======== 5 "33"3 "5 "3 "3 "3 "3 "3 "3*3 "5 "5 "3 "3 "3 "3 "3 s "s "5 "3 "s "s 'S's's's's's's "3 S EEEEEEEE EEEEEEEE EEEEEEEE ESEEEEEE I * d * i * Bi > S: MULLIR dn J J ^4 *~ -> 3 in O ll 33333333 ESEESEEE 0000 O slssilsS -^ -^ $; -^ <; ^j ^ ^ P ^l K ^"N st "^^'s2' S ^ Kl Sk 33333333 EEEEEEEE be be s 333333 EEEEEE p, uj up p, uj ido, having be; have beaten \\\ or had beaten i Id have beaten i 1 have beaten u] or had beaten i "5 g^gS^ f^-S" 3 ^ . o V Q O s 3 v. ^2 O T3 > O ^-S^J^ 1 w > mil PARTICIPLE: SUBJUNCT1 ullido, etc. mullido, etc. mullido, etc. mullido, etc. or hubiese lo, etc. C_i E2S22= lilli 1 W & &H if Q 2 - "N p O g^d^'g S I^Jho o u dticLdd SS S ES OOOOO OOOOO d .2 **s ddddo, OOOOO OOOOO s a d c i i! aa *2 22 nner : salpul sarpu gul mul S3 3 64 BRUftlR oja 'qsiuanq XBUI ^t7 paqsmanq *o DJ3 'qsiu -anq pjnoq's j.o 'qsiaanq ^BUS M) ido, burnished. g ^ 1 1 1 ! if*! 1 1 | 'g )C 3 s 1. -si 'Its l-i = i^"^ O 1^^0'0~'2^ 1 1 w CO w ,J CM U Q 8 llljlgjl /-^ S'O.a u ^ ^"O 52 ^ O'S^ w S^-S i" ill! Ill 11 v, Z^S-Z^-X J-J H J_^^JJ '^ ^^^ 5 5jSjS 5 ^O rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt v^ ^-c^Spir^GjCpCjs 8 "* J o 1 u J o w Prf c^ cL. v_^ ^j^^^,^**^^ ^ v"* W ~ ^ ^"" ^ M * n !3 1 t . Dja 'qSnoqjjB 'aitq.vv 'uaq.v\ 'ji J-H PH 09 ^ ^ 1 II eleellii 8IISS E.2ce i)iiji^i>i*i>i> uu.uwu.uuu >c 'C 'C ic ic c -e ic S IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS (^ t^ l$ 1$ (^ ($ (^ S 1 11111111 11111111 33333333 11111111 "3 > ^ >- > ^ > > "^ PQ CO 1 ^T Dj3 'anbunE 'SEJJ -aaiui 'opaBno 'ts PQ CO a P4 2 J > U H i% W W sj W W w a, H CO D < PH qstu o H Z -anq oj pasn ^)& 4? 4? li 22 J> 1) III"? urnis burn burni urnis burni ve o ould d or ve o ould 3 =252' runir, to snarl. trinir, to restrain. S.& I" p. i 3 3 1^ al a cs a a n ca r-'B tC'C'C'C'CiC 2 > nun ^ 5 H 15 Q bia b be br bre b bria w. 3 O ddddd EESB6 S kg? li ME 66 TANER -313 pjnoqs S52522Z2 ^J^^^M^^,^" ^%^ < Cj!C ^^,^^^^'u^ ssllllll IllisllI Ililllis > Dja 'anbunE 'SEJJ -uatiu 'ouEUD 'is E L c b. fl S Pl tlltlHi! ^ n B.2en Be8e8r-;- w C u u Sj45w '!!!!!!!! flflllll llllllll ii-issi! TAftER 6 7 gggggg ia'llssa S , S I Q 8 o|So *
  • ^ have p r had d have have p * i *^*O " m ^ ? * S* fe i'sll 2 K-S-SZ -a 21^ 1 > 0"^ > O g .g -5.2.2 -g S Illl I w > 2822S 3 3 3 3 J=J=JBJS aaaao. EEEEE OOOOO OOOOO * -i S II i 9 A T3 5 o j|l-a | > wjaa I ddl I i I i iPP! i ";!H! I i J" ? 8 aaaaa EEEEE OOOOO OOOOO 68 CREER -gq 1 g > 5 w i s 5 J a "S i > 1 S T3 >2 ^3 u g u u g ^ > w w J LTICIPLE; creido, UNCTIVE MOOD Present 0) ^ J * 6 fc > ^>B|>a > .s a.JJ 2 i|112Si| |jMtl! Illillll ^^IIJBI^ ^.v^tt-%^ ^ iu'a^3u' fl j2'O) islllllji g "Sj^=j^ -f Illillll J ss||||21 8 - ! J $iilbT|Ji ^ II||5 l^lpltl C^^^^ogo^o HH+j^C ^t > >>*- ^ "^ xxx^^^^^ 5 1 1 | W - C >^3 C ^ > JJ.Ji 0-. |S1 -IjSlSsJR S^tS^^Tj *3 *5 *3 73 w M 4>4>4> k 1>4>4>4> tf w % SSSSS'SSS !_l_Ul_!_!_l_l_ uuuuuuuu uuuuuyyu uuuuuuuu w .s > > > > > ^' >' ?> _^ o & o}3 'anbunu SEJ^ PQ co w 4 -U3IUJ 'opu'enD 'is P4 CO V w 1 u w a W ffi j a, J &H H 2 u fe CO s O < Hi fe H o fc M Aan CO M -aq oj pasn ^^ < 0! / ' i o & 'M p I sr o 1 9 1 - A u a c o 1 '> 2 Ji ^2 S M U ^ tjQ*** T3 " *s . _0 1 | .5 ^ W'M-S't) ^ > 1 1 w ^ ^ M iT 4> w ^ J8- TS 2 "S c'J-S rt|-p| | > i 4> >^ K gl.ljSjf M 2 j w J> ^ H ? 5 15 O u ^ 4, a, 3^^ S >S "^J Sill "S 1 *?^ ^ OJ^ ^ C ^Illillll |l!4s2||s ^1|J1|!I _ S ^ ^ U3 ? >>g g ^Sioo^D^O KH "5 J= ?, $ W >> illf j-ftil jjsi &II S S I te * c C S g E * e e o2o3oS 4>4>UV4>4>4>4> UUL.U.UUU1M .a MM Hss 22222222 uuuuuuuu s |l|| - -- uuuuuuuu UUUl.U.U.L.1. uuuyuuuu CREEK 6 9 T9A3II9 q^ 1] % a. ^^ ^ ^c 1 "d'-O - aj a U li > 1 5 1 5 -S I | ll 1 tc c "> ST .2 13 ^^^3 ^ JBTS ^^ J-5^^ ^ 4ntecedenf) I should believe thou shouldst believe he should believe your honor should bel: we should believe ye should believe they should believe your honors should be 1 ! ih orthography does not ve tenses derived from t '. : habiendo creido, li /^E MOOD that I have or may ha :. that I should have or :. that I had or should 1" :. that I have or shall IK e that I should have or v\ J= >J ~ **3 w < Conditional liilllli Sa>- o- = PARTICIPI H u ** v v .2 U - w S.2S.2.S1 uuuuuuuu ^ 22 3^25^1 ll H S5 CS 3 3 3 3 u > > II H &JSJZ a . > o ^* to 3 CO W 'e's oooooooo Z ui &JL P^ O O tfi E-- C C 22222222 < w~ g-8 p &S < 00 C8 08 JB es es 9 2 8 o o 2 u u u u u u u u u u u u o o o o o o !" CO ga u ^- u CO S 2 PM Q S O.O.J c ^v^4>*4)*4^4/^ s c e c c c c c c B& W /-s O* ^ f ^ r^ uuuuuuuu E J.S H OH .... >' > K IS Q o G^SGB *5 en *Z O O Q" v o o C C S- o 1 ti M Sj*S * cj "aj <; s > 1"? ^^"h c *o 1 ji"! c^ 2 'i? W Ss^ ~"3 2^-S 5, ^rt ? u' > r^ ^ 0) r^ "uT ^**^ 2 O ^ -j- C "-^ % 1 ^ 55 E .2 .a 22 o |j.Jg Illlil .8 > >Ecc 3^-2 *|:i Hi Ih *Ss 5 u u IIS ip ^ 1 2 08 CS 58 C8 53 u u u u u u U g , 1 ^ o "ii * 1 2 u u U U U U U U O.S > .. a . 5i o "73 ^ *^2 > i* cp 2 i* : - a | Hi [iff i g.^ ftri > H *-j H ^-jisl'S ^ 3 3 2 0*3 |j2 III f-\ fa Q .2a>'u'C .1 Illlllll lil 2 3"5 a v! I* d _ Q V- 1 s 1 1^ ^ ^3 . * <0 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 'i.2 .2 U| 2 s i^ | ttuuvuut bt>*a ^ C "^ s &,HH^fcO uuuuuuuu *n 8 E i> ^ si OOOOO Q. OOUOU s 55 h 70 CONTWUAR -uoo XEUI Ito -UOD pjnoqs i 3 C 3 W 3 % g C i TINUE [PLE: continuado, c IVE MOOD -^ w v AJ nvy s^^ & ^ v ; >, ? >< >i c. , p fe H t^J "vS *3JIl{A\. *U3qAV *JI H CO 2 to o v ta ^ w E.2 e e | w f ec to o .See tJO 41 1 O U u ' K 1> ^^33 ^ ^a aja>l)a>'iiajd}dj 33333333 3 3 3-3 333 S3- 3 3 3 S '3 c c e e c c c e c c c c c e e e cceccece c e c ~" i C C C C C HH contin \ 1 e e e c c c o o o o o o u u u u u u c c c c e e O O O O O O w v O O O y u c c'c e e e e"c yyyyyyyy c^t ssg : c e c e e o o o ^^ ^ ^ >J >' ^J ^ >' 1^^ o ^ > ^ K^ > o CO E ^ . W co Dja 'anbunE 'SEJ; 2 -U3IUI 'opu Eno 'is PQ W 3 P^H H c o W W y W o, g 3 nc CO D t~< H aJ o * 9 H .5 g % 3 o;a 'anui j o a CO 1 -UOD oj pasii I-H H ft 1 M c O if '3 B 8 1 1 J t/3 flj s g 1 1* B s 1 3 2 1 1 o 9 on 1 J ^llfllf Is -j 2 .5 '" * g | 1 ll "II u M M 3 3 3 C riVE MOC Present continue (c lou continui I III!! If lsE,l a o -i^ 8 ^ ^lil iey were coi our honors i *v *-j n *^3 S c ^ c 8 8^ 8 ' c rt III = ^ C-n __,. 8 >> p >i"S >> i i "3 ^S >, S >>' S S tn m NITIVE: S s * E.2ec s8x5s5s5 a " a .5s5 ececccce .a I! IP o'O ,_ u 8-0 S2 ? Ill Nil I 3~ oj= 2 onJS I ,8 ^ S 2 S S " 3333 O E 2 n e OOOOOOOO . 22222222 ajccas-cscacBca 33333333 ecececcc > . g w 5 i Jlil I ^ S ^ 8 " o S o o ISoS iljSil 531 ?fi 154 ill .2 ' I M .. ^ 3-3 04 2 2 S . * V J 1 !i i i- n 1 fs -s. ir y 2l 'o| ^ s i 8 :? 3 3 i;- 1 il Illlllf * c n e^ c o ^ *=ss H g e u ^ k?; a at . -2 > ^ 3| g ,| be bre aaaaa S ESES o o o o o OOOOO \\ O |l ii = s =: i j ^s Jg, JJ .2-0 Q 2-3 bc-b-- a, c c .S-5.^ i . Mil 11 IliSi If- iisii 11 I 72 D}3 'aq Xeui T3 --S3 1) 3 242 >.x!^2-c S2 k. 52 Q o x N >Q "3'T3 2" c *o's '^ u u i , ^2 0-3 33 1 ss^gj^sg ^ t O ^D pG o ^ C K ^ w O *C O c "cfl pC ^ ^ ? 4)^ D ^ ^ ~C t Q w PQ H s ^|Si|| ^^|tl|ffl ^ *|IJjil ^ | | H-3 AH ^ ^ 'rt'rtl^'rs'peltf^a'ftf V "rt'rtcB'rt'rt'rt^l^ c^ ^^5'rt^'rt'rt'rt'rt ** o Q^ 3 ., ^ ^3 O O H ^5 > > ' > 5 i 5' i (^5-- > '' g '5 ^-5'5 > > i i 5' i 5 ^ 1-1 5 Ja > ? ^"5 >. r } > . On ^ v j H t^ Cj ^ X j<* t C || ft ^ , Xk ^ *D^a q3notH[E ll ^ ^ "vS ' 9 im M 'uaq.vv 'jt P4 PH M ^ .U-V*U V-u-V-V 33333333 33333333 33333333 p4 2w222 2 > > > > > > > > c 1 oj3 'anbunn 'SEJJ ^> -U3IUI 'OpUEHD 'IS *VJ CO ^^ w HH HH 2 I rt * > W u w 3 "^ j W s ^ ffi 3 g H OH H 8 W O HH 3 B aq oj pasn M) i Ji u H 1 1 in if 111 ilil 1! 111 ill!!! ill 1 lillllil J5 u ^ ^ h 5 o TS o'Soo g g o aSaaa'sSa ^ ~ o.."2..l - a-ea- l'5- a o-a-a-Ba-5-e-a | S'"R s-s "ssa 33333333 tfltfi^WtfiCfiWJtfi (ACACAtACAtAcnCO tfitfitf3tf)Cfitfl(flCfi tfi(/5t/3C/ltf)X5fitfl ESTAR tttt 8 J^J I should be thou shouldst be he should be your honor should be we should be ye should be they should be your honors should b ?" o uld or e or ha ha ha ha ha 1.2 ce 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 VVVVVVVV 22222222 '>'>'>'>'>'>'>'> 33333353 MMMa S il ^^ .J.J i^lfl ilfill e e e e o o c c c e e c e been, e been, et n) I had ll have b uld have llli th class, s d estar. predicate ilings, ev he progre by remei ?!=. js 74 ESTAR COMIENDO D}3 'SUI 'OJ3 'Stll -lea aq o 1-7 +3 | j |f y, M .S W MJa .H "3 g 1 1 fjffffll s 'i |ifil{ri|||||||||l!!|f||| |f|ff.rfi ^ ^ t Ortn< H rrt?rrt'rt^rtnJ ^S trttrtrrftrtrrt'rrt'rrt'rrt 1 | 2 | ^ ****** s^ 3 ^ s t? ,, M L-, c W 1 >^ ^g W ^> V o < g r I ^ I " ^^ool|l^^ocl||^ , ^ llaeillS 253li|5g ^ S? ee.. S.2So-=.-.- S-=p-=--.2 a I =5 = .S^S5 Illl-Ill lll-SSEEl H 1 llllllll IIIUHl IsIIi SS a i llllllll ISIIM:: ip^^- rVi .- c - u E P E caaaosegesidca vvvuvuvu H ^ ' P B BB,S5a C C C C C C Cfi 35cfii(tfl!nS oSoo"*S . .U .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2.2.2.2:2.2.2.2 pn ^ o ^tA^^E^cc ^^>*>^^^^ i*^>>>*^>- >>>>>>>> ^ H "O ..-- 5-S . -5 33333333 33333333 33333333 r ^i CO v tfl In In 1 ' In tnwcntotntntntn io i) ^ ii^uijoiii) 4>iiii>i>vi) i>^i>^^ii)^> tZ o ?> *" ? r 1 r 1 o ^, > >. W W o > J C '3 ^ 0< jj -uaiui 'opu^no'is w 2 W - rX L^ o O**i PH 'SuuBa g ^ aq 01 p'asn ^^> W bfl H uj no .2 bjo *5 --2 .S &> 6 3.2 5 < O- O n k fa^^^^rtP^S G 2 . s >^JS||^l| "S .!,&!, ^^-^^^^1 ^2-^ - -. . ^ g^S So coooof^ eS C:| ^ a ^* 5^ o c -o "2 = c'e'c >^ ".-''2'e'i'c'5 s llllllll Jfiiliii ||l|||sll IfjIHii u s - liilflii ll|||5 I"l|il||!i ilil|s!! _c8 i 2- c '525 35 3 5 333 5 5^* S81ca83 55 ESTAR COMIENDO 75 UIJE3 3J3AV UO I I should be eating thou shouldst be eating he should be eating ur honor should be eating should be eating should be eating y should be eating ur ho hould be jftfififl! i siii o - - S PRONOMINAL VERBS PRONOMINAL VERBS 116. Pronominal verbs are those which have an objective pronoun that represents the same person or thing as the subject of the verb ; this objective pronoun may be direct object (accusative) or indirect object (dative). Pronominal verbs are subdivided into two classes : reflexive verbs and reciprocal verbs. 117. Reflexive verbs are those in which the action takes place upon the subject, either as direct or as indirect object ; hence any transitive verb may assume the reflexive form. If the person is naturally the direct^object, the object pronoun is in the accusative case ; if the person is naturally the indirect object, the object pronoun is in the dative case. But both these reflexive object pronoun forms are identical in the dative and the accusative, as will be seen from the following: I myself (or to myself) Thou thyself (or to thyself) . He, her, your honor himself or herself (or to himself or herself). We ourselves (or to ourselves) . Ye yourselves (or to yourselves) . They, your honors themselves (or to themselves) . 118. Reciprocal verbs are those in which the action takes place between two or among a number of persons ; hence the verb is always in the plural, and the object pronouns (identical in form with the plural reflexive objective pronouns, nos, os, se) are to be translated each other if the action be of one per- son on another, and one another if more than two are con- cerned. Position of the Object Pronouns 119. The position of the object pronouns is the same as that of ordinary object pronouns. Nominative Accusative and Dative yo me tu te el, eOa, V. se nosotros -as nos vosotros -as OS ellos, ellas, VV. se PRONOMINAL VERBS 77 120. In the infinitive, present participle, and imperative affirmative, the object pronouns stand after the verb, and aie joined to it so as to form one word, the graphic accent being used when necessary to maintain the original pronunciation of the verb. Example : Comer ~lo, comiendolo, comalo V. ; lavarse lavdndose, Idvese V. When the object pronouns are thus placed after the verb, d in the second person plural of the imperative affirmative is elided for euphony (except in the verb ir t which makes idos, go away), as is also the s in the first person plural im- perative affirmative ; thus lavados becomes lavaos, wash yourselves, and lavamosnos becomes lavdmonos, let us wash ourselves. To Distinguish between Reflexive and Reciprocal Use 121. In the three persons plural, to show that a verb is used reflexively and not reciprocally ; and in the three persons sin- gular, to indicate emphasis or contrast, the pleonastic prepo- sitional form of the object pronoun preceded by d is added to the verb, and may be strengthened by using mismo or propio, equivalent to the English own, or very ; so that the full dis- tinctive reflexive or emphatic construction would be (observe the order with reference to the verb in sentence) : Accusative Nominative and Dative Verb yo me " ti'i te " el, ella, V. se nosotros -as nos vosotros -as os ellos, cllas, VV. se Prepositional form with a strength- ened by mismo -a, propio -a d mi mismo -a (propio -#), my own self or to my own self. d ti mismo -a (propio -a}, thy own self or to thy own self. d si mismo -a (propio- d). d nosotros mismos -as (propios -as), d vosotros mismos -as (propios -as], d si mismos -as (propios -as} . 78 PRONOMINAL VERBS Yo me lavo d ml mismo, I wash my own self. Ellas se lavan d si mismas, they wash their very selves. This pleonastic construction, be it understood, may also be used without mismo -a, propio -a. In this case the equivalent English emphasis would be, Yo me lavo d mi, I wash myself. 122. In the three persons plural, to show that the verb is used reciprocally and not reflexively, the appropriate forms, uno . . . otro, una . . . otra, unos . . . otros, unas . . . otras, or el uno . . . el otro, la una . . . la otra, los unos . . . los otros, las unas . . . las otras, meaning each other, one another, must be employed. Ellas se lavan d si mismas, they wash themselves ; but Ellas se lavan las unas d las otras, they wash one another. 123. Besides the class of verbs temporarily used as reflexive verbs, there is a large class of permanent or essential reflexive verbs verbs that have the reflexive form only. To make the student familiar with this important subject, we shall give : 1. The conjugation of a temporary reflexive verb, with the pronoun object in the accusative case (lav arse). 2. The conjugation of a temporary reflexive verb, with the pronoun object in the dative case {permitirse). 3. The conjugation of a permanent reflexive verb (ale- grarse). 4. The conjugation of the impersonal substitute for the personal forms of a permanent reflexive verb (alegrarse). 5. The conjugation of a reciprocal verb (abrazarse). 124. Before proceeding with these conjugations, attention is invited to the following table of personal pronouns and their inflections ; to the favorite pleonastic construction ; and to the important rules for the position of two objective pronouns all of great importance in the proper use of reflexive verbs. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 79 PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND THEIR INFLECTIONS Pleonastic construction : i st, dative and prepositional (with a) : le habla a el, he speaks to him ; 2d, accusative and prepositional (with a) : la busca a ella, he seeks her. Nominative Dative Accusative Prepositional ist Person yo me me mf, (conmigo) ad Person tu te te tf (contigo) ( Masculine 3d Person I Feminine G ella le le le (him), lo (it) la (her, it) el ella ( Neuter ello [none] lo (it) ello 1S t Person j^sculine nosotros nosotras nos nos nos nos nosotros nosotras 2 d Person j J^Jj"^ 6 vosotros OS OS vosotros vosotras OS OS vosotras 3d Person { ^ 9J ) e ellos ellas les les los las ellos ellas Singular Plural Se, reflexive substitute for 3d person common to both numbers. Corresponds to English seffin 3d > person, to distinguish reflexive f action. He strikes him = an | other, but he strikes himself. Usted should be treated like a noun, invariable except for number, plural ustedes, hence : Pleonastic construction for V. [none] (V. (VV. a V. aVV. le . . a V. les . . a VV. a V. a VV. le, la . . A V. los, las . . a VV. sf (consigo) a con, etc., V. a, con, etc., VV. NOTE. Concerning the use of le, lo, la, les, los las, the following is the prevailing usage, as indicated in the foregoing table, although it is well to remember there are others : le (dative) = to him, to her; les (dative) = to them (masculine and feminine). In the accusative, le = him (only), e. g., le veo, I see him (only) : la = her (or ' it,' feminine), e. g., I see her, la veo ; I see it (pen) , la veo ; lo = it (masculine or neuter), e. g., I see it (book), lo veo ; I believe it, lo creo ; las = them (persons or things, feminine), e. g., I see them (women or pens), las veo. RULES FOR THE POSITION OF TWO OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS 125. A verb may have two pronouns as objects, one direct (accusative), the other indirect (dative). When the direct object is a pronoun of the third person, they appear together before the verb (except in the infinitive, present participle, and imperative affirmative, when they are added to and form one with the verb, which must have a written accent when necessary to preserve original tonic accent). The dative precedes the accusative ; except that se always stands first, whatever be its case : el me lo da ; ddmelo ; se me escapo ; deselo V. 126. When the direct object is a pronoun of the first or second person, or is a reflexive pronoun, the accusative stands before the verb and the dative follows the verb and assumes the prepositional form (except in the infinitive, present participle and imperative affirmative, when they are added to the verb, the accusative preceding the dative : rendeteme tfi ; rendikndo- tcmc ; renderteme)\ te enviardn a mi; me enviaran a ft; me Jian dirigido a cl ; se dirije a mi. 127. If both pronouns are of the third person, the dative le, les, is written se for euphony ; this se must not be confused with the reflexive se : le lo = se lo ; le la = se la ; le los = se los; le las = se las; les lo = se lo, etc. No se lo permiten, they do not permit him (it to him). 80 CO ! u w I O C oo I K |a - o ^ all Nil ^ g^^^Js-s J~ SM b <" > r!f!!5lr^"r5i-;r sitSi^ii ,Ii|l||1l s !llls^ rtfSrtrtrtrtrtrt x_^ rSrt'rt'fB'rtrtrtrt t: S-S-S-S-S-SZ-3 . -S-S-S-S-S-S-S-S 1-1 - , >, i '3jiqA\ 'uaq.w 'ji al aMl ia s>Ss .. i*M ii^ii! -^ ifM ii- s ii|r !liiii*t iBijjij 5 toiii{ iffiijii Z^4 VAKSE 81 self thyself self wash him rselves urselves hemselve wash th niliril ^pI!Mli I 111 111 1 S gSf 22--5 *5U! ll ^ > -eS tt> 52 M UUil-i 000 i i 73 43 >> o 0^* -00=> >,'**."> c c~> 5 ! I I Q 2^ < si a > > S " *H -*^ O ^71 8*- S4 "M"M ^ ? I Q issiis 000000 c c c c c c 1 H M\\ feiu o, a, a a, a. o o o o o O O O O O aaa a a o o o o o OOO O O mirarse, to see on quemarse, to burn II I! I S -s-g 1 si ? u E I S3 22 II 23 S 2 . !! C u 85 re a P ll 5 E a a 82 NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATIONS NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATIONS (These are the same as those of any verb having objective pronouns.) 129. The negative conjugation of a reflexive or a reciprocal verb is formed by inserting the adverb no, not, before the object pronouns in both the simple and the compound tenses. In the imperative negative the object pronouns stand before the verb. 130. The interrogative and the negative-interrogative con- jugations occur only in the tenses of the indicative mood. 131. The interrogative conjugation is formed by placing the subject after the verb in simple tenses, and after the past par- ticiple in compound tenses ; an inverted question-mark is placed at the beginning and a direct question-mark at the end of the expression. 132. The negative-interrogative conjugation is the same as the interrogative, except that no precedes the object pronoun in both simple and compound tenses. The following will illus- trate fully : SIMPLE TENSES NEGATIVE CONJUGATION Present Indicative (yo) no me lavo (///) no te lavas (el) no se lava V. no se lava (nosotros) no nos lavamos (yosotros) no OS lavais (ellos) no se lavan VV. no se lavan I do not wash myself, etc. INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION Present Indicative i me lavo (yo) ? < te lavas (tu) ? H H i i g W J & 1 55 y ei 04 H d I LtSatt" ^aa* aa^ E^^>cSS> OJ3 'jpSAUI JIUJ -jad oj pasn ' ^c me perm te permi se permi V. se pe nos perm os perm se perm VV. se D;a 'anbun^ 'SBJJ U31UI 'OpUEHD 'IS i : ^ffillii .^ !Fu**MH&ft>3i5sC j, a lllilili^ 7| < 4a5as5ie sg " iliiil 1 >- ^ " ,. S !_e E Ji^ 2 E H < oi s S in o o o o o o c e c c c c c >^ 1 *i PN^. F *- IIP 11 ^l^ll^ll |L| ill Milt ii permitete permitios se se VV mitam mitase mitase mitam mit mit CO W w CO M w ^ Q S 2 O D u J3J.J2. "55 ^ ^J ^ ^U Ullllllll 1 S & I I I I C -> s ??u?w? u a u a u J3 * o 1)01) E E E E & I t t | a ex. ft a a E E E E E o o o o o O O O O O i i 'g 8-sS,. g^ I g II 5 Q "S 2 . s g s * 8 I 4 * I ; I ! 1 1 1 M & I M 3Hni IND me h = 2 . *o M C 3 O fa O a ft ft ft ft E E E E E o o o o o O O O O O a, U V 4. JJ J7 aaaE i Si J! J sI'NJ! -; I s s-" :SK-s ili o X - 2 j . u " r j S flllll U -w t5 O O es cs u u u 86 ALEGRARSE u o w 8 a ifflfff* Ey^ -rr 2i a* *\ 3 a\ ^ 2 ** *> 3 r** *\^ 22 *\ M\ 3 m *\^ 2l - *\ O M. -^" > J H VI z 1 bfl w 8 ^ j W ^ cu SH GO ~^ z H Dja 'anbunc 'SEJI -uatiu 'opuEio 'is W -aDtotaj oj pasn ^<7 MH y^ / * ^ I ! ! fc, 1 I I s S I .^ I g 5 1 9tts ,l I I If I [ll lei ,l! ! Bill ^ C H ^ Jl oj^lfi J |*EaJi||M ,J|1|J.2J.?J i|^3-8|a^-i O | y "3 o g U H . H? 'SJli^u'aJS^ ALEGRARSE i '? 22 S 2 fiffBese ^alll^IJi 'C 3-95 Oj= O o-^JS I IlllJISfg \> i ~ -C >-, > >,*5 >> 1 ii||||i| " ^NH* ^ S-SsJ'S^^ S SiApTAfi 5J >x>.S w C JT be 5j *'3 < 3 t/5 '3 I 3 p D D O 1> ^) C 5 M C tO tO O O O O O O c c c c e e be fee M be be bo -4) -D .y u -V -V 73 "5 "3 "3 "3 "a 99999 EEEEE SS3 |S8 111 ESSES o o o o o OOOOO 88 ALEGRARSE pjnoqs Q a O o PH w ^ H > 8 PH 6 53 1 h > sa 1 ) M PH t> M e:s 0) ^ u Js " Z? 3 ^ !* i Sj rt rt rt rt rt rt ' 2 be W H t '1 s S ""S** ' a e3 ** uuuu"^ 8S5888S8 8J88 oja 'anbunB -U91UI 'C w PH W u 5 O S * i 1^ Jill? Ill II SDtOf )j pasn :i .E 1 a -d^-oli -" S *< OJ " O 8 | -"_ 8V U W 1) 4) 4) W W to W ALEGRARSE 8 9 *p3DTOf3J AO D 1 1 1 >, L 5 e i 2 ,li V 1 ^ L ii^J ^~ 8 -s "6 -2. jt, 4? a . jjljilssi liliiSi i, 1i . -;. o 2 s-g ^~- >,fa i*. "Soc^yio "S"* >-> ~ .c >> # >, >> J 42 1 1 | lllsls. 222222 dose alegrado, having i Q , etc. that I have or n rejoiced, etc. ado, etc. that I should ; had rejoiced, ado, etc. that I had or have reioiced S 5 1 a 4) o" a a have rejoiced biese that I should had rejoiced, 'J {Antecedent not let it rejoice i not let it rejoice i 1111 a :iPLE: habien NCTIVE MOO 9 a I I hubiera alegn hubiese alegr hubiere alegr hubiera or hu rrado, etc. -. .: ; it not rejoice i it not rejoice i it not rejoice i it not rejoice i it not rejoice i it not rejoice : a iiiifiii 33 *m H i P i, P3 1 if'ca *> -- < s w X 1 9 w T3 ^ ^5 ^ PH 01 -3 E23l - i 4) ' 8 4) -a H 1 I ww5!w)S!2a i) * V 4) u u u M >2 >2 00000000 U U MM Ss bet. i- b( 1) 5/5 fc( i) II B9 W f/i 2^ 2 s . > aa ^"373 w w w " en d d J c 4J o g^jj g ^~ * Q I E J 3 o o -83 D 4) D D M X tfl X ss ^ d d d d d t.*eBsv2 u 2 o o c c o o o o e o c e e c c c H 5 p 5j E c3 (J o o o J 2 S 5 u c o .a I Illl1s.ll Ei> n) 41 O X < 00 h ^-^ rvi "" "- 1 n 4J t> 3 .a .a S .0.0 J, Ijlsll 222222 _C t/3 t/5 c/3 C/3 t/7 .j^.2,' '3.'^ 4^ *- ^j .4.1 0) 4) 0> g o-- 2 y o II f 3 Soo.P. - 1 w^^ - at w * 4) V 4) 1) 4) 1) "sTs i 73 73 75 "a 1 W a > Q ^ !^ H |75 u H a a 3 a a D 1) 4) D D EEEEE ac. D.C.C. EEEEE o o o o o OOOOO 90 IMPERSONAL REFLEXIVE VERBS IMPERSONAL REFLEXIVE USED FOR THE PERSONAL REFLEXIVE 136. Permanent reflexive verbs, besides being conjugated in all the persons and numbers, may also be conjugated imper- sonally ; that is, with the reflexive pronoun se throughout, and the verb in the third person singular of each tense, the re- spective dative pronouns being used to distinguish person and number, as follows : se me alegra, alegraba, etc. I rejoice, was rejoicing, etc. se te alegra, alegraba, etc. thou rejoicest, wast rejoicing, etc. se le alegra, alegraba, etc. he rejoices, was rejoicing, etc. se le alegra a V., alegraba a V., your honor rejoices, was rejoicing, etc. etc. se nos alegra, alegraba, etc. we rejoice, were rejoicing, etc. se os alegra, alegraba, etc. ye rejoice, were rejoicing, etc. se les alegra, alegraba, etc. they rejoice, were rejoicing, etc. se les alegra a VV., alegraba a your honors rejoice, were re- VV., etc. joicing, etc. To accustom the student to this common form of expression the verb is written out in full on pages 88, 89. The meaning is practically the same as inj:he personal con- jugation on pages 86, 87. The explanation of this seems to be that the Spaniard, in saying se me alegra, etc., really without thinking uses se as a subject, although it has the objective form. Just as in English, when we say "methinks I see," me is unthinkingly used as a subject, although it has the objective form, the expression being equivalent to " I think I see." Conjugate like abrazarse, /. 91. admirarse, to admire each other. educarse, to educate each other, afeitarse, to shave each other. enganarse, to deceive each other, ayudarse, to aid each other. felicitarse, to congratulate each other, comprenderse, to understand each other, interrumpirse, to interrupt each other. consultarse, to consult each other. mirarse, to look at each other. conocerse, to know each other. mostrarse, to show to each other, detestarse, to detest each other. oprimirse, to oppress each other. disputarse, to wrangle with each other, parecerse, to resemble each other. ABRAZARSE o a a a *J 4J W U 4) 92 SEX l aq foui M> -a-iaM. ^ ! D*a 'aq pinoqs 2 r ' ' ^ ' "^ w j! 5 * ' J ! J I' ' 1 w PQ C^ Q 00 '^-Q'STS O^'O'B g *&* Jl^J^ll'Sf 'IfiSS'sSl * EH s j| illii ^ l|j illn * M| y ^|| a 1 j ^ U2S525J1 ^ 1 J|||||| lllllllll "s r *"* ^ ^^ ^ w u >> ^-^ ^ *"S ^ ^ -aja 'q*noqji CO 'a^uiAv 'uaqAV 'jt PQ 1 ^ J S i ' g ^i O 1 * , 1 e e S 22222'l22 s <|S |Sl If rtieSe8flS-^eaJ 3J < Dl)i_i-i)4Ji>U 1>1>4>1>-0>1>4>1J SSvuvuuv 33333333 33333333 3333 ~3333 S | > i > i > i > > V 7 2 V o Dja 'anbunn 'SEJ; HH M ^ a | -uaitu 'opu^no 'is X S W H w - w J 0^ ffi s y H co < pq OH O H 55 W g CO H CM -aq o; pasn ^^ o 2, Q u ^ aj - ;f! O S 9 s .2 I s 1 * ! <; 2 ** ^ << > " "1 ^ u v 0<^ wS^'Ine Sic *xj *Si'rt ^ s ~ ^ S HSo^ 1-ISfiil > 5j Jt!!t.s V<"^^^1^~ 'S^ & ^f> S ^-f i^lgjj^lj 00 f" 1 vS^.^s^rt^s "Si^o^S^^^^ ^.>^1 it "S o ^ s w ^o CO r^ **^ ^s, ^S^O^U^GO ^ ^2^P> >,^ >1 /^* HH "5 -C >1 ^ >l"5 >^ HH *5 rC >i ^ ^*5 "^ M oU K-I* J ^;>>^><<-''^ |S >, I ~* C^ * P -H ' (A s S L 1 * il lissllii sissilii sinful O S/icc 1 1 -2 -2 | '2 -2 E " >" >> ^ > g; 2 > ;> . b 93 u o . o g*J* _- g g B- 8 Jim aj > rt I-* 5 * S* JUsi* nlli U-S^J *I*N rt,e ts rt j* ji 5x!J=^5 111. 1.2 ee ^ 33333333 00000000 1.2 c C 22222222 33333333 thou) not ye) not I! s *-- 16 i m _, 3 < J-g P^ S5 W i> ^> ^> O aaaaa SE EES o o o o o OOOOO 111 i||| .3.. S aaaaa EE EES o o o o o OOOOO 94 SEX AMADO sq AEUI M> 'pSAOj 3J3M. ^o 3q pjnoqs ed be s. > o-o-u-g^ S I I lUplll l,-5-s,le ?l^'!-^2 liilli| ^slllllll c^ Si 11^ SI ^ s i; x ^- s -= Yg^l^Jl^^ g*s-=ss-= *lsitsjN l^jlltill^U-iift ' HH -5 j; x ^ MQ >, H, 1-1 -5 JB ? * >> +: >, 1-1 7: ^= >> ^ >.' Illli-sil lllllllll I Jill-sill ~lj ?. !sss| ^VTlIirjid!!! 1 ^ liiiiil |EES a aa s.2ec ; aa E.2ce 22222222 uuuuuuu . ssslssss 33^1^3 o;3 'anbunE 'SEJ? -U3IUI 'OpUEHD'tS 3sll.il! llll'Ill FIl"== IIlls g - =|ESSS 5SS|"*" |ll|i! ""6B= *^w03CQCtAHM ^ C C C Tn H , A u U ^^ -?3 -rt -S U -i) -fl -C3 IfeSsllII ItsSIS?? 55ll==ll 88888888 AMADO 95 g "8 *9 I 1 J I 1 >, ^ TJ s s> Njf]m|4 :|2|^i:|2| JjJJiJjJJJ -g-g-g-g-g 3jj s js s jj|jj|js !*.! ?.*<'*, w ? ^ ^ 8 E 1 1 1 1 H | i i i a j g S I I 1 Sf ^ o ' "5 g 1 2 2 Si e . j I 5 w3 R 8 u u biere h hu u hubiera amado I I 7S -o . T * c a a a a E S 6 6 o o o o O O U O il Q ^^^ IS g "" " 1) I. 'i "s^ii 1) 09 3 C8 omtto aaaaa S EE di in * 96 SUBSTITUTE FOR THE PASSIVE REFLEXIVE SUBSTITUTE FOR THE PASSIVE 140. In Spanish, as in French, the use of the passive is avoided as much as possible. In its place they prefer to use the verb reflexively, or else in the indefinite third person plural, with no subject expressed. For example, ' the books are sold/ se venden los libros, in place of los libros son vendidos ; although the latter is correct grammatically and could be used. And again, ' it is said ' =se dice or dicen ; the latter, dicen, is the exact equivalent for 'our English ' they say/ and is used in the same way. 141. The use of the reflexive form for the passive comes under two heads : 1. When the subject of the passive verb is a thing or an in- animate object, then the reflexive substitute has the same sub- ject as the passive verb. For example, ' the houses are sold/ se venden las casas ; 'Spanish is spoken here/ aqiti se habla espanol ; ' it is said/ se dice; ' it has been said that they would come/ se ha dicho que vendrian. In these cases, as the subject is a thing, no possible ambiguity can arise in the use of the re- flexive in place of the passive, for the literal translation of se venden las casas is, ' the houses sell themselves' ; and, as it is impossible for the houses to sell themselves, the real meaning can only be, ' the houses are sold/ 2. When the subject of the passive verb is a person or an animate object, then the subject of the passive verb cannot be made the subject of the reflexive substitute on account of the ambiguity that would arise. For example, ' the man was killed/ if made reflexive with the subject the same, would be, se mato el hombre, which would mean ' the man killed himself/ and not ' the man was killed/ In this case the subject of the passive verb is made the object of the reflexive verb, and we have se mato al hombre. This can be explained or translated lit- erally in two ways : first, considering the verb as impersonal, it would be, ' it killed itself to the man/ se being the direct object and man the indirect object ; second, the subject of the reflexive verb may be considered to be uno y alguien, or some IMPERSONAL VERBS 97 other indefinite subject, man being the direct object, and se the indirect object and at the same time a superfluous or ethical dative, in which case the literal translation would be, * one (or somebody) killed the man for himself.' Either explanation of this construction is permissible and will explain the variation in the object pronouns which are sometimes direct and sometimes indirect in form ; for example, le and les are always used in place of lo and los, but in all other cases the direct objective forms are used. Furthermore, in this construction the redun- dant pronouns are almost always used : The man was seen,..sv? le vib al hombre The men were seen, se les vib d los hombres The woman was seen, se la vib a la mujer The women were seen, se las vib d las mujeres They were seen, se les (las) vib d ellos (d ellas) Let the man be killed, mdtesele al hombre Let them be killed, mdteseles (las) d ellos (d ellas) Mdtesemeles, let them be killed (for me) : this meaning is the same as the preceding, the only difference being the use of a superfluous dative me, for me. There is no doubt but that the Spaniards unconsciously use this se as a subject, about equivalent in meaning to the French on ; it can always be translated in that way and give a correct translation of the Spanish expression ; as, se mato al hombre t ' one killed the man ' = on tua rhomme. But it must be remembered that grammatically it is always an object pronoun, as is seen by its position in the imperative. NOTE. There is a slight shade of difference in meaning between se dice, the re- flexive substitute, and dicen, the indefinite third person plural substitute : se dice meaning ' it is said,' where the speaker is included with others ; whereas in dicen the speaker is not included. Practically the same difference exists in English between "it is said " and "they say." IMPERSONAL VERBS 142. Impersonal verbs have already been defined to be verbs that have neither subject nor object, and usually refer to some phenomena of nature. They are conjugated only in 98 IMPERSONAL VERBS the infinitive, present participle, past participle, and in the third person singular of the other moods and tenses. Impersonal verbs may be either essential or accidental. Essential imper- sonal verbs are used only as impersonal verbs, and always refer to some phenomena of nature. The principal essential im- personal verbs are : Alborear, to dawn Llover, to rain Amanecer, to dawn Lloviznar, to drizzle Anochecer, to grow dark Nevar, to snow Deshelar, to thaw Relampaguear, to lighten Granizar, to hail Tronar, to thunder Helar, to freeze Ventear, to blow NOTE. In figurative language, these verbs may have a subject : la artilleria truena, the artillery thunders. 143. Accidental impersonal verbs are ordinary verbs that may sometimes be used impersonally. They may have a neuter subject, ello, it, expressed for emphasis, when not used in de- scribing phenomena of nature. The principal accidental impersonal verbs are : Acaecer, acontecer, suceder, to happen : (ello) acaece, acontece, sucede, it happens. Bastar, to be sufficient : (ello) basta, it is sufficient. Constar, to be evident : (ello) consta, it is evident. Convenir, to suit : (ello) conviene, it suits. Estar, to be : estd nevando, it is snowing. Haber, there to be : hay hombres, there are men ; / cudnto hay de aqui ? how far is it from here ? Hacer, to be : hace un mes, it is one month (one month ago) ; hace sol, it is sunny. Importar, to matter, to be important : (ello) importa, it matters, is important. Ser, to be : es verdad, necesario, it is true, necessary ; son las dos, it is two o'clock. Some of these verbs may also be employed in the third person plural, and may agree with a subject: muchos milagros me sucedieron, many miracles happened to me. IMPERSONAL VERBS 99 Under this head also comes the impersonal substitute in permanent reflexive verbs : me alegro, I rejoice, or se me alegra, I rejoice, (lit.) it rejoices itself to me. 144. THE IMPERSONAL VERB HABER THERE TO BE SIMPLE TENSES INFINITIVE; haber, there to be. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: habiendo, there being. PAST PARTICIPLE; habido, there having been. INDICATIVE MOOD Present hay there is or there are Imperfect habia there was or there were Past Definite hubo there was or there were Future habra there will be Conditional ( Consequent) habria there would be SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present haya that there be or may be. Imperfect {First Form) hubiera that there should be or were Imperfect {Second Form*) hubiese that there were or should be. Future si, cuando, mientras, aunque, etc., hubiere, if, when, while, although, etc., there be or shall be Conditional {Antecedent*) si hubiera or hubiese, if there should be, or were haya IMPERATIVE MOOD, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE let there be no haya let there not be COMPOUND TENSES COMPOUND INFINITIVE: haber habido, there to have been. COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE : habiendo habido, there having been. INDICATIVE MOOD Comp. Pres. Comp. Imp. Comp. Past Def. Comp. Put. Comp. Cond. ha habido habia habido hubo habido habra habido habria habido there has or have been there had been (when) there had been there will have been there would have been SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Comp. Pres. haya habido that there were or may have been Comp. Imp. (ist form) hubiera habido that there should have been or had been Comp. I mp. (2d form) hubiese habido that there had been or should have been Comp. Fut. hubiere habido that there have been or shall have been Comp. Cond. hubiera or hubiese that there should have been or had been habido NOTE. The only variation from the auxiliary haber is in the third person singular present indicative hay instead of ha. In the compound present indicative, however, ha is used In the personal verb, the imperative singular and plural he, hed, in the meaning of behold, are still found, with the adverbs aqui, ahi and alii, and the pronoun objects me, te, le, la, lo, nos, os, los, las. heme aqui, here I am. helo ahf, there it is. hednos aqui, here we are. helos, helas ahi, there they are. 100 IMPERSONAL VERBS 145. THE IMPERSONAL VERB GRANIZARz=TO HAIL SIMPLE TENSES INFINITIVE: granizar, to hail. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: granizando, hailing. PAST PARTICIPLE : granizado, hailed. INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present Present graniza it hails granice that it hail or may hail Imperfect Imperfect {First Form} granizaba it was hailing or used to hail granizara that it should hail or hailed Past Definite Imperfect {Second Form} granizo it hailed granizase that it hailed or should hail. Future Future granizara it will hail si, cuando, mientras, aunque, etc., granizare, if, when, while, although, etc. , it hail or shall hail Conditional {Consequent} Conditional {Antecedent} granizaria it would hail si granizara or granizase, if it should hail or hailed IMPERATIVE MOOD, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE granice let it hail no granice let it not hail COMPOUND TENSES COMPOUND INFINITIVE: haber granizado, to have hatted. COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE : habiendo granizado, having hailed. INDICATIVE MOOD Comp. Pres. ha granizado it has hailed Comp. Imp. habia granizado it had hailed Comp. Past Def . hubo granizado (when) it had hailed Comp. Put. habra granizado it shall have hailed Comp. Cond. habria granizado it should have hailed SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Comp. Pres. haya granizado that it have or may have hailed Comp. Imp. (ist form) hubiera granizado that it should have or had hailed Comp. Imp. (ad form) hubiese granizado thatit had or should have hailed Comp. Fut. hubjere granizado that it have or shall have hailed Comp. Cond. hubiera or hubiese that it should have or had hailed granizado 146. THE IMPERSONAL VERB LLOVER^TO RAIN SIMPLE TENSES INFINITIVE: Hover, to rain. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: lloviendo, raining. PAST PARTICIPLE: llovido, rained. INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present Present \ne\e it rains H;?va that it rain or may rain Imperfect Imperfect {First Form} llovia it was raining or used to rain Iloviera that it should rain or rained Past Definite Imperfect {Second Form} llovio it rained Hoviese thatit rained or should rain IMPERSONAL VERBS IOI Future Future llovera it will rain si, cuando, mientras, aunque, etc., lloviere, if, when, while, although, etc., it rain or shall rain Conditional (Consequent) Conditional (Antecedent} lloveria it would rain si lloviera or lloviese, if it should rain or rained. IMPERATIVE MOOD, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE \\ue\a. let it rain no \\ue\a. let it not rain COMPOUND TENSES COMPOUND INFINITIVE: haber llovido, to have rained. COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE: habiendo llovido, having rained. INDICATIVE MOOD Comp. Pres. ha llovido it has rained Comp. Imp. habia llovido it had rained Comp Past Def . hubo llovido (when) it had rained Comp. Fut. habra llovido it shall have rained Comp. Cond. habria llovido it should have rained SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Comp Pres. haya llovido that it have or may have rained Comp. Imp. (ist form) hubiera llovido that it should have or had rained Comp. Imp. (2d form) hubiese llovido that it had or should have rained Comp. Fut. hubiere llovido that it have or shall have rained Comp. Cond. hubiera or hubiese that it should have or had rained llovido 147. THE IMPERSONAL VERB NEVARA TO SNOW SIMPLE TENSES INFINITIVE : nevar, to snow. PRESENT PARTICIPLE : nevando, snowing. PAST PARTICIPLE: nevado, snowed. INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present Present n/Vva it snows m>ve that it snow or may snow Imperfect Imperfect (First Form} nevaba it was snowing or used to snow nevara that it should snow or snowed Past Definite Imperfect (Second Form} nevo it snowed nevase that it snowed or should snow Future Future nevara it will snow si, cuando, mientras, aunque, etc., nevare, if, when, while, although, etc., it snow or shall snow Conditional (Consequent) Conditional (Antecedent) nevaria it would snow si nevara or nevase, if it should snow or snowed IMPERATIVE MOOD, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE nieve let it snow no n/Vve let it not snow. 102 IMPERSONAL VERBS COMPOUND TENSES COMP. INFINITIVE : haber nevado, to have snowed. COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE: habiendo nevado, having snowed. Comp. Pres. Comp. Imp. Comp. Past Def. Comp. Fut. Comp. Cond. INDICATIVE MOOD ha nevado it has snowed habia nevado hubo nevado hahra nevado habria nevado it had snowed (when) i t had snowed it shall have snowed it should have snowed SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Comp. Pres. haya nevado Comp. Imp. (ist form) hubiera nevado Comp. Imp. (2d form) hubiese nevado Comp. Fut. Comp. Cond. hubiere nevado hubiera or hubiese nevado that it have or may have snowed that it should have or had snowed that it had or should have snowed that it have or shall have snowed that it should have or had snowed 148. THE IMPERSONAL VERB RELAMPAGUEAR LIGHTEN TO SIMPLE TENSES INFINITIVE: relampaguear, to lighten. PRES. PART. : relampagueando, lightening. PAST PARTICIPLE : relampagueado, lightened. INDICATIVE MOOD Present relampaguea it lightens Imperfect relampagueaba it was 1: used to lighten Past Definite relampagueo it lightened Future relampagueara it will lighten Conditional (Consequent*) relampaguearia it would lighten SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present relampaguee that it lighten or may lighten Imperfect (First Form) relampagueara that it should lighten or lightened Imperfect (Second Form} relampaguease that it lightened or should lighten Future si, cuando, mientras, aunque, etc., relampagueare, if it lighten or shall lighten Conditional (Antecedent) si relampagueara or relampaguease, if it should lighten or lightened relampaguee IMPERATIVE MOOD, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE let it lighten no relampaguee let it not lighten COMPOUND TENSES COMPOUND INFINITIVE : haber relampagueado, to have lightened. COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE : habiendo relampagueado, having l^htened. INDICATIVE MOOD Comp. Pres. ha relampagueado it has lightened . Comp. Imp. habia relampagueado Comp. Past Def. hubo relampagueado hahra relampagueado Comp. Fut. Comp. Cond. it had lightened (when) it had lightened it shall have lightened . --- .- -,,...... K .. S .... habria relampagueado it should have lightened SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Comp. Pres. haya relampagueado that it have or may have lightened Comp. Imp. (ist form) hubiera relampagueado that it should have or had lightened Comp. Imp. (2d form) hubiese relampagueado that it had or should have lightened Comp. Fut. hubiere relampagueado that it have or shall have lightened Comp. Cond. hubiera or hubiese re= that it should have or had lightened lampagueado IMPERSONAL VERBS 103 149. THE IMPERSONAL VERB AMANECER = TO DAWN SIMPLE TENSES INFINITIVE: amanecer, to dawn. PRESENT PARTICIPLE : amaneciendo, dawning. PAST PARTICIPLE : amanecido, dawned. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present amanecc a that it dawn or may dawn Imperfect {First Form) INDICATIVE MOOD Present amanece it dawns Imperfect amanecia it was dawning or used to amaneciera that it should dawn or dawned dawn Past Definite amanecio t dawned Future amanecera it will dawn Conditional ( Consequent) amaneceria it would dawn Imperfect {Second Forni) amaneciese that it dawned or should dawn Future si, cuando, mientras, aunque, etc., amaneciere, if, when, while, although, etc., it dawn or shall dawn. Conditional (Antecedent} si amaneciera or amaneciese, if it should dawn or dawned IMPERATIVE MOOD, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE atnanezca let it dawn no amanezca let it not dawn COMPOUND TENSES COMPOUND INFINITIVE : haber amanecido, to have dawned. COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE : habiendo amanecido, having dawned. INDICATIVE MOOD Comp. Pres. Comp. Imp. ha amanecido habia amanecido Comp. Past Def. hubo amanecido Comp. Put. habra amanecido Comp. Cond. it has dawned it had dawned (when) it had dawned it shall have dawned habria amanecido it should have dawned SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Comp. Pres. haya amanecido that it have or may have dawned Comp. Imp. (ist form) hubiera amanecido that it should have or had dawned Comp. Imp. (ad form) hubiese amanecido that it had or should have dawned Comp. Fut. hubiere amanecido that it have or shall have dawned Comp. Cond. hubiera or hubiese amanecido that it should have or had dawned NOTE. Amanecer, to dawn, and its companion verb anochecer, to grow dusk, may be in- flected throughout with a personal meaning: amanecimos en Nueva York, it was dawn when we reached New York; anochecimos en Nueva York, it was dark when we reached New York. 104 IRREGULAR VERBS IRREGULAR VERBS 150. We have seen that by dropping the endings ar y er or ir of the infinitive we obtain the stem of the verb. We have also seen that in the regular verbs the stem never varies except for orthographic changes. In irregular verbs the inflectional endings are the same (except in a few verbs) as in the regular verbs ; but the stem varies from that in the infinitive so as to assume sometimes two, sometimes three different forms. Knowing these two or three different forms of the stem and what the tenses are that are built up on them, we can conjugate the whole verb by adding the usual fixed inflexional endings. These three stems are: 1st, the stem of the infinitive or present stem; 2d, the stem of the past definite, or past defi- nite stem ; and third, the full infinitive itself, called for con- venience the future stem. By comparison of all the irregular verbs it can be demon- strated that upon these three stems the following tenses are built up respectively : Infinitive Present Participle (usually) Past Participle Present Stem Present Indicative Imperfect Indicative Present Subjunctive Imperative (" Present Participle (occasionally) Past Definite Indicative Past Definite Stem ^ Imperfect Subjunctives Future Subjunctive Conditional Subjunctive Future Stem\ Future Indicative ( Conditional Indicative 151. Whenever an irregularity occurs in the future stem it is present throughout the future and conditional tenses of the indicative. 152. An irregularity never occurs throughout the tenses of the present stem ; and an irregularity may or may not occur throughout the tenses of the past definite stem. IRREGULAR VERBS 10$ 153. When an irregularity occurs in the present or past definite stems under certain conditions only (depending on tonic accent and inflectional ending), this irregularity will be found to exist in the tenses built up on those stems, when those con- ditions are fulfilled, and not otherwise. 154. For convenience, when a stem receives the tonic accent, it will be called a tonic stem ; and when a stem does not receive the tonic accent it will be called an atonic stem. The stem-vowel is the vowel of the stem nearest the ending. 155. The learner will be greatly aided in mastering irregular verbs if he remembers that the present subjunctive always comes from the first person singular present indicative, by changing the ending o to a or e, as, caber, qitepo, quepa ; sonar, sueno, snene ; and the other tenses of the subjunctive always come from the third person plural past definite by changing ron to ra, sc, re, as, poder, pudieron, pndiera, pndiese, pudiere. There are only a few irregular futures ; only a few irregular second person singulars of the imperative. 156. Irregular verbs are divided into seven classes : First Class This class comprises verbs in ar and er, and one in tr, hav- ing the stem-vowels e and o. Their irregularity consists in the expansion of the stem-vowel e into its diphthong te, or of o into its diphthong ue, when the stem is tonic. This irregu- larity will therefore occur in the present stem only, and there only as follows : ist, 2d and 3d Person Singular \ ( Present Indicative, and > of A Present Subjunctive, 3d Person Plural > (_ Imperative ; for in all other cases the stem is atonic. There are 341 verbs in this class, subdivided as follows: ar, stem-vowel e 156 .... (model flensar, p. 108). ar, stem-vowel o ... 126 .... (model sonar, p. 114). er, stem-vowel e . . . 27 .... ( model /m/,,or of o into its diph- thong tie, when the stem is tonic, exactly as with verbs of the first class. In addition, however, the stem-vowel e becomes z, or the stem-vowel o becomes u, when the stem is atonic and is followed by a, ie or to. The latter change takes place as follows : Present Participle. First and Second Persons Plural Present Subjunctive. First Person Plural Imperative. Third Person Singular and Plural Past Definite. Imperfect Subjunctives. Future Subjunctive. There are fifty verbs in this class, subdivided as follows: ir, stem-vowel e 43 ... (model sentir, p. 128). ir, stem-vowel o 7 ... (model morir, p. 134). Third Class 158. This class comprises verbs ending in ir only, having the stem-vowel e. Their irregularity consists in e becoming i when the stem is tonic or when followed by a, ie, or io, viz., in Present Indicative, except First and Second Persons- Plural. Present Subjunctive. Imperative, except Second Person Plural. Present Participle. Past Definite, Third Person Singular and Plural. Imperfect and Future Subjunctives. There are 54 verbs in this class (model servir, p. 136). Fourth Class 159. This class comprises verbs in acer, ecer, ocer, ucir. Their irregularity consists in inserting a z before the c when fol- lowed by a or 0, viz., in First Person Singular Present Indicative. Throughout Present Subjunctive. Imperative derived from Present Subjunctive. There are 210 verbs in this class, sub-divided as follows: ^cer, ecer, ocer .... 20^5 . . . (model conocer, p. 140). ucir 7 ... (model />, p. 144). IRREGULAR VERBS IO/ Fifth Class 160. This class comprises verbs in uir, both vowels being sounded that is, it does not include verbs in guir, quir. Their irregularity consists in inserting y before the ending when the stem-vowel u gets the tonic accent or is followed by a or o, viz., in Present Indicative, except First and Second Persons Plural. Present Subjunctive. Imperative derived from Present Subjunctive. In addition, this class of verbs undergoes the orthographic change of i into y of the diphthongal endings ie t io in the past definite stem. (See creer, p. 68.) There are 38 verbs in this class, subdivided as follows: uir (not guir, quir] .... 36 .. (model atribuir, p. 146). guir 2 (model arguir, p. 148). Sixth Class 161. This class consists of fourteen verbs in ar, er and ir and their compounds, with irregular past definites. The tonic accent in the first and third persons singular past definite, is on the stem instead of on the ending as in other verbs. These are as follows : 1. andar 5. estar (see p. 7. hacer n. saber 2. caber 72) 8. poder 12. tener 3. decir 6. haber (see p. 9. poner 13. traer 4. traducir* 20) io. querer 14. venir Seventh Class 162. This class consists often very irregular verbs in ar, er and ir and their compounds, incapable of classification under any other head. These verbs are as follows: 1. asir 3. dar 5. oir 7. ser (see p. 92) 9. ver 2. caer 4. ir 6. salir 8. valer io. yacer * And other compounds of Jucir, which is now -obsolete. 108 PENSAR i r "> M r Y \ "c -S S ^ J "c ? 2 * 42 o j* "I I i S *| ^^'cliS'cil O .s 1 Q c 1* cl ? llllllll 7 "iioji 3 2 ^4= 2 W O *g *7S .5 C *pj ,S *5 *fi r ^ S w O^C^ O cfli-fi J^v p 1 *^ 2^js o " < g W ill bill 5 ^IjlltH jj Slllitll ^ P 1 llllllll t^ llllllll 1 llllllll HH Pi V * v^x 2 w 1 fc HI ^ i i: 53 1 r i II - P C/3 Iee 1 1.2 ec 22222222 - t (A O iiiillii X X X X X X X X 1 1 2S $&&& S 5-SS-S aaaaa&aa eccccecc cecccccc 1 c "^ * S c" > ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i E | w. 1 "c o. & ^ 5 S ai 1 w w M | S r w ! w TENS! ! I E a" ffi U w I | g H (X PL, i 2 bO S *J f 3 "! CO H 5 1 ^ S w J2- PH 1 ^ '" H i < i- 1 jjmqi O} pasn ^^ J= ^ PH r " o p H- 1 w ^ '3, M 2 fat) ,2 rt u Q g 13 S HH CO vO M pensar, to think. DICATIVE MOO 11 1 1 , ^ ffalhllie p .S2 g^^SjJ g |;Sl|ll 1 i I thought thou didst think he thought your honor thought we thought ye thought they thought your honors though IV1 g INFINITIVI x E e e liiiilli iiiiiii! x E.icc ^^5^^^^^ S3S3-S333 cccecccc peg ccccccec > i > > > > ^ > PENSAR 109 d o y k ould think S.M g-^^.S .* ~ .SG a Sis toS-l M "' ill lip I ^ mi u .gs-gb-s-s^ij ? ijltij& ccccceec ~ 99990999 Cj aaaaaaaa ^ ^ ceeeeece ^ uvuuuvuu r .5 aaaaaaaa > > 00000000 *DJ3 'anbuns 'SIM} 2 w -uaiiu 'opuBno 'is ea cs a '3 a UUUUUUUU aa a-a a a cceeccce aaaaa Is II nses nseis I g | -Si aa aaaaaa Si 5 aa S-S-Jjo-S-Sl aaaaaa / i | III ^ & pp ^ c* -t- '~oj; u w 2822! -3 I 10 IRREGULAR VERBS Conjugate in the same manner as pensar, /. 108. abnegar dentar despernar hacendar replegar 6 acertar derrenegar despertar helar requebrar acrecentar derrengar despezar 4 herbar resegar adecentar desacertar desplegar herrar resembrar adestrar desaferrar destentar incensar resquebrar alebrarse desalentar desterrar infernar restregar alentar desapretar desventar inhestar retemblar aliquebrar desarrendar dezmar invernar re ten tar apacentar desasentar dispertar jimenzar^simen- reventar apernar desasosegar emparentar manifestar [zar salpimentar apretar desatentar empedrar melar sarmentar arrendar desaterrar empellar mentar 5 segar asentar desatravesar empezar merendar sembrar aserrar desaventar encentar negar sementar asosegar desconcertar encerrar nevar sentar atentar * desdentar encomendar perniquebrar serrar aterrar 2 desempedrar encubertar plegar sobresembrar atestar 3 desencerrar endentar quebrar sobreventar atravesar desenterrar enhambrentar reapretar s or regar avalentar desferrar enhestar reaventar sosegar aventar desgobernar enlenzar recalentar soterrar bregar deshelar enmelar recentar subarrendar calentar desherbar enmendar recomendar temblar cegar desherrar ensangrentar reencomendar tentar 7 cerrar desinvernar enterrar refregar trasegar cimentar deslendrar entrepernar regar trasfregar comenzar desmelar escarmentar regimentar travesar concertar desmembrar estregar reherrar trapezar confesar desnegar ferrar remendar ventar decentar desnevar fregar renegar denegar despedrar gobernar repensar 1 Atentar is regular when it means ' to attempt a crime.' 2 Aterrar is regular when it means ' to terrify ' (from terror} ; when it means ' to fell to the ground ' (from tierra} it is irregular. 3 Atestar is regular when it means ' to testify.' 4 Despezar is regular when it means 'to make thinner at the end.' 5 Comentar, dementar, derivatives from mentar, are regular. 6 Replegar is regular when it means 'to fold again.' 7 Contentar, detentar, intentar, derivatives from tentar, are regular. IRREGULAR VERBS III Conjugate in the same manner as sonar, /. 114. absonar contracordar dolar reforzar abunolar cos tar emporcar regoldar aclocar degollar enclocar rehollar acollar demos trar encontrar remolar acordar i denostar encorar repoblar acornar derrocar encordar reprobar acostar desacollar encornar resollar afollar desacordar encovar resonar aforar 2 desaforar engorar retostar agorar desamoblar engrosar retronar almorzar desaprobar enrodar revolar alongar descolgar ensalmorar revolcarse amoblar descollar ensonar rodar amolar desconsolar entorlar rogar 6 apercollar descontar escolar sobresolar apostar 3 descordar esforzar solar aprobar descornar foliar s soldar asolar desencordar forzar soltar asoldar desengrosar holgar sollar asonar desflocar hollar sonrodarse atronar desmajolar improbar sonar avergonzar desolar malsonar tostar azolar desoldar mancornar trascolar clocar desollar moblar trascordarse colar desosar 4 mostrar trasonar colgar desovar poblar tras trocar comprobar despoblar probar trasvolar concordar des trocar recolar trocar consolar desvergonzarse recontar tronar consonar discordar recordar volar contar disonar recostar volcar 1 Acordar is regular when it means ' to tune ' a musical instrument. 2 Aforar is regular when it means ' to gauge ' or ' appraise.' 3 Apostar is regular when it means ' to post ' troops, guards, etc. 4 Desosar is regular when it means ' not to dare.' 5 Foliar is regular when it means ' to shape with leaves.' 6 All derivatives from rogar are regular. 112 ERRAR oja 'SSTUI XEUI passim 'SSTUI pjnoijs he a ^ . . 222222 8888 .* 2 tfct .g,g.g.S.g JB c O 2 S i> - $ w u E g ' E fc SSTUI oj pasn ^^ O 1 en -M-i O C g u O Vp^gj^Sg it iisifii^ H- " J3 >! >, 2-22 L.UUU Hi !22? > 4) 4> .a i ;i H : S Sfe^J Q ,. 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( U3U_AY 'JI 1 paiioq M> I should boil thou shouldst boil he should boil your honor should boil we should boil ye should boil they should boil your honors should boil .2 CC iisiiiii liiifiiti 'illl'illl ^ uuuuuuuu 'anbunB ( SE4j oooooooo to $4 iS 22222222 I,. :" o'o" ^ S ^llllllll | in ii m I .|..sllll ^ ZuU.l-1-Ufc.U aoaaoott 33 S 3 3 u v 9 eooooooo uuuuuuuu > i Irs u o u u u o e e o o o a * :s P&8-3M ^$p*U 1 aaaaa ESEES ^ o o o o o <: ouuuo 126 DISCERNIR 'UJ3D 'luaosip XEUI uo -pauaaosip uo -sip pjnoqs M c I I U : 1 g 8 3. 2 I | I ^ , I ,| S o 1L S2 ^J|i:- ! i|*E s^s-g-2-g-gg^ 1 | iJiJIllj ?3jiiiili Ujflgijf ? li^l* *1 !lMjKj H g ?^,l^& ^^l^^l^l^ 12|J8||&|| .0 Q H g 5 ^ I ^ M ! . i I g ! isii9 c HH > > > -g - JS Q S I M 2 I p^ W H 8 Q ^ .. m K a CO PQ v j e g a a H & WCD ^^ j . I o ^ 2 Ctf S H ^ -UJ3D O 5? -sip oj pasn ^ W fe ^J * o o .s w ^ g ^j i ~ M 8 ^ ' > E i g 55 i {i ^sw-l.pl^ 8 |. G ii I ^ 111* ill $ i-o ' :!,!liiuli s & S t= - 5 - g | .8 E cccc'5- g E 2 -o-OTs-a-o-o-a-o b-b'o -6 =0^0^=0 > ' & > & o c e E * e c v " " ^es c8, eu'5 ea e9 w^^eEtoSjiJ I SSI!!!! ipiiiii .2.2.2.2.2 2.2.2 DISCERNIR I2 7 DJ3 'lU3DSIp H Bl l S "I TS -a -a -a -a "a "a C.tn ^ ^ S Ji C 3 O g J:cuo P- C.O.O.O.O. S EEEEE b (5(3(5(3(5 J-e s 5 e i 128 SENTIR DJ3 'J33J ABUI D}3 noqs H-3 ^ 3 JJ J J J jij: J ^ J .11.1 J J .1 J ^ JJ J J J J JJ '*J < o^'vj'l W " Gl^ -M *-*** x^73 +--S ^+.7: ^ >-i-5j >.g >,7: >. g|S ^S ' g o ^ W>J3 L_| c C/3 f I " ^ cj rt ils Sjg * ^ . ^ (ft _. PU u.uUU4)" 4)i>4>-2u2 SSu3-i>4>l3 n n c n n c c .c paj 0} pasn ^i? .2 ** fcc"u ^^^.5"S^ "w "a> i ^s o s ^r^o^si * ^-S - 5 --as S^^a^ 1 *" " glt^l^^l^ P ^ W *- <8 ^ R *- R s s s ncc * E.2cc-2 -222 >45^8-a S-'S a a Ililllli Slllggg! lllliill lllllllg w<0!a!fl!fitotto *iwto5iw wwSww N SENTIR 129 e j.2 e n 2 8 555 222 **S'-M ' e c e i||| ill? 4> 4J4>4>u-4j4)D4) .--.- _ -= = '5 '5 'a '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 eMPii*- 8 i*5- 1is'5-2 ^ p . O ., ja H ^ /T* r 1 _ J5*z? Stis sjjjiij i Slssll . E, ^ 5,'s SE,^ S'SSaaaS'S sa'a'aas'a'a SaaSaasa ERGUIR H JJ 8 ljj l| Wffi 1 1 11 ' s Cti >s if- If i * -C-C ~ nl O^'Q. ^tl'il III: 1 51. B2 I 85 | E SS fe W S Q gg O O w 0-> &H J> S 8 i Q 2bj ^ S, 1 " .2 c c i B 4 i.1 ;cr;cr;cr;c;c '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 aaacxo. EEEEE o o o o o OOOOO U .S fl 132 A DQUIRIR -DB pjnoqs onjugat H S ire acqu uire ould uire uire cquir re ld acquir For acqu uldst d ac or s ld d rs H g I 3 & g^Us-l First I should thou sho he should your hon we should ye should they shou Form ed quired ired nor acq ired ired uired rs ac Se I a th he yo we ye the yo I t" T 73 * J 5.2 cc . lgc s 222222S2 22225:322 C-T-C'-C-C-C-C '3 '3 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '3 a -o -a -a -a -a -a -a 33333333 cr CP CP CP CP CP CP a 1 -a'Hm'S'3 w v S*s S B *n 'H ' 'n *c *c 'c *n '3 '5 '3 '3 '3 '5 '5 '5 cr CP CP CP cr CP cr CP W .2 ^ " fl 1 CO W 3 3 & s s -DE o; pasn 1 I * CT* y 33333333 .2 .2 -2 .2 2-2.2 a s '3 '3 '3 '5 '5 '5 '3 O- CP 3- q- T 3T CP O- e u u ...255 .5 . .2 .- ADQUIRIR 133 re acquire 3 cr i l e a.s- M ft) CJ R 9 * 2 Js'S o fill^e rt 'gT3 gS'O's ^S-sg-g-flSo acquir cquire acqui s shoul E.2CC l*ec | -- ~ . T3 "a "a Q I * ^ fc fc fch 1 33333333 > 2.2.8:2.2.2.2 I a-cro-a-jra-a-cr S - - .- i .- .- > a-a-a-aTS-a-a'a < '5 '5 '3 '3 '5 '5 '5 '5 _ c oooocooo en o D;3 'anbunB 'svii -uatai 'opuenD 'is 33333333 cquire cquire II If ii ^ J z 1 i to - O O c O &, c c o c , S S c I 2 -S j'Sa^'S e - " c c e -5, 2 2 2 cs 2 2 '-3 .^S-ai-a-s 333333 cro'o'cro'O" u ^^-s^^ ^ i B I I g i I D have or may have ac should have or had a had or should have ac have or shall have ac should have or had a mil S 8 Sis PL, Z 222-5 . H- ^ O U t. U J g ll"----' II L^c 0.0.0.0.0. 00000 OCJOOO .s ^^ a ^s <^ s 5 t .S f |-3.S"|5 js -2^ ^1 ^"S >, ^^ rt S-0 y DO a il - ^^ 3 S If >s ^' -I Hill! I 333333 CT 5 W o " * O 8 t *5 5s H C j>S 5-r * .* en 1- CC vS cscBojaaS* 59 C u "" C ~ '~S 'C 'C '" """ '" '" 33333333 G 33333333 ^ 13 T3 *Q *Q -Q ^ "O ^O *O "O "O *O ^ ^O ^3 as ess o a a cs cs 134 MORIR oja^Vp Atm M -paip uo ^ip pjnoqs i "~ ' ' ' ^ ^~ Q "O y 8 ?<*!! = 1 P 2 * '* gll^&ii? "s * - . a g I S %>l iJLJ 1 3,Jk3J || ^ J " TL" ^Jii tljili ^ ^ P^ Si ^ t ^ ^ Sj *? ? ? ? '^ ? '^ *C . . > Q HB5M H ? ^ I ** & to iiiiiiii iiiiiin iiiillll | I H * Q i'ill'i'i'i'i s i 9 . 1 ' ^ : o I Eli-l t! w S5 c "" S. |l w B , E 1 1 S I 1 1 a -2 < M 9 Z " I i IS g i i 1 jj C"j j/3 -jip oj pasn ^> P | ( -a ~S * S 3 S- I I I t3 O 'Z - V 9 H^ *J ^"~* G-nrtl KTi h/lH n-lT3 O s O n rt ^ 'I g w) M .S^ ^ .Ji in i Ii.liLillittfii LLii ; Jf* 5 * 1 " 1 .' J"- J lr g g One Iw ^o'5o 2 2 .- 2 .S.l.S.S.a'iJJ .. 25. "2 ...! > asasoosa oooooooo oo^aaa-^ g EEEEEEES EEESESEE SEEElliE S > ^ > > > a > > ^ > MORIR 135 'aip jpjqs uo TJ 2 2 .2 U v 4) 4) u W - .. , "C .a ttiil -O -c _ V '-O ''Q '^ 73 -as W> ^T3 D 4)T3 4) CS > > rt ^' rt Hilt X ^ >> 4) 3 ( 4) ja 5S 2 > O-C p> Jiljj ' 1 5; ^2 ^2 _o . O T3 ^4^ Ji^^-S u 1 c g C a Q_HH-HH 81 Jill ! ^ d 136 SERVIR .2 SSSSSSSS SSs)2SS's's > > > > > > 137 ooooooo d> 1) 1) 5 (fl 5 ^^J Si 138 REIR | f i^taf&i^ p^SnB,^ 'u.SnB| ppoqs ^? i o o fi Q o , I I ^ -fi, n "0 a> 2 ^3 T -a 1 > w ^3 S rt ^ J,C g^=J= ^_g -? bC 3 I g I followed ffi O < PARTICIP W V, ") -g,0 H 5j "Sr^ gja g ?45JS U ^ s 3JS i- JS >.^ ^ !|l|ll2g V '- ST3 g'O'O 3 g i? 2^3 2*3 2 o ^llllllll CO W) | pj H CO M ^x^^^^^^ i j|j^^^^| ^ J1JJJ1JJ J-J < & ****" ^ "? o o M ^ to S to 8 1 fj H || l.2nc E.2ce 22222222 to B.SB g . "2 H .5 -5 .5 .S -5 -5 -5 -5 M S II '3 i > i >' ^ c/T W II O -:* SO a PQ 3 G 11 x g CO u CO 2 | i ^ OJ *"O U ,^i jj g It W W H U W I | Q ^ o J OH AH p CO || fe S U c PQ O GO H 1 w J^ AH 1 1 H qSn^i oj pasn so 1 # PM H W 'S 3 1 O tf 1 1 1 & [o ID AH 9 M .1 * IRREG o 'S c QJ t *4 u M Ml 1 U.J f ^ Miiltafi {ifj!rtIJI o ^g^s- 2 - 5 ^^ s 2JjuffcJli Imperfect I was laughing thou wast laughfng he was laughing your honor was laughir we were laughing ye were laughing they were laughing your honors were laugh 1 1 ! j ; S ^W)2^ 1 Mrt2 . S M^ 3 3 -^ ^ 3 "^ H e8.|-gSS 1.2 e c .2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2 S S '5 'S i > > > [^ REIR 139 ^ I 1 1 1 32-*::-: * .2 c e I * listi.^** 1 Ji eleeeeii !''*/&/, g J| uuu ~ S i > ^0000000 Dja 'anbunn -uaiui ( c .liflifii t i1lii^ | s'Ss^JS'M ^ "3^ * 1.2 ee I aSaal'SiS u -CB -a -03 i -cs -a <& .2 -2 .2 .3 .2 -2 .2 .2 !!! ilii'S'gii C """'"-' h -s-a BJ; E.2cc 2 ' 22222222 ; .. kccccccfa S: -9-9 > < o O > I .us - llllll gggggg ^H >' flit 1 ISs 1 SjS SfcS:! * Ijll I HI a h H CO CO U a ^ 2 ' H - w Sj 8 D 8|- IU3 fc a8 CH , (O 4) 1) 4> g ! I **TH^ 1 Slill g S w 5Jsss <3 83333 II aaaao. E EEEE o o o o o UUUUU e'f^S? O 8 =~~ w _ j S z SfrSl-l aaaaa EEEEE If ll 140 CONOCER 'Avotni ppoqs I 1 1 1 i RS ^ '1 W3 C/3 2 5T PARTICIPLE: co UNCTIVE MOOD Present :hat I know :hat thou know :hat he know ,x 1 > rt 43 :hat we know hat ye know :hat they know :hat your honors know /-\ I 1 i ^ :hat I knew :hat thou knew :hat he knew :hat your honor knew :hat we knew that ye knew that they knew that your honors knew $ > PS C 'o C w M < P-, i, M P D9 8 i 6 i o ^ ( o T3 1 H ti c i.^cc 22 2 S II 2 2 3 <; Q c 6 835 5 5-553 OiVVU-DUUV vu^wvvv g .2 rt C ^ " N " O O O o o o o o gg^^^^ gygggg oT 1 termina W g S iciendo, c c c o o o o o o 1 > e c c c o o o o u u u u > > ccccecee oooooooo '^' i cccecccc oooooooo > ^ Q^ a O yj 3 >** 2 o 43 w o 1 T3 H a o BE W J a, fc^ ^ ^^ Pu ^ i "o g M 1 S c u J5 > w ffl GO 2 pq U /^ r_1 "3 AVOU^ o; pasn -<^ CONOCER 141 > > -0}3 'qgnoqiie ^ 'aiiqAv 'uaq.w. 'ji ^ V rr. vuuvuuvu S i> i)Uii>i>vui 5 'yyyyyyyy 111! I 111 III 1 1 III I oooooooo s yyoyyyyy yyyyyyyy^ . ^; > > > *> l_UU!-UU^-U- " oooooooo 5 II Ml Dja 'anbun -uatui ' ' !S siesliii w v - 'i'i'io iis* ~ let me not kno let him not kn . know not, you s let us not kno let them not k VV. know not, you 2SS33S 000000 c e c c c c o o o o o o y y y y y y oooooo a [^ ~ o y . etc. tc. , etc. oci tc = 8 JIII O oy-ry^ i.e 1|||--2 ceccecce oooooooo yyyyyyyy y y y y y y C E 3 fifiojfco ^^ ddddd ,2 ^ E E E E E -| O O O O O J3 - o -> o o a H 142 IRREGULAR VERBS Conjugate in the same manner as conocer, /. 140 : abastecer descaecer embastecer enfurecer aborrecer desconocer embebecer engrandecer acaecer descrecer embellecer engrumecerse acontecer desembebecerse embermejecer enhambrecer acrecer desembellecer emblandecer enloquecer adolecer desembravecer emblanquecer enllentecer adormecer desempobrecer embobecer enmagrecer agradecer desencarecer embosquecer enmalecer amanecer desencrudecer embravecer enmarillecerse amollecer desencruelecer embrutecer enmohecer amorecer desenfurecerse empequefiecer enmollecer amortecerse desenmohecer emplastecer enmudecer anochecer desenmudecer emplumecer ennegrecer aparecer desensoberbecer empobrecer ennoblecer apeteeer desentorpecer empodrecer enorgullecer avanecerse desentristecer empoltronecerse enrarecer blanquecer desentumecer enaltecer enriquecer canecer desfallecer enardecer enrobustecer carecer desfavorecer encabellecerse enrojecer clarecer desflaquecerse encalvecer enroquecer compadecer desflorecer encallecer enronecer comparecer desfortalecer encandecer enruinecerse complacer desguarnecer encanecer ensandecer convalecer deshombrecerse encarecer ensoberbecer crecer deshumedecer encarnecer ensordecer decrecer desmerecer encloquecer entallecer defenecer desobedecer encorecer entenebrecer denegrecer desparecer encrudecer enternecer desabastecer desperecer encruelecer entigrecerse desadormecer desplacer endentecer entontecerse desagradecer desvanecer endurecer entorpecer desaparecer desverdecer enfierecerse entreparecerse desbastecer displacer enflaquecer entristecer desbravecer embarbecer enfranquecer entullecer IRREGULAR VERBS 143 entumecer guarecer perecer rejuvenecer evanecer guarnecer permanecer relentecer envejecer herbecer pertenecer renacer enverdecer humedecer pimpollecer repacer envilecer languidecer plastecer repadecer enzurdecer lobreguecer podrecer resplandecer escandecer merecer preconocer restablecer escarnecer mohecer prevalecer retallecer esclarecer nacer reagradecer retonecer establecer negrecer reaparecer revejecer estremecer obedecer reblandecer robustecer fallecer oscurecer reconocer sobrecrecer favorecer ofrecer reconvalecer tallecer fenecer pacer recrecer . verdecer florecer padecer recrudecer fortalecer palidecer reflorecer gemecer parecer rehumedecer 144 LUCIR 'atmjs XEUI 'auiqs p^noqs 1 | | * o I 1 w HH k_j iTICIPLE: lucido, ACTIVE MOOD ^resent 1 1 shine t thou shine t he shine t your honor shine t we shine t ye shine t they shine t your honors shine o "? 11. si ,?>,!>> 9 - g o & -S ^ s s si 1 1 jljjll ^||ll|t|l 2 -5 J <-) ffi C/3 << P iiliiili ^, J^J^^^^I ^ 2JJJJ1JJ 3 & Pi i, P5 ^ 4 V" ? gp r i g S M 55Su5'S^S VU4>1>^4>^1> O v v O^w O O O > S II 33333333 'o 'G 'G *G "G 'G 'G 'G 33333333 11111111 .a 3 1 M . 1 3 fl > ^ > ^ > > a * ^ 6C 4 +3 cS .* S h^ C S r *s PP "M a 3 1 o J H *"" W w > g 1 1 _ 5 1 H CJ 3 > a " r^ w H u 3 5 ,2 H 3 J U < 'o K PH pr . 5 y I } 1 O w H C 3 ^ ^ PH I H 0^ o q HH S5 i ^ rO o 1 9 auiqs o; pasn ^ig ^l^^l^l^ |l|j|f J|| S'llllilll 3 *l < (t ^J "V4 w U ^ S h Q s s , o'Soo 1-1 o > E f c c 30O4)554)G 3j| 'S jl 9 to-oo Eto S3 1 K UUUUUOUU uuuuuuuu UOUUUQU^ fa 33333333 33333333 33333333 LUCIR 'auiqs n^M s *" ' D ' 3 '3UM S -* , j^aS cT w ^ aT Ol ' A r~ "* J3 2-S-SJ-S O ~'3'rl o "C'T-i'3^ sljJjjlJ rt J3 1 | 3 [ have or may have si [ should have or had [ had or should have [ have or shall have s [ should have or had traslucirs 1 2 1| lull I ^"jssjgsi! C .2 olllll ti t , . ^ ^ *j w 3 S < wo ^ L^ U > . g * ^ i i* aa U4)u'Su *^* (Su2-uw2u Uu^-UVUUU ^ vwvv OJ W 8J3 2 s J{ S PM > > > | ^ H .S.S % 1"g .. - -uaiui 'opueno'is e (n 5 |rj||y FIKMATIVE ANI no lu cas no lu cais SS55SS w ^ NNNN^N ^J p. 555555 z g oooooo W p cccccc H o Q ^ 09 ' . *O same manner preluci uuuuuuuu 55555555 > > < 8 O O O O O *l "if> 2 OOUOO .8 s s 1 I 8 .H ?x 3 > J S-= S u .a a| 111 || l|| 1 | 8-8" c ? c c Isss-ss" 1 ^j O C ^q % . o" tfi ^*" "^ IJljj D j; - ^ i i j i. s i 8-1 o > 73 ^ C C C 3 (3 a a a ca U U U U U U U llfll c ^ c^ g^c?-SplSi 33 333333 .c Q u |-= J ^J.s-| " -iS"^ ^ c/3 "' 3 " O . u O 3 ^S^SafaJ 9|||l|||l W i a .^. .tf "c "5 s 7 !''-"^ 7 ! >,">- a Ssl'^'wl^'- > H w^ -o2 "^ J 4) | vj~ ^"^J^^gS.* h ^ o'G 'G 3 K S H 252 "* i i : 1- i... 1 Q a 3 OB e8 t? -g|.-gl||| 1 ||-crllll Q 5 . ^ J U 33333333 ^3 33333333 p Q . 1 "* d.*' ' "o * > Z > $ S S ct 3 o a Q O.tic,d.O. EEEEE o o o o o OOOOO 146 ATKIBUIR paquosB S y-h J8 .^ c' r 'h . 'uaqAV II es a s a a -5 s 3 vvvv-vvvv ovvv-vvvv vv, | !! g iFg? 7 M W gj -a I -S ffi sH^ 3 !^ S B i wlo ^ I o tt O S i H H - 3qiaD 9 ^ S c 1 ~ SB 01 P 3Sn - 40 v*^ . g s 3 "1 8 1 | I Jfj.^! . 1 1 41 ** 1 I 11 J c o 2^5 i.ak..JC "i;88fi.4.--Bk'B'JC eg 1 > us ^ a ^ g . S cc L.,u J S-5 S - f.^^^.i.s^^ .2.2.2.2.2:2.1.2 JtUSftft .= -s.= s fc 3^33 3333^^ 33333333 33333333 3333333 i^ .0 ja ja > ^^^^xi ^^i jDjo^. aata "S "a t "S "a ts "S 'S 'a'a^'a'alS'a^ > * fc ATRIBUIR O O -t paquasE *o I I 3 8 TJ & o2 4,^3 o 2.2 3:2-5 5 .> K- C 2 'C cn-fl T -5 y-S y * 00000000 .2 ce 22222S22 ^5 3J c a c- I | I U g "5 '5 p %% i Q w.2 :!! & uu ^^ [rjrjrj*jrj,^^ ^ let me not let him not ascribe not let us not a let them no ascribe not OOOOO cc ee c ii atribuve atribuid uuuuu 4 if> n re g w RIJR t^aS^ Is^i c x: en 2 Ik k ^o v S-o rt-Srt p J--S5J-S O HH I I I-H HH l-l Illll B s .^ 3 '5 s -r ^ \\l\\ ,J! 3 fcS.-i 3 cxaaao. gEEBE 00000 OOOOO * c c iuZu J e c c e c 00000 O O U U 148 ARGUIR ABUI uo op ppoqs I bfl o I 12 ^ i E E SJ P S z H t> rt > .Mufti ^ii ill iiliiulj 3 a MJ5 M bJO -C C S li 5.C J jHj.2 _5 g rt g^ M M -C !lly|ll ^Jllitl! iJIJlfftft rtosrt ""S) -C .C J2 4S ^ JS J= -^ CO . L=c I 22222222 vo9 3' 3' 3' 3' 3' 3' 3' 33333333 33 = 33333 bebebcbebebeb fcebebebebebebebo bebebebefecbebebe bUUUUbUU UUUUU'UUU i.UUUU'uUU cs a a a a a a 09 aaaaaaaa a a a a a a a a > . > > ^ :* 1 * e - CO (V W p s s H a S S I o g w .s 1 O! S u 00 snSjE oj pasn !i o W I < ? u g W) B S M M n? ^Plil! 5 ? u * M cs Issi^l rgue argued nor ed ed ued nors argued ^*r3:r/,i-(Lr' ll -*JTO-i ,rr i^ 71>-i o ^ hn-MuC'SrtajO ^v *^ T3 ^3 T3 a l!i;is li ^il ii fill I ^3>^>>,5 ^?g3 rt ^= ^SuoWuJio ^2 2uOuJ:o * q >-., IIJUftlE f3rt^rt^- - 2 u o . o 5J5 ji,^ >, S n I S#SSS5a9 bebebebebebebebc ARGUIR 149 o -' "' -J H - W - W Dj3 'snbunB 'SBJJ -U31UI 'OUEIU 'IS I should argue thou shouldst argue he should argue your honor should argue we should argue ye should argue they should argue your honors should argue > Ssb V 33333333 c || or ld h ll h or W** -k ' ^a v. e e S,?, liil IT 03 E aaaaa EEEEE o o o o o OUOOO * 200-^ -4) -83 -99 - (U - -03 -08 >2 -S .3 -2 -2 .2 -2 -S . 33's:5:3:553 r ^ 55553355 csesescsescgacs ^^ S ^ o w 1 U o a 1 H ! S J i o T3 l2pl >le C :3 a 11 K CS 99 arguya arguva argu.va arguya arguya 1 | W > at* s ?JiH Ifrlt! H * a 4)'JJ-j- S |||| & g ^J a ft) -d tzj S O-w-g g c AOU ft cLcL&cLcL S JE E E E o O O O u 0000 Ij U 150 ANDAR 'oS XBUI J.O E>4 ^ M I IM |2 K O V OJU U, "** CJJ'U >M o r> wS-o 22-a "s 2 & l. e 8l ^Illllll Nils III 1 III lllll HH4-*p >>!> >-.-*- >% ^N " >t> >>*-* ^ r>! M*. bJO 3 a ^ * O s " CS3S333 I E^cc I S 5 9 5 x- IS-SSSS I llill ? "S'S'S "I a a a a a PQ 9 * ta 1 1 > M On 3 u S a S H 2 oS oj pasn o o r ^> .~'?.2 Scgiwo a ^l^s 8> w 7s&|&i !lpisli| s liiiili . i i ~ JS >, f >," >, 00 1 s I E.2 c c o s as es -c3 a a Tg-Q'O'O'O'O'O'O CCCCCCCC ^ 5 9 * 9 > Si ANDAR 'OS H E M S M Si gas! a- to 6*e ^ $ | |^| | .g 5 C ~ ^ *O~ r I 11 ^ (||||1||}J| g^sim 11 !?^^^^1c * not t Dj3 'anbuns 'SEJJ -U3IUI 'OUBUD 'IS 00000000 . ba. 22222222 5' j*: .C C 3 V V ^ V V V J, a-a'O'O'a^ W ^ ccecce * C a a a a a a % > igggig g | 1 5l~ P4S Woo QJ bC to OOOOOo > *^~ 1 O "O -^ O V V 4) V T3T3 I TS'D'OTS'a 1 c e e c c c e eg eg I eg eg a a a a > csaeaesaeses 3 ~ -O TJ T3 -3 T3 T3 T3 c ^eeccccc - EpslM !f " s a a a a a a o.o.o.dd w N * H6EE6 5(55(53 152 CABER Q W g : cabido, S CIPLE Q o * lH O U H P4 O fl 1 w 2 g o PQ H ^ CO "8 bJO C/5 Q U H 8 X W 1 W M W a. H PH | <5 2 u 8 Q pq CO H # 03 P^ PH 5 W H fc EGULAR tj f o 1 S" W W H 1 a Q tf (U S KH q H > S U B 2 < ^ Q B 2 G g a u H CO S oo M 'pjoq XEUI 313 'pjoq pjnoqs 2 'o'Q -c- ^ 2 v S I I -,1 2 ,1I 1 >|1|l^Ke fl 2 . ^ 3^3 gS'a'3 2 3*0 ^ 2J"5 g-92 o ! :h 3^ 2-= 2 o-S-c ! - HH-i:^^^ ?,t! >. - Jlj||&IV ^KH^^S;^ Illlllll 1^11111111 ^Illll ! f 1 f! I pjoq 01 pasn .2 .2 -2 .2 .2 .2 -2 -2 11111111 III! CABER 153 ppq have held, et or had held, e ld have held, e 1 have held, et or had held, e w sa ^ s .-.. ^ - | iliiliii > S-vb H fl Q < _ DJ3 'anbunE -U3IUI oooooooo w BlgglllS I J'J SBU If!!!! > > c c ^ S.cc 8 "R 1 * c c -2 .211 .2 1 .2 1 U U U U UUUUUUUU > ^' m t E E E EH ocjyou 154 DECIR si i 019 'ipl XBUI ^ -pi * ^^ ^ w u 3 sJ i LJLaU * ! S iilli1l i S s ,lj?s;;ll MliltltS iJStg?l& | .s H > s HH-5.C >,>,>, ^ -". >> >> >> "-1^4= >> xS >. .2- | Illlllllii | s B Is I L.. I . L I ? S g "8 ...S3H sssilssl lillllil 1 ?? JJ " &-&-&-^>-^-^-^-^ 3 >:^ : ^ : ^ : ^'-^ : ^> : ^ ^SS^J^JS^&MS'g MI -J ii -a -a -a -a *o o *a ^3 -o -a -a -a -a -a a "a -a -o -a -a -a -a "a "a JJ ^ - H4 bb u o .s .y g i i u CQ W c o MI 5 3 5 W W -a rt ^ > H .. *J J2 ri W a 2 e s "1 "il CO 'S fe m 2 o * > 2 pasn 3 o .. o Nl - ID "M M p e I o s ^ I .s g^O^ g W ^2J ^S tfja U s Q S 5 S^ISWbo.Sl ^ 2 -3 ^ a f. s i, i lilHvS * - * s. i H ?iy==il l!l;-iisr u 5 S2^x=-s^ ^-ss^lss^ u ^ s 5 S . I.2cc ^ |-S C ^5 en Etcc osesacaar-t "wftoEtn^J; 6 " .-?.?.'i'i-?- 88888888 fefes3S o-a-o-o-o-a-c-o DECIR 155 156 TRADUCIR -SUBJ; p^noqs B IPLE: traducido, translated a 1 o 11 8 I J fll JSiu^S^SS2 H ^ 111 Nils > 12I212J H ^gs^v-ii^i- g {|iJM5|l / {First Form) : I should translate : thou shouldst translate ; he should translate : your honor should translate t we should translate : ye should translate t they should translate : your honors should translate ? {Second Form) : I translated 1 t thou translated t he translated : your honors translated : we translated : ye translated t they translated : your honor translated ) u ^ rtrt(trtrt^jS2 ^ J:.5.5,5,5j=.5j= ^ crtr3rtecrtrt ^2i ,s.= ..r:,s.c.c.j= * 3 s 4^ c t/j *i* bJO A '5* n3 rt H <) PU g <: cn x SE.2 e e o eg - ^^^^^^^^ N sis sills ^ 8 ** Bfl a UH cu 33333333 3*3 3*3 3' 3 3 3 33333 3'3 3 s ^ a -a "a rs "o "a -a "a o -o -a T3 -a ~s "s -a ^S'O'OTS'OTS^TJ 6 S || P PC 22 2 2 T3 :73 & M *-^^^^^^^ ^ Kj > VH _OJ t t C I> *"* > > > 2 'c o I J Hi W 1 S w J - S 5 ffl oo u w g fe H ^ S3 PH > *a h 1 tf -^ a ^ 1 ^ en "35 K^ E W rt I IRREGl Present 5 185. CONJUGA dn 1 O 1_* | *- INDICATIVE MOOD Present I translate (do translate, am thou translatest he translates your honor translates we translate ye translate they translate your honors translate Imperfect I was translating thou wast translating he was translating your honor was translating we were translating ye were translating they were translating your honors were translating Past Definite I translated thou didst translate he translated your honor translated we translated ye translated they translated your honors translated W > 8 1.2 cc o = H S 2 u 4> .- -2 S S .2 .2 -2 -2 .2 -2 .5 ,2 ^ .2 u a3 K Rououuuy 3333333S o '3 o .5 o~^ s'-.i Q a S |1-S|I|1|J . Sj3-5^^-S>, I ^2|jlsg| ^ gjs|l^ I I S 9?^ "a 158 HACER 1 ft" 313 '33IBUI XBUI ^f 'a^BUI Xi? 'a^Eca p[noqs uo 3 1 -i w 1 1 * IH eS A JO V2 B ^ O Q 8 W M < PAST PARTICIPL SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present that I make that thou make that he make that ybur honor make that we make that ye make that they make that your honors make r mperfect (First Form} that I should make that thou shouldst make that he should make that your honor should i OS that we should make that ye should make that they should make that your honors should nperfect (Second Form} that I made that thou made that he made that your honor made OS that we made that ye made that they made that your honors made r past participle, hecho. O 3 o -< E.2ec S w E.2ce _rt a .a ^ tr c ill -C.TX E.ce f-a s a 1111 22222222 vuvwvvv 8g5!5U5!8 4)U4)iu-VU4>U 1 H!!!"! ,y .y .y ,y .y .y .y .y 1 j a i > > > > > > | C ^ *j o e" CO CO O2 .a CO 1 w > h W J 0< W J y 1 c. 1 w s H 1 6 ffi S K S CO < - rt ri t=H H _ 5 w o o Z 1 > o H CO * t! S I 2 W - 93(Eui 01 pasn j-o i g bB 3 J ,M i o g~ o bO .B Ei S .22 "S u to make. VTIVE MOOD Present ke(do make, am makest lakes honor makes lake ake make honors make 1 1 1 ME MU .S ^ _ g-^ S ^*j5So^Pa>O jiyijii $ si 1 3 S ^ ^JlllilJ * Where the irre > S y S M| * S = " ;; Jjiiiftii 1? gsES>>i: c E 2o 4J jiS S >-H 7: ^5 > S ^7: >, JS g [NITIVE: o8 111 sbii E .2 c c .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 iiiiilll |||| fa ^ ^ > > > HACER 159 * g.2ce 5 2s 22222222 g Jt OVAjV'Ott^jB 32 |y 'u '3 !3 !y !y !u ! E * 1 Rii M c "STJ C ^p Si C rt 2-^5 jj C J='^ J3 1 o Q ^2^ ^ o^^^ 0^-S^^ -5 LE : habiend >llli 1 H g.jt^I |*-d satisfacer. tumefacerse M Bf4lli| d PARTIC "4eeeJ <; silil^ fc | ! ^ * e ake ke will mak ors Future I shall ma thou wilt he will ma your honor we shall mak ye will make they will your hono nal ( Consequen I should make thou wouldst make he would make your honor would we should make ye would make they would make our ho u-C'C uuuu 1 60 PODER s 5 ^ 3 v > i I * I I 1' ; a I 04 ^ 05 * t le a bl E i^jj-i 5 =>^^^ I ^2i|hKj llllllll 3~ a , ~ V*, a,- 2^ u- JT) T? ^32 2-T3 - h 223 3-3 b lllhllls ^2g^g "vj HH 73 J3 >, ^ >,73 X *^L 'ts'rtrtrtrs'rtlsrt p^^j:j:jj:_j2^ 22 2 2 |l 2 ^ iiShii:,-i V rill! 4- vV rtrt'rtrtfSrtl'Srt ^^s^-s-s-s-s^ fsil s E rt.e'M a i. O ^ O ~> S |_ w *'' > V. 5 * T3 > .,.J! CJ _ B, p P3 ^ i-na.a'-' - g a slS| 09 3 3 3 3 JZJS, ?? liiil dadad. oof oo OCJCJOCJ " y' ^"J -o "O ! 1 JS f - _n -i^MT 1 -. TS -^ | Ml I iilPlll hliilii .s llillisl y. J = is-s^s 1 1 sill S aaaaa eeees 000 )OUO c5c3 ^'3 162 PONER Dja 'jnd AEUI ;nd uo 'jnd p^noqs w E o 1 d< S a'? i rS e.1 II H,*J ^ > * ~ Jo r ftfl'o 22-c3 o tt o 3 ^2j|o||J ^ ^ ^ -gg s.^IS|^|l^l^| lglfilr jiSgL^ls s ljlsg.l 1 1 & .*>o^.s J3 >. i> >^~ >* *S ft 3 ffl >>? >> *- >i r ^HH7:^: >,? >>;: g S^ M a bou ! 8 i I S2 .SaSi-st!ai^ &v O Ij-MljO&SfliOVi -M s ^&i! g ge!i .- . 3 a^ 3 ^^^rt^^S^^^^^-S-cs^pH-c 33o.a i -^o.>^h PffOp 6 h"P^h/>sgo,fa'5.>>fa -1^ Is sJ I ^-I, B i s ^ i q a ^ = s ^ i ill^JM ., Q W fc > h - H s . ^.cjjo ooooooo aaaaaaa x .2 c e .2.2.2-2.2.2.2.2 llllllll dCbCtaCbC.C.CbC. o u st^^ssssa oo aaaaaaaa aa iiiii aaa&a POKER I6 3 ;nd AO I I misim c^ -CHI* ?? *5 1 ^ &&&&&&&& oooooooo 22222222 8SS8SSSS c. a o. c. c. o. o. o. IV tho ye) pon^a pon^ai *} ~ r . * . U u *J 1) > *r*r *r ^-33 ^3 W 3 > i s inn (4 & > h 58 S | -* 2 3 H & fe K cc M Ci CH C C Q ,0,0 ^ ,^ OH g a & c/} es .- .- - .= EEEEE o o o o o OOOOO Ai O.T3 D. IIM r " o a C H 5 5 | Q 2 aaaaa ooooo ooooo 88 T3T3T3 1 64 QUERER % 1 t^ .2 'pa 'IJSIAV XBUI HH i S -g g & g s 5 I IjJiflii "S| M g PH '~ ) ^52'2'5^ r! S ^Jrt'rt'rs'rt'rtrt'S'rt "<3 M | g H g ~~!T f *^ 2 OT t 1 1 "^ 3 I H 1-3 ^ ^. 3. 3. _ 3, !3. 3_ 3_ 3_ 3_ 3_ 3_ 3_ 3_ 3^3^33333^3_ S -3 rf g- MX > > > do ^ i^ i c/T O o w - p to -o I S .5 II I I tj ^ w H !" ^ ^ H w co -a w J s^ I 2 5 a g i oa s I B.I. a W H 'qsi.-A c . pasn ^^ I! E i , - J,j , S 1 o * f i 1 ^ JyittlE -^ -s l j ' ^ ^ x y *- : S2 ^.|paw.|3*>8 e Z -2 > % ^^ ) o ^o ^~.J2o^'g u o C> -S-o o'C^j^ o p ! S^|11|1l!j |pl|i"^ 51-|l||1- 8 s jjbffjl -i^li O s 01 S ^cc E.2cc ooo Z to 5cc c.i'ce O 2222 : 2 IIHIII-! r \ ' *it *S V *il *S ) 4) U U U 1> U U W - 33333333 33333333 >Z> 3" 3" 3" 3" 3" 3" 3" 3* CP O 1 3" O 1 3 1 5T O 1 O 1 O" 3" CP 3" 3" CT 3" 3" o\ 00 QUEKER 16$ . tc. tc. 1111 "S'S'i ~ 1 I 1 1-sss Itll 'S 1 v Q 1 m > 3 cr o 3 h W 3 D > O 13 > rt S rt c 2 a E p x; w^:^: "M 1 66 SABER '.\\ou3i AEUI | 1 Q . ^ 8 M o CM S X3 g u M CO s H > 3 bjO ^ S c/3 a; 2 ^ H OH <; OH fe OH 5UBJUNCT] *d* w WJ O PH TJ 3 H || 8 1 1 1 S CO 1 W I ^ CO CO 'S <3 CO ,3 w CO M a D 5 .a 1 PQ W CO 1 M 1 w CO d >-4 i^ 1 w S u s ^ H CO H tt 13 fe a. w .^ > ^ 2 ^ u X o w < *A 1 a< 1 i Q Pi HH V H > 55 8 1 O s s ill H IE v M 1 INDIC w > M 5 s > HS^ ^^^2 a T* ^ a-o 2-3-d*3 2 C 2^-3 0-33 o rj* 3 OJ= O g-Cjg ^jg-i^-s^" - we ye s the you fil tha tha tha tha tha tha tha tha * BJSeo 22222222 ' 'MOU3{ pjnoqs uo I ,ii 'S-* (%i rtrtrtrtcsrtrtrt ^S-S-S^-^^-S-S $ N Eicc > > > MOU^ oj pasn i iJI^Hlll ^-f I a^j^ll" SABER I6 7 Dj3 'gnbunv 'SEJJ -U9HU 'OpUBTlD 'lS ^ ^ o *3 C liiMi 5;J5.J?, -> 1 %l AND ^ si 000000 o f.2ee SSS 222 IRMATIVE l! fill!! o o e o o o c c c c c c ft !!!!!! X E < > > 3 R rtt< sis? ^J : w > Jt*l ' |*ll E rt.C M v J3 s CJ *S w S 3 ^ 2^ : > c e 11111111 x 1.2 e e a a a a a a a a TTTTT '"-" 11111111 > & aaaaa 168 TEASER R VERBS Sixth Class, 1 J3 r~ ri u 1 1 > 1 '-M IM r^ h 11 p=^h H K Wa P45 W 5 W W H PRESENT PARTICIPLE : teniend< "ac 3ABq 01 pasn jo < C fe 9 s 'i 3 rt g rt ' M t g ^ a ^ 2 > m 1 ^JQ ,C t/3 j; j w tf H-l u 1 ^c G (L) _C * I ler, to have. DICATIVE Present I have (do h thou hast he has your honor 1 lit 1 1^1 your honors a 1 8sltM>>t ^111 li III ^' [^* I z M ^-( *" H a -*-> 8 w H o w &8 El II o S.2S 8-Ss 4)-^ /Vnen E.2 e n 2-2.2.2.5-2.2 cccceccc O a V O V O O V CJ 1 1 Z g *- *- 9* > >> H g ? (U '? J s l!lillll ii||i|ilsiJ rl^lllllll ( * c e 5 ii * oo|.2.i IIIIIIII E.2ce cccceccc ,2,2 ^^^j > i TENER 169 1 1 c> lljllll. I yip IT" a a a h ~ S u _ < & w PH JJ S ti a S a -sSS n fffifili eeceeeee vuvuuuuu aaaaa EE E E OOOCJO I/O TRAER '3)3 'Suuq XEUI 'Suuq pjnoqs o ICIPLE . traido, bro bO H H 'C 'C ^2 ^ t* - T3 * -C W .S 2 MI'S M ^ i i ? 4U!rJ! ? 1 J 1 = M M ^i Iligiiail ^IfsUfi s i|J{|Jl ^i^jj|j ^ ^i2|j g i i S ^ 1 Illlllll I2I1011I 1 Illlllll ts P4 M * ? "^ S ty .ty 4) 1) 'S .S 22222222 a 1 s 1 a* a 1 a 1 ''' e^ ^ > a 1 s 1 ^ ^ es 1 CO Q H 1 > i >- > ^ ^ & 2 rt S PQ P$ CO w o ^ ^ ^ >^ S2 S ,55 P* W CO e 4> J ^ d > W 2 U H | ! M W i w u co etf M cu J &, 1 1 1 fe g CO ARTICI t w 1 fe o a< H Suuq 01 pasn ^^ .s 1 > S H Z W -n 1 & ? O 1 'B c * h3 "c p OH : ^ - 1 ^ u |l^ ' ^ .s y s a c CN ON M i I g 1 a s | L.ri | 1 I, 1 2 ?||!f||| . | | J S3 lfl|iltli Illlllli! liiUffli EH 3 ^J2 .S JS 'C -S ^ ^5 ^^^^4=4)^^^= N S-0 0^= 2 O^J= S^SKII-SII t ? ililli ^i^i-ii U i-* -5 J3 >, & >."S > HH 75 J3 >> ? >> *5 >> (^ M >. >> >. M S s S-sgc ^ i i H sswasasrt 33aa3333 ea~ c ^' a"' s'' fl' cs 1 ea"' s 1 g > i > i > i TRAER 'Suuq \\vys *o ;qSnoaq -to g ring ldst bri bring should ring ing bring bri br ld rs IIFIF JT3 OT3 o -a 5"= ^-_C 3 'III II 111 lllllilll ' ^ ^ ** . O U U U ^ w w w llfl I gill I ^^S "g !H1 1 ijn ] ^^ MJ j^ ^3 -d ^ % -e ^1^^ " g-Sj 1 55 2 O IS H g & g 2 S- 2 & CO H fe M O) M ^ OH Q ^ 1 8 :; s Illl I 5 [3 S-M^-M a . JJ 2 .2 "I a** 11111" II i! o\ d*: c S * 2 cg30 ^ 2 a,,5,5fco | 2*; -T -T ?S w^ E E o o uuouo EE o o 172 VENIR auioo ABUI a g d S o ^3 c W) *j A ^ w PC E 2 3 -?iIlil|i- I ?s o-o u i. u 8-a S2 k i siiHiii ^ 3 w ^ 6 3 5 ~83rr: ^ la-Sh'S-S^S ~ > S .C O j{ ;S 2 j2 (- 1 Si -H'5^: >. ByS >. '<. 1-1-4= >, >.-s >. II II II 'fsrtrtrtrsrtrtrt "" ' rtmfBrt^SSS ' ^ fS^^iSjS^SS ^ ^ 1 2222222 E.2ec - ^ *XO (XC N; b<) Sj; ^ cecccce .ceecccee w S o 1 I CO o w g 1 W 5 s a CO S w tf s p w 9 O H O O u S S| S M > > w ^ 5 s 6 s siuoo 01 pasn i 596 E g g E/i cc -2.2.2.2.2.2 ceecccee uu ll.II .S B VENIR 173 174 ASIR 2 3 w ^ > 1 W ffi H PH H w s , C/2 'So <: O PH 1 g, h-i tD O 8 rt W p S a E, g < o W > 5 o SJ 1 H-l p 8- H ^* "S fi< t i "^ C S d, ^ ' O ^ M O N { w ^ 2 S MO " o u j g I-H73 X oj pasn S *V) V 4) 9 99 9 s i tn c e a a a a a a > " E.2 c B -2.2.2.2.2.2 C tfi 1 "33 '33 '33 ' _ASIR p ould sp p asp Ill-til* 1 vg&S&Bae tn c .1' c c 2222222 illiliil ,00000 Mi ft!! 2 MW)^- f-gsg It-sj IS-e- nil KK Q *l*s ^i^^ -s s mi | w ** > o 6 J J_ 4J 'S U ^ ^o el 1 2 8 2 o E E aaaao. ESSES o o o o o OOUOO S J &! I atg-l I l|S,s. So So i > Ece 03 03 03 03 08 03 S .2 e e --2 -2 -2 ---2 '35 "Z 'S ' "5 '3i '33 '33 0303030808C3QJ03 > ^ .ice III 03(30303(3030303 .2 .2 -2 .2 .2 .2 -2 .2 6 .a G I l^Jil! C.C.C.C.D. EEEEE o o o o o 00000 176 CAER l[e| AEUI jKf |lJJ -*c/ [[ej piiiui^o -K b Ed o' - | | , 16 (see cfTi oq 3 G "*" S2 ** IS'S'** "^^-o S2 T S o o ^''"'sTsg^'c'Se'-'* _ 2 1 S O s ^ = ^^ 3 -fix of-l-fl S J 5 J g H _ Aj U w i!llll!li lijltllil lllllslll i O S 1 g 11111131 ~ 111112.21 2-5||J|||| * I H-f S SUBJUN i t ges i to y, ^^ PH 0^0 s *-w r-y- E.S2 n c E.2 c c _^ g p SS*nc aesSacsesedoj wwu > S * w s * S ^^ o a a, 5 2 s g 1 1 S .a 9 W h 3 2 S 3 w _- z o! s s a ' to HH * H DQ 3 f^ Q^ r" 1 CL, 1 H | .5 CO c g JlBj oj pasn M> i g KH H ? .5 bO ^ 1 O ^^ O q E be ^ W) w g CM ^J o t! ^^ 1 ' A o * ^ ^3 tun ^ c k^3 ^ ^^ 'aj j NH ^ 13 ^ *2 "w ^3 .s^s^3 u3 > 2 *ij 0) 8 IT) 1 :CATIVE ^ S o o > ^ t^'5 0*213 >>>>>>>x>>>>>> uuuuuuuu 11 35 cc *\* llflll l> u u u u u SS -0 -0 3 m e ^ S =i/h=ll I: j a | ss l .8 w -5^: W ^> ^ -Z: 53 iMll i2 -s ^ 35 rira aaaao. EE E S o o o o o OOOOO .73 DAR * 1 a 1 M o I s I I O W & H S o g P w PJ ^ CH O I ( g "* S * s ' s HH \j *9AiS o; pssn |g.p;S^ S 'So e nors fll HH ^j 0) OJU ^ ^N * 6 S ^ ig-js'* 5 O ^6^: D 5 g *> S >T: ^ 8 ff It** til ~ ^ sj 10 S S: S>s s ^ ^ = abSa>,h P 5 & J 8 g 1.11 ' c8 CB as es ea k JiI88'f H -5 >. ? ^ U O 'oS pjnoqs ^o Q VC " * 2 ? | -i tf & 1 oT 3 ST PARTICIPLE: a a a 8 1 I S oo oo ^ "K O"M o W)" 3 ? o^w^wSj-oiS g Mp-a 'T3'^ ^ l2f!iilii ^ I-IT:^: >>? ^'S >, ^IIIIIIU i 1 ! S c L cl lii! ^liiiliU 3 > 5 3 "S u 1 O PH pq f | b P || CO t* | ^ 3 3 H 1 S, g H- 1 littl! 1.2 e o 22222222 E .22 e e inted in ita g~ w fee .S > ^ > -i > > a, rt tf ^ CO 3 | W CO o o e 1 3 3 "| H g * 1 } 15* w ^ > i 5 o.sj OH U i c 1 2 h f i i 1 o 5 HH S 1' ^ PH of > ^. ^J H t 3 oT O W jj .J5 5 d rt o o * oS oj pasn ^o 1 S M u ^ M> M * 3 "c _c .5 1 3 . 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H ^ | o o o o o o c c ec e e r-a-s-ja - g ^2^2 1 ^g-^Sg |S 2552 Illll E-l S^ tfc Q O a is V J)^^ M _ BL, i 2 I $ o**ils*M S-il** 1 = ? l-cjp^- (First Form*) that I should lie that thou shouldst li that he should lie that your honor sho that we should lie that ye should lie that they should lie that your honors sho 2222222 U;-UUDU '3 '3 'o 'o '3 '3 ZI 51 SIS 51 '''' .a 3 > "a > "* YACER 193 ^ L.eiiiiiiis* Pf)0pj)40p5.^ 4>-4)UO}4> t-aj u h h -is '5 '3*3 '3 '5*3 "3 "3 222 2 2f3-3 ^ . 1 J P OOOOOOOO n Dia 'anbuns 'SBJJ -uaitu 'opuEno 'is * rf s 5? " sj ssasslll | .-.- ^ >, ^ : . H X* *^ g V W3 O |-. e< S S 1? 0) s ^^ ^ '*1 TJ i i <~v ^ 1 ( Consequent ^ | .a > ^l^ll ,S 3 ^ hT5 ^ x u 2ljsluli ace or yaz aced ^ >>>> 194 TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS persons singular ; third person plu hird persons singular ; third pen the forms derived from present s ons plural. Past definite third p : subjunctives. :lass. ;sponding part of the second class i a persons plural. ngular, instead of on the ending.. l S-a 1 ^ 1 "S -S ^R S, first class. 1 1^ 1 si Zo 11 singular. :. present sul ind second on plural. "a rt _rt 1 CLASSES OF IRREGULAR FIRST CLASS f Present indicative, first, seconc hen the stem is 1 Prese ^ t subjunctive, first, sec tonic, viz., in: 1 l m perarive, second person sin 1, junctive. SECOND CLASS .S '1 S 3, T3 1 rt 0) hen the stem is ") Present subjunctive first and i onic and is fol- I son singular and plural, wed by a, ie, io, [ Imperative first person plural, z., in : } Present participle. Future sul THIRD CLASS the stem is tonic, viz., in the above-mentioned pla< the stem is atonic and is followed by a, z>, io, viz. FOURTH CLASS v^rl hw x, ( Present indicative first person i ved by a or o , p re sent subjunctive throughoul ( Imperative forms derived from FIFTH CLASS I'hen the stem is ( Present indicative, except first ; em is followed j Present subjunctive throughoul ( Imperative, except second pers C 'eSy f J S I Srde'SSper.on s, ngl endings te, to I Imperfect sub junctives. [ Future subjunctive. SIXTH CLASS on the stem in past definite tense, first and thirc SEVENTH CLASS W rt^'> c P o " 3P W / A ^ N v ' II 3 Wjj .. 'j= c 1 - O i_! H .2.233.2 .23 .- 3 t ''i'^"r ||o gs J'B II II II II II II II II II Ti'ii OJ ,' o P.ft . to o o o 4) O 0) r r "C N 1 ".2 "a C *" PQ i- 5 s Bj 6. L - C C *"" 3 i So - '2 tn I" C/2 > - i- C^C^ 1 O- 5? 'u bfi *> u ^ 2 313 MS 3 J , fc^ 1 nil V u o 1 i i i iT ^ : ^ i i i * u J 'H \ U U l- U / u u u 2 5 : ^ * I s CO c DEFECTIVE VERBS 195 DEFECTIVE VERBS 205. Defective verbs are those which are wanting in some of the persons or tenses. This defect may be due to various rea- sons, principally, however, to the fact that their meaning for- bids their use in certain tenses or persons, or that their structure renders their conjugation difficult or harsh to the Spanish ear. 1. Where defective on account of form, a verb in one lan- guage will not be found to be correspondingly defective in another ; and in the same language usually other verbs will be found to supply the missing parts. Thus can and must are defective in English, but not in French and Spanish, where the corresponding verbs are pouvoir and devoir in French, and poder and deber in Spanish ; and in English, to supply the missing parts of can, we employ " to be able," and for the missing parts of must we use "to be obliged to." So in Span- ish garantir will be found defective and the missing parts sup- plied by garantizar. (See p. 197.) Sometimes verbs are defective through an inexplicable regard for euphony ; loo and roo (from loar and roer) are avoided, but there is no hesitation about using the nouns molio, azamboo. 2, When defective on account of meaning, a verb will invari- ably be found correspondingly defective in all languages ; for, if one cannot say, ordinarily,"! am born," "I graze," "I bark," etc., in English, neither is it possible in French or Span- ish ; and as it may be possible in narration in English to say " I am born," or in fables, "I graze," " I bark," so it is possible in other languages. Impersonal verbs are not considered defective, because their literal meaning prevents their employment other than in the third person singular. There are ten verbs of the third conjugation that are used only in the future indicative, or when the inflectional endings consist of or begin with i. The conjugation of one of them, abolir, will serve as a model for the other nine. 196 ABOLIR 3 rt O "o 3 abolish 1 1 J 8 ^ - 2 J3 - S 2 1 ^ ABOLISH ARTICIPLE: Q 8 W ts > a ^ Form} I should abolish thou shouldst ab he should abolis] your honor shou we should abolis ye should abolis] they should abol your honors shov ond Form} I abolished thou abolished he abolished your honor aboli we abolished ye abolished they abolished your honors abol jS a "o - 1 xl iillilll 2 ~ PH H 51 iSI JS .C 13 3 3 J3 .J3 .C *> *- rt rt 5 $J ^"^ ^s 'a "rt 5 111 1 - Illl llln w ^ f 5s ^ II 2 p 1 "^ o;a 'qSnoq; PQ ? j^> \v 'ajiqM. 'uaqAV 'jt ft^ s ^ 5 CO s O *"> w to o h-3 8 1 ."3 i Is 1 V .u2 .2 :2 .2 2 2 % 4) ill 8 8 1 i .2 U 8!'S ^ 3 rt 1 1 J .,2 C9 6tf Cd cd CQ 1 II* HI 11111111 PP w 4 ^ > - W 2 c .2 p ^ > > > > w o 'anhrrnp ( SBa;u3iiu 'opunno 'is d< H qsijoqB oj pasn 40 H O M C/3 M PH 2 J3 j- *s u alir, to abolish. ATIVE MOOD Present we abolish ye abolish |J|-*|1 1 H1i?l g -S .s^^||j^g| ^ j ^lllfell-Ss^^lil C^o-wjaOrtTjjuo ^D-W^O , g hay a abolido ) hubiera aboli hubiese aboli hubiere aboli hubiera or hi abolido, et< (like servir); en IN c 1 .; > CO w If e C 4? -2 rl s s s 000 S S 1 1 CO 2 Q Ss i | a ^M ~* 08 '5 1 c e a ^ H ^D I III c ; E ll 2 2 2 4) 4) 222 V >4> 4) 2 2 4) 4> < i P PH d d d d d i 111 111 11 Q "* c D O rt. 8 mi o o o o E o o *. ^ NN ' ! > ^ 2 M JS "** "O w '^> js 1? 'M - 1 1 1 * I <2 | Ii i : i 1 rt rf-i 3 Sill 1 1 ^ 1 JS .S 1 i 1 | i j; o o lisT? ^ j? -o -* rt J2 "- JS rt ^s 1 2 3 a o despav embair 1 ,C Q *j 1 1^-S i| 3 d 1 Q g > 13 S rt JS J -S "S O ,a Wl 1 .2 oi a III il^ fe"^ o o 3 s i 03 1 w J < w 1 3 ?2 1 = 1 2 D your honi we shoul< ye would a c O o J3 S 1 a w ICATIV !|il =iii O o 1 1 t-T 2 i * H Q i:-" 4) M s ^ ^ o S ^ i ii ^ a S u "C 'C E * e e CB a 'C 'C 1 5 1 ?! o .h ill 08 08 08 111 11 fl as Q < u Q a be 09 D U II t> a, CU w ** c *" > 2 S E 08 3 Pi ii Pi f T i O S d d d d d o E S E E E U O O O O O O O 198 DEFECTIVE VERBS Aplacer, to please, is seldom used, except in the infinitive and in the third person singular and plural of the present and imperfect indicative : Present indicative, aplace, aplacen. Imperfect indicative, aplacia, aplacian. Proverb : Todo lo nuevo aplace. Ataner, to appertain, on account of its meaning can be employed only in the third persons. It is used principally in the infinitive and in the third person singular and plural of the present and im- perfect indicative : Present indicative, atane, atanen. Imperfect indicative, atania, atanian. Balbucir, to stammer, is not used in the persons and numbers where the irregular verbs of the fourth class take z before c ; viz., when c is followed by a or o (see 159). This verb is, however, used more ordinarily with the termination ear balbucear. Concernir, to concern, on account of its meaning can be employed only in the present participle and in the third persons. It is sel- dom used, except as follows : Present indicative, concierne, conciernen. Present subjunctive, concierna, conciernan. Imperfect indicative, concernia, concernian. Corroer, to corrode, has, Present indicative, corree, corroen. Present subjunctive, corroa, corroan. Nacer, to be born, on account of its meaning can hardly be used in the first person singular present indicative, nor in the second person singular of the imperative. Still, Alvarez de Cienfuegos writes : "Rosas, naced" and the Spanish Academy says this is an expression that could just as well have been used in the singular. Pacer, to graze, is not used in the persons and numbers where irregular verbs of the fourth class take z before c ; viz., when c is followed by a or o (see 159). Placer, to please (impersonal verb), is seldom used except in excla- mations, e. g., plegue a Dies, God Grant ; pluguiera a Dios, would to God ! Otherwise its place is usually taken by querer, gustar, parecer, to please. It is conjugated as follows, preference being given to the stem plug: DEFECTIVE VERBS 199 Placer, placiendo, placido. Indicative Mood Subjunctive Mood Present, place. Present, plegue (plazca) . Imperfect, placia. Imp., i st form, pluguiera (placiera) . Past definite, plugo (placio}. Imp., 2d form, pluguiese (placiese). Future, placere. Future, pluguiere (placiere). Conditional, placeria. Cond. pluguiera or pluguiese (pla- ciera or placiese} . Imperative Mood Plegue (pie go} The compounds of placer : complacer, to humor ; desplacer, to dis- please, both active verbs, are conjugated throughout like the irregular verbs of the fourth class (see 159). Raer, to erase, is seldom used, its place being usually taken by borrar or rayar. Raer has the two stems raig- or ray- before a strong vowel ; raig- is preferable. Raer, when it occurs, should there- fore be conjugated like the irregular verb caer, p. 176. Reponer, when meaning ' to reply,' is, with rare exceptions, used only in the past definite of the indicative . Repuse, I replied. Repusimos, we replied. Repusiste, thou didst reply. Repusisteis, ye replied. Repuso, he replied. Repusieron, they replied. V. Repuso, your honor replied. VV. Repusieron, your honors replied. Roer, to gnaw, has the following forms, of which roo, roa are prefer- able : Present Indicative Roo Roigo, Royo roes roe V. roe roemos roeis roen W. roen Soler, to be accustomed to, is used principally in the present and imperfect indicative ; and also sometimes in the present sub- junctive. Present Subjunctive roa roiga roya roas roigas royas V. roa roa roiga V. roiga roya V. roya roamos roais roigamos roigdis royamos roydis VV. roan roan roigan VV. roigan royan VV. royan 2OO IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES Present Indicative Imperfect Indicative Present Subjunctive suelo solia suela sueles solias sue/as suele solia suela V. suele V. solia V. suela solemos soliamos solamos soleis soliais solais suelen solian suelan VV. suelen VV. solian VV. suelan Usucapir, to acquire by right of possession, is used only in the in- finitive. IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES 207. i. Past participles that do not end in ado or ido are irregular. 2. The following regular verbs and their compounds have irregular past participles : Abrir, to open abierto Cubrir, to cover cubierto Escribir* to write escrito Imprimir, to print impreso 3. The following irregular verbs and their compounds have irregular past participles : Decir, to tell, to say die ho (bendecir, maldecir, regular) Hacer, to do, to make hecho- Mortr, to die muerto Poner, to put, to place puesto Solver, to loosen suelto Ver, to see visto Volver, to return vuelto 4. There are a number of verbs that have two past par- ticiples, one regular, the other irregular. The regular par- ticiple is always used to form the compound tenses, except in the verbs freir, prender, proveer, romper, whose irregular * Inscribir and proscribir also have inscripto and proscripto. IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES 201 past participles, frito, preso, provisto and roto, may be used inter- changeably with the regular forms to make the compound tenses ; so that ha fretdo and ha frito are equally correct. 5. With the exception of the four above-mentioned verbs, the irregular past participles are used only as adjectives : agua bendita ; estci bendita ; but ha sido bendecido. Verbs. Abstraer, to abstract Afligir, to afflict Ahitar, to surfeit A tender, to heed Bendecir, to bless Bienquerer, to esteem Circuncidar, to circumcise Compeler, to compel Comprender, to comprehen Comprimir, to compress Concluir, to conclude Confesar, to confess Confundir, to confuse Consumir, to consume Contundir, to contuse Convencer, to convince Convertir, to convert Corregir, to correct Corromper, to corrupt Despertar, to awake Difundir, to diffuse Dividir, to divide Elegir, to elect Enjugar, to wipe Excluir, to exclude Eximir, to exempt Expeler, to expel Expresar, to express Extender, to extend Extinguir, to extinguish Fijar, to fix Regular Past Partic. Irreg Past Partic. abstraido abstracto afligido ahitado aflicto ahito atendido atento bendecido bendito bienquerido circuncidado bienquisto circunciso compelido / comprendido comprimido concluido compulso comprenso compreso concluso confesado confeso confundido confuso consumido consunto contundido contuse convencido convicto convertido converse corregido corrompido despertado difundido correcto corrupto despierto difuso diyidido diviso elegido enjugado excluido electo enjuto excluso eximido exento expelido expresado extendido expulso expreso extenso extinguido fijado extinto fijo 202 IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES Verbs. Freir, to fry Hartar, to satiate Incluir, to include Incurrir, to incur Infundir, to infuse Ingerir, to ingraft Injertar, to ingraft Insertar, to insert Invertir, to invert Juntar, to join Maldecir, to curse Manifestar, to manifest Marchitar, to fade Malquerer, to abhor Nacer, to be born Omitir, to omit Oprimir, to oppress Pasar, to pass Poseer, to possess Prender, to take Presumir, to presume Pretender, to claim Propender, to incline Pro veer, to provide Recluir, to seclude Romper, to break Salpresar, to season Salvar, to save Sepultar, to bury Soltar, to loosen Sujetar, to subdue Suprimir, to suppress Suspender, to suspend Sustituir, to substitute Tenir, to tinge Torcer, to twist Regular Past Partic. Irreg. Past Partic freido frito hartado harto incluido incluso incurrido incurso infundido infuso ingerido ingerto injertado injerto insertado inserto invertido inverso juntado junto maldecido maldito manifestado manifiesto marchitado marchito malquerido malquisto nacido nato omitido omiso oprimido opreso pasado paso poseldo poseso prendido preso presumido presunto pretendido pretense propendido propenso proveido provisto recluido recluso rompido roto salpresado salpreso salvado salvo sepultado sepulto soltado suelto sujetado sujeto suprimido supreso suspendido suspense sustituido sustituto tenido tinto torcido tuerto INDEX The figures indicate the page of the text. A Aliquebrar, no. Atestar, no. Almorzar, ill. Atestiguar, 47. Abastecer, 142. Alongar, in. Atraer, 171. Abnegar, no. Amanecer, 98, IO3> 142. Atravesar, no. Abogar, 45. Amoblar, ill. Atribuir, 69, 107, 146. Abolir, 196. Amolar, in. Atronar, ill. Aborrecer, 142. Amollecer, 142. Avalentar, no. Abrazarse, 91. Amorecer, 142. Avanecerse, 142. Abrir, 200. Amortecerse, 142. Avenir, 173. Absolver, 1 21. Amortiguar, 47. Aventar, no. Absonar, in. Amover, 121. Avergonzar, III. Abstenerse, 87, 169. Andar, 107, 150. Averiguar, 46. Absterger, 55. Anochecer, 98, 103, 142. Azolar, in. Abstraer, 171, 201. Antecoger, 55. Abunolar, in. Antedecir, 155. jj Acaecer, 98, 142. Anteponer, 163. Acertar, no. Ant ever, 191. Balbucir, 198. Aclocar, in. Antiguar, 47. Bastar, 98. Acoger, 55. Apacentar, no. Bendecir, 155, 201. Acollar, in. Apaciguar, 47. Bienquerer, 165, 201. Acontecer, 98, 142. Aparecer, 142. Blanquecer, 142. Acordar, ill. Apernar, no. Bregar, no. Acornar, ill. Apercollar, ill. Brunir, 64. Acostar, in. Apetecer, 142. Bullir, 63. Acrecentar, no. Aplacer, 198. Acrecer, 142. Aplicar, 43. p Adecentar, no. Apostar, in. \-/ Adestrar, no. Apretar, no. Caber, 107, 152. Adherir, 129. -ar, 14, 22, 24. Caer, 107, 176. Adolecer, 142. Aprobar, in. Calentar, no. Adormecer, 142. Argiiir, 69, 107, 148. Calzar, 49. Adormir, 135. Arrecirse, 197. Cambiar, 71, note. Adquirir, 132. Arrendar, no. Canecer, 142. Aducir, 157. Arrepentirse, 87, 129. -car, 40, 42. Advertir, 129. Ascender, 119. Carecer, 142. Afligir, 57, 201. Asentar, no. Cargar, 45. Afollar, in. Asentir, 129. Cegar, no. Aforar, in. Aserrar, no. Cenir, 137. Agorar, ill. Asir, 107, 174. cer, 41. Agradecer, 142. Asolar, III. Cerner, 119, 127. Aguar, 47. Asoldar, in. Cerrar, no. Aguerrir, 19. Asonar, ill. Cimentar, no. Ahitar, 201. Asosegar, no. -cir, 41, 52. Ahogar, 45. Ataner, 67, 198. Circuir, 147. Alborear, 98. Atender, 119, 201. Circuncidar, 201. Alcanzar, 49. Atenerse, 169. Clarecer, 142. Alebrarse, no. Atentar, no. Clocar, in. Alegrarse, 86, 88, 89. Aterirse, 197. Cocer, 124, 141. Alentar, no. Aterrar, no. Coger, 54. 203 204 INDEX Colar, in. Colegir, 57, 137. Colgar, in. Comedir, 137. Comentar, no. Comenzar, no. Comer, 36. Compadecer, 142. Cornparecer, 142. Compeler, 201. Compensar, 109. Competir, 137. Complacer, 142. Componer, 163. Comprender, 201. Comprimir, 201. Comprobar, in. Concebir, 137. Concerner, 127. Concernir, 127, 198. Concertar, no. Concluir, 147, 201. Concordar, in. Condescender, 119. Condistinguir, 61. Condolerse, 121. Conducir, 157. Conferir, 129. Confesar, no, 201. Confiar, 71. Confluir, 147. Confundir, 201. Conmover, 121. Conocer, 106, 140. Conseguir, 137. Consentir, 129. Consolar, in. Consonar, in. Constar, 98. Constituir, 147. Constrenir, 137. Construir, 147. Consumir, 201. Contar, in. Contener, 169. Contentar, no. Contenter, 119. Continuar, 70. Contorcerse, 1 21. Contracordar, in. Contradecir, 155. Contraer, 171. Contrahacer, 159. Contraponer, 163. Contravenir, 173. Contribuir, 147. Controvertir, 129. Contundir, 201. Convalecer, 142. Convencer, 201. Convenir, 98, 173. Convertir, 129, 201. Corregir, 57, 137, 201. Corroer, 198. Corromper, 20 1. Costar, in. Crecer, 142. Creer, 68. Criar, 71. Cubrir, 200. D Bar, 107, 178. Decaer, 177. Decentar, no. Decir, 107, 141, 154, 200. Decrecer, 142. Dedicar, 43. Deducir, 157. Defenecer, 142. Defender, 119. Deferir, 129. Degollar, ill. Delinquir, 58. Dementar, no. Demoler, 121. Demostrar, ill. Denegar, no. Denegrecer, 142. Denostar, in. Dentar, no. Deponer, 163. Derrenegar, iio. Derrengar, no. Derretir, 137. Derrocar, in. Derruir, 147. Desabastecer, 142. Desacertar, no. Desacollar, ill. Desacordar, in. Desadormecer, 142. Desadvertir, 129. Desaferrar, no. Desaforar, in. Desagradecer, 142. Desalentar, no. Desamoblar, ill. Desandar, 151. Desaparecer, 142. Desapretar, iio. Desaprobar, ill. Desarrendar, no. Desasentar, no. Desasir, 175. Desasosegar, no. Desatender, 119. Desatentar, no. Desaterrar, no. Desatraer, 171. Desatravesar, no. Desavenir, 173. Desaventar, no. Desbastecer, 142. Desbravecer, 142. Descabezar, 49. Descaecer, 142. Descender, 119. Descenir, 137. Descolgar, in. Descollar, in. Descomedirse, 137. Descomponer, 163. Desconcertar, iio. Desconocer, 142. Desconsentir, 129. Desconsolar, in. Descontar, in. Desconvenir, 173. Descordar, in. Descornar, in. Descrecer, 142. Desdar, 179. Desdecir, 155. Desdentar, no. Deserqbebecerse, 142. Desembellecer, 142. Desembravecer, 142. Desempedrar, 1 10. Desempobrecer, 142. Desencarecer, 142. Desencerrar, no. Desencordar, in. Desencrudecer, 142. Desencruelecer, 142. Desenfurecerse, 142. Desengrosar, in. Desenmohecer, 142. Desenmudecer, 142. Desensoberbecer, 142. Desentenderse, 119. Desenterrar, no. Desentorpecer, 142. Desentristecer, 142. Desentumecer, 142. Desenvolver, 121. Deservir, 137. Desfallecer, 142. Desfavorecer, 142. Desferrar, no. Desflaquecerse, 142. Desflocar, ill. Desflorecer, 142. Desfortalecer, 142. Desgobernar, no. Desguarnecer, 142. INDEX. 205 Deshacer, 159. Deshelar, 98, 1 10. Desherbar, no. Desherrar, no. Deshombrecerse, 142. Deshumedecer, 142. Desimponer, 163. Desinvernar, no. Desleir, 139. Deslendrar, no. Deslucir, 145. Desmajolar, in. Desmarrirse, 197. Desmedirse, 137. Desmelar, 1 10. Desmembrar, no. Desmenguar, 47. Desmentir, 129. Desmerecer, 142. Desmullir, 63. Desnegar, no. Desnevar, 1 10. Desobedecer, 142. Desobstruir, 147. Desoir, 185. Desolar, in. Desoldar, in. Desollar, in. Desosar, in, 123. Desovar, in, 123. Desparecer, 142. Despavorir, 197. Despedir, 137. Despedrar, no. Desperecer, 142. Despernar, no. Despertar, no, 201. Despezar, no. Desplacer, 142. Desplegar, no. Despoblar, in. Desproveer, 69. Destentar, no. Destenir, 137. Desterrar, no. Destituir, 147. Destorcer, 51, 121. Destrizar, 49. Destrocar, ill. Destruir, 147. Desuncir, 53. Desvanecer, 142. Desventar, no. Desverdecer, 142. Desvergonzarse, in. Desvolver, 121. Detener, 169. Detentar, no. Detraer, 171. Devolver, 121. Dezmar, Iio. Diferir, 129. Difluir, 147. Difundir, 201. Digerir, 129. Diluir, 147. Dirigir, 56. Discerner, 119, 127, Discernir, 126. Disconvenir, 173. Discordar, in. Disentir, 129. Disminuir, 147. Disolver, 121. Disonar, ill. Dispertar, no. Displacer, 142. Disponer, 163. Distender, 119. Distinguir, 60. Distraer, 171. Distribuir, 147. Divertir, 129. Dividir, 201. Dolar, ill. Doler, 121. Dormir, 135. Ducir, 157. Educir, 157. -eer, 41, 68. Efectuar, 71. Ele g ir i.i7.?. * 3 7 2 ,p i. Embair, 197." Embarbecer, 142. Embarcar, 43. Embastecer, 142. Embebecer, 142. Embellecer, 142. Embermejecer, 142. Embestir, 137. Emblandecer, 142. Emblanquecer, 142. Embobecer, 142. Embosquecer, 142. Embravecer, 142. Embrutecer, 142. Emparentar, 1 10. Empecer, 141. Empedernir, 197. Empedrar, iio. Empellar, no. Empequenecer, 142. Empezar, iio. Emplastecer, 142. Emplumecer, 142. Empobrecer, 142. Empodrecer, 142. Empoltronecerse, 142. Emporcar, 1 1 1 . Enaltecer, 142. Enardecer, 142. Encabellecerse, 142. Encalvecer, 142. Encallecer, 142. Encandecer, 142. Encanecer, 142. Encarecer, 142. Encarnecer, 142. Encender, 119. Encentar, no. Encerrar, no. Enclocar, in. Encloquecer, 142. Encomendar, no. Encontrar, in. Encorar, in. Encordar, in. Encorecer, 142. Encornar, in. Encovar, in. Encrudeeer, 142. Encfuelecer, 142. Encubertar, no. Endentar, no. Endentecer, 142. Endurecer, 142. Enfierecerse, 142. Enflaquecer, 142. Enfranquecer, 142. Enfurecer, 142. Engorar, III. Engrandecer, 142. Engrei'r, 139. Engrosar, ill. Engrumecerse, 142. Engullir, 63. Enhambrecer, 142. Enhambrentar, no. Enhestar, no. Enjugar, 201. Enlazar, 49. .. Enlenzar, iio. Enloquecer, 142. Enlucir, 145. Enllentecer, 142. Enmagrecer, 142. Enmalecer, 142. Enmarillecerse, 142. Enmelar, 1 10. Enmendar, no. Enmohecer, 142. Enmollecer, 142. Enmudeoer, 142. Ennegrecer, 142. 206 INDEX. Ennoblecer, 142. Ennudecer, 142. Enorgullecer, 142. Enrarecer, 142. Enriquecer, 142. Enrobustecer, 142. Enrodar, in. Enrojecer, 142. Enroquecer, 142. Enronecer, 142. Enruinecerse, 142. Ensalmorar, in. Ensandecer, 142. Ensangrentar, 1 10. Ensoberbecer, 142. Ensofiar, in. Ensordecer, 142. Entallecer, 142. Entender, 119. Entenebrecer, 142. Enternecer, 142. Enterrar, no. Entigrecerse, 142. Entontecerse, 142. Entorpecer, 142. Entorlar, in. Entredecir, 155. Entregar, 45. Entregerir, 129. Entrelucir, 145. Entremorir, 135. Entreoir, 185. Entreparecerse, 142. Entrepernar, no. Entreponer, 163. Entretener, 169. Entrever, 191. Entristecer, 142. Entullecer, 142. Entumecer, 143. Envejecer, 143. Enverdecer, 143. Envestir, 137. Enviar, 71. Envilecer, 143. Envolver, 121. Enzurdecer, 143. -er, 14, 22, 36. Equivaler, 189. Erigir, 57. Erguir, 130. Errar, 112. Escandecer, 143. Escarmentar, no. Escarnecer, 143. Esclarecer, 143. Escocer, 125, 141. Escoger, 55. Escolar, m. Escribir, 200. -guar, 40, 46. Esforzar, in. Guanir, 65. Esparcir, 52. Guarecer, 143. Establecer, 143. Guarnecer, 143. Estar, 72, 93, 98, 107. Guiar, 71. Estar comiendo, 74. -guir, 41, 60. Estatuir, 147. -giiir, 148. Estregar, no. Estremecer, 143. Estrenir, 137. Estudiar, 71, note. Haber, 20, 98, 99, 107, 169. Evanecer, 143. Hablar, 24, 28, 30, 32, 34. Exceptuar, 71. Hacendar, no. Excluir, 147, 201. Hacer, 98, 107, 141, 158, Exigir, 57. 200. Eximir, 201. I Tartar, 202. Expedir, 137. Heder, 119. Expeler, 201. Helar, 98, no. Expiar, 71. Henchir, 41, 67, 137. Exponer, 163. Hender, 119. Expresar, 201. Henir, 137. Extender, 119, 201. Herbar, no. Extinguir, 61, 201. Herbecer, 143. Extraer, 171. Herir, 129. Herrar, no. F- Hervir, 124, 129. Holgar, in. Fabricar, 43. Hollar, in. Fallecer, 143. Huir, 147. Favorecer, 143. Humedecer, 143. Fenecer, 143. Ferrar, no. Fijar, 201. I Florecer, 143. -iar, 41. Fluir, 147. Imbuir, 147. Foliar, in. Impedir, 137. Fortalecer, 143. Imponer, 163. Fortificar, 43. Importar, 98. Forzar, in. Imprimir, 200. Fraguar, 47. Improbar, ill. Fregar, no. Incensar, no. Frei'r, 139, 200, 202. Incluir, 147, 202. Fruncir, 53. Incurrir, 202. Indisponer, 163. Inducir, 157. Inferir, 129. Qanzuar, 71. Infernar, no. Ganir. 65. Influir, 147. -gar, 40, 44. Infundir, 202. Garantir, 197. Ingerir, 129, 202. Gemecer, 143. Inhestar, no. Gemir, 137. Injertar, 202. -ger, 41, 54. Inquirir, 133. -gir, 41, 56. Inseguir, 137. Gobernar, no. Inscribir, 200. Gozar, 49. Insertar, 202. Granizar, 98, 100. Instituir, 147. Gruir, 147. Instruir, 147. Grunir, 65, Intentar, no. INDEX 207 Interdecir, 155. Mentir, 129. Interponer, 163. Merecer, 143. Intervenir, 173. Merendar, no. Introducir, 157. Moblar, ill. Invernar, 1 10. Mohecer, 143. Invertir, 129, 202. Moler, 121. Investir, 137. Morder, 121. -ir, 14, 22, 38. Morir, 106, 134, 200. Ir, 107, 151, 180. Mostrar, in. Irregular Verbs, Table of, Mover, 105, 1 20. 194. Muir, 147. Irse, 182. Mullir, 62. Munir, 65. J Jimenzar, no. N Jugar, 1 1 6. Nacer, 143, 198, 2O2. Juntar, 202. Navegar, 45. Justin" car, 43. Negar, no. Juzgar, 45. Negrecer, 143. Nevar, 98, 101, no. L Languidecer, 143. N Lanzar, 48. -ner, 41, 66. Lavarse, 80, 82. -fiir, 41. Leer, 69. ( Leerse, 85. o Ligar, 45. w Limpiar, 71, note. Obedecer, 143. Lique facer, 159. Obstruir, 147. Lobreguecer, 143. Obtener, 169. Lucir, 1 06, 144. Ofrecer, 143. Luir, 1 06, 147. Oir, 107, 184. Oler, 122. Omitir, 202. Oponer, 163. Llegar, 45. Oprimir, 202. -llir, 41, 62. Oscurecer, 143. Llover, 98, 100, 121. Lloviznar, 98. P Pacer, 143, 198. Padecer, 143. Maldecir, 155, 202. Pagar, 44. Malherir, 129. Palidecer, 143. Malquerer, 165, 202. Parecer, 143. Malsonar, in. Pasar, 202. Maltraer, 171. Pecar, 43. Mancornar, ill. Pedir, 137. Manifestar, no, 202. Pegar, 45. Manir, 197. Pensar, 105, 108. Mantener, 169. Perder, 105, 118. Marchitar, 202. Perecer, 143. Mecer, 141. Permanecer, 143. Medir, 137. Permitirse, 84. Melar, no. Perniquebrar, no. Menguar, 47. Perseguir, 61, 137. Mentar, no. Pertenecer, 143. Pervertir, 129. Picar, 43. Pimpollecer, 1*3. Placer, 198. Planir, 65. Plastecer, 143. Plegar, no. Poblar, in. Poder, 107, Podrecer, 143. Podrir, 135. Poner, 107, 162, 200. Poseer, 69, 202. Posponer, 163. Preconocer, 143. Predecir, 155. Predisponer, 163. Preferir, 129. Prelucir, 145. Premorir, 135. Prender, 200, 202. Preponer, 163. Presentir, 129. Presumir, 202. Presuponer, 163. Pretender, 1 19, 202. Prevalecer, 143. Prevaler, 189. Prevenir, 173. Prever, 191. Probar, in. Producir, 157. Proferir, 129. Profetizar, 49. Pro mover, 121. Propender, 202. Proponer, 163. Proscribir, 200. Proseguir, 61, 137. Prostituir, 147. Proteger, 55. Proveer, 69, 200, 202. Provenir, 173. Pudrir, 135. Quebrar, no. Querer, 107, 164. -quir, 41, 58. Raer, 199. Rarefacer, 159. Reagradecer, 143. Reaparecer, 143. Reapretar, no. Reaventar, 110. 208 INDEX Rebendecir, 155. Remorder, 121. Reblandecer, 143. Remover, 121. Recaer, 177. Remullir, 63. Recalentar, no. Renacer, 143. Recentar, no. Rendir, 137. Recenir, 137. Renegar, no. Recluir, 147, 202. Renir, 137. Recocer, 125, 141. Repacer, 143. Recoger, 55. Repadecer, 143. Recolar, in. Repedir, 137. Recolegir, 137. Repensar, no. Recomendar, no. Repetir, 137. Recompensar, 109. Replegar, no. Recomponer, 163. Repoblar, in. Reconducir, 157. Repodrir, 135. Reconocer, 143. Reponer, 163, 199. Reconstruir, 147. Reprobar, in. Recontar, in. Reproducir, 157. Reconvalecer, 143. Repudrir, 135. Reconvenir, 173. Requebrar, no. Recordar, ill. Requerer, 165. Recostar, ill. Requerir, 129. Recrecer, 143. Resaber, 167. Recrudecer, 143. Resalir, 187. Redargiiir, 149. Resarcir, 53. Redoler, 121. Resegar, no. Reducir, 157. Resembrar, no. Reelegir, 137. Resentirse, 129. Reencomendar, no. Resolve r, 121, 200. Referir, 129. Resollar, in. Reflorecer, 143. Resonar, in. Refluir, 147. Resplandecer, 143. Reforzar, in. Resquebrar, no. Refregar, no. Refrei'r, 139. Restablecer, 143. Restregar, no. Reganir, 65. Restituir, 147. Regar, no. Restrinir, 65. Regimentar, 1 10. Retallecer, 143. Regir, 57, 137. Ketemblar, no. Regoldar, ill. Retener, 169. Regrunir, 65. Retentar, no. Rehacer, 159. Retenir, 137. Rehenchir, 41, 67, 137. Retinir, 65. Reherir, 129. Retonecer, 143. Reherrar, no. Retorcer, 51, 121. Rehervir, 129. Retostar, in. Rehollar, ill. Retraer, 171. Rehuir, 147. Retribuir, 147. Rehumedecer, 143. Retronar, in. Rei'r, 138. Retrotraer, 171. Rejuvenecer, 143. Revejecer, 143. Relampaguear, 98, 102. Revenirse, 173. Relentecer, 143. Reventar, no. Relucir, 145. Rever, 191,. Remediar, 71, note. Reverdecer, 119. Remendar, no. Reverter, 119. Rementir, 129. Revestir, 137. Remolar, ill. Revolar, in. Remoler, 121. Revolcarse, in. Revolver, 121. Rezar, 49. Rivalizar, 49. Robustecer, 143. Rodar, in. Roer, 199. Rogar, in. Romper, 200, 202. Rugir, 57. S Saber, 107, 166. Sacar, 42. Salir, 107, 1 86. Salpimentar, no. Salpresar, 202. Salpullir, 63. Salvar, 202. Santiguar, 47. Sarmentar, no. Sarpullir, 63. Satisfacer, 159. Segar, no. Seguir, 61, 137. Sembrar, no. Sementar, no. Sentar, no. Sentir, 106, 128. Sepultar, 202. Ser, 73, 92, 98, 107. Ser amado, 94. Serrar, 1 10. Servir, 106, 136 Simenzar, 1 10. Sobreaguar, 47. Sobrecrecer, 143. Sobrentender, 119. Sobreponer, 163. Sobresalir, 187. Sobresembrar, no. Sobresolar, ill. Sobrevenir, 173. Sobreventar, no. Sobreverterse, 119. Sobrevestir, 129. Sofreir, 139. Solar, in. Soldar, ill. Soler, 199. Soltar, in, 202. Solver, 121, 200. Sollar, in. Somover, 121. Sonar, 105, 114. Sonrei'r, 139. Sonrodarse, ill. Sonar, in. Sorregar, 110. INDEX 209 Sosegar, no. Tocar, 43. Sostener, 169. Torcer, 51, 121, 202. Soterrar, no. Tostar, in. Subarrendar, 110. Traducir, 107, 156. Subdistinguir, 61. Traer 107, 170. Subentender, 119. Trascender, 119. Subseguir, 137. Trascolar, in. Subtender, 119. Trascordarse , ill. Subvenir, 173. Trasegar, no. Subvertir, 129. Trasferir, 129. Suceder, 98. Trasfregar, no. Sugerir, 129. Traslucirse, 145 Sujetar, 202. Trasofr, 185. Superponer, 163. Trasonar, in. Supervenir, 173. Trasponer, 163. Suplicar, 43. Trastrocar, in. Suponer, 163. Trasverter, 119. Suprimir, 202. Trasvolar, ill. Surgir, 57. Travesar, no. Suspender, 202. Trocar, in. Sustituir, 147, 202. Tronar, 98, ill. Sustraer, 171. Tropezar, no, Tullir, 63. T Tumefacerse, 159. Table of irregular verbs, 194 Tallecer, 143. Taner, 66. Teger, 55. -uar, 41, 70. Temblar, 1 10. -uir, 41, 146. Tender, 119. Uncir, 53. Tener, 107, 1 68. Urgir, 57. Tentar, no. Usucapir, 200. Tenir, 137, 202. Utilizar, 49. 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Linen, I2mo, 181 pages . . . . Price, 75 cents This brief Grammar is designed for high school and college students, or students of equivalent training. It aims to prepare the way for critical reading and for practice in writing and speaking the language, on the basis of a systematic knowledge of the essentials of German grammar and syntax and the elements of a German vocab- ulary rationally acquired. The presentation is thorough, scientific, and practical, arid will give the beginner a firm and intelligent grasp of the language at the earliest practicable moment; Following the grammar is a series of carefully graded exercises, sufficient to furnish all the practice needed in reading and writing German until the grammatical study is completed. Special attention is given throughout the book to the important subject of derivations with particular reference to the etymological relations of German and English words. Other special features of the book are the refer- ence lists of all simple verbs deviating from the new or regular conjugations and the treatment of derivatives, sound correspondences, formative elements, etc. The book is made serviceable for the student by a well selected English-German vocabulary and a very complete index. Copies of Edgren and Fosslers German Grammar will be sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price by the Publishers : American Book Company NEW YORK CINCINNATI * CHICAGO Modern French Texts Comprising Selected Stories and Readings, carefully edited and accompanied by adequate explanatory notes and vocabularies. They are designed to be used in con- nection with the study of French, and as an introduction to general French Literature. The series includes; Contes et Legendes By H. A. GUERBER, author of Myths of Greece and Rome, etc. Part I Linen, I2mo, 183 pages ... 60 cents Part II Linen, I2mo, 192 pages ... 60 cents A collection of Fairy Tales and Legends told in such a pleasing way as to awaken the deepest interest and induce pupils to read to the end. Mairet's La Tache du Petit Pierre Arranged for Reading Classes by Edith Healy. Boards, I2mo, 140 pages ...... 35 cents This charming story appeared in 1887, and its immediate success was so great that it received the honor of coronation by the French Academy. Nodier's Le Chien du Brisquet,. and Other Stories Edited for School Use by L. C. Syms, author of First, Second, and Third Years in French. Boards, I2mo, in pages 35 cents A selection of popular French stories by well-known authors, suitable for use in the second or third year of the French course. L'Abbe Constantin A Comedy in Three Acts by HECTOR CREMIEUX and PIERRE DECOURCELLE. Adapted from the romance of Ludovic Halevy. Edited for school use by Victor E. Franois, Instructor in French in the University of Michigan. Boards, i2mo, HI pages 35 cents Dix Contes Nouveaux Edited, with Notes and Vocabulary, by C. FONTAINE, Director of French and Spanish Instruction in Washington, D. C., High Schools. Boards, I2mo 168 pages ... 45 cents A collection of selected tales from the writings of Theuriet, Blacke, Halevy, Rameau, Chotel, Veron, Cheneviere, France, Coppee, and Arene. Racine's Iphigenie Edited by Benjamin Duryea Woodward, B. s L., Ph.D., of the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures in Columbia University. Cloth, I2mo, 198 pages ... 60 cents Copies of the Modern French Texts will be sent prepaid to any address, on receipt of the price by the Publishers : American Book Company NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO Improved Text-Books in French Syrns's First Year in French. 128 pages . . . $0.50 Syms's Second Year in French. 303 pages . . . 1.00 Syms's Third Year in French. 314 pages . . . 1.20 BY L. C. SYMS Bachelier es Lettres, Licencie en Droit de 1'Universite de France. These three books make a complete course in French, designed to train pupils not only to read, but to speak and write the language correctly. In their preparation the author has aimed to unite two contending systems of teaching languages, one of which is known as the Natural or Conversational Method, the other as the Translation Method. The First Book is intended for pupils beginning the study, and consists of easy and progressive lessons. In the Second Book the general plan has been so arranged as to give an almost equal space and time to reading, conver- sation, translation, and grammar. In addition to the study of verbs, the basis of the whole method, special attention is given to all points which may prove to be specially difficult for English-speaking students. The Third Year in French follows the same plan adopted in the first two books of the series, and with them makes a complete course in French, intended to meet all the requirements of preparatory schools, academies, and colleges. The reading lessons in this book show a marked progression, preparing the student for an Intel- ligent study of the masterpieces of French literature. Selections from French classic and modern poets are given for reading and memorizing. It also contains tables of conjugations and of the principal irregular verbs, vocabularies, etc. Copies of these books -will be sent prepaid to any address, on receipt of the price by the Publishers : American Book Company NEW YORK CINCINNATI * CHICAGO (76) i THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. MAY 2C 2 1940 jvm JAN 291947 JUH5 U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDD33ES27S '3o 4-