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The Book-Lover's Library. 
 
 Edited by 
 Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A. 
 
HOW 
 TO FORM A LIBRARY 
 
 H. B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 ELLIOT STOCK, 62 PATERNOSTER ROW 
 
 1886 
 

 <^ 
 
 jM(2^y6 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 T will be generally allowed that 
 a handy guide to the formatiofi 
 of libraries is required^ but it 
 may be that the difficulty of doing justice 
 to so large a subject has prevented those 
 who felt the want from attempting to 
 fill it. I hope therefore that it will 7tot 
 be considered that I have shown temerity 
 by stepping into the vacant place. I can- 
 not hope to have done full justice to so 
 important a theme in tJie small space at 
 my disposal^ but I think I can say that 
 this little volume contains much informa- 
 tion which the librarian and the book 
 lover require and cannot easily < obtain 
 
vi Preface. 
 
 elsewhere. They are probably acquamted 
 with most of this information^ but the 
 memory will fail us at times and it is 
 then convenient to have a record at hand. 
 
 'A book of this character is peculiarly 
 open to criticism, but I hope the critics 
 will give me credit for knowing m,ore 
 than I have set down. In making a list 
 of books of reference^ I have had to make 
 a selection, and works have been before 
 me that I have decided to omit, although 
 some would think them as vmportant as 
 many of those I have included. 
 
 I need not extend this preface with 
 any lengthy explanation of the objects 
 of the book, as these ai^e stated in tJte 
 Introduction, but before concluding I may 
 perhaps be allowed to allude to one personal 
 circumstance. I had hoped to dedicate 
 this first volume of the Book Lover's 
 
Preface. vii 
 
 Library to Henry BRADSHAWy one of the 
 most original and most learned biblio- 
 graphers that ever livedo but before it 
 was finished the spirit of that great man 
 had passed azvay to the inexpressible 
 grief of all who knew him. It is with 
 no desire to shield myself under the shelter 
 of a great name, but with a reverent 
 wish to express my own sense of our 
 irreparable loss that I dedicate this book 
 (though all unworthy of the honour) to 
 his memory. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1 
 
 Chapter I. 
 
 How Men have Formed 
 
 
 Libraries . 
 
 23 
 
 II. 
 
 How TO Buy . 
 
 57 
 
 III. 
 
 Public Libraries . 
 
 73 
 
 IV. 
 
 Private Libraries 
 
 89 
 
 V. 
 
 General Bibliographies 
 
 141 
 
 VI. 
 
 Special Bibliographies 
 
 160 
 
 VII. 
 
 Publishing Societies . 
 
 184 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Child's LibrarV 
 
 217 
 
 IX. 
 
 One Hundred Books . 
 
 . 227 
 
HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 LTHOUGH there can be little 
 difference of opinion among book 
 lovers as to the need of a Hand- 
 book which shall answer satisfactorily the 
 question — *• How to Form a Library" — it 
 does not follow that there will be a like 
 agreement as to the best shape in which to 
 put the answer. On the one side a string 
 of generalities can be of no use to any one, 
 and on the other ^ too great particularity 
 of instruction may be resented by those who 
 only require hints on a few points, and feel 
 that they know their own business better 
 than any author can tell them. 
 
 One of the most important attempts to 
 direct the would-be founder of a Library 
 
2 How to Form a Library. 
 
 in his way was made as long ago as 1824 
 by Dr. Dibdin, and the result was entitled 
 The Library Compa7iion} The book could 
 never have been a safe guide, and now it is 
 hopelessly out of date. Tastes change, and 
 many books upon the necessity of possessing 
 which Dibdin enlarges are now little valued. 
 Dr. Hill Burton writes of this book as foUov/s 
 in his Book-Hunter: **This, it will be ob- 
 served, is not intended as a manual of rare 
 or curious, or in any way peculiar books, 
 but as the instruction of a Nestor on the best 
 books for study and use in all departments 
 of literature. Yet one will look in vain 
 there for such names as Montaigne, Shaftes- 
 bury, Benjamin Franklin, D'Alembert, Tur- 
 got, Adam Smith, Malebranche, Lessing, 
 Goethe, Schiller, Fenelon, Burke, Kant, 
 Richter, Spinoza, Flechier, and many 
 others. Characteristically enough, if you 
 turn up Rousseau in the index, you will find 
 Jean Baptiste, but not Jean Jacques. You 
 
 ^ " The Library Companion, or the Young Mar's 
 Guide and the Old Man's Comfort in the Choice cf 
 a Library. By the Rev. T. F. Dibdin, F.R.S., A.S., 
 London, 1824." 
 
IiiU'oduciion, 3 
 
 will search in vain for Dr. Thomas Reid 
 the metaphysician, but will readily find 
 Isaac Reed the editor. If you look for 
 Molinaeus, or Du IMoulin, it is not there, 
 but alphabetical vicinity gives you the good 
 fortune to become acquainted with "Moule, 
 Mr., his Bibliotheca Heraldica^ The name 
 of Hooker will be found, not to guide the 
 reader to the Ecclesiastical Polity, but to 
 Dr. Jackson Hooker's Tour in Iceland. 
 Lastly, if any one shall search for Hartley 
 on Man, he will find in the place it might 
 occupy, or has reference to, the editorial 
 services of * Hazlewood, Mr. Joseph.' " 
 
 Although this criticism is to a great ex- 
 tent true, it does not do justice to Dibdin's 
 book, which contains much interesting and 
 valuable matter, for if the Library Companion 
 is used not as a Guide to be followed, but 
 as a book for reference, it will be found of 
 considerable use. 
 
 William Goodhugh's English Gentlemaii's 
 Library Maiiual, or a Guide to the Forma- 
 lion of a Library of Select Literature, was 
 published in 1827. It contains classified 
 
4 Hoiv to Form a Lib r my. 
 
 lists of library books, but these are not now 
 of much value, except for the notes which 
 accompany the titles, and make this work 
 eminently readable. There are some liter- 
 ary anecdotes not to be found elsewhere. 
 
 A most valuable work of reference is Mr. 
 Edward Edwards's Report on the formation 
 of the Manchester Free Library, which was 
 printed in 185 1. It is entitled, "•Librarian's 
 First Report to the Books Sub-Committee on the 
 Formation of the Libra?y^ June 30, 1 85 1 , voiih 
 Lists of Bootes suggested for purchase.''^ The 
 I jsts are arranged in the following order: — 
 
 1. Works — collective and miscellaneous 
 
 — of Standard British authors; with 
 a selection of those of the Standard 
 authors of America. 
 
 2. Works relative to the History, Topo- 
 
 graphy, and Biography of the United 
 Kingdom, and of the United States 
 of America. 
 
 3. Works relative to Political Economy, 
 
 Finance, Trade, Commerce, Agricul- 
 ture, Mining, Manufactures, Inland 
 Communication, and Public Works. 
 
Introduction. 5 
 
 4. Works relating to Physics, Mathe- 
 
 matics, Mechanics, Practical Engin- 
 eering, Arts, and Trades, etc. 
 
 5. Voyages and Travels. 
 
 6. Works on Zoology, Botany, Minera- 
 
 logy, and Geology. 
 
 7. Periodical Publications and Transac- 
 
 tions of Learned Societies (not 
 included in Lists 2, 3, or 6), Col- 
 lections, Encyclopaedias, Gazetteers, 
 Atlases, Dictionaries, Bibliographies, 
 Indexes, etc. 
 These draft lists include 4582 distinct 
 works, extending to about 17,438 volumes, 
 including pamphlets, but exclusive of 553 
 Parliamentary Papers and Reports, or Blue 
 Books. Such a practically useful collection 
 of lists of books will not easily be found 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Mr. Edwards gives some rules for the 
 formation of Libraries in the second volume 
 of his Memoirs 0/ Libraries (p. 629), where 
 he writes, " No task is more likely to strip 
 a man of self-conceit than that of having 
 to frame, and to carry out in detail a plan 
 
6 How to Form a Library, 
 
 for the formation of a large Library. When 
 he has once got beyond those departments 
 of knowledge in which his own pursuits 
 and tastes have specially interested him, 
 the duty becomes a difficult one, and the 
 certainty, that with his best efforts, it will 
 be very imperfectly performed is embar- 
 rassing and painful. If, on the other hand, 
 the task be imposed upon a 'Committee,' 
 there ensues almost the certainty that its 
 execution will depend at least as much on 
 chance as on plan : that responsibility will 
 be so attenuated as to pass off in vapour; 
 and that the collection so brought together 
 will consist of parts bearing but a chaotic 
 sort of relation to the whole." 
 
 Mr. Henry Stevens printed in 1853 his 
 pretty little book entitled Catalogue of my 
 English Library, which contains a very use- 
 ful selection of Standard books. In his 
 Introduction the author writes, ** It was my 
 intention in the outset not to exceed 4000 
 volumes, but little by little the list has 
 increased to 5751 volumes. I have been 
 considerably puzzled to know what titles 
 
Introduction. 7 
 
 to strike out in my next impression, being 
 well aware that what is trash to one person 
 is by no means such to another ; also that 
 many books of more merit than those ad- 
 mitted have been omitted. You may not 
 think it difficult to strike out twenty authors, 
 and to add twenty better ones in their place, 
 but let me relate to you a parable. I re- 
 quested twenty men, whose opinions on the 
 Literary Exchange are as good as those 
 of the Barings or the Rothschilds on the 
 Royal, each to expunge twenty authors and 
 to insert twenty others of better standing 
 in their places, promising to e^lude in my 
 next impression any author who should 
 receive more than five votes. The result 
 was, as may be supposed, not a single ex- 
 pulsion or addition." 
 
 In 1855 Mons. Hector Bossange pro- 
 duced a companion volume, entitled Ma 
 Bihliothhque Fran^aise. It contains a select 
 list of about 7000 volumes, and is com- 
 pleted with Indexes of Subjects, Authors, 
 and Persons. 
 
 For helpful Bibliographical Guides we 
 
8 How to Form a Library. 
 
 often have to look to the United States, 
 and we do not look in vain. A most use- 
 ful Handbook, entitled The Best Reading, 
 was published in 1872 by George P. Putman, 
 and the work edited by F. B. Perkins is 
 now in its fourth edition.^ The books are 
 arranged in an alphabet of subjects, and the 
 titles are short, usually being well within a 
 single line. A very useful system of appraise- 
 ment of the value of the books is adopted. 
 Thus : a, means that the book so marked is 
 considered the book, or as good as any, at a 
 moderate cost ; b means, in like manner, the 
 best of the more elaborate or costly books 
 on the subject. In the department of 
 Fiction, a more precise classification has 
 been attempted, in which a general idea 
 
 ^ The Best Reading : Hints on the Selection of 
 Books ; on the Formation of Libraries, Public and 
 Private ; on Courses of Reading, etc., with a Classified 
 Bibliography for every reference. Fourth revised and 
 enlarged edition, continued to August, 1876, with the 
 addition of Select Lists of the best French, German, 
 Spanish, and Italian Literature. Edited by Frederic 
 Beecher Perkins ; New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 
 1 881. Second Series, 1876 to 1882, by Lynds E. 
 Jones. 
 
Introduction. 9 
 
 of the relative importance of the authors is 
 indicated by the use of the letters a, b, and 
 f, and of the relative value of their several 
 works by the asterisks * and *^." 
 
 Having noted a few of the Guides which 
 are now at hand for the use of the founders 
 of a library, we may be allowed to go back 
 somewhat in time, and consider how our 
 predecessors treated this same subject, and 
 we can then conclude the present Intro- 
 duction with a consideration of the less 
 ambitious attempts to instruct the book 
 collector which may be found in papers 
 and articles. 
 
 One of the earliest works on the for- 
 mation of a library was written by Bishop 
 Cardona, and published at Tarragona in 
 1587, in a thin volume entitled De regia 
 S, Laureniii Bibliothecd. De Pontificia 
 Vaticana [etc.]. 
 
 Justus Lipsius wrote his De Biblioiheds 
 Syntagma at the end of the sixteenth 
 century, and next in importance we come 
 to Gabriel Naud6, who published one of 
 the most famous of bibliographical essays. 
 
10 How to Form a Library. 
 
 The first edition was published at Paris in 
 1627, and the second edition in 1644. This 
 was reprinted in Paris by J. Liseux in 1876 — 
 ** Advis pour dresser tine Biblioiheque, present e 
 a Monseigneur le President de Mesvie^ par 
 G. Naude P. Paris, chez Frangois Farga, 
 1627." 
 
 This essay was translated by John Evelyn, 
 and dedicated to Lord Chancellor Claren- 
 don. *' Instructions concerning erecting of 
 a Library ; Presented to My Lord the 
 President De Mesme. By Gabriel Nau- 
 deus P., and now interpreted by Jo. Evelyn, 
 Esquire, London, 1661." 
 
 Naud6 enlarges on the value of Catalogues, 
 and recommends the book-buyer to make 
 known his desires, so that others may help 
 him in the search, or supply his wants. He 
 specially mentions two modes of forming a 
 library; one is to buy libraries entire, and 
 the other is to hunt at book-stalls. He 
 advised the book-buyer not to spend too 
 much upon bindings. 
 
 Naud6 appears to have been a born 
 librarian, for at the early age of twenty 
 
tJNiVE 
 
 Introduction, 1 1 
 
 the President De Mesme appointed him to 
 take charge of his library. He left his em- 
 ployer in 1626, in order to finish his medical 
 studies. Cardinal Bagni took him to Rome, 
 and when Bagni died, Naud6 became librarian 
 to Cardinal Barberini. Richelieu recalled 
 him to Paris in 1642, to act as his librarian, 
 but the Minister dying soon afterwards, 
 Naud6 took the same office under Mazarin. 
 During the troubles of the Fronde, the 
 librarian had the mortification of seeing the 
 library which he had collected dispersed ; 
 and in consequence he accepted the offer 
 of Queen Christina, to become her librarian 
 at Stockholm. Naude was not happy abroad, 
 and when Mazarin appealed to him to 
 reform his scattered library, he returned 
 at once, but died on the journey home at 
 Abbeville, July 29, 1653. 
 
 The Mazarin Library consisted of more 
 than 40,000 volumes, arranged in seven 
 rooms filled from top to bottom. It was 
 rich in all classes, but more particularly in 
 Law and Physic. Naude described it with 
 enthusiasm as "the most beautiful and best 
 
12 How to Form a Library. 
 
 furnished of any library now in the world, 
 or that is likely (if affection does not much 
 deceive me) ever to be hereafter." Such 
 should be a library in the formation of 
 which the Kings and Princes and Ambas- 
 sadors of Europe were all helpers. Naud6 
 in another place called it "the work of 
 my hands and the miracle of my life." 
 Great therefore was his dejection when 
 the library was dispersed. Of this he 
 said, "Beleeve, if you please, that the 
 ruine of this Library will be more care- 
 fully marked in all Histories and Calendars, 
 than the taking and sacking of Constan- 
 tinople." Naud6's letter on the destruction 
 of the Mazarin Library was published in 
 London in 1652, and the pamphlet was re- 
 printed in the Harhiatt Miscellany. " IVeius 
 from France^ or a Description of the Library 
 of Cardinall Mazarini, before it was utterly 
 ruined. Sent in a letter from G. NaudDsus, 
 Keeper of the Publick Library. London, 
 Printed for Timothy Garth wait, 1652." 4to. 
 4 leaves. 
 
 In 1650 was published at London, by 
 
Introductioft. 13 
 
 Samuel Hartlib, a little book entitled, " The 
 Reformed Librarie Keeper^ with a Supplement 
 to the Reformed School^ as Subordinate to 
 Colleges in Universities. By John Durie. 
 London, William Du-Gard, 1650."^ 
 
 John Durie's ideas on the educational 
 value of Libraries and the high function of 
 the Librarian are similar to those enunci- 
 ated by Carlyle, when he wrote, "The true 
 University of these days is a Collection of 
 Books." Of this point, as elaborated in 
 the proposal to establish Professorships of 
 Bibliography, we shall have something more 
 to say further on. 
 
 It is always interesting to see the views 
 of great men exemplified in the selection of 
 books for a Library, and we may with ad- 
 vantage study the lists prepared by George 
 IIL and Dr. Johnson. The King was a 
 collector of the first rank, as is evidenced 
 by his fine library, now in the British 
 
 ^ Dr. Richard Garnett read an interesting paper on 
 this book under the title of Librarians hip in the 
 Seventeenth Century, before the Library Association. 
 See Library Chronicle, vol. i. p. I (1884). 
 
14 Hew to Form a Library, 
 
 Museum, and he knew his books well. 
 When he was about to visit Weymouth, he 
 wrote to his bookseller for the following 
 books to be supplied to him to form a closet 
 library at that watering place. The list was 
 written from memory, and it was printed by 
 Dibdin in his Library Companion, from the 
 original document in the King's own hand- 
 writing : 
 
 The Holy Bible. 2 vols. 8vo. Cambridge. 
 New Whole Duty of Man. 8vo. 
 The Annual Register. 25 vols. 8vo. 
 The History of England, by Rapin. 2 1 
 
 vols. Svo. 1757. 
 E16mens de I'Histoire de France, par 
 
 Millot. 3 vols. i2mo. 1770. 
 Si^cle de Louis XIV., par Voltaire. 1 2mo. 
 Siecle de Louis XV., par Voltaire. i2mo. 
 Commentaries on the Laws of England, 
 by Sir William Blackstone. 4 vols. 
 Svo. Newest Edition. 
 The Justice of the Peace and Parish 
 
 Officer, by R. Burn. 4 vols. Svo. 
 An Abridgement of Samuel Johnson's 
 Dictionary. 2 vols. Svo. 
 
Introduction. 1 5 
 
 Dictionnaire Fran9ois et Anglois, par 
 
 M. A. Boyer. 8vo. 
 The Works of the English Poets, by Sam. 
 
 Johnson. 68 vols. izmo. 
 A Collection of Poems, by Dodsley, Pearch, 
 
 and Mendez. 1 1 vols. izmo. 
 A Select Collection of Poems, by J. 
 
 Nichols. 8 vols. izmo. 
 Shakespeare's Plays, by Steevens. 
 CEuvres de Destouches. 5 vols. izmo. 
 The Works of Sir William Temple. 4 
 
 vols. 8vo. 
 The Works of Jonathan Swift. 24 vols. 
 
 i2mo. 
 Dr. Johnson recommended the following 
 list of books to the Rev. Mr. Astle, of Ash- 
 bourne, Derbyshire, as a good working 
 collection : — 
 
 Rollin's Ancient History. 
 Universal History (Ancient). 
 Puffendorf's Introduction to History. 
 Vertot's History of the Knights of Malta. 
 Vertot's Revolutions of Portugal. 
 Vertot's Revolutions of Sweden. 
 Carte's History of England. 
 
1 6 How to Form a Library, 
 
 Present State of England. 
 
 Geographical Grammar. 
 
 Prideaux's Connection. 
 
 Nelson's Feasts and Fasts. 
 
 Duty of Man. 
 
 Gentleman's Religion. 
 
 Clarendon's History. 
 
 Watts's Improvement of the Mind. 
 
 Watts's Logick. 
 
 Nature Displayed. 
 
 Lowth's English Grammar. 
 
 Blackwall on the Classicks. 
 
 Sherlock's Sermons. 
 
 Burnet's Life of Hale. 
 
 Dupin's History of the Church. 
 
 Shuckford's Connection. 
 
 Law's Serious Call. 
 
 Walton's Complete Angler. 
 
 Sandys' s Travels. 
 
 Sprat's History of the Royal Society. 
 
 England's Gazetteer. 
 
 Goldsmith's Roman History. 
 
 Some Commentaries on the Bible. 
 It is curious to notice in both these lists how 
 many of the books are now quite superseded. 
 
Introduction. if 
 
 In another place Boswell tells us what 
 were Johnson's views on book collecting. 
 " When I mentioned that I had seen in the 
 King's Library sixty-three editions of my 
 favourite Thomas d. Kempis, amongst which 
 it was in eight languages, Latin, German, 
 French, Italian, Spanish, English, Arabick, 
 and Armenian, he said he thought it un- 
 necessary to collect many editions of a book, 
 which were all the same, except as to the 
 paper and print ; he would have the original, 
 and all the translations, and all the editions 
 which had any variations in the text. He 
 approved of the famous collection of editions 
 of Horace by Douglas, mentioned by Pope, 
 who is said to have had a closet filled with 
 them ; and he said every man should try to 
 collect one book in that manner, and present 
 it to a Publick Library." 
 
 Dr. Johnson's notion as to the collection 
 of editions which are alike except in the 
 point of paper is scarcely sound, but it has 
 been held by a librarian of the present day, 
 as I know to my cost. On one occasion 
 I was anxious to see several copies of the 
 
 2 
 
l8 How to Form a Library. 
 
 first folio of Shakespeare (1623), and I visited 
 a certain library which possessed more than 
 one. The librarian expressed the opinion 
 that one was quite sufficient for me to see, 
 as "they were all alike." 
 
 The possessor of a Private Library can act 
 as a censor morum and keep out of his collec- 
 tion any books which oifend against good 
 morals, but this role is one which is unfit for 
 the librarian of a Public Library. He may 
 put difficulties in the way of the ordinary 
 reader seeing such books, but nevertheless 
 they should be in his library for the use of 
 the student. A most amusing instance of 
 misapplied zeal occurred at the Advocates' 
 Library on the 27th June, 1 754. The Minutes 
 tell the tale in a way that speaks for itself and 
 requires no comment. " Mr. James Burnet 
 [afterwards Lord Monboddo], and Sir David 
 Dalrymple [afterwards Lord Hailes], Cura- 
 tors of the Library, having gone through some 
 accounts of books lately bought, and finding 
 therein the three following French books : 
 Les Contes de La Fontaine, V LListoire Amour- 
 euse des Gauks and U Ecumoire^ they ordain 
 
Iniroducticn. 1 9 
 
 that the said books be struck out Oi the 
 Catalogue of the Library, and removed from 
 the shelves, as indecent books, unworthy of 
 a place in a learned Library." 
 
 At a Conference of Representatives of 
 Institutions in Union with the Society of 
 Arts held in July, 1855, the question of the 
 compilation of a Catalogue of Books fitted 
 for the Libraries of Institutions was raised, 
 and shortly afterwards was published, under 
 the sanction of the Council, *'^ Handbook of 
 Mechanics' Institutions, with Priced Catalogue 
 of Books suitable for Libraries, and Period- 
 icals for Reading Rooms, by W. H. J. Traice." 
 A second edition of this book was published 
 in 1863. The list, however, is not now of 
 much use, as many of the books have been 
 superseded. Theology and Politics are not 
 included in the classification. 
 
 In 1868 ]\Ir. Mullins read a paper before 
 a Meeting of the Social Science Association 
 at Birmingham, on the management of Free 
 Libraries, and, in its reprinted form, this has 
 become a Handbook on the subject : ^^Free 
 Libraries and Ntws-rooms^ ihe.ir Formal ion 
 
20 How to Form a Library. 
 
 and Management. By J. D. Mullins, Chief 
 Librarian, Birmingham Free Libraries. 
 Third edition. London, Sotheran and Co., 
 1879." An appendix contains copies of the 
 Free Libraries Acts and Amendments, and 
 a ** Short List of Books for a Free Lending 
 Library, ranging in price from \s. to 7^. 6^. 
 per volume." 
 
 Mr. Axon read a paper on the Formation 
 of Small Libraries intended for the Co- 
 operative Congress in 1869, which was 
 reprinted as a pamphlet of eight pages : 
 ^^ Hints on the Formation of Small Libraries 
 intended for Public Use. By Wm. E. A. Axon. 
 London, N. Triibner and Co." 
 
 Mr. A. R. Spofford has given a valuable 
 list of books and articles in periodicals, 
 on the subject of Libraries in chapter 36 
 (Library Bibliography), of the Report on 
 Public Libraries in the U.S. (1876). 
 
 The volume of Transactions and Proceed- 
 ings of the Conference of Librarians ^ London, 
 1877, contains two papers on the Selection 
 of Books, one by Mr. Robert Harrison, 
 Librarian of the London Library, and the 
 
Introduction, 21 
 
 other by the late Mr. James M. Anderson, 
 Assistant Librarian of the University of St. 
 Andrews. Mr. Harrison gives the following 
 as the three guiding principles of selection 
 in forming a library : i. Policy; 2. Utility; 
 3. Special or Local Appropriateness; and 
 he deals with each successively. I\Ir. 
 Anderson writes that **the selection of 
 books should invariably be made (i) in 
 relation to the library itself, and (2) in 
 relation to those using it." 
 
 We have chiefly to do with the formation 
 of libraries, and therefore the use made of 
 them when they are formed cannot well be 
 enlarged upon here, but a passing note 
 may be made on the proposal which 
 has been much discussed of late years, 
 viz. that for Professorships of Books and 
 Reading. The United States Report on 
 Public Libraries contains a chapter on this 
 subject by F. B. Perkins and William 
 Matthews (pp. 230-251), and Mr. Axon also 
 contributed a paper at the First Annual 
 Meeting of the Library Association. The 
 value of such chairs, if well filled, is self- 
 
22 How to Form a Library. 
 
 evident, for it takes a man a long time 
 (without teaching) to learn how best to 
 use books, but very special men w^ould be 
 required as Professors. America has done 
 much to show what the duties of such a 
 Professor should be, and Harvard College 
 is specially fortunate in possessing an officer 
 in Mr. Justin Winsor who is both a model 
 librarian and a practical teacher of the art 
 of how best to use the books under his 
 charo;e. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 How Men have Formed Libraries. 
 
 S long as books have existed there 
 have been book collectors. It is 
 easy now to collect, for books of in- 
 terest are to be found on all sides ; but in old 
 times this was not so, and we must therefore 
 admire the more those men who formed their 
 libraries under the greatest difficulties. In 
 a book devoted to the formation of libraries 
 it seems but fair to devote some space to 
 doing honour to those who have formed 
 libraries, and perhaps some practical lessons 
 may be learned from a few historical facts. 
 
 Englishmen may well be proud of Richard 
 Aungerville de Bury, a man occupying a 
 busy and exalted station, who not only 
 collected books with ardour united with 
 
24 How to Form a Library. 
 
 judgment, but has left for the benefit of 
 later ages a manual which specially endears 
 his memory to all book lovers. 
 
 He collected books, and often took them 
 in place of corn for tithes and dues, but he 
 also produced books, for he kept copyists 
 in his house. Many of these books were 
 carefully preserved in his palace at Durham, 
 but it is also pleasant to think of some of 
 them being carefully preserved in the noble 
 mansion belonging to his see which stood 
 by the side of the Thames, and on the site 
 of the present Adelphi. 
 
 Petrarch was a book-loving poet, and he 
 is said to have met the book-loving eccle- 
 siastic Richard de Buryat Rome. He gave 
 his library to the Church of St. Mark at 
 Venice in 1362 ; but the guardians allowed 
 the books to decay, and few were rescued. 
 Boccaccio bequeathed his library to the 
 Augustinians at Florence, but one cannot 
 imagine the books of the accomplished 
 author of the Decameron as very well suited 
 for the needs of a religious society, and it 
 was probably weeded before Boccaccio's 
 
How Men have Formed Libraries. 25 
 
 death. The remains of the library are still 
 shown to visitors in the Laurentian Library, 
 the famous building due to the genius of 
 Michael Angelo. 
 
 Cardinal John Bessarion gave his fine 
 collection (which included about 600 Greek 
 MSS.) to St. Mark's in 1468, and in the 
 letter to the Doge which accompanied his 
 gift, he tells some interesting particulars 
 of his early life as a collector. He writes, 
 *' From my youth I have bestowed my 
 pains and exertion in the collection of 
 books on various sciences. In former days 
 I copied many with my own hands, and I 
 have employed on the purchase of others 
 such small means as a frugal and thrifty 
 life permitted me to devote to the purpose." 
 
 The Rev. Joseph Hunter printed in 1831 
 a valuable Catalogue of the Library of the 
 Priory of Bretton in Yorkshire, and added 
 to it some notices of the Libraries belong- 
 ing to other Religious Houses, in which he 
 gives us a good idea of the contents of 
 these libraries. He writes, ''On comparing 
 the Bretton Catalogue with that of other 
 
26 Hozv to Form a Libi'ary, 
 
 religious communities, we find the libraries 
 of the English monasteries composed of 
 very similar materials. They consisted of — 
 
 1. The Scriptures; and these always in 
 
 an English or the Latin version. A 
 Greek or Hebrew Manuscript of the 
 Scriptures is not found in Leland's 
 notes, or, I believe, in any of the 
 catalogues. In Wetstein's Catalogue 
 of MSS. of the New Testament, only 
 one (Codex 59) is traced into the 
 hands of an English community of 
 religious. 
 
 2. The Commentators. 
 
 3. The Fathers. 
 
 4. Services and Rituals of the Church. 
 
 5. Writers in the Theological Contro- 
 
 versies of the Middle Ages. 
 
 6. Moral and Devotional Writings. 
 
 7. Canon Law. 
 
 8. The Schoolmen. 
 
 9. Grammatical Writers. 
 
 10. Writers in Mathematics and Physics. 
 
 11. Medical Writers. 
 
 12. Collections of Epistles. 
 
How Men have Formed Libraries. 27 
 
 13. The Middle Age Poets and Romance- 
 
 Writers. 
 
 14. The Latin Classics. 
 
 15. The Chronicles. 
 
 16. The Historical Writings of doubtful 
 
 authority, commonly called Legends. 
 Most of the manuscripts which composed 
 the monastic libraries were destroyed at 
 the Reformation." 
 
 Humphry Plantagenet Duke of Gloucester, 
 whose fame has been so lasting as the *good 
 Duke Humphry,' was also a book-collector 
 of renown ; but most of the old libraries 
 we read about have left but little record of 
 their existence : thus the Common Library 
 at Guildhall, founded by Dick Whittington 
 in 1420, and added to by John Carpenter, 
 the Town Clerk of London, has been en- 
 tirely destroyed, the books having, in the 
 first instance, been carried away by Edward 
 Seymour Duke of Somerset. 
 
 Although, as we have seen from Mr. 
 Hunter's remarks, there was a consider- 
 able amount of variety in the subjects 
 of these manuscript collections, we must 
 
28 How to Form a Library. 
 
 still bear in mind that in a large number 
 of instances the contents of the libraries 
 consisted of little more than Breviaries and 
 Service Books. It has been pointed out 
 that this fact is illustrated by the union of 
 the offices of Precentor and Armarius in 
 one person, who had charge of the Library 
 (Armarium) and its great feeder, the Writing- 
 room (Scriptorium), as well as the duty of 
 leading the singing in the church. Many 
 lists of old libraries have been preserved, 
 and these have been printed in various 
 bibliographical works, thus giving us a 
 valuable insight into the reading of our 
 forefathers. 
 
 When we come to consider libraries of 
 printed books in place of manuscripts, we 
 naturally find a greater variety of subjects 
 collected by the famous men who have 
 formed collections. Montaigne, the friend 
 of all literary men, could not have been 
 the man we know him to have been if he 
 had not lived among his books. Like many 
 a later book-lover, he decorated his library 
 with mottoes, and burnt-in his inscriptions 
 
ft UKivi: 
 
 How Men have Formed Libraries. 29'''^^;^UFC 
 
 letter by letter with his own hands. Grotius 
 made his love of books do him a special 
 service, for he escaped from prison in a 
 box which went backwards and forwards 
 with an exchange of books for his enter- 
 tainment and instruction. 
 
 Grolier and De Thou stand so pre-eminent 
 among book collectors, and from the beauty 
 of the copies they possessed the relics of 
 their libraries are so frequently seen, that 
 it seems merely necessary here to mention 
 their names. But as Frenchmen may well 
 boast of these men, so Englishmen can take 
 pride in the possession of the living memory 
 of Archbishop Parker, who enriched Cam- 
 bridge, and of Sir Thomas Bodley, who 
 made the Library at Oxford one of the 
 chief glories of our land. 
 
 Old Lists of Books are always of interest 
 to us as telling what our forefathers cared 
 to have about them, but it is seldom that 
 a list is so tantalising as one described 
 by Mr. Edward Edwards in his Libraries 
 and Founders of Libraries, Anne of Den- 
 mark presented her son Charles with a 
 
30 How to Form a Library, 
 
 splendid series of volumes, bound in crim- 
 son and purple velvet. Abraham van der 
 Dort, who was keeper of Charles's cabinet, 
 made an inventory of this cabinet ; and 
 having no notion of how to make a cata- 
 logue of books, he has managed to leave 
 out all the information we wish for. The 
 inventory is among the Harleian MSS. 
 (4718), and the following are specimens 
 of the entries : — 
 
 " Im'pris 19 books in Crimson velvet, 
 
 whereof 18 are bound 4to. and y® 
 
 19th in folio, adorn'd with some 
 
 silver guilt plate, and y® 2 claspes 
 
 wanting. Given to y^ King by Queen 
 
 Ann of famous memory. 
 
 Item, more 15 books, 13 thereof being in 
 
 long 4to. and y® 2 lesser cover'd over 
 
 also with purple velvet. Given also 
 
 to y<^ King by >^ said Queen Ann." 
 
 Most of the famous private libraries of 
 
 days gone by have left little record of their 
 
 existence, but Evelyn's collection is still 
 
 carefully preserved at Wotton, the house of 
 
 the Diarist's later years, and Pepys's books 
 
How Men have Formed Libraries. 31 
 
 continue at Cambridge in the cases he had 
 made for them, and in the order he fixed 
 for them. In a long letter to Pepys, dated 
 from Sayes Court, 12th August, 1689, Evelyn 
 gives an account of such private libraries 
 as he knew of in England, and in London 
 more particularly. He first mentions Lord 
 Chancellor Clarendon, to whom he dedi- 
 cated his translation of Naud6's Advice, 
 and who " furnished a very ample librar)\'* 
 Evelyn observes that England was pecu- 
 liarly defective in good libraries : ** Paris 
 alone, I am persuaded, being able to show 
 more than all the three nations of Great 
 Britain." He describes Dr. Stillingfleet's, 
 at Twickenham, as the very best library.^ 
 He did not think much either of the Earl 
 of Bristol's or of Sir Kenelm Digby's books, 
 but he says Lord Maitland's ** was certainly 
 the noblest, most substantial and accom- 
 plished library that ever passed under the 
 spear." 
 
 * Narcissus Marsh, Archbishop of Armagh, is 
 said to have given ;^2500 for Bishop Stillingfleet's 
 Library. 
 
32 How to Form a Library. 
 
 In a useful little volume published at 
 London in 1739, and entitled, A Critical 
 and Historical Account of all the Celebrated 
 Libraries in Foreign Countries ^ as well ancient 
 as modern, which is stated to be written by 
 **a Gentleman of the Temple," are some 
 *' General Reflections upon the Choice 
 of Books and the Method of furnishing 
 Libraries and Cabinets." As these reflec- 
 tions are interesting in themselves, and 
 curious as the views of a writer of the 
 middle of the eighteenth century on this 
 important subject, I will transfer them 
 bodily to these pages. 
 
 *' Nothing can be more laudable than 
 forming Libraries, when the founders have 
 no other view than to improve themselves 
 and men of letters : but it will be neces- 
 sary, in the first place, to give some 
 directions, which will be of great im- 
 portance towards effecting the design, as 
 well with regard to the choice of books 
 as the manner of placing to advantage : nor 
 is it sufficient in this case, to be learned, 
 since he who would have a collection 
 
How Men have Formed Libraries. 33 
 
 worthy of the name of a library must of 
 all things have a thorough knowledge of 
 books, that he may distinguish such as 
 are valuable from the trifling. He must 
 likewise understand the price of Books, 
 otherwise he may purchase some at too 
 high a rate, and undervalue others : all 
 which requires no small judgment and 
 experience. 
 
 ** Let us suppose, then, the founder pos- 
 sessed of all those qualifications, three things 
 fall next under consideration. 
 
 ** First, the number of books ; secondly, 
 their quality ; and, lastly, the order in which 
 they ought to be ranged. 
 
 "As to the quantity, regard must be had, 
 as well to places as to persons ; for should 
 a man of moderate fortune propose to have 
 a Library for his own use only, it would be 
 imprudent in him to embarrass his affairs 
 in order to effect it. Under such circum- 
 stances he must rather consider the useful- 
 ness than the number of books, for which 
 we have the authority of Seneca, who tells 
 us that a multitude of books is more 
 
34 How to Form a Library. 
 
 burthensome than instructive to the under- 
 standing. 
 
 *' But if a private person has riches enough 
 for founding a Library, as well for his own 
 use as for the public, he ought to furnish 
 it with the most useful volumes in all arts 
 and sciences, and procure such as are 
 scarcest and most valuable, from all parts, 
 that the learned, of whom there are many 
 classes, may instruct themselves in what 
 may be useful to them, and may gratify 
 their enquiries. But as the condition and 
 abilities of such as would form Libraries 
 are to be distinguished, so regard must 
 likewise be had to places, for it is very 
 difficult to procure, or collect books in 
 some countries, without incredible expense; 
 a design of that kind would be impractic- 
 able in America, Africa, and some parts of 
 Asia; so that nothing can be determined 
 as to the number of books, that depending 
 entirely upon a variety of circumstances, 
 and the means of procuring them, as has 
 been observ'd before. 
 
 " As to the second topic, special care must 
 
How Men have Formed Libraries. 35 
 
 be taken in the choice of books, for upon 
 that alone depends the value of a Library. 
 We must not form a judgment of books 
 either by their bulk or numbers, but by their 
 intrinsic merit and usefulness. Alexander 
 Sevcrus's Library consisted of no more than 
 four volumes, that is the works of Plato, 
 Cicero, Virgil, and Horace. Melanchthon 
 seems to have imitated that Prince, for his 
 collection amounted to four books only, 
 Plato, Pliny, Plutarch, and Ptolemy. 
 
 ** There is another necessary lesson for 
 those who form designs of making libraries, 
 that is, that they must disengage themselves 
 from all prejudices with regard either to 
 ancient or modern books, for such a wrong 
 step often precipitates the judgment, with- 
 out scrutiny or examination, as if truth and 
 knowledge were confined to any particular 
 times or places. The ancients and moderns 
 should be placed in collections, indifferently, 
 provided they have those characters we 
 hinted before. 
 
 " Let us now proceed to the third head, 
 the manner of placing books in such order, 
 
36 How to Form a Library, 
 
 as that they may be resorted to upon any 
 emergency, without difficulty, otherwise they 
 can produce but little advantage either to 
 the owners or others. 
 
 "The natural method of placing books 
 and manuscripts is to range them in separate 
 classes or apartments, according to the 
 science, art, or subject, of which they treat. 
 
 " Here it will be necessary to observe, 
 that as several authors have treated of various 
 subjects, it may be difficult to place them 
 under any particular class; Plutarch, for 
 instance, who was an historian, a political 
 writer, and a philosopher. The most ad- 
 visable method then is to range them under 
 the head of Miscellaneous Authors, with 
 proper references to each subject, but this 
 will be more intelligible by an example. 
 
 ** Suppose, then, we would know the names 
 of the celebrated Historians of the ancients; 
 nothing more is necessary than to inspect 
 the class under which the historians are 
 placed, and so of other Faculties. By this 
 management, one set of miscellaneous 
 authors will be sufficient, and may be 
 
How Men have Formed Libraries. 37 
 
 resorted to with as much ease and expedition 
 as those who have confined themselves to 
 one subject. In choice of books regard 
 must be had to the edition, character, paper 
 and binding. As to the price, it is difficult 
 to give any positive directions ; that of 
 ordinary works is easily known, but as to 
 such as are very scarce and curious, we can 
 only observe that their price is as uncertain 
 as that of medals and other monuments of 
 antiquity, and often depends more on the 
 caprice of the buyer than the intrinsic merit 
 of the work, some piquing themselves upon 
 the possession of things from no other con- 
 sideration than their exorbitant price." 
 
 Dr. Byrom's quaint library is still pre- 
 served at Manchester in its entirety. Bishop 
 Moore's fine collection finds a resting place 
 in the University Library at Cambridge, and 
 the relics of the Library of Harley, Earl of 
 Oxford, a mine of manuscript treasure, still 
 remain one of the chief glories of the British 
 Museum. How much cause for regret is 
 there that the library itself, which Osborne 
 bought and Johnson described, did not also 
 
38 Hozv to Form a Library. 
 
 find a settled home, instead of being dis- 
 persed over the land. 
 
 It is greatly to the credit of the rich and 
 busy man to spend his time and riches in 
 the collection of a fine library, but still 
 greater honour is due to the poor man who 
 does not allow himself to be pulled down 
 by his sordid surroundings. The once- 
 famous small-coalman, Thomas Britton, 
 furnishes a most remarkable instance of 
 true greatness in a humble station, and 
 one, moreover, which was fully recognized 
 in his own day. He lived next door to St. 
 John's Gate, Clerkenwell, and although he 
 gained his living by selling coals from door 
 to door, many persons of the highest station 
 were in the habit of attending the musical 
 meetings held at his house. He was an 
 excellent chemist as well as a good musician, 
 and Thomas Hearne tells us that he left 
 behind him "a valuable collection of musick 
 mostly pricked by himself, which was sold 
 upon his death for near an hundred pounds," 
 " a considerable collection of musical instru- 
 ments which was sold for fourscore pounds," 
 
How Men have Formed Libraries. 39 
 
 "not to mention the excellent collection of 
 printed books that he also left behind him, 
 both of chemistry and musick. Besides 
 these books that he left, he had some years 
 before his death (17 14) sold by auction a 
 noble collection of books, most of them 
 in the Rosicrucian faculty (of which he 
 was a great admirer), whereof there is a 
 printed catalogue extant, as there is of 
 those that were sold after his death, which 
 catalogue I have by me (by the gift of my 
 very good friend Mr. Bagford), and have 
 often looked over with no small surprize 
 and wonder, and particularly for the great 
 number of MSS. in the before-mentioned 
 faculties that are specified in it."^ 
 
 Dr. Johnson, although a great reader, was 
 not a collector of books. He was forced 
 to possess many volumes while he was 
 compiling his Dictionary, but when that 
 great labour was completed, he no longer 
 felt the want of them. Goldsmith, on the 
 other hand, died possessed of a considerable 
 
 ^ Reliquia:. HcarniancBy by Bliss, 2nd edition, 1869, 
 vol. ii. p. 14. 
 
40 How to Form a Library. 
 
 number of books which he required, 
 or had at some time required, for his 
 studies. "The Select Collection of Scarce, 
 Curious, and Valuable Books, in English, 
 Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and other 
 Languages, late the Library of Dr. Gold- 
 smith, deceased," was sold on Tuesday, the 
 1 2th of July, 1774, and the Catalogue will 
 be found in the Appendix to Forster's Life. 
 There were 30 lots in folio, 26 in quarto, and 
 106 in octavo and smaller sizes. Among 
 the books of interest in this list are 
 Chaucer's Works, 1602 ; Davenant's Works, 
 1673 ; Camoens, by Fanshawe, 1655 ; 
 Cowley's Works, 1674 ; Shelton's Don 
 Quixote ; Raleigh's History of the World, 
 1614; Bulwer's Artificial Changeling, 1653; 
 Verstegan's Antiquities, 1634 ; Hartlib's 
 Legacie, 1651 ; Sir K. Digby on the 
 Nature of Bodies, 1645 ; Warton's History 
 of English Poetry, 1774;, Encyclopedie, 25 
 vols., 1770; Fielding's Works, 12 vols., 
 1766; Bysshe's Art of Poetry; Hawkins's 
 Origin of the English Drama, 3 vols., 1773; 
 Percy's Reliques, 3 vols., Dublin, 1766 ; 
 
How Men have Formed Librai'ies. 41 
 
 Sir William Temple's Works; and De Bure, 
 Bibliographie Instructive. 
 
 A catalogue such as this, made within 
 a few weeks of the death of the owner, can- 
 not but have great interest for us. The 
 library could not have been a very choice 
 one, for there is little notice of bindings 
 and much mention of odd volumes. It was 
 evidently a working collection, containing 
 the works of the poets Goldsmith loved, and 
 of the naturalists from whom he stole his 
 knowledge. 
 
 Gibbon was a true collector, who loved 
 his books, and he must have needed them 
 greatly, working as he did at Lausanne 
 away from public libraries. After his death 
 the library was purchased by * Vathek' Beck- 
 ford, but he kept it buried, and it was of 
 no use to any one. Eventually it was sold 
 by auction, a portion being bought for the 
 Canton, and another portion going to 
 America. There was little in the man 
 Gibbon to be enthusiastic about, but it is 
 impossible for any true book lover not to 
 delight in the thoroughness of the author 
 
42 Hoiv to Form a Library. 
 
 of one of the noblest books ever written. 
 The fine old house where the Decline and 
 Fall was written and the noble library was 
 stored still stands, and the traveller may 
 stroll in the garden so beautifully described 
 by Gibbon when he walked to the historical 
 herceau and felt that his herculean labour was 
 completed. His heart must be preternaturally 
 dull which does not beat quicker as he walks 
 on that ground. The thought of a visit some 
 years ago forms one of the most vivid of the 
 author's pleasures of memory. 
 
 Charles Burney, the Greek scholar, is 
 said to have expended nearly /'25,ooo 
 on his library, which consisted of more 
 than 13,000 printed volumes and a fine 
 collection of MSS. The library was pur- 
 chased for the British Museum for the sum 
 
 Charles Burney probably inherited his 
 love of collecting from his father, for Dr. 
 Burney possessed some twenty thousand 
 volumes. These were rather an in- 
 cumbrance to the Doctor, and when he 
 moved to Chelsea Hospital, he was in 
 
Hoiv Men have Formed Libraries. 43 
 
 some difficulty respecting them. Mrs. 
 Chapone, when she heard of these troubles, 
 proved herself no bibliophile, for she ex- 
 claimed, '* Twenty thousand volumes ! bless 
 me ! why, how can he so encumber him- 
 self? Why does he not burn half? for 
 how much must be to spare that never can 
 be worth his looking at from such a store I 
 and can he want to keep them all ?" 
 
 The love of books will often form a tie 
 of connection between very divergent cha- 
 racters, and in dealing with men who have 
 formed libraries we can bring together the 
 names of those who had but little sympathy 
 with each other during life. 
 
 George III. was a true book collector, 
 and the magnificent library now preserved 
 in the British Museum owes its origin to 
 his own judgment and enthusiastic love for 
 the pursuit. Louis XVI. cared but little 
 for books until his troubles came thick 
 upon him, and then he sought solace from 
 their pages. During that life in the Temple 
 we all know so well from the sad reading 
 of its incidents, books were not denied to 
 
44 Hoiv to Form a Library, 
 
 the persecuted royal family. There was 
 a small library in the "little tower," and 
 the king drew up a list of books to be 
 supplied to him from the library at the 
 Tuileries. The list included the works of 
 Virgil, Horace, Ovid, and Terence ; of 
 Tacitus, Livy, Caesar, Marcus Aurelius, 
 Eutropius, Cornelius Nepos, Florus, Justin, 
 Quintus Curtius, Sallust, Suetonius and 
 Velleius Paterculus ; the Vies dts SaintSy 
 the Fables de la Fontainey Tilemaq^uCy and 
 Rollin's Traite des Eludes} 
 
 The more we know of Napoleon, and 
 anecdotes of him are continually being 
 published in the ever-lengthening series 
 of French memoirs, the less heroic appears 
 his figure, but he could not have been 
 entirely bad, for he truly loved books. He 
 began life as an author, and would always 
 have books about him. He complained 
 if the printing was bad or the binding poor, 
 and said, *' I will have fine editions and 
 handsome binding. I am rich enough for 
 
 ^ Edwards, Libraries and Founders of Libraries^ 
 V 115- 
 
Hew Men have Formed Libraries, 45 
 
 that."^ Thus spoke the true bibliophile. 
 Mr. Edwards has collected much interest- 
 ing information respecting Napoleon and 
 his libraries, and of his labours I here 
 freely avail myself. Bourrienne affirms that 
 the authors who chiefly attracted Napoleon 
 in his school days were Polybius, Plutarch, 
 and Arrian. ** Shortly before he left France 
 for Egypt, Napoleon drew up, with his own 
 hand, the scheme of a travelling library, 
 the charge of collecting which was given 
 to John Baptist Say, the Economist. It 
 comprised about three hundred and twenty 
 volumes, more than half of which are 
 historical, and nearly all, as it seems, in 
 French. The ancient historians comprised 
 in the list are Thucydides, Plutarch, Poly- 
 bius, Arrian, Tacitus, Livy, and Justin. 
 The poets are Homer, Virgil, Tasso, Ariosto, 
 the Telemaque of F6n61on, the Henriade of 
 Voltaire, with Ossian and La Fontaine. 
 Among the works of prose fiction are the 
 English novelists in forty volumes, of course 
 
 * Edwards, Libraries and Founders^ p. 136. 
 
46 How to Form a Library. 
 
 in translations, and the indispensable *S'^;r(y7/-^ 
 of Werter, which, as he himself told Goethe, 
 Napoleon had read through seven times 
 prior to October, 1808. In this list the 
 Bible, together with the Koran and the 
 Vtdas, are whimsically, but significantly, 
 entered under the heading Politics and 
 Ethics (Politique et Morale).^ 
 
 Napoleon was not, however, satisfied with 
 the camp libraries which were provided for 
 him ; the good editions were too bulky and 
 the small editions too mean: so he arranged 
 the plan of a library to be expressly printed 
 for him in a thousand duodecimo volumes 
 without margins, bound in thin covers and 
 with loose oacks. *'In this new plan 
 * Religion ' took its place as the first class. 
 The Bible was to be there in its best trans- 
 lation, with a selection of the most im- 
 portant works of the Fathers of the Church, 
 and a series of the best dissertations on 
 those leading religious sects — their doctrines 
 and their history — which have powerfully 
 
 ^ Con'esfiondance de N'afoleon I^^, IV. pp. 37, 38, 
 quoted by Edwards, Libraries and Founders ^ p. 130. 
 
How Men have Formed Libraries. 47 
 
 influenced the world. This section was 
 limited to forty volumes. The Koran was 
 to be included, together with a good book 
 or two on mythology. One hundred and 
 forty volumes were allotted to poetry. The 
 epics were to embrace Homer, Lucan, Tasso, 
 TelemachuSf and the Henriade. In the 
 dramatic portion Corneille and Racine 
 were of course to be included, but of 
 Corneille, said Napoleon, you shall print 
 for me * only what is vital ' (ce qui est rest^), 
 and from Racine you shall omit ^ Les Freres 
 €Tinemts, the Alexandre, and Les Plaideurs. 
 Of Cr6billon, he would have only Rhadamiste 
 and Airee et Thy est e. Voltaire was to be sub- 
 ject to the same limitation as Corneille.'"^ 
 In prose fiction Napoleon specifies the 
 Nouvelle Heloise and Rousseau's Confessions^ 
 the masterpieces of Fielding, Richardson 
 and Le Sage, and Voltaire's tales. Soon 
 after this Napoleon proposed a much larger 
 scheme for a camp library, in which history 
 alone would occupy three thousand volumes. 
 
 ^ Edwards, Libraries and Founders, p. 133. 
 
48 How to Form a Library. 
 
 History was to be divided into these sec- 
 tions — I. Chronology and Universal History. 
 II. Ancient History {a. by ancient writers, 
 h. by modern writers). HI. History of the 
 Lower Empire (in like subdivisions). IV. 
 History, both general and particular. V. 
 The Modern History of the different States 
 of Europe. The celebrated bibliographer 
 Barbier drew up, according to the Emperor's 
 orders, a detailed catalogue of the works 
 which should form such a library. " He 
 calculated that by employing a hundred 
 and twenty compositors and twenty-five 
 editors, the three thousand volumes could 
 be produced, in satisfactory shape, and with- 
 in six ^-ears, at a total cost of /'i 63,200, 
 supposing fifty copies of each book to be 
 printed."^ The printing was begun, but 
 little was actually done, and in six years 
 Napoleon was in St. Helena. 
 
 In his last island home Napoleon had 
 a library, and he read largely, often aloud, 
 with good effect. It is an interesting fact 
 
 1 Edwards, Libraries and Founders ^ p. 135. 
 
How Men have Formed Libraries. 49 
 
 that among Napoleon's papers were found 
 some notes on Geography written when a 
 boy, and these close with the words — 
 *^ Sainie-Helene — petite ile^ ^ 
 
 In recapitulating here the names of a 
 few of the famous men who have formed 
 libraries it will be necessary to divide them 
 into two classes, i, those whose fame arises 
 from their habit of collecting, and 2, those 
 authors in whose lives we are so much 
 interested that the names of the books they 
 possessed are welcomed by us as indications 
 of their characters. What can be said of 
 the libraries of the Duke of Roxburghe, Earl 
 Spencer, Thomas Grenville, and Richard 
 Heber that has not been said often before ? 
 Two of these have been dispersed over the 
 world, and two remain, one the glory of a 
 noble family, and the other of the nation, 
 or perhaps it would be more proper to say 
 both are the glory of the nation, for every 
 Englishman must be proud that the Spencer 
 Library still remains intact. 
 
 ^ Edwards, Libraries and Founders ^ p. 142. 
 
 4 
 
50 How to Form a Library, 
 
 Heber left behind him over 100,000 
 volumes, in eight houses, four in England 
 and four on the Continent, and no record 
 remains of this immense library but the 
 volumes of the sale catalogues. Such whole- 
 sale collection appears to be allied to mad- 
 ness, but Heber was no selfish collector, 
 and his practice was as liberal as Grolier's 
 motto. His name is enshrined in lasting 
 verse by Scott : — 
 
 ** Thy volumes, open as thy heart. 
 Delight, amusement, science, art. 
 To every ear and eye impart ; 
 Yet who of all that thus employ them. 
 Can like the ov/ner's self enjoy them? — 
 But hark ! I hear the distant drum : 
 The day of Flodden Field is come— 
 Adieu, dear Heber ! life and health. 
 And store of literary wealth. " 
 — M ARM ION, Introduction to the Sixth Canto. 
 
 The Duke of Sussex was a worthy suc- 
 cessor of his father, George HI., in the 
 ranks of book-collectors, and his library 
 is kept in memory by Pettigrew's fine 
 catalogue. 
 
How Men have Formed Libraries. 5 1 
 
 Douce and Malone the critics, and Gough 
 the antiquary, left their libraries to the 
 Bodleian, and thus many valuable books 
 are available to students in that much- 
 loved resort of his at Oxford. Anthony 
 Morris Storer, who is said to have excelled 
 in everything he set his heart on and hand 
 to, collected a beautiful library, which he 
 bequeathed to Eton College, where it still 
 remains, a joy to look at from the elegance 
 of the bindings. His friend Lord Carlisle 
 wrote of him — 
 
 "Whether I Storer sing in hours of joy, 
 When every look bespeaks the inward boy ; 
 Or when no more mirth wantons in his breast, 
 And all the man in him appears confest ; 
 In mirth, in sadness, sing him how I will, 
 Sense and good nature must attend him still." 
 
 Jacob Bryant the antiquary left his 
 library to King's College, Cambridge. At 
 one time he intended to have followed 
 Storer' s example, and have left it to Eton 
 College, but the Provost offended him, and 
 he changed the object of his bequest. It 
 is said that when he was discussing the 
 
52 How to Form a Library. 
 
 matter, the Provost asked whether he would 
 not arrange for the payment of the carriage 
 of the books from his house to Eton. He 
 thought this grasping, and King's gained 
 the benefit of his change of mind. 
 
 Among great authors two of the chief 
 collectors were Scott and Southey. Scott's 
 library still remains at Abbotsford, and no 
 one who has ever entered that embodiment 
 of the great man's soul can ever forget it. 
 The library, with the entire contents of 
 the house, were restored to Scott in 1830 
 by his trustees and creditors, " As the best 
 means the creditors have of expressing 
 their very high sense of his most honour- 
 able conduct, and in grateful acknowledg- 
 ment of the unparalleled and most successful 
 exertions he has made, and continues to 
 make for them." The library is rich in 
 the subjects which the great author loved, 
 such as Demonology and Witchcraft. In 
 a volume of a collection of Ballads and 
 Chapbooks is this note written by Scott in 
 1 8 10: "This little collection of stall tracts 
 and ballads was formed by me, when a boy, 
 
How Men have Formed Libraries. 53 
 
 from the baskets of the travelling pedlars. 
 Until put into its present decent binding, 
 it had such charms for the servants, that it 
 was repeatedly, and with difficulty, recovered 
 from their clutches. It contains most of 
 the pieces that were popular about thirty 
 years since, and I dare say many that could 
 not now be procured for any price." 
 
 It is odd to contrast the book-loving 
 tastes of celebrated authors. Southey cared 
 for his books, but Coleridge would cut the 
 leaves of a book with a butter knife, and 
 De Quincey's extraordinary treatment of 
 books is well described by ]\Ir. Burton in 
 the Book Hunter, Charles Lamb's loving 
 appreciation of his books is known to all 
 readers of the delightful Elia. 
 
 Southey collected more than 14,000 
 volumes, which sold in 1844 ^or nearly 
 /"3000. He began collecting as a boy, 
 for his father had but few books. Mr. 
 Edwards enumerates these as follows : 
 The Spectator^ three or four volumes of 
 the Oxford Magazimy one volume of the 
 Freeholder's Magazine^ and one of the Town 
 
54 How to Form a Library. 
 
 and Country Magazine ^ Pomfret's Poems, 
 the Death of Abel, nine plays (including 
 Julius CcEsar, The Indian Queen, and a 
 translation of 3Ierope), and a pamphlet.^ 
 
 Southey was probably one of the most 
 representative of literary men. His feelings 
 in his library are those of all book-lovers, 
 although he could express these feelings 
 in language which few of them have at 
 command : — 
 
 My days among the dead are passed ; 
 
 Around me I behold, 
 Where'er these casual eyes are cast, 
 
 The mighty minds of old : 
 My never-failing friends are they. 
 With whom I converse day by day. 
 
 With them I take delight in weal, 
 
 And seek relief in woe ; 
 And while I understand and feel 
 
 How much to them I owe, 
 My cheeks have often been bedewed 
 W ith tears of thoughtful gratitude. 
 
 ^ Libraries and Founders of Libraries, p. 95. 
 
XJNJVElis 
 How Men have Formed Libraries. 5 5 ^^^'S^ ^^Q^^ 
 
 My thoughts are with the dead j with them 
 
 I live in long-past years ; 
 Their virtues love, their faults condemn, 
 
 Partake their hopes and fears, 
 And from their lessons seek and find 
 Instruction with a humble mind. 
 
 My hopes are with the dead ; an on 
 
 My place with them will be 
 And I with them shall travel on 
 
 Through all futurity ; 
 Yet leaving here a name, I trust, 
 That will not perish in the dust. 
 
 Mr. Henry Stevens read a paper or rather 
 delivered an address at the meeting of the 
 Library Association held at Liverpool in 
 1883, containing his recollections of Mr. 
 James Lenox, the great American book 
 collector. I had the pleasure of listening 
 to that address, but I have read it in its 
 finished form with even greater delight. 
 It is not often that he who pleases you 
 as a speaker also pleases you as writer, but 
 Mr. Stevens succeeds in both. If more 
 bibliographers could write their reminis- 
 cences with the same spirit that he does, we 
 
56 How to Form a Libi'ary. 
 
 should hear less of the dullness of biblio- 
 graphy. I strongly recommend my readers 
 to take an early opportunity of perusing 
 this paper in the Liverpool volume of the 
 Transactions of the Library Association. 
 
 Mr. Stevens, among his anecdotes of Mr. 
 Lenox, records that he ** often bought dupli- 
 cates for immediate use, or to lend, rather 
 than grope for the copies he knew to be 
 in the stocks in some of his store rooms 
 or chambers, notably Stirling's Artists of 
 SpaiUy a high-priced book." 
 
 This is a common trouble to large book 
 collectors, who cannot find the books they 
 know they possess. The late Mr. Crossley 
 had his books stacked away in heaps, and 
 he was often unable to lay his hands upon 
 books of which he had several copies. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 How TO Buy. 
 
 DISCUSSION has arisen lately in 
 bibliographical journals as to 
 how best to supply libraries 
 with their books, the main principle agreed 
 upon being that it is the duty of the 
 librarian to buy his books as cheaply as 
 possible. Some of these views are stated 
 by Mr. H. R. Tedder in a letter printed in 
 the Library Chronicle for July, 1884 (vol. i. 
 p. 120). It appears that Professor Dziatzko 
 contends that the books should always be 
 bought as cheaply as possible, but that Dr. 
 Julius Petzholdt holds the opinion that the 
 chief object of the librarian should be to 
 get his books as early as possible and not 
 to wait until they can be had at second- 
 hand. Mr. Tedder thinks that the two 
 
58 How to Form a Library. 
 
 plans of rapidity of supply and cheapness 
 of cost can in some respect be united. Of 
 course there can be no difference of opinion 
 in respect to the duty of the librarian to 
 get as much for his money as he can, but 
 there are other points which require to be 
 considered besides those brought forward 
 before a satisfactory answer to the question 
 — How to Buy ? can be obtained. There 
 are three points which seem to have been 
 very much overlooked in the discussion, 
 which may be stated here. i. Is the 
 librarian's valuable time well occupied by 
 looking after cheap copies of books? 2. 
 Will not the proposed action on the part 
 of librarians go far to abolish the intelligent 
 second-hand bookseller in the same way 
 as the new bookseller has been well-nigh 
 abolished in consequence of large dis- 
 counts ? 3. Will not such action prevent 
 the publication of excellent books on 
 subjects little likely to be popular ? 
 
 I. Most librarians find their time pretty 
 well occupied by the ordinary duties of buy- 
 ing, arranging, cataloguing, and finding the 
 
 ^ 
 
How to Buy. 59 
 
 books under their charge, and it will be 
 generally allowed that the librarian's first 
 duty is to be in his library, ready to attend to 
 those who wish to consult him. Now the 
 value of his time can be roughly estimated for 
 this purpose in money, and the value of the 
 time spent in doing work which could be 
 as well or better done by a bookseller 
 should fairly be added to the cost of the 
 books. 
 
 2. It has hitherto been thought advisable 
 to have one or more second-hand book- 
 sellers attached to an important library, 
 from whom the librarian may naturally 
 expect to obtain such books as he requires. 
 Of course a man of knowledge and ex- 
 perience must be paid for the exercise of 
 these qualities, but the price of books is 
 so variable that it is quite possible that the 
 bookseller, from his knowledge, may buy the 
 required books cheaper than the librarian 
 himself would pay for them. As far as it is 
 possible to judge from the information given 
 us respecting the collection of libraries, 
 bookbuyers have little to complain of as to 
 
6o How to Form a Library. 
 
 the price paid by them to such respectable 
 booksellers as have acted as their agents. 
 Perhaps too little stress has been laid upon 
 that characteristic which is happily so 
 common among honest men, viz. that the 
 agent is as pleased to get wares cheap for 
 a good customer as for himself. Mr. Tedder 
 says in his letter, " For rarer books I still 
 consider it safer and cheaper in the long 
 run to cultivate business relations with one 
 or more second-hand booksellers, and pay 
 them for their knowledge and experience." 
 But is this quite fair, and is it not likely 
 that the rarer books will be supplied cheaper 
 if the bookseller is allowed to pay himself 
 partly out of the sale of the commoner 
 books, which it is now proposed the libra- 
 rian shall buy himself.? My contention is 
 that it is for the advantage of libraries that 
 intelligent booksellers, ready to place their 
 knowledge at the service of the librarians, 
 should exist, and it is unwise and un- 
 economic to do that which may cause 
 this class to cease to exist. Sellers of 
 books must always exist, bat it is possible 
 
How to Bity. 6 1 
 
 to drive out of the trade those who do 
 it the most honour. We see what has 
 occurred in the new book trade, and 
 there can be little doubt that the book- 
 buyer loses much more than he gains by 
 the present system of discount. When the 
 bookseller could obtain sufficient profit by 
 the sale of new books to keep his shop 
 open, it was worth his while to take some 
 trouble in finding the book required ; but 
 now that the customer expects to buy a 
 book at trade price, he cannot be surprised 
 if he does not give full particulars as to 
 the publisher of the book he requires if it 
 is reported to him as "not known." Those 
 only who, by taking a large quantity of 
 copies, obtain an extra discount, can make 
 new bookselling pay. 
 
 3. There are a large number of books 
 which, although real additions to literature, 
 can only be expected to obtain a small 
 number of readers and buyers. Some of these 
 are not taken by the circulating libraries, 
 and publishers, in making their calculations, 
 naturally count upon supplying some of the 
 
62 Hozv to Form a Library, 
 
 chief libraries of the country. If these 
 libraries wait till the book is second-hand, 
 the number of sales is likely to be so much 
 reduced that it is not worth while to publish 
 the book at all, to the evident damage of 
 the cause of learning. 
 
 It has been often suggested that an 
 arrangement should be made by libraries 
 in close proximity, so that the same ex- 
 pensive book should not be bought by more 
 than one of the libraries. No doubt this 
 is advantageous in certain circumstances, 
 but in the case of books with a limited sale 
 it would have the same consequence as 
 stated above, and the book would not be 
 published at all, or be published at a loss. 
 
 Selden wrote in his Table Talk: "The 
 giving a bookseller his price for his books 
 has this advantage ; he that will do so, shall 
 have the refusal of whatsoever comes to his 
 hand, and so by that means get many things 
 which otherwise he never should have seen." 
 And the dictum is as true now as it was in 
 his time. 
 
 Many special points arise for consideration 
 
How to Buy. 67, 
 
 when we deal with the question — How 
 to buy at sales ? and Mr. Edward Edwards 
 gives the following four rules for the guid- 
 ance of the young book-buyer {Memoirs of 
 Libraries^ vol. ii. p. 645): 
 
 I . The examination of books before the 
 sale, not during it. 2. A steady unin- 
 termittent bidding up to his predetermined 
 limit, for all the books which he wants, 
 from the first lot to the last ; and — if there 
 be any signs of a "combination" — for a 
 few others which he may «o/ want. 3. Care- 
 ful avoidance of all interruptions and con- 
 versation ; with especial watchfulness of 
 the hammer immediately after the disposal 
 of those especially seductive lots, which 
 may have excited a keen and spirited 
 competition. (There is usually on such 
 occasions a sort of *Mull," very favourable 
 to the acquisition of good bargains.) 4. 
 The uniform preservation and storing up 
 of priced catalogues of all important sales 
 for future reference. 
 
 A case of conscience arises as to whether 
 it is fit and proper for two buyers to agree 
 
64 How to Form a Library. 
 
 not to oppose each other at a public sale. 
 Mr. Edwards says, "At the sales Lord 
 Spencer was a liberal opponent as well as 
 a liberal bidder. When Mason's books 
 were sold, for example, in 1798, Lord 
 Spencer agreed with the Duke of Roxburghe 
 that they would not oppose each other, in 
 bidding for some books of excessive rarity, 
 but when both were very earnest in their 
 longings, "toss up, after the book was 
 bought, to see who should win it." Thus 
 it was that the Duke obtained his unique, 
 but imperfect, copy of Caxton's Historye 
 of Kynge Blanchardyn and Prince Eglantyne, 
 which, however, came safely to Althorp 
 fourteen years later, at a cost of two 
 hundred and fifteen pounds ; the Duke 
 having given but twenty guineas."^ 
 
 It is easy to understand the inducement 
 whicli made these two giants agree not to 
 oppose each other, but the agreement was 
 dangerously like a "knock-out." Mr. Henry 
 Stevens (in his Recollections of Mr. fames 
 
 * Libraries and Founders of Libraries i 1864, p. 404. 
 
How to Buy. 65 
 
 Lenox) boldly deals with this question, and 
 condemns any such agreement. He writes, 
 "Shortly after, in 1850, there occurred for 
 sale at the same auction rooms a copy of 
 ^Araius, Phaenomena,^ Paris, 1559, in 4°, with 
 a few manuscript notes, and this autograph 
 signature on the title, *Jo. Milton, Pre. 
 2S. td. 163 1.' This I thought would be 
 a desirable acquisition for Mr. Lenox, and 
 accordingly I ventured to bid for it as far 
 as £^0, against my late opponent for the 
 Drake Map, but he secured it at £^0 lo^., 
 remarking that ' Mr. Panizzi will not thank 
 you for thus running the British Museum.' 
 
 * That remark,' I replied, * is apparently 
 one of your gratuities. Mr. Panizzi is, 
 I think, too much a man of the world to 
 grumble at a fair fight. He has won this 
 time, though at considerable cost, and I 
 am sure Mr. Lenox will be the first to con- 
 gratulate him on securing such a prize for 
 the British Museum.' *I did not know 
 you were bidding for Mr. Lenox.' ' It 
 was not necessary that you should.' 
 
 * Perhaps at another time,' said he, *we 
 
 5 
 
66 How to Form a Library. 
 
 may arrange the matter beforehand, so 
 as not to oppose each other.' 'Very- 
 well/ I replied, ' if you will bring me a 
 note from Mr. Panizzi something to this 
 eifect : * Mr. Stevens, please have a knock- 
 out with the bearer, the agent of the British 
 Museum, on lot * *, and greatly oblige Mr. 
 John Bull and your obdt. servant, A. P.,* 
 I will consider the proposition, and if Mr, 
 Lenox, or any other of my interested cor- 
 respondents, is not unwilling to combine 
 or conspire to rob or cheat the proprietors, 
 the 'thing' may possibly be done. Mean- 
 while, until this arrangement is concluded, 
 let us hold our tongues and pursue an 
 honest course.' That man never again 
 suggested to me to join him in a * knock- 
 out.' " 
 
 In another place Mr. Stevens relates his 
 own experience as to holding two com- 
 missions, and the necessity of buying the 
 book above the amount of the lowest of the 
 two. The circumstance relates to a copy 
 of the small octavo Latin edition of the 
 Columbus Letkr^ in eight leaves, at the first 
 
How to Buy. 6y 
 
 Libri sale, Feb. ig, 1849. Mr. Stevens 
 writes, " Mr. Brown ordered this lot with 
 a limit of 25 guineas, and Mr. Lenox of 
 £25. Now as my chief correspondents had 
 been indulged with a good deal of liberty, 
 scarcely ever considering their orders com- 
 pletely executed till they had received the 
 books and decided whether or not they 
 would keep them, I grew into the habit 
 of considering all purchases my own until 
 accepted and paid for. Consequently when 
 positive orders were given, which was very 
 ' seldom, I grew likewise into the habit of 
 buying the lot as cheaply as possible, and 
 then awarding it to the correspondent who 
 gave the highest limit. This is not always 
 quite fair to the owner ; but in my case it 
 would have been unfair to myself to make 
 my clients compete, as not unfrequently the 
 awarded lot was declined and had to go to 
 another. Well, in the case of this Columbus 
 Letter, though I had five or six orderr, I 
 purchased it for /^ 16 10^., and, accordingly, 
 as had been done many times before within 
 the last five or six years without a grumble, 
 
68 How to Form a Library. 
 
 I awarded it to the highest limit, and sent 
 the little book to Mr. John Carter Brown. 
 Hitherto, in cases of importance, Mr. Lenox 
 had generally been successful, because he 
 usually gave the highest limit. But in this 
 case he rebelled. He wrote that the book 
 had gone under his commission of ^25, 
 that he knew nobody else in the transaction, 
 and that he insisted on having it, or he 
 should at once transfer his orders to some 
 one else. I endeavoured to vindicate my 
 conduct by stating our long-continued 
 practice, with which he was perfectly well 
 acquainted, but without success. He grew 
 more and more peremptory, insisting on 
 having the book solely on the ground that 
 it went under his limit. At length, after 
 some months of negotiation, Mr. Brown, 
 on being made acquainted with the whole 
 correspondence, very kindly, to relieve me 
 of the dilemma, sent the book to Mr. Lenox 
 without a word of comment or explanation, 
 except that, though it went also below his 
 higher limit, he yielded it to Mr. Lenox 
 for peace From that time I 
 
How to Btty. 69 
 
 resorted, in cases of duplicate orders from 
 them, to the expedient of always putting 
 the lot in at one bid above the lower limit, 
 which, after all, I believe is the fairer way 
 in the case of positive orders. This some- 
 times cost one of them a good deal more 
 money, but it abated the chafing and 
 generally gave satisfaction. Both thought 
 the old method the fairest when they got 
 the prize. But I was obliged, on the new 
 system of bidding, to insist on the purchaser 
 keeping the book without the option of re- 
 turning it." There can be no doubt that 
 the latter plan was the most satisfactory. 
 
 Some persons appear to be under the im- 
 pression that whatever a book fetches at 
 a public sale must be its true value, and 
 that, as the encounter is open and public, 
 too much is not likely to be paid by the 
 buyer ; but this is a great mistake, and prices 
 are often realized at a good sale which are 
 greatly in advance of those at which the 
 same books are standing unsold in second- 
 hand booksellers' shops. 
 
 Much knowledge is required by those who 
 
70 How to Form a Library. 
 
 wish to buy with success at sales. Books 
 vary greatly in price at different periods, 
 and it is a mistake to suppose, from the 
 high prices realized at celebrated sales, 
 which are quoted in all the papers, that 
 books are constantly advancing in price. 
 Although many have gone up, many others 
 have gone down, and at no time probably 
 were good and useful books to be bought 
 so cheap as now. If we look at old sale 
 catalogues we shall find early printed books, 
 specimens of old English poetry and the 
 drama, fetching merely a fraction of what 
 would have to be given for them now ; but, 
 on the other hand, we shall find pounds then 
 given for standard books which would not 
 now realize the same number of shillings; 
 this is specially the case with classics. 
 
 The following passage from Hearne's 
 Diaries on the fluctuations in prices is of 
 interest in this connection: — "The editions 
 of Classicks of the first print (commonly 
 called editones principes) that used to go 
 at prodigious prices are now strangely 
 lowered; occasioned in good measure by 
 
How to Buy. 71 
 
 Mr. Thomas Rawlinson, my friend, being 
 forced to sell many of his books, in whose 
 auction these books went cheap, tho' 
 English history and antiquities went dear: 
 and yet this gentleman was the chief man 
 that raised many curious and classical books 
 so high, by his generous and courageous 
 way of bidding."^ 
 
 These first editions, however, realize large 
 prices at the present time, as has been seen 
 at the sale of the Sunderland Library. It 
 is experience only that will give the neces- 
 sary knowledge to the book buyer, and no 
 rules laid down in books can be of any real 
 practical value in this case. Persons who 
 know nothing of books are too apt to 
 suppose that what they are inclined to 
 consider exorbitant prices are matters of 
 caprice, but this is not so. There is 
 generally a very good reason for the high 
 price. 
 
 We must remember that year by year old 
 and curious books become scarcer, and the 
 
 ^ ReliquicB HaarniancB^ 1869, vol. ii. p. 1 58. 
 
72 How to Form a Library, 
 
 number of libraries where they are locked 
 up increase ; thus while the demand is 
 greater, the supply diminishes, and the price 
 naturally becomes higher. A unique first 
 edition of a great author is surely a posses- 
 sion to be proud of, and it is no ignoble 
 ambition to wish to obtain it. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 Public Libraries. 
 
 IBRARIES may broadly be divided 
 into Public and Private, and as 
 private libraries will vary accord- 
 ing to the special idiosyncrasies of their 
 owners, so still more will public libraries 
 vary in character according to the public 
 they are intended for. The answer there- 
 fore to the question — How to form a Public 
 Librar}^ ? — must depend upon the character 
 of the library which it is proposed to form. 
 Up to the period when free town libraries 
 were first formed, collections of books were 
 usually intended for students ; but when the 
 Public Libraries' Acts were passed, a great 
 change took place, and libraries being 
 formed for general readers, and largely 
 
74 How to Form a Library. 
 
 with the object of fostering the habit of 
 reading, an entirely new idea of libraries 
 came into existence. The old idea of a 
 library was that of a place where books 
 that were wanted could be found, but the 
 new idea is that of an educational estab- 
 lishment, where persons who know little or 
 nothing of books can go to learn what to 
 read. The new idea has naturally caused 
 a number of points to be discussed which 
 were never thought of before. 
 
 But even in Town Libraries there will be 
 great differences. Thus in such places as 
 Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester, 
 the Free Libraries should be smaller British 
 Museums, and in this spirit their founders 
 have worked ; but in smaller and less im- 
 portant towns a more modest object has to 
 be kept in view, and the wants of readers, 
 more than those of consulters of books, 
 have to be considered. 
 
 Mr. Beriah Botfield has given a very full 
 account of the contents of the libraries 
 spread about the country and associated 
 with the diiferent Cathedrals in his Notes on 
 
Public Libraries, 75 
 
 the Cathedral Libraries of England, 184^. 
 These libraries have mostly been formed 
 upon the same plan, and consist very largely 
 of the works of the Fathers, and of old 
 Divinity. Some contain also old editions 
 of the classics, and others fine early editions 
 of English authors. In former times these 
 libraries were much neglected, and many of 
 the books were lost ; but the worst instance 
 of injury to a library occurred at Lincoln 
 at the beginning of the present century, 
 when a large number of Caxtons, Pynsons, 
 Wynkyn de Wordes, etc., were sold to Dr. 
 Dibdin, and modern books purchased for 
 the library with the proceeds. Dibdin 
 printed a list of his treasures under the title 
 of "The Lincolne Nosegay." Mr. Botfield 
 has reprinted this catalogue in his book. 
 
 The first chapter of the United States 
 Report on Public Libraries is devoted to 
 Public Libraries a hundred years ago. 
 Mr. H. E. Scudder there describes some 
 American libraries which were founded in 
 the last century. One of these was the 
 Loganian Library of Philadelphia. Here 
 
^6 How to Form a Library. 
 
 is an extract from the will of James Logan, 
 the founder — 
 
 "In my library, which I have left to the 
 city of Philadelphia for the advancement 
 and facilitating of classical learning, are 
 above one hundred volumes of authors, in 
 folio, all in Greek, with mostly their versions. 
 All the Roman classics without exception. 
 All the Greek mathematicians, viz. Archi- 
 medes, Euclid, Ptolemy, both his Geography 
 and Almagest, which I had in Greek (with 
 Theon's Commentary, in folio, above 700 
 pages) from my learned friend Fabricius, 
 who published fourteen volumes of his 
 Bibliotheque Grecque, in quarto, in which, 
 after he had finished his account of Ptolemy, 
 on my inquiring of him at Hamburgh, how 
 I should find it, having long sought for it 
 in vain in England, he sent it to me out 
 of his own library, telling me it was so 
 scarce that neither prayers nor price could 
 purchase it ; besides, there are many of the 
 most valuable Latin authors, and a great 
 number of modern mathematicians, with 
 all the three editions of Newton, Dr. Watts, 
 
Public Libraries. 'jj 
 
 Halley, etc." The inscription on the house 
 of the Philadelphia Library is well worthy 
 of repetition here. It was prepared by 
 Franklin, with the exception of the refer- 
 ence to himself, which was inserted by the 
 Committee. 
 
 Be it remembered, 
 
 in honor of the Philadelphia youth 
 
 (then chiefly artificers), 
 
 that in MDCCXXXI 
 
 they cheerfully, 
 
 at the instance of Benjamin Franklin, 
 
 one of their number, 
 
 instituted the Philadelphia Library, 
 
 ■which, though small at first, 
 
 is become highly valuable and extensively useful, 
 
 and which the walls of this edifice 
 
 are now destined to contain and preserve : 
 
 the first stone of whose foundation 
 
 was here placed 
 the thirty-first day of August, 1789. 
 
 Mr. F. B. Perkins, of the Boston Public 
 Library, contributed to the Report on Public 
 Libraries in the United States a useful chapter 
 on ** How to make Town Libraries success- 
 ful" (pp. 419-+30). The two chief points 
 
78 How to Form a Library, 
 
 upon which he lays particular stress, and 
 which may be said to form the texts for 
 his practical remarks, are: (i) that a Public 
 Library for popular use must be managed 
 not only as a literary institution, but also 
 as a business concern; and (2) that it is a 
 mistake to choose books of too thoughtful 
 or solid a character. He says, ** It is vain 
 to go on the principle of collecting books 
 that people ought to read, and afterwards 
 trying to coax them to read them. The 
 only practical method is to begin by supply- 
 ing books that people already want to read, 
 and afterwards to do whatever shall be found 
 possible to elevate their reading tastes and 
 habits." 
 
 A series of articles on *' How to Start 
 Libraries in Small Towns" was published 
 in the Library Journal (vol. i. pp. 161, 213, 
 249, 313, 355, 421), and Mr. Axon's Hints 
 on the Formation of Small Libraries has 
 already been mentioned. We must not be 
 too rigid in the use of the term Public 
 Libraries, and we should certainly include 
 under this description those institutional 
 
Public Libraries. 79 
 
 Libraries which, although primarily intended 
 for the use of the Members of the Societies 
 to which they belong, can usually be consulted 
 by students who are properly introduced. 
 
 Of Public Libraries first in order come 
 the great libraries of a nation, such as 
 the British Museum. These are supplied 
 by means of the Copyright Law, but the 
 librarians are not from this cause ex- 
 onerated from the troubles attendant on 
 the formation of a library. There are old 
 books and privately printed and foreign 
 books to be bought, and it is necessary 
 that the most catholic spirit should be dis- 
 played by the librarians. The same may 
 be said in a lesser degree of the great 
 libraries of the more important towns. 
 
 In England the Universities have noble 
 libraries, more especially those of Oxford 
 and Cambridge, but although some colleges 
 possess fine collections of books, college 
 libraries are not as a rule kept up to a y^yy 
 high standard. The United States Report 
 contains a full account of the college libraries 
 in America (pp. 60-126). 
 
8o How to Form a Library, 
 
 The libraries of societies are to a larg-e 
 extent special ones, and my brother, the 
 late Mr. B. R. Wheatley, in a paper read 
 before the Conference of Librarians, 1877, 
 entitled " Hints on Library Management, 
 so far as relates to the Circulation of 
 Books," particularly alluded to this fact. 
 He wrote, " Our library is really a medical 
 and surgical section of a great Public 
 Library. Taking the five great classes of 
 literature, I suppose medicine and its allied 
 sciences may be considered as forming a 
 thirtieth of the whole, and, as our books 
 number 30,000, we are, as it were, a com- 
 plete section of a Public Library of nearly 
 a million volumes in extent." 
 
 The United States Report contains several 
 chapters on special libraries, thus chapter 2 
 is devoted to those of Schools and Asylums; 
 4, to Theological Libraries; 5, to Law; 6, to 
 Medical; and 7, to Scientific Libraries. For 
 the formation of special libraries, special 
 bibliographies will be required, and for in- 
 formation on this subject reference should 
 be made to Chapter VI. of the present work. 
 
Public Libraries. 8 1 
 
 When we come to deal with the Free 
 Public Libraries, several ethical questions 
 arise, which do not occur in respect to 
 other libraries. One of the most pressing: 
 of these questions refers to the amount of 
 Fiction read by the ordinary frequenters 
 of these libraries. 
 
 This point is alluded to in the United 
 States Report on Public Libraries. Mr. J; 
 P. Quincy, in the chapter on Free Libraries 
 (p. 389), writes, "Surely a state which lays 
 heavy taxes upon the citizen in order that 
 children may be taught to read is bound to 
 take some interest in what they read ; and 
 its representatives may well take cognizance 
 of the fact that an increased facility for 
 obtaining works of sensational fiction is not 
 the special need of our country at the close 
 of the first century of its independence." 
 He mentions a free library in Germanstown, 
 Pa., sustained by the liberality of a religious 
 body, and frequented by artisans and work- 
 ing people of both sexes. It had been 
 in existence six years in 1876, and then 
 contained 7000 volumes. No novels are 
 
 6 
 
82 How to Form a Library, 
 
 admitted into the library. The following 
 is a passage from the librarian's report of 
 1874: "In watching the use of our library 
 as it is more and more resorted to by the 
 younger readers of our community, I have 
 been much interested in its influence in 
 weaning them from a desire for works of 
 fiction. On first joining the library, the 
 new comers often ask for such books, but 
 failing to procure them, and having their 
 attention turned to works of interest and 
 instruction, in almost every instance they 
 settle down to good reading and cease 
 asking for novels. I am persuaded that 
 much of this vitiated taste is cultivated by 
 the purveyors to the reading classes, and 
 that they are responsible for an appetite 
 they often profess to deplore, but continue 
 to cater to, under the plausible excuse that 
 the public will have such works." 
 
 Mr. Justin Winsor in chapter 20 (Reading 
 in Popular Libraries) expresses a somewhat 
 different view. He writes, '' Every year many 
 young readers begin their experiences with 
 the library. They find all the instructive 
 
Public Libraries. 83 
 
 reading they ought to have in their school 
 books, and frequent the library for story 
 books. These swell the issues of fiction, 
 but they prevent the statistics of that better 
 reading into which you have allured the 
 older ones, from telling as they should in 
 the average." 
 
 At the London Conference of Librarians 
 (1877), Mr. P. Cowell, Librarian of the 
 Liverpool Public Library, read a paper on 
 the admission of Fiction in Free Public 
 Libraries, where he discussed the subject 
 in a very fair manner, and deplored the 
 high percentage of novel reading in these 
 libraries. At the Second Annual Meeting 
 of the Library Association (1879) Mr. J. 
 Taylor Kay, Librarian of Owens College, 
 Manchester, in his paper on the Provision 
 of Novels in Rate-supported Libraries, more 
 completely condemned this provision. He 
 concluded his paper with these words : 
 ** Clearly a hard and fast line must be drawn. 
 A distinct refusal by the library committees 
 to purchase a single novel or tale would 
 be appreciated by the rate-payers. The 
 
84 How to Form a Library. 
 
 suggestion of a sub-committee to read this 
 literature would not be tolerated, and no 
 man whose time is of value would undergo 
 the infliction. The libraries would attain 
 their true position, and the donations would 
 certainly be of a higher class, if the aims 
 of the committees were known to be higher. 
 Manchester has already curtailed its issues 
 of novels. It has been in the vanguard on 
 the education question : and let us hope it 
 will be true to its traditions, to its noble 
 impulses, and lead the van in directing the 
 educational influence of the free libraries, 
 and striking out altogether any expenditure 
 in the dissemination of this literature." 
 
 This question probably would not have 
 come to the front if it were not that the 
 educational value of Free Libraries, as the 
 complement of Board Schools, has been 
 very properly put forward by their promoters. 
 With this aim in view, it does startle one 
 somewhat to see the completely dispro- 
 portionate supply of novels in the Free 
 Libraries. This often rises to 75 per cent, 
 of the total supply, and in some libraries 
 
Public L ibraries. 8 5 
 
 even a higher percentage has been reached. 
 There are, however, exceptions At the 
 Baltimore Peabody Institute Fiction did 
 not rise to more than one-tenth of the total 
 reading. The following are some figures 
 of subjects circulated at that library above 
 1000 : — 
 
 Belles Lettres 4598 
 
 Fiction 3999 
 
 Biography 2003 
 
 Greek and Latin Classics . , . 1265 
 
 History (American) 1 137 
 
 Law 1051 
 
 Natural History 1738 
 
 Theology 1168 
 
 Periodicals (Literary) .... 4728 
 
 Periodicals (Scientific) .... 1466 
 
 Mr. Cowell says that during the year 
 ending 3 1 St August, 1877, 453,585 volumes 
 were issued at the reference library alone 
 (Liverpool Free Public Library) ; of these 
 170,531 were strictly novels. The high- 
 percentage of novel reading is not confined 
 to Free Public Libraries, for we find that in 
 the Odd Fellows' Library of San Francisco, 
 
86 How to Form a Library. 
 
 in 1874, 64,509 volumes of Prose Fiction 
 were lent out of a total of 78,219. The 
 other high figures being Essays, 2280; 
 History, 1823 ; Biography and Travels, 
 1664. In the College of the City of New 
 York, of the books taken out by students 
 between Nov. 1876, and Nov. 1877, 1043 
 volumes were Novels, the next highest 
 numbers were Science, 153; Poetry, 133; 
 History, 130.^ 
 
 In considering this question one naturally 
 asks if the masterpieces of our great authors, 
 which every one should read, are to be 
 mixed up with the worthless novels con- 
 stantly being published in the condemnation 
 of Fiction; but, to some extent, both Mr. 
 Cowell and Mr. Kay answer this. The first 
 of these gentlemen writes: "As to the 
 better class novels, which are so graphic 
 in their description of places, costumes, 
 pageantry, men, and events, I regret to say 
 that they are not the most popular with 
 those who stand in need of their instructive 
 
 * Library Journal^ vol. ii. p. 70, 
 
Public Libraries. %y 
 
 descriptions. I could generally find upon 
 the library shelves * Harold/ * The Last of 
 the Barons,' 'Westward Ho!' * Hypatia,' 
 'Ivanhoe,' *Waverley/ 'Lorna Doone,' etc., 
 when not a copy of the least popular of 
 the works of Mrs. Henry Wood, * Ouida,' 
 Miss Braddon, or Rhoda Broughton were 
 to be had." Mr. Kay corroborates this 
 opinion in his paper. 
 
 Mostof us recognize the value of honest fic- 
 tion for children and the overwrought brains 
 of busy men, but the reading of novels of 
 any kind can only be justified as a relaxation, 
 and it is a sad fact that there is a large class 
 of persons who will read nothing but novels 
 and who call all other books dry reading. 
 Upon the minds of this class fiction has a 
 most enervating effect, and it is not to be ex- 
 pected that ratepayers will desire to increase 
 this class by the indiscriminate supply of 
 novels to the Free Libraries. Some persons 
 are so sanguine as to believe that readers 
 will be gradually led from the lower species 
 of reading to the higher ; but there is little 
 confirmation of this hope to be found in 
 
88 How to Form a Library. 
 
 the case of the confirmed novel readers we 
 see around us. 
 
 The librarian who, with ample funds for 
 the purpose, has the duty before him of 
 forming a Public Library, sets forward on 
 a pleasant task. He has the catalogues of 
 all kinds of libraries to guide him, and he 
 will be able to purchase the groundwork 
 of his library at a very cheap rate, for 
 probably at no time could sets of standard 
 books be bought at so low a price as now. 
 Many books that are not wanted by private 
 persons are indispensable for a Public 
 Library, and there being little demand for 
 them they can be obtained cheap. When 
 the groundwork has been carefully laid, then 
 come some of the difficulties of collecting. 
 Books specially required will not easily be 
 obtained, and when they are found, the 
 price will probably be a high one. Books 
 of reference will be expensive, and as these 
 soon get out of date, they will frequently 
 need renewal. 
 

 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Private Libraries. 
 
 KEATING of private libraries, it 
 will be necessary to consider their 
 
 constitution under two heads, 
 
 according as they are required in town or 
 country. In London, for instance, where 
 libraries of all kinds are easily accessible, 
 a man need only possess books on his own 
 particular hobby, and a good collection of 
 books of reference ; but in the country, 
 away from public libraries, a well-selected 
 collection of standard books will be neces- 
 sary. 
 
 I. Town, 
 
 Every one who loves books will be sure 
 to have some favourite authors on special 
 subjects of study respecting which he needs 
 
90 How to Form a Library. 
 
 no instruction farther than that which is 
 ready to his hand. Books on these subjects 
 he will need, both in town and country, if 
 he possesses two houses. Some collectors 
 make their town house a sort of gathering- 
 place for the accessions to their country 
 libraries. Here a class is completed, bound, 
 and put in order, and then sent to the 
 country to find its proper place in the family 
 library. 
 
 This is an age of books of reference, and 
 as knowledge increases, and the books 
 which impart it to readers become un- 
 wieldy from their multitude, there are sure 
 to be forthcoming those who will reduce 
 the facts into a handy form. I have gathered 
 in the following pages the titles of some 
 of the best books of reference which are to 
 be obtained. Many, if not all of these, are 
 to be found in that magnificent library of 
 reference — the Reading Room of the British 
 Museum. In some cases where the books 
 are constantly being reprinted, dates have 
 been omitted. There are, doubtless, many 
 valuable works which I have overlooked, 
 
Private Libraries. 91 
 
 and some Text-books I have had to leave 
 out owing to the exigencies of space, but I 
 trust that the present list will be found useful. 
 
 Abbreviations. — Dictionnaire des Abreviations 
 Latines et Fran9aises usitees dans les inscriptions 
 lapidaires et metalliques, les manuscrits et les chartes 
 du Moyen Age. Par L. Alph. Chassant. Quatrieme 
 edition. Paris, 1876. Sm. 8vo. 
 
 Anthropology. — Notes and Queries on Anthropology, 
 for the use of Travellers and Residents in Uncivilized 
 Lands. Drawn up by a Committee appointed by the 
 British Association. London, 1874. Sm. 8vo. 
 
 Antiqiiitics. — Dictionary of Greek and Roman 
 Antiquities. Edited by Dr. William Smith, Roy. 8vo. 
 
 Dictionnaire des Antiquites Grecques et 
 
 Romaines d'apres les textes et les Monuments . . 
 Ouvrage redige . . sous la direction de Ch. Daremberg 
 et Edm. Saglio. Paris, 1873. 4to. 
 
 The Life of the Greeks and Romans de- 
 scribed from Antique Monuments, by E. Guhl and 
 W. Koner, translated from the third German edition 
 by F. Hueffer. London, 1875. 8vo. 
 
 Gallus or Roman Scenes of the Time of 
 
 Augustus. By W. A. Becker, translated by F. 
 Metcalfe. London. 
 
 Charicles : Illustrations of the Private Life 
 
 of the Ancient Greeks. By W. A. Becker, translated 
 by F. Metcalfe. London. 
 
92 How to Form a Library, 
 
 Antiquities. — Archaeological Index to remains of an- 
 tiquity of the Celtic, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon 
 Periods, Byjohn Yonge Akerman. London, 1847. 8vo. 
 
 Introduction to English Antiquities. By 
 
 James Eccleston. London, 1847. 8vo. 
 
 The English Archaeologist's Handbook. 
 
 By Henry Godwin. Oxford, 1867. 8vo. 
 
 Architecture. — A Dictionary of the Architecture 
 and Archaeology of the Middle Ages. ... By John 
 Britton. London, 1838. 
 
 History of Architecture in all countries, 
 
 from the earliest times to the present day. By James 
 Fergusson. London, 1865-76. 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Nicholson's Dictionary of the Science and 
 
 Practice of Architecture, Building, Carpentry, etc. 
 New edition, edited by Edward Lomax and Thomas 
 Gunyon. London. 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 An Encyclopaedia of Architecture, historical, 
 
 theoretical, and practical. By Joseph Gwilt, revised by 
 Wyatt Papworth. New edition. London, 1876. 8vo. 
 
 The Dictionary of Architecture, issued by 
 
 the Architectural Publication Society. A to Oz. 
 4 vols. Roy. 4to. (In progress.) 
 
 A Glossary of Terms used in Grecian, 
 
 Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture. Fifth 
 edition, enlarged. Oxford, 1850. 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 An Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm, and 
 
 Villa Architecture and Furniture. ... By J. C. 
 Loudon. London, 1833. 8vo. 
 
Private Libraries. 93 
 
 Arts, Manufactures, etc. — Ure's Dictionary of Arts, 
 Manufactures, and Mines, containing a clear exposition 
 of their Principles and Practice. By Robert Hunt, 
 assisted by F. W. Rudler. Seventh edition. London, 
 1875. 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Spons' Encyclopoedia of the Industrial Arts, 
 
 Manufactures, and Commercial Products. London, 
 1879. 8 vols. Roy. Svo. 
 
 Astronomy. — History of Physical Astronomy. By 
 Robert Grant. London [1852]. A most valuable 
 book, but novi^ out of print and scarce. 
 
 An Historical Survey of the Astronomy of 
 
 the Ancients. By G. Cornewall Lewis. London, 
 1862. 8vo. 
 
 Bible. — Dictionary of the Bible, comprising its 
 Antiquities, Biography, Mythology, and Geography. 
 By Dr. William Smith. Roy. Svo. 
 
 A Biblical Cyclopsedia or Dictionary ot 
 
 Eastern Antiquities, Geography, Natural History, 
 Sacred Annals and Biography, Theology and Biblical 
 Literature, illustrative of the Old and New Testaments. 
 Edited by John Eadie, D.D., LL.D. Twelfth edition. 
 London, 1870. 8vo. 
 
 The Bible Atlas of Maps and Plans to 
 
 illustrate the Geography and Topography of the Old 
 and New Testaments and the Apocrypha, with Ex- 
 planatory Notes by Samuel Clark, M.A. Also a 
 complete Index of the Geographical Names . . by 
 George Grove. London, 1868. 4to. 
 
94 Hozv to Form a Library^ 
 
 Bible. See Concordances. 
 
 Bibliography.— See Chapters V. and VI. 
 
 Biography. — Mr. Chancellor Christie contributed a 
 [/ very interesting article to the Quarterly Review (April, 
 
 1884) on Biographical Dictionaries, in which he details 
 the history of the struggle between the publishers of 
 the Biographic Universelle and Messrs. Didot, whose 
 Dictionary was eventually entitled Nouvelle Biographic 
 Generale, The new edition of the Biographic Univer- 
 sellc (45 vols. Imp. 8vo. Paris, 1854) is an invaluable 
 work. Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary (32 vols. 
 8vo, 1812-17) is a mine of literary wealth, from 
 which compilers have freely dug. Rose's (12 vols- 
 8vo. 1848) was commenced upon a very comprehensive 
 plan, but the lives were considerably contracted before 
 the work was completed. It is, however, a very useful 
 work. L. B. Phillips's " Dictionary of Biographical 
 Reference" contains 100,000 names, and gives the 
 dates of birth and death, which in many instances is all 
 the information the consulter requires, and should 
 more be required, he is referred to the authority. 
 This book is quite indispensable for every library. 
 There are several national Biographical Dictionaries, 
 and at last a thoroughly satisfactory Biographia 
 Britannica is in course of publication by Messrs. 
 Smith & Elder. The "Dictionary of National 
 Biography, edited by Leslie Stephen," has reached 
 the fifth volume, and extends to Bottisham. 
 
 Robert Chambers's Biographical Dictionary 
 
Private Libraries. 95 
 
 of Eminent Scotsmen (Glasgow, 1835-56. 5 vols. 8vo.) 
 will be found useful. 
 
 Biography. — Dr. William Allen's "American Bio- 
 graphical Dictionary" was published at Boston in 1857. 
 
 Biographic Nouvelle des Contemporains 
 
 . . . Par A. V. Arnault [etc.]. Paris, 1820-25. 
 20 vols. 8vo. Mr. Edward Smith points this book 
 out to me as specially valuable for information re« 
 specting actors in the French Revolution. 
 
 Handbook of Contemporary Biography. 
 
 By Frederick Martin. London, 1870. Sm. 8vo. 
 
 Men of the Time : a Dictionary of Con- 
 temporaries. Eleventh edition. Revised by Thompson 
 Cooper. London, 1884. Sm. 8vo. A volume of 
 1 168 pages should contain a fair representation of the 
 men of the day, and yet it is ludicrously incomplete. 
 The literary side is as much overdone as the scientific 
 side is neglected. This is not the place to make a list 
 of shortcomings, but it will probably astonish most 
 of our readers to learn that such eminent Men of the 
 Time as Sir Frederick Abel, Sir Frederick Bramwell, 
 and the late Dr. W. B. Carpenter are not mentioned. 
 As this book has as a high reputation, the editor 
 should thoroughly revise it for a new edition. 
 
 Men of the Reign. A Biographical Dic- 
 tionary of Eminent Characters of both Sexes, who 
 have died during the reign of Queen Victoria. Edited 
 by T. Humphry Ward. (Uniform with "Men of the 
 Time.") London, 1885. 
 
g6 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Biography. — Uictionnaire Universel des Contem- 
 porains. . . . Par G. Vapereau. Cinquieme ediuon. 
 Paris, 1880. 8vo. 
 
 Supplement. Oct. i88r. 
 
 Biographic Nationale des Contemporains, 
 
 redigee par une Societe de Gens de Lettres sous la 
 direction de M. Ernest Glaeser. Paris, 1878. Royal 
 8vo. 
 
 Dictionnaire General de Biograpliie Con- 
 
 temporaine Frangaise et Etrangere. Par Ad. Bitard. 
 Paris, 1878. 8vo. 
 
 To this list of Contemporary Biography 
 
 may be added the Indexes of Obituary Notices 
 published by the Index Society. 
 
 {Bishops.) — Fasti Ecclesise Anglicanje, or a Calendar 
 of the principal Ecclesiastical Dignitaries in England 
 and Wales, and of the chief officers in the Universities 
 of Oxford and Cambridge, from the earliest time to 
 the year 1715. Compiled by John Le Neve. Cor- 
 rected and continued from 1715 to the present time 
 by T. Duffus Hardy. Oxford, 1 854. 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Fasti Ecclesioe Hibernicae. The Succession 
 
 of the Prelates and Members of Cathedral Bodies in 
 Ireland. By Henry Cotton, D.CL. Dublin, 
 1847-60. 5 vols. 8vo. 
 
 {Lawyers.) — Lives of the Chief Justices of England. 
 By John Lord Campbell. Second edition. London, 
 1858. 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers 
 
Private Libraries. 97 
 
 of the Great Seal of England. By John Lord Campbell. 
 Fourth edition. London, 1856. 10 vols. Sm. 8vo. 
 {Scientific Men.) — PoggendorfF (J. C). Biogra- 
 phisch-Literarisches Handworterbuch zur Ceschichte 
 der exacten Wissenschaften, enthaltend Nachvveis- 
 ungen iiber Lebensverhaltnisse und Leistungen von 
 Mathematikern, Astronomen, Physikern, Chemikern, 
 Mineralogen, Geologen u. s. w. aller Volker und 
 Zeiten. Leipzig, 1863. Roy. 8vo. 
 
 {Cambridge.) — Athenre Cantabrigiepses. By Charles 
 Henry Cooper, F.S.A., and Thompson Cooper. 
 Cambridge, 1858-61. Vol. L 1500-1585. Vol. IL 
 15S6-1609. 8vo. 
 
 GraduatiCantabrigienses, 1760-1856. Cura 
 
 Josephi Romilly, A.M. Cantabrigise, 1856. 
 
 GraduatiCantabrigienses, 1800-1884. Cura 
 
 Henrici Richardo Luard, S.T.P. Cantabrigise, 1884. 
 
 {Oxford.) — Athenae and Fasti Oxonienses. By Ant. 
 i Wood. New edition, with Notes, Additions, and 
 Continuation by the Rev. Dr. P. Bliss. 4 vols. 4to. 
 1813-20. 
 
 Catalogue of all Graduates in the University 
 
 of Oxford, 1659-1850. Oxford, 1851. 8vo. 
 
 {Dublin.) — A Catalogue of Graduates who have 
 proceeded to degrees in the University of Dublin from 
 the earliest recorded Commencements to July, 1866, 
 with Supplement to December 16, 1868. Dublin, 
 1869. 8vo. Vol. IL 1868-1883. Dublin, 1884. 8vo. 
 
98 Hozv to Form a Library. 
 
 {Elon.) — Alumni Etonenses, or a Catalogue of the 
 Provosts and Fellows of Eton College and King's 
 College, Cambridge, from the Foundation in 1443 to 
 the Year 1797. By Thomas Harwood. Birmingham, 
 1797. 4to. 
 
 {IVestttiinster.) — The List of the Queen's Scholars 
 of St. Peter's College, Westminster, admitted on that 
 Foundation since 1663, and of such as have been 
 thence elected to Christ Church, Oxford, and Trinity- 
 College, Cambridge, from the Foundation by Queen 
 Elizabeth, 1561, to the present time. Collected by 
 Joseph Welch. A new edition . . . by an old King's 
 Scholar. London, 1852. Roy. 8vo. 
 
 Botany. — An Encyclopaedia of Trees and Shrubs ; 
 being the Arboretum et Fruticetum Biitannicum 
 abridged ... By J. C. Loudon. London, 1842. 8vo. 
 
 Loudon's Encyclopedia of Plants . . . New 
 
 edition corrected to the present time. Edited by Mrs. 
 Loudon. London, 1855. 8vo. 
 
 The Vegetable Kingdom ; or the structure, 
 
 classification and uses of plants, illustrate<l upon the 
 natural system. By John Lindley, Ph.D., F.R.S. 
 Third edition. London, 1853. 8vo. 
 
 International Dictionary of Plants in Latin, 
 
 German, English and French, for Botanists, and 
 especially Horticulturists, Agriculturists, Students of 
 Forestry and Pharmaceutists, by Dr. William Ulrich. 
 Leipzig, 1872. 8vo. 
 
Private Libraries. 99 
 
 Botany. — Topographical Botany : being Local and 
 Personal Records towards shewing the distribution 
 of British Plants traced through 112 counties and 
 vice-counties of England, Wales and Scotland. By 
 Hewett Cottrell Watson. Second edition, corrected 
 and enlarged. London, 1883. 8vo. 
 
 The need of an authoritative list of Botanical 
 names must be frequently felt by a large number of 
 writers, those who have but little knowledge of the 
 science even more than Botanists themselves. The 
 following work will be found useful for this purpose, 
 but there is reason to hope that a much larger and 
 more exhaustive list will shortly be published, as Mr. 
 Daydon Jackson, Secretary of the Linnean Society, is, 
 we believe, now engaged upon such a work, * ' No- 
 menclator Botanicus seu Synonymia Plantarum 
 Universalis .... Autore Ernesto Theoph. Steudel ; 
 editio secunda, Stuttgartiae et Tubingae, 1841." Royal 
 8vo. 
 
 Cards, — Facts and Speculations on the Origin and 
 Plistory of Playing Cards. By William Andrew 
 Chatto. London, 1848. 8vo. 
 
 A Descriptive Catalogue of Playing and 
 
 other Cards in the British Museum, accompanied 
 by a Concise General History of the Subject, and 
 Remarks on Cards of Divination and of a Politico- 
 Historical Character. By William Hughes Willshire, 
 M.D. Printed by order of the Tnistees, 1876. 
 Royal 8vo. 
 
100 Hoiv to Form a Library. 
 
 Chemistry. — A Dictionary of Chemistry and the 
 allied Branches of other Sciences, founded on that 
 of the late Dr. Ure. By Henry Watts. 1863-68. 
 5 vols. 8vo. Supplement, 1872. Second Supple- 
 ment, 1879. Third Supplement, 1879-81. 2 vols. 
 
 Handbook of Modem Chemistry, Inorganic 
 
 and Organic, for the use of Students. By Charles 
 Meymott Tidy, M.B., F.C.S. London, 1878. 8vo. 
 
 Handbook of Chemistry. By L. Gmelin. 
 
 Trans, by H. Watts. London, 1848-67. 17 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Industrial Chemistry, based upon the German 
 
 edition of Payen's "Precis de Chimie Industrielle," 
 edited by B. H. Paul. London, 1878. 
 
 A Treatise on Chemistry. By [Sir] H. E. 
 
 Roscoe and C. Schorlemmer. London. 8vo. 
 
 Coins. — A Numismatic Manual. By John Yonge 
 Akerman, F.S.A. London, 1840. 8vo. 
 
 The Silver Coins of England arranged and 
 
 described by E. Hawkins. London, 1841. 8vo. 
 
 The Gold Coins of England arranged and 
 
 described, being a sequel to Mr. Hawkins's Silver 
 Coins of England, by his grandson, Robert Lloyd 
 Kenyon. London, 1880. 8vo. 
 
 Co77imerce. — A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, 
 and Historical, of Commerce and Commercial Naviga- 
 tion. By the late J. R. McCulloch. Latest edition 
 by A. J. Wilson. London, 1882. 8vo. 
 
 History of British Commerce, 1 763-1870. 
 
 By Leone Levi. London, 1872. 8vo, 
 
Private L ibimries, I o i 
 
 Concordances. 
 
 Aristophanes. — A Complete Concordance to the 
 Comedies and Fragments of Aristophanes. By Henry 
 Dunbar, M.D. Oxford, 1883. 4to. 
 
 Bible. — A complete Concordance to the Holy 
 Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. By 
 Alexander Cruden, M.A. London, 1737. 4to. 
 Second edition 1761, third edition 1769 ; this is the 
 last corrected by the author. Most of the Concord- 
 ances published since are founded upon Cruden. 
 
 An Analytical Concordance to the Holy 
 
 Scriptures, or the Bible presented under distinct and 
 classified heads of topics. Edited by John Eadie, 
 D.D., LL.D. London and Glasgow, I S56. 8vo. 
 
 Horner . — A Complete Concordance to the Iliad of 
 Homer. By Guy Lushington Prendergast. London, 
 1875. 4to. 
 
 A Complete Concordance to the Odyssey 
 
 and Hymns of Homer, to which is added a Concord- 
 ance to the parallel passages in the Iliad, Odyssey 
 and Hymns. By Henry Dunbar, M.D. Oxford, 
 1880. 4to. 
 
 Milton. — A Complete Concordance to the Poetical 
 Works oL Milton. By Guy Lushington Prendergast, 
 Madras Civil Service. Madras, 1857. 4to. Originally 
 published in 12 parts. 
 
 A Complete Concordance to the Poetical 
 
 Works of John Milton. By Charles Dexter Cleveland, 
 LL.D. London, 1867. Sm. 8vo. 
 
102 How to Form a Libi'ary. 
 
 The Rev. H. J. Todd compiled a verbal Index 
 to the whole of Milton's Poetry, which was ap- 
 pended to the second edition of his life of the Poet 
 (1809). 
 
 Pope. — A Concordance to the Works of Alexander 
 Pope. By Edwin Abbott, with an Introduction 
 by Edwin A. Abbott, D.D. London, 1875. Royal 
 8vo. 
 
 Shakespeare. — The Complete Concordance to 
 Shakspere : being a verbal Index to all the passages 
 in the dramatic works of the Poet. By Mrs. Cowdea 
 Clarke. London, 1845. Royal Svo. 
 
 Shakespeare-Lexicon : a Complete Dic- 
 tionary of all the English words, phrases and con- 
 structions in the works of the poet. By Dr. Alexander 
 Schmidt. (Berlin and London), 1874. 2 vols, royal 
 Svo. 
 
 A Concoi-dance to Shakespeare's Poems : 
 
 an Index to every word therein contained. By Mrs. 
 Horace Howard Furness. Philadelphia, 1874. 
 
 A Handbook Index to the Works of 
 
 Shakespeare, including references to the phrases, 
 manners, customs, proverbs, songs, particles, etc., 
 which are used or alluded to by the great Dramatist. 
 By J.O. HalHwell, Esq., F.R.S. London, 1866. Svo. 
 Only fifty copies jDrinted. 
 
 Tennyson. — A Concordance of the entire works of 
 Alfred Tennyson, P.L., D.C.L., F.R.S. By D. 
 Barron Brightwell. London, 1869. Svo. 
 
Private Libraries, 103 
 
 Tennyson. — Concordance to the works of Alfred 
 Tennyson, Poet Laureate. London, 1870. "The 
 Holy Grail," etc., is indexed separately. 
 
 AnLidexto**InMemoriam." London,i862. 
 
 Costume. — A Cyclopcedia of Costume or Dictionary 
 of Dress, inclu-^'ing Notices of Contemporaneous 
 Fashions on the Continent. . . . By James Robinson 
 Planche, Somerset Herald. London, 1876-79. 2 
 vols. 4to. Vol. I. Dictionary. Vol. IL General 
 History of Costume in Europe. 
 
 Councils. — Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents 
 relating to Great Britain and Ireland. Edited after 
 Spelman and Wilkins, by Arthur West Haddan, 
 B.D., and William Stubbs, M.A. Oxford, 1869. 
 Vol. IL Part L 1873. Vol. III. 1871. 8vo. 
 
 England's Sacred Synods. A Constitu- 
 tional History of the Convocations of the Clergy from 
 the earliest Records of Christianity in Britain to the 
 date of the promulgation of the present Book of 
 Common Prayer, including a List of all Councils, 
 Ecclesiastical as well as Civil, held in England in 
 which the Clergy have been concerned. By James 
 Wayland Joyce, M.A. London, 1855. Svo, 
 
 Dates. — See History, 
 
 Dictionaries. 
 {English.) — One of the most useful English 
 Dictionaries is the "Imperial Dictionary" by Ogilvie, 
 
104 How to Form a Library. 
 
 which has been edited with great care by Charles 
 Annandale.^ The vocabulary is very full, the ety- 
 mology is trustworthy, and the definitions are clear 
 and satisfactory. Tlie engravings which are inter- 
 spersed with the text are excellent, and greatly add to 
 the utility of the Dictionary. 
 
 For years preparations have been made for a 
 Standard English Dictionary, and at last the work 
 has been commenced under the able editorship of Dr. 
 James A. H. Murray. In 1857, on the suggestion of 
 Archbishop Trench, the Philological Society undertook 
 the preparation of a Dictionary, " which by the com- 
 pleteness of its vocabulary, and by the application of 
 the historical method to the life and use of words, 
 might be worthy of the English language and of 
 English scholarship." The late Mr. Herbert Coleridge 
 and Dr. Furnivall undertook the editorship, and a 
 large number of volunteers came forward to read 
 books and extract quotations. Mr. Coleridge died 
 in the midst of his work, and upon Dr. Furnivall 
 devolved the entire editorship in addition to his 
 other onerous duties as Secretary of the Philological 
 Society. He projected the admirable system of sub- 
 editing, which proved so successful. As the work 
 proceeded several of the most energetic and most 
 
 ' The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language: a 
 Complete Encyclopaedic Lexicon, Literary, Scientific, and 
 Technological. By John Ogilvie, LL.D. New edition. 
 Carefully revised and greatly augmented, edited by Charles 
 Annandale, M.A, London, 1882-83. 4 vols. Imp. 8vo. 
 
Priva te L ihi^aries. 105 
 
 competent workers undertook to sub-edit the materials 
 already collected, each one taking a separate letter of the 
 alphabet. Some two million quotations were amassed, 
 but still the man was wanting who would devote his 
 life to forming the Dictionary from these materials. 
 In course of time Dr. Murray came forward, and in 
 1878 he prepared some specimens for submission to 
 the Delegates of the Clarendon Press, who agreed to 
 publish the Dictionary The first part was published 
 in 1884, and the second in 1885.^ It is hoped that in 
 future it will be possible to issue a part every six 
 months. At present the alphabet is carried down to 
 Batten. This is one of the most magnificent pieces of 
 work that has ever been produced in any country, and 
 it is an honour to every one concerned. To the 
 Philological Society who conceived it, to Dr. Murray 
 and his staff who have devoted so much labour and 
 intellect to its production, and to the Clarendon 
 Press who have published it to the world. It is, 
 moreover, an honour to the country which now pos- 
 sesses a well-grounded hope of having, at no distant 
 day, the finest Historical Dictionary ever produced. 
 
 In this connection the EncyclopcBdic Dictionary^ 
 now in course of publication by Messrs. Cassell, 
 should be mentioned as a valuable work. 
 
 1 A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 
 founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological 
 Society. Edited by Tames A. H. Murray, LL.D., with the 
 assistance of many Scholars and Men of Science. Oxford. 
 Clarendon Press. Royal 410. 
 
io6 How to Form a Librajy. 
 
 Up to a few years ago it was impossible to 
 obtain any satisfactory etymological information on 
 English words from our Dictionaries. Mr. Hensleigh 
 Wedgwood partly removed this reproach by the 
 publication of his very valuable *' Dictionary of 
 English Etymology" in 1859,^ but in this work Mr. 
 Wedgwood only dealt with a portion of the vocabulary. 
 Professor Skeat commenced the publication of 
 his indispensable "Etymological Dictionary of the 
 English Language" (Clarendon Press) in 1879, and 
 in 1884 he produced a second edition. In 1882 Pro- 
 fessor Skeat published "A Concise Etymological 
 Dictionary," which is something more than an abridg- 
 ment, and a book which should find a place in all 
 libraries of reference. 
 
 A Glossarial Index to the Printed English Litera- 
 ture of the Thirteenth Century. By H. Coleridge. 
 London, 1859, 8vo. This was one of the earliest 
 publications which grew out of the preparations for 
 the great Philological Society's Dictionary. Strat- 
 mann's Dictionary of the Old English Language 
 (third edition, Krefeld, 1878) is an indispensable 
 work. A new edition, prepared by Mr. H. Bradley, 
 is about to be issued by the Clarendon Press. 
 
 Of single volume Dictionaries, Mr. Hyde Clarke's 
 
 *'New and Comprehensive Dictionary of the 
 
 English Language as spoken and written " in Weale's 
 
 Educational Series (price 3^. 6d.) is one of the most 
 
 * A second edition appeared in 1871-72. 
 
Private Libraries . 107 
 
 valuable. I have time after time found words there 
 which I have searched for iu vain in more important 
 looking Dictionaries. Mr. Clarke claims that he was 
 the first to raise the number of words registered in au 
 English Dictionary to 100,000. 
 
 The Rev. James Stormonth's "Dictionary of the 
 English Language, Pronouncing, Etymological, and 
 Explanatory,'' is a work of great value. It is so 
 well arranged and printed that it becomes a pleasure 
 to consult it. 
 
 Those who are interested, in Dialects will require 
 all the special Dictionaries which have been pub- 
 lished, and these may be found in the Bibliography 
 now being compiled by the English Dialect Society, 
 but those who do not make this a special study will 
 be contented with *'A Dictionary of Archaic and 
 Provincial Words, Obsolete Phrases, Proverbs, and 
 Ancient Customs, from the Fourteenth Century, by 
 J. O. Halliwell" (fifth edition, London, 1865, 2 vols. 
 8vo. ), which is well-nigh indispensable to all. Nares's 
 Glossary (1S22-46, new edition, by J. O. Halliwell 
 and T. Wright, 2 vols. 8vo. 1859) is also required 
 by those who make a study of Old English Literature. 
 
 The following is a short indication of some 
 of the most useful working Dictionaries : 
 
 Arabic. — Lane. 
 
 Greek. — Liddell & Scott's Greek-English Lexicon, 
 both in 4to. and in abridged form in square 1 2mo. 
 
loS How to Form a Lthraiy. 
 
 Latin. — The Clarendon Press publish a Latin 
 Dictionary founded on Andrews's edition of Freund, 
 and edited by C. T. Lewis and C. Short, which is of 
 great value. Smith's Dictionary, both the large 
 edition and the smaller one, and that of Riddle are good. 
 
 French. — The Dictionaries of Fleming and Tibbins, 
 and Spiers, keep up their character, but for idioms the 
 International French and English Dictionary of 
 Hamilton and Legros is the best. For smaller 
 Dictionaries Cassell's is both cheap and good. 
 Bellows's Pocket Dictionary has obtained consider- 
 able fame, but those who use it need a good eyesight 
 on account of the smallness of the type. It is, how- 
 ever, beautifully printed. The Standard French 
 Dictionaries of that language alone are the noble 
 work of Littre and the excellent Dictionary of 
 Poitevin (2 vols. 4to.). For early French Godefroy's 
 elaborate work, which is now in progress, must be 
 consulted. 
 
 German. — Fluegel's German and English Dictionary 
 still holds its own, but Koehler's Dictionary is also 
 excellent. Hilpert's and Lucas's Dictionaries, both 
 good ones, are now out of print. Of Standard German 
 Dictionaries Grimm's great work is still in progress. 
 Sanders's Dictionary is also of great value. 
 
 Danish and Noiivegian. —The Dictionary by Ferrall, 
 Repp, Rosing and Larsen is good. 
 
 Dutch.— Q2X\^d\ (2 vols. 8vo. 1875). 
 
 Hebrew. — Fuerst, Gesenius. 
 
Private Libraries. 109 
 
 Icelandic. — Vigfusson. 
 
 Italian. — Baretti's Dictionary still keeps up its 
 character, but Millhouse's work is also good. 
 Portuguese. — Vieyra. 
 Russian. — Alexandrow. 
 
 Sanscrit. — Monier Williams. Boehtlingk and Roth, 
 ^t///.— Childers. 
 
 Spanish.— ^^vcca2cciXi and Baretti, and also Velasquez. 
 Szvedish . — Oman. 
 
 Drama. — Biographia Dramatica ; or a Companion 
 to the Playhouse . . . originally compiled in the year 
 1764 by David Erskine Baker, continued thence to 
 1782 by Isaac Reed, and brought down to the end 
 of November, 1811 . . . by Stephen Jones. London, 
 1812. 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 A Dictionary of Old English Plays existing 
 
 either in print or in manuscript, from the earliest times 
 to the close of the seventeenth century ; by James O. 
 Halliwell, Esq., F.R.S. London, i860. 8vo. 
 
 Druids. — Pharmacographia : a History of the Prin- 
 cipal Drugs of Vegetable Origin met with in Great 
 Britain and British India. By Friedrich A. Fliickiger, 
 Ph.D., and Daniel Hanbury, F.R.S. Second edition. 
 London, 1879. 8vo. 
 
 Ecclesiology. — Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical 
 Theology. Edited by the Rev. J. II. Blunt, M.A. 
 Second edition. London, 1872. Imp. 8vo. 
 
1 10 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Ecclesiology. — Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. 
 ByWilliam Smith, LL.D., and Professor S. Cheatham. 
 London, 1876-80. 2 vols, royal 8vo. 
 
 Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical 
 
 Parties, and Schools of Religious Thought. Edited 
 by the Rev. John Henry Blunt, M.A. London, 1874. 
 Imp. 8vo. 
 
 Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament and 
 
 Costume, compiled from Ancient Authorities and 
 Examples. By A. Welby Pugin, Architect. . . . 
 Enlarged and revised by the Rev. Bernard Smith, M.A. 
 Third edition. London, 1868. 4to. 
 
 A Glossary of Liturgical and Ecclesiastical 
 
 Terms. Compiled and arranged by the Rev. Frederick 
 George Lee, D.C.L. London, 1877. Sq. 8vo. 
 
 See Ritual. 
 
 Encyclop(2dias . — The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or 
 a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature. 
 Ninth edition. Edinburgh, 1875. 4to. Now in course 
 of publication. 
 
 Encyclopaedia Metropolitan a, or Universal 
 
 Dictionary of Knowledge. . . . London, 18 15-41. 
 26 vols. 4to. 
 
 Chambers's Encyclopaedia. 10 vols, royal 
 
 8vo. 
 
 Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art. 
 
 By W. T. Brande. 1842. New edition, edited by 
 the Rev. J. W. Cox. London, 1866 67. 3 vols. 
 8vo. 
 
Private Libraries. in 
 
 Encydopcedias. — Rees's Cyclopoedia (39 vols., plates 
 6 vols. 1820, 4to. ) can be bought excessively cheap, and 
 is well worth a place in a library where room can be 
 found for it, as many of its articles have never been 
 superseded. 
 
 Grand Dictionnaire Universe! du XIX^ 
 
 Steele Fran9ais, Historique, Geographique, Mytho- 
 logique, Bibliographique, Litteraire, Artislique, 
 Scientifique, etc. . . . Par Pierre Larousse. Paris, 
 1866-76. 15V0IS. 4to. Supplement, tome 16, 1878. 
 
 Dictionnaire Universel des Sciences, des 
 
 Lettres et des Arts . . . redige avec la collaboration 
 d'Auteurs speciauxpar M. N. Bouillet , . . douzieme 
 edition. Paris, 1877. 8vo. 
 
 Geography. — A General Dictionary of Geography, 
 descriptive, physical, statistical, historical, forming 
 a complete Gazetteer of the World. By A. Keith 
 Johnston. New edition. London, 1877. 8vo. 
 
 The Library Cyclopedia of Geography, de- 
 scriptive, physical, political and historical, forming a 
 New Gazetteer of the World. By James Bryce, M. A. 
 and Keith Johnston. London, 1S80. Royal 8vo. 
 
 Index Geographicus, being a List alpha- 
 betically arranged of the principal places on the 
 Globe, with the countries and sub-divisions of the 
 countries in which they are situated and their latitudes 
 and longitudes. Compiled specially with reference to 
 Keith Johnston's Royal Atlas, but applicable to all 
 modern atlases and maps, Edinburgh, 1864. Roy, 8vo. 
 
112 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Geography. — EtymoIogisch-GeographischesLexikon. 
 Separat-Ausgabe des iexikalischen Theils der Nomina 
 Geographica von Dr. j J. Egli. Leipzig, 1880. 
 Royal 8vo. 
 
 Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 
 
 by various writers, edited by Dr. W. Smith. London, 
 1852. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 {Scotland.) — Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland. A 
 Survey of Scottish Topography, statistical, bio- 
 graphical and historical. Edited by Francis H. 
 Groome. Edinburgh, 1884. Vol. i, roy. 8vo. 
 
 {France.) — Santini. Dictionnaire General . . des 
 Communes de France et des Colonies. Paris, 8vo. 
 
 Dictionnaire des Postes de la Republique 
 
 Frangaise. 6^ edition. Rennes, 1881. Roy. 8vo. 
 
 {Italy.) — II Libro de Comuni del Regno d' Italia. 
 Compilato sopra elementi official! da Achilla Moltedo. 
 Napoli, 1873. Roy. 8vo. 
 
 {United States.)— 1\v^ National Gazetteer, a Geo- 
 graphical Dictionary of the United States ... By L. 
 de Colange, LL.D. London, 1884. Roy. 8vo. 
 
 {India.) — Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and 
 Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial, and Scientific. 
 • . . Edited by Edward Balfour. . . . Second edition. 
 Madras, 1871-73. 5 vols. Roy. 8vo. Third edition. 
 London, 1885. 3 vols. The first edition was published 
 in 1858, and two Supplements in 1862. 
 
 Geology. — A Catalogue of British Fossils : com- 
 prising the Genera and Species hitherto described, 
 
Private Libraries. 113 
 
 with references to their geological distribution. . . . 
 By John Morris, F.G.S. Second edition. London, 
 1854. 8vo. 
 
 Geology. — Principles of Geology. By Sir Charles 
 Lyell. loth edition. London, 1867-8. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Manual of Elementary Geology. By Sir 
 
 Charles Lyell. London, 1865. 8vo. 
 
 History. — Blair's Chronological and Historical 
 Tables from the Creation to the present times. . , , 
 [Edited by Sir Henry Ellis.] Imp. 8vo. London, 
 1844. 
 
 Atlas Universel d'Histoire et de Geographie 
 
 contenant i^ la Chronologic. ... 2® la Geneologie 
 ... 3® la Geographie. . . . Par M. N. Bouillet. 
 Deuxieme edition. Paris, 1872. 8vo. 
 
 Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire et de 
 
 Geographie contenant i® I'Histoire proprement dite. 
 . . . 2® la Biographic Universelle. ... 3® la Mytho- 
 logie. . . . 4® la Geographie ancienne et moderne. 
 Par M. N. Bouillet . . . ouvrage revu et continue 
 par A Chassang. Nouvelle edition (vingt-cinquieme), 
 avec un Supplement. Paris, 1876. 8vo. 
 
 The Map of Europe by Treaty, showing 
 
 the various political and territorial changes which 
 have taken place since the General Peace of 18 14, 
 with numerous maps and notes. By Edward Hertslet, 
 C.B. London, 1875. Vol. i, 1814-1827; vol. 2, 
 1828-1863; vol. 3, 1864-1875.— This work shows 
 the changes which have taken place in the Map of 
 
 8 
 
114 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Europe by Treaty or other International arrangements. 
 It contains a List of Treaties, etc., between Great 
 Britain and Foi-eign Powers for the maintenance of 
 the Peace of Europe and for the Settlement of 
 European Questions, 1814-75. 
 
 History. — Moniteur des Dates, contenant un million 
 des renseignements biographiques, genealogiques et 
 historiques. Par Edouard Oettinger. Dresde, 1866-68. 
 6 thin vols. 4to. Tomes 7, 8, 9, Supplement 
 commence par E. M. Oettinger considerablement 
 augmente . . . par Dr. Hugo Schramm. Leipzig, 
 1873-1882. 
 
 Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and Universal 
 
 Information relating to all Ages. i6th edition, by 
 Benjamin Vincent. London. 
 
 The Manual of Dates. A Dictionary of 
 
 Reference of the most important facts and events in 
 the History of the World. By George H. Townsend. 
 Fifth edition entirely remodelled and edited by 
 Frederick Martin. London, 1877. 8vo. 
 
 Encyclopaedia of Chronology, Historical 
 
 and Biographical. By B. B. Woodward, B.A, and 
 William L. R. Gates. London, 1872. 8vo. 
 
 The Dictionary of Chronology, or Historical 
 
 and Statistical Register. Compiled and edited by 
 William Henry Overall, F.S.A. London, 1870. 8vo. 
 
 The Anniversary Calendar, Natal Book, 
 
 and Universal Mirror j embracing anniversaries of 
 persons, events, institutions, and festivals, of all 
 
Private Libraries, 1 1 5 
 
 denominations, historical, sacred and domestic, in 
 every period and state of the world. London, 1832. 
 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 History. — An Epitome of the Civil and Literary 
 Chronology of Rome and Constantinople, from the 
 death of Augustus to the death of Heraclius. By 
 Henry Fynes Clinton, M.A. Edited by the Rev. C. 
 J. Fynes Clinton, M.A. Oxford, 1853. 8vo. 
 
 Fasti Romani : the Civil and Literary 
 
 Chronology of Rome and Constantinople, from the 
 death of Augustus to the death of Justin II. [to the 
 death of Heraclius]. By Henry Fynes Clinton, M.A. 
 Oxford, 1845-50. 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 Fasti Hellenici : the Civil and Literary 
 
 Chronology of Greece, from the earliest accounts to 
 the death of Augustus. By Henry Fynes Clinton, M.A. 
 Oxford, 1834-51. 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Descriptive Catalogue of Materials relating 
 
 to the History of Great Britain and Ireland to the 
 end of the reign of Henry VII. By Thomas DufTus 
 Hardy. London, 1862-71. Vol. I. From the 
 Roman Period to the Norman Invasion. Vol. II, 
 A.D. 1066 to A.D. 1200. Vol. III. A.D. 1200 to 
 A.D. 1327. 
 
 The Dictionary of English History. Edited 
 
 by Sidney J. Low, B.A., and F. S. Pulling, M.A. 
 London, 1884. 8vo. 
 
 Introduction to the Study of English 
 
 History. By Samuel R. Gardiner, Hon. LL.D., and 
 
1 16 How to Fot'm a Library. 
 
 J. BassMuUinger, M.A. London, 188 r. 8vo. The 
 Second part by Mr. Mullinger is devoted to Authorities, 
 and is a model of what such a work should be. 
 
 History. — Handy-Book of Rules and Tables for 
 Verifying Dates with the Christian Era . . with 
 Regnal years of English Sovereigns from the Norman 
 Conquest to the present time, a.d. 1066 to 1874. By 
 John J. Bond. London, 1875. Sm. 8vo. 
 
 The Annals of England : an Epitome of 
 
 English History, from contemporary writers, the Rolls 
 of Parliament and other Public Records. Library 
 Edition. Oxford and London, 1876. 8vo. Contains 
 some valuable information as to the sources of history 
 in the Appendix. 
 
 The Representative History of Great 
 
 Britain and Ireland, being a History of the House of 
 Commons and of the Counties, Cities, and Boroughs 
 of the United Kingdom from the earliest period. 
 By T. H. B. Oldfield. London, 1816. 6 vols. 8vo. 
 
 An Index to "The Times," and to the 
 
 topics and events of the year 1862. [By J. Giddings] 
 London, 1863. 8vo. 
 
 An Index to "The Times," and to the 
 
 topics and events of the year 1863. By J. Giddings. 
 London, 1864. 8vo. 
 
 Index to "The Times" Newspaper, 1864, 
 
 to September, 1885. London. 4to. 
 
 Annals of our Time, from the accession of 
 
 Queen Victoria, 1837, to the Peace of Versailles, 1871. 
 
Private Libraries, 117 
 
 By T. Irving. London, 1871. 8vo. Supplement 
 (Feb. 1871— July, 1878). London, 1879. 8vo. 
 
 [France.') — Dictionnaire Historique de la France 
 . . . Par Ludovic Lalanne. Paris, 1872. 8vo. 
 
 Insurance. — The Insurance Cyclopaedia, being a 
 Dictionary of the definition of terms used in connexion 
 with the theory and practice of Insurance in all its 
 branches ; a Biographical Summary ... a Biblio- 
 graphical Reportery ... By Cornelius Walford. 
 London, vol. I, 1871, to vol. 6. Royal 8vo. 
 
 Language. — See Dictionaries^ Philology. 
 
 Law. — The Law-Dictionary, explaining the rise, 
 progress, and present state of the British Law . . , 
 By Sir Thomas Edlyne Tomlins ; fourth edition by 
 Thomas Colpitts Granger. London, 1835. 2vols. 4to. 
 
 Wharton's Law- Lexicon, formingan Epitome 
 
 of the Law of England . . . seventh edition by J. M. 
 Lely, M.A. London, 1863. Royal 8vo. 
 
 A Law Dictionary, adapted to the Consti- 
 tution and Laws of the United States of America and 
 of the several States of the American Union ... By 
 JohnBouvier. Fourteenth edition. Philadelphia, 1870. 
 
 The Lawyer's Reference Manual of Law 
 
 Books and Citations. By Charles C. Soule. Boston, 
 1883. 8vo. 
 
 Ancient Law ; its connection with the early 
 
 history of Society, and its relation to modern ideas. 
 By H. S. Maine. London, 1861. 8vo. 
 
1 18 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Law. — Lectures in Jurisprudence. By John Austin. 
 Third edition, revised and edited by R. Campbell. 
 London, 1869. 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer. By 
 
 R. Burn. The 30th edition was published in 1869. 
 The 13th edition of Archbold's Justice of the Peace 
 appeared in 1878. 
 
 Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of 
 
 England. Student's edition. 
 
 Literature. 
 
 {English.) — Cyclopaedia of English Literature. 
 Edited by Robert Chambers. Edinburgh, 1843. ^^^w 
 edition by Robert Carruthers. Edinburgh. 2 vols. 
 Royal 8vo. 
 
 Dictionary of English Literature, being a 
 
 Comprehensive Guide to English Authors and their 
 Works. By Davenport Adams. London, n.d. Sq. 8vo. 
 
 Professor Henry Morley's English Writers, 
 
 his Tables of English IJterattcre, and his volumes of 
 Selections, entitled Library of English Literature, 
 will be found of great value. 
 
 {American.') — Cyclopaedia of American Literature: 
 embracing personal and critical Notices of Authors, 
 and selections from their writings ... By Evert A. 
 Duyckinck and George L. Duyckinck. Edited to 
 date by M. Laird Simons. Philadelphia, 1877. 
 2 vols. Imp. 8vo. 
 
 The Poets and Poetry of Europe, with 
 
Private Liln^aries, 119 
 
 Introductions and Biographical Notices, by Henry 
 Wadsworth Longfellow. London, 1855. Roy. 8vo. 
 
 [Polish.) — Bentkowskiego (F.). Historya Literatury 
 Polskiey. Warszawie, 18 14. 2 vols. Svo. 
 
 {Russian.) — Otto (Friedrich). History of Russian 
 Literature, with a Lexicon of Russian Authors. 
 Translated from the German by George Cox. Oxford, 
 1839. Svo. 
 
 {Spanish.)— Txokxiox (George). History of Spanish 
 Literature. New York, 1849. 3 vols. Svo. 
 
 {Classical.) — A History of Latin Literature from 
 Ennius to Boethius. By George Augustus Simcox, 
 M.A. London, 1883. 2 vols. Svo. 
 
 A History of Roman Classical Literature. 
 
 By R. W. Browne, M.A. London, 1884. Svo. 
 
 A History of Roman Literature. By W. 
 
 S. Teuffel, translated by Wilhelm Wagner, Ph.D. 
 London, 1873. 2 vols. Svo. 
 
 Bibliographical Clue to Latin Literature. 
 
 Edited after Dr. E. Hubner, with large additions by 
 the Rev. John E. B. Mayor. London, 1875. i2mo. 
 
 Guide to the Choice of Classical Books. 
 
 By Joseph B. Mayor. Third edition, with Supple- 
 mentary List. London, 1885. 
 
 Manuscripts. — Guide to the Historian, the Bio- 
 grapher, the Antiquary, the man of literary curiosity, 
 and the collector of autographs, towards the verifica- 
 tion 01 Manuscripts, by reference to engraved fac- 
 
120 How to Form a Library, 
 
 similes of handwriting. [By Dawson Turner.] Yar- 
 mouth, 1848. Roy. 8vo. A most valuable alpha- 
 betical Index of the names of celebrated men, with 
 references to the books where specimens of their 
 writing can be found. 
 
 Mathematics. — Dictionnaire des Mathematiqucs 
 appliques. . . . Par H. Sonnet. Paris, 1867. Roy. 
 8vo. 
 
 Mechanics. — Knight's American Mechanical Dic- 
 tionary ... By Edward H. Knight. London and 
 New York, 1874-77. 3 vols, royal 8vo. 
 
 Cyclopsedia of Useful Arts, Mechanical and 
 
 Chemical, Manufactures, Mining and Engineering. 
 Edited by Charles Tomlinson. London, 1866. 
 3 vols. roy. 8vo. 
 
 Medicai. — The Cyclopsedia of Anatomy and Physi- 
 ology. Edited by Robert B. Todd, M.D., F.R.S. 
 London, 1835-59. 5 vols, in 6, royal 8vo. 
 
 A Dictionary of Practical Medicine . , . 
 
 By James Copland. London, 1858. 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 An Expository Lexicon of the terms, 
 
 ancient and modern, in Medical and General Science ; 
 including a complete Medico-Legal Vocabulary. , . 
 By R. G. Mayne, M.D. London, i860. 8vo. 
 
 Cooper's Dictionary of Practical Surgery 
 
 and Encyclopaedia of Surgical Science. New edition 
 brought down to the present time by Samuel A. Lane. 
 London, 1872. 2 vols, royal 8vo. 
 
 Medical Lexicon : a Dictionary of Medical 
 
Private Libraries, \ 1 2^ I*^ R S I T "S 
 
 ^l^llFORH^^: 
 
 Science ... by Robley DungHson, M.D., LL.D. 
 A new edition enlarged and thoroughly revised by 
 Richard J. DungHson, M.D. Philadelphia, 1874. 
 Roy. 8vo. 
 
 Monograms. — Dictionnaire des Monogrammes, 
 marques figurees, lettres initiales, noms abreges, etc., 
 avec lesquels les Peintres, Dessinateurs, Graveurs et 
 Sculpteurs ont designe leurs noms. Par Frangois 
 Brulliot. Nouvelle edition. Munich, 1832-34. 3 
 parts. Imp. 8vo. 
 
 Music. — General History of the Science and Practice 
 of Music. By Sir John Hawkins, London, 1776. 
 5 vols. 4to. 
 
 History of Music from the earliest ages to 
 
 the present period. By Charles Burney. London, 
 1776-89. 4 vols. 4to. 
 
 Biographie Universelle des Musiciens et 
 
 Bibliographic generale de la musique. Par F. J. 
 Fetis. Deuxieme edition. Paris, 1860-65. 8 vols, 
 roy. 8vo. 
 
 Supplement et Complement, publics sous la 
 
 direction de M. Arthur Pougin. Paris, 1878-80. 
 2 vols. roy. 8vo. 
 
 - Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Edited 
 by [Sir] G. Grove. London, 1878. 8vo. In progress. 
 
 Mythology. — Dictionary of Greek and Roman Bio- 
 graphy and Mythology, edited by Dr. W. Smith. 
 1845-48. 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Natural History. — Dictionary of Natural History 
 
122 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Terms, with their derivations, induding the variou5? 
 orders, genera, and species. By David H. McNicoU, 
 M.D. London, 1863. Sm. 8vo. 
 
 Natural History. — See Botariy, Zoology, 
 Painters. — A General Dictionary of Painters . . . 
 By Matthevp' Pilkington, A.M. A new edition, cor- 
 rected and revised by R. A. Davenport. London, 
 1852. 8vo. 
 
 A Catalague Raisonne of the Works of the 
 
 most eminent Dutch, Flemish, and French Painters, 
 ... to which is added a Brief Notice of the Scholars 
 and Imitators of the Great Masters of the above schools. 
 By John Smith. London, 1829-42. 9 parts. Roy. 8vo. 
 
 The Picture Collector's Manual, adapted 
 
 to the Professional Man and the Amateur ; being a 
 Dictionary of Painters . . . together with an alpha- 
 betical arrangement of the Scholars, Imitators, and 
 Copyists of the various masters, and a Classification 
 of Subjects. By James R. Hobbes. London, 1849. 
 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Peerage.— Cowciho^o's "Historical Peerage, "founded 
 on Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas's "Synopsis of the 
 Peerage," is an indispensable work, but it only refers 
 to English Titles. Mr. Solly's "Index of Hereditary 
 Titles of Honour" contains the Peerage and Baronet- 
 age of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 
 The Official Baronage of England, 1066 to 
 
 1885, by James E. Doyle (vols. I-3. 4to.), has just 
 appeared. 
 
Private L ibraries. 123 
 
 Peerage.— 01 the current peerages, Burke's, Dod's, 
 Debrett's, and Foster's, all have their points of merit. 
 
 Periodicals. — Catalogue of Scientific Serials of all 
 countries, including the Transactions of Learned 
 Societies in the Natural, Physical and Mathematical 
 Sciences, 1633-1876. By Samuel H. Scudder. 
 Library of Harvard University, 1879. 8vo. — In this 
 valuable list of periodicals, which is arranged geo- 
 graphically according to countries with an alphabet 
 under each country, transactions and journals are 
 joined together in the same arrangement. At the 
 end there are an Index of Towns, an Index of Titles, 
 and an Index of Minor Subjects. 
 
 An Index to Periodical Literature. By 
 
 Wm. Fred. Poole. New York. Roy. Svo. ist ed. 
 1843; 2nd ed. 1848; 3rd ed. 1882. 
 
 Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800 -1863). 
 
 Compiled and published by the Royal Society of 
 London. London, 1867-72. 6 vols. 4to. (1864-73.) 
 Vol. 7, 1877; Vol. 8, 1879.— Vol. I, A-Clu; 
 Vol. 2, Coa-Gra ; Vol. 3, Gre-Lez ; Vol. 4, Lhe-Poz ; 
 Vol. 5, Pra-Tiz ; Vol. 6, Tka-Zyl ; Vol. 7, A-Hyr ; 
 Vol. 8, I-Zwi. 
 
 The celebrated Dr. Thomas Young published 
 
 in the second volume of his Course of Lectures on 
 Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts (1807) a 
 most valuable Catalogue of books and papers relating 
 to the subject of his Lectures, which is classified 
 minutely, and occupies 514 quarto pages in double 
 
124 How to Form a Libraiy, 
 
 columns. In Kelland's new edition (1845) the 
 references are abridged and inserted after the several 
 lectures to which they refer. 
 
 Philology. — Max Muller's " Lectures on the 
 Science of Language"; Marsh's •* Lectures" and 
 *' Origin and History of the English Language " ; 
 Abp. Trench's *• English, Past and Present " ; 
 '•Select Glossary." 
 
 Physics.— YXtmtrvizxy Treatise on Natural Phi- 
 losophy. By A. P. Deschanel. 8vo. 
 
 Elementary Treatise on Physics. By A. 
 
 Ganot, edited by E. Atkinson. Sm. 8vo. 
 
 Plate.— 0\d. English Plate, ecclesiastical, decorative, 
 and domestic, its makers and marks. By Wilfred 
 Joseph Cripps, M.A., F.S.A. Second edition. 
 London, 1881. 8vo. 
 
 Plays. — See Drama. 
 
 Pottery,— 'M.zxV.% and Monograms on Pottery and 
 Porcelain of the Renaissance and Modern periods, 
 
 with historical notices of each Manufactory 
 
 By William Chaffers. Fourth edition. London, 1874. 
 Koy. 8vo. 
 
 Prices. — History of Prices from 1793 to 1856. By 
 Thomas Tooke and William Newmarch. London, 
 1838-57. 6 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Prints.— An Introduction to the Study and Col- 
 lection of Ancient Prints. By William Hughes 
 Willshire, M.D. Edin. Second edition, revised and 
 enlarged. London, 1877. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
Private Libraries. 125 
 
 Piints. — The Print Collector, an Introduction to the 
 Knowledge necessary for forming a Collection of 
 Ancient Prints. By J. Maberly, . . . Edited with 
 Notes, an Account of Contemporary Etching and 
 Etchers, and a Bibliography of Engraving. By 
 Robert Hoe, jun. New York, 1880. Sq. Svo. 
 
 Etching and Etchers. By P. G. Hamerton. 
 
 New edition. London, 1876. Svo. 
 
 Prmting. — Typographia or the Printers' Instructor : 
 including an Account of the Origin of Printing. . . . 
 By J. Johnson, Printer. London, 1824. 2 vols. Svo. 
 
 A Dictionary of the Art of Printing. By 
 
 William Savage. London, 1841. Svo. 
 
 Proverbs. — A Hand-Book of Proverbs, comprising 
 an entire republication of Ray's Collection of English 
 Proverbs . . . and a complete alphabetical Index 
 , . , in which are introduced large additions collected 
 by Henry G. Bohn, 1857. London, 1872. 
 
 A Polyglot of Foreign Proverbs, comprising 
 
 French, Italian, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, 
 and Danish, with English translations and a general 
 Index. By Henry G. Bohn. London, 1S67. 
 
 English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases 
 
 collected from the most authentic sources, alpha- 
 betically arranged and annotated. By W. Carew 
 Hazlitt. London, 1869. Svo. Second edition. 
 London, 1S82. Sm. Svo. 
 
 Quotations. — Many Thoughts of Many Minds : 
 being a Treasury of References, consisting oi Selec- 
 
126 Hozv to Form a Library, 
 
 tions from the Writings of the most celebrated Authors. 
 Compiled and analytically arranged by Henry South- 
 gate. Third edition. London, 1862. 8vo. Second 
 Series. London, 1871. 8vo. 
 
 Quotations. — Noble Thoughts in Noble Language : 
 a Collection of Wise and Virtuous Utterances in Prose 
 and Verse, from the writings of the known good and 
 the great unknown. Edited by Henry Southgate. 
 London. 8vo. 
 
 Prose Quotations from Socrates to Macaulay, 
 
 with Indexes. By S. Austin AlUbone. Philadelphia, 
 1876. Roy. 8vo 
 
 Poetical Quotations from Chaucer to 
 
 Tennyson, with copious Indexes. By S. Austin 
 Allibone. Philadelphia, 1875. Roy. 8vo. 
 
 A Dictionary of Quotations from the English 
 
 Poets. By Henry G. Bohn. London, 1867. Sq. 8vo. 
 Second edition. London. Sm. 8vo. 
 
 An Index to Familiar Quotations, selected 
 
 principally from British Authors, with parallel passages 
 from various writers, ancient and modern. By J. C. 
 Grocott. Liverpool, 1863. Sm. 8vo. 
 
 Familiar Quotations : being an attempt to 
 
 trace to their source passages and phrases in common 
 use. By John Bartlett. Author's edition. London, 
 Sm. 8vo. 
 
 Words, Facts and Phrases, a Dictionary of 
 
 Curious, Quaint, and Out-of-the-Way Matters. By 
 Eliezer Edwards. London, 1882. Sm. 8vo. 
 
Private Libraries, 127 
 
 Quotations. — The Reader's Handbook of Allusions, 
 References, Plots and Stories, with their appendices. 
 By the Rev. E. Brewer, LL.D. . . Third edition. 
 London, 1882. Sm. 8vo. 
 
 Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. . . By the 
 
 Rev. E. Cobham Brewer, LL.D. Twelfth edition. 
 London, no date. 
 
 A Dictionary of Latin and Greeh Quotations, 
 
 Proverbs, Maxims and Mottos, Classical and Mediseval, 
 including Law Terms and Phrases. Edited by H. T. 
 Riley, B.A. London, 1880. Sm. 8vo. 
 
 Receipts. — Cooky's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts 
 and Collateral Information in the Arts, Manufactures, 
 Professions and Trades. . . designed as a compre- 
 hensive Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia. . . Sixth 
 edition, revised and greatly enlarged by Richard V. 
 Tuson. London, 1880. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Records. — Handbook of the Public Record Office. 
 By F. S. Thomas, Secretary of the Public Record 
 Office. London, 1853. Roy. 8vo. 
 
 Index to the Printed Reports of Sir Francis 
 
 Palgrave, K.H., the Deputy- Keeper of the Public 
 Records, 1840-1861. London, 1865. By John 
 Edwards and Edward James Tabrum. In one 
 alphabet. 
 
 Ritual. — Hierurgia ; or, Transubstantiation, Invo- 
 cation of Saints, Relics and Purgatory, besides those 
 other articles of Doctrine set forth in the Holy 
 Sacrifice of the Mass expounded ; and the use of Holy 
 
128 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Water, Incense, and Images [etc.] Illustrated. By 
 D. Rock, D.D. Second edition. London, 1851. 8vo. 
 
 Ritual. — Hierurgia Anglicana ; or. Documents and 
 Extracts illustrative of the Ritual of the Church in 
 England after the Reformation. Edited by Members 
 of the Ecciesiological, late Cambridge Camden 
 Society. London, 1848. 8vo. 
 
 Sports. — An Encyclopaedia of Rural Sports, or 
 complete account (historical, practical, and descriptive) 
 of Hunting, Shooting, Fishing, Racing, etc., etc. 
 By Delabere P. Blaine. A new edition. London, 
 1840. 8vo. 
 
 Taxes.— K Sketch of the History of Taxes in 
 England from the earliest times to the present day. 
 By Stephen Dowell. London, 1876. Svo. Vol. I 
 to the Civil War 1642. 
 
 Theology. — 'S)ee Ecclesiolo^y. 
 
 Topography. — A Topographical Dictionary of 
 England. . . By Samuel Lewis. Seventh edition. 
 London, 1849. 
 
 A Topographical Dictionary of Wales. . . 
 
 By Samuel Lewis. Fourth edition. London, 1849. 
 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland. 
 
 ... By Samuel Lewis. Second edition. London, 
 1842. 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 See Geography. 
 
 Wills. — An Index to Wills proved in the Court of 
 the Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and to 
 
Private Libraries. 129 
 
 such of the records and other instruments and papers 
 of that Court as relate to matters or causes testa- 
 mentary. By the Rev. John Griffiths, M.A., Keeper 
 of the Archives. Oxford, 1862. Roy. 8vo. In one 
 alphabet, with a chronological list appended. 
 
 Zoology. — Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens 
 Nomina Systematica Generum Animalium tarn viven- 
 tium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum 
 disposita, adjectis auctoribus, libris in quibus reperi- 
 untur, anno editionis, etymologia et familiis, ad quas 
 pertinent, in singulis classibus. Auctore L. Agassiz. 
 . . . Soliduri, 1842-46. 4to. 
 
 Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens Nomina 
 
 Systematica generum animalium tam viventium quam 
 fossiUum, secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita 
 sub auspicis et sumptibus C. R. Societatis Zoologico- 
 Botanicse conscriptus a Comite Augusto de Marschall 
 [1846-1868]. Vindobonae, 1873. Svo. 
 
 2. Country, 
 A library in a large country house should 
 contain a representative collection of English 
 literature, and also a selection of books of 
 reference from the previous list. Standard 
 Authors, in their best editions, County 
 Histories, Books of Travel, Books on Art, 
 and a representative collection of good 
 
 9 
 
130 How to Form a Library, 
 
 novels, will of course find a place upon 
 the shelves. A book such as Stevens's My 
 English Library will be a good guide to the 
 foundation of the library, but each collector 
 will have his special tastes, and he will need 
 guidance from the more particular biblio- 
 graphies which are ready to his hand, and 
 a note of which will be found in Chapter V. 
 Room will also be found for sets of 
 Magazines, such as the Gentlematis, the 
 Edifiburgh, and the Quarterly, and for the 
 Transactions of such Societies as the owner 
 may be member of. The issues of Publish- 
 ing Societies form quite a library of them- 
 selves, and an account of these will be 
 found in Chapter VII. 
 
 We have seen on a previous page how 
 Napoleon wished to form a convenient 
 travelling library, in which everything 
 necessary could be presented in a com- 
 paratively small number of handy volumes. 
 Few men are like Napoleon in the wish 
 to carry such a library about with them; 
 but where space is scarce there are many 
 who find it necessary to exercise a wise 
 
Private L ibraries. 131 
 
 spirit of selection. This, however, each 
 man must do for himself, as tastes differ so 
 widely. 
 
 Auguste Comte succeeded in selecting 
 a library in which all that it is necessary 
 for a Positivist to know is included in 150 
 volumes, but this result is obtained by 
 putting two or more books together to form 
 one volume. 
 
 Positivist Library for the iqth Century. 
 
 150 Volumes. 
 
 I. Poetry. (Thirty Volumes.) 
 
 The Tliad and the Odyssey, in i vol. without notes. 
 
 ^schylus, the King CEdipus of Sophocles, and Aristo- 
 
 phanes, in i vol. without notes. 
 Pindar and Theocritus, with Daphnis and Chloe, in 
 
 I vol. without notes. 
 Plautus and Terence, in i vol. without notes. 
 Virgil complete, Selections from Horace, and Lucan, 
 
 in I vol. without notes. 
 Ovid, Tibullus, Juvenal, in I vol. without notes. 
 Fabliaux du Moyen Age, rfecueiliies par Legrand 
 
 D'Aussy. 
 Dante, Ariosto, Tasso, and Petrarch, in i vol. in 
 
 Italian. 
 Select Plays of Metastasio and Alfieri, also in Italian. 
 
132 How to Form a Library. 
 
 I Promessi Sposi, by Manzoni, in I vol. in Italian. 
 Don Quixote, and the Exemplary Novels of Cervantes, 
 
 in Spanish, in i vol. 
 Select Spanish Dramas, a collection edited by Don 
 
 Jose Segundo Florez, in i vol. in Spanish. 
 The Romancero Espagnol, a selection, with the poem 
 
 of the Cid, i vol. in Spanish. 
 Select Plays of P. Corneille. 
 Moliere, complete. 
 
 Select Plays of Racine and Voltaire, in I vol. 
 La Fontaine's Fables, with some from Lamotte and 
 
 Florian. 
 Gil Bias, by Lesage. 
 The Princess of Cleves, Paul and Virginia, and the 
 
 Last of the Abencerrages, to be collected in i vol. 
 Les Martyres, par Chateaubriand. 
 Select Plays of Shakespeare. 
 Paradise Lost and Lyrical Poems of Milton. 
 Robinson Crusoe and the Vicar of Wakefield, in i vol. 
 Tom Jones, by Fielding, in English, or translated by 
 
 Cheron. 
 The seven masterpieces of Walter Scott— Ivanhoe, 
 
 Waverley, the Fair Maid of Perth, Quentin 
 
 Durward, Woodstock (Les Puritains), the Heart 
 
 of Midlothian, the Antiquary. 
 Select Works of Byron, Don Juan in particular to be 
 
 suppressed. 
 Select Works of Goethe. 
 The Arabian Nights. 
 
Private L ibraries. 133 
 
 II. Science. (Thirty Volumes.) 
 Arithmetic of Condorcet, Algebra, and Geometry of 
 
 Clairaut, the Trigonometry of Lacroix or Le- 
 
 gendre, to form i vol. 
 Analytical Geometry of Auguste Comte, preceded by 
 
 the Geometry of Descartes. 
 Statics, by Poinsot, with all his Memoirs on Mechanics. 
 Course of Analysis given by Navier at the Ecole 
 
 Polytechnique, preceded by the Reflections on 
 
 the Infinitesimal Calculus by Camot. 
 Course of Mechanics given by Navier at the Ecole 
 
 Polytechnique, followed by the Essay of Camot 
 
 on Equilibrum and Motion. 
 Theory of Functions, by Lagrange. 
 Popular Astronomy of Auguste Comte, followed by 
 
 the Plurality of Worlds of Fontenelle. 
 Mechanical Physics of Fischer, translated and anno- 
 tated by Biot. 
 Alphabetical Manual of Practical Philosophy, by 
 
 John Carr. 
 The Chemistry of Lavoisier. 
 Chemical Statics, by Berthollet. 
 Elements of Chemistry, by James Graham. 
 Manual of Anatomy, by Meckel. 
 General Anatomy of Bichat, preceded by his Treatise 
 
 on Life and Death. 
 The first volume of Blainville on the Organization of 
 
 Animals. 
 Physiology of Richerand, with notes by Berard. 
 
134 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Systematic Essay on Biology, by Segond, and his 
 Treatise on General Anatomy. 
 
 Nouveaux Elements de la Science de I'Homme, par 
 Barthez (2nd edition, 1806). 
 
 La Philosophie Zoologique, par Lamarck. 
 
 Dumeril's Natural History. 
 
 The Treatise of Guglielmini on the Nature of Rivers 
 (in Italian). 
 
 Discourses on the Nature of Animals, by Buffon. 
 
 The Art of Prolonging Human Life, by Hufeland, 
 preceded by Hippocrates on Air, Water, and 
 Situation, and followed by Cornaro's book on 
 a Sober and Temperate Life, to form i vol. 
 
 L'Histoire des Phlegmasies Chroniques, par Broussais, 
 loreceded by his Propositions de Medecine, and 
 the Aphorisms of Hippocrates (in Latin), without 
 commentary. 
 
 Les Eloges des Savans, par Fontenelle et Condorcet. 
 
 III. History. (Sixty Volumes.) 
 
 L' Abrege de Geographic Universelle, par Malte Brun. 
 Geographical Dictionary of Rienzi. 
 Cook's Voyages, and those of Chardin. 
 History of the French Revolution, by Mignet. 
 Manual of Modern History, by Heeren. 
 Le Siecle de Louis XIV., par Voltaire. 
 Memoirs of Madame de Motteville. 
 The Political Testament of Richelieu, and the Life of 
 Cromwell, to form i vol. 
 
Private L ibraries. 135 
 
 History of the Civil Wars of France, by Davila (in 
 
 Italian). 
 Memoirs of Benveniito Cellini (in Italian). 
 Memoirs of Commines. 
 
 L'Abrege de I'Histoire de France, par Bossuet, 
 The Revolutions of Italy, by Denina. 
 The History of Spain, by Ascargorta, 
 History of Charles V., by Robertson. 
 History of England, by Hume. 
 Europe in the Middle Ages, by Hallam. 
 Ecclesiastical History, by Fleury. 
 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Gibbon. 
 Manual of Ancient History, by Heeren. 
 Tacitus (Complete), the Translation of Bureau de la 
 
 Malle. 
 Herodotus and Thucydides, in i vol. 
 Plutarch's Lives, translation of Dacier. 
 Caesar's Commentaries, and Arrian's Alexander, in 
 
 I vol. 
 Voyage of Anacharsis, by Barthelemy. 
 History of Art among the Ancients, by Winckelmann. 
 Treatise on Painting, by Leonardo da Vinci (in 
 
 Italian). 
 Memoirs on Music, by Gretry. 
 
 IV. Synthesis. (Thirty Volumes.) 
 
 Aristotle's Politics and Ethics, in i voL 
 The Bible. 
 The Koran. 
 
136 How to Form a Library. 
 
 The City of God, by St. Augustine. 
 
 The Confessions of St. Augustine, followed by St, 
 
 Bernard on the Love of God. 
 The Imitation of Jesus Christ, the original, and the 
 
 translation into verse, by Corneille. 
 The Catechism of Montpellier, preceded by the 
 
 Exposition of Catholic Doctrine, by Bossuet, and 
 
 followed by St. Augustine's Commentary on the 
 
 Sermon on the Mount. 
 L'Histoire des Variations Protestantes, par Bossuet. 
 Discourse on Method, by Descartes, preceded by the 
 
 Novum Organum of Bacon, and followed by the 
 
 Interpretation of Nature, by Diderot. 
 Selected Thoughts of Cicero, Epictetus, Marcus 
 
 Aurelius, Pascal, and Vauvenargues, followed by 
 
 Conseils d'une Mere, by Madame de Lambert, 
 
 and Considerations sur les Moeurs, par Duclos. 
 Discourse on Universal History, by Bossuet, followed 
 
 by the Esquisse Historique, by Condorcet. 
 Treatise on the Pope, by De Maistre, preceded by the 
 
 Politique Sacree, by Bousset. 
 Hume's Philosophical Essays, preceded by the two 
 
 Dissertations on the Deaf, and the Blind, by 
 
 Diderot, and followed by Adam Smith's Essay 
 
 on the History of Astronomy. 
 Theory of the Beautiful, by Barthez, preceded by the 
 
 Essay on the Beautiful, by Diderot. 
 Les Rapports du Physique et du Moral de I'Homme, 
 
 par Cabanis. 
 
Private L ibraries, 137 
 
 Treatise on the Functions of the Brain, by Gall, 
 preceded by Letters on Animals, by Georges 
 Leroy. 
 
 Le Traite sur 1' Irritation et la Folie, par Broussais 
 (first edition). 
 
 The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (con- 
 densed l)y Miss Martineau), his Positive Politics, 
 his Positivist Catechism, and his Subjective 
 Synthesis. 
 
 Paris, 3 Dante 66 (Tuesday, i8th July, 1854). 
 Auguste Comte, 
 
 (10 rue Monsieur le Prince). 
 
 This is an interesting list as having been 
 compiled with special thought by a cele- 
 brated man, but in many of its details it 
 is little likely to find acceptance with the 
 general reader. It seems rather odd to an 
 Englishman to find the Princess of Cleves 
 included, while Shakespeare is only to be 
 found in a selection of his plays. It is not 
 Comte's fault that science has not stood 
 still since 1854, and that his selection of 
 books is rather out of date. 
 
 A list of a hundred good novels is likely 
 to be useful to many, but few lists would be 
 
1 33 How to Form a Library. 
 
 open to more criticism, for readers differ 
 more as to what constitutes a good novel 
 than upon any other branch of literature. 
 The following list was contributed by ]\Ir. 
 F. B. Perkins to the Library Journal (vol. i. 
 p. 1 66). The titles are very short, and they 
 are put down in no particular order. Most 
 of us will miss some favourite book, but 
 two people, Mr. Perkins says, have agreed 
 on this list within four or five items. He 
 says he was tempted to add a few alterna- 
 tives, as Amadis de Gaul, Morte d'Arthur, 
 Paul and Virginia, Frankenstein, Rasselas, 
 etc. 
 
 — ^ Don Quixote."^ Minister's Wooing. 
 
 — ^ Gil Bias. . Undine. 
 
 "^ Pilgrim's Progress. Sintram. 
 
 Tale of a Tub. Thisdolf. 
 
 -iU.^ Gulliver. Peter Schlemihl. 
 
 ■i -^Vicar of Wakefield.^ Sense and Sensibility. 
 
 *«^ Robinson Crusoe, v ''^ Pride and Prejudice, u 
 
 ,>»• Arabian Nights, ^y — Anastasius. 
 
 , Decameron. Amber Witch. 
 
 _, Wilhelm Meister. Mary Powell. 
 
 Valhek. Household of Sir T More. 
 
 Corinne. Cruise of the Midge. 
 
Private Libraries. 
 
 139 
 
 Guy Mannering. 
 ,- Antiquary. 
 ^ Bride of Lammermoor. 
 
 Legend of Montrose. 
 ■^ Rob Roy. ^ 
 ^ WoodstockK 
 ■^ Ivanhoe. ^ 
 Talisman.' 
 Fortunes of Nigel.*^ 
 Old Mortality. 
 Quentin Durward. i^ 
 Heart of Midlothian. 
 \Kenil worth. 1/ 
 
 air Maid of Perth, 
 anity Fair,'' 
 Pendennis. 
 Newcomes.t 
 smond. ^ 
 /Adam Bede.v 
 '' Mill on the Flossi/ 
 > Romola. ^ 
 ■^-^liddlemarch.v 
 ■^Pickwick. ^ 
 Chuzzlewit. 
 * Nickleby. 
 '''Copperfield. 1/ 
 "**^Tale of Two Citiesl^ 
 
 Dombey. 
 '*' Oliver Twist. , , 
 
 Ky^ 
 
 Tom Cringle's Log. 
 Japhet in Search of a Father. 
 Peter Simple. 
 Midshipman Easy. 
 .--Scarlet Letter. 
 ^ House with theSevenGables ^ 
 Wandering Jew. 
 Mysteries of Paris. 
 ^ Humphry Clinker. 
 . Eugenie Grandet. 
 y^ Knickerbocker's New York. 
 ^ Charles O'Malley. 
 Harry Lorrequer. 
 Handy Andy. 
 y» Elsie Venner. 
 
 Challenge of Barletta. 
 Betrothed (Manzoni's). 
 ^ Jane Eyre. "^ 
 Counterparts. 
 Charles Auchester. 
 •^ Tom Brown's Schooldays """ 
 ^Tom Brown at Oxford. 
 ■ Lady Lee's Widowhood. 
 
 Horseshoe Robinson. 
 /'Pilot. "- 
 
 ^ Spy. - 
 
 Last of the Mohicans. """^ 
 
 My Novel. 
 
 On the Pleights. 
 
 V-^^vj/w/wO^ 
 
140 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Bleak House. 
 Tom Jones. 
 Three Guardsmen. 
 Monte Christo. ^ 
 Les Miserables. ^ 
 Notre Dame. ^ 
 Consuelo. 
 Fadette (Fanchon). 
 
 - Woman in White. 
 
 ^ Love me little love me lon^ 
 *■ Tm'O Years Ago. 
 
 Yeast. _. " 
 
 Coningsbyi 
 
 - Young Duke. 
 , Hyperion. 
 
 Kavanagb. 
 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin, u Bachelor of the Albany. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 General Bibliographies. 
 
 GOOD collection of bibliographies 
 is indispensable for a public library, 
 and will also be of great use in a 
 private library when its possessor is a true 
 lover of books. One of the most valuable 
 catalogues of this class of books is the 
 ** Hand-List of Bibliographies, Classified 
 Catalogues, and Indexes placed in the 
 Reading Room of the British Museum for 
 Reference" (1881). It is not intended to 
 give in this chapter anything like a complete 
 account of these books, as a separate vxDlume 
 would be required to do justice to them. 
 Here it will be sufficient to indicate some of 
 the foremost works in the class. The cata- 
 logues of some of our chief libraries are 
 
142 How to Form a Library, 
 
 amongst the most valuable of bibliographies 
 for reference. The Catalogue of the Library 
 of the London Institution is one of the hand- 
 somest ever produced.^ Unfortunately the 
 cost of production was too great for the 
 funds of the Institution, and the elaborate 
 Catalogue of Tracts was discontinued after 
 the letter F. 
 
 The London Library being a specially 
 well-selected one, the catalogue (which is a 
 good example of a short-titled catalogue) is 
 particularly useful for ready reference.^ 
 
 The Royal Institution Library is very rich 
 
 ^ A Catalogue of the Library of the London Insti- 
 tution, systematically classed. [London] 1835. 5 vols, 
 royal 8vo. Vol. i (1835), General Library; vol. 2 
 (1840), Tracts and Pamphlets arranged in alphabetical 
 order as far as the letter F. (never completed) ; vol. 3 
 (1843), General Library, Additions ; vol. 4 (1852), 
 Additions from 1843 to 1852. 
 
 2 Catalogue of the London Library, 12, St. James's 
 Square, S.W. With Preface, Laws and Regulations, 
 List of Members and Classified Index of Subjects. 
 By Robert Harrison. Fourth edition. Sold at the 
 Library, 1875, royal 8vo. pp. 1022. 
 
 Supplemental Volume, 1 875-1 880, sold at 
 
 the Library, 188 1, royal 8vo. pp. 219. 
 
General Bibliographies, 143 
 
 in British Topography, and the catalogue 
 forms a convenient handbook.^ 
 
 The Catalogue of the Patent Office Library 
 is by no means a model, but the second 
 volume forms a good book of reference.^ 
 Many other catalogues might be mentioned, 
 but these will be sufficient for our present 
 purpose. There is great want of a good 
 Handbook of Literature, with the prices of 
 the different books. Until this want is 
 supplied good booksellers' catalogues will 
 be found the most trustworthy guides. Pre- 
 eminent among these are the catalogues of 
 
 1 A New Classified Catalogue of the Library of the 
 Royal Institution of Great Britain with Indexes of 
 Authors and Subjects, and a list of Historical 
 Pamphlets, Chronologically arranged. By Benjamin 
 Vincent. London. Sold at the Royal Institution. 
 1857, 8vo. pp. xvii.-928. 
 
 Vol. IL, including the Additions from 1857 
 
 to 1882. London. Sold at the Royal Institution. 
 1882. 8vo. pp. xvii.-388. 
 
 * Catalogue of the Library of the Patent Office, 
 arranged alphabetically. In two volumes : vol. i, 
 Authors ; vol. 2, Subjects. London. Published and 
 Sold at the Commissioners of Patents Sale Depart- 
 ment. 1881-83. Royal 8vo. 
 
144 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Mr. Quaritch, and the " Catalogue of up- 
 wards of fifty thousand volumes of ancient 
 and modern books," published by Messrs. 
 Willis and Sotheran in 1 862. Mr. Quaritch's 
 catalogues are classified with an index of 
 subjects and authors.^ A previous General 
 Catalogue was issued in 1874, and a Supple- 
 ment 1875-77 (pp. iv. 1672). Now Mr. 
 Quaritch is issuing in sections a new Cata- 
 logue on a still larger scale, which is of the 
 greatest value. 
 
 For the study of early printed books, 
 Hain,~ Panzer,^ and Maittaire's* books are 
 indispensable. 
 
 ^ A General Catalogue of Books, offered for sale to 
 the public at the affixed prices. By Bernard Quaritch 
 London, 15, Piccadilly, 1880. 8vo. pp. X.-2395. 
 
 "^ 1457-1500. Hain (L.). Repertorium Biblio- 
 graphicum in quo libri omnes ab arte typographica 
 inventa usque ad annum MD typis expressi, ordine 
 alphabetico vel simpliciter enumerantur vel adcuratius 
 recensentur. Stuttgartige, 1826-38. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 '^ 1457-1536. Panzer (G. W.). Annales Typo- 
 graphici ab artis inventse origine ad annum 1536. 
 Norimbergae, 1 793-1 803. ii vols. 4to. 
 
 * 1457-1664. Maittaire (M.). Annales Typo- 
 graphic! ab artis inventae origine ad annum 1664, cum 
 
General Bibliographies. 145 
 
 For general literature Brunet's Manual* 
 stands pre-eminent in its popularity. It has 
 held its own since 18 10, when it was first 
 published in three volumes, demy octavo. 
 Graesse's Tresor'^ is less known out of 
 Germany, but it also is a work of very great 
 value. Ebert's work'* is somewhat out of 
 date now, but it still has its use. Watt's 
 Bibliotheca* is one of the most valuable 
 bibliographies ever published, chiefly on 
 
 Supplemento Michaelis Denisii. Hag. Com.et Viennae, 
 1719-89. 7 vols in II parts. 
 
 1 Brunet (J. C). Manuel du Libraire, cinquieme 
 edition. Paris, 1860-65. 6 vols. 8vo. Supplement 
 par P. Deschamps et G. Brunet. Paris, 1878-80, 
 2 vols. Royal 8vo. 
 
 3 Gkaesse (J. G. T.). Tresor de Livres rares et 
 precieux ou Nouveau Dictionnaire Bibliographique, 
 Dresde, 1859-69. 7 vols. 4to. 
 
 ^ Ebert (F. a.). Allgemeines bibliographisches 
 Lexikon. Leipzig, 1821-30. 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 A General Bibliographical Dictionary, from 
 
 the German [by A. Brown]. Oxford, 1837. 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 * Watt (R.). Bibliotheca Britannica : a General 
 Index to British and Foreign Literature. In two 
 parts, Authors and Subjects. Edinburgh, 1824, 
 4 vols. 4to. 
 
 10 
 
146 How to Form a Library. 
 
 account of the index of subjects which 
 gives information that cannot be found else- 
 where. The titles were largely taken from 
 second-hand sources, and are in many 
 instances marred by misprints. Every one 
 who uses it must wish that it was brought 
 down to date, but it is scarcely likely that 
 any one will sacrifice a life to such labour as 
 would be necessary. Moreover, the popular 
 feeling is somewhat adverse to universal 
 bibliographies, and it is thought that the 
 literature of his own country is sufficiently 
 large a subject for the bibliographer to 
 devote his time to. 
 
 English literature has not been neglected 
 by English bibliographers, although a full 
 bibliography of our authors is still a crying 
 want. Complete lists of the works of some 
 of our greatest authors have still to be made, 
 and it is to be hoped that all those who have 
 the cause of bibliography at heart will join 
 to remedy the great evil. It would be quite 
 possible to compile a really national work by 
 a system of co-operation such as was found 
 workable in the case of the Philological 
 
General Bibliographies. 147 
 
 Society's Dictionary of the English Lan- 
 guage. Sub-editors of the different letters 
 might be appointed, and to them all titles 
 could be sent. When the question of printing 
 arose, it would be well to commence with 
 the chief authors. These bibliographies 
 might be circulated, by which means many 
 additions would be made to them, and then 
 they could be incorporated in the general 
 alphabet. In such a bibliography books 
 in manuscript ought to be included, as 
 well as printed books Although there 
 is little doubt that many books still remain 
 unregistered, we are well supplied with 
 catalogues of books made for trade purposes. 
 MaunselP was the first to publish such a 
 list, and in 1631 was published a catalogue 
 of books issued between 1626 and 163 1.'^ 
 
 ^ Before 1595. Maunsell (A.). Catalogue of 
 English printed Books. London, 1595. 4to. Part I, 
 Divinitie. Part 2, Sciences Mathematical!. 
 
 2 1 626- 1 63 1. A Catalogue of certaine Bookes 
 which have been published and (by authoritie) printed 
 in England both in Latine and English, since the 
 year 1626 until November, 1631. London, 163 1. 410. 
 
148 How to Form a Library. 
 
 William London^ published his Catalogue 
 in 1658, and Clavell's his in 1696.'' Bent's 
 Catalogue, published in 1786, went back 
 to 1700,^ and this was continued annually 
 as the London Catalogue. The British and 
 
 * Before 1658. London (William). A Catalogue 
 of the most vendible Books in England, orderly and 
 alphabetically digested. "With a Supplement. 1658- 
 60. 4to. 
 
 2 1666-1695. Clavell (R.). General Catalogue 
 of Books printed in England since the dreadful Fire 
 of London, 1666. Fourth edition. London, 1696. 
 Folio. 
 
 2 1 700- 1 786. A General Catalogue of Books in 
 all Languages, Arts, and Sciences, printed in Great 
 Britain and published in London. London (W. Bent), 
 1786. 8vo. 
 
 1811. London Catalogue of Books. London (W. 
 Bent), 1811. 8vo. 
 
 1810-1831. London Catalogue of Books. London 
 (W. Bent), 1831. 8vo. 
 
 1816-1851. London Catalogue of Books. London 
 (Hodgson), 185 1. 8vo. Classified Index. London 
 (Hodgson)^ 1853. 
 
 1 83 1 - 1 85 5 . London Catalogue of Books. London 
 (Hodgson), 1855. 
 
General BibliograpJiies. 149 
 
 English Catalogues^ followed, and the latter 
 is also published annually.'^ 
 
 For early printed books, Ames and 
 Herbert's great work' is of much value, but 
 information respecting our old literature 
 has increased so much of late that a new 
 history of typographical antiquities is sadly 
 needed. Mr. Blades has done the necessary 
 work for Caxton, but the first English 
 printer's successors require similar treat- 
 ment. 
 
 William Thomas Lowndes, the son of 
 
 1 1837-52. The British Catalogue. Sampson 
 Low, 1853. And Index. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 2 1835-1880. The English Catalogue of Books. 
 Sampson Low. And Indexes. Svo. Continued 
 annually, 
 
 '^ 1471-1600. Ames (Joseph). Typographical 
 Antiquities : being an Historical Account of Printing 
 in England, with some Memoirs of our Antient 
 Printers, and a Register of the Books printed by them 
 . . . with an Appendix concerning Printing in Scotland, 
 Ireland to the same time. London, 1749. 4to. i vol. 
 Considerably augmented by W. Herbert. London, 
 1785-90. 3 vols. 4to. Enlarged by T. F. Dibdin. 
 London, 1810-19. 4 vols. 4to. 
 
150 How to Form a Library. 
 
 an eminent bookseller and publisher, and 
 himself a bookseller, published in 1834 
 his Bibliographer's Manual,^ which has re- 
 mained the great authority for English 
 Literature. It had become very scarce 
 when Henry Bohn, in 1857, brought out 
 a new edition with additions in a series 
 of handy volumes, which is an indis- 
 pensable book of reference, although it is 
 far from being the complete work that is 
 required. 
 
 Allibone's Dictionary"^ contains much that 
 is omitted in Lowndes's Manual^ but it 
 is more literary than bibliographical in 
 its scope. The well-selected criticisms 
 appended to the titles of the several 
 books are of considerable interest and 
 value to the reader. Mr. W. C. Hazlitt's 
 
 1 Lowndes (W, T.). The Bibliographer's Manual 
 of English Literature. London, 1834. 4 vols. 8vo. 
 New Edition, by H. G. Bohn. London, 1857-64. 
 6 vols. Sm. 8vo. 
 
 * Allibone (S. a.). Dictionary of English Litera- 
 ture, and British and American Authors. Philadelphia, 
 1859--71. 3 vols. Royal 8vo. 
 
General Bibliographies. 151 
 
 Handbooks ^ are exceedingly valuable as , 
 containing information respecting a class 
 of books which has been much neglected 
 in bibliographical works. The compiler 
 has been indefatigable for some years past 
 in registering the titles of rare books as 
 they occurred at public sales. 
 
 Mr. Collier's account of rare books,' 
 founded on his Bridgewater Catalogue 
 (1837), is of great use for information re- 
 specting out-of-the-way literature, as also 
 is Mr. Corser's descriptive Catalogue of Old 
 English Poetry.^ 
 
 1 Hazlitt (W. Carew). Handbook to the 
 Popular, Poetical, and Dramatic Literature of Great 
 Britain, from the Invention of Printing to the Restora- 
 tion. London (J. Russell Smith), 1867. 8vo. 
 
 Collections and Notes, 1867-1876. London 
 
 (Reeves & Turner), 1876. 8vo. 
 
 Second Series of Bibliographical Collections 
 
 and Notes on Early English Literature, 1474-17CX). 
 London (Bernard Quaritch), 1882. 
 
 2 Collier fj. P.). A Bibliographical and Critical 
 Account of the rarest books in the English language, 
 alphabetically arranged. London, 1865. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 ^ CoRSER (T.). Collectanea Anglo-Poetica ; or a 
 
152 How to Form a Library, 
 
 Accounts of books published in Gaelic,^ 
 in Welsh,'^ and in Irish,^ have been published. 
 The works of American authors are included 
 in Allibone's Dictionary, referred to under 
 English literature, but special books have 
 also been prepared, such as Triibner's Guide,'^ 
 Stevens's American Books in the British 
 
 bibliographical and descriptive Catalogue of a portion 
 of a Collection of Early English Poetry. Manchester 
 (Chetham Society), 186079. 9 vols. Sm. 4to. 
 
 ^ Gaelic. Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica ; or, an account 
 of all the books which have been published in the 
 Gaelic Language. By John Reid. Glasgow, 1832. 8vo. 
 
 2 Welsh. Cambrian Bibliography : containing an 
 account of the books printed in the Welsh Language ; 
 or relating to Wales, from the year 1 546 to the end of the 
 i8th century. By W. Rowlands. Llanidloes, 1869. 8vo. 
 
 ' Irish. Transactions of the Iberno-Celtic Society 
 for 1820. Containing a chronological account of 
 nearly four hundred Irish writers . . . carried down 
 to the year 1750, with a descriptive Catalogue of such 
 of their works as are still extant. By E. O'Reilly. 
 Dublin, 1820. 4to. 
 
 * Trubner's Bibliographical Guide to American 
 Literature : a classed list of books published in the 
 United States of America during the last forty years. 
 London, 1859. Svo. 
 
General Bibhogrnphies. 153 
 
 Museum,' and Leypoldt's great book, the 
 American Catalogue.'^ Catalogues of Books 
 on America, such as those of Obadiah Rich, 
 have also been compiled, but these are more 
 properly special bibliographies. France has 
 always stood in a foremost position in 
 respect to bibliography, and she alone has 
 a national work on her literature, which 
 stands in the very first rank — this is due to 
 the enthusiastic bibliographer Querard.' 
 A better model as to what a national 
 
 * Catalogue of the American Books in the Library 
 of the British Museum. Christmas, 1856. By H. 
 Stevens. London, 1866. 8vo. 
 
 ^ The American Catalogue under the direction of 
 F. Leypoldt. New York, 1880. 2 vols. 4to. Suppl. 
 1876-84. Compiled under the editorial direction 
 of R. R. Bowker by Miss Appleton. New York, 
 1885. 
 
 3 QuERARD (J. M.). La France Litteraire, ou 
 Dictionnaire Bibliographique des Savants qui ont ecrit 
 en fran9ais, plus particulierement pendant les XVIIl'^ 
 et XIX® siecles. Paris, 1827-64. 12 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Litterature Fran9aise contemporaine (1826- 
 
 49). Continuation de la France Litteraire. Paris, 
 1842-57. 6 vols. 8vo. 
 
154 How to Form a Library, 
 
 bibliography should be could not well be 
 found. The catalogue of current literature, 
 which bears the name of O. Lorenz, is 
 also an excellent work.^ 
 
 German literature has been, and is, well 
 registered. Heyse,^ Maltzahn,^ Heinsius,* 
 and Kayser,^ have all produced valuable 
 
 ^ Lorenz (O.). Catalogue de la Lib rairie Frangaise 
 1840-1865. 4 vols. 1866-187 5. 2 vols. 8vo. The 
 Catalogue of Books from 1876 to 1S85 is in preparation. 
 
 Tables des Matieres, 1840-1875. Paris, 
 
 1879-80. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 2 [Heyse (C. W.).] Biicherschatz der deutschen 
 National-Litteratur des XVI und XVII Jahrhunderts. 
 Systematisch geordnetes Verzeichniss einer reichhal- 
 tigen Sammlung deutschen Biichen. Berlin, 1854. 8vo. 
 
 3 Maltzahn (W. von). Deutschen Biicherschatz 
 des sechszehnten, siebenzehnten und achtzehnten bis 
 um die Mitte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. Jena, 
 1875. 8vo. 
 
 * Heinsius (W.). Allgemeines Biicher Lexicon, 
 1700-1815. Leipzig, 1812-56. 14 vols. 4to. 7th 
 Supplement. 
 
 ^ Kayser(C. G.). Index Librorum. Vollstandiges 
 Biicher- Lexicon, enthaltend alle von 1750 bis zu Ende 
 des Jahres (-1876) in Deutschland . . . gedruckten 
 Biicher. Leipzig, 1S34-77. 4to. 
 
General Bihhographies. 155 
 
 works. Heinsius published his original 
 Lexicon in 181 2, and Kayser his in 1834, 
 and Supplements to both of these have been 
 published about every ten years. A more 
 condensed work was commenced by A. 
 Kirchhoff in 1856, containing the catalogue 
 of works published from 1851 to 1855; a 
 second volume of the next five years ap- 
 peared in 1 86 1, and since KirchhofF's death 
 Hinrichs has published a volume every five 
 years. The Leipzig Book-fairs have had 
 their catalogues ever since 1594, and the 
 half-yearly volumes now bearing the name 
 of Hinrichs,^ which have been published 
 regularly since 1798, and to which the Fair 
 catalogues succumbed in 1855, may be 
 considered as their legitimate successors. 
 The Literature of Holland is well recorded 
 
 ^ Hinrichs (J, C). Verzeichniss der BUcher . . . 
 vvelche in Deutschland vom Januar, 1877, bis zum 
 (December, 1885) neu erschienen oder neu aufgelegt 
 worden sind. Leipzig, 1876-80. i2mo. In progress. 
 
 Repertorium iiber die nach den . . . 
 
 Verzeichnissen, 1871-75, erschienenen Biicher. Von 
 E. Baldamus. {1876-80.) Leipzig, 1877-82. i2mo. 
 
156 How to Form a Library. 
 
 by Campbell ^ and Abkoude,'' and for Belgium 
 there is the Bibliographie de Bdgique.^ Italy 
 can boast of a Gamba* and a Bertocci/ and 
 
 1 Campbell (M.F.A.G.). Annales de la Typo- 
 graphic Neerlandaise au XV® Siecle. La Haye, 1874. 
 8vo. 
 
 1**^ Supplement. La Haye, 1878. 8vo. 
 
 "^ Abkoude (J. VAN). Naamregister van de be- 
 kendste . . . Nederduitsche Boeken . . . 1600 tot 1761. 
 Nu overzien en tot het jaar 1787 vermeerderd door 
 R. Arrenberg. Rotterdam, 1788. 4to. 
 
 Alphabetische Naamlijst van Boeken 1790 
 
 tot 1832, Amsterdam, 1835. 4to. 1833-1875. Amster- 
 dam, 1858-78. 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Wetenschappelijk Register behoorende bij 
 
 Brinkman's Alphabetische Naamlijsten van Boeken 
 . . . 1850-75 . . . bewerkt door R. van der Meulen. 
 Amsterdam, 1878. 4to. 
 
 3 Bibliographie de Belgique. Journal Officiel de 
 la Librairie. Annee i. Bruxelles, 1876. 8vo. 
 
 * Game A (B.). Serie dei testi di Lingua Italiana 
 e di altri opere important! nella Italiana letteratura 
 del Secolo XV al XIX. Quarta edizione. Venezia, 
 1839. 8vo. 
 
 5 Bertocci (D. G.). Repertorio bibliografico delle 
 opere stampate in Italia nel Secolo XIX. Vol. I. 
 Roma, 1876. 8vo. 
 
General Bibliographies. 157 
 
 a public office publishes the Bihliografia 
 Italiana} 
 
 Spain is fortunate in possessing a splendid 
 piece of bibliography in the great works of 
 Antonio.^ Some years ago, when I was 
 occupied in cataloguing one of the chief 
 collections of Spanish books in this country, 
 I was in the daily habit of consulting these 
 Bibliothecas, and while comparing the books 
 themselves with the printed titles, I seldom 
 found a mistake. Hidalgo's^ work and the 
 Boletin* show that at the present time 
 
 ^ Bihliografia Italiana: Giornale compilato sui docu- 
 menti communicati dal Miiiistero dell' Istruzione Pub- 
 blica. Anno 1-14. 1867-80. Firenze, 1868-81. 8vo. 
 In progress. 
 
 2 An TONIC (N.). Bibliotheca Hispana Vetus sive 
 Hispani Scriptores ... ad annum Christi 1500 
 floruerunt. Matriti, 1788. 2 vols. Folia. 
 
 Bibliotheca Hispana Nova sive Hispanorura 
 
 Scri])torum qui ab anno 1500 ad 1684 floruere notitia. 
 Matriti, 1 783-1 788. 2 vols. Folio. 
 
 ^ Hidalgo (D.). Diccionario general de Bihlio- 
 grafia Espanola. Madrid, 1862-79. 6 vols. 8vo. 
 
 * Boletin de la Libreria. Ano I. 1873, Madrid, 
 1S74. 8vo. In progress. 
 
158 How to Form a Library. 
 
 bibliography is not neglected in that 
 country. 
 
 The works of Barbosa IMachado ^ and 
 Silva"^ show that Portugal is not behind 
 the sister kingdom in the love for biblio- 
 graphy. 
 
 Bibliographies of other countries might 
 be mentioned here, but space will not 
 permit. There is one branch of general 
 bibliography to which special attention 
 has been paid for a long period of years. 
 O. Placcius published his Theatrum A?iony- 
 morum et Pseudonymorum at Hamburgh in 
 1674 (2nd ed. 1708). Villani continued the 
 record of pseudonymous literature by pub- 
 lishing at Parma, in 1689, a small volume 
 entitled La Visiera alzaia. J- C. Mylius 
 published his Bihliotheca Anonymormn et 
 Pseudonymorum at Hamburgh in 1740. 
 
 ^ Barbosa Machado (D.). Bibliotheca Lusitana, 
 historica, critica e cronologica. Na qual se compre- 
 hende a noticia dos authores Portuguezes, e das obras 
 que compuserao. Lisboa, 1741-59. 4 vols. Folio. 
 
 2 SiLVA (J. F. da). Diccionario bibiiographico 
 Portuguez. Lisboa, 1858-70. Tom. 1-9. 8vo. 
 
General Bibliographies, 159 
 
 Barbier's great work on the Anonymous 
 in French Literature was first published in 
 1 806-8, the second edition appeared in 1822- 
 27, and the third in 1872-78, as a continua- 
 tion to the second edition of Querard's 
 Les Supercheries Litteraires. Querard's work 
 is more curious than useful, because the 
 author has entered into minute questions 
 of authorship which do not really belong 
 to the domain of bibliography. Manne's 
 volume (1834) is not of much value. 
 Lancetti published an octavo volume on 
 Pseudonyms in Italian (1836), but Barbier's 
 work was not worthily imitated in any other 
 country until Mr. Paterson commenced the 
 publication of the very valuable work of the 
 late Mr. Halkett.^ 
 
 * A Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonym- 
 ous Literature of Great Britain, including the works 
 of Foreigners written in or translated into the English 
 Language. By the late Samuel Halkett, and the late 
 Rev. John Laing. Edinburgh (William Paterson), 
 1882-85. Vols. I, 2, 3 (to 'Tis). 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Special Bibliographies. 
 
 IBLIOGRAPHIES of special sub- 
 jects are more useful than any 
 other books in the formation of a 
 library. The articles in the new edition of 
 the EncyclopcEdia Briianiiica will be found 
 valuable for this purpose, but those who 
 wish for fuller information must refer to 
 Dr. Julius Petzholdt's elaborate Bihliotheca 
 Bihliographica (Leipzig, 1866), or to the 
 Biblio graphic des Bibliographies of M. Leon 
 Valine (Paris, 1885). The late Mr. Cornelius 
 Walford contributed a paper ** On Special 
 Collections of Books" to the Transactions 
 of the Conference of Librarians, 1877 
 (pp. 45-49), in which he specially referred 
 to the subject of Insurance. 
 
special Bibliographies. 1 6 1 
 
 In the present chapter I propose to refer 
 to some of the most useful bibliographies, 
 but to save space the full titles will not be 
 given, and this is the less necessary as 
 they can mostly be found in the above 
 books or in that useful little volume we owe 
 to the authorities of the British Museum 
 — " Hand-list of Bibliographies, Classified 
 Catalogues, and Indexes placed in the 
 Reading-room," 1881. 
 
 Ag7'iailture. — Weston's Tracts on Practical Agricul- 
 ture and Gardening (1773), contains a Chronological 
 Catalogue of English Authors, and Donaldson's 
 Agricultural Biography (1854) brings the subject down 
 to a later date. Victor Donatien de Musset-Pathay 
 published a B ibliographie Agronotniqite in 1 8 10, and 
 Loudon's Encyclopcedia of Agriciillure contains the 
 Literature and Bibliography of Agriculture, British, 
 French, German, and American. 
 
 Ana. — In Peignot's Repertoire de Bibliographies 
 Speciales (1810) will be found at pp. 211-268, a list of 
 books of Ana, and Gabriel Antoine Joseph Hecart 
 published at Valenciennes, 1821, under the name 
 of J. G. Phitakaer, a bibliography entitled *'Ana- 
 grapheana." Namur's B ibliographie dcs Ouvrages 
 piddies sous le nom d'Ana was published at Bruxelles 
 in 1839. The late Sir William Stirling Maxwell 
 
 II 
 
1 62 How to Form a Library. 
 
 made a collection of books of Ana. a privately printed 
 catalogue of which he issued in i860. 
 
 Angling. — Sir Henry Ellis printed privately in 181 1 
 a small octavo pamphlet of 21 pages vi^hich he entitled 
 •*A Catalogue of Books on Angling, with some brief 
 notices of several of their authors," which was an 
 extract from the British Bibliographer- In 1836, 
 Pickering printed a Bibliotheca Fiscatoria, which was 
 formed upon Sir Henry Ellis's corrected copy of the 
 above Catalogue. Mr. J. Russell Smith published in 
 1856 "A Bibliographical Catalogue of English writers 
 on Angling and Ichthyology," which was soon super- 
 ceded by the following work by Mr. T. Westwood. 
 *' A new Bibliotheca Piscatoria, or a general Catalogue 
 of Angling and Fishing Literature." London, 1861 
 (another edition, edited conjointly with T. Satchell, 
 1883). Mr. R. Blakey published in 1855, "Anghng 
 Literature of all Nations." London, 1855. i2mo. 
 Mr. J. J. Manley, M.A., published in 1883, 
 *' Literature of Sea and River Fishing," as one of the 
 Handbooks of the International Fisheries Exhibition. 
 
 Architecture. — Lacroix (E.). Bibliographic des 
 Ingenieurs, des Architectes, des Chefs d'Usines 
 industrielles, des Eleves des Ecoles polytechniques 
 et professionnelles et des Agriculteurs. Premiere 
 ( — Troisieme) Serie. Paris, 1864-67. 4to. 
 
 Assurance {Life). — Lewis Pocock published "A 
 Chronological List of Books and Single Papers" 
 relating to this subject in 1836, a second edition of 
 which was published in 1842. 
 
special Bibliographies, 163 
 
 Astronomy. — Lalande published his valuable "Bib- 
 liographic Astronomique " at Paris, 1803. Otto 
 Struve's Catalogue of the Library of the Pulkova 
 Observatory, published at St. Petersburg in i860, is 
 highly esteemed by astronomers. The first part of 
 the Catalogue of the United States Naval Observatory 
 at Washington, by Prof. E. S. Holden, is devoted to 
 Astronomical Bibliography. 
 
 HouzEAU (J. C.) and Lancaster (A.). 
 
 Bibliographie generale de I'Astronomie. Bruxelles, 
 1880. 8vo. In progress. 
 
 Mr. E. B. Knobel, Secretary of the Royal 
 
 Astronomical Society, printed in the Monthly Notices 
 of that Society for November, 1876 (pp. 365-392), 
 a very useful short Reference Catalogue of Astro- 
 nomical Papers and Researches, referring more 
 especially to (i) Double Stars; (2) Variable Stars; 
 (3) Red Stars ; (4) Nebulae and Clusters ; (5) Proper 
 Motions of Stars ; (6) Parallax and Distance of Stars ; 
 (7) Star Spectra. Mr. E. S. Holden's " Index Cata- 
 logue of Books and Memoirs relating to Nebulae and 
 Clusters of Stars" was printed in the Smithsonian 
 Miscellaneous Collections in 1877. 
 
 Bible. — The famous Le Long published at Paris, 
 in 1713, his **Discours historiques sur les principales 
 editions des Bibles polyglottes," and in 1723, in two 
 volumes, folio, his great work " Bibliotheca Sacra." 
 This was edited and continued by A. G. Masch, and 
 published at Halae Magd. in five volumes, quarto. 
 
164 How to Form a Library, 
 
 1774-97- T. Llewelyn published in 1768 ** Historical 
 Account of the British or Welsh Versions and editions 
 of the Bible." A privately printed "List of various 
 editions of the Bible" was issued in 1778, which has been 
 attributed to Dr. Ducarel. John Lewis's "Complete 
 History of the several Translations of the Holy Bible 
 and New Testament into English" was published 
 in 1818, and Dr. Henry Cotton's "List of Editions" 
 (Oxford, 182 1, 2nd edition, 1 852) was intended as 
 an Appendix to that work. Orme's Bibliotheca 
 Biblica was published at Edinburgh in 1824, 3-"<i 
 Hartwell Home's Manual of Biblical Bibliography 
 at London in 1839. Bagster's Bible in Every Land 
 (1848), although not strictly bibliographical, must 
 be mentioned here, because it gives under each 
 language a notice of all versions published in that 
 language. Lowndes' British Librarian or Book Col- 
 lector's Guide. Class I. Religion and its History. 
 London, 1839. 8vo. Parts i, 2, 3 are devoted to 
 Holy Scriptures, Biblical Commentaries, Biblical 
 Disquisitions, Scripture Biography, Scripture Geo- 
 graphy, etc. The work itself was left incomplete 
 Dr. H. Cotton published at Oxford, in 1855, 
 a work entitled " Rhemes and Doway. An 
 Attempt to show what has been done by Roman 
 Catholics for the diffusion of the Holy Scriptures in 
 English." In 1859 J. G. Shea published at New 
 York a "Bibliographical Account of Catholic B'bles, 
 Testaments, and other portions of Scripture translated 
 
special Bibliographies. 165 
 
 from the Latin Vulgate, and printed in the United 
 States," and in i86i E. B. O'Callaghan published at 
 Albany a "List of editions of the Holy Scriptures 
 and parts thereof, printed in America previous to 
 i860." E. Reuss published at Brunswick, in 1872, 
 a Bibliography of the Greek New Testament. Dr. 
 Isaac Hall printed a Critical Bibliography oi 
 American Greek Testaments at Philadelphia in 
 1883. Mr. Henry Stevens, the eminent biblio- 
 grapher, is a special authority on Bibles, and his 
 work, entitled *'The Bibles in the Caxton Exhibition, 
 1877, or a bibliographical description of nearly one 
 thousand representative Bibles in various languages, 
 chronologically arranged" (London, 1878), contains 
 some of the information he possesses. 
 
 Biography. — Oettinger's Bibliographie Biographique 
 Universelle (185 4) is a most useful work, although it 
 is now unfortunately somewhat out of date. 
 
 Book-keeping. — B. F. Foster's Origin and Progress 
 of Book-keeping (1852) contains an account of books 
 published on this subject from 1543 to 1852. 
 
 Botany.— Vx\\.z^% Thesaurus Literatures Botanic^ 
 (1851, another edition 1872-77) is the Bibliography of 
 the subject, and this work is supplemented by Mr. 
 Daydon Jackson's Index of Botany, published by the 
 Index Society. Trimen's Botanical Bibliography of 
 the British counties, London, 1874. 8vo. 
 
 Chemistry. — R. Ruprecht, Bibliotheca Chemica et 
 rharmaceutica, 1858-70. Gottin^en^ 1872. 
 
1 66 How to Form a Library . 
 
 Classics. — Dr. Edward Harwood publislied his 
 "View of the various editions of the Greek and 
 Roman Classics" in 1790. He was followed in 1802 
 by Thomas Frognall Dibdin, whose work was much 
 enlarged, and reappeared in several editions ; the fourth 
 and best being published in 1827 (2 vo!s. 8vo.). J. 
 W, Moss published his "Manual of Classical Biblio- 
 graphy'' in 1825, 2 vols. 8vo. Henry G. Bohn's 
 General Catalogue, Part II. Section I. 1850, contains 
 a valuable list of Greek and Latin Classics. 
 Engelmann's Bibliotheca Scriptorum Classicorum et 
 Graecorum et Latinorum (1858) is an elaborate work 
 on the subject, and Professor John E. B. Mayor's 
 translation and adaptation of Dr. Hiibner's Biblio- 
 graphical Clue to Latin Literature will be found to 
 be a very useful handbook. 
 Conwierce. — See Trade. 
 
 Dialects. — Mr. J. Russell Smith published, in 1839, 
 a useful " Bibliographical List of the Works that 
 have been published towards illustrating the Pro- 
 vincial Dialects of England " (24 pages). When the 
 Rev. Professor Skeat started the English Dialect 
 Society, he at once laid the foundation of an extensive 
 Bibliographical List to include MSS. as well as printed 
 works. This BibHography is being published by the 
 Society in parts. 
 
 Dictionaries. — William Marsden printed privately, 
 in 1796, a valuable "Catalogue of Dictionaries, 
 Vocabularies, Grammars, and Alphabets." 
 
special Bibliographies. 167 
 
 Dictionaries. — Triibner's Catalogue of Dictionaries 
 and Grammars (1872, second edition 1882) is a very 
 useful work. H. B, Wheatley's account of English 
 Dictionaries was published in the Transactions of the 
 Philological Society for 1865. 
 
 Dra7na. — A notice of some books in the English 
 Drama will be found in Chapter IV. The Biblioth}qiie 
 Dramatique de Mons, de Soleitine (1843-44, 5 vols,), 
 with its continuation to 1 86 1, is a splendid Catalogue, 
 in which the books are fully described, with valuable 
 notes and preface. 
 
 Earthquakes. — Mr. Robert Mallet's Bibliography of 
 Earthquakes will be found in the British Association 
 Report for 1858, and Mons. Alexis Perrey's Biblio- 
 graphic Seismique in the Dijon Memoires for '855^ 
 1856, and 1 86 1. 
 
 Electricity. — Sir Francis Ronalds' Catalogue of 
 Books and Papers relating to Electricity, Magnetism, 
 and the Electric Telegraph (1880) contains a large 
 number of titles. O. Salle's Bibliography of Electricity 
 and Magnetism, i860 to 18S3, was published in 
 1884. 
 
 Entomology — Dr. Hagen's Bibliotheca Entomo- 
 logica (Leipzig, 1862-63) is a carefully compiled and 
 useful book 
 
 Epigrams, — There is a list of books connected with 
 Epigrammatic Literature appended to The Epigram^ 
 7natists, by the Rev. Philip Dodd. 8vo. London, 
 1870. 
 
1 68 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Fine Art. — The First Proofs of the Universal Cata- 
 logue of Books in Art, compiled for the use of the 
 National Art Library and the Schools of Art in the 
 United Kingdom. London, 1870. 2 vols. Sm.4to. 
 Supplement. London, 1877. 
 
 Essai d'une Bibliographic de I'Histoire 
 
 spe'ciale de la Peinture et de la Gravure en Hollande 
 et en Belgique (1500-1875), par J. F. van Someren, 
 Amsterdam, 1882. 8vo. 
 
 Freemasonry. — GowANS (W.). Catalogue of Books 
 on Freemasonry and kindred subjects. New York, 
 1858. 8vo. 
 
 Hemsworth (H. W.). Catalogue of Books 
 
 in the Library at Freemasons' Hall, London. Privately 
 printed. 
 
 There is a list of books on Freemasonry in Petz- 
 holdt's Bibliotheca Bibliographica, pp. 468-474. 
 Mr. Folkard printed privately a Catalogue of Works 
 on Freemasonry in the Wigan Free Library in 
 1882, and in the Annals of the Grand Lodge of 
 Iowa, Vol. IX. Part I. (1883) is a Catalogue of Works 
 on this subject in the Library of the Grand Lodge of 
 Iowa. 
 
 Future Life. — Catalogue of Works relating to the 
 Nature, Origin, and Destiny of the Soul, by Ezra 
 Abbot. Appended to W. R. Alger's Critical History 
 of the Doctrine of a Future Life. Philadelphia, 1864. 
 8vo. Reprinted, New York, 1871. 
 
 Geography. — See Voyages and Travels. 
 
special Bibliographies. 1 69 
 
 Health. — Catalogue of the International Health 
 Exhibition Library. Division I. Health. Division 
 II. Education. London, 1884. 8vo. 
 
 HeTnldry, — Thomas Moule's valuable Bibliotheca 
 HeraldUa Magnce Britannice was published in 1822. 
 There is a "List of the principal English and 
 Foreign Text-Books on Heraldry " at the end of 
 The Hanabook of Heraldry, by J. E. Cussans, 
 London, 1869. 
 
 History {General). — Brunet (J. C). Table 
 Methodique en forme de Catalogue raisonne, Histoire. 
 Paris, 1865. 8vo. 
 
 Oettinger (E. M.), Historisches Archiv. 
 
 Archives hlstoiiques, contenant une classification de 
 17,000 ouvrages pour servir ^ I'etude de I'histoire 
 de tous les siecles et de toutes les nations. Carlsruhe, 
 1841. 4to. 
 
 {Great Britain and Ireland.) — Bishop Nicholson's 
 English, Scotch, and Irish Historical Libraries, 1776, 
 will still be found useful. Mr. Mullinger's portion 
 of the Introduction to the Study of English History 
 (1881) gives the latest information on the subject. Sir 
 Duffus Hardy's "Descriptive Catalogue of Materials 
 relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland 
 to the end of the reign of Henry VIII." is an in- 
 valuable book, but is unfortunately incomplete. 
 
 {France.)— l^YAJy^Q. (J.). Bibliotheque Historique 
 (1768-78, 5 vols, folio). "Les Sources de I'Histoire 
 de France," by A. Franklin, was published in 1877. 
 
170 How to Form a Library. 
 
 History {Germany.') — Bibliographical Essay on the 
 Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, by A Asher, was 
 published in 1843. 
 
 {Holland.)— ^\]YLOYY. Bibliotheca Historico-Neer- 
 landica. La Haye, 1871. 
 
 {Italy.) — LiCHTENTHAL (P.). Manuale Biblio- 
 grafico del Viaggiatore in Italia. Milano, 1844. A 
 Catalogue of Sir Richard Colt Hoare's Collection of 
 Books relating to the History and Topography of 
 Italy was printed in 1812. The Collection was pre- 
 sented to the British Museum by Hoare in 1825. 
 
 {Portugal.) — Figaniere. Bibliographia Historica 
 Portugueza. Lisboa, 1850. 
 
 {Spain.) — MUNOZ Y Romero. Diccionario biblio- 
 grafico-historico . de Espana. Madrid, 1858, 
 
 Language. — See Dictionaries, Philology. 
 
 Law. — Mr. Stephen R. Griswold contributed an 
 article on Law Libraries to the U.S. Report on 
 Libraries (pp. 161-170). He writes, "Law books 
 may be classified generally as follows *. Reports, 
 Treatises, Statute Law. The pracUce of reporting 
 the decisions of the Judges began in the reign of 
 Edward I., and from that time we have a series of 
 judicial reports of those decisions In the time of 
 Lord Bacon, these reports extended to fifty or sixty 
 volumes. During the two hundred and fifty years 
 that have passed since then, nothing has been done 
 by way of revision or expurgation ; but these publica- 
 tions have been constantly increasing, so that at the 
 
special Bibliographies. 171 
 
 close of the year 1874 the published volumes of 
 reports were as follows : English, 1350 volumes ; 
 Irish, 175 volumes , Scotch, 225 volumes ; Canadian, 
 135 volumes ; American, 2400 volumes. With 
 respect to treatises (including law periodicals and 
 digests), and without including more than one edition 
 of the same work, it is safe to say that a fair collection 
 would embrace at least 20CX) volumes. The statute 
 law of the United States, if confined to the general or 
 revised statutes and codes, may be brought within 100 
 volumes. If, however, the sessional acts be included, 
 the collection would amount to over 1500 volumes. It 
 is thus seen that a fairly complete law library would 
 embrace more than 7cxx) volumes, which could not 
 be placed upon its shelves for less than $50,000." 
 
 Zrt!7f;.— There is a useful list of legal bibliographies 
 in the '* Hand-list of Bibliographies in the Reading- 
 room of the British Museum" (pp. 40-44). Clarke's 
 Bibliotheca Legtim, which was compiled by Hart well 
 Plorne (1819), is a valuable work. Marvin's Legal 
 Bibliography^ which was published at Philadelphia in 
 1847, contains 800 pages. The Catalogue of the Law 
 Library in the New York State Library (1856), forms 
 a useful guide to the subject, and Herbert G. Sweet's 
 ** Complete Catalogue of Modern Law Books " is one 
 of the latest catalogues of authority. 
 
 Mathematics.— K really good bibliography of Mathe- 
 matics is still wanting. The following books, however, 
 all from Germany, are useful. 
 
1^2 Hozv to Form a Library. 
 
 Mathematics. — Murhard (F. W. A.). Bibliotheca 
 Mathematica. Lipsise, 1797- 1804. 4 vols. 
 
 RoGG (J.). Handbuch der Mathetnatischen 
 
 Literatur. Tubingen, 1830. 
 
 SoHNCKE (L. A.). Bibliotheca Mathe- 
 matica. 1830-54. Leipsic, 1854. 
 
 Erlecke (A.). Bibliotheca Mathematica. 
 
 ITalle-a.-S., 1873. 
 
 Professor De Morgan's Arithmetical Books 
 
 (1847) is a model of what a good bibliography ought 
 to be. 
 
 Medical. — Dr. Billings contributed a chapter on 
 "Medical Libraries in the United States" to the 
 U.S. Report on Public Libraries (pp. 171-182), in 
 which he wrote—'* The record of the researches, ex- 
 periences, and speculations relating to Medical Science 
 during the last four hundred years is contained in 
 between two and three hundred thousand volumes and 
 pamphlets ; and while the immense majority of these 
 have little or nothing of what we call ' practical value,' 
 yet there is no one of them which would not be called 
 for by some inquirer if he knew of its existence." 
 The writer added a list of works of reference which 
 should be in every Medical Library. 
 
 There ha\e been a specially large number of 
 Medical Bibliographies, from Haller's works down- 
 wards. James Atkinson's Medical Bibliography 
 (1834, A and B only), is an amusing book, but of little 
 or no utility. The most useful books are Dr. Billings's 
 
special Bibliographies. 173 
 
 Index Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon- 
 General's Office (Washington, 1880) and the Catalogue 
 of the Library of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical 
 Society (3 vols. 1879), by B. R. Wheatley. Neale's 
 Medical Digest (1877) forms a convenient guide to 
 the medical periodicals. The two great French 
 dictionaries — Raige-Delorme and A. Dechambre, 
 Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des Sciences Medicales 
 (4 series, commenced in 1854, and still in progress) j 
 Jaccoud, Nouveau Dictionnaire de Medecine et de 
 Chirurgie Pratiques (1864, and still in progress) — 
 contain very valuable references to the literature of 
 the various subjects. Of special subjects may be 
 mentioned H. Haeser's Bibliotheca Epidemiographica 
 (1843), John S. Billings's Bibliography of Cholera 
 in the Report of the Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the 
 United States (1875, pp. 707-1025), Beer's Bibliotheca 
 Ophthalmica (1799), Dr. E. J. Waring's Bibliotheca 
 Therapeutica (1878-79, 2 vols. 8vo.), and Biblio- 
 graphy of Embryology, in Balfour's Embryology, vol. ii. 
 
 Meteorology. — A full bibliography of books and 
 papers upon Meteorology is being prepared at the 
 United States Signal Office, and it is reported that 
 48,000 titles are now in the office. There have been 
 several articles on this subject in Syinons's Meteoro- 
 logical Magazine, the last being in the number for 
 December, 1885. 
 
 Mineralogy.— T>K^Ps. (J. D.). Bibliography of 
 Mineralogy. 1881. 8vo. 
 
174 How to Fo7in a Library, 
 
 Mining. — Wigan Free Public Library Index Cata- 
 logue of Books and Papers relating to Mining, 
 Metallurgy, and Manufactures. By Henry Tennyson 
 Folkard, Librarian. Southport, 1 880. Roy. 8vo. 
 
 Motion (/5?r^^^«a/).— Perpetuum Mobile; or, search 
 for Self-Motive Power during the 17th, i8th, and 19th 
 centuries, illustrated from various authentic sources 
 in papers, essays, letters, paragraphs, and numerous 
 Patent Specifications, v^^ith an Introductory Essay. 
 By Henry Dircks, C.E. London, 1861. Sm. 8vo. 
 Second Series. London, 1870. Sm. 8vo, 
 
 il/w«V.— Engel- (C). The Literature of National 
 Music. London, 1879. 8vo. 
 
 Catalogue of the Library of the Sacred 
 
 Harmonic Society. A new edition [by W. H. Husk], 
 London, 1872. 8vo. 
 
 RiMBAULT (F.). Bibliotheca Madrigaliana, 
 
 a Bibliographical Account of the Musical and Poetical 
 Works published in England during the i6th and 
 17th centuries, under the titles of Madrigals, Ballets, 
 Ayres, Canzonets, etc. London, 1847. 8vo. 
 
 There are bibliographies of the subject in F. L. 
 Ritter's History of Music, London, 1876, and F. 
 Clement, Histoire generale de la Musique Religieuse. 
 Paris, 1 86 1. 
 
 Natural History. — Dryander's Catalogue of Sir 
 Joseph Banks's Library, now in the British Museum, 
 is the most famous bibliography of this subject, 
 although made so many years ago. It consists of 
 
special Bibliographies. 175 
 
 5 vols. 8vo. (1798-1800). Vol. I, General Writers ; 
 Vol. 2, Zoology ; Vol. 3, Botany ; Vol. 4, Mineralogy ; 
 Vol. 5, Supplement. 
 
 Natural History. — Engelm ANN (W. ). Bibliotheca 
 Historico-Naturalis. Leipzig, 1 846. 
 
 ZUCKOLD (E. A.). Bibliotheca Historico- 
 Naturalis, Physico-Chemica et Mathematica. Got- 
 tingen, 1852, 
 
 See Zoology. 
 
 Philology. — Marsden (W. ) Bibliotheca Marsdenia, 
 Philologica et Orientalis. London, 1827. 4to. 
 
 Engelmann (W.). Bibliotheca Philo- 
 logica. Leipzig, 1853. 
 
 See Dictionaries. 
 
 Political Economy.— yiQ.Q\i\Aj:>Q\\ (J. R.) The 
 Literature of Political Economy, London, 1845. — 
 This is a very valuable work up to the date of 
 publication, but a good bibliography of the subject 
 is still a desideratum. The late Professor Stanley 
 Jevons proposed to draw up a Handy Book of the 
 Literature for the Index Society, but, to the great 
 loss of bibliography, was prevented by other work 
 from undertaking it. He contributed a list of ^^5^ 
 Selected Books in Political Economy to the Monthly 
 iV^/<fjof the Library Association (Vol. 3, No. 7). 
 
 Poor. — A Catalogue of Publications in the English 
 Language on subjects relative to the Poor will be 
 found in Eden's State of the Poor^ vol. iii. pp. 
 ccclxvii — ccclxxxvi. 
 
176 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Printing. — Bigmore (E. C), and Wyman (C. 
 W. H.). A Bibliography of Printing, with Notes and 
 Illustrations. London, 1880. 410. 
 
 The Literature of Printing. A Catalogue 
 
 of the Library illustrative of the History and Art of 
 Typogiaphy, Chalcography, and Lithography, by R. 
 M. Hoe. London, 1877. 8vo. 
 
 The following is a list of some of the 
 bibliographies of the productions of the 
 chief printers : 
 
 Aldus. — Annales de I'Imprimerie des Aide ou 
 Histoire des trois Manuce et de leurs editions. Par 
 Ant. Aug. Renouard. Paris, an XH. Seconde 
 edition. Paris, 1825. 8vo. 3 vols. 
 
 Caxton. — The Life and Typography of William 
 Caxton, England's fiist Printer, with evidence of his 
 typographical connection with Colard Mansion, the 
 Printer at Bruges. Compiled from original sources 
 by William Blades. London, 1861-63. 2 vols. 4to. 
 A condensed edition was published under the following 
 title : The Biography and Typography of William 
 Caxton, England's first Printer. By William Blades. 
 Second edition. London, 1882. 8vo. 
 
 Elzevirs. — Willems (A.). Les Elzevier. Histoire 
 et Annales Typographiques. Bruxelles, 1880. 8vo. 
 
 C. Pieters. Annales de I'Imprimerie des 
 
 Elsevier. Gand, 1858. 8vo. 
 
special Bibliographies. 177 
 
 Flantin. — La Maison Plantin h. An vers. Par 
 L. Degeorge. Deuxieme edition, augmentee d'une 
 liste chronologique des ouvrages imprimes par Plantin 
 a Anvers de 1555 k 1589. Bruxelles, 1878. 8vo. 
 
 Stephens. — Annales de I'lmprimerie des Estienne, 
 ou Histoire de la Famille des Estienne et de ses 
 editions. Par A. A. Renouard. Paris, 1837-38. 
 Svo. 2 parts. 
 
 Privately Printed Books. — The second edition of 
 John Martin's Bibliographical Catalogue of Privately 
 Printed Books was published in 1854, and a newer 
 work on this important subject is much required. 
 Mr. W. P. Courtney has been engaged in the pro- 
 duction of such a work for some years, and the labour 
 could not be in better hands. 
 
 Provei'bs. — The Bibliographie Parimiologique of 
 Pierre Alexandre Gratet-Duplessis (1847), is one 
 of the most elaborate and carefully compiled biblio- 
 graphies ever published. Sir William Stirling Max- 
 well printed privately a catalogue of his collection of 
 books of proverbs, in which were specially marked 
 those unknown to Duplessis, or those published since 
 the issue of his catalogue. 
 
 Science. — An article on the Scientific Libraries in 
 the United States was contributed by Dr. Theodore 
 Gill to the U.S. Report on Public Libraries (pp. 183- 
 217). It contains an account of the various periodical 
 records of work in the various departments of 
 science. 
 
 13 
 
178 Hozv to Form a Libi-ary. 
 
 Shorthand. — Thomas Anderson's History of Short- 
 hand, London (1882), contains Lists of Writers on 
 Shorthand in different languages. 
 
 Theology. — There is an article on Theological 
 Libraries in the United States, in the U.S. Report on 
 Public Libraries (pp. 127-160). The following ex- 
 tract contains some particulars respecting these. — 
 •• There are reported twenty-four libraries, which 
 contain from 10,000 to 34,000 volumes ; and these 
 twenty-four libraries belong to ten different denomi- 
 nations. Three Baptist, two Catholic, two Congre- 
 gational, three Episcopal, one Lutheran, two Metho- 
 dist, seven Presbyterian, one Reformed (Dutch), one 
 Reformed (German), and two Unitarian. And, if we 
 include those libraries which contain less than 10,000 
 volumes, the list of different denominations to which 
 they belong is extended to fifteen or sixteen." 
 
 A considerable number of Bibliographies of 
 Theology will be found in the British Museum 
 Hand-list. Darling's Cyclopcedia Bibliographica 
 (1854-59), Malcom's Theological Index (Boston, 
 1868), and Zuchold's Bibliotheca Theologica 
 (Gottingen, 1864), may be specially mentioned. 
 
 l^opography. — Gough's British Topography (2 vols. 
 4to. 1780) is an interesting and useful book, and 
 Upcott's Bibliographical Account of the principal 
 works relating to I3ritish Topography, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 (18 1 8), forms one of the best specimens of English 
 bibliography extant. 
 
special Bibliographies, 179 
 
 Topography. — Mr. J. P. Anderson's Book of British 
 Topography (i88i) is an indispensable book. Mr, 
 Robert Harrison has prepared for the Index Society 
 an Index of Books on Topography, arranged in one 
 alphabet of places, which has not yet been published. 
 Mr. W. H. K. Wright contributed a paper on 
 "Special Collections of Local Books in Provincial 
 Libraries" to the Transactions of the First Annual 
 Meeting of the Library Association, 1878 (pp. 44-50). 
 Another paper on the same subject, by Mr. J. H. 
 Nodal, appears in the Transactions of the Second 
 Annual Meeting of the Library Association, 1879 
 (pp. 54-60), entitled "Special Collections of Bocks 
 in Lancashire and Cheshire," and in the Appendix 
 (pp. 139-148) is a full account of these collections in 
 Public Libraries and private hands. 
 
 An indication of some of the chief biblio- 
 graphies of particular counties and places 
 is here added — 
 
 Cornwall : Boase & Courtney, 1874-82. 3 vols. 
 A model bibliography. 
 
 Devonshire : J. Davidson, 1852. 
 
 „ Plymouth (Three Towns' Bibliotheca), R, 
 N. Worth, 1872-73. 
 
 Dorsetshire: C. H. Mayo, privately printed, 1885. 
 
 Gloucestershire : Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis, J. Wash- 
 bourn, 1823-25. 
 
l8o Hoiv to Form a Library. 
 
 Gloucestershire : Collectanea Glocestriensia, J. D. 
 
 Phelps, 1842. 
 Hampshire : Bibliotheca Hantoniensis, H. M. Gilbert, 
 1872? 
 ,, List of Books, Sir W. H. Cof)e, 1S79. 
 Herefordshire : J. Allen, jun., 1821. 
 Kent : J. Russell Smith, 1837. 
 Lancashire : H. Fish wick, 1875. 
 Man (Isle of ) : W. Harrison, 1876. 
 Norfolk : S. Woodward and W. C. Ewing, 1842. 
 Nottinghamshire : S. F. Creswell, 1863. 
 Sussex : G. S. Butler, 1866. 
 
 Yorkshire: Rt. Hon. John Smythe, Pontefract, 1809. 
 ,, E. Hailstone, 1858. 
 \V. Boyne, 1869. 
 
 Trade and Finance. — Catalogue of Books, com- 
 prising the Library of William Paterson, Founder of 
 the Bank of England, in vol. iii. of the Collection of 
 his "Writings, edited by Saxe Bannister," (3 vols. 
 8vo. London, 1859). 
 
 Enslin und Engelmann. Bibliothek 
 
 der Handlimgswissenschaft 1 750-1845. Leipzig, 
 1856. 
 
 Trials. — The Catalogue of the Library of the 
 Philosophical Institution of Edinburgh (1857) con- 
 tains (pp. 297-319) a very useful list of trials in 
 an alphabet of the persons tried. The table is 
 arranged under name, charge, date of trial, and 
 reference. 
 
special Bibliographies. i8i 
 
 Voyages and Travels.— 'Locke's Catalogue and 
 character of most books of Voyages and Travels is 
 interesting on account of Locke's notes. (Locke's 
 Works, 1812, 10 vols. 8vo., vol. x. pp. 513-564.) 
 
 There are catalogues of books of travels in Pinker- 
 ton's collection (1814), and Kerr's collection fi822). 
 
 Boucher de la Richaderie, Bibliotheque 
 
 Universelle des Voyages, Paris, 1808. 6 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Engelmann (W.). Bibliotheca Geo- 
 
 graphica. Leipzig, 1858. 
 
 Zoology. — Agassiz's Bibliographia Zoologicse et 
 Geologica?, published by the Ray Society, 1848-54, 
 was a useful book in its day, but it is ot no value 
 bibliographically, and the titles being mostly taken 
 at second-hand, the work is full of blunders. 
 
 Carus and Engelmann's Bibliotheca Zoo- 
 
 logica, Leipzig 1861, forms a Supplement to the 
 Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis of Engelmann. 
 
 A large number of bibliographies of 
 particular authors have been published in 
 this country and abroad, and it may be 
 useful here to make a note of some of these. 
 
 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso : Ulisse Guidi, Bolo^a^ 
 
 1861, 1868. G. J. Ferrazzi, Bassano, 1881. 
 Boccaccio : M. Landau, Napoli^ 1881. 
 
1 82 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Burns: J. Mackie, Kihnar^ 1866. 
 
 Calderon : E. Dorer, Leipzig, 188 1. 
 
 Camoens : Adamson's Life of Camoens, vol. 2, 1820. 
 
 Cervantes : E. Dorer, Leipzig, 1881. 
 
 Corneille : E. Picot, Paris, 1876. 
 
 Dante : Bibliografia Dantesca, Frato, 1845-46. C. 
 
 U. J. Chevalier, 1877. G. A. Scartazzini, Danto 
 
 in Germania, 1881. J. Petzholdt, Dresden, 18S0. 
 Goethe : S. Hirzel, 1878. 
 Luther: E. G. Vogel, Halle, 1851. J. Edmands, 
 
 Philadelphia, 1883. 
 Manzoni : A Vosmara, Milano, 1875. 
 Moliere : P. Lacroix, Paris, 1875. 
 Montaigne : J. F. Payer, Paris, 1837. 
 Persius : J. Tarlier, Bruxelles, 1848. 
 Petrarch : Marsand, Milano, 1826. 
 „ A. Hortis, Trieste, 1874. 
 ,, G. J. Ferrazzi, Bassano, 1877. C. U. J. 
 
 Chevalier, Montpiliard, 1880. 
 Rabelais : J. C Brunet, Paris, 1852. 
 Schiller : L. Unflad, Miinchen, 1878. 
 Tasso : G. J. Ferrazzi, Bassano, 18S0. 
 Voltaire : G. Bengesco, Paris, 1882. 
 
 Browning: F.J. Furnivall, Browning Society, 1881-2. 
 Carlyle : R. H. Shepherd, 1882. 
 Defoe: M. Stace, 1829; Wilson, 1830; Lee, 1862. 
 Dickens : R. H. Shepherd, 1881. 
 „ J. Cook, Paisley, 1879. 
 
special Bibliographies. 183 
 
 Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, Charles Lamb : A. Ireland, 1868. 
 
 Ruskin : R. H. Shepherd, 1882. 
 
 Shakespeare : J. Wilson, 1827 ; J. O. Halliwell, 1841 ; 
 
 Moulin, 1845; Sillig and Ulrici, 1854; H. G. 
 
 Bohn, 1864; F. Thimm, 1865-72; K. Knortz, 
 
 1876; Unflad, 1880 ; Justin Winsor (Poems); 
 
 Birmingham Memorial Library Catalogue (J. D. 
 
 Mullens). 
 Shelley : H. B. Forman, 1886. 
 Tennyson : R. H. Shepherd, 1879. 
 Thackeray: R. H. Shepherd, i88l. 
 Wycliffe : J. Edmands, 1884. 
 
 Dr. Garnett commenced a MS. list of 
 such special bibliographies as he came 
 across in Treatises on the different subjects. 
 This list is added to and kept in the Read- 
 ing Room for use by the Librarians. I was 
 allowed the privilege of referring to this 
 very useful list. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Publishing Societies. 
 
 LARGE amount of important 
 information is to be found in 
 the publications of the numerous 
 Societies formed for the purpose of sup- 
 plying to their subscribers valuable works 
 which are but little likely to find publishers. 
 These publications have in a large number 
 of instances added to our knowledge of 
 history and literature considerably. The 
 Societies have much increased of late 
 years, but no record of the publications is 
 easily to be obtained, since the full account 
 given in Bohn's Supplement to Lowndes's 
 Bibliographer'' s Manual, 
 
 The eariiest of Publishing Societies was the 
 Dilettanti Society, instituted in London in 1734, 
 
y^ Of 
 
 Publishing Societies. ^^^&S^4i^£^ 
 
 which issued some fine illustrated volumes of classical 
 travel. A long period of time elapsed without any 
 societies of a similar character being formed. 
 
 The Roxburghe Club was formed in the year i8l2 
 in commemoration of the sale of the magnificent 
 library of John third Duke of Roxburghe (died 
 March 19, 1804). It was chiefly intended as a 
 Social Club, and a long list of bibliographical toasts 
 was run through at the banquets. The publications 
 were not at first of any great literary value, although 
 some of them were curious and interesting. After 
 a time competent editors were employed, and some 
 important works produced. Sir Frederick Madden's 
 editions of ** Havelok the Dane" was issued in 1828, 
 of the Romance of "William and the Werwolf" in 
 1832, and of the old English version of "Gesta 
 Romanorum" in 1838. The valuable *' Manners and 
 Household Expenses of England in the Thirteeenth 
 and Fifteenth Centuries," edited by T. Hudson 
 Turner, was presented to the Club by Beriah 
 Botfield in 1841 ; Payne Collier's edition of the 
 ** Household Books of John Duke of Norfolk, and 
 Thomas Earl of Surrey, 1481-1490," was issued 
 in 1844, and his " Five Old Plays illustrative of the 
 Early Progress of the English Drama" in 1851 ; 
 
1 86 How to Form a Library. 
 
 the Rev. Joseph Stevenson's edition of "The Owl 
 and the Nightingale, a Poem of the Twelfth 
 Century," was issued in 1838, and his edition of 
 "The Ayenbite of Inwyt " in 1855; John Gough 
 Nichols's edition of the "Literary Remains of King 
 Edward the Sixth" appeared in 1857 and 1858 
 (2 vols,), and Dr. Furnivall's edition of Henry 
 Lonelich's "Seynt Graal" in 1863-1864. 
 
 Several years elapsed before the second great 
 Printing Club was founded. In 1823 The Bannatyne 
 Club was started in Edinburgh, chiefly by Sir Walter 
 Scoit, for the purpose of printing works illustrative 
 of the History, Antiquities and Literature of Scotland. 
 It derives its names from George Bannatyne (born 
 Feb. 22, 1545, died 1607). A long series of books 
 have been issued by the Club to its members, many 
 of which are of great interest. The Catalogue of the 
 Abbotsford Library was presented in 1839 to the 
 members ** by Major Sir Walter Scott, Bart., as 
 a slight return for their liberality and kindness 
 in agreeing to continue to that Library the various 
 valuable works printed under their superintendence." 
 In the same year appeared Sir Frederick Madden's 
 edition of Sir Gawayne. Bishop Gawin Douglas's 
 " Palace of Honour" was printed in 1827, and his 
 
Publishing Societies. 187 
 
 translation of Virgil's "^neid" in 1839 (2 vols.). 
 The Club was closed in 1867. 
 
 T/ie Maitland Club, which derived its name from 
 Sir Richard Maitland of Lethington (born in 1496, 
 died March 20, 1586), was instituted in Glasgow in 
 1828. A volume containing ** The Burgh Records of 
 the City of Glasgow, 1573 to 1581," was presented 
 to the Club in 1832-34 ; the Poems of Drummond of 
 Hawthornden in 1832 ; Robert Wodrow's "Colleclion 
 upon the Lives of the Reformers and most eminent 
 Ministers of the Church of Scotland " in 1834-45 
 (2 vols.). Dauncey's Ancient Scottish Melodies in 
 1838. Sir Bevis of Hamtoun in the same year, the 
 Metrical Romance of Lancelot du Lak in 1839 ; 
 Wodrow's Analecta, or Materials for a History of 
 Remarkable Providences, in 1842-3 (4 vols.). Henry 
 Laing's Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Seals, in 
 1850. The Club was closed in 1859. 
 
 The Abbotsford Club was founded in honour of Sir 
 Walter Scott in 1834, by Mr. W. B. D. D. Turnbull. 
 The first book (issued in 1835) was a volume of 
 "Ancient Mysteries from the Digby MS." ; ** Arthur 
 and Merlin, a Metrical Romance," was printed in 
 1838; "Romances of Sir Guy of Warwick and 
 Rembrun his Son," in 1840; "The Legend of St, 
 
iS8 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Katherine of Alexandra," in 1841 ; ** Sir Degaree, a 
 Metrical Romance of the end of the nineteenth 
 century," in 1849. The Club Was closed in 1866. 
 
 These Printing Clubs were select in their constitu- 
 tion, and tlie books being printed for the members 
 in small numbers, they are diificult to obtain and their 
 price is high. 
 
 With the foundation of the Camden Society an 
 entirely new system was adopted, and the general 
 body of book lovers, poor as well as rich, were 
 appealed to with great success, and valuable books 
 were supplied to the subscribers at a price which 
 would have been impossible without such means. 
 The Camden Society is entitled to this honour on 
 account of the general intex-est of its publications, but 
 the Surtees Society was actually the first to inaugurate 
 the new system. The subscription fixed was double 
 that which the founders of the Camden Society 
 adopted, but it was, perhaps, a bolder step to start 
 a Society, appealing to a somewhat i-estricted public 
 with a two guinea subscription, than to appeal to the 
 whole reading public with a subscription of one pound. 
 Before saying more of the Surtees and Camden 
 Societies, it will be necessary to mention some other 
 printing clubs which preceded them. 
 
Publishing Societies. 189 
 
 Tke Oriental Translation Fund was established 
 in 1S28, with the object of publishing Translations 
 from Eastern MSS. into the languages of Europe. 
 When the issue of books was discontinued, the stock 
 of such books as remained was sold off, and many of 
 these can still be obtained at a cheap rate. 
 
 The lona Club was instituted in 1833, for the 
 purpose of investigating the History, Antiquities, and 
 early Literature of the Highlands and Islands of 
 Scotland, but little has been done in the way of pub- 
 lication. The first book was '* Collectanea de Rebus 
 Albanicis," and the second, "Transactions of the 
 Club," vol. i. in 4 parts. A second volume was 
 announced, but never appeared. 
 
 The Surtees Society was founded at Durham in 1834 
 for the publication of inedited Manuscripts, illustrative 
 of the moral, the intellectual, the religious, and the 
 social condition of those parts of England and Scotland 
 included on the East, between the Humber and the 
 Frith of Forth, and on the west, between the Mersey 
 and the Clyde, a region which constituted the ancient 
 kingdom of Northumberland. The Society is named 
 after Robert Surtees, of Mainforth, author of the 
 •'History of the County Palatine of Durham." 
 Although founded more than fifty years ago, the 
 
1 90 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Society is still flourishing, and carried on with the 
 same vigour as of old. The series of publications 
 is a long one, and contains a large number of most 
 important works. The second book issued was "Wills 
 and Inventories, illustrative of the History, Manners, 
 Language, Statistics, etc., of the Northern Counties 
 of England, from the Eleventh Century downwards " 
 (Part 2 was issued in iS6o) ; the third, "The Towneley 
 Mysteries or Miracle Plays"; the fourth, "Testa- 
 menta Eboracensia : Wills illustrative of the History, 
 Manners, Language, Statistics, etc., of the Province 
 of York, from 1300" (vol. i). The second volume 
 of this series was issued in 1855,. "Anglo-Saxon 
 and Early English Psalter" was issued in 1843-44 
 (2 vols.) ; " The Durham Household Book ; or, the 
 Accounts of the Bursar of the Monastery of Durham, 
 from 1530 to 1534," in 1844. 
 
 The Camden Society, instituted in 1838, has issued to 
 its subscribers a large number of books of the gi'eatest 
 interest on historical and literary subjects. The set 
 of publications is so well known that it is not 
 necessary to enumerate titles here. Among the most 
 valuable are the several volumes devoted to the 
 coiTespondence of certain old families, such as the 
 "Plumpton Correspondence" (1839), " Egerton 
 
Publishing Societies, 191 
 
 Papers" (1840), "Rutland Papers" (1842), and 
 •' Savile Correspondence" (1858). The Romances 
 and Chronicles must also be mentioned, and the 
 remarkable edition of the oldest English Dictionary, 
 *' Promptorium Parvuloram," which was fully and 
 learnedly edited by the late Mr. Albert Way. A 
 second series was commenced in 1871, which is still 
 continued. 
 
 The same year which saw the foundation of the 
 Camden Society also gave birth to The English 
 Historical Society. Sixteen works of considerable 
 value were issued, but the greatest of these is the 
 grand "Codex Diplomaticus .^vi Saxonici" of the 
 late J. Mitchell Kemble (1845-48). 
 
 The Spalding Club, named after John Spalding, 
 Commissary Clerk of Aberdeen, and founded at 
 Aberdeen in 1839 for the printing of the Historical, 
 Ecclesiastical, Genealogical, Topographical, and 
 Eiterary Remains of the North-Eastern Counties of 
 Scotland, was formed on the model of the exclusive 
 clubs ; but being affected by the more democratic 
 constitution of the later printing societies, its sub- 
 scription was fixed at one giiinea. Amongst the 
 most interesting of the Club's publications are the 
 " Sculptured Stones of Scotland" (1856), "Barbour's 
 
192 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Brus" (1856), and the "Fasti Aberdonensis : Selec- 
 tions from the Records of the University and King's 
 College of Aberdeen from 1494 to 1854" (1854). 
 
 The year 1840 saw the foundation of three very 
 important Societies, viz. the Parker, the Percy, and 
 he Shakespeare. 
 
 The Parker Society took its name from the famous 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, Martin Parker, and its 
 objects were (i) the reprinting, without abridgment, 
 alteration or omission, of the best works of the 
 Fathers and early Writers of the Reformed English 
 Church published in the period between the accession 
 of Edward VI. and Queen Elizabeth ; (2) the printing 
 of such works of other writers of the Sixteenth 
 Century as may appear desirable (including under 
 both classes some of the early English Translations 
 of the Foreign Reformers), and (3) the printing of 
 some MSS. of the same authors hitherto unpublished. 
 The Society was an enormous success, and at one 
 time the list contained seven thousand members ; but 
 owing to the multitude of copies printed, and the 
 somewhat dry character of the books themselves, 
 many of them can now be obtained at a ridiculously 
 small sum, the price of a complete set usually 
 averaging little more than a shilling a volume. When 
 
Publishing Societies, 193 
 
 the series was completed, a valuable General Index to 
 the whole was compiled by Mr. Henry Gough, 1855. 
 
 The Percy Society took its name from Bishop Percy, 
 author of the " Reliques of Ancient English Poetry" 
 (born 1729, died 181 1), and was founded for the 
 purpose of bringing to light important but obscure 
 specimens of Ballad Poetry, or Works illustrative of 
 that department of Literature. The Society was 
 dissolved in 1853, but during the thirteen years of its 
 existence it produced a singularly interesting series of 
 publications. The number of separate works registered 
 in Bohn's Appendix to Lowndes's Bibliographer's 
 Manual is 94, besides "Quippes for Upstart New- 
 fangled Gentlewomen by Stephen Gosson," which 
 was suppressed, and "Rhyming Satire on the Pride 
 and Vices of Women Now-a-days, by Charles 
 Bansley," 1540, which was reprinted in 1841, but not 
 issued. The set is much sought after, and fetches 
 a good price. 
 
 The Shakespeare Society was founded in 1840, to 
 print books illustrative of Shakespeare and of the 
 literature of his time, and a very valuable collection 
 of works was issued to the subscribers during the 
 term of its existence. It was dissolved in 1853, and 
 the remaining stock was made up into volumes and 
 
 13 
 
194 How to Form a Library, 
 
 sold off There was much for the Society still to do ; 
 but the controversy arising out of the discovery of the 
 forgeries connected with John Payne Collier's name 
 made it difficult for the Shakespearians to work 
 together with harmony. 
 
 In this same year the Musical Antiquarian Society 
 was founded, and during the seven years of its exis- 
 tence it issued books of Madrigals, Operas, Songs, 
 Anthems, etc., by early English composers. 
 
 In the following year (1841), the Motett Society was 
 founded for the publication of Ancient Church Music. 
 Five parts only, edited by Dr. Rimbault, were issued. 
 
 In 1 84 1 the Society for the Publication of Orie7ital 
 Texts was founded, and a series of works in Syriac, 
 Arabic, Sanscrit, and Persian was distributed to the 
 subscribers until 1 85 1, when the Society was dissolved. 
 
 The Wodrow Society was instituted in Edinburgh 
 in 1 84 1, for the publication of the early writers of the 
 Reformed Church of Scotland, and named after the 
 Rev. Robert Wodrow. Among its publications 
 are, "Autobiography and Diary of James Melvill," 
 " Correspondence of the Rev. R. Wodrow " (3 vols.), 
 ** History of the Reformation in Scotland, by John 
 Knox " (2 vols.). The Society was dissolved in 
 184S. 
 
PiLhlishing Societies, 195 
 
 The ^Ifric Society was founded in 1 842 for the 
 publication of those Anglo-Saxon and other literary 
 monuments, both civil and ecclesiastical, tending to 
 illustrate the early state of England. The publications, 
 which were not numerous, were edited by Benjamin 
 Thorpe and J. M. Kemble, and the Society was 
 discontinued in 1856. 
 
 The Chetham Society ^ founded at Manchester in 1843, 
 for the publication of Historical and Literary remains 
 connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and 
 Chester, was named after Humphrey Chetham (born 
 1580, died 1653). The Society, which still flourishes, 
 has now produced a very long series of important 
 works, and the volumes, which are not often met with, 
 keep up their price well. 
 
 The Sydenham Society for reprinting Standard 
 English Works in Medical Literature, and for the 
 Translation of Foreign Authors, with notes, was 
 founded in 1843. After printing a number of im- 
 portant works, the Society was dissolved in 1858, and 
 was succeeded by The New Sydenham Society. 
 
 The Spottiswoode Society was founded at Edinburgh 
 in 1843, for the revival and publication of the 
 acknowledged works of the Bishops, Clergy, and 
 Laity of the Episcopal Church of Scotland, and 
 
196 How to Fo7^m a Libj^ary. 
 
 rare, authentic, and curious MSS., Pamphlets and 
 other Works illustrative of the Civil and Ecclesiastical 
 State of Scotland. It takes its name from John 
 Spottiswoode, the first duly consecrated Scottish Arch- 
 bishop after the Reformation (born 1566, died 1639.) 
 The late Mr. Hill Burton gives an amusing account 
 of the foundation of this Society in his delightful 
 Book- Hunter, He writes : " When it was proposed 
 to establish an institution for reprinting the works of 
 the fathers of the Episcopal Church in Scotland, it 
 was naturally deemed that no more worthy or 
 characteristic name could be attached to it than that 
 of the venerable prelate, who by his learning and 
 virtues had so long adorned the Episcopal Chair 
 of Moray and Ross [Robert Jolly], and who had 
 shown a special interest in the department of 
 literature to which the institution was to be devoted. 
 Hence it came to pass that, through a perfectly natural 
 process, the Association for the purpose of reprinting 
 the works of certain old divines was to be ushered 
 into the world by the style and title of the Jolly 
 Club. There happened to be amongst those con- 
 cerned, however, certain persons so corrupted with 
 the wisdom of this world, as to apprehend that the 
 miscellaneous public might fail to trace this designa- 
 
Publishing Societies, 197 
 
 tion to its true origin, and might incleed totally 
 mistake the nature and object of the institution, 
 attributing to it aims neither consistent with the 
 ascetic life of the departed prelate, nor with the pious 
 and intellectual object of its founders. The counsels 
 of these worldly-minded persons prevailed. The 
 Jolly Club was never instituted, — at least as an 
 association for the reprinting of old books of divinity, — 
 though I am not prepared to say that institutions, 
 more than one so designed may not exist for other 
 purposes. The object, however, was not entirely 
 abandoned. A body of gentlemen united themselves 
 together under the name of another Scottish prelate, 
 whose fate had been more distinguished, if not more 
 fortunate, and the Spottiswoode Society was estab- 
 lished. Here, it will be observed, there was a 
 passing to the opposite extreme, and so intense seems 
 to have been the anxiety to escape from all excuse 
 for indecorous jokes or taint of joviality, that the 
 word Club, wisely adopted by other bodies of the 
 same kind, was abandoned, and this one called itself 
 a Society." The publications were discontinued 
 about 1 85 1. 
 
 The Calvin Translation Socirty was established at 
 Edinburgh in 1843, and its work was completed in 
 
198 How to Form a Library, 
 
 iS55> t)y the publication of twenty-two Com- 
 mentaries, etc., of the great reformer in fifty-two 
 volumes. 
 
 The Ray Society was founded in 1844 for the 
 publication of works on Natural History (Zoology 
 and Botany), and a large number of valuable books, 
 fully illustrated, have been produced, many of them 
 translations from foreign works. Many of the later 
 publications are more elaborately coloured than the 
 earlier ones. 
 
 The Wernerian Club was instituted in 1844 for the 
 republication of standard works of Scientific Authors 
 of old date. 
 
 The Handel Society iszs, founded at London in 1844, 
 for the purpose of printing the Works of Handel in 
 full score. Sixteen volumes were issued, and in 1858 
 the Society was dissolved, the German Handel Society 
 resuming the publication. 
 
 The Hanserd Knollys Society was instituted in 
 1845 for the publication of the works of early English 
 and other Baptist writers, and one of these was an 
 edition of Bunyan's Pilgrim Progress from the text of 
 the first edition. The Society was dissolved about 
 1851. 
 
 The Caxton Society was instituted in 1845 lor 
 
Publishing Societies. 199 
 
 the publication of Chronicles and other writings 
 hitherto unpublished, illustrative of the history and 
 miscellaneous literature of the middle ages. This 
 Society was formed on a somewhat original basis. 
 The members were to pay no annual subscription, but 
 they engaged to purchase one copy of all books 
 published by the Society. The expense of printing 
 and publishing to be defrayed out of the proceeds of 
 the sale, and the money remaining over to be paid to 
 the editors. 
 
 The Cavendish Society was instituted in 1846 for 
 the promotion of Chemical Science by the translation 
 and publication of valuable works and papers on 
 Chemistry not likely to be undertaken by ordinary 
 publishers. During its last years the Society existed 
 for the publication of Gmelin's voluminous ** Hand- 
 book of Chemistry," and when this work was com- 
 pleted, with a general Index, the Society ceased to 
 exist. 
 
 The Ecclesiastical History Society was instituted in 
 1846, and one of its early publications was the first 
 volume of Wood's " Athenge Oxoniensis," edited by 
 Dr. Bliss, but this only contained the life of Anthony 
 Wood himself. The Society was dissolved in 1854, 
 after publishing the Book of Common Prayer ac- 
 
200 How to Form a Library, 
 
 cording to a MS. in the Rolls Office, Dublin (3 vols.), 
 and sundry other works. 
 
 The Hakluyt Society, named after Richard Hakluyt 
 (born 1553, died 1 6 16), was founded at the end of 
 
 1846 for the purpose of printing the most rare 
 and valuable Voyages, Travels and Geographical 
 Records, from an early period of exploratory enter- 
 prise to the circumnavigation of Dampier. The 
 first two volumes ("Sir Richard Hawkins's Voyage 
 into the South Sea, 1593," and "Select Letters 
 of Columbus") were issued in 1847, and the 
 Society still flourishes. Between 1847 and 1885 the 
 Society has presented to its members an important 
 series of books of travel, at the rate of about two 
 volumes a year for an annual subscription of one 
 guinea. 
 
 The Pal(2ontographical Society was founded in 
 
 1847 for the purpose of figuring and describing a 
 stratigraphical series of British Fossils. The annual 
 volumes consist of portions of works by the most 
 eminent palaeontologists, and these works are com- 
 pleted as soon as circumstances allow, but several of 
 them are still incomplete. 
 
 The Arundel Society is so important an institution 
 that it cannot be passed over in silence, although, as 
 
PtiblisJiing Societies. 201 
 
 the publications chiefly consist of engravings, chromo- 
 lithographs, etc., it scarcely comes within the scope of 
 this chapter. The Society takes its name from Thomas 
 Howard Earl of Arundel, in the reigns of James I. 
 and Charles I., who has been styled the "Father of 
 vertu in England." It was founded in 1849, and its 
 purpose is to diffuse more widely, by means of suitable 
 publications, a knowledge both of the history and 
 true principles of Painting, Sculpture, and the higher 
 forms of ornamental design, to call attention to such 
 masterpieces of the arts as are unduly neglected, and 
 to secure some transcript or memorial of those which 
 are perishing from ill-treatment or decay. The publi- 
 cations of the Society have been very successful, and 
 many of them cannot now be obtained. 
 
 Most of the societies above described have appealed 
 to a large public, and endeavoured to obtain a large 
 amount of public support ; but in 1853 was formed an 
 exclusive society, with somewhat the same objects as 
 the Roxburghe Club. The Philobiblon Society was 
 instituted chiefly through the endeavours of Mr. R. 
 Monckton Milnes (the late Lord Houghton) and the 
 late Mons. Sylvain Van de Weyer. The number of 
 members was at first fixed at thirty-five, but was raised 
 in 1857 to forty, including the patron and honorary 
 
202 How to Form a Library, 
 
 secretaries. The publications consist chiefly of a 
 series of Bibliographical and Historical Miscellanies, 
 contributed by the members, which fill several 
 volumes. Besides these there are '* The Expedition 
 to the Isle of Rhe by Lord Herbert of Cherbury," 
 edited and presented to the members by the Earl of 
 Towis ; "Inventaire de tous les meubles du Cardinal 
 Mazarin," edited and presented by H.R.H. the 
 Duke d'Aumale ; " Memoires de la Cour d'Espagne 
 sous la regne de Charles II., 1678-82," edited and 
 presented by William Stirling (afterwards Sir William 
 Stirling Maxwell) ; "The Biography and Bibliography 
 of Shakespeare," compiled and presented by Henry 
 G. Bohn ; "Analyse des Travaux de la Societe des 
 Philobiblon de Londres," par Octave Delepierre. 
 
 The Ossianic Society was instituted at Dublin in 
 1853 for the preservation and publication of manu- 
 scripts in the Irish Language, illustrative of the 
 Fenian period of Irish history, etc., with literal 
 translations and notes. 
 
 The Warton Club was instituted in 1854 and issued 
 four volumes, after which it was dissolved. 
 
 The Manx Society was instituted at Douglas, Isle 
 of Man, in 1858, for the publication of National 
 Documents of the Isle of Man. 
 
Publishing Societies. 203 
 
 All the Societies mentioned above are 
 registered in Henry Bohn's Appendix to 
 Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual, and 
 lists of the publications up to 1864 are there 
 given. Most of them are also described 
 in Hume's '* Learned Societies and Printing 
 Clubs of the United Kingdom" (1853). 
 Since, however, the publication of these 
 two books, a considerable number of im- 
 portant Printing Societies have been formed, 
 and of these a list is not readily obtainable, 
 except by direct application to the respective 
 Secretaries. 
 
 The newly printed General Catalogue of 
 the British Museum in the Reading Room 
 however contains a full list of the publi- 
 cations of the various Societies under the 
 heading of Academies. 
 
 The foundation of the Early English Text Society 
 in 1864 caused a renewed interest to be taken in the 
 publications of the Printing Clubs. The origin of the 
 Society was in this wise. When the Philological 
 Society undertook the formation of a great English 
 Dictionary, the want of printed copies of some of the 
 
204 How to Form a Library. 
 
 chief monuments of the language was keenly felt. 
 Mr. F. J. Furnivall, with his usual energy, determined 
 to supply the want, and mduced the Council of the 
 Philological Society to produce some valuable texts. 
 It was found, however, that these publications exhausted 
 much of the funds of the Society, which was required 
 for the printing of the papers read at the ordinary 
 meetings, so that it became necessary to discontinue 
 them. Mr. Furnivall, then, in conjunction with 
 certain members of the Philological Society, founded 
 the Early English Text Society. The Society 
 possessed the inestimable advantage of having among 
 its founders Mr. Richard Morris (afterwards the Rev. 
 Dr. Morris), who entered with fervour into the 
 scheme, and produced a large amount of magnificent 
 work for the Society. Dr. Furnivall put the objects 
 of the Society forward very tersely when he said that 
 none of us should rest ** till Englishmen shall be able 
 to say of their early literature what the Germans can 
 now say with pride of theirs — 'every word of it is 
 printed, and every word of it is glossed.' " 
 
 The Society prospered, and in 1867 an Extra Series 
 was started, in which were included books that had 
 already been printed, but were difficult to obtain from 
 their rarity and price. 
 
Publishing Societies. 205 
 
 One hundred and twenty-six volumes have been 
 issued between 1864 and 1884, eighty-two volumes ot 
 the Original Series and forty-four of the Extra Series, 
 and there can be no doubt that the publications of the 
 Society have had an immense influence in fostering 
 the study of the English language. The prefaces and 
 glossaries given with each work contain an amount ot 
 valuable information not elsewhere to be obtained. 
 
 These boohs throw light upon the growth of the 
 language, and place within the reach of a large num- 
 ber of readers works of great interest in the literature 
 of the country. The greatest work undertaken by the 
 Society is the remarkable edition of *' William's 
 Vision of Piers the Plowman," which Prof. Skeat has 
 produced with an expenditure of great labour during 
 nearly twenty years. The last part, containing 
 elaborate notes and glossary, was issued in 1884. 
 The subjects treated of are very various. There is 
 a fair sprinkling of Romances, which will always be 
 amongst the most interesting of a Society's publi- 
 cations. Manners and Customs are largely illustrated 
 in a fair proportion of the Texts, as also are 
 questions of Social and Political History. Perhaps 
 the least interesting to the general reader are the 
 Theological Texts, which are numerous, but the writers 
 
206 How to Form a Library, 
 
 of these were thoroughly imbued with the spirit of their 
 times, and aUhough they are apt to be prosy, they are 
 pretty sure to introduce some quaint bits which com- 
 pensate for a considerable amount of dulness. These 
 books help us to form a correct idea of the beliefs 
 of our forefathers, and to disabuse our minds of many 
 mistaken views which we have learnt from more 
 popular but less accurate sources. 
 
 The Ballad Society grew out of the publication, by 
 special subscription, of Bishop Percy's Folio Manu- 
 script, edited by F. J. Furnivall and J. W. Hales. 
 This was issued in connection with the Early English 
 Text Society (but not as one of its Texts), through 
 the energy of Mr. Furnivall, who had many difficulties 
 to overcome before he was able to get permission to 
 print the manuscript, which had been very faithfully 
 guarded from the eyes of critics. He had to pay for 
 the privilege, and in the end the old volume was sold 
 to the nation, and it now reposes among the treasures 
 of the British Museum. "When this useful work was 
 completed, Mr. Furnivall was anxious to follow it by 
 a reprint of all the known collections of Ballads, such 
 as the Roxburghe, Bagford, Rawlinson, Douce, etc., 
 and for this purpose he started the Ballad Society in 
 1868. He himself edited some particularly interesting 
 
PuhlisJiing Societies. 207 
 
 ** Ballads from Manuscripts," and an elaborate account 
 of Captain Cox's Ballads and Books in a new edition 
 of Robert Laneham's Letter on the Entertainment at 
 Kenil worth in 1575. The veteran Ballad illustrator, 
 Mr. William Chappell, undertook to edit the ** Rox- 
 burghe Ballads," and produced nine parts, when the 
 Rev. J. W. Ebsworth took the work off his hands. 
 Mr. Ebsworth had previously reproduced the "Bagford 
 Ballads," and he is now the editor-in-chief of the 
 Society. The following is a short list of the publica- 
 tions of the Society : Nos. i, 2, 3, 10, ** Ballads from 
 Manuscripts" ; Nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 19. 
 " The Roxburghe Ballads," edited by Wm. Chappell; 
 No. 7, " Captain Cox, his Ballads and Books " ; No. 
 II, "Love Poems and Humourous Ones"; Nos. 
 14, 15, 16, 17, *'The Bagford Ballads." No. 20, 
 "The Amanda Group of Bagford Ballads;" Nos. 
 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, ** The Roxburghe Ballads," 
 edited by the Rev. J. W. Ebsworth. No. 26 com- 
 pletes the fifth volume of the ** Roxburghe Ballads." 
 There are two more volumes to come, and then Mr. 
 Ebsworth will undertake "The Civil War and 
 Protectorate Ballads." Much of the work on these 
 volumes is done, and they only await an increase in 
 the subscription list. It is to be hoped that when the 
 
2o8 Hozv to Form a Library. 
 
 good work done by the Ballad Society is better known, 
 the editor will not be kept back in his useful course 
 by the want of funds for printmg. Mr. Ebsworth's 
 thorough work is too well known to need praise 
 here, but it may be noted that his volumes contain 
 a remarkable amount of illustration of the manners 
 of the time not to be obtained elsewhere. The 
 value of this is the more apparent by the system of 
 arrangement in marked periods which the editor 
 has adopted. 
 
 The Chaucer Society was founded in 1868 by Mr. 
 Furnivall, "to do honour to Chaucer, and to let the 
 lovers and students of him see how far the best un- 
 printed Manuscripts of his Works differed from the 
 printed texts." For the Canterbury Tales, Mr. 
 Furnivall has printed the six best unprinted MSS. in 
 two forms — (i) in large oblong parts, giving the 
 parallel texts ; (2) in octavo, each text separately. 
 The six manuscripts chosen are — The Ellesmere ; 
 The Lansdowne (Brit. Mus.) ; The Hengwrt ; The 
 Corpus, Oxford; The Cambridge (University Library); 
 The Petworth. Dr. Furnivall has now added 
 Harleian 7334 to complete the series. The Society's 
 publications are issued in two series, of which the 
 first contains the different Texts of Chaucer's Works. 
 
Publishing Societies, 209 
 
 and the second such originals of and essays on these 
 as can be procured, with other illustrative treatises 
 and Supplementary Tales. 
 
 The Spenser Society was founded at Manchester in 
 1867 for the publication of well-printed editions of 
 old English authors in limited numbers. The chief 
 publication issued to subscribers was a reprint, in 
 three volumes folio, of the works of John Taylor, 
 the Water-poet, from the original folio. The other 
 publications are in small quarto, and among them are 
 the works of John Taylor not included in the folio, 
 the works of "Wither, etc. 
 
 The Roxburghe Library was a subscription series, 
 commenced by Mr. W. Carew Hazlitt in 1868, with 
 the same objects as a publishing society. It was 
 discontinued in 1870. The following is a list of the 
 publications : — ** Romance of Paris and Vienne " ; 
 "William Browne's Complete Works," 2 vols, j "In- 
 edited Tracts of the i6th and 17th Centuries (1579- 
 161 8)" J "The English Drama and Stage under the 
 Tudor and Stuart Princes, 1543-1664"; "George 
 Gascoigne's Complete Poems," 2 vols.; "Thomas 
 Carew's Poems." 
 
 The Harleian Society was founded in 1869. Their 
 chief publication has been the late Colonel Chester's 
 
 14 
 
210 How to Form a Library. 
 
 magnificently edited Registers of Westminster Abbey. 
 Other Registers published are those of St. Peter's,^ 
 Cornhill ; St. Dionis Backchurch ; St. Mary Alder- 
 mary ; St. Thomas the Apostle ; St. Michael, Corn- 
 hill ; St. Antholin, Budge Lane ; and St. John the 
 Baptist, on Wallbrook. Of the other publications 
 there are Visitations of Bedfordshire, Cheshire, Corn- 
 wall, Cumberland, Devon, Essex, Leicestershire, 
 London 1568, 1633, Nottingham, Oxford, Rutland, 
 Somersetshire, Warwickshire, and Yorkshire, and 
 Le Neve's Catalogue of Knights. 
 
 The Hicnterian Club was founded at Glasgow in 
 1871, and named after the Hunterian Library in the 
 University. Among the publications of the Club are 
 a Series of Tracts by Thomas Lodge and Samuel 
 Rowlands ; the Poetical Works of Alexander Craig ; 
 Poetical Works of Patrick Hannay ; Sir T. Over- 
 burie's Vision by Richard Niccols, 161 6. The printing 
 of the famous Bannatyne Manuscript, compiled by 
 George Bannatyne, 1568, was commenced by the 
 Society in 1873, and the seventh part, which com- 
 pleted this invaluable collection of Scottish Poetry, 
 was issued in 1881. 
 
 The Folk Lore Society was founded by the late Mr. 
 "W. J. Thoms (inventor of the term Folk Lore) in 
 
Publishing Societies. 211 
 
 1878, and during the seven years of its existence 
 it has done much valuable work, chiefly through the 
 energetic direction of Mr. G. L. Gomme, the Hon. Sec. 
 (now Director). The object of the Society is stated 
 to be "the preservation and publication of Popular 
 Traditions, Legendary Ballads, Local Proverbial 
 Sayings, Superstitions and Old Customs (British 
 and Foreign), and all subjects relating to them." 
 The principal publication of the Society, the Folk 
 Lore Record^ now the Folk Lore yournal, was at first 
 issued in volumes, and afterwards in monthly numbers. 
 It is now a quarterly. The other publications are : — 
 Henderson's Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties of 
 England and the Borders, a new edition ; Aubrey's 
 Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme ; Gregor's 
 Notes on the Folk-Lore of the North-east of Scotland ; 
 Comparetti's Book of Sindibad and Pedroso's Portu- 
 guese Folk Tales ; Black's Folk Medicine j Call- 
 away's Religious System of the Amazulu. 
 
 The year 1873 saw the formation of several pub- 
 lishing Societies. 
 
 The Ne%v Shakspere Society was founded by Dr. F. 
 J. Furnivall, for the reading of papers, which have 
 been published in a Series of Transactions, and also for 
 the publication of collations of the Quarto Plays, and 
 
212 How to Form a Library, 
 
 works illustrating the great Dramatist's times. Among 
 the latter works are Harrison's Description of England, 
 Stubbes's Anatomie of Abuses, Dr. Ingleby's Shake- 
 speare's Centurie of Prayse, etc. 
 
 The English Dialed Society was founded at Cam- 
 bridge by the Rev. Professor Skeat. Its objects are 
 stated to be (i) to bring together all those who have 
 inade a study of any of the Provincial Dialects of 
 England, or who are interested in the subject of 
 Provincial English ; (2) to combine the labours 
 of collectors of Provincial English words by providing 
 a common centre to which they may be sent, so as to 
 gather material for a general record of all such words ; 
 (3) to publish (subject to proper revision) such collec- 
 tions of Provincial English words that exist at present 
 only in manuscript ; as well as to reprint such 
 Glossaries of provincial words as are not generally 
 accessible, or are inserted in books of which the 
 main part relates to other subjects ; and (4) to supply 
 references to sources of information which may be of 
 material assistance to word-collectors, students, and 
 all who have a general or particular interest in the 
 subject. The publications are arranged under the 
 following Series : A, Bibliographical ; B, Reprinted 
 Glossaries ; C, Original Glossaries ; D, Miscellaneous. 
 
Publishing Societies, 213 
 
 In 1875 the Society was transferred to Manchester, 
 and Mr. J. H. Nodal became Honorary Secretary. 
 
 The PalcBo graphical Society was formed for the 
 purpose of reproducing Specimens of Manuscripts, 
 and it has produced a Series of Facsimiles of Ancient 
 Manuscripts, edited by E. A. Bond and E. M. 
 Thompson, Part I being issued in 1873. 
 
 At the end of the year 1877 The Index Society was 
 founded for the purpose of producing (i) Indexes of 
 Standard Works ; (2) Subject Indexes of Science, 
 Literature and Art ; and (3) a General Reference 
 Index. The publications were commenced in 1878, 
 and the First Annual Meeting was held in March, 
 1879, the Earl of Carnarvon being the first President. 
 The first publication was "What is an Index? "by 
 H. B. Wheatley. Among the important books 
 issued by the Society may be mentioned Solly's 
 *' Index of Hereditary Titles of Honour " ; Daydon 
 Jackson's "Guide to the Literature of Botany" and 
 ** Literature of Vegetable Technology," and Rye's 
 ** Index of Norfolk Topography." 
 
 The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies 
 was founded in 1879 for the following objects : (i) To 
 advance the study of the Greek language, literature, 
 and art, and to illustrate the history of the Greek race 
 
214 Hozv to Form a Library. 
 
 in the ancient, Byzantine, and Neo-Hellenic periods, 
 by the publication of memoirs and inedited documents 
 or monuments in a Journal to be issued periodically. 
 (2) To collect drawings, facsimiles, transcripts, plans, 
 and photographs of Greek inscriptions, MSS., works 
 of art, ancient sites and remains, and with this view 
 to invite travellers to communicate to the Society 
 notes or sketches of archaeological and topographical 
 interest. (3) To organise means by which members 
 of the Society may have increased facilities for visiting 
 ancient sites and pursuing arch Ecological researches in 
 countries which, at any time, have been the sites of 
 Hellenic civilization. Five volumes of the Journal 
 havg been issued. 
 
 The Topographical Society of London was formed 
 in 1880. The Inaugural Meeting was held at the 
 INIansion House, and the first Annual Meeting at 
 Drapers' Hall on Feb. 3, 1882, with the Lord 
 Mayor (Sir John Whitaker Ellis), President, in the 
 chair. The following reproductions have been issued 
 to subscribers : — Van der Wyngaerde's View of 
 London, ab. 1550, 7 sheets; Braun & Hogenberg's 
 Plan, of London, i sheet ; Visscher's View of 
 London, 4 sheets. 
 
 The Browning Society was founded by Dr. Fumivall 
 
Pnhlishing Societies, 215' 
 
 in 1 88 1, and besides papers read at the meetings, the 
 Society has issued Dr. Furnivall's ** Bibliogiaphy of 
 Browning." 
 
 The Wyclif Society was founded also by Dr. Fumivall 
 in 1882, for the publication of the complete works of 
 the great Reformer. 
 
 The Pipe Roll Society was established in 1883, and 
 in 1885 the first three volumes of its publications have 
 been issued to the members. These are — Vol. i, 
 Pipe Rolls, 5 Hen. II.; Vol. 2, 6 Hen. II. ; Vol. 3, 
 Introduction. 
 
 The Oxford Historical Society was formed in 1884, 
 and four handsome volumes have been issued for that 
 year and 1885. These are— i, "Register of , the 
 University of Oxford" (vol. I, 1449-63, 1505-71), 
 edited by the Rev. C. W. Boase; 2, "Remarks and 
 Collections of Thomas Hearne" (vol. i, July 4, 1705- 
 March, 19, 1707), edited by C. E. Doble, M.A. 
 Both these volumes are supplied with temporary 
 Indexes. 3, *'The Early History of Oxford, 727- 
 lioo," by James Parker; 4, "Memories of Merton 
 College," by the Hon. George C. Brodrick ; 5, 
 " Collectanea." First Series. Edited by C. R. L. 
 Fletcher. 
 
 The Middlesex County Record Society was formed in 
 
2i6 How to Form a Library. 
 
 1885 "for the pm-pose of publishing the more in- 
 teresting portions of the old County Records of 
 Middlesex, which have lately been arranged and 
 calendared by order of the Justices." Nothing has 
 been published as yet, but Mr. Cordy Jeaffreson is 
 engaged upon the first two volumes, one of which 
 will be issued shortly. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. A. B. Grosart has himself printed by 
 subscription more works of our Old Writers than 
 many a Society, and therefore it is necessary to 
 mention his labours here, although a complete list of 
 them cannot be given. The chief series are : " The 
 Fuller Worthies Library," 39 volumes ; " The 
 Chertsey Worthies Library," 14 vols. 4to., and 
 *♦ The Huth Library." 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Child's Library, 
 
 HE idea of a Child's Library is to a 
 great extent modern, and it is not 
 altogether clear that it is a good 
 one, except in the case of those children 
 who have no books of their own. It is fai 
 better that each child should have his own 
 good books, which he can read over and 
 over again, thus thoroughly mastering their 
 contents. 
 
 It is a rather wide-spread notion that 
 there is some sort of virtue in reading for 
 reading's sake, although really a reading 
 boy may be an idle boy. When a book 
 is read, it should be well thought over 
 before another is begun, for reading with- 
 out thought generates no ideas. 
 
2i8 How to Form a Library, 
 
 One advantage of a Child's Library should 
 be that the reader is necessarily forced to be 
 careful, so as to return the books uninjured. 
 This is a very important point, for children 
 should be taught from their earliest years to 
 treat books well, and not to destroy them as 
 they often do. We might go farther than 
 this and say that children should be taught 
 at school how to handle a book. It is really 
 astonishing to see how few persons (not 
 necessarily children) among those who have 
 not grown up among books know how to 
 handle them. It is positive torture to a 
 man who loves books to see the way they 
 are ordinarily treated. Of course it is not 
 necessary to mention the crimes of wetting 
 the fingers to turn over the leaves, or turning 
 down pages to mark the place; but those 
 who ought to know better will turn a book 
 over on its face at the place where they 
 have left off reading, or will turn over 
 pages so carelessly that they give a crease to 
 each which will never come out. 
 
 For a healthy education it is probably 
 best that a child should have the run of 
 
Child's Library. 219 
 
 a library for adults (always provided that 
 dangerous books are carefully excluded). 
 A boy is much more likely to enjoy and find 
 benefit from the books he selects himself 
 than from those selected for him. 
 
 The circumstances of the child should be 
 considered in the selection of books ; thus 
 it is scarcely fair when children are working 
 hard at school all day that they should be 
 made to read so-called instructive books in 
 the evening. They have earned the right 
 to relaxation and should be allowed good 
 novels. To some boys books of Travels and 
 History are more acceptable than novels, 
 but all children require some Fiction, and, 
 save in a few exceptional cases, their 
 imaginations require to be cultivated. 
 
 It will soon be seen whether children 
 have healthy or unhealthy tastes. If healthy, 
 they are best left to themselves ; if unhealthy, 
 they must be directed. 
 
 It is easy for the seniors to neglect the 
 children they have under them, and it is 
 easy to direct them overmuch, but it is 
 difficult to watch and yet let the children 
 
220 Hozv to Form a Library. 
 
 go their own way. We are apt, in arranging 
 for others, to be too instructive ; nothing is 
 less acceptable to children or less likely 
 to do them good than to be preached at. 
 Moral reflections in books are usually 
 skipped by children, and unless somewhat 
 out of the common, probably by grown-up 
 persons as well. Instruction should grow 
 naturally out of the theme itself, and form 
 an integral part of it, so that high aims 
 and noble thoughts may naturally present 
 themselves to the readers. 
 
 One of the chapters in the United States 
 Libraries' Report is on "School and Asylum 
 Libraries" (pp. 38-59), in which we are 
 informed that New York was the pioneer 
 in founding school libraries. "In 1827 
 Governor De Witt Clinton, in his message to 
 the legislature, recommended their forma- 
 tion ; but it was not till 1835 that the friends 
 of free schools saw their hopes realized in 
 the passage of a law which permitted the 
 voters in any school district to levy a tax of 
 g 20 to begin a library, and a tax of § i o each 
 succeeding year to provide for its increase." 
 
Child's Library. 221 
 
 Another chapter in the same Report is on 
 " Public Libraries and the Young " (pp. 41 2- 
 418), in which Mr. Wm. J. Fletcher advo- 
 cates the use of the library as an addition 
 to the school course. He writes, " It only 
 remains now to say that, as we have before 
 intimated, the public library should be 
 viewed as an adjunct of the public school 
 system, and to suggest that in one or two 
 ways the school may work together with 
 the library in directing the reading of the 
 young. There is the matter of themes for 
 the writing of compositions; by selecting 
 subjects on which information can be had 
 at the library, the teacher can send the 
 pupil to the library as a student, and readily 
 put him in communication with, and excite 
 his interest in, classes of books to which 
 he has been a stranger and indifferent." 
 
 A very interesting book on this subject is 
 entitled "Libraries and Schools. Papers 
 selected by Samuel S. Green. New York 
 (F. Leypoldt), 1883." It contains the fol- 
 lowing subjects : ** The Public Library and 
 the Public Schools;" *'The Relation of the 
 
222 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Public Library to the Public Schools"; 
 ** Libraries as Educational Institutions"; 
 "The Public Library as an Auxiliary to the 
 Public Schools"; "The Relation of Libraries 
 to the School System"; and "A Plan of 
 Systematic Training in Reading at School." 
 
 " Books for the Young, a Guide for Parents 
 and Children. Compiled by C. M. Hewins. 
 New York (F. Leypoldt), 1882," is an 
 extremely useful little book. It contains 
 a valuable list of books arranged in classes. 
 Certain marks are used to indicate the 
 character of the books, thus the letter {c) 
 indicates that the book is especially suitable 
 for children under ten, (Z") that it is especi- 
 ally suitable for boys, and (^) that it is 
 especially suitable for girls. 
 
 Prefixed are eight sensible rules as to 
 how to teach the right use of books. 
 
 Perkins's "Best Reading" contains a 
 good list of books for children (pp. 299- 
 
 303)- 
 
 The children's books of the present day 
 are so beautifully produced that the elders 
 are naturally induced to exclaim, " We never 
 
Child's Library. 223 
 
 had such books as these," but probably we 
 enjoyed our books as well as our children 
 do theirs. What a thrill of pleasure the 
 middle-aged man feels when a book which 
 amused his childhood comes in his way : 
 this, however, is seldom, for time has laid 
 his decaying hand upon them — 
 
 * All, all are gone, the old familiar faces." 
 
 The children for whom Miss Kate Greenaway 
 and Mr. Caldecott draw and Mrs. Gatty and 
 Mrs. Ewing wrote are indeed fortunate, but 
 we must not forget that Charles and Mary 
 Lamb wrote delightful books for the young, 
 that Miss Edgeworth's stories are ever fresh, 
 and that one of the most charming children's 
 stories ever written is Mrs. Sherwood's Little 
 Woodman. 
 
 A short list of a Child's Library is quoted 
 in the Library Journal (vol. viii. p. 57) from 
 the Woman's Journal. The family for whom 
 it was chosen consisted of children from 
 three to twelve, the two eldest being girls. 
 The books are mostly American, and but 
 little known in this countrv — • 
 
224 Hozv to Fo7'm a Library, 
 
 Snow-bound. Illustrated. Whittier. 
 
 Life of Longfellow. Kennedy. 
 
 A Summer in the Azores. Baker. 
 
 Among the Isles of Shoals. Celia Thaxter. 
 
 The boys of '76. Coffin. 
 
 The boys of '6 1. Coffin. 
 
 Story of our Countr}^ Higginson. 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh. Towle. 
 
 Child's History of England. Dickens. 
 
 Tales from Shakespear. Lamb. 
 
 Tales from Homer. Church. 
 
 TheWonder-book. Illustrated. Hawthorne. 
 
 Young folks' book of poetry. Campbell. 
 
 Poetry for childhood. Eliot. 
 
 Bits of talk about home matters. H. H. 
 
 The Seven Little Sisters. Andrews. 
 
 Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates. Dodge. 
 
 Room for one more. Mary T. Higginson. 
 
 King Arthur for boys. Lanier. 
 
 Doings of the Bodley family. Scudder. 
 
 Mother-play and Nursery-rhymes. 
 
 Children's Robinson Crusoe. 
 
 The four-footed lovers. 
 
 Mammy Tittleback and her family. H. H. 
 
 The Little Prudy books. Six volumes. 
 
Child's Lihr'ary. 225 
 
 The editor of the Library Journal remarks 
 on the list, *' Guest's Lectures on English 
 History is better than Dickens's, and the 
 * Prudy * children are so mischievous, so 
 full of young Americanisms, and so far from 
 being * wells of English undefiled,* that they 
 are not always good companions for boys 
 and girls. I have known a child's English 
 spoiled by reading the Prudy books." 
 
 Some of the old-fashioned children's 
 books have been reprinted, and these will 
 generally be found very acceptable to 
 healthy-minded children, but some of the 
 old books are not easily met with. No 
 Child's Library should be without a good 
 collection of Fairy Tales, a careful selection 
 of the Arabian Nights, or Robinson Crusoe 
 Gulliver's Travels is very unsuited for children, 
 although often treated as a child's book. 
 Berquin's Children's Friend, Edgeworth's 
 Parent's Assistant and the Aikins's Evenings 
 at Home, will surely still amuse children, 
 although some may think their teaching too 
 didactic. It is only by practical experience 
 that we can tell what children will like. 
 
 15 
 
226 How to Form a Library. 
 
 Sandford and Merton is, I believe, usually 
 considered as hopelessly out of date, but 
 I have found young hearers follow my 
 reading of it with the greatest interest. The 
 Pilgrim's Progress will always have as great 
 a fascination for the young as it must have 
 for their elders ; but there is much preach- 
 ing in it which must be skipped, or the 
 attention of the hearers will flag. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 One Hundred Books. 
 
 |]N the Fourth Chapter of this Volume 
 two lists of selected books are 
 given, viz. The Comtist's Library, 
 and a list of one hundred good novels. 
 Since that chapter was written and printed, 
 much public attention has been drawn to 
 this branch of our subject by the publication 
 of Sir John Lubbock's list of books which 
 he recommended to the members of the 
 Working Men's College, when he lectured 
 at that place on "Books." The comments 
 by eminent men, which have appeared in 
 the Pall Mall Gazelle, have also attracted 
 attention, and it seems desirable that some 
 note on this list should appear in these 
 pages. 
 
228 How to Form a Library, 
 
 The list issued by the Pall Mall Gazette 
 is as follows : 
 
 Non-Christian Moralists. 
 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 
 Epictetus, Encheiridion, 
 Confucius, Analects. 
 Aristotle, Ethics. 
 Mahomet, Koran. 
 
 Theology and Devotion. 
 Apostolic Fathers, Wake's Collection, 
 St. Augustine, Confessions. 
 Thomas a Kempis, Imitation 
 Pascal, Pensees. 
 
 Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus. 
 Butler, Analogy. 
 
 Jeremy Taylor, Holy Living and Holy Dying. 
 Keble, Christian Year. ■ 
 Bunyan, Filgrini's Progress. 
 
 Classics. 
 Aristotle, Politics. 
 Plato, Phcedo and Republic, 
 ^sop. Fables. 
 Demosthenes, De Corond. 
 Lucretius. 
 Plutarch. 
 Horace. 
 Cicero, De Officiis^ De Amicitid, and De Sencctule. 
 
07te Hundred Books. 229 
 
 Epic Poetry. 
 Homer, Iliad and Odyssey, 
 Hesiod. 
 Virgil. 
 
 Niebelungenlied. 
 Malory, Morte d^ Arthur, 
 
 Eastern Poetry. 
 Mahabharata and Ramayana (epitomised by Talboys 
 
 Wheeler). 
 Firdausi, Shah-nameh (translated by Atkinson), 
 She-king (Chinese Odes). 
 
 Greek Dramatists. 
 ^schylus, Prometheus, The House of Atreus^ Trilogy, 
 
 or Perscs. 
 Sophocles, CEdipuSy Trilogy, 
 Euripides, Medea. 
 Aristophanes, The Knights. 
 
 History. 
 Herodotus. 
 Thucydides. 
 Xenophon, Anabasis. 
 Tacitus, Germania. 
 Gibbon, Decline and Fall. 
 Voltaire, Charles XII. or Louis XIV. 
 Hume, England, 
 Grote, Greece. 
 
 Philosophy. 
 Bacon, Novum Organum. 
 
230 How to Form a Library, 
 
 Mill, Logic and Political Economy. 
 Darwin, Origin of Species, 
 Smith, Wealth of Nations (selection). 
 Berkeley, Human Knowledge. 
 Descartes, Discourse stir la Mithode. 
 Locke, Conduct of the Understattding* 
 Lewes, History of Philosophy. 
 
 Travels. 
 Cook, Voyages. 
 Darwin, Naturalist in the Beagle. 
 
 Poetry and General Literature, 
 Shakspeare. 
 Milton. 
 Dante. 
 Spenser. 
 Scott. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 Pope. 
 Southey. 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield. 
 Swift, Gulliver's Travels. 
 Defoe, Robinson Crusoe. 
 The Arabian Nights, 
 Don Quixote. 
 Boswell, Johnson. 
 Burke, Select Works. 
 
 Essayists — Addison, Hume, Montaigne, INIacaulny, 
 Emerson. 
 
Cm Hundred Books. 231 
 
 Moliere. 
 
 Sheridan. 
 
 Carlyle, Past and Present and French Revolution, 
 
 Goethe, Faust and Wilhclvi Meister, 
 
 Marivaux, La Vie de Marianne, 
 
 Modern Fiction. 
 Selections from — Thackeray, Dickens, George Eliot, 
 KLigsley, Scolt, Bulwer-Lytton, 
 
 It must be borne in mind by the reader 
 that this list, although the one sent round 
 for criticism by the editor of the Pall Mall 
 Gazette, is not really Sir John Lubbock's. 
 This will be found on p. 240. Sir John 
 Lubbock's address was not given in full, 
 and the list drawn up by the Pall Mall, 
 from the reports in the daily papers, con- 
 tained in fact only about 85 books. 
 
 It seems necessary to allude particularly 
 to this imperfect list, because it is the only 
 one upon which the critics were asked to 
 give an opinion, and their criticisms are 
 peculiarly interesting, as they give us an 
 important insight into the tastes and 
 opinions of our teachers. In itself it is 
 almost impossible to make a list that will 
 
232 How to Form a Library, 
 
 be practically useful, because tastes and 
 needs differ so widely, that a course of 
 reading suitable for one man may be quite 
 unsuitable for another. It is also very 
 doubtful whether a conscientious passage 
 through a "cut-and-dried" list of books 
 will feed the mind as a more original selec- 
 tion by each reader himself would do. It 
 is probably best to start the student well 
 on his way and then leave him to pursue 
 it according to his own tastes. Each book 
 will help him to another, and consultation 
 with some of the many manuals of English 
 literature will guide him towards a good 
 choice. This is in effect what Mr. Bond, 
 Principal Librarian of the British Museum, 
 says in his reply to the circular of the 
 editor of the Fall Mall Gazette. He writes 
 — "The result of several persons putting 
 down the titles of books they considered 
 *best reading' would be an interesting but 
 very imperfect bibliography of as many 
 sections of literature;" and, again, "The 
 beginner should be advised to read histories 
 of the literature of his own and other 
 
One Hundred Boohs. 233 
 
 countries — as Hallam's 'Introduction to the 
 Literature of Europe,' Joseph Warton's 
 * History of English Poetry,' Craik's 'History 
 of English Literature,' Paine's History, and 
 others of the same class. These would give 
 him a survey of the field, and would quicken 
 his taste for what was naturally most con- 
 genial to him." 
 
 There probably is no better course of 
 reading than that which will naturally occur 
 to one who makes an honest attempt to 
 master our own noble literature. This is 
 sufficient for the lifetime of most men with- 
 out incursions into foreign literature. All 
 cultivated persons will wish to become 
 acquainted with the masterpieces of other 
 nations, but this diversion will not be ad- 
 visable if it takes the reader away from 
 the study of the masterpieces of his own 
 literature. 
 
 Turning to the comments on the Pall 
 Mall Gazettes list, we may note one or two 
 of the most important criticisms. The 
 Prince of Wales very justly suggested that 
 Dryden should not be omitted from such 
 
234 Hozv to Form a Library. 
 
 a list. Mr. Chamberlain asked whether the 
 Bible was excluded by accident or design, 
 and Mr. Irving suggested that the Bible 
 and Shakespeare form together a very com- 
 prehensive library. 
 
 Mr. Ruskin's reply is particularly interest- 
 ing, for he adds but little, contenting himself 
 with the work of destruction. He writes, 
 *' Putting my pen lightly through the need- 
 less — and blottesquely through the rubbish 
 and poison of Sir John's list — I leave enough 
 for a life's liberal reading — and choice foi 
 any true worker's loyal reading. I have 
 added one quite vital and essential book — 
 Livy (the two first books), and three plays 
 of Aristophanes {Clouds, Birds, and Pluius). 
 Of travels, I read myself all old ones I can 
 get hold of; of modern, Humboldt is the 
 central model. Forbes (James Forbes in 
 Alps) is essential to the modern Swiss 
 tourist — of sense." Mr. Ruskin puts the word 
 all to Plato, everything to Carlyle, and every 
 word to Scott. Pindar's name he adds in 
 the list of the classics, and after Bacon's 
 name he writes " chiefly the New Atlantis ^ 
 
One Hundred Books. 235 
 
 The work of destruction is marked by 
 the striking out of all the Non-Christian 
 Moralists, of all the Theology and Devotion, 
 with the exception of Jeremy Taylor and 
 the Pilgrim's Progress. The Nibelungenlied 
 and Malory's Morte d' Arthur (which, by 
 the way, is in prose) go out, as do Sophocles 
 and Euripides among the Greek Dramatists. 
 The Knights is stmck out to make way for 
 the three plays of Aristophanes mentioned 
 above. Gibbon, Voltaire, Hume, and Grote 
 all go, as do all the philosophers but Bacon. 
 Cook's Voyages and Darwin's Naturalist 
 in the Beagle share a similar fate. Southey, 
 Longfellow, Swift, Hume, Macaulay, and 
 Emerson, Goethe and Marivaux, all are so 
 unfortunate as to have Mr. Ruskin's pen 
 driven through their names. Among the 
 novelists Dickens and Scott only are left. 
 The names of Thackeray, George Eliot, 
 Kingsley, and Bulwer-Lytton are all erased. 
 Mr. Ruskin sent a second letter full of 
 wisdom till he came to his reasons for 
 striking out Grote's ** History of Greece," 
 *' Confessions of St. Augustine," John Stuart 
 
236 How to Form a Library* 
 
 Mill, Charles Kingsley, Darwin, Gibbon, 
 and Voltaire. With these reasons it is to 
 be hoped that few readers will agree. 
 
 Mr. Swinburne makes a new list of his 
 own which is very characteristic. No. 3 
 consists of •' Selections from the Bible : 
 comprising Job, the Psalms, Ecclesiastes, 
 the Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Joel; 
 the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Luke, 
 the Gospel and the First Epistle of St. John 
 and Epistle of St. James." No. 12 is 
 Villon, and Nos. 45 to 49 consist of the 
 plays of Ford, Dekker, Tourneur, Marston, 
 and Middleton ; names very dear to the 
 lover of our old Drama, but I venture to 
 think names somewhat inappropriate in a 
 list of books for a reader who does not make 
 the drama a speciality. Lamb's Selections 
 would be sufficient for most readers. 
 
 Mr. William Morris supplies a full list 
 with explanations, which are of considerable 
 interest as coming from that distinguished 
 poet. 
 
 Archdeacon Farrar gives, perhaps, the 
 best test for a favourite author, that is, the 
 
r 
 
 Orie Hundred Boohs. 
 
 selection of his works in the event of all 
 others being destroyed. He writes, "But 
 if all the books in the world were in a blaze, 
 the first twelve which I should snatch out 
 of the flames would be the Bible, Imitaiio 
 Chrisiiy Homer, iEschylus,- Thucydides, 
 Tacitus, Virgil, Marcus Aurelius, Dante, 
 Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth. Of 
 living authors I would save first the works 
 of Tennyson, Browning and Ruskin." 
 
 Another excellent test is that set up by 
 travellers and soldiers. A book must be 
 good when one of either of these classes 
 decides to place it among his restricted bag- 
 gage. Mr. H. M. Stanley writes, ** You ask 
 me what books I carried with me to take 
 across Africa. I carried a great many — 
 three loads, or about i8o lbs. weight; but 
 as my men lessened in numbers, stricken by 
 famine, fighting and sickness, they were. one 
 by one reluctantly thrown away, until finally, 
 when less than 300 miles from the Atlantic, 
 I possessed only the Bible, Shakespeare, 
 Carlyle's Sartor Resartus, Norie's Naviga- 
 tion, and Nautical Almanac for 1877. 
 
 CAUfOg 
 
238 Hozv to Form a Library. 
 
 Poor Shakspeare was afterwards bmned by 
 demand of the foolish people of Zinga. 
 At Bonea, Carlyle and Norie and Nautical 
 Almanac were pitched away, and I had only 
 the old Bible left." He then proceeds to 
 give a list of books which he allowed him- 
 self when " setting out with a tidy battalion 
 of men." 
 
 Lord Wolseley writes, "During the mutiny 
 and China war 1 carried a Testament, two 
 volumes of Shakespeare that contained his 
 best plays, and since then, when in the field, 
 I have always carried : Book of Common 
 Prayer, Thomas k Kempis, Soldier's Pocket 
 Book , , . The book that I like reading at 
 odd moments is * The Meditations of Marcus 
 Aurelius.' " He then adds, for any distant 
 expedition, a few books of History (Creasy's 
 " Decisive Battles," Plutarch's " Lives," 
 Voltaire's " Charles XH.," " Caesar," by 
 Froude, and Hume's " England "). His 
 Fiction is confined to Macaulay's " History 
 of England " and the ** Essays." 
 
 Mr. Quaritch remarks that ** Sir John's 
 * working man ' is an ideal creature. I have 
 
One Hundred Books. 239 
 
 known many working men, but none of them 
 could have suggested such a feast as he has 
 prepared for them." He adds, *' In my 
 younger days I had no books whatever 
 beyond my school books. Arrived in London 
 in 1842, I joined a literary institution, and 
 read all their historical works. To read 
 fiction I had no time. A friend of mine 
 read novels all night long, and was one 
 morning found dead in his bed." If Mr. 
 Quaritch intends this as a warning, he should 
 present the fact for the consideration of 
 those readers who swell the numbers of 
 novels in the statistics of the Free Libraries. 
 Looking at the Pall Mall Gazette's list, it 
 naturally occurs to us that it would be a 
 great error for an Englishman to arrange his 
 reading so that he excluded Chaucer while 
 he included Confucius. Among the names 
 of modern novelists it is strange that Jane 
 Austen and Charlotte Bronte should have 
 been omitted. In Sir John Lubbock's own 
 list it will be seen that the names of Chaucer 
 and Miss Austen occur. Among Essayists 
 one would like to have seen at least the names 
 
240 Hciv to Form a Library, 
 
 of Charles Lamb, De Quincey, and Landor, 
 and many will regret to find such delightful 
 writers as Walton and Thomas Fuller omitted. 
 We ought, however, to be grateful to Sir 
 John Lubbock for raising a valuable dis- 
 cussion which is likely to draw the attention 
 of many readers to books which might 
 otherwise have been most unjustly neglected 
 by them.^ 
 
 The following is Sir John Lubbock's list 
 It will be sSen that several of the books, 
 whose absence is remarked on, do really 
 form part of the list, and that the objections 
 of the critics are so far met. 
 
 Tke Bible. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 
 
 Epictetus. 
 
 Confucius, Analects. 
 
 Le Boitddha et sa Religion (St.-Hilairc). 
 
 Aristotle, Ethics. 
 
 ^ The whole of the correspondence has been re- 
 issued as a Pall Mall ^' Extra,'''' No. 24, and tliree- 
 pence will be well laid out by the purchaser of this 
 very interesting pamphlet. 
 
One Hundred Books. 241 
 
 Mahomet, Koran (parts of). 
 
 Apostolic Fathers, Wake's collection. 
 
 St. Augustine, Confessions. 
 
 Thomas a Kempis, Imitation. 
 
 Pascal, Pensees. 
 
 Spinoza, Iractatus Theologico-Politicus. 
 
 Comte, Cat. of Positive Philosophy (Congreve). 
 
 Butler, Analogy. 
 
 Jeremy Taylor, Holy Living and Holy Dying. 
 
 Bunyan, Pilgi'im^s Progress. 
 
 Keble, Christian Year. 
 
 Aristotle, Politics. 
 
 Plato's Dialogues — at any rate the Phcedo and Republic. 
 
 Demosthenes, De Corond. 
 
 Lucretius. 
 
 Plutarch. 
 
 Ilorace. 
 
 Cicero, De Officiis^ De Amicitid, De Senectute. 
 
 Homer, Iliad 2lxA Odyssey, 
 
 Hesiod. 
 
 Virgil. 
 
 Niebelungenlied. 
 
 Malory, Morte d* Arthur. 
 
 Maha-Bharata, Rainayana, epitomized by Talboys 
 Wheeler in the first two vols, of his History of India. 
 
 16 
 
242 How to Form a Library, 
 
 Firdusi, Shah-nameh. Translated by Atkinson. 
 She-king (Chinese Odes). 
 
 ^schylus, Prometheus^ House of Atreus, Trilogy, or 
 
 PerscB. 
 Sophocles, GEdipus, Trilogy. 
 Euripides, Medea. 
 Aristophanes, The Knights. 
 
 Herodotus. 
 
 Xenophon, Anabasis. 
 
 Thucydides. 
 
 Tacitus, Germania. 
 
 Livy. 
 
 Gibbon, Decline and Fall. 
 
 liume, England. 
 
 Grote, Greece. 
 
 Carlyle, French Revolution. 
 
 Green, Short History of England. 
 
 Bacon, Novum Organum. 
 
 Mill, Logic and Political Economy. 
 
 Darwin, Origin of Species. 
 
 Smith, Wealth of Nations (part of). 
 
 Berkeley, Human Knowledge. 
 
 Descartes, Discours sur la Methode. 
 
 Locke, Conduct of the Understanding, 
 
 Lewes, History of Philosophy. 
 
 Cook, Voyages. 
 
One Hundred Books. 243 
 
 Humboldt, Travels. 
 
 Darwin, Naturalist in the BeagU 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Milton, Paradise Losty and the shorter poems. 
 
 Dante, Divma Conwiedia. 
 
 Spenser, Faerie Queen. 
 
 Dryden's Poems. 
 
 Chaucer, Morris's (or, if expurgated, Clarke's or Mrs. 
 
 Haweis's) edition. 
 Gray. 
 Burns. 
 
 Scott's Poems. 
 
 Wordsworth, Mr. Arnold's selection. 
 Heine. 
 Pope. 
 Sou they. 
 
 Goldsmith, Vicar oj Wakefield. 
 
 Swift, Gulliver's Travels. 
 
 Defoe, Robinson Crusoe. 
 
 The Arabian Nights. 
 
 Cervantes, Don Quixote. 
 
 Boswell, Johnson. 
 
 Burke, Select Works (Payne). 
 
 Essayists : — Bacon, Addison, Hume, Montai<;ne, 
 
 Macaulay, Emerson. 
 Moliere. 
 Sheridan. 
 
244 Hozv to Form a Library. 
 
 Voltaire, Zadig. 
 Carlyle, Past and PrcsenU 
 Goethe, Faust, Wilhelm Meister. 
 White, Natural History of Selborne. 
 Smiles, Self Help. 
 
 Miss Austen, either Emvia or PHde and Prejudice* 
 Thackeray, Vanity Fair and Pendennis. 
 Dickens, Pickimck and David Copperiield. 
 George Eliot, Adatn Bede. 
 Ivingsley, Westivard Ho ! 
 Bulwer-Lytton, Last Days of Pompeii, 
 Scott's Novels. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abbotsford Club, 187. 
 
 Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, Indecent books turned 
 
 out, 18. 
 ^Ifric Society, 195. 
 Arundel Society, 200. 
 Authors, Bibliographies of particular, 181. 
 Ballad Society, 206. 
 Bannatyne Club, 186. 
 Bibliographies (General), 141-159. 
 
 (Special), 160-183. 
 
 Bindings in Charles I.'s Cabinet, 29. 
 
 Book Collectors, 23. 
 
 Books, One Hundred, 227-244. 
 
 Booksellers, Use of, 58. 
 
 Bossange (Hector), Ma Bibliotheque Frangaise, 7. 
 
 Burton's Book Hunter, 2, 53, 196. 
 
 Buy, How to, 57-72. 
 
 Calvin Translation Society, 197. 
 
 Camden Society, 190. 
 
 Catalogues of Public Libraries, 141. 
 
 Cavendish Society, 199. 
 
 Caxton Society, 198. 
 
 Chaucer Society, 28. , 
 
 Chetham Society, 195. 
 
246 Index. 
 
 Child's Library, 217-226. 
 Comte's Positivist Library, 131. 
 Dibdin's Library Companion, 2. 
 Dilettanti Society, 184. 
 Durie's Reformed Librarie Keeper, 13. 
 Early English Text Society, 203. 
 Ecclesiastical History Society, 199. 
 Edwards (Edward),Report on Formation of Manchester 
 Free Library, 4. 
 
 Memoirs of Libraries, 5, 63. 
 
 Libraries and Founders of Libraries, 29, 44. 
 
 English Dialect Society, 212. 
 
 English Historical Society, 191. 
 
 Fiction in Public Libraries, 81. 
 
 Folk Lore Society, 210. 
 
 Franklin's foundation of the Philadelf)hia Library, 77. 
 
 George HL's list of books, 14. 
 
 Goodhugli's Library Manual, 3. 
 
 Hakluyt Society, 200. 
 
 Handel Society, 198. 
 
 Hanserd Knollys Society, 198. 
 
 Harleian Society, 209. 
 
 Hellenic Studies, Society for the promotion of, 213 
 
 Hunterian Club, 210. 
 
 Index Society, 213. 
 
 lona Club, 189. 
 
 Johnson's (Dr.) List of Books, 15, 
 
 Libraries, How men have Formed them, 23-56. 
 
 (Cathedral), 75. 
 
 ' (Monastic), 25. 
 
 ■ (Private), 89-140. 
 
 (Public), 73-88. 
 
 United States Report on, 20, 75, 220. 
 
 Louis XVI., his books during his captivity, 43. 
 Lubbock's (Sir John), List of Books, 227-244. 
 
Index. 247 
 
 Maitland Club, 187. 
 
 Manx Society, 202. 
 
 Middlesex County Record Society, 215. 
 
 Motett Society, 194. 
 
 Musical Antiquarian Society, 194. 
 
 Napoleon's Libraries, 44. 
 
 Naude, Gilbert, 9. 
 
 Novels, One Hundred Good, 138. 
 
 . in Public Libraries, 81. 
 
 Oriental Texts, Society for the Publication of, 194. 
 
 Oriental Translation Fund, 189. 
 
 Ossianic Society, 202. 
 
 Oxford Historical Society, 215. 
 
 Palseographical Society, 213. 
 
 Palseontographical Society, 200. 
 
 Parker Society, 192. 
 
 Percy Society, 193. 
 
 Perkins's Best Reading, 8. 
 
 Philobiblon Society, 201. 
 
 Pipe Roll Society, 215. 
 
 Positivist Library, 131. 
 
 Printers, Bibliographies of celebrated, 176. 
 
 Ray Society, 198. 
 
 Reference, Books of, 91-129. 
 
 Roxburghe Club, 185. 
 
 Roxburghe Library, 209. 
 
 Sales, How to Buy at, 63. 
 
 Shakespeare Society, 193. 
 
 Shakspere (New) Society, 211. 
 
 Societies (Publishing), 184-216. 
 
 Spalding Club, 191. 
 
 Spenser Society, 209. 
 
 Spottiswoode Society, 195. 
 
 Stevens (Henry), "My English Library," 6. 
 
 , his paper on Mr. James Lenox, 55, 64. 
 
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