;"SIT. or CALIf I
3 1822 00112 9816
^.
THE HISTORY
UK THK
Pennsylvania Hospital
1751-1895
IIIOMAS G MORTON, M. l>.
Fellow of the College of Physicians ;
President of the Medical Staff and Senior Surgeon of the Pennsylvania Huspilal ;
President of the I'hiladelphia Academy of Surgery ;
Etc.. Ktc.
ASSISTKI) IIV
FRANK WOODULKV. M. D.
Fellow of the College of Physicians ;
Honorary Professor of Clinical Medicine in the Medico-Chirurgical College :
Etc.. Etc.
PUBLICATION AUTHORIZED hV THE CONTRIBCTORS AT THKIK
ANNUAL MEETING, .MAY, 1S93, AND DIRECTED BY
THE BOARD OF MANAGERS
PHII,AllKLrHI.\
TiMKs Printing House
THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO
LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA
Copyright, 1895,
by
the Cotilribiitors to the Pennsylvania Hospital.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
I'AGK
I^tmis\'lvaiii;i liospital l-'ronlispiece
The Pemisylvania Hospital, Vignette 3
IV-lition to the Assenihly for a Hospital .s
Klection of First Hoard of Manasjers ... 12
Koplin Letter . .26
Law for Regulating Klection of Managers and Treasurers 29
I )riginal Seal of the Pennsylvania Hospital (I7,si4) 34
Perspective View of the Hospital (17.S5) jO
The Corner-stone in 1894 ... 39
Rnle (ioverning Managers' Fines ... 41
Fast Wing of Hospital with Klaboratory in 176S Oo
l-ontract with Continental .Authoritit-s for Klaboratory 62
Book of Fines, 175.S . 64
Hall of Centre Building . , ,' 79
Centennial Celebration of Washington's Birthday, Invitation to 87
Library-room looking P-ast go
Group of Medical Men (1S871 103
Nurses' Home 107
Out-Patlent Department 109
The " Retreat " or " Lodge " 109
Memorial Pavilions 110
New Entrance, Female Department for the Insane, N'ignette 11;
Portrait of Mr. Paul Busti ll.^
Kesidenceof Medical Superintendent of Insane Department "9
Prescription for Bleeding a Lunatic, by Dr. Fonlke (1791 I . . . 125
Bill for Chains for Liniatics (1751) 126
Cells for Lunatics, Pine Street Hospital 129
Portrait of Samuel Coates 139
I'ertificate of Insanity I4,s
Kndorsement on Certificate 149
Doctor Rush's " Tranquillising Chair' J64
Female Department for Insane .... 16.S
Reading-room, Male Department for Insam 170
Male Department for Insane 176
Parlor, Male Deiiartmenl for Insane '77
Parlor, Female De|)artment for Insane . 179
Parlor, Fisher Waril, Female Departnienl 181
Room in Fisher Ward 1S2
Department for Women — the Villa . 184
"The Villa," 1S4
Doric SiiMiiiKT House
(".yninaslic Pavilion
Mall in Ki-niak' Di'parlnii'iit
Till- ■' I. \. Williamson" lUiililinn
rill- ■• I. \'. Williamson" DuililinK, Sitting room
Old Kntraniv, Insaiu- Dipartiniiit
I'ortrail of Dr. Thomas S. KirkhriiU'
" Takf care of Mini and I will Kt-|iay Tliie," X'iunitli-
I'^ranklin's (Artier for Atlmission of a Patit-nt
Admission I'aiitr Sinned by Dr. Rush
Room I'sed for l.yinn-in Deparlnient (if(24-iS35)
South View ol Hospital, showing Chains around I'enn Statue .
Miniature of Ikiiiamin Kranklin : X'innetle ■ •
( Hiiiipse of Hospital: X'innette
Plan of Orisinal Purchase of Hospital Site
Plan of .Society Sipiare, West of Hospital
Plan of Stpiare after K.\cliaii>ce with .Ahus-House .
Plan of Sipiare after Final K.\chaiii;e of Properties
Plan of Kastern Sipiare
Plan of l.ot, South of Hospital .
Picture House, for West's Painting ; \iKnelt<-
Christ Healing the Sick
Picture House, Rear View
House of Employment. .Mmsllonse and PeiiiisvK aula llospilal
Portrait of Dr. I.ettsoni ...
Statue of William I'enn
Charter of Privileges to Pennsylvania ( I7i»h
Inscription on Pedestal of Peiin's Statue
Letter of Kranklin RelVrrinj; to Statue ( 177.SI
William Penn's Chair
The Ritteuhonse Hall-Clock
Marble Busts, Peiiii and Washinntou, Hall Keinale Deparlnient for Insane
Kiifjravinj; of William I'enn
Hospital Publications ; \'i){nette
Portrait of Dr. Abraham Chovel
Clinical Amphitheatre ( 1S6.SI: \'i<;iullc
Hospital Charity Bo.\ ; Vis'iftte ... . .
Contributors' Certificate .
(lid Seal of Hospital I i-,S4i
Managers of the Peunsylvani.i llcj>piial. ekitid .Ma\ i>v4
The .■\dniinistralioii ( )flice
Silhouette, Josiah Hewes ....
Portrait of Mordecai I,. Dawson
Portrait of William Hidilli-
Portrait of Wistar Morris
Small Seal of Hospital, useil on Students' Certificates
Rules for the Choice of Physicians (17.S21
Portrait of Dr. Benjamin Rush
Student's Certificate, Conferring Risht t>> .Attend Praclici oflhe Hous>-
Ward Dressing-Carriage, Antiseptic Model
Ward Bed-Carriage
Indenture ... .
185
189
190
I'M
192
'9.';
1 1)6
2111
20.^
2oS
23»
2-17
269
270
275
280
2MI
2.S-
^"S
3IA
V9
J2'
323
3.1 '
33i
333
335
336
.«7
3-1"
3AA
34.S
359
3^4
.365
.177
402
•105
409
420
429
43"
•13-1
-139
441
450
471
477
478
480
Library looking Snuth, Managers' Meeting Room 485
Portrait of Thomas (iraeme, M. D. . 485
Portrait of Thomas Cadwalader. M. I' . 486
Portrait of John Rfdman, M. D. . . 486
Portrait of Lloyd Zachary. M. D. . . 487
Portrait of Phiiieas Bond, AL I). . . . 488
Portrait of John Morgan. "SI. I). . 4S9
Portrait of Adam Kuhn, M. I) 4gi
Portrait of Thomas Parke, M. 1). 491
Portrait of James Hutchinson, M. 1 1 492
Portrait of William Shippen, Jr., M 1) 492
Portrait of John Koulke, M. L). . 495
Portrait of Caspar Wistar, i\L 1>. 495
Portrait of Philip Syng Physick. M. li 497
Portrait of Benjamin Smith Barton. M. I). 49,s
Portrait of John Redman Co.\e. M. 1). . 498
Portrait of Thomas C. James, ^L I> 499
Portrait of John Syng Dorsey, M. I) 500
Portrait of Joseph Hartshorne, M. I). . 501
Portrait of John C. (Jtto, \L I). . . . 501
I'ortrait of Samuel Emlen, M. D. . . . . 503
Portrait <if John K. Mitchell, M. D 504
Portrait of Hugh L. Hodge, M. I) 505
Portrait of fieorge B. Wood, JL I > 506
Portrait of Jacob Randolph, M. I) ... 507
Portrait of (ieorge W. Xorrls. M.I) . 507
Portrait of Charles D. Meigs, M. I). . 508
Portrait of William Pepper. .^L I). . 509
Portrait of Joseph Carson, ^L U ,Sii
Portrait of Joseph Pancoast, M. I) 512
Portrait of John Forsyth Meigs, M. 1 1 ' . . 513
Portrait of p;dward Hartshorne, .M. ]>. 314
Portrait of Francis Gurney Smith, M. li 514
Portrait of William Hunt, M. I) .316
Portrait of I). Hayes .Agnew, AL D. . ... 516
Portrait of James A. Meigs, M. L). . . 51S
Portrait of Richard J. Levis, M. I). . 51S
The Hosjiital Pharmacy . ... 525
Communication from Physicians to Managers (1775) . 529
Report concerning K.xamination for .Apothecary 532
Certificate from James Craik, M.I) 534
Portrait of John Conrad, M. I). . . 536
Treaty Kim, with Steward Malin ... 538
Inscriiition on Treaty Elm Monumi in 539
Portrait of William (Junn Malin . 540
(Gatekeeper, deorgc Taylor, and "Crockie ' 545
Fire En.gine (1763) 546
TABLh OF CONTENTS.
PAG
List of llliistratioiis i
Table of Conti-iUs iv
Preface . v
" On X'isilinn the Pennsylvania I lospit^il i
The Pennsylvania Hospital •,
Department for tlie Insane H.l
Patients 201
Financial Affairs aiul Administration 247
Real Estate 2ii>t
Works of Art, Memorial Furniture, etc. v'.S
The Library and Patholojjical Museum . i|s
Legacies, Donations, and Contributions -,'15
I.isl of Contrilnitors to the Hospital 177
The Hospital Administration (03
The Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital 405
Biographical Sketches of Managers i^io
The Medical Staff 1 ■,'-
Biographical Sketches of Physicians 4.S.S
Apothecaries, Stewards, and Matrons . 525
Some Reminiscences ,S4S
Rules and Regulations of the Pennsylvania Hospital .s|o
Officers of the Pennsylvania Hospital .v>.!
Lineal Succession of Medical Staff sAi
Index . S^'S
PREFACE.
About ten years ago, in an aliandoned closet in the " Retreat," an
out-building of the Hospital, was found a large collection of
letters, accounts, and memoranda, which were liable to be lost or
destroyed. Among them were discovered many of the early papers of
the Institution. The attention of the Board of Managers being
directed to the existence of these perishable archives the following
action was taken in reference thereto :
At a stated meeting of the lioard of Managers held this day, the following
was adopted ;
Resolved, That this Board return their thanks to Dr. Thomas G. .Morton, for
his bringing to their attention, certain .\ncient papers, relating to the Hospital, its
organization and methods of administration, which he discovered in an inap-
propriate place within the Hospital, and the same were directed to be placed by
the Steward, in the Fire Proof Safe, in the Pine Street Hospital.
Bbm. H. Siiokmakkk, Sici'v.
Phit.aiuvI.T'Iiia, I nno, 30, 1SS5.
It appears that some thirty years before, when alterations were in
progress in the Library, these old documents had been carried over
tn the Retreat, where they were subsequently overlooked and their
existence forgotten. In order to preserve the valuable historical
material contained in these manuscripts and to prevent their being
again mislaid or lost, it was suggested, as an eminently proper procedure
to incorporate them in a publication, which should be, in fact, "The
History of the Pennsylvania Hospital." This was taken up for
consideration at the Contributors' Meeting, in May, 1S93, when it
met with cordial approval, as expressed in the following extract from
the minutes :
At a meeting of tlio Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital held May 1.
1R93, on motion of Mr. George M. Conarroe it was
Resolved, That the Contributors have been glad to learn that a lull and com
pletc history of the Hospital from its foundation in .\. D. 1751, is now in prepara-
tion which will be a monument worthy in matter and style of the noble Institution
— the first of its kind in .America — whose records it will preserve and perpetuate.
Resolved, That the favorable attention of the Contributors is requested
toward the fund for the i>ublication of this handsome volume.
Not only was moral sii|)porl offered, but substantial contribu-
tions were given, at that time and since, towards the expense of
publishing the work, of which, grateful mention may be made in this
place :
Josephine M. Aver, (N. Y.), $500 ; John W. Biddle, $20 ; The Misses Blanchar<l,
$100; T. Wistar Brown, S50 ; Charles E. Cadwalader, $5 ; John B. Chapin, M. 1).,
$10; C. H. Chirk, S25; E. \V. Clark, $25; Mary Coates, S25 ; Geo. M. Conarroe,
$25; J. M. Pa Costa, M. I).. $20; Kniil Fischer, M. I)., S5 ; John B. C.arrelt, $20;
Joseph E. GillinKhani, S50 ; Ch.is. J. llarrah, Sjo<i; Charles llarlshorne, $211.
Edward Hopper, S25 ; C. H. Hutchinson, Jio; Miss MarKarella llnUliinson, Sio;
Ann S. Hutchinson, $20; John Story Jcnks, S50 ; W'ni. M. C. Kimlier, 5'o ,
Mrs. John I.,inil>ert, $5 ; Mrs. John L. I.eConle, Jio; Robert M. Lewis, S'o; Mary
Morris, S2.S ; Thos. (!. Morton. M. I>.,S5oo; Henry Norris. S20 ; Ann \V. Pear-
sail, $10; Anna M. Powers, Sii«); J. G. Rosengarten, $50 ; Wni. M. Singerly, $2.s ;
James Spear, S20 ; Thom.as ScallerRood, S20 ; Edmund Smith, S20 ; Frank Thom-
son, S50 ; Joseph B. Townsend, $50 ; H. C. Townsend, $10; Edward WilliuK.
S2,i ; Sarah E. Wistar, S20 ; George Wood, $20.
The thanks of the compilers of these records are cordially
returned also to the Hoard of Manaj^ers for the encoiirat,'ement and
support given during the progress of the undertaking, and acknowl-
edgment is hereby especially tendered to the Publication Committee
of the Board of Managers, Messrs. Benj. H. Shoemaker, Joseph It.
Townsend, and Alexander Biddle, for active assistance and interest
in the work, and also to I)rs. A. J. Ourt, John B. Chapin, and Henry
M. Wetherill, and to Messrs. D. D. Test and W. A. Armstrong.
Thanks are also returned to Mrs. Gillespie for permission to use the
very artistic miniature of Franklin, wliich finds an appropriate place
over the article on Financial Affairs and Administration. The fol-
lowing letter is of some interest in connection therewith :
Tuesday, December 4, 1S94.
l)i;.VK Uk. Mdkton : I have great pleasure in granting the request you make
to me in your note of yesterday. The negative of my miniature of Franklin is
at your service for the History of the Tcnnsylvania Hospital.
It may perhaps interest you to know that this picture was taken in Paris, by
Duplessis, and was in the opinion of his daughter, Mrs. Bache (my grandmother),
the best likeness of her father ever taken. It has been twice copied, once for the
statue which was placed over the Franklin Market on Tenth Street, and which
now stands over the Ledger Office door, and once for a frontispiece for Mr. Hale's
" Franklin in France."
I hope these facts will not interfere with your ilesire to have the copy, for I
shall be glad to h.ive anything belonging to me connected with an Institution
which I so much respect.
I am most truly yours,
E. n. Gii.lkspie:.
For the typograjihical excellence of this book, the Contributors
are indebted to the Managers of the Times Printing House, who
have been most accommodating and courteous, rendering the task
of the compilers as pleasant and as light as possible. Thanks are also
due to Mr. James P. Harbeson of the Gutekunst Company for the
unusual excellence of the illustrations.
Wliile the list of Contributors to the Hospital has been most
carefully compiled from the records, it is still possible that there may
have been some errors, or omissions, and, in fact, the following
names have been observed to be incorrect, for which slight typo-
graphical errors due apology is made :
(On page 369) Paletliorp, J. H. (375) Stiles, Henrj' ; Stiles, H. A. (378)
Biddle, Katharine H. ; Biddle, Robt. and \V. C- ; Boker. Chas. S. (380)
Cash, Andrew, D. ; Cattell, Elijah G. ; Claghorn, James L. ; Claghorn, James \V.
(381) Cowperthwaite, Joseph ; Cramond, Henry. (382) Dreer, Ferdinand J. (383)
Klmslie, .\nn ; Ehnslie, Elizabeth ; Elmslie, Rebecca ; Elmslie, William ; Kair-
thorne, Frederick ; Fassitt, Alfred ; Fearons & Smith; Field, Charles J. ; Firth.
Thomas T.; Fisher, J. Francis. (385) Griffitts, William F.; Griffitts, Samuel P.,M.lJ.
(387) Hutchinson, I. Pemberton. (388) Kisterboch, Josiah. (389) Lindsay &
lilakiston ; Lowber, Edward. (391) Moorhead, Joel B. (393) Powel, John Hare :
Powel, Mrs. John Hare; Powel, R. Hare; Powel, Samuel. (394I Rhawn.W. H. ;
Ricketts, John T. : Robinson, Moncure. (395I Sharpless, Xathan H. (400)
Wurts, Charles S., M. D.
In preparing this History of the Pennsylvania Hospital, from the
original documents, special effort has been made to preserve the forms
of archaic expression and peculiar orthography, of these ancient
papers, by careful comparison of the proof with the original, even at
the risk of seeming to sanction ])eculiarities of orthography, or of
grammatical construction, which differ from the standards of the
present day. The exertions made to obtain portraits of the Managers
and Physicians have been only measurably successful and lead to
regret that this attempt to secure complete sets had not been made
man\- )ears ago.
Among the noteworthy features of this work is material which,
hitherto, has never been published, such as the letters from Lieutenant
Governor Hamilton to the Penns; also various letters of the Mana-
gers to the Proprietors ; letters from Dr. Fothergill of London ; cor-
respondence of the Managers with Governors Denny and Richard
Penn and also letters of Benjamin Franklin, who was the first clerk
of the Pioard of Managers. The account of the difficulties of the
Hospital administration during the trying period of the Revolution
and the report of the action taken by the Managers on the bequest of
questionable value contained in Franklin's will, are of special interest.
The history of the development of the Department for the Insane
and of the ceremonies attending the laying of the corner-stones of
the buildings, has also decided interest and value. The opinion
of Horace Binney, Esq., prepared by request of the Board of
Manaj^ers, on the " Duties of the Coroner," and the text of tlie
decision of the Lord Chancellor of England, in reference to an Act
of Parliament, in favor of the Hospital, in the matter of the Pennsyl-
vania l^nd Com])any'.s estate, with corres|iondence in relation iherelo,
are also here published for the first time, while the services of
Franklin and l-'othergill in this matter are, at length, publicly
acknowledged. In the section of "Real Estate," is revealed a
chapter of local history which hitherto has been inaccessible and
which has been pre])ared with great care for this work. When- the
corner-stone of the Hospital on Eighth Street was laid, in 1752, the
locality was selected because of its remoteness from the built-u|) por
tions of the city. The Managers afterward secured plots of land U>
the west, east, and south, for hygienic purposes, in order to prevent
encroachment by buildings, that would interfere with the patients'
supply of fresh air. This laudable design was frustrated by the growth
of the city and they consequently found it advantageous to exchange
this property surrounding the Hospital for land in West Philadelphia.
The illustrations, ii is believed, add very materially to the value of
this Hisior)'. Among them attention is especially called to the fine
photogravure of West's painting " Christ Healing the Sick." The
vignettes at the heads of the sections, as indeed most of the illustra-
tions, are from ])hotographic views taken especially for this book.
Daniel Webster, in his speech at the •' Plymouth Celebration,"
(^•'Watson's Annals of New York," I'hila., 1S46, p. 364) well
expressed the motives which have ins|iired the compilation of these
records of the Pennsylvania Hospital :
" It is wise lluis to recur to tlii; sc-nliimnts, and to tlit- diaraoli-r of those from
whom wc are ik'scendcil. Men who are regardless of their ancestors and of their
posterity, are very apt to be regardless of themselves. The m.'in who does not feel
himself to he a link in the great chain to transmit his life and being, intellectual
and moral e.xistence, from his ancestors to his posterity, does not justly appre-
ciate the relations which belong to him. The contemplation of our ancestors
and of our ilescendants ought ever to be witliin the grasp of our thoughts and
aflections. Thf past belongs to us by atVectionate retrospect; v:\\\\k llii- futuie
belongs to us, no less, by allectionate anticipation for those who are to come after
us. And then only do we do ourselves justice, when we are ourselves true to the
blood we inherit, and true to those to whom we have been tile means uf trans-
mitting that blooil "
" ®n IDisiting
Zbc ipennsijlvania Ibospital."
by
FRANCIS SCOTT KEY.
Whose fair abode is this? Whose happy lot
Has drawn them in these peaceful shades to rest,
And hear the distant hum of busy life ?
The city's noise, its clouds of smoke and dust.
Vainly invade these leafy walls that wave
On high around it, sheltering all within.
And wooing the scared bird to stay its flight
And add its note of joy to bless the scene :
The city's toils, and cares, and strifes are, sure,
Alike excluded here — Content here smiles
And reigns, and leads her vot'ries through the maze
Of flower-embroidered walks to bowers of bliss :
O ! 'tis a sight to warm the heart of him
Who feels for man, and shares the joys he sees."
* Poems of the late Francis S. Key, Esq., author of " The Star
Spangled Banner." With an Introductory Letter by Chief J ustice
Taney. New York, 1857.
THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL.
From a | etition presented, tlie 23d of January, 1751, to the
Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, by '' sundry Inhabitants," Petition to
it appears that, prior to the founding of the Pennsylvania Hospital, no Provincial
permanent, public provision had been made in this Province for the Assembly,
care of persons "distemper'd in Mind and depriv'd of their rational
Faculties," or for the relief of sick and injured inhabitants. The
petitioners speak of the insane as :
Some of them going at large, a Terror to their Neighbours, who are daily
apprehensive of the Violences they may commit ; And others are continually
wasting their Substance, to the great Injury of themselves and Families, ill-
disposed Persons wickedly taking Advantage of their unhappy Condition, and
drawing them into unreasonable Bargains, etc.
With reference to the indigent sick of the Province, it is set forth :
That the good Laws of this Province have made many compassionate and
charitable Provisions for the Relief of the Poor, yet something farther seems
wanting in favour of such whose Poverty is made more miserable by the addi-
tional Weight of a grievous Disease, from which they might easily be relieved, etc.
The fact that temporary accommodation had been provided for
sick strangers, although nothing of this kind had been furnished for
permanent residents, was certainly a strong argument in favor of
establishing a Hospital, and this is expressed in clear terms at the
conclusion of the petition :
The kind Care our Assemblies have heretofore taken for the Relief of sick and sjck
di.stempered Strangers, by providing a Place for their Reception and .'\ccomnio- Strangers
dation, leaves us no Room to doubt their showing an equal tender Concern for the Provided for.
Inhabitants. And we hope they will be of Opinion with us, that a small
Provincial Hospital, erected and put under proper Regulations in the Care of
Persons to be appointed by this House, or otherwise, as they shall think meet,
with Power to receive and apply the charitable Benefactions of good People
towards enlarging and supporting the same, and some other Provisions in a Law
for the Purposes abovementioned, will be a good Work, acceptable to God and to
all the good People they represent.
The public provision made for the sick and distempered ininii-
granis above referred to had, in all iirobability, been insjjired, not so
much by tender concern for their welfare, as by the desire to keep
such persons out of the city, and by thus isolating them, to jirevent
the introduction of contagious disease. The provisions here referred
to constituted the first attempts to i)rotect the inhabitants by the
establishment of quarantine at the port of Philadelphia. Indeed,
up to 1740, whenever sick immigrants arrived at Philadelphia, it was
the usual custom to ])lace them in empty houses about the city, and in
this wav infection was frequently communicated to the neighbors.
Care of Sick j^ ^^^^, ^^^ interesting to note some of the means and methods
and Insane ' , ... , . , , . ^
Poor adopted m the Province for the care of sick and insane jjoor, from
1676 to the time when the petition just referred to was presented to the
Assembly. The earliest provision for maintaining an insane patient is
found in the records of the Uiiland Court, Delaware County, Pa., in
1676,
Jan Cornelisscn, of AmeslancI, ComplayniiiK to ye Court that his son Erick is
bereft of his nalurall Senses and is turned quyt madd and yt ; he being a poore
man isnot able to maintaine him; Ordered: that three or four persons bee hired
to build a little block-house at Amesland for to put in the said madman, and
at the ne.xt Court, order will be taken yt ; a small Levy be Laid for to pay
for the building of ye house and the maintaining of ye said madman according
to laws of ye Government.
This apjiears to have been the customary method of procedure,
under the laws of the Province, in the case of indigent lunatics, who
were incarcerated at the discretion of the Court; such provision was
enforced, however, only where the safety of citizens was imperilled,
or, where the lunatic had destructive or homicidal impulses.
The opening of the Pennsylvania Hospital inaugurated a new
epoch in the treatment of lunatics in this country, as it began by
receiving them as patients suffering with mental disease, to be
subjected to such treatment as their cases required, with a view to
their ultimate restoration to reason, instead of simply confining
them as malefactors.
The project of establishing a public hospital in this city, the need
of which constantly became more urgent, was considered by the
Association of Friends as early as 1709.
At a monthly meeting of Friends of Philadelphia, held the 25th
of the ninth month of that year, the Records state :
Steps toward Thomas GrifTith is ordered to pay Edward Shippen to the value of Eight
Establishing Pounds Sterling when there is stock in his hands, towards defraying the charges
a Hospital, of negotiating matters in England in relation to the School Charter and one that
is endeavored to be obtained for an Hospital, according to the agreement and
concurrence of the Meeting some time past, and was accordingly to send over
by Isaac Norris to request of Gov. Penn who was willing to grant the same ;
but upon advice thought it proper to have the School and Hospital in one which
this meeting desires maybe moved again by James Logan, who is now going over
to England.
This appears to have been the first effort toward establishing a
Hospital in this community. Whether the intention was to inaugurate
an institution for the e.xclusive use of members of the Society of Friends
or a general Hospital, is, of course, at the present time, unknown.
Philadelphia being a place which could only develop in its early
years by immigration, it was necessary to regulate the reception of
persons who came by sea. The accommodations in the ships for
passengers were insufficient, and too often, long voyage?, poor venti-
lation, and improper food produced, among closely crowded passen-
gers, scurvy, malignant fevers, and diseases of a dangerous type.
In early Provincial times, a Hospital was usually considered as a pest House
place where lunatics and other sick persons were confined, so that and
citizens generally might be protected from contagious disease, or the Lazaretto.
irresponsible acts of the insane. The medical care of paupers and
lunatics was not deemed of so much importance as it is now. Not
that the physicians appointed by the authorities to serve the quaran-
tine station were incapable or uns) mpathetic, but the lime consumed
in journeying to the Pest House was so great that only physicians of
limited practice, or those who had assistants to do the work, could
accept such a position. Those who did undertake to attend the
Pest House, it appears, occasionally neglected their duties. When
Dr. Thomas Graeme presented a bill for twenty years' services at the
Lazaretto, the Assembly rejected the claim, " owing to his neglect
of the service."
The Pest House on Fisher's Island was purchased by the authori-
ties February 3, 1743, for a quarantine station for shelter and isolation Need of a
of persons arriving from sea with epidemic diseases, but not as a ^^"^[''^
refuge for the sick of the province. Even if it had possessed proper
accommodations, it was too remote and inaccessible to be of any
practical use to the citizens of Philadelphia. The want of a hospital
located in the city soon came to be seriously felt. The Almshouse
was simply a place of confinement. Willing physicians devoted
much of their time to the poor, though many of these unfortunates were
necessarily much neglected, owing to their homes being located in
different and scattered parts of the city and suburbs, where they could
not receive proper care.
No one was more sensible of these difficulties than Dr. Thomas
Bond, a prominent physician of large practice in Philadelphia. He
was a man of great benevolence and occupied a position where the
.S
Efforts to
Establish a
General
Hospital.
Franklin's
Assistance.
necessity of such an institution could be appreciated. His pro-
fession daily brought him in contact with the poor insane, the sick,
and the injured, so that he became impressed with the idea of
gathering a number of these unfortunates under one roof, where they
would be provided with the care, comfort, and individual necessaries
required. After vainly endeavoring to obtain subscriptions to carry
out his purpose, he sought Franklin and secured his assistance. With
the aid of this powerful auxiliary, so influential and withal so method-
ical in everything he undertook, and by their combined efforts, the
project was soon ])laced on a firm basis and the success of the
undertaking assured.
Franklin has had ascribed to him the honor of being the
originator of the Pennsylvania Hospital; but he generously sets
this error at rest, by a positive denial, in his autobiography.* He says:
In 1751, Dr. Thomas Bond, a particular friend of mine, conceived the idea of
establishing a hospital in Philadelphia, (a very beneficent design, which has been
ascribed to me, but was originally and truly his) for the reception and cure of
poor sick persons, whether inhabitants of the province or strangers. He was
zealous and active in endeavoring to procure subscriptions, for it ; but the
proposal being a novelty in America, and at first not well understood, he met
with but little success.
At length he came to me with the compliment, that he found there was no
such thing as carrying a public-spirited project through without my being con-
cerned in it. " For," he said, " I am often asked by those to whom I propose
subscribing, ' Have you consulted Franklin on this business? And what does he
think of it?' And when I tell them I have not, (sup|)Osing it rather out of your
line) they do not subscribe, but say, they will consider it." I inquired into the
nature and prob.able utility of the scheme, and receiving a very satisfactory
explanation, I not only subscribed to it myself, but engaged heartily in the
design of procuring subscriptions from others. Previously, however, to the
solicitation, I endeavored to prepare the minds of the people by writing on the
subject in the newspapers, which was my usual custom in such cases, but. which
he had omitted
The subscriptions afterwards were more free and generous ; but beginning
to flag, I saw they would be insuflicient without some assistance from the
Assembly, and, therefore, proposed to petition for it ; which was done. The
country members did not at first relish the project ; they objected that it could
only be serviceable to the city, and, therefore the citizens alone should be at
the expense of it ; and they doubted whether the citizens themselves generally
approved of it. My allegation to the contrary, that it met with such approbation
as to leave no doubt of our being able to raise two thousand pounds by voluntary
donations, they considered as a most extravagant supposition and utterly
impossible.
On this I formed my plan ; and asked leave to bring in a bill for incorpo-
rating the contributors according to the prayer of their petition, and granting
them a blank sum of money; which leave was obtained chiefly on the consider-
ation that the House could throw the bill out if they did not like it. I drew
* Btgetow's Auiobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia, 1868. page 381.
6
it so as to make the important clause a conditional one, viz. : " And be it enacted
by the authority aforesaid, that when the said contributors shall have met and Franklin's
chosen their Managers and treasurer and shall have raised by their contribu- Account of
tions a capital stock of two thousand pounds value, the yearly interest of which Founding the
is to be applied to the accommodation of the sick poor in the said hospital, and Hospital.
free of charge for diet, attendance, advice and medicines, and shall make the
same appear to the satisfaction of the speaker of the Assembly for the time
being ; that then it shall and may be lawful for the said speaker, and he is
hereby required to sign an order on the provincial treasurer, for the payment
of two thovisand pounds in two yearly payments, to the treasurer of the said
hospital, to be applied to the founding, building and finishing of the same."
This condition carried the bill through ; for the members who had opposed
the grant, and nt)w conceived they might have the credit of being charitable
without the expense, agreed to its passage ; and then in soliciting subscriptions
among the people, we urged the conditional promise of the law as an additional
motive to give, since every man's donation would be doubled ; thus the cause
worked both ways. The subscriptions accordingly soon exceeded the requisite
sum, and we claimed and received the public gift, which enabled us to carry the
design into execution. A convenient and handsome building was soon erected,
the institution has by constant experience been found useful, and flourishes to
this day, and I do not remember any of my political mana-uvres, the success of
which at the time gave me more pleasure ; or ivherein, after thinking of it, I more
easily excused myself for having made some use of cunning.
After taking up the project, Franklin soon became enthusiastic
and was ahvays a zealous \vorker in behalf of the Hospital. He was
intrepid, forcible, and logical. His appeals supported by plain state-
ments of facts were irresistible, convincing his hearers and readers of
the necessity of establishing such an institution. The fact of its
support by voluntary contributions, heretofore considered impossible,
he demonstrated to be no longer a matter of doubt. In his " Brief
Account of the Pennsylvania Hospital," Philadelphia, 1754, he makes
the following statements : Sick and
About the end of the year 1750, some Persons, who had frequent Opportunities Insane Poor
of observing the distress of such distemper'd Poor as from Time to Time came to without
Philadelphia, for the Advice and Assistance of the Physicians and Surgeons of proper Care,
that City ; how difficult it was for them to procure suitable Lodgings, and other
conveniences proper for their respective cases, and how expensive the Providing
good and careful Nurses, and other Attendants, for want thereof, many must
suffer greatly, and some probably perish, that might otherwise have been restored
to Health and Comfort, and become useful to themselves, their Families, and
the Publick, for many years after ; and considering moreover, that even the poor
inhabitants of this city, tho' they had homes, yet were therein but badly accom-
modated in Sickness, and could not be so well and easily taken Care of in their
Separate Habitations, as ihey might be in one convenient House, under one
Inspection, and in the hands of skilful Practitioners ; and several of the Inhabi-
tants of the Province, who unhappily became disordered in their Senses, wandered
about, to the terrour of their Neighbours, there being no place (except the House
of Correction or Almshouse) in which they might be confined, and subjected to
proper treatment for their Recovery, and that House was by no means fitted for
such Purposes ; did charitably consult together, and confer with their Friends
7
Petition
Made to the
Assembly.
and Acquaintances, on the best means of relieving the Distressed, under those
Circumstances; and an Infirmary, or Hospital, in the manner of several lately
established in Great Britain, being proposed, was so generally approved, that
there was reason to expect a considerable Subscription from the Inhabitants of
this City, towards the support of such a Hospital ; but the expense of erecting
a Building sufficiently large and commodious for the purpose, it was thought
would be too heavy, unless the Subscription could be made general through the
Province, and some assistance could be obtained from the Assembly ; the following
petition was therefore drawn, and presented to the House on the 23d of January,
' 750-5' :
To the honourable House of Representatives of
the Profiiue of Pennsylvania,
Tlie Petition of sundry Inliabitants of the said Province,
Humbly showeth,
THAT with the Numbers of People, the number of Lunaticks or Persons dis-
tempered in Mind and deprived of their rational Faculties, hath greatly encreased
in this Province.
That some of them going at large are a Terror to their Neighbours, who are
daily apprehensive of the Violences they may commit ; .And others are continually
wasting their Substance, to the great Injury of themselves and Families, ill dis-
posed Persons wickedl.v taking Advantage of their unhappy Condition, and draw-
ing them into unreasonable Bargains, &c.
That few or none of them are so sensible of their Condition, as to submit
voluntarily to the Treatment their respective Cases require, and therefore continue
in the same deplorable State during their Lives ; whereas it has been found,
by the E.vperience of many Years, that above two Thirds of the Mad People
received into Bethlehem Hospital, and there treated properly, have been perfectly
cured.
Your Petitioners beg Leave farther to represent, that tho' the good Laws of
this Province have made many compassionate and charitable Provisions for the
Relief of the Poor, yet something farther seems wanting in Favour of such, whose
Poverty is made more miserable by the additional Weight of a grievous Disease,
from which they might easily he relieved, if they were not situated at too great a
Distance from regular .Advice and Assistance ; whereby many languish out their
Lives, tortur'd perhaps with the Stone, devour'd by the Cancer, deprived of
Sight by Cataracts, or gradually decaying by loathsome Distempers ; who, if the
Expense in the present manner of Nursing and Attending them separately when
they come to Town were not so discouraging, might again, by the judicious
Assistance of Physic and Surgery, be enabled to taste the Blessings of Health,
and be made in a few Weeks, useful Members of the Community, able to provide
for themsels'es and Families.
The kind Care our Assemblies have heretofore taken for the Relief of sick
and distempered Strangers, by providing a Place for their Reception and .Accom-
modation, leaves us no Room to doubt their showing an equal tender Concern for
the Inhabitants. And we hope they will be of Opinion with us. that a small Pro-
vinical Hospital, erected and put under proper Regulations, in the Care of Persons
to be appointed by this House, or otherwise, as they shall think meet, with Power
to receive and apply the charitable Benefactions of good People towards enlarging
and supporting the same, and some other Provisions in a Law for the Purposes
above mentioned, will be a good Work, acceptable to God and to all the good
People they represent.
8
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ORIGINAL PETITION FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE
PF:\'N?;Yr.VA\MA HOSPITAL.
We therefore humbly recommend the Premises to their serious consideration.
A. Morris, Jan.
Jona. Evans.
Joseph Shijjpen.
John Inghs.
John Mifflin.
Geo. Spotford.
John Reynell.
Chas. Norris.
William Griffitts.
Reese Meredith.
Jos. Richard.son.
Jos. Sims.
Edward Cathrall.
Samuel Smith.
S. Shoemaker.
Saml. Hazard.
Saml. Sansom.
Amos Strettell.
John Armitt.
Jos'h Fisher.
Nath'l. Allen.
Wm. Plumsted.
Luke Morris.
Stephen Armitt.
Samuel Rhoads.
Wm. Coleman.
Wm. Atwood.
Anth Morris.
Thos. Graeme.
Will. Branson.
Israel Pemberton.
Joshua Crosby.
Will. Allen.
This interesting document was in the handwriting of Franklin,
though not signed by him, probably from the fact that he was before
the people as a candidate for public ofifice (being soon after elected to
represent the City of Philadelphia in the Provincial Assembly). The
wording of this petition is at once forcible and significant, not merely
advocating the needs of the sick and injured, but the insane are
referred to first, as if constituting the most important subject for
legislation, and in a manner truly humane and highly enlightened.
The views expressed on behalf of this afflicted class were far in
advance of the times, and this document remains an imperishable
monument to the honor, intelligence, and jihilanthropy of the origi-
nators and promoters of this charity. Referring to this, Franklin says :
On the second reading of the Petition, January 29, 1751, the House gave
leave to the Petitioners to bring in a Bill, which was read the First Time on the
first of February. For some time it was doubtful whether the Bill would not
miscarry, many of the Jlembers not readily conceiving the Necessitj' or Usefulness
of the design : and apprehending moreover, that the Expense of paj'ing Physicians
and Surgeons, would eat up the whole of any Fund that could be reasonably
e.xpected to be raised ; but three members of the Medical Profession, viz. : Doctors
Lloyd Zachary, Thomas Bond, and Phineas Bond, generously offering to attend
the Hospital gratis for three years, and the other Objections being by degrees got
over, the Bill, on the seventh of the same Month, passed the House, jVcmiite Coii-
tfadicente, and on the nth of May following, it received the Governor's approval.
The following is the text of the original :
Charter of the Pennsvlvani.\ Hospital
Anno Regni Georgii II. Regis, Magnre Brittaniie, Francis &
HiberniK, Vigesimo Quarto.
At a General Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, begun
and holden at Philadelphia, the Fourteenth day of October, Anno
Domini, 1750, in the twenty-fourth year of the Reign of our Sovereign
Lord George II. by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France &
Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc. And from thence con-
tinued by .\djournments to the Sixth Day of May, 1751.
Petition
presented to
the .\ssembly.
Petition read
a second time
and favorably
considered.
Charter
granted by
the Asseml)ly
Establishing
the Pennsyl-
vania Hos-
pital.
Government
vested in Cor-
poration of
Contributors.
Managers
and Treas-
urer to be
annually
chosen.
An ACT to encourage the establisliing of an Hospital for the Relief
of the Sick Poor of this Province, and for the Reception and Cure of
l.iinaticks.
WHERK.AS tlte saving and restoring useful and laburious Members to a
Community is a Work of publitk Service, and the Relief of the Sick Poor
is notonlyan Act of Humanity, but a religious Duty: AND WHERKAS there are
frequently in many Parts of this Province poor distempered Persons, who languish
long in Pain and Misery, under various Disorders of Body and Mind, and being
scattered abroad in different and very distant Habitations, cannot have the Benefit
of regular Advice, Attendance, Lodging, Diet and Medicines, but at a great Expense
and therefore often suffer for Want thereof; which Inconveniency might be happily
reTUOved by collecting the Patients into one common provincial Hospital, properly
disposed and appointed, where they may be comfortably subsisted, and their
Health taken Care of at a small Charge, and whereby the Blessing of God on the
Endeavours of skilful Physicians and Surgeons, their Diseases may be cured and
removed. AND WIIERE.^S it is represented to this Assembly, that there is a
charitable Disposition in divers Inhabitants of this Province to contribute largely
towards so good a Work, if such Contributors might be incorporated with proper
Powers and Privileges for carrying on and compleating the same, and some part of
the publick Money given and ajjpropriated to the providing a suitalile Building
for the Purposes aforesaid.
THEREFORE, for the Encouragement of so useful, pious, and charitable a
Design, we pray that it may be enacted, and be it enacted by the Honourable
James Hamilton, Esq.; Lieutenant-Governor under the Honourable Thomas
Penn, and Richard Penn, Esquires, true and absolute Proprietaries of the
Province of P,>insylvaitia, and Counlics of Xitv Castle, A'liil, and Sussex, \i\mn
Ddlaware, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Representatives of the
Freemen of the said Province, in General Assembly met, and by the Authority
of the same. That it shall and may be lawful to and for all Persons, each of whom
shall have contributed or subscribed the Sum of Ten Pounds or more, towards
founding and establishing an Hospital, for the Reception and Relief of Lunaticks:
and other distemper'd and sick Poor within this Province, or as niany of them as
shall think fit, to assemble and meet on the first Day of the Month called July
next ; and for all Persons, who shall thereafter contribute the like Sum of Tin
Pounds or more (together with the said first Subscribers) or so many of them as
shall think fit, to assemble and meet on the second Day of the first Week in the
Month called May, yearly for ever, at some convenient place in the City of
I'nihidclphia, then and there to elect by Ballot, twelve fit and suitable Persons, of
their own Number, to be Managers of the said Contribution and Hospital, and
one other Person to be Treasurer of the same until the next Election ; and farther,
to make such Laws, Rules and Orders, as shall appear to them the said Con-
tributors met, or the major Part of them, to be good, useful and necessary, for the
well governing, ordering and regulating the said Hospital, and for the Regulation
of the future Elections of Managers, Treasurer, and other necessary Officers and
Ministers thereof, and for limiting and a|)pointing their Number, Trust and
.Authority; and generally for the well-ordering all other Things concerning the
Government, Estate, Goods, Lands, Revenues, as also all the Businc-ss and Aflairs
of the said Hospital : All which Laws, Rules and Orders so to be made as
aforesaid, shall be from Time to Time inviolably observed by all concerned,
according to the Tenor and F^ffect of them, provided they be not repugnant to the
Laws of £'«^/aHrf, or this Government, and are approved by the Chief Justice,
the Speaker of the Assembly, and the Attorney General of this Province for the
Time being, under their Hands and Seals. And the said Contributors sliall be, and
are hereby made a Body corporate in Law, to all Intents and Purposes, and shall Contributors
have perpetual Succession, and may sue, or be sued, plead, or be impleaded, by made a
the Name of The Conlrilnitors to the Pennsylvania Hospital, in all Courts of Corporation.
Judicature within this Province; and by that Name shall and may receive and take
any Lands, Tenements or Hereditaments, not e.xceeding the yearly Value of One Limitation of
Thousand Pounds, of the Gift, Alienation, Bequest, or Devise of any Person or their Estate.
Persons whomsoever ; and of any Goods or Chattels whatsoever ; and the said
Contributors are hereby impowered to have and use one common Seal in their
Affairs, and the same at their Pleasure to change and alter.
PRO\'IDED nevertheless, That no General Meeting of the said Contribu- Capital Stock
tors, nor any Persons acting under them, shall employ any Money, or other Estate, not to be
e.xpressly given or added to the capital Stock of the said Hospital, in any other E.vpended.
Way, than by applying its annual Interest or Rent, towards the Entertainment
and Care of the sick and distempered Poor, that shall be from Time to Time
brought and placed therein, for the Cure of their Diseases, from any Part of this
Province, without Partiality or Preference.
AND for the farther Encouragement of this beneficent Undertaking,
BE IT ENACTED by the Authority aforesaid. That when the said Contributors
shall have met and chosen their Managers and Treasurer as aforesaid, and shall Two thou-
have raised by their Contributions, a capital stock of Tuo Thousand Pounds sand pounds
Value I the yearly Interest or Rent of which is to be applied to the accommodating conditionally
of the sick Poor in the said Hospital, free of Charge for Diet, Attendance, Advice and given.
Medicines) and shall make the same appear to the Satisfaction of the Speaker of
the Assembly for the Time being ; that then it shall and may be lawful for the said
Speaker of the Assembly, and he is hereby required, to sign an Order or Orders
on the Provincial Treasurer, or Trustees of tlie Loan-Office, for the Payment of
Tivo Thousand Pounds, in two yearly Payments, to the Treasurer of the said
Hospital, to be applied to the Founding, Building and Furnishing of the same.
AND BE IT FURTHER ENACTED, by the Authority aforesaid, That Accounts to
the Accounts of the Disbursement of the said Two Thousand Pounds, so be published,
ordered by the Speaker of the Assembly aforesaid, or any Part thereof that shall
be hereafter expended, as the Case may be, and of the Rents, Products and
Interests of any real or personal Estates or Sums of Money charitably given to the
Use of the said Hospital, together with a List of such Donations, shall be fairly
drawn out and published annually in the Gazette, or other News-Papers : And
the Managers of the said Hospital, shall at all Times, when required, submit the
Books, Accounts, Affairs and CEconomy thereof, to the Inspection and free
Examination of such Visitors as may from Time to Time be appointed by the
Assembly of this Province, to visit and inspect the same.
PROVIDED ALWAYS, and it is hereby further enacted by the Authority i,, failure of a
aforesaid. That if at any Time hereafter, there should not be a constant Succes- succession of
sion of Contributors to meet yearly and chuse Managers as aforesaid, then the Contributors.
said Hospital, and the Estate and Affairs thereof, shall be in the Management,
and under the Direction of such Persons as sliall be from Time to Time appointed
bv Act of General Assembly of this Province for that Purpose.
Signed by the order of the House.
Is.\AC NOKRis, Speaker.
Approved by the Governor eleventh day of !May, 1751.
The strenuous efforts made for the establishment of the Hospital
had not been in vain. Its iiromoters in the meanwhile had not been
//:. ^y^^y'y -i'v/'./J^ .4?,.^^ .V/^"^, ■//?„„...
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^'^iyyy/K-„;.p J/c'?^/^,y..^p7'. ''<9f^*„,/:^.^,y
/■j'yy
This illustration is a photographic reproduction of the first page of the niitnite-book conlaiotng
report of the first Contributors' meeting and election o! Managets. It is in Franklin's handwriting.
idle ; a subscription list was set on foot which in a short time
amounted to over ;^2 75o, a sum much in excess of the figure required
by the law to obtain the ^2000 from ihe Provincial Treasurer or
Trustees of the Loan Office.
On July 2d, the Managers met at the Widow Pratt's Royal Selection
Standard Tavern. After some Discussion on the Choice of a Piece of a Site,
of Ground on which to erect the Hospital, they adjourned and went in a
body to view several places near " the Town " ' which were thought
suitable for a location. They eventually agreed upon one particular lot
belonging to Thomas and Richard Penn, the Proprietaries, on the
South side of Mulberry (now .'Vrch) Street, from Ninth to Tenth Streets,
and e.xtending 360 feet in depth southward from Mulberry Street.
The Managers again met on July 6th, when it was "voted
ticminc coiitradicente, that Joshua Crosby be the President of this
Board until the next election, and that Benjamin Franklin officiate as
Clerk until another shall be appointed."
This particular piece of ground having been selected, the Man- Favorable
agers drafted the following address, and forwarded it to Thomas Hyam location
and Sylvanus Bevan, their agents at London, to be by them presented
to the Proprietaries. What was done in this matter, and the answers
the Managers received, and the other documents relating to the same,
it is believed are of sufficient interest to be here placed on record.
The Managers before appealing to the Proprietaries in England, Appeal to
sought to enlist the interest of Lieut. Gov. Hamilton, who at that ,^^^\^°^
° . Hanulton.
time represented the Penns. It will be seen by the following corres-
pondence that in this they were less successful than in other directions.
The following is a confidential letter sent by Governor Hamilton- to
Thomas Penn, in England :
PHIL.\DELPHI..i, July 5, 1751.
Hon'd Sir: I had the honour to write You a few days agoe by Captain Styles Letter from
and as every thing remains in the same situation as was therein mentioned, I have Governor to
nothing new to add at present. Proprietors.
We have heard by the publick Papers of the unfortunate Accident that befell
You, in your journey to Bath, and should have been kept in a very cruel suspence
with respect to the consequence, But that Mr. Paris was so kind as to inform me
by way of Boston, of your being out of all danger from the Wound so that we
were at the same time made acquainted, with the Peril you had been in, & your
happy recovery from it. Upon which, I begg leave most sincerely to congratulate
You, and hope you do me the Justice to believe, that, no man more heartily
rejoices at your escape from so imminent a Disaster.
^ By the Charter of October 25, 1 701. the City was incorporated under the name of "The
Mayor and Commonality of the City of Philadelphia," previous to this it had been called a " town."
^James Hamilton, son of Andrew Hamilton, was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Pennsyl-
vania in 1741. He was the first native Governor. In 1754 he resigned his commission, but in 1759,
when in England, he again accepted the same office, which in 1763. he yielded to John Penn.
13
Young Mr. Pemberton and Others of ihu MaiiaKers of the Inltiided Hospital,
(of whicli I gave yon some Account in my last, ) waited upon me this MorninK, and
acquainted me, they were about to address You for a Benefaction to it, which they
were desiring should be, of a piece of Ground, to erect their Building upon ; and
desired me to back their request. — I told them plainly I should not concern myself
in any Application of that kind ; neither did I believe you would grant it in the
way they <lesired, but that, if you chose to make them a present, it would be of a
sum of Money, in like manner as others had done. They nevertheless persist in
making the application, and will put it into the hands of some of the principal
Friends at London, who are to sollicit it with You. — You will please to be informed
that, the Project of this Hospital took its rise principally among Friends, who as
they say, are desirous of shewing the World, that, where, they are not restrained
by principle, they can be as liberal as others ; and indeed many of them have
subscribed very largely ; several of them One hundred pounds a-picce. I should
likewise Observe that, the design, is in general well thought of, and if rightly
conducted will undoubtedly be of service in many Respects. I thought it my
duty to apprise You as early as possible of the intended Application, previous to
its being made, that you may have time to consider Mc resolve on what is proper
for you to do on the Occasion ; since I doubt not. but the Gentlemen who are to
sollicit you in their behalf, will be very importunate.
I am with all possible Regard, Sir,
Your Most Obliged & Most humble Serv't.
J.XMES Hamimon.
The hon'hle Thomas Pcnn, Esq.
The following extract from another letter is of similar tenor :
Anotherletter Philadelphia, June 19th, .752.
from Gov Honored Sir. — The Managers of the Hospital, hearing from their .Agents in
Hamilton to London, that I had received your Orders to grant them a piece of Land to build
Proorietors °" • ^''^- Crosby and Mr. Charles Norris, in their behalf, waited on me, and
requested to know the particulars, with which I immediately acquainted them,
by reading Your instructions to me upon that head. They then asked, whether,
as their memories might not be able to retain the whole contents, I would favor
them with a copy of the Instrument? to which I agreed, and ordered one to be
made out and deliver'd to them, at the same time letting them know, I should
expect their answer, to be sent to you by the first opportunity.— Some time after
Mr. Crosby and another Gentleman came to me again and acquainted me, that
the Managers &c had held several Meetings on the subject, but had not then
come to any determination, whether they could accept of your donation upon the
proposed Terms : particularly they could not engage that the Assembly would
repeal the Acts. But that, when they shovild come to a final resolution thereupon,
they would direct their Agents in England to wait on You and acquaint You with
it. I easily perceived this was a piece of evasion to conceal their intentions from
me, but I let it pass without taking any notice of it.— I think it however my Duty,
as they are asking so considerable a Gift from You, to make You acquainted with
my sentiments of this affair, after which, You will be pleased to do therein, as
You shall think right.— It is my opinion then, that these people mean nothing less,
than accepting of your Donation upon the Conditions offered them ; but are
desirous to delay giving a positive answer to your proposal till they are informed
that the Act of Assembly has received the Royal assent, to which, some of the
Chiefs of them are apprehensive You will put a stop, and being once secure in
that point, they will in the ne.\t place, by many smooth Words and Compliments
to You, and encomiums on Your Ancestors, endeavour to prevail on You to grant
14
them the Land free from the condition ol reversion &c. which is an Objection to
it, a very leading man among them made to me ; And when they have obtained
all they have to expect from you ; I am persuaded they will think a very small
share either of the Honour or of the direction ought to be lodged with You, or
with any in Authority under You.
I would not for any consideration have said thus much, had it not been my
real Opinion. But there is a possibility of my being mistaken, or of my having
judged too uncharitably of these Gentlemen ; I would desire that nothing of what
is above said may transpire, so as to reach them, as it would be to do me a very
great prejudice without answering any good purpose that I know of; and a little
time will satisfy You, whether or no my surmises are well founded.
As for myself, I have not contributed any thing to the Hospital, as it appears
clear to me. One particular Society, by making it a point with their people to
subscribe small sums, will have the entire management of it, and are desirous,
by the contributions of others, to build a reputation to themselves without ever
having done any thing of this kind in conjunction with people of other persuasions.
That, however, shall not be an Objection sufficient to prevent my subscribing to
so useful a design, if upon further experience, I find things are fairly and
impartially conducted, and the necessities of the Province call for such an
Establishment, which I believe upon Tryal are found to be much less than was
e.xpected.
These letters were found in a package of old papers relating to
the Hospital, which had probably been brought over, among other
correspondence referring to this matter, by Thomas Penn, Esq., and
being left here by him, were afterwards given to the Managers as
possibly being the most interested in them. It is not to be supposed
that Gov. Hamilton could have ever contemplated the possibility of
these letters ultimately finding their way into the archives of the
Pennsylvania Hospital.
To THE HOXOUUABLE ThOMAS PeNN AND RiCHARD PENN, ESQRS., PrOPKIE-
TORS OF THE PROVINCE OF PEXSILVAXI A, &C.
May it please the Propi'ietors —
It hath been long observed, that this your Province, remarkable for the Good-
ness of its Constitution, Laws and Government, and many other .Advantages, is
yet deficient of a common Hospital or Infirmary for the Relief of such Poor as
are afflicted with curable Diseases.
Your good People here, to supply this Defect, and out of a tender charitable
Regard to their Fellow-Creatures, have voluntarily subscribed and are still Sub-
scribing large Sums towards a Stock for the Support of such an Hospital and
the General .Assembly, being petitioned by a Number of the Inhabitants of all
Ranks and Denominations, have passed an Act to Encourage the same, and
granted Two thousand pounds for the Founding, Building & Furnishing thereof.
In Pursuance of that Act, we the Subscribers were on the first of this
Instant chosen by the Contributors to be managers of 'he said Hospital, and
think it our Duty to take this first Opportunity of laying the Affair before our
Proprietors, in humble Confidence that so good & Pious an Undertaking will not
fail of their Approbation. Hopeing withal from the accustomed Bounty of the
Proprietary Family, in encouraging former Designs of Publick Utility to the
People of their Province, the present will also receive their kind Assistance; and
The Address
of the Mana-
gers to the
Proprietors.
IS
as Private Persons raise a Stock to Support the Hospital and the Assembly build
the House so (that all concerned in the Province may share in tlie Honour, Merit
and Pleasure of promotinK so good a Work) the Proprietors will be pleased to
favour us with the Grant of a I'iec.- of ground for the Buildings, .S; their neces-
sary" Accommodations,
If any thing should occur to the Proprietaries that they may think of Service
with respect to the management or Rules of the Hospital we should be obliged to
them for their Sentiments, being desirous that what falls within uur Duty, may
be done to the greatest advantage for the Publick.
I'liiLADtLi'iilA, July 6, 1751.
Application was also made, by the following letter, to Messrs.
Hyam and Bevan, in London, requesting their friendship in
delivering the preceding address of the Managers to the Proprietaries,
informing them of the establishment of a Hospital in their Province
and also soliciting a Piece of (Jroiind for the Buildings and their
necessary accommodations.
Correspond- Phila.^ici.imma, July 6, I75>.
ence with Baleenied friends, Thomas Hyam, and Silvanus Bevan.
regard to site The Opinion we have of your Beneficent Principles induces us to make this
of Hospital. Application to you, and we hope the Opportunity of exerting your Tenderness to
the Afflicted and distressed will be so acceptable as to render any Apology
unnecessary for our Freedom in requesting your Friendship in delivering and
Solliciting the address we herewith send to our Proprietors, Thomas and
Richard Penn.
The Circumstances of this Province have, in a few Years past been much
altered, by the Addition of a great Number of Persons who arrive here from
several parts of Europe, many of whom are poor and settle in Remote parts of
the Country, where suitable provision caimot be made for their Relief from the
Various Disorders of Body and Mind some of them labour under, the consider-
ation of which hath lately raised in many of the Inhabitants of this City a
benevolent Concern and engaged them to apply for the Assistance of tlie Legis-
lature by whom a Law is passed and some Provision made out of the Provincial
Treasury for the erecting a Publick Hospitaler Infirmary under the Direction of a
Corporation by whom we have lately been Elected the managers. But as the
Publick Funds are not sufficient to answer the expense of endowing it, a Charitable
subscription for that Purpose hath been proposed and begun with good Success.
The Necessity and Advantages of this Institution are so Apparent that Persons of
all Ranks unite very heartily in promoting it and as Several of our most Eminent
Physicians and Surgeons have freely offered their Service for some years We have
Good grounds to expect that this Undertaking may be of General Service much
sooner than was at first expected and that our Legislature will soon make a
further provision for the Building which we apprehend it will be prudent to
contrive and erect in such manner as to Admit of such Additions as the Future
State of the Province may require. The Principal Difficulty we now labour under
is the want of a commodious Lott of Ground in a healthy Situation fur (tho' we
havesogreat encouragement as we have mentioned) yet we cannot flatter ourselves
with Speedily raising a Sum Sufficient to enable us to provide for all other
necessary charges and to purchase a Suitable piece of Ground so near the built
part of the City as the constant attendance of the Physicians and other consider-
ations will necessarily require. We therefore are under the Necessity of laying
16
tile Slate of our Case before our Proprietors, and we hope the same Motives
whicl) have induced Others will have due Weight with them to promote this Good
Work, and that they will generously direct a Piece of Ground to be allotted for
this Service.
There are several Lotts in different Parts of this City very suitable but from
their Situation etc., are of great Value for other Purposes we have therefore
thought of one which is in a part of the Town quite unimproved and where in all
Probability there will he the Conveniency of an Open Air for many years, it is the
vacant part of the Square between the Ninth and Tenth Streets from Delaware on
the South side of Mulberry Street, and is 396 feet East and West, and 360 feet North
and South. The Lotts in this part of the City have not advanced in Value for
several Years Past, and are not likely to be soon settled so that we are in hopes
if you will favor us with your Application for this Piece of ground you will meet
with no difficulty in obtaining it.
The Interest of the Proprietors and People are so nearly connected that it
seems to us Self-evident that they mutually share in whatever contributes to the
Prosperity and Advantage of the Province which consideration added to the
satisfaction arising from Acts of Charity and Benevolence will we hope have so
much Weight with them, as to render any other Argument Superfluous, but as your
own prudence will suggest to you the most Effectual Method of soUiciting this
Address successfully we rely thereon so much as to think it unnecessary to add
any thing more on this Occasion than that your Friendship therein will be e.\ceed-
ingly gratefull to Us and our Fellow Citizens in general, and next to obtaining the
Lott We Ask for the most agreeable Service you can do us, is to Obtain a Speedy
Answer, for the promoting this Undertaking appears to us so necessary that all
concerned therein are unanimous in determining to prepare for the Building early
in the Spring of next year
We are, with much respect, your obliged, real friends.
To this the following reply was received :
London, i8th, ist Mo., 1752.
Esteemed Friends. — We received yours the sixth July past, and the address
which it brought was by us delivered to Thomas Penn, Esquire, unto which we
most readily joined what interest we have with him and his brother, to grant your
request of a piece of ground, whereon to build the proposed Hospital in your
City ; and we make no doubt but Joshua Crosby hath informed you of what his
answer was, and also of what Thomas Hyam and Son wrote him from time to
time on the subject ; and now we have the pleasure to acquaint you that yesterday
we received a letter from him granting your request, a copy whereof is here under.
We are your assured friends,
Tho.mas Hyam, Silvanus Bevan.
London, January 17, 1752- Proprietors
Gentlemen. — You may inform the directors ot the Hospital at Philadelphia, ^f^f.^ another
that we sent orders to the Governour, the nineteenth of December, by way of lot of ground
New England, to grant them a piece ot ground to build the Hospital upon, though
not the jiiecethey asked, yet one of the same size, and where, if it should be neces-
sary, we can grant them an.addition.
I Am, Gentlemen, your affectionate friend,
Thomas Penn.
To Messieurs Silvanus Bcz'an, and Thomas Hyam.
The Governor was pleased to favor the managers with a copy of
the instructions he received upon this occasion, which, after due con-
17
sideration, they made some observations upon, andsent to their agents.
A copy of these several papers here follow in their order :
Thomas and Thomas Penn, and Richard Penn, tki'e and absolute i-roprietaries of
Richard the province of Pennsylvania, and of the counties of New
Penn, Esqrs', Castle, Kent, and Sussex, on Delaware, in America.
Charter and Xo James Hamilton, esquire, our lieutenant jjovernor of our said province and
grant of a counties, and to all other persons whom these presents may concern, greeting,
piece of Whereas it has been represented unto us, th.it there is a want in our said
ground, province of a common Hospital, or Infirmary, for the relief of such poor as are
atilicted with curable diseases ; and that many of the good inhabitants thereof, lu
supply that defect, and out of a tender and charitable regard to their fellow
creatures, had voluntarily subscribed, and were still subscribing, large sums of
money, towards a stock for the support of such a Hospital ; and that the assembly
there, being petitioned by a number of the inhabitants of all ranks and denomina-
tions, had already granted two thousand pounds, for the founding, building, and
furnishing thereof; and that the persons who had contributed towards the stock
thereof, or many of them, had, in the month of July past, chosen certain persons
to be managers of the said intended Hospital.
And whereas the said managers had addressed us, laying the said affair before
us, in confidence that so good and pious an undertaking would not fail of our
approbation, and hoping, from the accustr.med bounty of our family in encourag-
ing former designs of public utility to the peopleof our said province, the present
would also receive our kind assistance ; and that as private i)eisons raised the
stock to support the Hospital, and the assembly were to build the house, so that
we would be pleased to favour the said managers with the grant of a piece of
ground for the buildings and necessary accommodations for the said Hospital ;
and also requesting our sentiments, if anything should occur to us that we might
think of service with respect to the management or rules ol the said Hospital :
Know ye therefore, that we, having taken tiie premises into our considera-
tion, and .ipproving and gre.itly favouring the said general scheme and intention,
and being desirous to aid and assist the same, as conceiving that the due execu-
tion thereof may tend to the relief of many poor and necessitous persons in our
said province and to the general benefit and advanl.tgeol the same, have resolved
to incorporate the present and future subscribers by our grant of incorporation ;
and at the same time to grant unto such corporation so incorporated, a valuable
tract of land in a proper place within our good city of Philadelphia.
In order whereto, we do by these presents, give, grant, and commit unto you,
our said lieutenant governour. full power, commission, and authority, by one
instrument or grant of incorporation, to be issued in our names, and to be sealed
with the great seal of our said province, to incorporate and erect into a body poli-
tick or corporate, by such name or title as to you shall seem most apt and conven-
ient, all and every such persons, who already have subscribed and paid, or at any
time hereafter shall subscribe and pay the sum of ten pounds or more, of current
money of our said province, towards the founding and establishing a Hospital for
the reception and relief of lunaticks, and other distempered and sick poor within
our said province, such corporation to have continuance to such contributors and
their successours for ever ; and to grant all usual , common , proper and reasonable
powers of a corporation unto such corporation, and their successors ; and par-
ticularly for the making of such reasonable and lawful by-laws, rules and orders,
as to the said corporation, or the major part of them, when duly assembled in
such manner as shall be therein appointed, shall seem useful and necessary for
l8
•the well ordering, regulating and governinj; the said Hospital ; for the regulation
■of the future elections of managers, treasurer or treasurers, and other necessary charter fron
officers and ministers thereof; for limiting their numbers, trusts, and authorities. Proprietors
and the times and durations of their respective continuance in their offices, and
the causes and manner of reraovmg any of them (if occasion should require) and
^generally, for the well ordering all other matters and things, any way relating to
or concerning the good government, estate, lands, rents, revenues, interest, monies
and goods, and all other the business and affairs of the said Hospital, and of the
poor therein, and of the officers and ministers thereof And also to grant, that
all such by-laws, rules and orders, so to be made as aforesaid, shall be from time
;to time inviolably observed by all concerned, according to the tenour and effect of
them, provided they be reasonable in themselves, not repugnant to the laws of
Great Britain, or of our said province, and be first approved by us, or such of us,
our heirs or assigns, proprietaries of our said province, as shall for the time being
'be in America, and by the chief justice, and speaker of the assembly for the time
being, under our and their hands and seals, in case we, or either of us, or the
heirs or assigns of us, or either of us, or any of them, shall for the time being
happen to be in America ; but in case we, or either of us, nor any of the heirs or
assigns of either of us, proprietaries of our said province, shall happen from time
to time to be in America, then being first approved by and under the hands and
seals of the governour or lieutenant governour, the chief justice, the speaker of
the assembly, and the attorney general of our said province for the time being, or
by any three of them. And also to grant and appoint such persons to be present
and immediate officers of such corporation (until a future election of new ones) as
have already been chosen and appointed by the subscribers thereto, and to grant
power to the said corporation, and to their successours, to take and receive, and
•to hold and enjoy, for the use of the said corporation, any lands, tenements or
hereditaments within our said province, not exceeding in the whole the yearly
value of one thousand pounds at the time of such taking of the gift, grant, aliena-
.tion, bequest or devise of any person or persons whatsoever ; and also to take,
receive, hold and enjoy, any goods or chattels, to any value whatsoever; and to
grant unto the said corporation power to use a common seal for the business of the
■said corporation, and the same at pleasure to alter and change ; but you are in
such our grant of incorporation to insert one or more express provisoes and condi-
^tions, that no general meeting of the members of such corporations, or any per-
sons acting under them, shall sell or convert into money, any real estate, given or
to be given to the said corporation (unless directed so todo by the donor or doners
of the samel nor shall employ or dispose of any i)rincipal money or other effects,
■which are or shall be given or added for the purpose of increasing of the capital
stock of the said corporation in any other manner than by applying the annual
irent, revenue, income, or interest of the same, towards the entertainment and
cure ot the sick and distempered poor, that shall from time to lime be brought and
.placed in or under the care of the said Hospital, and the officers and ministers
thereof, for the cure of their diseases, from any part of our said province, without
partiality or preference. And also that fair, full, and plain accounts in writing, of
all subscriptions, benefactions, donations, and gifts of every kind to the said cor-
poration, and of the disposal, employment and disbursements of the same, and
of the rents, revenues, incomes, interest and produce arising therefrom, and of
ithe disposal thereof, and of all salaries paid to any officers or servants, shall con-
.stantly lie open in some publick part of the Hospital, for the free view and inspec-
tion, at all times in the day, of any subscriber or contributor, and that an account
of .the same, signed by .three or more of the managers, be, from time to time, once
in the month of October, inevcrj' year, published in the Gazelle, or other news-
paper, printed in our said province, for the information of all persons. And that
the books, accounts, affairs, economy, disposition, and management of the said
Hospital, and of all the estate, rents, revenues, and interest thereof, and of all the
managers, treasurers, otTicers, ministers and servants thereof, and every matter
and thing relating to the same, or to any of them, and all abuses concerning the
same (if any such should ever happen) shall at all times be subject to the inspec-
tion, free examination and reformation of such visitors, not exceeding four in
number, as we, our heirs or assigns, proprietaries of the said province, or the
lieutenant governour of the said province for the time being, shall from time to
time appoint, so as the chief justice, and the speaker of the assembly of our said
province for the lime being, be always two of such visitors.
" And we do hereby give, grant and commit to you, our said lieutenant
governor, further power, commission, and authority, in and by the same instru-
ment or grant of incorporation to be so issued as aforesaid, to give and grant unto,,
and for the use of the said corporation, and their successors for ever, all that part
of the square or parcel of vacant land, in our said city of Philadelphia, herein-
after described : that is to say, all that jiiece or parcel of land situated, lying, and
being on the north side of Sassafras street, between Sixth and Seventh streets
from Delaware, containing from east to west on Sassafras street three hundred and
ninety-six feet, or thereabouts, little more or less, and from south to north, on
Si.xth and Seventh streets, three hundred feet, and bounding northward on other
vacant land, part of the same square, reserved to us, to hoUl unto, and to the use
of the said corporation and their successours, to and for the use of the said
Hospital for ever, rendering to the hands of our receiver-general, and of the
receiver-general of us. our heirs, or assigns, proprietaries of the said provinces
for the time being, in our said province, for our use, the yearly rent of five shil-
lings of lawful money of Great Britain on the first day of March in each and every
year henceforth for ever, under a declared and express proviso and condition to
be contained in such grant of incorporation, that if, at any time hereafter, there
shall not be a constant succession of contributors to meet yearly and choose
managers and officers, then the said tract of land thereby to be granted, shall
revert and return to us, our heirs and assigns, proprietaries of our said jirovince,
as in our first and former estate. And you are to insert in such grant, all such
other proper clauses and matters, not contrary to, or inconsistent with, the direc-
tions hereby given, as to you shall seem proper and reasonable ; and particularly
for the enrolment of the said grant in the master of the rolls office in Philadelphia.
For which, this shall be to you our sufficient warrant, commission, and
authority.
Given under our hands and seals, this twenty-eighth day of October, one
thousand seven hundred and fifty-one.
Thomas Penn, /,. 5.
RicH.VRD Penn. L. S.
The (iroposed grant ^vas respectfully but firmly declined; and
the following "Remarks" made thereon, written by Franklin, were
sent with a letter to Messrs, Hyam and Bevan, July 2, 1752.
Grant The design of the hospital being (in itselO so beneficent, and our honorable
declined as proprietaries having fully expressed their approbation of it in strong terms, as
unsuitable, well as declared their kind intentions of aiding and assisting it, by granting a
valuable tract of land, in a proper place, for a Hospit.il ; all therefore th.at seems
necessary for us to do, is to convince our honourable proprietaries, that the
■methods by which they have proposed to aid and assist the Hospital, will by no
means answer these good intentions, but are really inconsistent therewith.
We must then beg leave to remark in the first place, with regard to the
■charter, that, as the act of assembly is undoubtedly the best grant of incorpora-
tion that we can possibly have, and as the representatives of the freemen of this
province have generously contributed towards the design, we should fail of the
respect that is justly due to them, were wetoacceptof any other, without obtaining
«ome very great and manifest advantage by it ; but that there are no such advan-
tages in the charter proposed, is evident at first view : On the contrary, we should
by it be confined to stricter limits than we now are, particularly with respect to the
power of making bylaws, and being subjected to visitors of the proprietaries'
appointment. But that clause w-hich makes the lot (and of consequence the
buildings on it) revert to the proprietaries, on failure of a succession of contribu-
tors, is so weighty an objection, that were there no other, we could not entertain
the least thoughts of accepting the charter ; for as the sum allow'ed for support of
the Hospital is limited, we may reasonably conclude, that in time there will cease
to be a succession of contributors, and no person can imagine that when that hap-
pens to be the case, the lot and buildings ought to become the private property of
any man : And though the act of assembly hath made provision in a manner
which may be liable to some inconveniences, yet it can scarce fail of answering the
purposes first intended. The proprietaries, to be sure, have not attended to these
consequences, or they never would have proposed any thing so inconsistent with
the design they intended to promote.
As to the lot that the proprietaries designed for the Hospital, it is so situated,
and so circumstanced, that it will by no means be suitable for the purpose. It is
a moist piece of ground, adjoining to the brick yards, where there are ponds of
■standing water, and therefore must be unhealthy, and more fit for a burying
place (to which use part of it is already applied) than for any other service ;
besides, as it is part of a square allotted by the late honourable proprietary for
publick uses, as the old maps of city will show, our fellow citizens would ta.\ us
with injustice to them ; if we should accept of this lot by a grant from our present
proprietaries, in such terms as would seem to imply our assenting to their having
•a right to the remainder of the square.
The ground granted to the Contributors by the Proprietaries Managers
having been found unsuitable, the gift of thfe site desired was again prefer to pur-
solicited, or, failing in this, the Proprietaries were requested to name
a price, if willing to sell.
The following letter was accordingly addressed by the managers
to Messrs. Hyam and Bevan :
Philadelphia, 2d of 7th mo., 1752.
Esteemed friends :
We now, on behalf of the contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital, with
•much gratitude and respect, acknowledge the benevolent disposition you have
manifested, by jour industry and care in solliciting our address to our proprie-
taries ; and as we are fully convinced nothing hath been wanting on your parts,
we should have been much pleased that the Lott which the proprietaries proposed
■for the Hospital, and the terms of their Grant, were such as we desired, or could
accept.
Immediately after the receipt of your letter, with the copy of that you had
ifrom the proprietaries, our President waited on the Governour, who was pleased
chase a more
appropriate
site.
to comnuinicati- to lis the instruction he had reciivtd ; aiul as the answer given'
Inciter til ''>' *''^' P'oprietaries to you may have induced you to think they had granted our
Messrs Hyam r^qtiest, We think it necessary to send you a copy of their instructions to the
and Bevan governour; after perusal of which, and of the few remarks we have made thereon,
declining *^^ have no doubt, you will approve of our resolutions, not to accept of a I.ott on
grant and "lese terms.
offering to Before we agreed on the address to the proprietaries, we surveyed the square
purchase, 'of wliich the lot proposed by them is a part) and the situation appeared to us in
in every respect inconvenient and unsuitable for our purpose. It is contiguous
to the brickmakers' ground, from which the city hath been furnished with bricks
above forty years past, so that their large ponds being constantly filled with
standing water, renders the neighborhood unhealthy, and of course absolutely
improper for our purpose, which is to restore the sick to health ; and the only
proper use of that sipiare will be for a burial ground, to which service some
part of it hath been applied by a grant from the proprietaries ; and' the dissatis-
faction which nppear'd, and still subsists among our fellow-citizens, on the
proprietors claiming a right to make that grant is so great, that if there were no
other objections, we would not run the risque of Increasing it.
We still think that the I.ott we first mentioned is more suitable for us than any
other so near the city, and of so small value, and we are not entirely without
hopes that the proprietors, who have so fully declared their approbation of our
design, will still grant the same to us ; We are assured, if they regard their own
interest in the affections of the people, or even attend to the Justice of their
concurring in the promoting of every scheme calculated for the publick utility of
their province. They will cheerfully grant it to us ; And if you should entertain the
same sentiments, we retpicst you to renew your sollicitations to them, and if you
find tliem still unwilling to favour our request, we should be ple.ised to know
whether they will sell it to us, or Lett it for ever on an annual rent, and the
price or rent they propose ; for as the number of contributors still continues
gradually encre.ising, we shall rather endeavour to purchase a Lott in a proper
situation, than to build the house in an inconvenient place, or to accept of any I,ott
on such terms as we know would give a general dissatisfaction.
One of the contributors hath offer'd to give a Lott of ground much larger than
that we now ask, and in a very good air ; but being about a mile out of town, we
are apprehensive it will be inconvenient to the physicians, who, as they freely
give their attendance, should be subjected to as little difi'iculty as possible.
We have, for the present, hired a house tolerably convenient, into which we
began to admit patients about six months since. The number received is
twenty three, of which twelve have been cured and discharged, and eleven are
remaining; and as the benefitls of this institution become daily more attended
to, we have not the le.ast doubt that the minds of such who are bless'd with the
means, will gradually become the more freely disposed to contribute towards
this good work, and that it will soon become of general service to the people of
this province.
The kind manner in which you have cheerfully engaged to serve us, gives us
reason to think you will approve of our writing to you with so much freedom ; we
shall not therefore offer any apology for it.
We are your Obliclged Friends, Joshua Ckosbv, President.
The Proprietaries, through Messrs. Hyam and Bevan, ex|)lained
the objectionable Reversion clause in their charter, and disclaimed any
wish to appropriate to themselves the buildings which might be erected-
22
The only contingency contemplated was a restoration of the grounds,
when they should cease to be used for the purposes for which granted.
The proprietaries were, however, still of the opinion that their
charter and the ground offered should be accepted by the contributors.
To THE Managers of the Pennsvi-vania Hospital. Reply of
Respected Friends, — We attended your proprietary, Thomas Penn, esquire, Hyam and
and presented to him your remarks on the grant of land made by him and his Bevan.
brother Richard to your society (dated the eighth of October, 1751), and
requested instead thereof that spot which your memorial mentioned, and
desired might be granted for the intended Hospital. He perused the remarks,
and made objections to them, alleging that the ground which you desired was
contiguous to that which they have offered, consequently no difference in the
healthiness thereof. And as to the remark against its reverting to the proprie-
taries he very readily declared nothing more was intended by the clause in the
grant, than that provided the scheme for the establishment and continuance ot
the Hospital should not succeed, either for the want ot the sum proposed to be
raised as a fund, or through any other cause, that then the ground should revert,
&c., but as to the erections thereon, they should be at the managers disposal.
We desired his answer in writing, but he refused the giving it in that manner,
and added, the governour should have the necessary instructions on the affair,
unto whom you might apply concerning it. On the whole, he came to this
resolution, not to make any alteration in what was before granted, nor to let or
sell the spot of ground you pitch upon ; and therefore we are of opinion, you
should either accept the proprietaries' ofier, with the clause relating to the
reverting to them being e.xplained, or else fix on some other piece of ground,
.^nd if there is no other objection than the small distance of a mile to the place
which one of the contributors hath offered to give you, may not that be more fit
for a Hospital or Infirmary, than to have it in the city, where infectious diseases
may be much more liable to spread. What seems to us to disquiet the Proprie-
taries is your Questioning their Right to the Square of which the Spot which
they offer is a part and also that you esteem an Establishment from the .Assembly
preferable to a Charter from the Proprietaries. We observe, with pleasure, the
success that hath attended the beginning of the good work you are engaged in,
and hope it will go forward, and be happily completed, and are, with hearty
salutes. Your real friends,
Jan'y 31, 1753. Thomas HvA>t, Svlvanvs Bevan.
The Managers acknowledged the courtesies of Messrs. Hyam and
Bevan. and regretted the failure of their request to the proprietaries ;
the accounts of the Hospital to be sent as soon as published.
Pensvlvania Hospital, 30th of 6th mo., 1753. Anotherletter
Esteemed friends : of Managers.
We have lately rec'd your favour of thirty-first, first month last, with
duplicate of your former letters to our President, and being sensible that you
have solicited our address to the proprietaries with all the diligence and care we
could desire or expect, we gratefully acknowledge your friendship, and think
ourselves under the same obligations we sho'd have been if your kind Endeavours
had obtained the desired Effect.
The accounts of the afiTairs of the Hospital, and of its present state, will be
laid before the assembly at their next meeting, and soon after publish'd, of which
23
we sliall direct duplicates to be sent you ; and as you have interested yourselves
In the promotion of it, and we are convinc'd of your good wishes for its success,
when wc can Rive you a pleasing account of its advancement, sliall take the
liberty of communicating the same, being, with real respects.
Signed on behalf of the board of Managers, Your obliged frit-nds,
Joshua Crosby, President.
The next matter which engaged the attention of the managers
was the ever recurring necessity of raising further contributions. For
which purjjose, copies of the " Rise and Progress of the Hospital"
and also of Franklin's " Some Account of the Pennsylvania Hospital,"
were sent to London.
Letter and Philadelpiiia, 7th, 8th mo., 1754.
Accounts sent -^fi'ssrs. Thomas Hyain and Sylvanus Bezan, Esteemed Friends,
to London. Your cheerful concurrence with us, in the foundation of the Pennsylvania
Hiispital, so fully assures us of the pleasure you would take in its success and
advancement, that we determined to embrace every suitable occasion of commu-
nicating the accounts of our progress; And the publick having received some
benefit, and being, we hope, gradually become more sensible of the advantage of
the institution, it was judg'd expedient, besides the general state of our accounts,
to publish a narrative of our affairs from the beginning ; which being now com-
pleated. We send you a dozen of them, not doubting of your friendship in distribut-
ing them in such manner as. may be of most service ; and that if you find any of
your friends disposed to contribute towards this good work, you will promote their
doing it.
We salute you with Respect
The appeal of the Contributors to the Proprietaries had only
resulted in the granting of a charter the provisions of which effectually
precluded the possibility of its being accepted. They offered a lot of
ground, which was entirely unsuitable on account of its marshy sur-
roundings, and, moreover, did not belong to the Proprietaries, since
it had been previously allotted and dedicated to public purposes for a
|)ark. The acceptance of this particular piece of ground by the
Hospital, if permitted by the government, would have apparently
established the right of the Proprietaries to dispose of the remainder
of the ground and thus allow it to revert from public use to private
ownership *
> Notwithstanding the original dedication of this square to public uses, this was not the fir<t
attempt to grant portions to private individuals. On June i, 174T, on application of a German
Congregalion, a warrant signed by Thomas Pcnn was issued to the Surveyor General, instructing him
to lay otit to them " a vacant lot . . . bounded northward by Vine Street, eastward and weslw.«rd
by vacancies, and southward by the ends of Sassafras {now Race) Street lots." In 1834, the same
Congregation was indicted for a nuisance in erecting a certain fence and wooden building upon a
portion of the same square; they justified their action under the title derived from the patent cf
December 14, 1763, bvit an elaborate opinion, decided the square had been dedicated to public uses
by the original Proprietors, and that the Act of Thomas Penn in 1741 in attempting to sell pan of
it to a religious society as their exclusive property and for their exclusive use, under the pretense of
its being vacan: ground, was without authority and passed no title to (he grantees. (Scharf &
Westcott.) The lot offered was within the limits of what is now called Franklin Square.
24
After the election of officers, laws and rules of order became Committeeon
necessary, and Joshua Crosby, the President, Dr. Thomas Bond, ^"''^^ °
Hugh Roberts, and Benjamin Franklin were appointed a Committee appointed,
to draught a set of Laws and Rules for the Managers, to be acted
upon by the next Meeting of Contributors.
The first rule adopted shows the thrift of the newly elected
managers and their regard for punctuality.
Resolved to meet hereafter on the First Fifth-day of the week in every month
at five in the afternoon, and that each Manager absent at such Meetings should
pay two shillings and those not coming in due time should pay one shilling ; the
Fines to be disposed as the Majority shall direct.
In the meantime, R. Peters, S. Hazard, and Israel Pemberton subscriptions
agreed to go around with the subscription papers to a number of per- sniicited.
sons who had not yet contributed and endeavor " to jirocure their
assistance to this undertaking." Every expedient that promised a
source of revenue was considered ; and the Managers did not spare
themselves, as the above extract shows.
The prospect of obtaining the two thousand pounds granted by the
Assembly stimulated every friend of the Hospital to increased effort
to raise the amount required in order to secure such a welcome appro-
priation.
On July 1 2th, 1751, the problem was discussed by the Board of
how to obtain the two thousand pounds from the Assembly, since it
was necessary in order to secure this grant that proof that an equal
sum had been obtained from private sources should be produced.
The list of subscribers presented to the Assembly on August i,
failed to give sufficient evidence that the amounts reported were
bona-fide. The Speaker stated that, as he would be held individually
responsible, he felt it his duty to require that legal notes should be
in their possession to insure the prompt jiayment of the moneys which
had been subscribed.
The President therefore announced that the Speaker wished that Penal Notes
the subscriptions should be made a certainty by taking penal notes taken to
, . . J • , . ^i_ T secure the
of such as do not pay their money immediately to the Ireasurer. subscriptions
On .August I, it was
Resolved, that Penal Bills be printed and be executed by such as do not
immediately pay ; payable on the 24th of the month called June ne.xt, with interest
from the time of subscribing.
On June 20th of the same year, this was changed to read :
That no interest be demanded of such as pay before the first of October next ;
and that the President, and Dr. Thomas Bond go round among the subscribers in
order to get the Bills executed.
Subscriptions Qn August 20, it being made to appear to the satisfaction of the
Obtained. Assembly, that the contributions, actually available, really amounted
to jC->15^> i6j 8//, being upwards of the reipiired sum, an order was
drawn on the Trustees of the Loan Office for the payment of _;^2ooo
to the Hos|jital. Of this sum, one-half (^1000) was to be paid
immediately, the balance to become due and payable in twelve
months.
This money was placed i)y the Managers to the credit of (':i|iiial
Stock account, and they ordered that it should not be loaned at
interest by the Treasurer without sufficient real security, nor in less
sums than ;^ioo.
The first real estate owned by the Hospital was donated by
Matthias Koplin, a pious, but eccentric German. The following
quaintly expressed letter is self-explanatory :
Sfptcniher llie 2, 1751.
, „ ' , Cliriilofilier Samr, ^fy dear and beloi'cdfiiend :
lion of Re.-il 1 • .
Estate Whereas I have seen out of your newspaper that the conirit)iiti)rs of the
Hospital at Philadelphia are carefully concerned about it and made a beginning
1 1 take care of the poor sick people and otjserved that it has not such a founda-
tion nor is likely to become such a Hospital as I have seen and known in
Germany, where great sums of alms were collected and ill-used according to the
affection of the masters of the Hospital, governed by self-love, enriching
themselves and favoring their friends, so that they lived in Plenty, Superlluity
and \'olupluousness, in so much that they could drive in carriages like people of
Rank, although they had nothing before nor any Income but out of the Funds of
the Hospital (when on the contrary) the poor and needy in spile of alms being
collected, sull'ered great want and were not taken care of according to their
necessity, because it was consumed otherwise. But (considering! the noble
foundation of this our Hospital, I can't but hope) it will be (also wiselyi managed
by impartial hands, therefore I thought to make a free gift, and accordingly (I do
make a gift) of a small lot of land for the use of it, situate between Germantown
and Philadelphia. And I do send hereby, to my beloved friend the deed of it.
The managers of the Hospital may make (a deed outi of it for the Hospital of
Philadelphia and send it to me, and I and my wife will set Hands ami seals to
it, before lawful witnesses, and if I should live some years longer in the flesh, I
may not be expected to come to Philadelphia every year for the election of the
twelve managers of the Hospital since that can be done without me, and I prefer
to stay at home rather than ride on horseback, drive or walk.
I am the old
M.\TrniAS Koplin.
P. S. — I pray you will not take it amiss that I made known my experience in
the debauchery of alms as I have had no ill thoughts nor have any as yet.
The above letter appears in full on the minutes, in German script,
and is followed by the English translation.
The Managers duly acknowledged this donation in the following
letter, the original of which is in Franklin's handwriting :
26
a»j~l ,.._ i'L-i-^yiS^, i~-*/»A/— .^/i.,»j„ » .
■■■N^
AUTOGRAPH LETTER.
TENDERING FIRST GIFT OF REAL ESTATE TO THE
PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL
i«i « •vmsMT c*., niu.
Philada., Oct. 3, 1751. Ackiiow-
Respecled Friend ^falllnas K'oplin. ledgment of
Thy Friend Christopher Saur hath communicated to the Managers of the Donation.
Pennsylvania Hospital, thy letter to him, expressing thy Intention of making a
free Gift to the said Hospital of a valuable Lot of Ground situate between Ger-
mantown & Philadelphia ; for which the .Managers, in Behalf of the Poor, return
thee sincere Thanks ; and hope thy charitable and generous Donation, and those
made by other well-dispos'd People to this Hospital, will never be misapplyed in
the Manner mention'd in thy Letter, as hath been usual in some Hospitals in
Germany. As a Caution to future Managers against such Misapplications, they
have order'd thy Letter to be copied in their Book of Minutes or Records of their
Proceedings, that it may be preserved to Posterity as a Testimony of the original
Intention of the Founders of this pious Institution.
The Managers salute thee respectfully, by
Thy Friend,
J. Crosby, President.
On October 3, 1751, ;^i,ooo was received by the Treasurer. Money from
The first borrowers were James Pemberton and Israel Pemberton, Jr., .Assembly
who took the money merely as an accommodation and as a means to "^este
further contribute to the Hospital's interests. They also engaged to
the Board to repay any part of it sooner than the allotted time, should
it be wanted to make provision for the Building.
At the same meeting, two hundred of the Subscription Papers
were directed to be printed and dispersed in the country to collect
subscriptions. Fearing lest some charitable persons might not have
had the opportunity of seeing one of the papers, the Treasurer was
ordered " to Advertise in the Newspapers that such as are incli.Ted to
subscribe mav apply to him and such as have already subscribed may
pay."
It being mentioned by the Treasurer, that he was willing to give security in Treasurer to
One Thousand Pounds for the faithful Performance of his office, the same was give security,
agreed to, and that hereafter it should be a rule for the future that all Treasurers
give security in such sums, as the Managers should require.
The idea of preparing for building early in the following spring a Temporary
was mentioned in the letter to Hyam and Bevan, agents of Thomas Hospital
and Richard Penn, and it shows how desirous the Managers were to ''°"*' ^''^ '
build the Hospital on land owned by the contributors ; but at that
time, owing to the want of funds, this was not possible. Realizing
that the money then at command was not sufficient to warrant them
in beginning to build, and knowing so well the number in the com-
munity of sick poor needing immediate attention, it was agreed to
begin operations in a private house without waiting until a lot could
be secured and the Hospital erected. For this purpose, at a meeting
oil September 5, again held at Widow Pratt's Royal Standard
Tavern, " the President, and Dr. Thomas Bond are requested to
27
consider of some method to begin tiie Hospital in a Private House, so
as to accommodate a few patients in order that at least some good
might be doing, in the mean time till the Hospital is built."
On October 12, 1751, this committee re|)orted :
Judge Kin- That the house late of John Kinsey, Esq., deceased, with gardens, pasture,
sev's Mansion stable, etc., was very suitable and could be obtained for the purpose: whereupon
Hired as a '' "'•''^ agreed that the Managers should meet there on second day morning next.
Hospital, at ten o'clock to view the same and consider what repairs it would require and
what Proposals to make to the administrators of that estate.'
After meeting on the apjjointed day, it was agreed —
To talce the said house and apurttnances at P'orty pounds per annum and
to lay out in Repairs the sum of Twenty-Five pounds, or if less be laid out, the
deficiency to be paid in money ; tlie Rent to commence as soon as the Mouse is
fitted ; and the Term to be Eighteen Months certain, and if the Managers should
desire to continue longer the Administrators agree to use their interest that it may
be at the same rent.
While repairs ])rogressed, no time was lost in preparing and pro-
viding everything which would be required for prospective patients,
" Israel Pemberton and Dr. Thomas Bond were desired to look out for
a suitable matron to take care of the house and of the Sick that shall
be placed there."
Physicians' "^^ "'-'•''' important matter was to select the best physicians from
Services among those that could be had who were willing to serve on the
Secured. Hospital staff without compensation. Three had already tendered
their services, for we have already seen that on October 23, 1751,
"Dr. Lloyd Zachary and Drs. Thomas Bond and Phineas Bond signified
their willingness ; to give their attendance Gratis in taking care of
the sick as Physicians and Surgeons for the First three years." The
President, by resolution, was desired to "give them the thanks of
the Board for their generous offer and to request Drs. Graeme,
Cadwalader, Moore, and Redman to assist in consultations on
extraordinary cases."
A curious resolution was adopted at this meeting, which shows
the characteristic ])rudence of the Managers, but which was probably
never carried into effect :
Physicians to Resolvid, that the Physicians of the Hospital, or such Practitioners as are
give i)roof of to perform Operations shall first give demonstration of their Skill and Abilities
skill, etc. in .\natomy, Operations, Dressings, and Bandaging before the Managers and
such others as the Managers may think fit to join with themselves to assist in
judging of the performance of such Practitioners. That this resolve be recom-
mended to the first General Meeting of the Contributors to be p.assed into a law
as a matter of the highest consequence for the safety of the Poor Patients and the
Reputation of the Hospital.
'Judge John Kinscy's Mansion was on the somh side of Market Street below Seventh (High
Street, No. 172, in i8it).
28
On January 2, 1752, the Committee entrusted with the prepara-
tion of a draft of a Law to appoint and limit the power and duty of
the Managers, etc., presented the same. This was agreed to, by the
Contributors, at a special meeting, as will be seen from the following
resolution : —
The Contributors, having been duly notified, assembled on the 13th of January Law regula-
at the Court House and adopted the following : ling Election
A Law for Regulating the Elections of the Managers and Treasirer of Managers,
OF THE Pennsylvania Hospital, and Declaring their Trust, Dltv, etc.
AND ,'\rTHORITY.
WHEREAS, by an Act of the General Assembly of the Province of Pennsyl-
vania, entitled "an .'\ct to encourage the Establishing of an Hospital for the
■/
/.y/n/ ■■■:■■ ' '■ , <xv;.-'X
/////■/i,i..
^.-ntdi- 'ty''//mX^^,.„.^_^~^
/..'-■/y:
":-^-\
\
"A
\
29
Relief of llio Sick Poor of this Province, and for the Reception & Cure of
Lunalicks," the Contrihiitors to the said Hospital are made a Body corporate,
and impowered to meet, and to make such Laws, Rules, iSc Orders, as shall
appear to them the said Contributors met, or the major Part of them, to be good,
usoful and necessary, for the well govcrninR and regulating of the said Hospital,
and for the Regulation of the Elections of Managers, a Treasurer and other
necessary officers and Ministers thereof, and for Limiting and Appointing their
Number, Trust and Authority.
AND WHKRKAS in pursuance of the said Law, the Contributors have met, and
have chosen Twelve Managers and a Treasurer, which Treasurer hath received
considerable Sums of Money for the Use of the said Hospital, and it is now become
necessary for the more orderly Disposition and Application of the said Monies,
and of such Sums as may hereafter be received, and for the more sure Direction
of the Managers and Treasurer therein, to declare and Ap|)oint their Trust,
Authority antl Duty :
THERKFORI-: IT IS ENACTED by the Contributors to the Pennsylvania
Hospilal, in General Meeting duly Assembled, That the Managers of the said
Hospital for the time being, shall have the Power of Disposing of all Monies paid
to the Treasurer for the Building, Furnishing, Support, Use and Service of the
Hosjiital, and for the hiring and Furnishing a House or Houses for the Reception
of Patients until the s.iid Hospital shall l>e built, under the Limitations and
Restrictions of the before-mentioned Act of Assembly. And the said Managers
shall likewise have the Power to direct the Manner and Terms of Receiving and
Discharging of Patients. And all Oliicers and Servants belonging to the Hospital,
other than the Treasurer, shall be in the Choice, and under the Direction of the
Managers, who shall allow and order their respective Salaries and may displace
them and appoint others as often as they shall think fit. And the said Managers
shall have the Power of calling General Meetings of the Contributors, as often as
they judge it necessary for the Service and Advantage of the Hospital and shall
cause due and iiublick Notice to be given of the Time, Place, and Design or
Purpose of such occasional Meeting, at least Ten Days before the same is to be
held, and shall nominate some discreet Member to preside therein and regulate
the Debates thereof And the said JL'inagers shall have the Keeping, and Power
of Affi.\ing the Seal of the Corporation, which Seal shall be made nearly agreeable
to the Form or Draft hereunto annexed. And they shall settle the Accounts with
the Treasurer from Time to Time ; and take Care that all Laws, Rules and Orders
made by the Contributors and legally approved, be duly and faithfully executed :
For all which, or any other Services relating to the Hospital, they shall not claim,
receive or retain any Fee, Gratuity or Reward whatsoever.
AND for the more orderly E.xecution of their Duty and Trust, the Managers
are hereby required to meet at least once a Month at the Hosjiital, or some other
fit Place in the City of Philadelphia, to confer and conclude concerning the Matters
hereby committed to them : And shall cause fair Minutes of their Proceedings to
be kept by their Clerk in a Book to be provided for that purpose. In every of
which Meetings of the Managers aforesaid. Eight of their Number met shall be
a Quorum, capable to consult, confer and conclude of and upon all Matters
appertaining to their Trust, according to the aforesaid Act of Assembly, and the
Laws of this Corporation : And whatsoever Seven of the Number so met shall so
conclude, shall be deemed and taken for and as the Resolution of the Managers
for the Time, and accordingly entered in their Minutes. To which Minutes, and
also to the Treasurer's Accounts, all Persons concerned shall have free Recourse
at all seasonable Times.
30
AND IT IS FURTH ER ENACTED by the Contributors aforesaid, that every
Treasurer hereafter chosen, shall, before he take upon himself the Execution of
his Office, enter into an Obligation with one sufficient Surety, in double the
Value that doth or probably may come to his Hands durmg the Continuance of
his Office, as near as can be estimated by the Managers, unto the Contributors of
the Pennsylvania Hospital, Conditioned, that he will once in Three Months, or
•oftener if required, render his Accounts to the Managers of the said Hospital,
and well and truly account, adjust and settle with them when required, for and
concerning all Monies that are or shall come into his Hands belonging to the said
Contributors, and pay the Ballance that shall appear on such settlement to be in
his Hands, unto such Person, or for such Service as a Board of Managers for the
time being shall order cSc appoint, and not otherwise; and that he will at the
Expiration of his Office well and truly deliver up and pay the Ballance of the
Monies then remaining in his Hands, together with the Books of Accounts
<:oncerning the same, and other the Papers and Writings in his Keeping belong-
ing to the Contributors, unto his Successor in the said Office, and that he will
do & Execute all other Things as Treasurer to the Contributors aforesaid,
according to the true Sense and Meaning of this Law. And he is hereby author-
ized immediately upon entering into his Office, to demand and receive of the
Preceding Treasurer, his Heirs, Executors or Administrators, tlie Cash, Books of
Accounts, Writings & other Effects belonging to the Corporation, giving his
Receipt for the same.
AND for the more regular and satisfactory Conducting of future Elections,
and the Preventing of Disputes and Misunderstandings among the Contributors
concerning the same, IT IS HEREBY FURTHER ENACTED, That the Place
and Hour of the Elections shall be appointed by the Managers of the Current
Year, and notified by their Clerk at least Twenty Days before the Election, by
printed Advertisement. And the said Managers shall and are hereby required
and impowered to nominate three discreet Members of this Corporation to
inspect and judge of the said Election, and declare who are the Persons elected,
and the Managers shall cause their Clerk to enter in their Book of Minutes the
Names of the Persons elected, according to the Tickets.
AND if any Person elected Manager shall refuse or neglect to act, or shall be
absent from three successive Monthly Meetings of the Managers, in any of the
first Ten months of the year for which he shall be elected Manager ; or if within
the same Year or Term of his Office he shall be Confined by Sickness, or other-
wise rendered incapable of executing the Office of a Manager according to tlie
true Meaning of this Law, or shall die, the rest of the Managers as often as
Occasion shall require in any of the Cases aforesaid, shall proceed in their Duty
and Oflice without him, or, if they think fit, they shall nominate another of the
Contributors to supply his Place as Manager, until the then next ensuing
Election
AND if any Person so elected Treasurer shall .ibsent himself from his said OflSce
for the Space of Thirty Days, or shall be otherwise rendered uncapable, or neglect
his Oflice or Duty of Treasurer ; it shall and may be lawful for the Managers for
the time being to displace him from the said Oflice. And the Managers causing
their Clerk to make a Minute for the purpose, containing their Reasons for
Displacing him, he shall thereupon, and from thenceforth, cease to be the
Treasurer aforesaid, and shall upon Notice thereof, adjust and settle with the
Managers, and pay and deliver the Money, Books, Writings, Accounts, and all
other Effects whatsoever in his Hands, belonging to this Corporation, to such
Person or Persons as the Managers shall order and appoint. And in that Case,
and so often, and also if the Treasurer shall depart this Life, the Managers shall
nominate another of the Members of this Corporation, but not of their own
number, to be Treasurer until the nejt Meeting for the annual Election, or other
General Mceling of the Contributors.
PROVIDKD ALWAYS, any thing herein contained to the contrary notwith-
standing, That before the Managers for the time being, proceed to erect any
Building for the said Hospital, a Plan of such proposed Building, with an
Estimation of the Expense, shall be prepared and laid before a General Meeting
of the Contributors, for their Consideration ; and their approbation shall be
obtained before the same is carried into Execution.
Signed by Order of a General Meeting of the Contributors.
Joshua Crosby, President.
The following endorsement appears on the above inslniment :
Jan'y 17, 1752, The above Bill was read three Times at a General Meeting of
the Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital, and passed by a very great
majority. B. Franklin, Clerk.
WE approve this Law.
Will: Allen Chief Jusiiee.
Isaac Norris Speaker of Ihc Assembly.
Tench Francis .///. Gcn'l.
Rules for February 6, 1752, the Laws and Rules regulating the admission
Admission of Patients having received the approbation of the Chief Justice
of Patients. ,vere also ordered to be recorded in the minutes of the Hoard. (See
section entitled Patients.)
Temporary On the same date, the wards being deemed sufficiently fur-
Hospital nished, an advertisement was inserted in the "Gazette" stating that
Opened, ^j^^ Hospital was now ready to receive patients.
On February 10, a sjjecial meeting was called to consider the
ajjplications of patients for admission into the wards for treatment.
The consultants, Doctors Graeme, Cadwalader, Moore, and Redman,
were invited to meet the Managers and attending physicians of the
Hospital to assist in determining the most deserving. The Overseers
of the Poor were also present and offered a number of sick poor for
admission. After an e.xamination, the physicians reported that
Margaret Sherlock's disorder was relievableand her case suitable ; she
was the first patient received and also the first one cured. Other
cases thought relievable were postponed to a more favorable season
of the year. Josiah Barnet's case was judged relievable, but queried
" whether within the Rules of the Hospital." Hannah Shines, the first
lunatic ])atient, was admitted on the poor list. Several other cases
were referred to a committee ai)pointed to meet the attending physi-
cians weekly, whose duty it was to be pre.sent at the Hospital on Mon-
days and Thursdays of every week at ten o'clock in the morning.
Alice Courtnet was engaged as a maid or nurse at the rate of Ten pounds
per annum, "she was to be considered on trial for one month, in
32
order that in case her services were not suitable she was to be dis-
charged, otherwise kept the year."
The first lunatic pay-patient, a woman, was admitted on March 5,
1752 : — her son-in-law agreeing to pay Twenty Pounds per annum, in
quarterly payments, for her board and care.
The fitting up of the (Market Street) Hospital, cost more than Dfhtincurred
had been anticipated and necessitated a debt of one hundred and fifty '" fumisliinj;
pounds, over and above the available funds accruing from interest on
capital. It was agreed that the deficit should be borrowed from the one
thousand pounds given by the Assembly, and that the same be replaced
as soon as it can he spared out of the interest of the remainder of the
capital stock.
August 20, 1752, the second instalment of ^1000, voted by the Remainder of
Assembly, was paid, and it was decided to loan this amount, also, at appropriation
• 1 1 ii. 1 i i 'i received and
interest with real estate security. ,
invested.
As an example of economy, this item is worth recording: C'n
November the 2d " the roof of the south side of the Hospital
being much out of repair," it was agreed that "it be covered with
cedar boards, reserving the right and privilege of removing them
upon giving up the house."
On September 29, 1753, James Kinsey agreed to let the house Kinsey Man-
now used for the Hospital and Land thereunto belonging, for the term ^'°" '^S'""
of Three Years at 38 pounds, 10 shillings per annum.
In the early Hospital days, after patients had been cured and dis- Patients re-
charged, it appears that sometimes they returned to express their turn thanks,
,, . ^ , ..,.,, ,/-x -Tid make
thanks ; no mention 01 the custom is found m the later records. On ,„„.rii,u,|
November 17, 1753, ^ patient returned and gave thanks for the benefit
he had received and offered his promissory Note for Three Pounds,
Ten Shillings, as a substantial token of his gratitude, which was duly
acknowledged.
The Managers, probably at the suggestion of Franklin, realized Patients to be
that the inmates of the Hospital who were able to perform some light employed,
manual labor, should be emjiloyed, if only to keep them out of
mischief; so they were provided with large and small spinning
wheels, and two pair of cards, with some wool and flax, " to employ
such Persons as may be capable of using the same."
Thomas Bond and Benjamin Franklin, at a meeting held July 12, official .Seal.
1751, had been appointed a Committee to prepare a seal for the
corporation. In order to secure a creditable work of art, Franklin
wrote to Boston to have designs for a seal prc|)ared. Subsequently he
submitted, for the inspection of the Managers, four different draughts
of the Good Samaritan, proper for a Seal, which had been sent by the
33
for Seal.
Kngraver. After some slight alterations made by the Hoard, one was
selected and approved.
The seal, made of silver, was not received until February, 1754. It
was circular and two inches in diameter. The device was the Good
Samaritan taking charge of the sick man, and delivering him to (he
inn-keeper, with the inscription beneath : — Take care oi- him, and I
WILL KEi'AV THEE. The name of the artist or engraver dofs not appear
on the records of the Hospital. This seal was destroyed (being worn
out) in June, 1833, and the one at present in use, of exactly the same
design and proportions, but made of steel, w.\s substituted. The
Seiil of rcnii>\ h aiiia Hospital.
second one was engraved by Christian Gobrecht of Philadelphia ; a
native of Hanover, York county, Pennsylvania.
Believing that benefit would accrue from the circnlation of a
brief accoimt of the Hosjiital, Franklin was requested to prepare such
a history.
On May 2S, 1754, Franklin presented his manuscript, " Some
Accoimt of the Pennsylvania Hospital from its First Beginning to the
Historyof Fifth Month, called May, 1754." It was ordered that the Clerk,
tiie Hospital, j^i^^, Smith, get Fifteen hundred copies printed, in Quarto, and, on July
27, he reported that he had had the account of the Hospital jirinted.
The Board ()revioiisly (May 28) had desired the President with two other
Managers to "wait upon the Governor, James Hamilton, and acquaint
Franklin
writes a
34
him with our design of publishing the account together with a list ot"
subscribers, and with our desire of having his name added to said list."
The result of this interview with the Governor is briefly recorded.
The gentlemen appointed to call upon the Governor reported, June
29, 1754, that they had waited upon him and delivered the message of
the Board to him, but without the desired success.
February 23, 1754, the accounts were jjresented to the Assembly, Accounts
by Franklin. Soon afterwards, Mahlon Kirkbride with others who 'submitted to
Assembly,
were appointed a committee, visited the Hospital; they declared
themselves " well satisfied and pleased with what they had seen," and
reported to that effect to the Assembly.
At a meeting held August 14, 1754, a report was made by several .\ Method for
Managers who had been endeavoring to raise money, showing the soliciting sub-
advantage of systematic effort. It was stated that several subscrip- ■'^'^'■'f.^'°"^-
tions had been obtained since the last meeting, which, with those
previously received, was the result of the adoption of "A method
of soliciting sundry inhabitants of the City and County for subscrip-
tions;" it was agreed to be very careful in asking others This
method provided against an unpleasant coincidence in solicitation.
Many subscriptions were now secured which formerly might have been
lost ; as persons were likely to be annoyed or angered by repeated
requests for donations, especially when coming from more tlian one
person.
Sufficient funds having at length been accumulated to warrant Pine Street
the Managers taking up the project of building a Hospital, an effort Hospital-
was again made to secure a suitable lot of ground, but this time the „ . ",
° " ' Constructed.
Managers appealed to the public instead of to the Proprietaries and
with much better success. Franklin gives the following interesting
account of the early efforts of the Managers to secure the means to
buy the ground for the erection "of a proper building 10 accommo-
date the sick and injured and the lunaticks," under their care.
In his " Brief .\ccount " (page 42) appears the following :
When the Nature of this charitable Design became known to the generous Franklins
Pennsylvanians, considerable Sums were soon added to the Stock, particularly by " Brief
the Citizens of Philadelphia, wliere few of the Wealthy, or those of a middling Account."
Rank, failed of contributing according to their Circumstances: Some Benelactions
were also obtained from London, and some Parts of the West Indies, which
encouraged the Managers to attempt the important Task of Building ; a Task the
more dinicult, as they were not authorized (for good Reasons! to apply any Part
of the Capital Stock to that Purpose ; the Sum of Monev given by the -Assembly ncil
being half sutTicient, and the certain Prospect of a War in America, while it was
like to increase the Occasion, lessened the Expectation of any further .Assistance
from them. Nevertheless, confiding in the same Divine Providence, which had
hitherto blessed their pious Endeavours beyond their most sanguine Hopes, for
35
Ground
purchased.
Assistance to purforni tlmt Work, which was now round necessary, not only from
the Increase of the Number of Patients, but the Want of Conveniences, which no
private House in the City could furnish them with, they again sought for a suitable
Spot of Ciround to erect an I lospital on ; and, after various Enquiries and Consulta-
tions, had the Satisfaction to purchase, on moderate Terms, the I-ot which of all in
or near the City, was judged the most proper for such a Design : It is bounded
on three Streets, the south front 396 1-cct, and contains between three and four
Acres of Ground. (Our Proprietaries are Owners of near one Acre on the North,
which, if obtained, will compleat the S(iuare, and the Prospects of four Fronts
open to so many Streets, encompassing the whole Piece of Land, would then be
secure. )
On Sciitcnibcr 11, 1754, ilic owners, wlio liad demanded ^600,
made a reduction of ^100, and the Managers accordingly ptirchased
the desired lot of ground. The I'cnns, later, (by a jiatent dated
November 10, 1767), donated the adjoining strip of ground on Spruce
Street, which gave the Hos])ital the entire sqtiare between Sprtiee and
I'ine and Eighth and Ninth Streets, the area of the sipiare included
being about four and three-tenths acres.
Plan <>i
Hospital
presented.
This purciiase being made, a coin|)lele plan of the buildings was
directed to be so prepared, that a part might be erected, which could
be occupied the ensuing season. Samuel Rhodes, one of the Man-
agers, was very zealous in the work and, after consulting the physicians
in regard to the situation of the cells and other conveniences, he
presented a design of the v/hole building, in such form, that one third
.36
might first alone be erected with tolerable symmetry ; and containing,
independently of the other parts, all accommodations requisite and
suitable for the present purposes and needs.
At the meeting held January 25, 1755, this plan of the entire
building was presented and discussed, and a fair draught of the Eastern
Wing and Ward, with an estimation of its cost, was directed to be
made, " in order that we may advertise the Contributors of the design,
and obtain their assent to jjroceed in building early the ensuing
spring."
The Contributors were summoned to meet January 10. 1755, at
the Court House, at three o'clock in the afternoon, " to consider the
plan of the proposed building for the Hos[)ital and an Estimation of
the Expense then to be laid before them."
On March loth, at a meeting of the Contributors, at the Court fla" for
House, a working plan of the new building was i^resented, the East Wing
3I)IJrOVt'Q
estimate submitted for completing one wing being about Three
thousand Pounds. After due consideration, this plan and estimate
were unanimously approved and the Managers "were desired to
proceed in getting the said eastern part built with what expedition
they conveniently can."
Manager Rhoads was appointed to supervise the work, provide
materials, amd make agreements with workmen, etc. A building
committee was appointed to advise and assist therein, as occasion
might require. The Committee carefully husbanded its resources
and conscientiously adopted the most economical methods of carrying
on the work, and it was also quite successful in collecting funds for
the building. By soliciting contributions from all persons engaged Efficient
in the work, they secured from most of those from whom materials Business
were purchased, either a large proportion of what they furnished, or
a substantial reduction in their accounts. Their purchases were also
distrilnited among the dealers so as to interest as many as possible
and in order to obtain contributions from a larger number. So
diligent were they in their apjjlications, that scarcely a tradesman was
patronized, or even a workman employed, without his first pledging
a donation or a discount, or inducing him to become a contributor.
By systematically pursuing methods such as these the Managers were
successful in engaging the sympathy and support of almost the
entire community for this charitable enterprise.
The approved plan of the new building is seen in the accom-
panying illustration on the preceding page.
In the complete design as exhibited, the ground plan was that
of a centre structure of sixty-two feet front, its roof elevated above
37
Management.
thf uvo lateral imildings, (the east and west wings), and projecting be-
Piaii of yond them a sufficient distance to accommodate a balcony intended to
Hospital jjg placed on the south front of each of the wards. The buildings
fronted south, the principal entrance with a flight of marble steps,
leading to a double door, being in the centre of the administration
building facing Pine Street. The interior arrangement was briefly as
follows : The ajiartments for the steward, matron, apothecary, the
offices, parlor, library, drugshop, and a hall with a large stair-case
leading to the upjjer wards, and many other conveniences, were
Centre provided in the first floor of the three storied central building. In
Building. , , , , . , j, j- • j i
the l>asement was a large kitchen, steward s dining-room, and matron s
room. Directly adjoining this, on the east and west, were two wings,
each of which was eighty feet front, twenty-seven feet deep. These
also had three stories, but with lower ceilings, so that they were less
high than the administration building, which was made stdl more
conspicuous by being surmounted by a tower for observation.
Lateral, or In the first story or ground floor of each lateral wing were the
East and cells for lunatics. A gallery ran the whole length of eighty feet down
inRs. ^^^ centre, for such jiatients as could be trusted to walk about. There
was also a ]jlace for bathing, latrines, etc. The second story was the
men's ward ; it had four open fireplaces, and was also supplied with
ventilators to carry off the foul air. The third story was like the
second but intended to be devoted to the care of the women patients
only. The upper floor or garret was intended for servants. It was
also to be utilized for cases needing isolation and was for the use of
either sex.
_ , The plan also ijrovided two terminal wings, each twtntv-seven
Wings, f^eet wide, and extending in length, north and south, no feet,
built at a right angle to each of the lateral wards, and connected
with them, as will be seen in the plan.
In the middle of each terminal north and south wing, opposite
the wards, there was a hall on each floor twenty-eight feet s^juare
(including a stair-case). The roofs ])rojected beyond the other wings
sufficiently to cover their cornices. They also were to be raised one
storv above the lateral wards, and were surmounted with a balustrade
around the top, and a cupola. This was not intended merely as
ornament, but to arford a secure and convenient way out in case of fire.
The whole extent of the building from east to west was 276 feet.
The north and south fronts were to be nearly alike. By having
the terminal wings run lengthwise across the wards, both convenience
and looks were consulted, and it was hoped that "the east and
west fronts will make an agreeable appearance."
38
The object of building the cross wings at the ends of the lateral
wings was stated as follows :
Besides the additional rooms for cells, private apartments for such patients as
may be improper to be received into the great wards, these wings will also aflord
many conveniences for the family, as cellars, store-rooms for provisions, kitchens,
laundry, lodgings for servants, etc.
The building usually known and herein described as the East
Wing was completed at a total expense of ^2,927, 14s. 3/4d.
The part of the Hosjjital buildings first erected was the east East Wing
wing, exactly as now standing, about midway between Spruce and '^"'"P'^'^'*-
Pine Streets, facing Eighth Street. On the 2Sth of May, 1755, 'he
President, Joshua Crosby, attended by all the Managers, the physicians,
and many contributors, by previous appointment, marched in a body
from the Hospital on Market Street, accompanied by a select con-
course of citizens, to the grounds, where a large crowd had assembled.
The Corner Stone in 1S94,
The [jublic schoolsof the city had been dismissed, and all thechildren
of an age suitable to recollect the fact had been invited to attend to
witness the ceremony. An invitation was also sent to John Key, the
fir.-it individual born in the Colony in 1682, after the arrival of
William Penn, to he present on this occasion. He accepted the
invitation and assisted in the ceremonies.
The corner-stone was a large piece of white marble, which was Cornerstone,
deposited with due formality and with Masonic rites, in the southeast
corner of the foundation. It contains the following inscription, which
had been written bv Franklin :
,v;
IN THE YEAR OF CHRIST
Inscription MDCCLV.
on llie Corner GEORGE THE SECOND HAI'IMLY REIGNING
Sloni-. <FOR HE SOUCJHT THE HAPPINESS OK HIS PEOPLE)
PHILADELPHIA ELOURISHING
(FOR ITS INHAHITANTS WERE PrUl.ICK SPIRITED)
THIS mil.DINf;
BY THE BOUNTY OK THE GOVERNMENT,
AND OK MANY PRIVATE PERSONS.
WAS PIOUSLY KOUNDED
FOR THE RELIEF OK THE SICK AND MISERABLE;
MAY THE GOD OK MERCIES
BLESS THE UNDERTAKING.
The stone lias survived ihe vicissitudes of the weather and the
above inscription is still c|uite legible.
The building was so far com|)leted that the roof was raised
October 27, 1755 ; and the rooms were directed to be at once made
ready for use.
Fir>i 'I'he first regular meeting of the Managers to inspect the Hospital
. cetniH: 111 ^^.^ Y^^^^ ^^ December 27th of the same year.
Hospit.Tl
The Hospital, before the building ot the East Wing was completed,
suffered a serious loss in the death, on June 27, 1755. of the venerable
President Joshua Crosby. In addition to his many other benefac-
tions, he left a legacy of ;^ioo towards the building fund.
Kraiikliii On June 30, 1755, Dr. Franklin was unanimously elected Presi-
ileciecl jjgfit of ii^j; Board, to succeed Mr. Crosby, and he presided at the
President. ,. ^ • i_ u ■ .1 1 i i-
first meeting held in the new building.
Contributors Early in 1756, the building was sufficiently finished to hold the
meet in the
Hospital.
annual meeting tinder its roof; accordingly, on May 6th, the meeting
of the Contributors was first held in the new Hosi)ital, and since that
time the annual meetings have been regularly held in the same place.
Org.inizcuion The Managers met for organization immediately after the
of Board. Contributors' meeting on May 6th, when the following rule was
adopted :
Resolved to meet at the Hospital on the last Monday in every month at
5 o'clock in the afternoon till the end of the Month called September, and at
3 o'clock during the remainder of the year ; ench member is to pay 7s 6d for Total
absence and one shilling for not coming on time, and for each hour's absence after
the fixed time si.\ pence per hour, all of which fines to be disposed of as the
majority may direct ; The Town Clock or when that does not strike, the watch of
the oldest person present to be the standard to determine the time.
The same resolution had been in force during the year, as is seen
in the e.xtract reproduced from the minutes, on the ne.xt jiage.
In .\ugust, 1756, the Managers hearing of the e.vpected arrival
of the new Lieutenant Covernor, Capt. William Denny, concluded
40
" tlijt it may be expedient to address our new Governor on his
arrival ;" and it was agreed, that the President of the Board, FJenjamin
...L^ ^^^.. ■/,.... .j,j-r-.' r\ a .._. /.^ ^f}/.:^yAt
^/ f^. 'i^J'L^ ^^jLi ^,^^.,i_j? ACr f,^j:^%
Franklin, and others, should prepare a formal address. A record
made on the book of minutes, September i, 1756. states that :
William Denny, Esq., having lately arrived from London, to succeed Robert
Hunter Morris, Esq., in the Government of this Province, the Managers and
Treasurer waited upon him, on the First of Ninth Month witli the following
Congratulatory Address :
To THE Honourable William Dennv, Esq.. Lieutenant Governor of the
Province of Pennsylvania, etc.
The Address of the Managers and Treasurer of the Pennsylvania Hospital.
May it please Ike Govcrrtor,
The Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital beg leave to testify the Share Greeting of
tliey take in the general Joy, on his Accession to the Government of tliis Province. Managers to
Through the Favour of the Government, the Contributors to our Hospital were Gov. Denny,
incorporated by Law, and vested with the Powers and Privileges necessary for the
well ordering as well as increasing this extensive Charity. The nistitution has ever
since nourished, and we have the great Satisfaction to find, that our Care and
diligent Endeavors to relieve the Miseries, and heal the Diseases of the Poor, have
been blessed with much Success ; and that our Power of doing Good is by the
Benefactions of well-disposed Persons daily increasing. While this right Use
continues to be made of the Privileges granted us, we hope our Corporation will
be favoured with the Governor's Countenance and Protection ; and we request
he would accept of our sincere Wishes for his Health, Happiness and successful
Administration.
(Signed) Benjamin Franklin, I'resideiil.
'l"o which the Governor replied :
f7c;;//«'»;<'«, The Satisfaction you are pleased to express on my .Arrival, lays
me un<ler particular Obligations ; and your good Wishes deserve my hearty
Thanks. I am glad I find so generous and humane an Institution as yours is,
managed witli so much Prudence, supporteil by Laws and encouraged by Public
and private Benefactions. It will give me a sincere Pleasure, to contribute all the
Means in my Power to carry on this Charity in the most extensive Manner.
41
The Hosjiital now bcinn sufficiently advanced, it was con-
Rcinosai uf sidered desirable to have patients moved to their new quarters as soon
Patients. ^^ practicable, although the building was still far from finished. This
was the more necessary, since the Market Street house had by this
time so outgrown its capacity that the demand for more con>modious
ipiarters had become imperative. The Managers also decided to have
the accounts of the Hospital put in proper shape for publication and
printed and circulated, in tiic hope of gaining new contributors. It
was deemed advantageous to include in this piil)lication an abstract of
the cases, with the names of the patients, and also the names of
several contributors added since the last publication had been laid
before the Assembly. This work was directed to be done by the
Monthly Committee, aided by Benjamin Franklin and Daniel
Roberdeau. Samuel Rhoads was instructed to get in all the trades-
men's bills relating to the new Hospital, in order that the Board at
its next meeting might audit them and formulate a general account of
the cost.
On December 17, 1756, all the patients were removed from the
Temporary Hospital on Market Street to the new building at Pine
Street, and the first new ])atient admitted into the Hospital was on
the following day.
Franklin. At the meeting held March 28, 1757, the following minute was
Attorney fur made :
Hospital in -.,, . . , ^ . ,. i „ ■ • r- i i- i ■ ■ » j r. • ■ i
' The I resident of the Board, Benjamin Franklin, being appointed Provincial
Agent to England and is about to sail in a short time, he is requested after his
arrival there, to use his interest in Soliciting Donations to the Hospital whenever
he may have a Prospect of Success therein, and Israel Pemberton and Evan
Morgan are desired to prepare a letter to Thomas Hyam and Sylvanus Bevan,
desiring their Friendshi|) in Assisting our President in any occasion he may have
of Promoting the Interest of the Hospital.
The object of making this request of Franklin was evidently to
invest him with official authority so that he might legally solicit sub-
scriptions and transact any other financial business which might be
l)resented for consideration : this letter to Hyam and Bevan serving
as credentials and as a ])ower of attorney in any emergency requiring
such official sanction and authorization.
When Franklin sailed on his first mission to England, in 1757,
his circle of correspondents, both business and scientific, had already
become widely extended. Among his European friends and corre-
spondents were William Strahan, Lord Karnes, David Hume, Basker-
ville the |)rinter, Galloway, Bartram, Dubourg, Benezet, Joseph
Priestly, and many others. 'I'his gave him a large field of acquaintance
in which to work ifi advancing the interests of the Hospital.
42
On December 29, 1760, a letter was written to Franklin fur some
necessary drugs and medicines, and he was aiso asked " to join with
some others of our fellow citizens, now in London, in soliciting con-
tributions on behalf of the Hospital from several merchants who,
we aiiprehend, may be induced to encourage the progress thereof."
Instructions were also written to Franklin, while in London, to
procure a specimen iron bedstead such as are commonly used in the
hospitals in England.
Franklin's agency and missioTi in England detained him for five
years, but it finally came to a successful conclusion and he returned to
Philadelphia November i, 1762.
In October, 1757, a Committee of the Assembly visited the Visit of Com-
Hospital and made examination into the condition of the patients, "utteeof
and the general state of its finances, and " they were pleased to express
themselves to be well satisfied with the order and management
thereof."
The following advertisement appeared in the " Pennsylvania
f lazette " December 27, 1759 :
For THE BENEFIT of the
PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL
On Friday, the 28ih. of this instant, December, at
the Theatre on SOCIETY HILL will be presented
the celebrated TRAGEDY of
HAMLET, PRINCE OF DENMARK.
Tickets will be sold by William Dunlap, William
Bradford, Thomas Gordon and Evan Morgan.
As the money originated from what was considered such an
objectionable source, the matter gave rise to some discussion as to the
proper course to be pursued, the Managers feeling in doubt as to the
propriety of receiving it under the circumstances ; yet unwilling to
deprive the Hospital of it. The difficulty was finally happily adjusted,
the Managers escaping from their dilemma in quite an original and
ingenious manner, without sacrificing the interests of the Hospital,
as the following minute will show :
The Board being informed that a sum of Money hath been lately raised for Theatrical
the Benefit of the Hospital, by a Stage Play acted near this City, which has been Uenefit.
paid into the Hands of the Treasurer, the Matter being consider'd & most of the
Managers being dissatisfied therewith, think it necessary that the following
information should be published in the next " Pennsylvania Gazette," of January
loth, viz. ;
"THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL
Was founded in the Year 1751, by an Act of the .'\ssembly of this Province, by
which ' every Person contributing Ten Pounds, or upwards, towards founding
the said Hospital, is qualified annually to Choose by Ballot twelve Persons of their
own Number to he the Managers of the said Contributors, & one other Person to
43
be the Treasurer of the same, who arc enjoined to apply the annu.il hKimu- m
Kxplanatorv '"'crest of the said Contribution towards the Kntirlainment and Cure of such
Statement bv Sick and distempered I'oor, as shall, from time to time, be brought or placed in
Manancrs ''"^ ^^'^ Hospital ; and have no Authority given them to refuse any Sums of
Money, which may be lawfully contributed thereti>.'
This account of the founding the saiil Hospital and of the Power of the
Managers, is published for the Information of such Persons, who being unac-
quainted with the said Law, may apprehend the Power of the Managers to be
more extensive than it is, and to satisfy such that they are not authorized to direct
the Treasurer to refuse the Money lately raised by exhibiting a Stage Play near
the City, which was done without the Consent of the said Managers, in Conse-
(|uence of the Injunction of the late Governor flenny, at the Time he granted
Liberty to the Stage Players to erect the Theatre near this City.
" Published by Desire of the Managers of the said Hospital."
The Hallam Theatrical Company, of London, which gave the
benefit, relieved the conscientious scruples of the Managers in a
delicate and graceful manner, by placing the amount realized at the
benefit, ;£4T, 2S 6d, in the hands of Governor Denny, "by whose
order through Kvan Morgan it was paid to ye hospital."
It is not surprising that the Managers were loath to receive
money obtained in this manner; since the condition of the publii-
mind, at the time, was greatly excited against all of the kinds of public
amusements then in vogue, and especially against theatrical iierforui-
ances. Moreover, the Managers, who were nearly all members of the
Society of Friends, had themselves joined with other citizens, not
long before, in a petition for an injunction against the erection of the
theatre on Society Hill.
Overcrowded Notwithstanding the increased accommodations which had been
jjrovided in the new hospital, it was soon found that the overcrowded
condition again caused serious embarrassment. It was quite difficult
to reject many worthy applicants, who were daily presenting themselves
for admission. Precautions were taken to admit only those requiring
immediate and urgent attention, but in spite of everything the wards
were usually crowded to their utmost capacity. The Managers were
also obliged to give serious consideration to the problem as to the
best means to i)ursue to meet the increased expense and the expected
deficiency, as it seemed impossible to lessen the number of patients.
They accordingly in their emergency, decided to make another
attempt to increase the capital. This, however, they knew to be no
easy matter. Their predicament is clearly indicated in the minutts
of the meeting held Jan. 29, 1759 :
On consideration of the present state of the funds of the Hospital, it is
resolved that there is urgent necessity of lessening the expense, unless we can
succeed better than we have lately in our endeavors to increase the capital
stock
44
condition of
Hospital.
li was agreed to have a conference with the Treasurer and Ph)si-
cians to devise some means to overcome this difficulty. This meeting
was to have taken place on the twelfth of second month (February),
but it seems that the subject was of so grave and important a nature
that it could not be sinnmarily settled ; for on the 2d of February,
I 759, it was noted :
Having conferred on llie subject matter and no definite means decided upon,
tlie Doctors agreed to examine and consider the metliods of providing for several
hospitals in England, &c., and when prepared to lay a plan before us at a future
meeting
The Managers in their extremity decided to make another appeal Assembly
to the Assembly for aid in this emergency. An address was accord- Petitioned,
ingly prepared, and a committee was appointed to present it to the
Speaker. It read as follows :
To llie Honourable Ihe Representalh'es of the Freemen
of the province of Pennsylvania,
in general Assembly met.
The Address of the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital, — shezceth
That the said Hospital, founded about eight years since, with the approba-
tion, and by the Assistance of the Assembly, hath been hitherto sujjported by the
Contributions of private Persons and by divine blessing on the endeavours of the
Physicians, upwards of three hundred distressed Persons have been cur'd of
various Disorders of body and Mind, under which they had languished ; and
many other have been considerably relieved, and thereby rcstor'd to a caiiacity
of being serviceable to themselves and the publick.
That the two thousand Pounds contributed by the Assembly, tow,ards the
building, being long since expended, we have been under the necessity of apply-
ing most of the contributions obtained from private Persons the last three years
towards compleating the Work, and of course are prevented from increasing the
Capital Stock ; the annual interest of which is the only fund we have yet
received for the support of the institution.
That the number of patients, who from all parts of the province apply for
admittance, is lately much increased, so that upward; of one thousand pounds is
expended more than our Capital Stock ; and as the benetits received by our
distress'd Fellow Subjects are daily more known and considered, the prospect of
our increasing Expences exceeds any rational expectations we can indulge, of
being able to support the House, according to the original design, without some
further Assistance from the publick.
We therefore reconmiend the present State of the Husi)ital to your serious
Consideration, aird hope the same benevolent disposition on which it was founded,
will still he maiiifested by the Assembly of Pennsylvania, to promote so laudable
an Institution, gradually becoming of the most extensive Service to this part of
the King's Dominions.
The Committee having duly transmitted the paper and accoiuiis Commitiee
to the Speaker of the Assembly reported, April 30, 1759, that they reported,
had performed the service assigned and that he had promised to
bring the same before the House of .\ssem|jlv.
45
The Managers waited for several monihs for some notice of tlieir
Hospital appeal, but without success. No action having been taken by the
Acroimts ,\ssen,{jiy jt ^vas decided to politely remind this body of the pressing
before the , / , , • , , , ,' , , , ' ^ ,
AsseiniiK' "^^^s of the hospital by adding to the documents the accounts of the
last year past (1758-59), for submission.
Before the House of Assembly now sitting, and to notify them that we should
be ready to attend such Committee as they may appoint to visit the Hospital,
inspect the Management and Stale thereof, also to remind them of the present
Necessities to which we are subject for supporting the Institution which we hope
they will take under Consideration and grant that Assistance and Relief
requested in our Address presented at their last Sitting, in Order to i>romote the
progress of a Work which hath been found to be of so great Benefit to the Dis-
tressed and Indigent.
The address and other papers were finally laid before the Assem-
bly on June 25, 1759.
The needs of the Hospital were now very pressing, money was
scarce and commanded a high rate of interest, and as yet no sign of
relief appeared from the .Assembly. The legislative machinery, at all
times ponderous and slow, was at that time engrossed with novel and
complex |)olitical problems ; which with other matters, entirely over-
shadowed the appeal from the Hospital, which was accordingly
temporarily .set aside. Franklin's influence and jirestige were sadly
missed; his ex|)erience and energy were no longer available in behalf
of the Hospital's interests in the Assembly, which he had so often
wielded to great advantage — the philosopher, statesman and wise
counsellor was now in I-ondon. No one seemed to possess the neces-
sary ability or interest to press the measure to a successful issue. The
requirements of the Hospital were urgent, every-day wants were to be
met, bills to be settled, borrowing afforded but temporary relief, and
only involved future expense in the [jayment of interest charges.
In order to emphasize the urgency of their predicament to the
people and Assembly, adopting Franklin's tactics, the Managers had
recourse to the public prints, as appears from the following communi-
cation in " The Pennsylvania Gazette," of July 12, 1759,' with an
Abstract of Records and Accounts and the following remarks :
, . From this View of the State of the Accounts, and by comparing the .Abstract
il p'hr- of tile Cases with those formerly published, the Publick may oiiscrve the great
, 1,1. annual increase of tlie Number of Patients, and consefiueiitly of the Benefits of
,, ^ .. ,, the Institution : which Consideration, together witli that of the Additional Conve-
Gazette.
niences for their Reception and .Accommodation, which have been attended with
considerable Labour, and unavoidable LCxpence must undoubtedly jtfTord an
equal Degree of Satisfaction to those who are already Benefactors to this Charity ;
and we hope, will render an Apology unnecessary to others, who have hitherto
Vide Franklin's " Some Accouni," etc.
46
neglected or deferred entering the List of Subscribers, for a Repetition of our
Request for their Assistance in so commendaljle a Work ; and it being impractica- Hospital
ble to make a personal Application to all such, especially to those who live at a \Vor|j,
Distance, it is to be hoped nof>ft'ence will betaken, to the Prejudice of the Charity;
but that all who are disposed to contribute, will pay their Subscriptions (or enter
their intended Benefactions) to the Treasurer, or either of the Managers, as here-
tofore notified. If notwithstanding what has been frequently urged in Favour of
this Institution, such who are sensible of the undeniable Advantages of an
Hospital, do yet withhold their Bounty, on a Supposition of the small Benefit which
their Neighbourhood is to receive from it, they will please to consider, That they
can never hope to do any Service for their own Poor, till ihey have made it more
practicable to do so, by the Assistance they lend those who are already engaged in
it ; which is the only probable Means of bringing the Charity nearer to themselves,
and therefore it is much to be wished, that if they have it not in their Power
to begin this Charity at home, they would begin it in a Place where it can be well
attended by Physicians and Surgeons, and where it is necessarily formed on so
large a Bottom, as to require more Helj) than can be had from those only who are
at Hand, many of whom have not more interested Reasons for their Bounty, than
if they lived in a distant Country ; their Motives being to promote a Spirit of
Goodness and Humanity, which may extend itself on every Side, by administer-
ing the most eflfectual Relief to all deserving Objects, without considering from
whence they come. — They are encouraged to do it, by the great success which
hath attended this good Work in every other Place ; the moral, religious, and
civil Benefits of which, being visible, certain, and lasting, do immediately tend to
the Honour of the Christian Religion, and the Happiness of Mankind.
The Contributions which have been generously made this Year, have enabled
the Managers to proceed in compleating some necessary Conveniences, which
were Immediately wanted, and to receive and entertain a much larger Number of
Patients in the House, tlian their Stock would permit before ; and if the Spirit
of Charity towards this Institution continues, with equal Warmtli hereafter, it will
soon become more extensively useful. To give it its proper Weight with the
Publick, let it be considered, that in a City of large Trade, many poor People
must be employed in carrying on a Commerce, which subjects them to frequent
terrible Accidents. That in a Country, where great Numbers of indigent
Foreigners have been but lately imported, and where the common Distresses of
Poverty have been much increased, by a most savage and bloody War, there
must be many Poor, Sick, and Maimed. That poor People are maintained by their
Labour, and, if they cannot labour, they cannot live, without the Help of the more d c, i-
Fortunate. We all know, many Mouths are fed, many Bodies cloathed, by one . "
poor Man's Industry and Diligence ; should any Distemper seize and afflict this
Person ; should any sudden Hurt happen to him, which should render him
incapable to follow the Business of his calling, unfit him to work, disable him to
labour but for a little time ; or should his Duty to his aged and diseased Parents,
or his fatherly Tenderness or an afflicted Child, engross his Attention and Care,
How great must be the Calamity of such a Family ! How pressing their Wants !
How moving their Distresses ! And how mucli does it behoove the Community to
take them immediately under their Ciuardianship, and have the Causes of their
Misfortunes as speedily remedied as possible ! Experience shews, this will be
more elTectually and frugally done in a publick Hospital, than by any other
method whatever.
Can anything in this checkered World, afford more real and lasting Satis-
faction to humane Minds, than the Reflection of having tiiade such a social Use of
47
the Favours of Providence, as renders them, in some Measure, Instruments which
open a Door of Kase and Comfort to such as are bowed down with Poverty
and Sickness ; and which may be a Means of increasing the Number of Peo-
ple, and preserving many useful Members to the Publick from Ruin and
Distress?
That this is a Satisfaction which tlie Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital
have a just claim to, all may be assured, by visiting the Mouse, examining the
Patients, and considering the extraordinary Cases which are there received, and
happily treated ; among which, it is hoped, they will find sufl'icient Instances to
convince them, thai every Individual, in this and the adjacent Provinces, are
interested in the Prosperity of this charitable Institution ; and induce them to
consider, that " Riches make themselves Wings, and llee away ; but blessed is he
that considereth the Weak, Sick, and needy, llie Lord will iKliver him in Time of
trouble." And that it is better to give Alms, than lay up Cold.
Notwithstanding the efTorts made to advance the cause of the
Hosjiital before the Assembly and in the minds of the piibbc, the
apijeal remained without api)arent result.
These means proving fruitless, the Managers' hopes ttirned again
to the public, and they determined to develoj) their own resources, in
which they were more successful. They issued prints or pictures of
the Hospital, and also a second "small quarto" edition, similar to
the one jMiblished in 1754. It was called a "Continuation of the
Account of the Pennsylvania Hospital ; from the first of iMay, 1754,
to the fifth of May, 1761." This literary task was performed satis-
factorily by a Committee on Publication, of which Samuel Rhoads
was chairman.
The essay which was presented to tlie Managers and a])])roved by
them, contains the following appeal :
c- 1 The Experience of above Nine Years, has given undeniable Proofs of the neces-
rormai *
Add al to ^''^' ^"'^ Usefulness of this laudable Instiluti<m ; and, it is goped, the Perusal of
the Public for '''^ foregoing Account, with what has been heretofore published, will afford pleas-
Contributions '"^ Reflections to the beneficient Contributors, by whose generous Assistance and
Encour.agement, it has gradually arrived to its present Situation, capable of
extending Relief to the Distresses of many miserable Objects, depressed by
Poverty and Disease, and the Managers have the Satisfaction to observe its
Reputation daily to increase, by the frequent A|iplicaticins for the Admission of
Patients from various Parts of this and the Neighbouring Provinces, which they
tl.itter themselves they shall still be enabled to continue and enlarge, by the
future Benefactions of many charitable Persons from distant Places, as well as
those of our own Country, who have yet delayed contributing, the alHucnt
Circumstances of many of whom will easily admit of their Imparting a Share of
the Blessings they enjoy, for the Benefit of such, whose Indigence and Miseries
claim the Attention of every compassionate Heart.
It would be a Neglect of that Justice which is due to the Physicians and
Surgeons of this Hospital, not to acknowledge, that their Care and Skill, and
their punctual and regular Attendance, under the Divine Blessing, had been a
principal Means of advancing his Charity to the flourishing State in which we
have now the Pleasure to view it.
48
In 1765, Signers of the Bills of Credit donated fees amounting
to ;^6oi, 2S, dd; this sum was afterwards increased.
The House of Representatives of this Province, having for divers Years past
voted considerable Sums of Money for the services of the Government, which
have been issued in Paper Bills of Credit, several of the Inhabitants of Philadel-
phia, already Contributors, and some others, concurring in a Desire for the Pros-
perity of this Hospital, voluntarily offered to be nominated Signers of the same,
and generously bestowed the Wages, usually allowed for such Service, for pro-
moting the good Purposes thereof, whereby the total Sum of One Thousand Eight
Hundred Thirty Eight Pounds Seventeen Shillings and Sixpence has been added
to the Contributions, and proved a very seasonable Assistance.'
Great hopes centered in the accounts of the work of the Hospital
which were now to go forth and eloquently plead its cause. The prin-
cipal objective point was the Assemblw which had so long neglected
and overlooked the important work which was done by the Hospital for
the poor, lunatics, and the destitute suffering sick of the Province.
The Managers again approached the Speaker, armed with their jiathetic
appeal, with the request that he read it and then leave the matter with
his conscience to dictate the cour?e to pursue. Their trust, very
happily, was not misplaced.
One of the Books lately published containing a Narrative of the Management
of the Hospital for the last Seven Years including the Account of the last Year
an Abstract of the Patients and a List of the Contributors having been delivered
to the Speaker and by him on Sept. 9th, 1761, communicated to the House of
Representatives, William Allen, the Chief Justice and most of the Members of
the Assembly visited this Hospital and after viewing the Patients and inspecting
the Institution were pleased to express themselves much satisfied to observe the
Decency and Economy of the House and that the good Purposes of the Charity
were so carefully attended to.
The results of this visit were favorable, inasmuch as on May 17,
1762, the Board was notified that :
The Provincial Assembly had granted the Sum of Three Thousand Pounds to
the Corporation of Contributors to be applied towards paying off the Balance due
to the Capital Stock and for such other Purposes as the Managers may direct.
Accordingly on June 2, 1762, an order was drawn on the Trus-
tees of the Loan Office of the Province for ^3,000, payable to the
Treasurer, being the sum above mentioned, which was to be applied
by the Managers in replacing the several sums borrowed from the
Capital Stock. It is seen that no time was lost by the Managers after
Donation of
Fees for
signing Bills
of Credit.
Eflbrts to
obtain Appro-
priation.
Grant by the
Assembly.
lA bill for remitting and continuing the currency of the bills of credit of the province and for
striking a further sum, was laid before the House on February nth, 1754, by twenty-seven citizens
and three IVlembers of the House, who offered to sign the said money, upon the same terms as had
been previously made for this service, and their names were accordingly inserted in the bill, with the
expressed intention of donating the money thus earned to the Pennsylvania Hospital, but nothing
was then obtained by this proposal for the Hospital, for this bill failed to become a law.
49
Insurance.
' Coffic
House.'
they were a|)prized of the money having been appropriated by the
Assembly, in obtaining i)osse.ssion of the much needed assistance, and
replacing the sums they had been forced to borrow from the Capital.
The yearly accounts, which it was necessary to present to the Assembly,
had to show that the original capital remained intact, otherwise the
very existence of the Hosjiital might be jeopardized, and its future
usefulness certainly curtailed.
P'Ti.- On January 25, 1762, the Directors of the Philadelphia Contri-
butionship for Insurance of houses from loss by fire notified the
Managers that they had agreed to sign a policy of insurance in three
parts to the amount of _;,{^i50o on the building, and that a return of
survey had been made. This liberal and considerate offer wa.s gratefully
accepted by the Managers, and the insurance,' although changed on
two occa.sions, in 1822 and 1850, still remains in force, though
increased in amount.
Meeting at \ meeting of the Managers was held August 2, 1762, at the
" Coffee Hou.se " to execute a power of attorney to James Tilghman,
to enable him to collect James Brown's legacy. These outside
meetings seem to have been held at various places ; another one is
found mentioned, November 8, 1762, as being held in the Warden's
room at the Court House, where they were informed by Dr. William
Shippen, Jr., lately arrived from London, that several cases con-
taining anatomical drawings, etc., sent by Dr. John Fothergill, had
reached tiiis port. This was the nucleus of the future Museum.
■Aildress \t ^ meeting held Novembers, 1763, it was agreed to address
i»Jo''" Jq1^„ Penn, Esq. (one of the proprietors, and the son of Richard,
Peiiil Ksq ' 1 \ I i
Lieut'eiiam- ^^^ grarfdson of William Penn), lately arrived (October 30, 1763),
Governor, from London, who had lately come to preside as Governor of this
Province.
The following is the text of the address as delivered :
To THE HONOl'RABI.E JOHN PENN, ESiJR , LlElTENANT-GOVERNOR OF PENN-
SVLVAXIA AND THE TERRITORIES OF NEW CaSTI-E, KeNT & SUSSEX
VPON Delaware.
The Address of the Managers & Treasurer of the Pennsylvania Hospital.
Afay il please the Governor :
The Managers Sc Treasurer of the Pennsylvania Hospital Chearfully embrace
this opimrtunity of expressing the Pleasure they receive on his safe Arrival &
Accession to tlie Government of this Province. This Hospital established for
relieving the Diseases & restoring the Health of the Indigent & Miserable under
Divine Providence through the Patronage of the Legislature & the Benevolence
'These policies were dated January 25, 1762, insuring ^£500 on North part of East wing,
premium, /;6 17J 6./: /500 on South part of East wing, premium, £6 17J id. ;£50o on Western
division, premium, £,k ^^s 6rf— j^i) \7s td.
50
of the Inhabitants of this Province & Divers charitable Persons in Great Britain Managers'
& other places from a small beginning hath gradually become of extensive Compliments
utility and it is with great Satisfaction we find has obtained the A-pprobation to Gov. Penn.
& Favour of our honorable Proprietaries confirmed by their generous Benefac-
tions which Merits our thankful Acknowledgment. The Harmony & Concord
with which it has been hitherto Conducted and the Success attending the united
endeavours of the Physicians and Managers yield the pleasing Hope it will still
flourish & increase in Benefit to Mankind. The Powers & Privileges granted
by Law to the Corporation of Contributors being found useful & necessary &
having received the Countenance & incouragement of the Governor's Prede-
cessors we confide that prudent and proper Exercise thereof will recommend
this laudable Institution to his Protection & Favour. Our sincere Wishes attend
the Governor that his Administration may be Conducted to his own Satisfaction
and the Happiness of the Province.
Philadelphia, Xov. 9th, 1763.
On November 29, it is recorded that:
The Treasurer Sc all the Managers attended at the Coffee House on the 15th
Inst, and from thence proceeded to the Governor's, & after reading the Address
Delivered it & received from him the following Answer :
Gunllemen: I heartily thank you for your Address it gives me a particular j^jg Acknowl-
Pleasure to find that the Charitable & well founded Hospital in this Province has edement
Received such General Encouragement and that by the Prudent Care of its
Physicians & Managers it has become so very extensive a Charity and be Assured
that the Duties of Humanity will ever incline me to give all the Countenance in
my Power to so good an Institution.
No "benefaction" followed this exchange of courtesies, until
1788, when the name of John Penn. Jr., appears on the list of
contributors.
Gov. Penn was received by the citizens of Philadelphia with
great demonstrations of respect, and many entertainments were given
in his honor.
An address was prepared and sent to the proprietors acknowledg- Donation of
ing the grant of forty pounds per annum and gift of the lot ne.xt ground from
adjoining the Hospital property on the north, of which they had been '^"^ Penns.
informed by the Receiver General, the year before. This document
was signed at a meeting held December 29, 1763; and at the same
time a letter was written to William Allen, then in London, request-
ing him "to present our Address to the Proprietaries." The person
to whom these letters were confided instead of going to London, it
was afterwards discovered, had sailed for the West Indies, and not
until August 27, 1764, did the ^^anagers learn of the miscarriage of
their communications; these having been sent to William Allen,
who was then in Philadelphia, together with an explanatory note
stating the cause of the delay. At the last mentioned date, the package
was returned, "very much defaced," which necessitated the re-copy-
ing of both documents.
To THE HONOfRABLE THOMAS I'ENN «: RlCHD. I'ICNN, EsyS., PkOPKIETARIES
OF THE Province of Pennsvi.vania, iVc.
The Address of the Managers & Treasurer of the Pennsylvania Hospital.
May il please the Profirielaries :
Address in With much Satisfaction & pleasure We lake this Opportunity of acknowl-
Acknowledg- edging your generous Donations to the Hospital under our Care.
ment of Your receiver General last year informed us of your Benevolent Resolution to
Benefactions Contribute Annually the sum of Forty pounds & to grant us the Lott of Ground,
which Complcats the Square on which the Hospital is erected Sc pursuant to
your directions He hath since paid us the Sum you Order'd for two years past.
Immediately after receiving this agreeable intelligence We determined to
make our Acknowledgments of your Bounty in thus encrmraging this Institution,
the Benefits nf which, by the blessing of Divine Providence, are become very evi-
dent &e.xlensiveboth to the People of your province & of the Neighboring Colonies.
With the number of People in these Provinces, the Patients in this Hospital
have constantly increased so th,-it the Kxpences of Providing for them & of Com-
pleating that part of the Building which is erected, have Annually gre.itly
E.xceeded the Income of our Capital Stock altho' the same good Disposition
continues in the People of this City in particular .t of some in other parts of the
Province which enabled us to begin the Work, & Considerable sums have been
Yearly added to the Stock by their private Benefactions. Some generous
Donations have also been made from (Ire.it Britain & from some of the Adjacent
Provinces and the West India Islands. Yet the whole being insutTicient the sum
of Three thousand pounds was by the favour of the Governor & Assembly of
your Province last year Added to their former Grant, part of which hath been
api)lied to Discharge the Deficiency of our former Funds .t the Remainder to
the Increase of our Capital, which is still too small to Answer the Pressing Cries
we hear, of many who stand in need of such an Institution.
There have been constantly upwards of One hundred patients, in the House
for some time past it the present Circumstances of the Province evince to us, who
are Acquainted with the Numbers of distressed Objects who daily apply for help,
that both Charity iSc Good Policy demand the e.vertion of our Endeavours, to
Restore them to a Capacity of becoming usefull .Members of Society. This Con-
sideration will engage us, as soon as we dare Attempt it, to Enlarge the Buildings,
& other Conveniences for the reception of such, & we shall the sooner Adventure
on the undertaking as, from the Diligent Attention of the Physicians & all others
Concern'd in the Care of this Charity and the Harmony & Concord which hath
subsisted among us, we have the pleasing prospect of the Continuance of that
good success, we have hitherto had and our Hope is Excited that as this Infirmary
is the first, it will be the most Extensive in Benefits to the King's subjects in his
American Dominions.
The information given us of your Intentions of soon ordering a Patent to be
granted us for the Lott, Occasioned our deferring this acknowledgement of your
Benevolence being desirous with it of Informmg you that this part of your kind
purpose was Compleated. We begg your favourable excuse of this Delay & assure
you we are with much respect and Gratitude
Your Real Friends.
Pennsvlva. Hospital, 29th 12 mo 1763.
Proprietaries On \\m\ 29th, 1 765, a letter was received from Thomas and
issue Patent. Richard I'enn, directing that a patent should be issued by the Governor
to the Contributors for the lot lying immediately north of the Society
52
lot on which the Hospital was erected. The warrant for a survey
from Gov. Penn, dated Sept. 12th, 1765, was read at a meeting held
the 28th of the same month. The Patent for the lot was eventually
delivered in the latter part of 1767, some three years after receiving
notice of its having been contributed ; acknowledgment of which is
made in the following letter :
To THE HONOLRABLE ThOMAS PENN AND RICHARD PESX, ESQRS., PROPRIETORS
AND Governors in Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania. Address to
The Managers and Treasurer of the Pennsylvania Hospital, with much
Respect and Gratitude, acknowledge your Benevolence, in your generous
Donations for the Support and Advancement of the Institution under our Care.
Your annual Contribution of Forty Pounds, was in the year 1762, and hath
ever since been, regularly paid by your Receiver General.
The Patent was deliv'd us at our Meet'g last month for the Lot you were
pleased to grant ; by which the Hospital is agreeably accommodated, and its
Situation now secured from future Interruptions of the Room and .\ir from any
part of that Square on which it is built.
The approbation of our Conduct, you have manifested by those valuable
Donations will incite us to pursue every measure in our Power to render the
Pennsylvania Hospital the Object of your continued Favor and Regard ; and
confiding therein, we beg leave to lay before you the State of the Hospital and of
its Funds, in the three last annual Settlements of the Accounts, and of the Returns
of the number of Patients admitted and discharged. On comparing these with
our small beginning, a few years since, we have just Cause, with reverent Thank-
fulness, to acknowledge, that, the Divine Blessing hath been conferred on the
Endeavours of those concerned in its Foundation, Establishment and Support.
The Physicians continue to attend gratis with great Care and Diligence, and
besides the Service immediately afforded to the annual increasing number of
Patients, there's a Prospect of contributing towards the Establishing a Medical
School for the Instruction of the Youth of this and the adjacent Provinces ; and
thereby rendering the regular Study and Practice of Physic and Surgery attain-
able by many whose Circumstances will not permit them to pursue it at the great
Expence of a Foreign Education.
The annual E.xpences of the Hospital have hitherto exceeded the Income of
our Funds with the additional Contributions we have received ; but from the
Useful Foundation lately provided by the Legislature for the Employment of the
Poor we hope to receive some Relief, as, by a mutual friendly Concurrence of the
Trustees of both Institutions, many of the Poor who are in want of Medi-
cines and -Assistance from the Hospital may during their Continuance under our
Care, be exercised in some Employment to Lessen the Expence ; and render
them afterwards more useful, both to themselves and the Public.
Whatever we can do for the advancement of these good Purposes, and in the
Discharge of the Trust committed to us, for the general Interest of your Province,
and thereby manifesting our Desire of the continued Patronage of our Proprie-
taries, shall be cheerfully attended to by us.
Pennsylv.^nia Hospital. (Signed by all the Managers.)
December 28, 1767.
On January 9th, 1766, a Committee of the -\ssembly visited the
Hospital, inspected the several wards and reported that they were
3J
Proprietors.
Visit of
Committee
of Assembly.
Precautions
against Fire.
Gratuities
from Visitors.
Committee
of Assembly-
Visit.
Patent from
the Penns for
another lot.
pleased with tlie good order in which they found them and the care
wliich is taken of the patients, and rei)orted :
.lAi r it pleasf the Speaker,
The Committee appointed to examine the Stale of the Pennsylvania Hospital
beg leave to Report. That agreeable to the Oriler of the House they have visited
the several Apartments o( the sick and other unhappy Persons in the said
Hospital and had the Satisfaction to find them all in the greatest good order that
through the unwearied attendance and Constant care of the Managers the
Economy of the Hospital is conducted much to the comfort and case of the many
afflicted objects residing therein and that they are of opinion that the generous
Services performed by the several able Physicians who by Rotation attend the
said Hospital have greatly contributed under the Favour of Divine Providence to
the Relief and often to the perfect cure of many poor Persons who without the
benefits of their assistance in this Charitable institution must have languish'd in
great Distress and Pain.
Wood being the only fuel then in use, chimney fires were not un-
common. The Managers were fully aware of this source of danger and
such a fire, which fortimately caused but little damage, happening at
this time, it is recorded, Oct. 27, 1766, that:
The sitting Managers are desired to inspect the several fire places in the
respective wards and chambers and take the necessary care that they be so
secured as to prevent any risk or danger from the use of fires.
It was the custom in those days, especially on Sunday, (or curious
and idle persons to walk out to the Hospital " tosee the crazy i)eople."
The crowds finally caused so much annoyance to the patients that on
April 27th, 1767, orders were renewed :
That the Hatch door be kept carefully shut and that no person be admitted
without paying the gratuity of Four Pence formerly agreed upon and that care
be taken to prevent the throng of People who are led by Curiosity to frequent the
House on the first day of the Week to the great disturbance of the Patients.
The Committee of the Assembly again visited the Hospital in
1767 and made the report, which is found in the minutes of Oct. 5.
In Obedience to the Order of the House your Committee pray leave to report
that they have visited the Pennsylvania Hospital and the several apartments
therein provided for the Reception of the Sick and Diseased and find them clean,
wholesome, and in the best order greatly owing to the remarkable Care, Assi-
duity and close attention of the Managers in the punctual Discharge of the im-
portant Trust in them reposed, And your Committee are firmly pursuaded that
the utmost care and Skill has been and is daily aflbrded for the Relief and the
Recovery of the Various Sick and Diseased there Remaining by the worthy
Physicians of this City, who, williuut Reward, charitably attend this important
Service.
In 1769, another i)atent was received from the Penns for a lot of
ground on the south side of Spruce Street, extending westward from
Ninth Street, 198 feet, and southwardly 107 feet, which was a valu-
able .Acquisition, as will be understood by referring to the article on
"Real Estate."
54
At a meeting held at the " Conestoga Waggon," October 28,
I 771, the Managers decided to congratulate Richard Penn, Esq., on Address to
his arrival and accession to the government of the province, as they the Governor,
had his predecessors :
To THE Honorable, Rechard Pen'n, Esqr., Lieitenant Governor ani>
Com.mander-in-Chief of the Province op Pennsvlvania and Counties
OF New Castle, Kent and Sussex on Delaware.
The Address of the Managers and Treasurer of the Pennsylvania Hospital.
^[ay it phase the Governor,
To accept our sincere and hearty Congratulations on his safe return and
Accession to the Government of this Province. The Blessing of Divine Provi-
dence, the Bounty of the Hon. Proprietaries, with the countenance and Aid of the
Legislature of this Province and the Generous Contributions Oi" our Fellow
Citizens and others, have rendered our Endeavours, assisted by the benevolent
Care of the Physicians of this Hospital more e.xtensively successful than in the
first Founding of it, we had reason to e.xpect. A faithful discharge of the Trust
committed to us in order to continue and still to e.xtend the benefits of this
Laudable Institution for the relief of the Sick and distressed Poor will we hope
recommend it to the Patronage and Favor of the Governor who we confide will
protect our Corporation in those necessary and useful Powers and Privileges
granted by Charter and the Laws of the Province We wish the Governor all the
Satisfaction and Pleasure which result from a Wise and Equal Administration,
and from a benevolent Inclination to promote every Charitable design for the
present and future Happiness of the People.
To which Governor Penn very graciously responded :
Genllemen, I accept with pleasure your Congratulations upon my accession [[is reply.
to the Government of this Province, and I heartily thank you for your kind
wishes. I am happy to find that the Bounty of the Proprietaries has concurr'd
with other favourable Circumstances to render the Charitable and benevolent
Institution at present under your prudent Management of such extensive Utility.
An Institution founded upon the first principles of Humanity, cannot but recom-
mend itself to Favor and Protection. And the Managers and Treasurer of the
Pennsylvania Hospital may rest assured that the privileges which this Charity
derives from its Charter and the Laws of the Province shall want no support
which I am able to give.
On October 26, 1772, there not being a sufficient number ]jresent Committee
to hold a meeting, it was decided to meet the 28th inst., at 6 o'clock, '"*^*' ''
, _ _, ,- . ■ T-. ■ , 1 »» ■ TT Frieiuls'
at the "Committee Room adjoining friends Meeting House in ^^legu,,™.
Fourth Street." Another meeting, for the purpose of preparing a House.
letter to the correspondents in Europe, was held at the house of
Thomas Mifflin.
About this time, the Managers began drawing bills of e.xchange Bills of
on their agents in London, for money which was then becoming due Exchange.
from the Pennsylvania Land Company's unclaimed shares voted by
Parliament. On November 4th, after enumerating some eleven bills
drawn, amounting in the aggregate to ^2,450 sterling, the Managers
say :
55
And we iiUind in a fc-w days to draw for ^550, more, having the iipportuiiily
of selling the liills at 60 per cent with Land Security. We liopu you will have the
money in your hands before the bills appear and become due, but that you may
not be subjected to any inconvenience, or our fund to any disadvantage in the
sale of the stock, we have by the tenor of the bills contracted that they shall not
be liable to any further damage than the payment of our lawful interest after they
become due, until it suits you to discharge them.
The Hospital -j-j^g Proprietary Government of Pennsylvania definitely termi-
, .. '' nated September 26, 1776, with the final adimirnmcnt of the Provin-
lutionary ' ' 1 1 ' 1
Period, cial Assembly, although the latter had practically ceased to exist at
least si.\ months before this time. The authority of the King of Great
Britain was i)ublicly and formally cast off by the official annoimce-
ment of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence which was
celebrated in Penn.sylvania on July 8th. \\\ the same act, the Royal
Charter, and all the ])owers conferred by it, as well as the former laws
of the Province, became of no effect. As these laws were for the
most part adapted to the circumstances of the people, tiie new Assem-
bly subsequently (January 28, 1777) passed an act to revive and put
them again in force. The Act reads as follows:
Act of " Each and every one of the laws, or acts of General Assembly, that were in
Assembly, force and binding on the inhabitants of the said Province on the fourteenth day of
May last, shall be in force and binding on the inhabitants of this stale from and
after the tenth day of February next as fully and eflectually to all intents and
purposes as if the said laws, and each of them, had been made or enacted by this
General Assembly ; and all and every person and persons whomsoever are hereby
enjoined and required to yield obedience to the said laws, as the case may require
until the said laws or acts of General Assembly respectively shall be repealed or
altered, or until they expire by their own limitation, and the common law and
such of the statute laws of England, as have heretofore been in force in the said
province, except as is hereafter excepted."
During the intervening ])eriod, although the situation was beset
with unusual difficulties, the Managers continued to carry on their
humane work under the original charter. The funds of the Hospital
at this period might have been sufficient to meet its ordinary current
e.xpenses, but " certain contingencies and unfortunate circimistances,"
Hospital arising out of the disturbances incident to the impending war,
in diffKuiiies. y^.^]yj,gj a[ Q„j.e ijoth the capital of the Hosjiital and its revenue.
The expenses were also increased, so that, notwithstanding careful
management, the institution became more and more involved in debt.
The Managers were compelled to dispose of securities, and loans
were returned de|)reciated in value, or jiaid in paper money which
could not be redeemed.'
' Continmtal Money. The 6rst issue of Continental currency was made on May 10, 1775.
In 1781, the General Assemlily passed " An Act directing the mode of adjusting and settling the
payment of debts and contracts entered into and made between January i, 1777, and March i, 1781,
and for other purposes therein mentioned." On May 31, 1781, Continental money ceased to be
receivable for taxes and was no longer legal tender.
56
Their distress culminated when the British army entered Philadel-
phia, September 26, 1777. The English military authorities forcibly British
took possession of the Hospital, filled it with their sick and wounded '^■'■"y'"
ij- J 1 J u , , , J Philadelphia.
soldiers and sailors, overturned the usual orderly management, and
on their departure appropriated to their own use the blankets, bedding,
and instruments, for which the Hospital received no compensation,
either at the time, or afterwards.
After the evacuation of Philadelphia by the British, June 17,
1778, the Managers were confronted by a serious financial problem.
A law was passed compelling the accejitance in payment of debts of
the Continental currency and this was taken advantage of by some
debtors of the Hospital to discharge their mortgages and other
obligations in depreciated money. The Managers were willing to
compromise by accepting the interest in Continental money, but
insisted that the principal or Capital Stock should not be impaired by
payment in depreciated currency. However, twenty-seven of the „. . ,
' - ' - ' •' h inancial
borrowers insisted on the acceptance of the Continental paper issue, ujiTiculties.
\vhich destroyed over one-half of the Capital Stock of the institution —
so depreciated had become this currency that on May 4, 1781, State
money was by proclamation declared to be 175 Continental for
I State, and State being only 4 for i in Gold, made Continental 700
for I.
The loss! of capital and interest by the Hospital from Ajiril,
1774, to April, 17S4, is partially shown in the following Exhibit:
In 1774 the productive capital stock (money at
interest), was _;^i8,6o7 Sjt 41/
In 1784 the productive capital stock (money at
interest), was 9>5i6 i8s iid
Reduction of principal or capital stock 9,090 <)s 5</
Loss by receiving interest in Continental currency, 2,349 8x 2(i
Total loss in principal (or capital stock), and
interest by Continental money ;^ii'439 ^V 7"'
The loss by receiving paper money for board of jjatients,
students' privileges, etc., is not included in the above calculation,
but was without doubt very considerable.
During this trying period it was impossible without gold and
silver to maintain the Hospital, the Managers therefore were obliged
to borrow hard money on their private credit, giving their individual
^ The estimated loss was based on Richard Wells' scale of depreciation of Continental money,
c;\tled the equitable scale.
security. A successful apiieal was made in 1780 to the State Legis-
Assembly lature to aid the funds by a grant of j{^io,ooo in Continental money,
ma rs j^jij ^^ great was the depreciation that the value of the grant was
;lllotlltT . ,
Griiiit. estnnated to be, m gold coin, only ^163 iSs S^. It was however
sufficient to tide over the emergency, and with the return of peace,
new life and vigor was infused into the management, and once more
appeals to the public were made, which were generously responded
to, and the Hosi)ital a.irain restored to its former state of pros-
perity.
A transaction illustrating the difficulty under which tiic Managers
Tender of ,,, ri, ■> i- ,-1
Depreciated '^'^^''^d, on accoimt of this dei^reriated condition of the currency,
Curri-ncy for occurred towards the close of 1776. The authorities of the College
Mortgagf. of Philadelphia having purchased a ])roperty, desired to have it made
free from an incumbrance, of a mortgage held by the liospital,
amounting to some three thousand pounds sterling. The Managers
objected strongly to receiving the proceeds in Continental money on
account of the injustice to the trust under their charge, by the
greatly impaired value of the currency at that time. A special
meeting was called, which was attended by the representatives of the
College, Rev. William Smith and Rev. William White, the former
being the Provost and the latter the Treasurer of this rising educa-
tional institution. The matter was I'lnaliy amical)ly arranged by the
Managers accepting substitute bonds for a i)art of the amount and
receiving the balance, amounting to over eight hundred jjounds in
currency.
Continental The first mention of the Revolutionary War, made on the records
''" ,j!' of the Hospital, occurs on December 5, 1776, when a large number of
wounded soldiers, sent by the Committee of Safety, were admitted.
Again, on January 8, 1777, we find that many wounded soldiers,
seamen and Hessians were received, and subsequently others were
admitted.
Quaker The members of the Society of Friends were, by their religious
Managers principles, non-combatants. At the period just preceding the Revo-
opposed to lutionary War, the leading Friends were not only among the wealth-
iest and most influential citizens of the Province, but they had always
taken an active part in promoting all measures pertaining to the wel-
fare of the Province, as is well shown in the interest which they mani-
fested in the Pennsylvania Hos])ital. When the Colonies resorted to
arms, however, acting in accordance with their religious principles,
many Quakers refused to take up arms or actively assist, either directly
or indirectly, the American cause. Their neutral attitude and consistent
conservatism gave rise to the popular belief that their personal
58
influence would be exerted against the Colonies, hence, during the
excesses of party feeling they became the objects of general suspicion
by the remainder of the community.
Congress, in 1777, formally recommended that the Executive
Council of Pennsylvania apprehend and secure a number of the most
prominent and representative members of this sect living in Philadel-
phia; and by order of Council, in August of that year, a number, Managers
including several Managers of the Hospital, were arrested and without Ba"'shed to
a trial were exiled to Staunton, Virginia, where they were compelled "
to remain for about eight months.
On September 29, 1777, the following appears on the Hospital
record :
The present Commotions, and arbitrary Measures of our late Rulers in Ban-
ishing four Members to Virginia, to wit, Israel Pemberton, James Pemberton,
Thomas Wharton, and Edward Pennington prevent the Meeting of a Board.
These contributors and Managers were among the most active
and efficient members of the Board.
Again upon the minutes of September 29th it is stated that :
Part of the British Army, under the Command of Sir William Howe, arriving
in the City on the 26th of last month ; on the ne.xt day a great number of sick and Soldier
wounded Soldiers (without previous notice given, or application to the Managers) Patients
were brought into the Hospital, who crowded the Wards, incommoding our summarily
Patients, and rendering it impracticable to pursue the former good Order of the introduced.
House.
Also that :
Samuel Rhoads, Joseph Swift, and Robert Strettell Jones are appointed a
committee to draw up a memorial to the Comr. in Chief, representing the present
distress'd Situation of the hospital & requesting relief in the premises.
At the period of the occupancy of the Hospital by the British
troops, the Managers were again confronted with the financial trouble
arising from the suspension of the continental currency, and the
scarcity and high prices of provisions and other necessaries, so that
thev were obliged to borrow gold, or " hard monev," for the support
" Hard
and care of the lunatics and provide medicines for the sick. On ,„o„ey"
December 29, 1777, it is recorded : times.
In the present Situation of Affairs it being impossible to carry on the Chari-
table design of this Institution without gold or silver Coin, it is agreed to borrow
the sum of one hundred Pounds in Specie upon Interest from Jacob Shoemaker.
On May 25, 1778:
A Committee consisting of Samuel Rhoads, Robert Strettell Jones, James
Pemberton and Thomas Wharton, was appointed to wait upon Dr. Morris, the " '""^''y
Inspector General of the British Hospitals, to represent to him the Loss in Spoiliation of
Blankets, Medicines and Hay that the Institution had sustained by the admission '^°SP"*'
of the sick and wounded Soldiers of their Army, and the detention of the Instru- ' '■''P'^'^>-
ments and to request an immediate restoration of them.
59
It does not appear on the records that the Inspector General of
the British Hospitals offered to make any restitution or even acknowl-
edged the claim.
A further illustration of the inconvenience and injury sustained
during the period of occupation is found in the message sent to the
Auditing Committee of Assembly, who, upon enquiring for the
accounts of 1777, were informed October 11, 1779 :
Annual That several citizens, four of whom were Managers of the Hospital having
Accounts been sent to a distant part of the Continent, the papers necessary for making out
delayed, that account had been mislaid and that the British Army having in the latter part
of the Year possessed themselves of the Hospital, the affairs of the Managers
were tlirown into confusion, that the Managers however did not despair of com-
pleating the Accounts of that Year, which should be laid before the house as soon
as they could be conipleated.
East Wing of the Hospital with Elaboratory on the right, the latter built in 176S.
Continental ^" -'"'^ ^-' '778> ^n agreement was entered into with Jonathan
Army useof I'otts, D. D. G., and Thomas Bond, Jr., .\. D. G., representing the
Hospital. Medical Department of the Continental Army, for the use by the
latter of the pharmaceutical "Elaboratory"' of the Hospital for the
purpose of preparing and compounding medicines for the use of the
Military Hospitals.
* The building, known for the past half century, as the " Nonh Ho^I^c," was formerly called
" the Elaboratory." It is first mentioned in the minutes of the 29th of eighth month, 176S, when it
is recorded, that " Samuel Rhoads, Jacob Lewis and Isaac Greenleafe, are appointed to purchase
.Materials & employ Tradesmen to Erect a Building adjoining the Kitchen Convenient for an
60
On September 8, 1778 :
Doctor Bond, Jr., of the Continental Hospitals applied to the board for the
admission of a large number of convalescent Soldiers, under the direction and
management of their Physicians and Surgeons, to which mode the Managers
objecting, and upon a free conference, it was |)roposed to admit from time to time
such of them as having passed the usual Examination of the attending Physicians
and sitting Managers, may be deemed proper Objects ; so far as they can be
accommodated without prejudice to our own Patients, and they being subject to
the rules and management established in the house — the Soldiers, if admitted, are
to be supplied with bedding and Provisions, which are to be delivered to our
Steward by their Commissaries, their Nursing &c. to be paid for as shall hereafter
be agreed upon.
The following letter received by Samuel Rhoads wa.s communi-
cated to the Board at a meeting held third month 30, 1779 :
Sir. — I am called upon by the Medical Director General of the U. S. Army
Hospitals to accommodate a number of convalescents who are to be removed from
the general Hospital without delay.
We shall therefore be much obliged for such part of your Hospital as can be
spared, for which a reasonable rent will allowed.
I am Sir, Yours, etc.,
(Signed) I. Melcher.
Monday, 2gth March.
Which being considered,
Samuel Rhoads, Edward Penington, Jos. Swift and Robt. Strettell Jones were
appointed to inform him, that there is no part of this house can be conveniently
spared for the purpose he requires, and that we had reason given us to expect,
Convalescent
Soldiers.
Correspon-
dence with
Military
.-Vuthorities.
Elaboratory." This structure is shown on an old print to the North of the east wing, or first part
of the Hospital, which was built in 1755-56.
Although originally intended to be but one story high, and as a " Elaboratory '' to prepare the
drugs for the Hospital, it was subsequently devoted to various other uses. Lectures were delivered
there, and at one tune it was used for patients, especially for sailors from U. S. Custotns, and subse-
quently negroes were for many years treated in this building. Of late years no distinction of color,
race or condition is made in assigning or treating patients in the wards.
On November 24, 1783, Dr. John Foulke applied for the liberty to use one of the upper room' of
the " Elaboratory " for the purpose of exhibiting Lectures on Chirurgical and Physical Subjects
during the season, which was granted, and this was the only occasion where the " Elaboratory " is
mentioned as being the place selected and designated by the lecturer.
This venerable building, built with the same kind of brick as the Hospital, was put to many
uses besides the lectures delivered in it. It was seized and occupied as a military Laboratory by the
British while in Philadelphia, and was afterwards used by Dr. Bond.
On the 25th of the second month, 1782, the committee for collecting the debts was authorized to
receive from Robert Morris, Esqr., the Financier General, a Certificate bearing Interest for Rent due
from the United Slates for the use of the Elaboratory before Robert Morris undertook the office of
Financier General. There had occurred some misunderstanding with the Financier General which
was eventually adjusted. On the 2gth of the ninth month, 1783, there is an entry of " £%j 5J, in
Robert Morris's Notes, for balance of Rent, to the ist of the 8th Month last, for the Elaboratory,"
reported paid to the treasurer, by the committee. Again in 1735. " Received for rent of the Elabo-
ratory and tenements ^76 14^-" As late as 1790, there was received a certificate of a debt due for
rent of the Elaborately from the United States wilh interest from January i6, 1783.
Subsequently, (1829), the Managers directed a stair-case to be erected for the accommodation ot
female colored patients, with liberty to enclose part of the garden for a yard for their use.
The building, in iSSt, was put in complete order, and has since been used as a general Recep-
tion room for recent accidents. The second story has been converted into a general Surgical Ward.
61
when we accommodated the Doctors of the Continental Army, with our Elabor-
atory, that they would secure us against being farther incommoded ; and to use
such other arguments as may occur to them, to convince him of the inexpediency
and impropriety of his request, which if he docs not decline, they are to apply to
the General, and such others in power as may be proper to prevent the soldiers
being sent there.
At a meeting of the Board held Ajjril i, 1779, Dr. Bond
attended and made the following proposal in writing:
Doctor Thomas Bond, Jr., requests the Managers of the Pennsylvania
Hospital would receive "a number of convalescent Patients from the general Hos-
7 "^ pitals into theirs, as the Bettering I louse is e.xceeding crowded, and the prescribing
Patients. Surgeons of the Military Hospitals has pointed their house as the most proper for
their purpose ; they and Dr. Bond .igree that they shall be under the care of Dr.
Story as Steward, but that a military Surgeon will prescribe to them : that Dr.
Bond will be in town, and hereby engages to do everything in his power to restrain
the Soldiery, and prevent their commiling Damages, and behaving Irregularly,
and the said Bond further promises to do all in his power to remove them totally
from thence in six weeks — the lower Ward and garret only will suffice."
Which the Managers taking into Consideration, agree to receive such conva-
lescents as having passed the usual examination of the attending Physicians and
sitting Managers, may be deemed proper Objects, so far as they can be accom-
modated in the lower Ward and long Carret, under the care of their own Physi-
cians and Surgeons, but subject to the rules and Government established in the
Hospital. The Soldiers upon admission are to be supplied free of any expenceto
the Institution, with bedding, provisions. Firewood and all other necessaries —
their victuals to be cooked by some person appointed by Dr. Bond or his agents
for that service, in the wash house, and that a reasonable compensation be
allowed for the use of the house. The Managers duly considering the trust
reposed in them, apprehend they cannot receive patients upon other terms, no
persons afflicted with any infectious distemper, can on any account be admitted,
and they are rather induced to acquiesce in this proposal from Dr. Bond's
engaging "to do all in his power to remove them in si.\ weeks."
June 16, 1779 :
Dr. Bond, Jr., waited upon the Board and returned thanks for the use of the
house for the Convalescents of the military Hospitals iS: expressed his desire of
paying for the same. The .Managers leave it to the Drs.' generosity to make
such compensation for the benefit, as he may deem adequate.
Proposition Dr. Bond, Jr., in a subse(|iient communication, dated July 22,
to receive 1 781, to the Board, i)roposed :
Sick
„ . That all the British Prisoners now sick in the Gaol of this City should be
Prisoners. , , , ,
admitted as pay Patients into the Hospital, the number he supposed to be about
Ninety and that in future the Sick belonging to the Army, or Sick Prisoners,
should at all times be admitted on the same footing ; he judged the average num-
ber to be cared for would be from forty to sixty. He also stated that he had con-
versed with Robert Morris, Financier General, who gave him expectations that
some Money would be available to enable the Man.agers to provide Bedding, &c.
Upon being informed by the Board that no persons afflicted with malignant or
infectious disorders could be admitted consistent with the Rules established in
this Institution, he insisted that all the sick must be admitted or none.
62
k.
•^Xi^y^^/.6./.; M1(&.,^^ vL.:/. ^CZ. ^
^~~^«^^
i<wi<,V
51
^,
.5^ -< ^^
cK^„/xf-;%ifA 'Z.^ ii./.A" 2./ ^^^.. yv^.O -^^./i-. .«-/^i?^
^*^,,
-^ -i--^..^ ^..//"/iC.k^^ ^ {S/^ji. ^l7.-«r«v/r,^^4 1
^9r^^ ^
. -*i ^-*u»>o« »»,y.Ji^.i •^•Ai^^.J 4S^-^.^ny i-.^ --^ ^
\
CONTRACT WITH CONTINENTAL ARMY FOR USE OF ELABORATORY.
The Board having maturely considered Ur. Bond's proposals are of opinion The Proposi-
they are totally inadmissible being in direct repugnance to the Rules of the tion rejected.
Institution.
Two letters were received from Robert Morris, Esqr., the Financier General, Continental
at a meeting held on December 3, 1783, relating to the above application made by .Soldiers
Dr. Bond, Jr., for the admission of a number of Sick Continental Soldiers. A .-ulmitted.
Committee at the same meeting reported upon a conference they had with the
Financier. Mr. Morris having acceded to the rules established in the Hospital,
the Managers decided to receive such of the diseased Soldiers at fifteen shillinfis
Per Week, provided bedding & cloathing be furnished for them and that they
shall in all Instances be subject to and governed by the same Rules & Regula-
tions as other Pay Patients.
Some years later, during the war with England of 1812-15, the Soldier
Hospital was again called upon by the Military authorities for aid. P;ii>cnts of
*" 1812
The minutes of the Meeting of April 25, 1814, refer to a letter from
Alexander Walker, Jr., Agent for British Prisoners, in which he
stated that
he had paid for the Board of Wounded Prisoners Sent to the Hospital " cer-
tain Sums which Col. Barclay Com'g. General declines to refund " was received
& read. The President is requested to return an answer to the said Letter and
to inform Alexander Walker that this Institution is chiefly supported by private
Contribution & the U. States do not contribute at all to its support. That the
United States having no Marine Hospital in this district send their diseased
Sailors to the Pennsylvania Hospital and pay for their Board regularly as a Matter
of course & that ahhough individuals who are strangers and destitute of Money
and friends are frequently received maintained and relieved at the expence of
the Hospital yet that in all Cases where there are private friends or Public Agents
the Managers take Security from them and receive the price agreed for the sup-
port of the Patients.
On January 5, 1780, upon making up the account for 1777, it H,,spital
was found that the Hospital had become indebted to a number of the a;;ainin Debt.
Managers and other private citizens, for various sums of money loaned
during the term of British occupation. These sums aggregated
^1104 I2J-. ^d. To cancel this indebtedness, the Managers were
compelled, by assigning several bonds and mortgages, to cripple the
finances, which were already in a state of great depletion, on account
of the depreciation of paper money and imsettled condition of the
currency.
On January 20, 17S0, the Assembly was memorialized for further Appeal to the
assistance in the financial emergency. In this document the recent •;^s^^''"ti'>-
military experience was referred to, as follows :
Certain Contingencies and unfortunate Circumstances, in the present War
concurred in reducing the Capital, augmenting the common E.\penses and involv-
ing the Institution in Debt. First — The Laws compelling the Managers to give
up their Securities for Monies lent and receiving in lieu thereof depreciated paper
Currency. Secondly — The British Army, invading the City possessing them-
selves of the Hospital, occasioning the suspension of Paper Currency within their
63
Mana|;ers'
Fines.
Lines, raisinf; llie price of Provisions and necessitating the Managers to borrow
Gold to support the Lunatics and to supply the Apothecary Shop and several of
the Wards with those Articles, which by their means were lost or destroyed.
Thirdly— Hy the continued depreciation of the Currency which the Treasurer is
from time to time obliged to receive for Interest of the Capital Stock or for Rents
and the consequent exorbitant charges uf Ilousekeepins-
The rule relative to fines to be imposed on tlie Managers for
non-attendance, or for lateness, it seems, had not recently been
enforced, and a minute on August S, 17S2, states:
The necessity increasing of the Managers punctually attending to the Duties
of their appointed Meetings— it is determined that every Member who shall be
absent longer than fifteen minutes after the stated hour of the Board's Monthly,
or adjourned. Meetings shall pay to John Morton, who is appointed to collect the
same, a fine of one shilling. And for total absence during such Meetings 2/6,
unless prevented by Sickness.
The book of fines was kept by the clerk and is shown in the
following e.xhibit of the accounts of two prominent members:
The confidence and sympathy of the Assembly of I'ennsylvania
at this time was shown by a resolution adopted December 28, 1781,
as follows :
Assembly Risolvril, That the money arising from fines paid by Members of the House
approve the for not attending pursuant to adjournment, &c., be paid to the Treasurer of the
Management. Pennsylvania Hospital for the use thereof.
64
This grant of the Assembly was received by the Managers in
17S2, and amounted to jQz. \2S. dd. State money and ;^3i. i6x. a,d.
S))ecie, as stated in the Hospital financial rei)ort for year ending
Ajiril 26, 1782.
On March 3, 1783, the minutes state:
Nathaniel Falconer represents, that in Compliance with the desire of the last Grant of
Board, he applied to the Comptroller's Office, to know whether the account Assembly
exhibited by the Hospital for Money due from the supreme executive Council was alleged to be
examined, and he was informed by the Comptroller that the Sum of ten thousand a Loan.
Pounds continental Money received by this Institution in the months of March,
April iS: May, 1780, stood charged against the Hospital, as so much lent by the
Assembly — which being contrary to what he conceived, was understood by the
Managers, it was deemed necessary to call this Meeting.
Whereupon the following action was taken :
The Board taking the same into their serious Consideration, and finding on
l)erusing the Memorial presented on the 20th of the first month, 1780, to the honor-
able house of Assembly that it prayed for a pecuniary aid to the distressed situa-
tion of the Hospital ; and the said ^10,000 was by the Treasurer credited in his
Accounts as a grant, from this State, not as a loan, it's judged expedient to address
the Assembly thereon, requesting the honorable House will be pleased to con-
sider it as a Donation.
A memorial was accordingly prepared and sent
To the Honorable the Representatives of the Freemen of the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania in General .\ssembly met.
The Memorial of the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital, Respectfully
Sheweth,
That their predecessors in Office were under the necessity of applying in the
Year 17.S0 to your honourable House for such " Aids as might extricate them from
their Difficulties by discharging the Hospital debts, restoring the Capital Stock,
and enabling the Managers to prosecute the laudable purposes of the Institution."
That in consequence of this application the Assembly were pleased to direct
an order to issue bearing date the 27th of March, 1780, in favor of the Hospital
for ten thousand Pounds continental Money, which was received and considered
by the Managers as a gift, entered as such in their Books, and soon disposed of in
the necessary Expenses of the House.
That your Memorialists unexpectedly, and with great concern find, that the
above Sum stands recorded on your minutes as a Loan ; and that they are liable
to be called on for the repayment of the same.
Your Memorialists therefore are obliged to solicit the Indulgent Attention of
your Honourable House on this occasion, confidently hoping you will be pleased
to order the above Claim to be relinquished. They beg leave at the same time to
observe, that the same cause, which produced the former Memorial still exists
with equal force — and that the Pennsylvania Hospital now stands in the greatest
need of support, public as well as private.
Pennsvlvanh Hosi'iTAL, 3d mo, 6th, 17S3.
The Committee also prepared the following "brief view," for Brief \ lew
the Assembly, which proved successful and the claim was remitted. . ,
' presented.
Petition of
Managers to
Asserabl)-.
65
The Members who are so obliging as tn cliliver the Memorial of the MaiiRKers
Statement °^ '''^ Pennsylvania Hospital to the Assembly, will please li> be informed— that
and Appeal ^'"■' '"'ention of the Memorialists in the Year 1780 was to obtain a gift Irom the
to Assembly. Assembly to enable them to pay the Debts of the Hospital, which then amounted
to upwards of eleven hundred Pounds in Specie, ft in son)e degree Ici restore the
Capital Stock which had sulFered a loss of about eight thousand I'ounds like
Money by the receipt of depreciated Currency.' That the Sum received in con-
sequence of that application was Ten thousand Pounds continental Currency
which at sixty-one, for one, the Exchange established by Government amounted
lo no more than One liundred & sixty-three Pounds eighteen shillings ft eight
pence.
That the Managers of the Hospital remained strangers to its being con-
sidered as a Loan, until on their Steward lately exhibiting an Account against
the State for the board, ftc, of some Soldiers amounting to ^'69 I2.t 01/, it was
ordered by the Council to be carried to the Credit of the Money lent lo the
Hospital.
That the reduced Funds of the Institution makes it necessary for them to be
very assiduous in collecting every farthing, that is due thereto on any Account
and even then what they receive is insufficient to p.iy the hire of necessary
attendants, purchase Wood, and provide bedding, and other conveniences, and
puis it out of their Power to take few, but Pay Patients, which is far from being
within the original View of the Pennsylvania Hospital.
These Considerations, the Managers are persuaded will be sufficient to
induce the Assembly to comply with the present Request, and they Hatter them-
selves would produce some immediate relief if the state of the Public Finances
would possibly admit of it.
To this was added subsequently this suggestion, May 6, 1 7S3 :
Exemption There is however one Circumstance which the Managers beg leave to men-
from Military t'on, and which they hope the Gentlemen to whose Care the present Memorial is
Duty, commitled will not think improper — they could wish their Steward was excused
from Militia Fines and Duties as in the first place, it is out of his Power to leave
his Trust for the Time that is necessary for the purpose ; and the cost of non-com-
pliance falls ultimately upon the Hospital.
On November 2, 1786, the Managers again jjclitioned tlie .Vsseni-
bly to exempt the Steward, Apothecary and Cell Keeper from Military
Service, in consideration of the injury to which the patients would be
liable when these employees >vould be absent from their post duties.
In accordance with this request these officers of the Hospital
were exempted by statute from military service.
Unclaimed The Memorial to the Assembly, on Second month 25, 1782,
prize money resulted in the ai)proi)riation of all unclaimed shares from prizes taken
by the .Vmerican privateers and letters of marque, by a special Act.
While the amounts ultimately received appeared large, the great
depreciation of Continental currency made the donation of cotnpara-
* Exact sum, ^8259 ijs id. The expenses of the Hospital, though greatly reduced, were double
its fixed income. In 1788-89 it was in such straits that only seventy-seven patients were admitted
during the year, of which number only twenty-eight were free or charity patients — the average
number under treatment being forty -seven, mostly incurable lunatics.
66
lively little value for the purpose of defraying current exjienses.
These unclaimed shares were those of seamen and others killed in
naval engagements or lost at sea, who had no surviving relatives to
claim the amounts belonging to them.
It was deemed advisable by the Board at a Meeting held Committee on
March 2, 1786, to appoint a Committee on Economy with powers Economy,
not very clearly defined, but which proved to be very extensive.
While great service was undoubtedly rendered by this Committee,
the fact remained that, probably on account of its activity and efficienc}-,
it became very unpopular with some of the Managers, subsequently,
who thought it too officious and unduly interfering. This finally led
to a spirited dispute in 1828, which proved to be the only serious disa-
greement recorded during the existence of the Hospital. (Page 85.)
The American Philosophical Society sent an invitation to the Eulogium on
Hospital officials to meet with this Society at the German Lutheran Fr.inklin.
Church on Fourth above Arch Street, on March ist, 1791, to hear an
Eulogium on the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin, by the Rev. William
Smith. This invitation was accepted by the Managers. Among the
distinguished guests ]5resent were President and Mrs. Washington, the
Vice-President and Mrs. Adams, the Congress of the United States,
the Governor, and State Legislature, and a large number of prominent
citizens.
In the spring of 1798, when the Managers were using every Franklin's
endeavor to increase the funds of the Hospital, a rumor became Legacy,
current in the city that Franklin had left a considerable legacy to the
Hospital of which no public acknowledgment had ever been made.
The following letter, signed by eighteen contributors was received
by the Managers :
Pennsylvania Hospital, 30 Ap. 1798.
GenllemcH : There having been published in the News Papers a piece
intimating that the plan of the Pennsylvania Hospital has not been approved by
the Contributors ; also that the late Doctor Franklin left a considerable Legacy
which has added to the funds of the Institution of which no account has been
given to the Public, We request you in order to remove any improper impressions
that may have been made on the minds of the people to the prejudice of the
Hospital in respect to the said Plan & Legacy to publish in one of the news
papers of the City, the E.xtract of Doc. Franklin's Will with the Minute made
by the Managers on the 31st of 5th mo. and the 2Sth of 6th mo., 1790; also the
minutes of the Contributors on the said Will dated the 13th of 7th mo., 1790,
together with the minutes of the Contributors made at their especial Meeting the
1st of the 2d month, 1794, respecting the plan of the new building, etc.
The Managers agreed to publish the extracts from the will of
Doctor Franklin and also the minutes as requested in one of the
papers as follows ;
67
Extract from
Franklin's
Will.
Report of
Committee
upon
Franklin's
Accounts.
Contributors
discuss
Franklin's
Legacy.
E.xtract of Dr. Benjamin Franklin's Will, dated the 17th July, 1788 :
" During the number of years I was in the business as a Stationer, Printer and
Post .Master a great many small sums became due to me for books, advertise-
ments, postage of letters and other matters which were not collected when in
■757 I was sent to Kiigland by the .'Vssembly as their Agent and by subsequent
appointments continued there until 1775 when on my return I was immediately
engaged in the Affairs of Congress and sent to France in 1776 where I remained
Nine Years not returning till 1785; and the said debts not being demanded in
such a length of time are become in a manner obsolete yet are nevertheless justly
due. These as they stated in my great folio " Ledger E." I bequeath to the
Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital, hoping that those debtors and the
descendants of such as are deceased who now as I find make some difliculties of
satisfying such antiquated demands as just debts may however be induced to pay
or give them as Charity to that excellent Institution. lam sensible that much
must inevitably be lost but I hope something considerable may be recovered. It
is possible too that some of the Parties charged may have existing old unsettled
Accounts against me in which case the Managers of the .said Hospital will allow
and deduct the Amount or pay the balance if they find it against me."
The circumstances under which this legacy is left to the Contributors being
considered, it is agreed that it will be improper to conclude either to accept or
resign it without further consideration ; for the present the Board appoint Elliston
Perot and Cornelius Barnes to take off from Benjamin Franklin's " Ledger E,"
the several balances due thereon, which Committee are requested to obtain what
Information they can respecting the debts and to call a special Meeting when they
are ready to report.
The Committee appointed to examine the Ledger of the late Doctor
Franklin and to report thereon, now produced^ a State of several Accounts
arranged in Alphabetical Order on the whole of which there ap|iears a balance
due to his Estate of Five thousand five hundred and eight Pounds 14-1.
They also report they find divers blanks debits and credits, the amounts of
which they arc not able to ascertain ; the Committee further report they called on
several Persons who appear to be in Debt, some of whom say they have Accounts
against the Doctor exceeding considerably his demands .against them ; Others say
the Estates of their Predecessors have been settled many Years since and
Division made, so that they cannot consent to admit of any such antiquated
claims ; Upon the whole the Committee conceive there is no probability of the
legacy being productive because the Act of Limitations applies against all the
demands on the Authority of this Ledger and it being a Condition annexed to the
bequest that the balance should be paid by the Contributors if any should be due
from the testator's Estate, the Managers cannot therefore accept of this (lift at
the risk of paying the debts of the decedent unless the Contributors require them
to do it and therefore in Order to know their Opinion and to be enabled to pursue
their directions, it is agreed that the Clerk shall advertise a General Meeting of
the Contributors to be held at the Hospital on Tuesday, the I3tli of July next at
3 o'clock in the afternoon, in order to lay before them an extract of the Will for
them to proceed thereon as they apprehend the Occasion requires.
The Clerk advertised the Contributors to meet and consider Dr.
Franklin's Legacy, who accordingly met, and made the following
minutes on the subject :
At a general Meeting of the Contributors held seventh month, July ij, 1790, at
the Hospital pursuant to Law public Notice thereof being given in two of the
68
News Papers of this City of Philadelphia, advertising them to meet for the
Especial purpose of considering of a Legacy left to the Contributors for the Use
of the Institution by Dr. Benjamin Franklin deceased and to determine what is
proper to be done on the Occasion. * * * '^ *
An extract from the last will and Testament of Dr. Benjamin Franklyn
deceased was read, which has already been inserted under the Minutes of 5 mo.
3i> 1790-
The Minutes of the Managers respecting the Case were then read likewise The Con-
the Report of the Committee appointed by them to adjust the balances of the said tributors
Ledger and the answers they received from a number of Persons to whom they Decline the
have applied and who appear to be in debt ; An alphabetical List of the debts Conditional
taken by the same Committee was also inspected and a general view of the Ledger Bequest,
taken by the Contributors, from which it appears that many ol the debts are
small, numbers of them due from Persons unknown, and all of them from thirty
to sixty years old, which precludes every hope of recovering as much as will
answer the demands exhibited against the decedent ; it is therefore the uxanimocs
OPINION OF ALL THE CONTRIBLTORS PRESENT THAT THIS LEGACV CANNOT
WITH S.AFETV BE ACCEPTED.
Nevertheless being gratefully sensible of the active part which Doctor
Franklyn took in promoting the Institution and having experienced the benefits
of his benevolent Exertions for the Interests thereof on various occasions, they
lament the Necessity they are under of declining to accept of a legacy from which
the Doctor expresses a hope that something considerable might be recovered but
which the Contributors have great reason to believe will never be the Case ;
Under these Impressions it is agreed that the Managers should return the Ledger
to Dr. Franklyn's executors with a Copy of this Minute.
Signed in behalf and by desire of the Contributors.
James Pemberto.n President.
Witness : Samuel Co.a.tes Clerk.
On April 30, 1792, however, the minutes state that:
A curious Bedstead is presented for the use of ye Patients, by the Executors
of Dr. B. Franklin, at his request in his life lime, which the Steward is to put in
the long Room against ye next Meeting.
A special meeting was held, at the house of Samuel Coates, 8 mo, 28, 1793, Yellow Fever
for the purpose of looking into a violation of the rules of the Hospital on account Patients,
of patients having been admitted, said to be suffering from " yellow fever."
It having been learned that
Two men had lately been admitted who were infected with a putrid
malignant fever, which now prevails in the city ; one of whom (a negro) died the
morning after he came in ; and the other supposed to be in the last stage of Yellow
Fever, for which there is great reason to fear the spreading thereof, to the
danger of the other patients in the House ; as well as communicating therewith.
Dr. Foulke, under whose authority the patients had been admitted.
was requested
To visit the patients and investigate the matter, and do everything in his
power to prevent the increase of this disorder in the family.
Being thoroughly aroused to the impending danger from the
epidemic, it was agreed that every physician should exercise e.xtra
69
caution in his examination of |)a'lients, especially those with fevers,
before admitting them to the wards of the Hos|)ital.
Yellow Fever A refuge had been provided by the authorities at " Hush Hill,"
Hospital, j^ ^ house and property of William Hamilton, which had been taken
by the city |>hysicians as a Hospital to accommodate yellow fever
patients and other victims of epidemic disease. The Managers, there-
fore, were confirmed in their position that it was not their duty to
receive such ]iatients, for fear of spreading the disease in the more
thickly settled part of the cit)-.
The condition of affairs in Philadelphia at this time wasai)palling ;
the minutes of September 30, 1793, state :
Tin- Yellow Fever raging in the city with great violence, a Board of Man-
agers cannot be expected to meet until it abates, many of them being out of town
or sick, and Cornelius Barnes dead. It is agreed by the Managers present that
each of them will attend and do the duty of the sitting Managers, the ensuing
month, (if their health permits) as often as they can.
An attempt to hold a meeting to consider the cases of two patients in the
Regular house re<iuinng immediate consideration of the Physicians, and Dr. Hutchinson
Meetings being dead, and Doctors Sliippen, Kulm and Foulke in the country, the
of Managers Drs. Rush and Park, who are the only two Physicians of the house who have
suspended, remained in the City, are reqiiested to give their attendance as soon as possible,
to hold a Consultation thereon ; in which Rr. Wistar is requested as a favour, to
assist them.
There being no (|uorum. it was decided that
.As business of importance requires the Karly attendance of the Managers,
and as the Yellow Fever is much abated, and the house is clear of it, th.at this
Soeciil ^'f<-'t'"K ''^ adjourned tu the 6th day of the nth month, at 11 o'clock in the Morn-
Meeting '"S' ^^'"S .ve fourth day of the week and that the Clerk notify the Managers to
called '"^^' there at the time appointed.
The attending Managers borrowed one hundred and fifty pounds
from the Treasurer, for the use of the house, as it was not considered
safe for the Steward to go into the town to collect money. It is
recorded that Dr. l*"oulke
Hath only appeared three times in the course of the month ; the last time he
was here he excused himself by saying, it was improper for him to attend the
hospital when he w.is continually amongst the infected cases.
On November 25, 1793, the Managers considered it their duty to
record their reasons for not meeting for three months and apparent
neglect of duty :
Reasons .^ ^^^y malignant disorder, commonly called the Yellow Fever, hath raged with
assigned for g^gj,( Violence from the early part of the 8th month last, to the 9th day of the nth
not meeting. ,„o„ti, inclusive; in that short period of 99 days upwards of four thousand Per-
sons have died in the City and Liberties.
This number we compute to be nearly equal to the one fifteenth part of all
the Inhabitants including strangers. A c'alamity so great involving various other
70
duties to ourselves, our families and friends hath prevented many of the members
of this board, from attending the Services of the house. We have reason, how-
ever, to be thankful, that during the awful visitation, not more than two Persons
in the fever were admitted into the hospital, who died therein, without spreading
the disease. This was owing through divine blessing to the care that was taken
to prevent the least Communication with infected Persons for whose .Accommoda-
tion the Citizens took and supported a separate Building. But the loss we £jj_,.,j|, ^f ^
lament to tliis institution in particular, is the death of Cornelius Barnes, a very Mana„er
upright and faithful Manager; and of Dr. James Hutchinson, a very able and 3„j ^
eminent Physician who spent many of his Youthful days as a resident .Apothecary physic j^n
of the house, and cheerfully devoted the last 14 Years of his valuable time in
performing successfully the most difficult and disagreeable duties of Surgery, by
which he was made through the blessing of Providence the Instrument of saving
many lives. He was, moreover, known with other friends of this Institution,
effectually to advocate its Interest with the Assembly and People on every
Occasion ; whereby many additional grants and Donations were secured to the
house, for all of which the Managers and sick poor of the Institution, will hold
him in grateful Remembrance. But whilst we lament the Loss of our valuable
fellow Citizens and friends, let us remember that resignation to the Sovereign will
of the Almighty Disposer of human Events, is our indispensable duty ; and being
thankful individually, for his merciful Preservation of us, we proceed under a
due sense of Sympathy for all the afflicted and distressed to the other business of
the Meeting.
In 1 798, the signs of the approaching epidemic were again recog- Yellow Fever
nized. Past experiences had so thoroughly terrorized the inhabitants ''sam
that large numbers took the precaution to escape danger by fleeing
from the city.
At the monthly meeting, August 27, 1798, yellow fever then
raging in the city, there were only three Managers present, whose
minds were not reassured when it was ascertained that a patient had
died recently in the house of the fever.
Deeming it too dangerous to hold meetings at the Hospital, the Meeti„gs gj
Managers decided to temporarily meet and transact all business relat- Middle Ferry
ing to the Hospital, at Middle Ferry (Market Street) on the Schuyl-
kill, until the epidemic should have subsided. At the meeting held
September 24, 1798, at " the Ferry," there were only four Managers
present, Samuel Coates, Robert Wain, Israel Pleasants, and Robert
Smith, with Mordecai Lewis, the Treasurer. An assistant female
nurse of the men's ward was reported
Sick with yellow fever, she is supposed to have caught it by going for clothes
in an infected house in the city.
Other cases of the same disease soon developing in the Hospital,
measures were taken to have them removed to the City Hospital.
The following note e.xplains the failure to meet July 13, 1805 :
Five of the Managers beinc out of town, one of them sick and the Appear-
prevents
ance of a heavy Gust rising about the time of this meeting, a Board could not be . .
obtained, wherefore adjourned to the ne.\t stated meeting.
7'
The Epidemic
At this time also another alarming disease in the community was
causing grave apprehensions. On September 30th, the minutes state
that
Another A malignant fever prevailing in Soulliwark, and a few instances have occurred
Epidemic, in some parts of the City is supposed to have occasioned the absence of several
members for which reason a Board cannot be made.
The following contemporary notes by Samuel Coates, one of the
most active of the Managers, are sufficiently curious to be put upon
record. They are taken from a diary which he liahitualiy carried
with him, and in whicli were found many interesting observations
relative to tlic hosjiital, some of which appear upon other pages of
this history :
Interesting " This year (i 798) the yellow fever made more terrible ravages
Account of {]^j^j^ it had ever before done in Philada. in proportion to the no. of
. peojjle who remained in the City ; it is conjectured that 2/3rds at
least of all the Inhabitants had abandoned it ; I cautioned very
strictly the family of one Lightbody, who fled to Derby for safety,
not to return before the Committee of Health invited the Citizens to
return home, but he was too bold, & returned, notwithstanding my
earnest remonstrance against it in one or 2 days after I saw him, with
all his family of 6 Persons thinking that a slight frost which had only
checked the fever had stopt it ; the consequence was that himself I'i:
his Partner in business with 3 out of their four children, all died &
were buried in 7 or 8 Days — Only one daughter surviving of the
whole family of 6 Persons.
" During the continuance, of the fever my family left the City &
I took up my abode in the Penns'a Hospital from which I came almost
daily to the City to assist the Committee of Health in their arduous
duty ; while I was at the Hospital I had the following remarkable
Dream which was soon realized.
A Manager's "One night I dreamed the Prisoners would make a violent
Realistic attempt to rush out of Gaol and it made me very unhappy, as I felt
Dream. ^ confident assurance it would come to pass ; accordingly I left the
Hosjjital immediately after Breakfast and waited on Robert Wharton,
the Mayor, who turned Prison Keeper for the time being on account
of the sickness, and told him of my dream & how unhapi>y I felt —
and that I thought he required more assistance than he had — I
mentioned that if he would accept my offer I would send Francis
Higgins to his aid who was Steward of the Hospital, it had formerly
been a prison keeper & used to their schemes & knew how to
counteract them ; if that wo'd not answer his purpose if he desired it
I would go to the Governor & request a further Guard to protect
72
him — he told me he was much obliged to me, but it was unnecessary
— that they well knew he was well provided with Arms & pointing to Samuel
several Musquets in the room he took up one with the bayonet fixed "^''^^ *
&: presented it towards the Wall of his room sang ' I am ready for
them, but there is no Danger ' — I told him keep a good lookout for I
was confident they would try to escape, & left him; but in parting
he asked me if I would go in the yard & see the Prisoners at their
work. I excused myself for that time, &: said goodby, perhaps I
may come another time — from the Gaol I proceeded immediately
towards my own house to enquire how matters were at home, having
received a hint that some thieves had entered my next Neighbour's
house in the Night, — In my way home, in less than 5 minutes as I
believe after I left Robert & when I had just reached Friends'
Almshouse, I heard the sound of a Drum ; It startled me very much for
Drum was never but then sounded in the City in the fever of 1 798 — I
instantly turned round, knowing there must be trouble in the Gaol —
I now hurried to it, & found Edw'd before the Gaol with a box of
cartridges made up, & a number of People running to it from the
State house which at that time was the rendevous of the Committee of
Health with all their attendants — and just before we got to the Gaol
steps a Musquet was fired.
"On entering the house Robert Wharton accosted me thus:
' O Samuel \vhat you said has happened already.' "
The warning which Mr. Coates gave to Robert Wharton prepared
him to arm himself and run to the rescue of a keeper named
Evans, just in time, as it appeared, to save his life. It was certainly
an odd coincidence that Mr. Coates should have stopped at the
prison to warn his friend Wharton of the threatened outbreak, as a
result of a vivid dream, and that the rising of the prisoners should
have taken place almost immediately afterward.^
I
' la Scharf and Wcslcott's History of Philadelphia this incident of the epidemic is referred to
more in detail.
" The fever made its appearance in the Walnut Street prison on the 13th or 14th of September,
and its mortality was severe. There were then three hundred persons in confinement, including
debtors. This disaster rendered it necessary to remove as many as could be safely taken away.
. . . Some of those who remained became desperate and on the iSth made a bold attempt to escape.
This was not a general movement on the part of the prisoners. Some of the convicts confined in
the East wing took advantage of the visit of Dr. Duffield to seize the key and make an effort to
escape. They knocked down Mr, Evans, a constable, who was acting as deputy keeper, and then
called to the other convicts in the yard to aid them. Robert Wharton, then an alderman of the city,
who was in another part of the jail, ran to the assistance of the keeper. When he arrived. Miller,
the ringleader, had an axe raised to kill Evans. Wharton and G. Gass, an assistant keeper, seeing
this, both fired their muskets at the same time. One of the balls (supposed to be from the musket
of Gass) broke the right arm of Miller and entered his body. Vaughan, another convict, struck
Evans with a bar of iron, and retreated into his apartment. Evans pursued him, and fired at him,
sending a ball into his lungs. Another convict was wounded by a bayonet in the hands of a prisoner,
a negro, who sided with the keepers. The majority of the convicts had nothing to do with this
attempt. It commenced and ended with its projectors. Seven prisoners broke out afterwards by
undermining the prison walls, and escaped." Vol. I., page 495.
73
In I'hiladelphia, during the summers of 1794, 1795 ■'"'^ '79*^'
Yellow Fever Yellow Fever was epidemic, with an average mortality of about 800 per
Ravages, y^^^.^ j^ j^^^ the deaths were 1,292. In 179.S no less than 3,645
persons succumbed to the iJesiilence. Tiiis ci)idemic continued for
several years. In 1799 there were 1,015, '"1802,307; in 1803, 199;
in 1805, 400; in 1819, 20; in 1820, 93 deaths. Then followed a
period of immunity for thirty-three years, in 1853 there were 12S
deaths; but other epidemics prevailed. Smallpox claimed 485 victims
during the season of 1823-24; 427 deaths in 1852; 75H in 1861 ;
524 in 1865, and 4,464 in 1871-72. Asiatic cholera carried off 935
of the citizens in 1832, and 1,012 in 1849. Scarlet fever made ravages
during the years 1861, 1865 and 1870, for each of these years respec-
tively, the deaths numbering: 1,190, 624, 799 and 956. These
figures are here referred to in order to explain the state of i>anic which
prevailed at times, when several of the managers and ])hysicians
temporarily left the city.
The operations of the Hospital were subsequently interru])ted
only once by an epidemic, and this was of less severity tiian those
which occurred about the beginning of the century.
The minutes of July 9, 1832, state that
Cholera The Board was .issembled in consequence of the apprehension of the occur-
Epidemic. rence of pestilential disease of the character which has made its appearance in
New York, and wishing to l)e informed what me.nsures shall be adopted 10 provide
for surgical and other cases after it may be deemed improper to receive them
into the apartments of the Hospital.
The fear of the ci)idemic was not without foundation, although
the general exodus which characterized that of yellow fever did not
obtain this year. The first case of cholera occurred on July 5th, the
next on the 9th : these were followed on the 13th and 14th by three
deaths. After the 14th the epidemic lingered. There were only three
or four cases a day until about the 27th or 28th of July, when the
.epidemic fairly set in. The cholera lasted until the fourth of October.
.-Vltogether there were two thousand three hundred and fourteen cases
reported in the city with nine hundred and thirty-five deaths.
Meeting of The first meeting of the Contributors was held on July 1, 1751,
Managers at the State House on Chestnut Street, when, in jjursuance of the
_ [outside of Act of .\ssembly, they organized and elected twelve Managers and a
the Hospital, treasurer. >
' The Legislative body first occupied the Stale House in October, 1735. A room in the State
House was appropriated to the pubhc library of the city of Philadelphia in 1739. On March 17,
i8o3, the Legislature granted permission to Charles Wilson Pcale to use the upper story and the
eastern end of the lower story of the State House for his Museum, which was, in February, 1821,
incorporated by act of Legislature mto the Philadelphia Museum Company. Originally Mr. Peale
had opened |hc museum at his residence, comer of 1'hird and Lombard Streets.
74
The Royal Standard Tavern, a famous house, was located on
Market Street near Second, and was kept by Henry Pratt. After his Places where
decease his widow, Rebecca Pratt, succeeded to the proprietorship Meetings
were held
and the house then became known as "Widow Pratt's Standard outside of the
Tavern." The first meeting of the recently elected Managers was Hospital,
held at this place on July 2, 1751. There were no meetings of the
Managers from June 20th until September 5, 1751, when Dr. Thomas
Bond, the President, Joshua Crosby, and John Smith, met here to
consider the " beginning of the Hospital in a private house to accom-
modate a few patients, until the Hospital is built, also the rules for
the admission of patients." Another meeting was held here on
October 27, 1751.
The election of Managers had been held at the State House or
Court House for several years, until .-^pril i, 1756, when the new
Hospital being sufficiently completed to afford the accommodations
for the purpose, the Managers decided to hold all future meetings
there. This was not strictly adhered to, as meetings were appointed
to be held elsewhere, at taverns and citizens' houses. On November
8, 1762, a meeting of the Managers and Treasurer was held in the
Warden's Room at the Court-House, when " they were informed
by Dr. Shippen, Jr., lately arrived from London, that seven cases con-
taining anatomical drawings, etc., sent by Dr. John Fothergill, had
reached this port." The first session of Congress in the Court
House building commenced March 4, 1770; and the last session
ended May 14, iSoo.
The Old London Coffee House was more generally known simply
as the " Coffee House." The more important public demonstrations
in Philadelphia in connection with political and other events for
many years occurred at this popular hostelry, which was located at
the southwest corner of Front and Market Streets. It had a large
shed extending over the entire sidewalk to the curbstone. Watson's
Annals represents the old building with the addition in the foreground
of a group of negro slaves being sold at auction and standing on a
platform made of boards resting on two barrels. May 27, 1762, a
meeting of Managers held here to consider the sale of the John Jones
house, which ])roperty had been beijueathed by Jones, a cordwainer,
to the Hospital. .Another meeting was held on .August 2, 1762, to
execute a power of attorney to James Tilghman to enable him to
collect the Christopher Brown legacy in Maryland, and still another
on May 27, 1765, when the Managers met to approve a letter to
Dr. John Fothergill.
There was another " London CofTee House," said to liave been
located at Carpenter's Wharf, on Front Street below Black Horse
Alley.
Davenport's Tavern, or " The Bunch of Grapes," was formerl)-
called the " Bull's Head ; " it was situated on Third below Mulberry
(now Arch) Street. .August 28, 1769, the Managers " adjourned to
meet at Davenport's Tavern, to consider the matter of employing an
.Vpothecary and Steward." A committee was also appointed at this
Meeting to purchase material and employ tradesmen to erect the
famous building afterwards known as the " Elaboratory," whi( h
figures consi)icuousiy several times in the annals of the Hospital.
A tavern located in Bank .Street had tor its sign a portrait of
Burns.
A meeting was held May 14-15, 1770, at '• ]!urns' Tavern"
to discuss the preceding measures, and " the result submitted to the
Physicians who agreed to meet together to consider the same and
give us their sentiments thereon." One important matter brought up
was the excessive rates charged by the apothecaries of the town for
the drugs furnished to the Hospital. AH further supply was by reso-
lution agreed to be ordered from London, except such as should be
wanted in cases of extreme emergency.
.•\t the same meeting the Managers and Physicians considered
" the attendance of the Students who have not paid six Pistoles and
their improper conduct while dissecting, also the indiscriminate jjur-
chasing of drugs."
There were several taverns with the name of " Fleece," the one
on Second Street opjjosite Taylor's Alley was the " Golden Fleece ; "
here the Managers on April 15, 1771, met to consider some important
matters relating to the Pennsylvania Land Company.
"The Conestoga Waggon " was located on Market Street above
Fourth. It was popular with tlie Military and Western men. October
29, 1771. the Managers met here to |)repare an address to Governor
Richard I'enn, congratulating him on his arrival and accession to tiic
Government of this Province.
Adjoining Friends' Meeting House on Fourth Street was a Com-
mittee Room convenient for small meetings. October, 28, 1772, the
ALinagers met here " to consider the offer of Thomas Forrest of the
undivided fourth part of a lot, in right of his wife, to sell for ^300,
out of which he agrees to contribute ;C2^, said lot being situated in
the square between Seventh, Eighth, Sjjruce and Pine Streets."
Public taverns and Ordinaries were not the only places where the
Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital held meetings. Several are
76
recorded as having taken place also at the houses of the members of
the Board and other citizens. Various'
Anions; these, the most interestine; is the meeting of the Mana- =P'^'^'='
° so Meeting
gers and physicians at the house of Dr. Thomas Bond, November 26, |,,3^gj.
1766, to hear him read his Introductory Lecture to a Course of
Clinical Observations in the Pennsylvania Hospital, which was after-
wards delivered to the students at the Hospital December 3, 1766.
This appears in full in the section on Medical Lectures.
A special meeting was held at the house of Samuel Coates, on
November 2d, 1786, for the purpose of requesting Reynold Keen to
deliver a petition (asking for the exemption from militia duty of the
Steward, Apothecary and cell keeper) to one of the city members to
lay before the Assembly. Another special meeting was held here
.August 2S, 1793, in regard to the Yellow Fever, and again September
7, 1795. During the epidemic of Yellow Fever in 1798, the Mana-
gers held meetings for the transaction of business at the Middle I-'erry,
■Market Street Schuylkill, until the epidemic subsided.
By Act of Assembly of April 11, 1793, the sum of Twenty-six
thousand six hundred and sixty six dollars and sixty-seven cents were Fvirther
granted the Contributors out of the Arrears due to the Commonwealth Grants by
under the Loan Office Act of February 26, 1773. The Managers were Assembly,
directed to apply the money granted to erect, finish, and furnish for
the accommodation of the diseased in body and mind, one building
(the west wing) and also one other building (centre building), the
first floor being for the accommodation of the managers, physicians,
apothecary, steward, matron and other officers and servants of the
house, the upper floors to be used for patients. By the same Act,
unclaimed dividends of bankrupts' estates were to be paid to them by
the Commissioners of Bankrupts, the Contrilnitors to be liable there-
for, when claimed, etc. (which yielded in the end, nineteen thousand
dollars for maintenance of the Hospital).
In the proceedings of December 10, 1795, is recorded the copy
of a memorial, which was sent to the Legislature, reciting the forego-
ing facts, and requesting an additional grant in order to complete the
centre and west wing of the Hospital. It concludes with this power-
ful appeal to the members of the Assembly :
That unless your Memorialists receive an additional grant it will be impossible
for them to proceed in the arduous Duties of their ajjpointment ; of course they
will be under the necessity of leaving the buildings in their present unfinished
and useless State ; an event which the friends of humanity cannot fail to deplore,
who feel for the miseries of their Poor and distressed fellow beings, lingering with
sore and afflicting Diseases of body and mind and ready to perish for want of the
comforts which such an Institution would afford tliem.
Your Mi-niorialists acknuwkilm- with great satisfaction, those liberal uraiits
of former assemblies by h liich their Predecessors have been assisted to lay the
foundation of this noble anil useful institution. And with reverence to the author
of all good, who disposeth the minds of Men to acts of Charily and l.ove they
acknowledgetlial they owe its endowment to the liberal contriliutions of benevolent
Individuals, by whose voluntary (iifts, thro' the blessing of Providence, they have
reason to believe, many thousand Lives have been saved, whose names and cases
recor<ied on the Hospital Minutes have been annually submitted to the l-egis-
latures of Pennsylvania for more than forty Years.
That your Memorialists conceive these advantages can only be e.vteiuk-d b)
an additional grant to finish and furnish the buildings. How much it may retpiire
to accomplish these objects, from the present high price of wages and materials,
it is impossible exactly to ascertain : — but from the estimates they have formed,
they conceive it will take fifteen thousand pounds more than is already granted.
Yi )rR MEMORIALISTS therefore in contemplating the necessity of finish-
ing the business assigned them, look up with confidence to the Legislature, the
Patrons of the Pennsylvania Hospital, for such further aid as will enable them to
complete the original Design and extend its advantages to countless numbers of
sick and miserable Beings, whose Blessings will descend upon the founders .V
promoters of so good a work.
Signed by all the Managers, and Treasurer.
This appeal was not without result, for the announcement was
made at the meeting of April 4, 1796, that the Assembly had just
passed an Act making an additional grant to the Hospital of ^£^25,000.
I<"urther appeals to the Legislature for aid will be referred to in a
subse<]uent .section especially devoted to financial aid.
West Wing The West Wing of the Hospital was completed Novcmbir 28,
completed. 1796. The lunatics were removed from the old apartments December
26, 1796. In consequence of the suggestion of I)r. R\isli, respecting
baths, two rooms were provided, one with hot, the other with a cold
and shower bath near to the centre of the West Wing, to be su])i)liecl
with water from a reservoir placed beneath the ceiling of the lower
story. They were completed October 26, 1799. On December 26,
iSoS, a warm bath machine of original design but good construction
was presented by Charles Wilson I'eale for the use of the ]jaticnts, for
which the Managers returned thanks.
Stoves for On May 30, 1802, the Committee were directed to erect one
Coal, stove, to warm the cells with coal, on the plan suggested by John
Dorsey, and to have the experiment made how far it will save fuel.
Circular It was originally intended that the " Centre " Building should be
Clinic Room, finished with a Dome, but it was found difficult to adapt any Dome
to the present Style of the Front; and the operating-room being
capable of so good a light from the Platform of the Roof:
On July 9, 1798, it is resolved, that the Dome be omitted and the Sky Light to
enlighten the Theatre for surgical operations be finished with a light railing.
78
Early in 1804, Lectures were given and Operations performed
therein, which were so continued until 1868, when the new amphi- Centre
theatre was finished and when the circular room was converted into "' '"^'
a ward dining-room and an annex to the library.
The Managers having considered the advanced [(rice of every
necessary article of life, found themselves, on May 30, 1796, under
Hall of the Centre BuilHitiK, looking north.
the necessity of increasing the Board of pay patients and limiting the
number of admissions of the poor, in order to keep within their
resources. They therefore resolved :
That until further order is taken in this business, not more than thirty poor
shall be admitted at one time unless 'an accident or some verj- particular case
should require it.
The French Hospital had been established in Philadelphia some
years previously, but had not been very prosperous. The Managers
received a communication, dated July 2, 1796, stating that Dr.
Colomb, the Inspector General, was desirous of dissolving that organ-
ization, and proposed to transfer all the ])atients to the Pennsylvania
Pay Patients'
Board
Increased.
Proposal
from French
Hospital
Declined.
79
Rules for
Admission.
Domiciliary
Visits by
Medical Staff
Pupils of
Physicians.
Hospital. On July 4th, the Managers assembled at the house ot
Josiah Hewes at 9 o'clock a.m., when Dr. Colomh's |)r()|)osal was
considered and declined. This action was directed to he conveyed
to the French Minister.
On February 26, 1798, the Managers having observed that
Several Persons had been admitted into the House last Year, and some lately,
who .It the time of their admission appeared to be near their end and who have died
shortly after they were taken in, and bavins also observed that some sick Persons
have not been visited previously to their said admission by any one of the Hospital
Physicians, it is agreed to recommend to all the said Physicians to pay strict atten-
tion to those rules of the House which provi<le that no incurable case except Luna-
tics shall be admitted, nor any others, without such previous N'isitation and, as
the rules further require that two Physicians should always attend on every
Managing Day, it is requested that Ihey may In that respect be strictly complied
with and if by sickness or Casualty a Physician cannot attend at the time
appointed, it is recommended that he procure some one of the other Physicians of
the house to attend for him.
At a meeting held September 1st, iSoo, a letter was read and directed to be
sent to Benjamin West, who was then President of the Royal Academy of Arts in
London, soliciting on behalf of the Contributors a painting, ending with the
complimentary conclusion " The works of an artist which ornament the palace of
his King cannot fail to honor him in his native land." The request was favorably
entertained by West, who some years later presented the Hospital with the
picture of " Christ Healing the Sick."' A building was erected from designs fur-
nished in consultation with West. The picture arrived on the 13th of October,
1817. It was exhibited for several years and proved a source of considerable
revenue to the Hospital, amounting to thousands of dollars.
On November 15, 1802, the following communication was sent
by the Physicians, to the Board of Managers :
Whereas delays inconvenient and sometimes dangerous to life have some-
times occurred or may occur from the inability of the Physicians of the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital to Visit the Patients previously totheir Admission into the Hospital
agreeably to a rule of the Managers, on Account of Numerous and prior Engage-
ments of said Physicians, they do hereby request the Managers of the Hospital
to permit them to employ One of their Pupils for the purpose of visiting & exami-
ning the Sick Applicants (when it is not practicable to do it themselves) they
engaging to be responsible for the fidelity and Judgment of their said Pupils.
Bk.vjami.s RrsH,
Phii-ip Svng Phvsick,
John Redman Coxe,
Benjamin Smith Barton,
Caspar Wistar, Junior.
The following reply was made :
The Managers are all of opinion that they cannot dispense with any part of
the present form of admission. On this occasion, the Board sincerely regret that
the Physicians have made a request which the Managers cannot grant without
infringing upon the duties they owe the institution.
> See Works of Art and Memorial Furniture.
80
At a meeting lield Oct. 29, 1804:
Samuel Coates presents to the Hospital a Gi-i man Servant C.irl, aged about Domestic
years old, named , to remain three years, which the Board Servants
accept and request that he will get her Indentures executed. He also offers purchased.
, who is now in the house, for Eighty dollars, for the same time, which the
Managers agree to pay she consenting thereto ; He likewise offers Francis
for E;ighty dollars for three years, which the Board agree to give, Francis Con-
senting to Serve, and to perform every duty required of him b)' the Steward ; but
the principal Object the Managers have in view, in buying him, is to employ him
in the Apothecary Shop, to keep it in good order, and to go of such Errands as
may be thought necessary in the Medical Department.'
It was ascertained, December 28, 1805, that in virtue of the ten Schuylkill
shares owned by the Hospital, the use of Schuylkill water should be ■*™''^''-
gratis for three years, thereafter at the rate of fifty dollars per annum.
The committee on building the stable and wash-house were Cistern
instructed to have a cistern dug to contain forty hogsheads for the water,
purpose of washing. Schuylkill water was also to be introduced into
the stable and wash-house, July 27, 1807. On May nth, a permit
was obtained for the introduction of a pipe
From Spruce street under the wall to the green house, the watering com-
mittee having consented to grant one.
August 21, 1807, the Steward is directed to read in every Ward Rules as to
the Rules to be observed by the Patients once in every Month & Patients to
to inform them particularly that ^^ '^^'^'^
■' monthly.
If anyone of them persist in smoking of Pipes or Segars after being cautioned
by him to desist, such Patients on complaint to the Sitting Managers will be dis-
charged for irregular behaviour.
The custom of leaving the city during the summer months which
began when epidemics threatened or prevailed, subsequently became
the fashion. August 25, 1806, there were reported as absentees:
Peter Brown, on account of his sickness, Thomas Morris at Long Branch for
his health, and Joseph Saunders Lewis, Treasurer, gone to Boston. Pattison
Hartshorne and Lawrence Seckel were granted leave of absence.
May 27, 1809, it was agreed : pj.^^
To Advertize the Poor from the City or County to come to the Hospital where Vaccination,
they will be vaccinated Gratis.
On l\Iay 13, 1811, the Managers' fines were increased to fifty pi-.g-
cents for total absence and to twenty-five cents for being late at any increased.
meeting and no e.xcuse to be admitted for total or partial absence.
1 It was the custom in the early part of last century for immigrants to pay for their passage
by personal service, and, under such agreement, many were sold for a term of years, by vessel
owners to work out their indebtedness, and, hence, were known as " Redemption Servants.'"
Some o( them afterwards acquired wealth and became influential citizens. (See article on
Redemption Servants, in " Watson's Annals of Philadelphia," p 266.)
81
A Model of a Bedstead for diseased Persons invented by John Rhea Barton,
Model of a appfC't'ce of the House, and which has met the Approbation of the Physicians
Bedstead. '"'^^ presented (Sept. 26, 1814). It appears that the Sitting Maiiamers have
Ordered seven Bedsteads on this plan some of which are in Use and have been
found to answer better than any heretofore introduced into the Hospital. The
Board applaud the ingenuity of the Inventor and return him their thanks for the
Model.
Apprentices Q„ j^j^y ,(), 1815, it having been made known lo ilie Hoard that
the Managers of the Ahiishouse had invited the Apprentices of this
House to attend an Operation in that institution :
It is Resolved to permit the Medical Apprentices of the Almshouse to attend
the Surgical Operations, which may hereafter be performed in the Pennsyl-
Hospital.
The following resolution, dated June 26. I1S15, from tlie Alms-
house and House of Em]>l()yniLiit, was directed, July 31, 1S15, to he
put on the Minutes :
Rrsoli'id, Tliaf the Medical Students of the Pennsylvania Hospital be per-
mitteil to attend the Surgical Operations which may hereafter be performed in
this House.
Apprentices November 27, 1815, on motion it was agreed :
attend
, . That the Apprentices of this House have the Libertv of attending the Lectures
of Physicians belonging to the University other than those connected with the
Institution and the expenses thereof be defrayed out of the general fund.
Proposed Correspondence between the Trustees of the University of
Clinic for the l>ennsylvania (regarding teaching in the Hospital) and the Managers
mverei > o ^ j. ^|^^^ Hospital failed to lead to an\- mutual agreement.
Pennsylvania ' - °
November 22, 1817.
Gcnilcmen — The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, being desirous
to secure to the Pupils of the Medical rJepartmeiit the advantages of a clinical
Establishment in which the Treatment i>f the various diseases to which the human
Frame is liable may be illustrated under the direction of one of the Professors of
the University, have ajjpointed a Committee with power to make the arrange-
ments requisite for the Accomplishment of that Object.
Persuaded that your Board will be well inclined lo cooperate with the Trus-
tees in a matter so highly important to the improvement and dissemination of
medical Science, we ofTer to your consideration the following proposals :
1. That there be two Wards of the Hospital, one of the Males the other ot
Females, appropriated exclusively to the Clinical Teacher, each Ward of suffi-
cient dimensions to accommodate with convenience at least Fifteen Patients — two
apartments are of course required in order that the Males and Females may be
separated.
2. Besides the miscellaneous Cases in these Wards, the Managers will allot a
certain number or portion of the maniacal and Venereal patients to be under the
Care of the Teacher.
The Hospital will as usual provide competent Nurses, one of whom to be
entitled Matron who shall exercise a Controul over the whole. The Matron and
Nurses to act under the direction of the Teacher in their care of the Sick subject
to the regulations of the Hospital.
82
4. The Prescriptions of the Teacher to be furnished by the Hospital.
5. Tlie Teacher to have the use of the Lecture Room for the accommodation
of the Class — the necessary Fuel and Attendants to be supplied by the Hospital.
6. Each Student in the Clinical Establishment shall pay to the Hospital the
Sum of Ten dollars for every course of Clinical Lectures he may attend ; and no
Candidate shall be admitted to a Degree in the University who does not jjroduce
a Certificate of havinp; attended a Course of such Lectures and of having paid
the Fee to the Institution.
7. The Clinical Teacher to be responsible for the Observance of such Rules as
may be agreed upon with your Board, as to the Conduct of the Pupils.
We beg to be favor'd with an answer to these Proposals as soon as may suit
your convenience, and should a Conference be deemed advisable, we shall be
ready to meet your Board for the furtherance of the wished-for Object
With much Respect We Remain, Gentlemen, Your Obed. Servts.,
Benj.\min Chew,
W. Meredith,
Mos. Cadwai,.\der.
After this proposition had been discussed, it was referred to a
Committee which reported as follows :
The Committee to whom was referred the communication from the University
of Pennsylvania have given to that subject all the attention & deliberation to
which, from its interesting complexion, it seemed to be so justly entitled.
The interests of medical science are so intimately interwoven not only with
the original design but present economy of the Pennsylvania Hospital, that your
Committee would cheerfully advocate any plan, having for its object the more
eflectual cultivation and diffusion of that important branch of knowledge, but
which should not, at the same time, essentially interfere with the long established
practice and wholesome regulations of the Hospital.
Deeply impressed with these considerations, your Committee convened your
Physicians & Surgeons, the Pliysicians of the Lying-in Departments excepted, on
whose duties it was supposed the proposals of the University could have no mate-
rial bearing — They all attended — The communication from the Trustees was
placed in their hands^They have since returned it, with their written opinion,
which for your information is herewith submitted.
Your Committee have endeavoured to discover whether in any & in what
manner the views of the University could be rendered in accordance with your
rules, but they have been unsuccessful in the attempt — & report it as the result
of their judgment, that the proposals of the University cannot lie carried into
effect in the Pennsylvania Hospital.
Samuel Coaxes,
Thomas Stewakdsok,
Thomas P. Cope.
Philada., I2th mo. 6th — 1817.
The following formal ojjinion was received from the Medical
Staff in relation to the subject :
The Subscribers are of opinion that the proposals of the Trustees of the
University cannot be acceded to without infringing the rights of your physicians.
All the patients of the Hospital have heretofore been attended exclusively by
Proposition
Declined.
83
the physicians and Surgeons whom tlie Managers havt- cliosen — and we bt-lieve
that this regulation sliuiild still he observed.
Thomas I'akke,
JOSEI'H Hahtshokne,
John C. Otto,
S. Calhoun,
Jos. Pakrish.
Pennsa. Hosi'ITAI-, Dec. i, 1817.
Female At a meeting of the Managers, licld September 14, 1824, the
Board of following mintUe was made:
Assistants
Estiblished Believing that it may tend to the encouragement of the Officers and servants
of this Institution in the diligent and faithful discharge of their duty & to the
comfort and itni)rovement of the patients were we assisted in the internal manage-
ment of the House by some of our discreet and e.\perienced female friends and
it having been proposed to Amy Coates, Mary Cope, Catharine W. Morris and
Beulah Sansom to join us in this interesting work S: they having kindly signified
their Assent; the Board, September 14, 1)^24, thankfully Accejjt their Services
and Authorize it empower them either jointly or separately as they shall see fit
at all times convenient to themselves to visit and inspect the several Wards &
apartments of the Hospital to afTord such counsel and aid to all who are in our
employment S: to the patients as they may find occasion for and deem meet and
report from lime to time t" the Managers individually or Collectively such altera-
tions and improvements in the internal economy of the House as they may judge
salutary, useful or needful.
Report from To the Managers :
Board of Agreeably to your Minute of Appointment dated 9 mo. last, we have fre-
Female qently visited the Hospital, and during the course of our attention to the AfTairs
A.ssistants. of the Household in its various departments, we are encouraged to believe our
exertions altogether useless ; and it is in the pleasing hope that similar appoint-
ments in succession will continue to be advantageous to the Institution, that we
are free to projiose the enlargement of our number.
Pursuant to these views of the subject, we take the liberty of naming for
your consideration the election of Hannah Lewis, and Mary Hornor, as our
coadjutors.
As descriptive of the nature of our engagement, and for the sake of con-
venience, we have adopted the title of " The Board of Assistants for the internal
management of the Pennsylvania Hospital."
With sentiments of respect we remain your friends,
Amy Coates, Mary Cope, Catharine W'. Morris and Beui.ah Sansom.
4 mo. 14, 1825.
This Board, 4 mo. 30, 1825, being well satisfied that Considerable benefit has
oara of fgsyitgj jq (^e Institution from the disinterested services of these Friends
f ema e appQJ„{ Hannah Lewis and Mary Mornor to be Members of the said Board of
Assistants Assistants. Who are hereafter to be designated, "The Board of Assistants for
Increased. ^^^ internal Management of the Hospital "
At the annual election, held May 9, 1825, the Board of Assistants
for the Internal Management of the Hos])ital were re-elected.
The following year, Catharine W. Morris, Hannah Lewis and
Mary Coi)e resigned, and their places were filled by the election of
Hannah Paul, Martha Johnson and Elizabeth Archer.
84
On December 31, 1827, a communication was received from the
"Board of Female Assistants," expressing their disapprobation of Board
retaining "a certain employee in the Hospital, in any capacitv what- "^ Female
,,„,,,, / . ... ' , ' , .\ssistaiits
ever. 1 he Managers, after due consideration, refused to comply au i- t, j
w ith the request. The ladies thereupon tendered their resignations,
and the Managers, by motion, declared the organization of the
Board of Female .\ssistants abolished.
At the same meeting the Managers gave consideration to the End
complaints concerning the Committee on Economy, which had been "f Committee
in operation since March 1786, (see page 67), and the following °° conom)
resolution was offered :
Resolved, That so much of any rule of this Board as constitutes a Committee
of Economy be and the same is hereby repealed.
It is recorded that „ .
Resignation
The votes being equally divided, the motion did not prevail. Whereupon of Managers.
Joseph R. Jenks, resigned his seat as Member of the Committee of Economy,
" but not as Manager."
Charles Roberts then offered the following, which was adopted:
Resolved, That the Steward, with the advice of the attending Managers shall
have power to employ and discharge the servants and nurses as they may judge
proper and the first Rule respecting Nurses and Servants is repealed.
The object, evidently, was to abolish the Committee on Economy,
which had, according to some of the Managers, overstepped the bounds
of their powers in deciding questions which had come before them.
The communication from the Female Assistants brought forward the
matter, which had been smouldering for some time, to a crisis. The
Committee of Economy had been invested with great powers in the
control of the internal administration of the affairs, which may have
engendered some want of harmony among the other members of the
Board. It may be said, however, to the credit of the management
that it appears to be the only instance of a disagreement of any
importance, which has occurred in the history of the institution.
On February 25, 1828, the following communication was Res|gn„,iop5
presented :
Sensible that under existing circumstances, we can render you no acceptable
or efficient aid, we have concluded to retire and j'ou are therefore no longer to
consider us as Members of your Board.
Thom.^s p. Cope,
Joseph R. Jenks,
Joseph Johnson,
Israel Cope,
Matthew L. Bevan.
Philadelphia, February Sjtli, 1S2S.
To the Managers.
8^
Roberts \aux was rcciucsted to act as Secretary. The Board being
unable to transact business, there being no quorum :
It is aKreed that Thomas Slewardsoii, the President, with Thomas Morris,
be requested to take legal advice of Charles Chauncey Ksquire, and report
thereon.
Opmionof At a meeting held March i, iSiS, the following opinion was
Charles presented :
Chauncev, , ,,, ,- /■■,. r..r. ,•
P ■ On the 25th of the present month, five of the Managers of the Pennsylvania
Hospital communicated their resignation, in writing, to the Board and retired.
The number of the Managers remaining is seven and they have requested legal
advice as to their powers and as to the Me.isures proper to be pursued by
them.
On the whole my advice is that the remaining Managers proceed without
delay to fill the vacancies which have occurred in the Board, by the nomination
of other Contributors, which Measure, I think is to be preferred to their under-
taking to act witliout a full Board, because neither the labor nor the responsibility
of this Trust, ought to rest upon so small a number of Managers.
Ch.xkles Chau.ncev.
Philadelphia, February 29th, 1828.
Acting on The following resolution was then unanimously ado])ted :
Advice of Where.^s by the resignation of Thomas P. Cope, Joseph Johnson, Joseph R.
Counsel, j^.^^jg^ Israel Cope and Matthew L. Bevan which was made to this Board on the
2,slh instant, the said i)ersons having refused to act as Managers and retired from
the office and five vancancies thereby exist, the rest of the .Managers think fit to
nominate others of the Contributors to supply the place of said persons; and
will therefore proceed to such nomination and appointment.
Joseph Price, Alexander VV. Johnston, Mordecai Lewis, John J. Smith and
Bartholomew WIstar were appointed in the place of the persons resigned.
Centennial The first official recognition and celebration of the birthday ot
Celebration Cen. Washington, occurred during his lifetime, in 1788, when the
of the Birth of <^„|,reme Executive Council of Pennsylvania ordered salutes of
ing on. jj|.jj]|g|.y fQ jjg jj^gj jj, |.,J5 honor, but his friends and admirers had,
previously to this, met and informally established a custom, which was
so well sustained by public opinion that it subsequently received the
sanction of the City authorities. After his death, the celebration was
distinguished by special enactment of Congress, then holding its
closing session in Philadelphia. It was recommended by a|)propriaie
resolutions, that the 2 2d of February, 1800, should be observed
throughout the United States as a day set apart for exercises
manifesting the popular esteem for the character of Washington. In
Philadeli)hia, there was a public procession under the direction of the
Society of the Cincinnati and also a parade of the Masonic fraternity
and of the Military, and a])propriale addresses were delivered.
In the year 1S32, occurred the centennial anniversary of Wash-
ington's birthday, and it was celebrated with special distinction. A
86
Urge civic parade was a prominent part of the proceedings. In tiie
ceremonies the Firemen's and Odd Fellows' organizations appeared for Centennial
the first time in public procession. Every interest in the city was Anniversary,
, , ,.,.,.. ,1 J 1 1 • Washington's
sought to be enlisted in this immense display, and the peace-loving Bir.i,H„„
Managers of the Hospital were even invited to participate, as will be
seen in the following formal invitation which was inserted in the minutes,
but the action taken by the Board u])on the matter is not recorded.
CE:VTE!VNUL CEIiEBRATIOIV.
Sib, — ^The Committee of Arrangement, appointed by the Citi-
zens of the City and County of Philadelphia, beg leave to ,■
address you as Chief Officer of /<Z^<^^^^^«.^f^<2.'*uO(?^^'p
They respectfully request, that upon this occasion, in the appro- '
priate celebration of which, the honor of Philadelphia is con-
cerned, the body over which you preside, will heartily unite in '
forming a pajt of the Civic Proccfsion on the 22d of February.
An early Report to this Committee is peculiarly desirable.
By order and on behalf of the Committee, ,
I
The Committee some time ago appointed on the subject of the opinion of
Mortgage unacknowledged against the Estate of the Hospital reported Mr Chauncey
having conferred with Charles Chauncey thereon and he having o" State
prepared an essay of a memorial to the Legislature asking relief in the '""'"•
premises, it was read February 25, 1833, and approved, as follows:
To the Senate and House of Representatives
of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
The (leliiion of the Managers of the Pennsylvania
Hospital respectfully shezveth.
That by an .'\ct of Assembly passed the eleventh day of April one thousand Petition for
seven hundred and ninety-three entitled " An Act for extending the benefits Relief.
experienced from the institution of the Pennsylvania Hospital " there was granted
87
to the CDiitribiitors to the Pennsylvania Hospital the sum of Twenty six thousand
six hundred and sixty-six dollars and sixty-seven Cents out of the principal and
interest due to the Commonwealth in pursuance of an Act passed the 26th of
February, 1773. And by the said Act it was provided that such suiriciciit security
as should be approved of by the Governor should be given by the Managers on
behalf of the institution with condition that they and their successors should use
their utmost endeavours to collect the Monies due on the securities and should
within three years pay to the Treasurer of the Commonwealth such surplus as
might remain in their hands, beyond the said sum of twenty-six thousand six
hundred and sixty-six dollars and sixty-seven cents, together with interest thereon
from the time of their receiving the same.
Mortgage on That in conformity with the provision in said act Security was given with the
the Hospital, approbation of the governor by a Mortgage of the Corporate estates to Thomas
Mifflin, esquire. Governor of the State of Pennsylvania dated May 7th, 1793.
That the Managers entered upon the performance of their duties under the
said Act of Assembly and recovered and received the sum so granted by the
Legislature and applied the same agreeably to the directions of the said Act ; and
thereafter applied to the Legislature to be discharged from the other duties
assigned to them by the said Act ; and on the 4th day of April one thousand eight
hundred and five an Act of Assembly entitled " A supplement to the Act entitled
an Act for extending the benefits experienced from the institution of the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital was passed by which it was enacted That whenever the said
Managers should transfer and deliver to the State Treasurer all the Bonds,
Mortgages and Securities assigned to them in pursuance of the Act before
mentioned and give him all the information they possessed, all the Trusts and
duties assigned by the said .Act should cease and determine —
That the said Managers did agreeably to the provisions of said Act transfer,
assign and deliver to the State Treasurer all the said bonds, mortgages and
securities and give him all the information they possessed and were thus by virtue
of the said Act discharged from the said trusts & duties.
That the said Mortgage hereinbefore mentioned of the Corporate estates still
remains on record to the inconvenience of said Institution, satisfaction thereof
having never been acknowledged ; as the same of right should have been when
the Managers were in conformity with the last mentioned Act of Assembly dis-
charged from the duties and trusts aforesaid.
Your petitioners therefore respectfully ask that authority maybe given by law
to the Recorder of deeds for the City and County of Philadelphia or to some other
officer of the State to acknowledge satisfaction on the record of said Mortgages.
Two copies of the above memorial were ordered to made signed by the Presi-
dent and Secretary on behalf of the Managers and forwarded to the Senate and
House of Representatives at Harrisburg.
The Committee appointed for the purpose reported that :
Hospital An Act to provide for entering satisfaction on a certain Mortgage against the
Released. Pennsylvania Hospital has passed the Legislature and become a law.
The following is an Extract from this law relating to the
Mortgage :
An Act Supplementary to act entitled, "An act to enlarge the buildings of the State
Penitentiary for the Eastern District, and for other purposes," passed the
twenty-eighth day of March, Anno Domini, one thousand eight hundred and
thirty-one, and for other purposes.
Satisfaction
of Mortgage
not Recorded.
88
Section 6. And be it furlher enaclcd by lite aiilliorilv aforesaid, That the
recorder of deeds for the city and county of Philadelphia be, and is hereby author-
ized and required to acknowledge satisfaction of record of a Mortgage executed
by the Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital to Thomas Mifflin, Esquire,
Governor of the State of Pennsylvania bearing date the seventh day of May, one
thousand seven hundred and ninety-three, recorded in the office fcjr recording
deeds, &c., in and for the city and county of Philadelphia in Mortgage book
Number nine, page three hundred and thirty-five, &c.
Approved the ninth day of April. A. D. one thousand eight hundred and
thirty-three.
George Wolf, Governor.
During the years from 1S33 to 1840, tlie Managers performed Continued
their duties regularly, the physicians were recorded as being attentive Growth of
to the patients, and the routine work of the Hospital continued °^'"
without special incident and without interruption. It was found,
however, that the reputation of the institution was attracting to it a
constantly increasing number of patients, making it necessary to pro-
vide greater accommodations, especially for the insane. Accordingly
the Contributors authorized the Managers to sell some of the lots in
the city, and buy ground in West Philadelphia, and to erect thereon
the Department for the Insane, which was opened in 1840. As the
records of the two departments thenceforward became distinct and
independent, the account of the Insane will be taken up for consider-
ation later on.
On May 26, 1794, the Building Committee proposed the erection ice Houses,
of an Ice House which was approved and they were instructed to
build one of such dimensions as they deem ])roi)er. On December 30,
1811, " Sioo was paid towards building a New Ice House, offered by
Robt. Field." December 17, 1819, " The Steward is directed to fill
the old Ice House, when suitable Ice can be had, but to omit filling
the New One. It is understood that ice is not to be as heretofore
supplied from this Institution to the citizens." The winter of 1838,
however, was of such unusual mildness that very few ice houses were
filled, and the Pennsylvania Hospital again sold ice to its neigh-
bors.
On the removal of the Insane patients to West Philadelphia, in Extensive
1841, the western wingof the buildings, and two-thirds of the groimds ^P^"'^-
which had been tormerly occupied by them in the Hospital at Eighth
and Pine Streets, were at once made available for the needs of the
sick and injured, but quite extensive repairs were necessary in order
to adapt the building for the purposes of a (ieneral Hospital.
From the Minutes it is learned th;it this work now engaged the
attention of the Managers.
89
On May lo, 1841, the best manner of ini])roving the Hospital
came up for consideration, but it was not until December, ICS44, that
action was taken as follows :
Plans for U'lifirai, sincf tlii; Pcmisylvani.'i Hospital was freclc-d experience lias pointed
Improvement out many improvements in the conslruclion of hospitals whereby the comfort of
considered, patients is increase<l and iheir more certain and speedy lecovery promoted ; and
whereas it is proper tlial such iniproveinenls should l>e imrtiduced into the Hos-
pitals so far as circumstances will permit and a prudent and economical adminis-
tration of the funds of the Institution will warrant it, and whereas the present
Building will soon retpiire extensive repairs which may he more economically and
conveniently efTected in conjunction with the desired improvements than if both
should be earned on separately from each other : and where.as it is presumed that
Ivihrary, lookin>^ East.
the Pin sicians and surgeons of the house can give the Managers iinp(jrtai,t and
valued advice on the subject, therefore.
Kisiili'fil, that they be respectfully requested to furnish the Board as soon
as they can conveniently do so, with a detailed plan of such alterations in
the Hospital Buildings as in their oi)inion will best i)romote the object in view-
together with their reasons therefore.
The Medical Staff having been duly consulted, the work was
commenced early in 1845. In March, 1S47, the Committee reported
completion of improvements which cost 515,500, in addition an
. expense of $5,000 for warming the house, .\mong the many changes
made, the report stated that there ha 1 been a change in location of
the Med cal l-ibrarv.
90
The large room in tlie second story of the Centre Building,' formerly used as
a female medical ward, has been handsomely fitted up for the reception of the
Library ; the expense has been defrayed out of the " Medical Fund."
With regard to the alterations, the Btiilding Committee reported : Hospital
, , , ,. , Remodelled.
Little more than the old walls of the transverse sections and the belfry on the
Tower remain to remind us of the past.
.-Vjjril 24, 1848, the following appears upon the minutes :
Several gentlemen having contributed the sum of I510 for the purpose of Trees
having trees jilanted around tlie outside of the Hospital Square, the Treasurer is Planted,
instructed to take account thereof and to give to such of the donors as were not
heretofore contributors and have in this case made the legal contribution,
certificates of Contributionship. He is also requested to pay the money over to
the Steward of the Pennsylvania Hospital in the City, who is instructed to see
to the application of the fund in company with the attending Managers.
The exterior of the Centre Building remains to-day very much as Centre
it was originally in 1796, but the interior arrangements have been Building-
altered materially. On the third floor there is now one large ward,
extending along tlie entire south front. .-\n improvement was also
made in the amphitheatre,
'■ By means of which there is a gain of about fifty seats, making accommo-
dations for about three hundred students." " In the Hall the old wooden floors
were replaced by handsome tiles."
February 25, 1850, the Managers Change of
Entrance.
Hisolved, That it is expedient that the entrance on Pine Street shall be
permanently closed for the admission and discharge of patients within eighteen
months from the present time.
January 27, 1851, the Managers voted :
That the j)rincipal entrance to the Hospital be removed to Eighth Street.
The building at the Eighth Street entrance, which was built for
the gatekee[)er's Lodge, has a front of seventy feet on Eighth Street.
In the centre is an arched gateway, which is the principal carriage
entrance to the enclosure. There are also waiting-rooms for patients.
The Contributors, at a meeting held May 14, 1855, requested the
Managers to take energetic measures to obtain such an amount of
subscriptions as would enable them to put up a separate building to
accommodate the male patients of the insane department in West
Philadelphia. The following Contributors were appointed to assist
the Managers : Isaac Collins, Frederick Fraley, William Bettle, William
Welsh,* Wistar Morris, Samuel Mason, Thomas Tasker, Horatio C.
Wood.
At the annual meeting. May, 1856, the Managers state that :
It has not been customary to report to the Contributors the state of the
Hospital in the city, but merely to submit at their annual meetings a condensed
* this apartment has been used, since that time, also as the Managers' Meeting Room.
91
statement of the accounts, a few copies of which have l>eeii subsequently printed
Annual ^"'' circulated. The Board deem it advisable, as well as due to those who arc
Reports '"'cesled in this Charity, to maUe them more fully acquainted with its peculiar
Issued situation at this time.
From that time to llic present, the reports of all the departments,
compiled by the Managers and Stewards, have been submitted to the
Contributors at the annual meeting, the first Monday in May of each
year, and afterwards published in ])amphlet form for distribution to
the friends of the Hospital. The last annual reports of the several
departments have been durably bound in black cloth, making a
handsome volume.
Picture Qf, July 2(3^ 1 85 4, the College of Physicians of Philadelphia
ease [g^g^j ((.jg i}„iiding on Spruce Street for holding its meetings and
College of library and it was so occupied until 1870, when the College moved
Physicians, into its Own commodious, fireproof building at the corner of Thir-
teenth and Locust Streets.
Humane An unexpected source of assistance was found in the dissolution
f"*^'h'^ of the Humane Society of Philadelphia. The object of this organi-
zation was the recovery of drowned persons, the giving of medals for
saving hiunan life, also to offer aid to those suffering from ca.sualties.
A considerable fund having accumulated in the course of years, which
the Society found difficult to expend for the purjjoses specified, the
Contributors to the Hiunane Society concluded to petition the Legis-
lature for the privilege of transferring its funds, then amounting to
§22,478.50, to the Pennsylvania Hospital.
On September 29, 1856, when the subject of the transfer of the
funds of this Society to the Hospital was submitted to the Board, the
following communication was sent in reply :
PiilLADELi'Hl.v, gth mo. 10th, 1S56.
To Ihe PrcsidenI and Managers of the Humane Society :
I hereby certify that no objection has been made to me by any of the Contri-
butors to the funds of this Society, or by any of their legal representatives, to
the transfer of the said funds to the Pennsylvania Hospital.
(Signed) Alex. J. Derbvshirk, .Sir.
\\'hereu])on the following preamble and resolutions were adopted
by the Humane Society, and a copy transmitted to the Hoard of
Managers :
VVIIKREAS, by an Act of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania approved on the 17th day of March, 18.56, (a copy of which the
Secretary is hereby requested to enter on the Minute Book after the record of the
present meeting), the Managers of the Humane Society are authorized, on com-
plying with the directions therein contained, to transfer, convey, and deliver to
the Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital, all the funds, stocks, money and
property of the said Humane Society. And whereas the notice prescribed in
92
Section I of said Act lias been published In the " North American and United
States Gazette" and the " Daily News," two of the daily newspapers of the City
of Philadelphia, twice a week from the 19th day of Fourth Month to the 19th day
of Seventh Month, 1S56. And whereas the Secretary has this day certified that
no objection has been made to him by any of the Contributors to the funds of the
Humane Society or by any of their legal representatives to the transfer of the
said funds to the Pennsylvania Hospital :
Now therefore be it Kcsolfcd, That the President and Secretary be and they
hereby are, authorized and instructed to transfer, convey and hand over to the
Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital as soon as they conveniently can, all
the funds, stocks, money and property of this Society, and receive from the
said Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital an acknowldgement thereof.
Resolved, That the Treasurer be and he hereb)- is, directed to surrender and pay
over to the said Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital, whenever the
President and Secretary shall direct him so to do, all the cash, stocks, loans and
other securities belonging to this Society that may be remaining in his hands,
after the payment of the orders authorized to be drawn upon him.'
(Signed dy Officers of Humane Society.)
The money was accordingly conveyed to the treasury of the
Hospital to be used for charitable purposes in caring for the sick
and injured, and the Humane Society, which was established in 1780,
dissolved its organization and passed out of existence after an honor-
able and useful career of seventy-six years.
On lanuary 28, i8?6, the following memorial to the Legislature ...... ,
-' • ' ^ ' " o Limitation of
applying for an amendment to the Charter to enable the Hosjjital to Estate held
receive and hold contributions, bequests, etc., to an increased amount by Hospital
the sum of which shall not exceed §50,000 annually, was read and E.xtended.
directed to be forwarded to Harrisburg :
To the Senate and Hoitsc of Representatives
of the Commoiiweallh of Pennsylvania.
The memorial of the Hoard of Managers of the Pennsylvania
Hospital respectfully represents
That in the year 1751 a number of the benevolent Citizens of the Common-
wealth associated together to establish in the City of Philadelphia a Hospital for
the relief of tiie sick poor and insane of the Province, that a Charter was soon
after granted to "The Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital " and that since
that period it has been dispensing its benefits, as far as its means would permit
through every section of the State. Your memorialists would further represent >
that with the e.xception of some assistance granted by the Provincial Assembly
and an early Legislature towards the erection of the original Structure, it has
always depended for its support upon the Contributions of the benevolent and the
income from its vested funds derived from the same source, and that from its
^ The following is a list of securities received by the Pennsylvania Hospital from the Humane
Society: Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co. Certificates, ^,000: City Sixes, five Certificates, ^5. 500 ;
Insurance Co., North America, no shares : Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, 112 shares ; Philadel-
phia Banli, seven shares; Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike Co., three shares; Mortgage,
(Christopher VV. Wesselmann), ^1,500; Mortgage, (Jesse Williams), $1,000; Check on Philadelphia
Bank, $166. Acknowledged by Treasurer John T. Lewis.
93
Limiting the
Income of
certain
Cliaritable
Institutions.
Sick and
■ Wounded
Soldiers and
Sailors.
Wounded
Soldiers.
openinj; in 1752, to the close of the last official year no less than 5S.749 patients
were received and treated in its wards, and of these 34,018 were jioor persons who
received all the advantages of the Institution without charge of any kind: With
the increased demands upon the two branches of this great Charity, your memo-
rialists have steadily endeavored to enlarge their accommodations and are now
engaged in securing the means of putting up a large building for the insane, which
with their present Hospital in the City, will enable them to add largely to their
means of usefulness should their income be sufTicient to support the additional
number who can then be received.
Your memorialists would therefore pray your honorable bodies that "the
Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital " may receive and hold any bequests
or contributions made Ihem for the purpose of e.vtending the accommodations of
the indigent sick and insane of Pennsylvania, and that they may hold vested
funds devoted to this olyect, the annual income of which does not e.vceed Fifty
thousand dollars.
The appeal proved successful and the following was enacted :
mereas. The contributors to the Pennsylvania hospital have existed as a
Corporation for upwards of a century to the great benefit and relief of many
thousanils of sick, wounded and insane persons admitted therein for treatment,
and has been wholly sustained by private charity and without any charge upon
the public treasury: And whereas, The said corporation has now two large
buildings, and the inmates thereof to sustain by the income of its invested capital
and are about to erect another that the se.\es of the insane department may be
separately accommodated, which will require an increase of revenue to sustain it ;
be it, therefore, further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that the said contribu-
tors to the Pennsylvania hospital may acquire and hold for the maintenance and
support of the several departments, and the inmates thereof, ground rents, bonds
and mortgages, public and corporate loans and Stocks, to produce an annual
income, together with such investments now held, not exceeding in the whole
fifty thousand dollars per annum.
Approved, The Twenty-first day of .March, .\nno Domini, one thousand eight
hundred and fifty-six.
(Signed) Jamks Pollock, GDvernor.
The Managers in their annual reijort at a Contributors' Meeting
held May, 1861, made mention of the special needs of the Institu-
tion, particularly mentioning the prospective demands likely to be
made by the Civil War, which had just begun antl wiiirli is referred
to in the following terms :
At the present time, when our country is threatened with the terrible scourge,
war, it behooves us to endeavor to be prepared by every means in our power, to
relitve these who may be sufferers from the insep:irable ills which must follow in
its train, and that not one applicant should be allowed to leave our gate while
there is room to acconwnodate, because the funds adequate to relieve are wanted.
The following communication was received on October 27,
1861 :
StJRGEON General's Office,
State of Pennsvlvania.
Mr. Wm. G. Malin, Steward.
Dear Sir. — I have been requested on behalf of the United States to ask how
many patients the Pennsylvania Hospital will offer to take and the rate of board.
94
I have suggested Jj per week, and said I had been informed that the Hoard had
offered at least loo beds. Will yon promptly reply as I have promised an answer
by 9.30 to-morrow ? Of course you can obtain the desired information either
to-night or to-morrow morning as it is an emergency and I think the acting
Managers will and can promptly res])ond. Until the arrangement is completed
let this application be confidential. Send word by bearer what you can do to aid
me in the matter and oblige,
Yours respectfully,
Henrv H. Smith.
It was found that the Ho.spital could at oiice receive si.\ty jiatients Accommo-
and be |)repared very promptly to admit eighty additional. A com- dation for
mittee was aijpointed to confer with Surgeon General Smith and to ^
' ' '^ Wounded
prepare at once for ihe reception of the Soldiers and also to offer to soldiers
the Government ground for tiie erection of temporary hospital offered,
accommodation.
At a specitl meeting held June 3, 1862, to consider the further Sick and
accommodation of sick and wounded soldiers, it was : Wounded
Soldiers.
Resolved, That all the accommodations in the Institution in the Medical and
Surgical wards are again ofiered for the use of the sick and wounded soldiers of
our army who may be brought to the Hospital.
On June 23d, an agreement was made with reference to tlie
admission of Sick and Wounded Soldiers, and a contract was signed
with R. H. Coolidge, Medical Inspector U. S. Army.
The first reception of wounded soldiers was on July 7th and all
were removed by October t3th, the Government having, in the mean-
time, erected hoi|)itals in and around Philadelphia. The whole
number admitted and treated in the Hospital was 124. Subsequently
manv sick or wounded Soldiers and Sailors ajjplied for treatment as
individuals and were received into the wards.
In I7S4, Franklin wrote that :
' -^ Ministration
The kind visits and conversation of some serious persons, and the pious books to the Sick
that have been left in the Hospital, recommended to the perusal of the patients, by Visitors.
have been attended with a blessing in these respects.
It would therefore seem likelx' tliat ministrations to patients were
regularly conducted, but no further mention is made of such work for
many years.
In 1764, a number of Bibles, Testaments and some Sermons were
presented to the Hospital by the Society for the Promotion of
Religious Knowledge.
One of the most attentive and interested visitors to the sick was Visitors.
Mr. Edmund J. Yard, affectionately known as Father Yard. He was
born in Trenton, N. J., January' 19, 1792, and died in PhiLideljihia,
December 5, 1876, aged nearly eighty-five years. He had been a
95
regular worker in tlie wards of the Hospital from his tweiitiuth year of
age, in 1812, until his death, in 1S75, administering for sixty-three
years to their spiritual wants and j,'iving aid and comfort to the patients.
Religious Soon after his settlement in Phila(lel|ihia it became his habit to
Work among ^.^^j^^ Sunday afternoons at the Hosi)ital, where his labors were
llie Patients. ' , . , ,,. , . , , , , . •.
crowned with success. His manner was so kind and tender that it
seemed like soothing balm to the sick and wounded. I'rom many
patients, after their leaving the Hospital, he received visits at his own
lionie, and letters, after their removal from the city, affording; rich
testimonials to the character of the good work wrought.
Mr. Howard Edwards and Mr. Louis L. Forbes have been
visitors in the wards for about thirty years, also taking part in the
Sunday services.
For the i)ast twenty-two years, Mr. Charles M. Morton hasdevoted
much of his time and energy to the conducting of the religious services
which are held regularly in the Library apartment of the Hospital,
every Sunday afternoon and on Wednesday evenings. These services
are non-sectarian, and are made a.s attractive and ])rofitable as possible.
Some of the lady visitors conduct the music, with the assistance of
the nurses and others connected with the Hospital. Musical and
other entertainments are also given several times during the winter,
and have jjroved occasions of much enjoyment.
The value of these benevolent ministrations among the jiatients in
the wards, which for so many years have been so regular and so satis-
factory, have repeatedly been acknowledged by resolutions of thanks
from the IJoard of Managers.
Clergymen of every denomination are fretpiently in attendance
and are sent for when desired by jxTtieiits.
Coiurihutiiiii On February 22d, 1869, a welcome contribution of $2,000 was
from U. S. received from the United States Sanitary (."ommission .Association,
anitary ^^,.^j^ ^j^^ condition that it should be aijplied to the relief of sick
Commission. ' ■ z^, .,
or wounded United States Soldiers or Sailors, or the Orphan Chil-
dren of such Soldiers or Sailors who have lost their lives in the United
States Service. The donation was received with a vote of thanks, and
the treasurer was directed to keep the money in a separate fund, to be
expended only for the purposes specified.
At an annual meeting of the Contributors, held May 2, 1864,
it was
Resolved, That tlic Board of i\raiiagcrs be and tliey are hereby recjuested to
consider the propriety of selecting and organizing a few Christian women to serve
as stated visitors at tlie IVnnsylvania Hospital, to aid in promoting the mental,
96
moral and s|)iriuial svc-lfart- of tlK- patients, anil lliat llie .Managers have the
authority to carry the same into effect.
In February, 1S65, the Managers recalling the valuable services Official
of the former Board of Visitors (see page 84), voted to appoint a ^^°'"'"'
^ ' ° -^ ' ' Visitors,
committee of
Such ladies as may be deemed suitable to visit the wards of the Hospital, and
read and converse with the patients from time to time.
'I'he following communication was received from the Visitors,
June 26, 1866, as their first annual report :
As it is now more than one year since a company of ladies were invited by
the President of the Board of Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital to confer
together on the propriety of forming a committee to visit the patients.
After a year's experience we can state that we believe our labor has not been
in vain.
The plan of organization has been a President, Secretary and Committee for
the several wards so arranged that the Hospital has been visited every day during
the two summer months.
A Bible class for men and another for women have been held weekly ; and
several interesting cases of a religious nature have claimed our attention, whose
advancement has been promoted we believe by this work, giving us a fresh
assurance of the truth; "My word shall not return unto me void, but it shall
accomplish that which I please and it sliall jjrosper in the thing whereto I send it."
The number of our working members is very small and we trust the Man-
agers w-ill aid us by inducing such of their friends as may be suitable to join us in
this interesting field of labor.
This committee has continued to visit to the present time and
has been of uncjuestionable service in ameliorating the condition of
many of those whose sufferings have compelled them to become
Hospital inmates.
With regard to the care of firemen, the following contract with
the Philadelphia Contributionship was approved, July 29, 1867.
This Agreement between "The Contributors to tlie Pennsylvania Hospital"
of the first part; and " The Philadelphia Contril)utionship for the Insurance of
Houses from Loss by Fire" of the second part ; Witnesseth, That the jiarty of
the first part, in consideration of the sum of Five Thousand Dollars, lawful
money of the United States, paid to the said party of the first part by the said
party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, hath
agreed, and by these Presents doth agree, that the said party of the first part,
shall and will, at any, and all times hereafter forever, admit and receive into their
Hospital, for medical, surgical, and Hospital care, treatment, and maintenance,
and upon such admittance and reception, shall and will bestow on the person and
persons so admitted and received, such care, treatment and maintenance as
aforesaid, without further compensation or payment, either by the said party of
the second part, or by the person or persons, so admitted, received, treated, and
maintained as aforesaid, than the sum of money now paid as aforesaid, the
number, description, and condition of persons hereinafter set forth, whenever the
same from time to time, shall be nominated and appointed for such admittance,
Report of
Woman
Visitors.
Injured
Firemen.
Free Beds
Established.
97
reception and treatment. l>y the .Board of Directors of the said party of the
second part, or their successors in office, that is to say, two persons, and not
more than two at one time, hut either separately at difl'erent times, or together at
Free Beds the same time, beinj; Firemen, members of the Fire Companies in the City of
for Firemen. Philadelpliia in active service for the e.\tinKuishment of Fires, controlled or
regulated by ordinance of the said City, and conformint; to the same, and which
persons shall or may be from time to lime hereafter, disabled or' hurt in the
performance of active service and duty as Firemen as aforesaid, so as to require
or need such medical or surgical treatment, care and maintenance. It being
understood and provided by both the said parties hereto, that if any such persons
so nomin.ited and appointed, adniitteil and received into said Hospital, shall
after such reception and treatment be adjudged by the party of the first part,
under the advice of the surgeons and medical advisers of the said Hospital, to be
incurable of such hurt or disability, the party of the first part, shall not be
required to continue said person in said Hospital under this agreement ; But
the said party of the second part, by their Board of Directors, shall never-
theless always be competent to require that such person shall be continued
in the said Hospital under this agreement, for the term of three calendar months
from and after his or their first recejnion therein. And it is further agreed and
provided that the several persons admitted and received in the said Hospital
under this agreement, shall in all respects be subject to the same rules and
regulations of (he said Hospital, as shall or may from time to time be in force for
the government of patients in the said Hospital.
In response to an application, the Mutual Association made a
similar agreement :
November 14. i,S67.
To Ibf Managers ; —
N'our application was laid before our board yesterday and they have consented
to pay to the Pennsylvania Hospital Five Thousand dollars on the same condi*
tions as the Philadelphia Contributionship — they will re()uire the same instrunieiils
to be executed by the Hospital.
This agreement was made and the money dul\ jiaid to the
Treasurer.
New At a meeting held October ii, 1867, a conference wiih the
Clinical Medical Staff was held in reference to the erection of the new operat-
mpu- j^ ^^j lecture-room,
theatre. '^
On A])ril 27, 1868, the minutes state that :
The design for the contemplated building met with the approval of the Sur-
geons and physicians of the Hospital, who had been consulted. The plan is that
of an Dctagonal edifice which admits of its being brfiught nearer the central por-
tion of the old Hospital building than was thought advisable under plans previ- ■
ously considered. The difficult question of locality is satisfactorily answered by
this plan ; and every objection as regards light and air, and ingress and egress in
either the old or the new structures, which has presented itself hitherto, is fully
avoided by this improved design.
The amphitheatre was completed and formally opened January
9, 1869, by an address delivered by Dr. John F. Meigs, of the
Medical Staff, to the Managers, and also to four or five hundred
physicians and students.
Mutual
Association
Company.
98
By tliL- coniplftioii of tliis building greatly iiicrfased facilities are afforded for
the performance of difficult operations requiring a proper admission of light,
which will remedy an inconvenience seriously felt in the old operating room,
situated as it was in the cupola of the centre of the main building and ill adapted
for accommodating the large number of students.
The whole cost of the building was $27,072.08, ^vhile the sub-
scriptions received from friends amounted to $12,742.82 ; the balance
being paid from the Medical Library Fund.
This building has been constantly in use since 1868, indeed up to
the present time. With the completion of the New Memorial wards,
a new operating and general Lecture-room will be required, in addi-
tion to the three small operating rooms in the new buildings, so that
the octagonal amphitheatre of 1868 is doomed soon to be demol-
ished.
At a meeting held March 29, 1869, at the request of the Hos- Microscopist.
pital Staff, Joseph G. Richardson, M. D., was elected Microscopist
to the Hospital. He was succeeded May 4, 1885, by Henry M.
Fisher, M. D., the present incumbent. On May 5, 1890, the office
was combined with others and Henry M. Fisher, M. D., was desig-
nated as Pathologist, Curator, and Microscopist.
The office of Pathological Chemist was established November 28, Pathological
1870, at the request of the Hospital Staff, to make such chemical "-''"'^ ■
examinations as may be required, by the direction of the Medical
officers. At the date given, Horace Binney Hare, M. D., was elected
the Pathological Chemist. This office was abolished May 26, 1879.
The Managers, having recently decided to equip bacteriological and
chemical laboratories, will probably, in the near future, revive the
office of Pathological Chemist.
In December, 1870, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania made Pennsylvania
application for the use of the Picture House recently vacated by the Historical
College of Physicians, to be used for a depository of their collection, "'^"' ''
and as a place for meetings. The Society made some additions, by
buildings, which included an extension on the east and west sides.
The Historical Society occupied the premises until it decided to pur-
chase the properly of the late General Patterson at the south-west
corner of Thirteenth and Locust Streets, to which it removed its
large and valuable collection in March, 1884.
The Legislature in 1S71 passed an Act to set back the south line Hospital
of Spruce Street, between Eighth and Ninth Streets ; which would \\''>ll-
require the removal of the Hospital wall, on that street, about ten feet
southward.
99
All Act DffiniiiK llii- liiii; iif Sprui'i' Strict, iRtwciii H^iH'itli and Niiitli Stricls, in
the city of Pliiladclpliia.
Section I. Bf it enacted &c. That the south line of Spruce Street, between
Eighth and Ninth Streets, shall be at the distance of four hundred and sixty feel,
three inches (460 fl. 3 in.) southward from the south side of Locust Street.
Approved. The tenth day of May, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred
and seventy-one.
J NO. \V. Geary, Governor.
Widening Ihe Managers, in reference to this Act of May lo, 1871, to set
of Spruce back the wall on Sjiruce Street,
Deem its necessity and propriety somewhat doubtful. If the Hospital is to
be indemnified for the property thus taken from it. the setting back of the houses
between Seventh and Kightli Streets, and west of Ninth Street, the widening of
Barclay Street to si.\ty feet, all improvements gratuitously contributed by the
Hospital to the city, should be borne in mind by a municipality which has never
afforded aid to the institution although receiving inestimable value in the relief
the Hospital has afforded to the helpless in its charge.
Subsequently, in the case of the petition to the Court of Com-
mon Plea.s to secure the widening of Spruce Street, which was
opposed by the Managers, the Court dismissed the petition and
Mandamus refused the writ of mandamus apjjlied for by the petitioners. The
refused. Managers on their ])art jjetitioned the Legislature for the repeal of
the Act authorizing the mutilation of the Hosjiital property, on the
ground that it was an act to promote private interests, and not for
the general benefit of the people. Soon afterwards the Legislature
granted relief by a supplementary act.
The carrying out of this Act would have necessitated the destruc-
tion of many fine old trees,' which the managers and many of the
citizens of the neighborhood were desirous of having preserved.
A Supplement to an Act. entitled " An Act defining the line of Spruce Street
between Kighth and Ninth Streets, in the city of Philadelphia, approved May
tenth, eighteen hundred and seventy-one."
Relief Whereas, By an act of Assembly of this Commonwealth, approved May tenth,
granted ""'' thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, it is provided that the s<iuth line of
Spruce Street between Kighth and Ninth Streets, in the city of Philadelphia, shall
be at the distance of four hundred and si.vty feet and three inches (460 ft. 3 in.)
from the south line of Locust Street.
And whereas, Certain fine old buttoiiwood trees, which the managers of the
Pennsylvania Hospital and other citizens are desirous to preserve, are now
standing between this new line so established as aforesaid and the old line of the
street ; therefore.
Section i. Be it enacted, &c. That the contributors to the Pennsylvania
Hospital, in their new structures to replace the walls now standing on the afore-
said line, may, in order to preserve the aforesaid trees, place iron railing at the
' I'he&e are Buttonwood, or Occidental Plane, trees, ihe largest growth of the North American
forest; they were planted in the year 1756, by Hugh Roberts, one of the first Managers of the
institution. ("Some Account of the Pennsylvania Hospital," Phiht., 1S30, by William G. Malin,
Librarian.)
distance of four feet, or thereabouts, iiortlnvard of the line estalilished Ijy the act
of May tenth, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one ; but any new walls
of brick or stone to be erected sliall be on the new line, as established by that
act : Provided nevertheless, That the said contributors to the Pennsylvania Hos-
pital shall, on or before the first day of November, one thousand eif^ht hundred
and seventy-two, have completed the erection of their new walls and railing, and
the Historical Society of Pennsylvania's new- front wall, in accordance with the
provisions of the said act of May tenth, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-
one, and of this supplementary act ; And ])rovided further That the said con-
tributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania
shall not be deprived of any of their proi)erty without just compensation being
made therefor.
Sections. If the contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital and the Historical
Society of Pennsylvania shall fail or neglect to comply with the provisions of this
act, and the act to which this is a supplement, by setting back the Hosjiital wall
and the walls of the building of the said Historical Society, then and in that case,
immediately after the first day of November, one thousand eight hundred and
seventy-two, the chief commissioners of highways of the city of Philadelphia
shall forthwith proceed finally to widen said Spruce Street, agreeably to the pro-
visions of the act to which this is a supplement ; and the city solicitor of the city
of Philadelphia is hereby authorized and empowered to petition the court of
quarter sessions of the county of Philadelphia for the appointment of a jury to
assess the damages caused by the widening of said Spruce Street, under existing
laws for the assessment of damages for the opening and widening of streets in the
city of Philadelphia.
Approved. Tiie third day of April, Anno Domini one thousand eight
hundred and seventy-two.
Jno. \V. Ge.\rv, Governor.
The practice of keeping notes of intere.sting cases and surgical Reports ot
operations liad been introduced very early in the history of the Hospital. Cases.
The Managers passed the following resolution, October 29, 1836:
This Board having long desired to have the Medical and Surgical jjractice of
the Hospital recorded and preserved for public use, authorize and approve of the
publication of such parts or the whole of it, under the inspection and su])ervision
of the attending physicians and surgeons for the time being (on whom only the
reponsibility of the practice of the house rests) as they may approve and direct.
And a copy of this minute is directed to be furnished to each of the physicians and
surgeons of this Institution.
However, it was not until 1873, 'h^' ^ systematic method of
recording all cases by the Resident Physicians was begun by direction
of the Managers, and has since been maintained. In 18S0, the
Managers, at the suggestion of two members of the medical staff,
Urs. T. G. Morton and William Hinit, issued a volume, entitled
" Surgery in the Pennsylvania Hospital," which contained an epitome
of the practice of the Hospital since 1756, with an account of the
more interesting cases, and also some statistical tables. Some )ears
previously, in 186S, publication of the medical and surgical reports of
the Pennsylvania Hospital had been commenced, but they were
discontinued at the termination of the second \olume.
ReRistrars.
Mintal
and NirvDUS
Dispensary.
Resimiatiiin
t>f Steward.
I'oniplirnL-n-
tary Dinmr.
Presentation
ofMr. Malin's
Portrait.
On January 28, 1889, it wa.s resolved, "That two Registrars
should be appointed, whose duty it will be to pre])are correct tables
of all cases for publication in the Annual Rejjort."
The Managers, on October 26, 1885, took the following action
in accordance with suggestions made in a communication made by
Dr. John B. Chapin :
The proposition to enlarjji- tlu- uperations of the ( )nt-l'atient Department of
this Hospital, so as to inchide tile service for the medical advice and treatment
of mental disea.ses. in the early or incipient sta^e, occurring amonK the poor and
iiuiij;ent. hut nctt requiring custo<liaI care, which was consitiered at your last
meeting and laid over, was sunKeste<l by the nnmher of cases, in a chronic and
incurable state, presenting themselves at the Hospital fi>r the insane, many of
whom, it is believed, might have been relieved by prom|)t anil intelligent advice.
The subject of the prevention of insanity and its increase is one that may
always eng.ige our serious reflection. It is believed the jiroposition under
advisement is in the direction of a preventive measure and therefore worthy of
your favorable consider.ition anil adoption. There are no data or experience to
warrant an opinion or even a conjecture as to the extent of the demands for the
service proposed, or even whether a demand exists, that will justify its permanent
establishment. It is therefore projjosed that the step taken (if it shall appear
wise to take any action, I be of a tentative character; that public annijuncement
be matle that a Physician of the Department for the Insane will be in attentlance at
the Out-Patient Department, .it 3 o'clock on Monday and Friday, the second and
sixth days of each week, for the gratuitous advice and treatment of the indigent
poor, believed to be suffering from the incipient symptoms of insanity, but not
requiring custodial care. As the proposed service will be wholly experimental
and tentative it is suggested that it be first rendered by physicians now connected
with your Department for the Insane, all of whom will volunteer for the duty ;
one to be designated by the Managers to make a beginning and serve two
months. If the public offer to render to the class thus designated, this additional
charitable and professional service, after a fair trial, shall demonstrate that no
demand for its continuance exists, it can be abandoned without embarrassment,
but if actual trial shall show that it meets a necessary want, and to be in the line
of your charitable work, a staff may then be created, as the judgment ol the
Managers may di-lermine with the experience actually gained.
The proposed branch was established and public clinics api>ointi'd
to be held regularly twice a week, which are well attended, and the
service has been made permanent.
At a mi-eting <tf the Board of Managers of the PennsyKaiiia Hospital, held
January 29, i,*<H3, the resignation of Mr. William ('•. Malin was i>resented and
accepted, to take effect April, i.'fS^.
The Medical staff and Resident Physicians, deeming it fitting to
take some public notice of the above action of the Hoard of Mana-
gers, determined to tender the venerable Steward the honor of a
Complimentary Dinner, which he accepted. The dinner was given
February 21, 1883, at the Hospital, in the large library room on the
second floor of Centre building. Dr. H. H. Smith presided, and Drs.
Morton and Hunt were the Committee on .Xrrangenients. An inter-
Dr. Morion Mr. Beni. H. Shoemaker Dr. CortWs Dr. ('.. KielHiiiK Blandford
Surg. Geii'l Marslon Prof. William Lloyd
Dr. William Anderson
Dr. Joseph Recamier
Prof. Leon Lefort
Dr. A. L. Gubb
Dr. Woodbury Dr. ChapJn
Visitors.
esting feature of the occasion was the presentation of a life-size
portrait in oil of Mr. Malin, by the ex-Residents and Medical staff to
the Managers, which now adorns the wall just outside of the old
steward's room.
In 1885, the " Association of Resident Physicians" was formed, Association of
the intention being to meet each year at the Hospital ; the first meet- '; . ".
^ -' ' ^ Physicians
ing was held in the Library of the Hospital on Thursday evening, instituted.
December 17, 1885; dinner was served at 6.30, after w^hich several
addresses were made ; these reunions have been held on several
occasions, at irregular intervals, since that time.
The Ninth International Medical Congress was held in the city Foreign
of Washington, D. C. ; the Sessions opened on Monday, September 5,
1887, and a number of distinguished medical visitors from all
parts of the world were in attendance upon its deliberations, during
the week that it remained in session. As some of the delegates to the
Congress stopped in Philadelphia for a few days on their way to
Washington, it was thought that they might well be entertained by
a visit to the Pennsylvania Hospital. Accordingly, the Board of
Managers invited them to pay a visit to the Hospital, and arrangements
were made to hold an informal Reception, asking some Philadelphia
physicians to meet them, and Dr. Thomas G. Morton, of the Hospital
Staff, was appointed to hold a surgical clinic, at which some special
cases might be presented.
The reception was held September ist, at three o'clock. The
visitors were received by Messrs. Wistar Morris, Benj. H. Shoemaker,
Alexander Biddle, and John B. Garrett, of the Board of Managers,
and the members of the Medical Staff were also in attendance, con-
sisting of Drs. William Hunt, Thomas G. Morton, John H. Packard^
John Ashhurst, Jr., J. M. Da Costa, James H. Hutchinson, Morris
Longstreth, and Arthur V. Meigs. Among the foreign visitors were
Dr. Jos. Recamier, of Paris; Dr. Julius Andeer, of Munich;
Dr. J. S. Grant Bey, of Egypt ; Dr. Chas. L. Phillips, of Lon-
don ; Deputy Surgeon General J. A. Marston, England ; Prof
Leon Le Fort, Paris; Dr. Wm. Anderson, London, England;
Dr. Wm. Lloyd, of London ; Prof. Wm. Murrell ; Dr. D. Leopold
Servais, of Belgium; Dr. J. Cordes, of Geneva; Dr. G. Fielding
Blandford, of London, and Dr. A. L. Gubb, of London.
A brief address of welcome was then delivered by John B.
Garrett, Esq,, representing the Board of Managers, after which some
clinical cases of unusual interest were shown, illustrating the practice
of the house, by Dr. Morton, and the guests made a tour of inspection,
ending with a collation in the Library and a general conversazione.
The visitors departed, highly pleased with all ihat they had seen, which
had evidently made a very favorable impression upon them.
The Nurse i.'or many years previous to 1875, the duty of nursing the sick
r.iiniiiK and injured in the Hospital, as was generally the custom in all hos-
Honif P't^'s. was entrusted to male nurses and assistants in each of the
men's wards, and female nurses and assistants for the women's wards.
These positions were given to trustworthy and experienced nurses,
although they had no special training in the technical sense.
.\bout this time a Committee ajipointcd to establish a " Penn-
sylvania Hospital Training School for Nurses," re|)orted favorably
upon a plan which was ai^proved and a System of Rules for Nurses in
Training adopted.
Applicants for the benefits of the School were recpiired to be
twenty-one years of age. After a course of training of one year in
the wards, both Medical and Surgical, the candidate having the
approval of the Managers, Medical Staff and Matron, wa.s presented
with a certificate that she had fulfilled all the requirements of the
course and approving her good conduct and competency in nursing.
In 1875, Miss Frances Irwin was ajjpointed the Chief Nurse to
supervise all the wards and served three years. In 1879 the office of
Superintendent of Nurses was created. Miss Rachel A. Hunting was
ap|)ointed, who, with a corps of women trained under her direction,
had the entire charge of the nursing in the female wards. At the
close of the first year of trial, the Managers reported, "we believe
we can with jiropriety say that in cleanliness, neatness and e.xactness
of attention to all requirements and careful tender attention to their
surgical and medical patients, the duty performed is all that can be
desired."
Student The Managers of the Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia being
"u-*^^ '^"'" desirous that the female nurses in training in that Institution should
Hospital ^^^'^ ''^e advantages of at least one year's service in the wards of the
Pennsylvania Hospital, application was made to the Managers early
in 1879 and after several conferences with a Committee from the
Woman's Hospital, this privilege was granted.
This plan of introducing woman student nurses from the pupils
of the Woman's Hospital was [Jut into operation October 27, 1879,
and until 1882 the system continued in efficient o])eration, being
carefully supervised for the benefit of patients, and it was found of
great value as a practical school in nursing.
In 1883, at the request of the managers of the Woman's Hosjjital,
who felt the need of a more extended service from the nurses in ilieir
104
own wards, the arrangement which had been in force for four years, to
the mutual advantage of both institutions, was terminated.
On May 9, 1882, the following communication was received :
To THE Board of Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital :
Gentlemen. — A resolution was jiassed by the Board of Managers of the
Woman's Hospital, at a meeting held 4tli mo., 26th, 1882, to withdraw our nurses
from the Pennsylvania Hosiiital.
Owing to the length of service required by your worthy management being
greater than we can afford to release them from the course of training of the
Woman's Hospital, we feel obliged to <nake this change in consequence of the
pressing demand constantly made on us for our nurse pupils for private nursing.
We hereby tender our sincere thanks for the kindness and courtesy shown
us during the e.xistence of the contract Ijetween us.
On Tulv 26, t886, it was resolved that the Picture House could T'^'"l'orary
■ . / , . . , Nurses'
be made, after some alterations, a suitable temporary home for the Home
Nurses, and a Committee was appointed to carry out the plan, which
was accomplished. The cost of the necessary alterations and furnish-
ing, about $4,500, was paid by the individual members of the Board
of Managers ; this building was so occupied until 1893, ""hen the new-
building for the Nurses' Home was opened. (See page 106).
The late Charles J. Harrah presented a piano, and numerous
engravings to adorn the walls.
It was also decided to provide a special reference library and, on
August 29, 1887,
It was resolved to purchase such medical books for the use of the Nurses as
may be required.
.\s a result, and with the donations from many friends, the library
of the Home has become a valuable adjunct to the teaching, and con-
tains, at present, the modern text books, besides many volumes upon
miscellaneous subjects, making a useful collection.
Lectures to the nurses during several months of each year were Lectures to
inaugurated and systematically delivered by members of the Medical and Nurses.
Surgical Staff of the Hospital and Out-Patient Staff, in 1S86, as a volun-
tary aid to the instruction by the Superintendent, and these have been
regularly given since this time. Miss Marion E. Smith was appointed
Head Xurse in 1886, and in June, 1888, resigned her position, having Head Nurse,
received a more remunerative appointment at the City Almshouse in
West Philadelphia. In accepting her resignation, the thanks of the
Board were presented to her for the faithful and efficient manner in
which she had performed the duties of her jiosition during her term of
service in their employ. Miss Anna A. Hintze was elected September
ist. 1SS8. who, three years later, was succeeded by Miss Rachel Fletcher,
whose term, however, • was brief. Miss Elizabeth S. Collier was
appointed to the position August 28, 1891, and has since discharged
its arduous and responsible duties.
An event occurred, in the year 1892, which showed the efficiency
of medical skill and nurse-training in the Hospital :
On April 27, 1892, the Grand Central Theatre, on Walnut
Risoiirccs of Street, west of Eighth Street in this city, was destroyeji by fire.'
Hospital The burned victims turned instinctively to the Hosjiital, and
M-vcrely ^ ^j^^y ^^^ along the streets in a mad rush for relief, their plaintive
cries of distress could be heard at the Hospital, thus giving notice of
their coming. Some were brought in carriages, but many more were
on foot. They found the gates open, the Resident Physicians at
their posts, and the Head Nurse, with her thirty-two nurses, all on
duty, and within twenty minutes after the fire had started everything
was prepared for their reception and prompt treatment.
Within forty minutes after the first jtatient from the fire was
received, all had been properly cared for, forty-seven severe injuries
were dressed in the wards, and those able to walk were on their
way home, duly relieved. Meanwhile the Ambulance, with a sui)i)ly
of dressing material, under the charge of a physician, had gone to
the ground, and twenty-two cases were dressed on the spot, without
coming to the Hospital.
Eight of the cases received into the Hos])ital were so badly
injured that they subsequently died. The Hos])ital staff has rarely
been so suddenly and urgently taxed ; but it nevertheless resjjonded
so energetically and effectually as to elicit the warmest commendation
of their service and the humane spirit which actuated them.
The corps of nurses responded likewise to the emergency and
were deserving of high ])raise for their efficient service.
In May, 1892, the new building, known as the " Nurses' Home,"
was commenced ; it was finished the following year. It is set back
■ "^^ twenty feet from the Spruce Street line, near the northwest corner of
furtlie the grounds. It extends one hundred and four feet southward along
Nursts' Ninth Street, and thirty-seven feet east on Spruce Street. It contains
Home, forty-two bed-rooms, twelve of these being 12x12; twenty-four of
them are 9x12, and the remainder about 12x14 feet. There is a
sitting-room and lecture-room of equal size, each 22x33 feet. The
* The only calamity in the history of the Hospital at all comparable to this, had happened
thirty years previously. On Match 29, 1863, an explosion had occurred at Tenth and Keed Street.*:,
at the factory of Samuel Jackson, a maker of pyrotechnics, who at the time had a large order
for the manufacture of cartridges for the Government. In this explosion and subsequent fire, many
persons were killed or horribly mutilated or burned— of tho<^e thus injured, twenty fema'es and eight
mates were admitted to the Hospital.
ic6
o
I
'm
Oi
CO
DC
Z
Hdiiic
building is three stories in height, with basement and attic. The latter
is reserved for unexpected occasions, or isolation in case of emergency. Nurses'
The Misses Blanchard, of Philadelphia, in 1892, with large- Training
minded liberality, supplied the means for the entire cost of the
building and its furnishing, by a gift of $50,000.
A tablet of Caen stone, inserted in the hallway just at the
entrance, records that,
THIS BUILDING IS ERECTED IN LOVING MEMORY OF
WILLIAM A. BLANCHARD AND MARIA E. BLANCHARD
BY THEIR CHILDREN.
In May, 1893, the first public commencement of the Training
School was held, and at tliis time, a class decoration in the shape of a
pin bearing the design of the Hospital seal was first used. This has
since been adopted as a badge and will be worn by the graduates.
There are now thirty-four female nurses, and twelve male nurses
in the Training School. There have been sixty-four graduates from
the Nurse Training School during the time it has been in operation.
The nurses for two years ]5ast, in addition to the regular duties in
the wards, have been thoroughly taught cooking and massage, besides
the systematic instruction by lectures given by the medical and
surgical staff, the resident physicians and the physicians connected
with the Out Department, as in former years.
The Dispensary service of the Hospital was inaugurated December , im i>atitiu
13, 1752, soon after the Hospital was opened. The minutes of Dcp.iitmcnt.
January 2, 1753, record that on the above date John Small was
admitted to be treated as an Out-Patient ; "a case of periodical
Madness." Subsequently the records state " that several out-patients
had received the advice of the physicians and the use of the medi-
cines received from T.ondon."
Medical attendance in the early days of the Hospital was also
given the indigent at their own homes, the Apprentices being required
" to visit the poor sick in the City." Occasionally the members of
the Medical Staff were also called upon to perform this duty. The
Hospital then being some distance from the built-up part of the City,
a horse was kept for this service.
In 1807 the Medical Staff recommended the appointment of
Two Medical Gentlemen to visit all pcmr patients laboring under disease
who may ap|ily for assistanre, and that llu-ir prescriptions he made up at the
Hospital.
This plan was adopted and Dr. John Syng Dorsey was placed in
charge of the Northern, and Dr. Nathaniel Chapman of the Southern,
district of the City.
107
Under this arrangement Drs. Hartshorne, Hryant, Hojikins,
Extra-Miiral Betton, Calhoun, Moore, and others subsequently rendered efficient
In 1818, when two new dispensaries were established by the City,
one in the Northern Liberties, and the other in Southwark, visitation of
the poor at their homes and the Out- Patient service of the Hospital
were discontinued. There is at present no record of the number of
Out-Patients attended before 1797, but from 1797 to 1818, 15,258
persons had been charitably attended and furnished with medicine at
the expense of the Hosjjital.
Re-ofKan The object in re-organizing this department in 1S72 was in i)art
ization of the jq prevent the available means for the relief of recent accidents Jrom
tpar - ijgjjjg restricted, and this, it was believed, could be accomplished by
relieving the wards of such convalescents as could be safely returned
to their homes, and be as well cared for by occasionally presenting
themselves at the Out-Department.
From 1872 until 1879 ^^^ rooms in the Eighth Street Gate
House were used for this service. In 1879 the building known as the
" Retreat,"' (also sometimes called " the Lodge") was so occupied,
but the numbers applying for relief increased to such an extent, that
larger accommodations were demanded. Accordingly, in 1892, a lot
of ground 38x100 feet was ])urchased on Spruce Street, directly
opposite the Hospital, upon which a building was erected, especially
\i.„ designed for the Out-Patient Department, and presented to the
Building Hospital by Mr. Garrett, one of the contributors (see illustration).
prtsuiuid. ij^ {jjg ygg^^ qC jj^jj. ]„|jiding an Ambulance House was built.
In regard to the plan of the new Out-Department, the minutes
state that
The Committee is iiiuier obligations to Dr. Thomas C;. Morton for many
valuable suKKcstions. and for assistance in planning the buildinK : so arranging
the rooms and windows as to secure the best accommodations and light for
surgical work, as well as l)right, well ventilated rooms for patients while waiting.
A memorial tablet records the gift of the building (which, with
the ground, cost about $50,000) to the Contributors of the Hospital,
as follows :
' In order to afford increased accommodation for the insane women, and to provide rooms for
exercise and amu>ement, the Managers, with the consent of the Contributors, in 1825, built a two-
story brick structure near the northwest corner of the lot, on Spruce Street below Ninth. On several
occasions the neighbors complained of the noises of the insane during their periods of recreation and
at other times. In 1S40 the new buildings in West Philadelphia were erected and all the insane patients
were taken across the river. Subsequently the Retreat was used as an isolating ward during an
epidemic of cholera and for cases of other infectious diseases at various times. On several occasions,
while the surgical wards were being repaired or cleaned, the patients were temporarily transferred
to the Retreat. It was torn down when the new Out-Patient Department was built in 1893.
108
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THIS DKI'ARTMENT OF THE
PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL
HAS BEEN ERECTEO BY
WM. E;VAXS f.ARRETT, JR.
IN MEMORY OF HIS FATHER
WM. EVANS OARRETT
BORN 1798. DIED KS65.
The daily clinical service for the patients who apply at the Out-
Patient Department is now divided into Medical, Surgical, Mental and
The " Retreat," or " Lodge," also used for Out-Patient Department. Torn down in 1S93.
Nervous. Eye and Ear, Throat and Nose, and Diseases of Women and
Children. The details of the service will be mentioned hereafter in
considering the present administration of tlie Hospital, and appoint-
ments for the different departments
About 1873, ^^^ necessity of ])roviding in< reased accommodation,
in the wards, especially for surgical cases, was frequently discussed by
the Board, and each year the need became more urgent. The ques-
tion was referred, from time to time, to various committees of
Memorial
Pavilions.
109
conference and was carefully considered. The necessity for the erection
Enlargcniciit of new buildings attracted the attention not only of the Managers but
of the- Hos- jjI^q jjC jj^^, ii^ejicai staff of the Hospital. Modern surgical progress
pit.-it ri-ciini- , . ■ ... , . , , , , , ,
nu-iulid '"^de It impossible to continue any longer in the old methods, and
this fact being fully recognized, this subject was finally brought
before the contributors at the annual meeting, May 4, 1891, when the
Managers reported in the following forcible terms, the great needs of
the Hosjjital :
The reasons, which but faintly set forth the necessity which exists, have been
fre<|uently i)laced before you, they are now forcibly pressed upon us by a direct
appeal from tlie whole of the medical and sur);ical staff, asking for more beds,
more rooms, more means of relief and cure, if we wish to do the work presenting
itself at our doors, and to keep in the front rank of Hospital service. They
declare the work done in our field of usefulness as unsurpassed if equalled by
any other institution — but what has been done, is not equal to what may be done,
and the power for greater work they ask us at any risk and effort to ^ive them.
We propose to meet them in the humane, energetic spirit which governs their
appeal to us, and we would be recreant to our trust if we did not meet the
urgent demands for increased and improved accommodation.
We propose this year to construct a buildinji or buildings, with such additions
as we are atlvisetl are necessary to place the Hospital on an etpiality with the
best modern improvements for work and administrative capacity, and to this end
ask your formal approval of the proposetl action for the incoming Board of
Managers.
The Contributors promptly and unanimously approved the
proposition, and directed the Managers to proceed with the work.
New The consideration of various plans immediately followed, and
Buildmgs after numerous meetings and much discussion, the Medical Staff
cted recommended to the Managers, that Dr. Edward Cowles, of Boston,
whose scientific and thoroughly practical knowledge of modern
hospital construction was generally recognized, should be asked to
present a plan for the new buildings. This was agreed to and
Dr. Cowles jjtepared a plan, which was approved, and work was
commenced in November, 1892, under the su]3ervision of Architect
Addison Hutton, and John Sunderland as superintendent.
Ceremonv of ^" ^^J' '' '^93' ^''- Benjamin H. Shoemaker, President of the
laying Cor- Board of Managers, being absent on account of sickness, Jose|ih B.
ner-Stone. Townsend, Es(j., laid the corner-stone of the New Pavilions. The
oration was delivered by George W. Biddle, Esq., from whose
interesting and elo(juent address the following extracts are made;
The family of the late Wistar Morris, a former President of the Board of
Managers, h.iving made a munificent contribution (Si,So,ooo), for the erection of a
Memorial House in honor of their deceased relative, upon the plot of ground
within the present enclosure, which should place the Pine Street Hospital on an
equality with the best modern improvenients for work and administrative
capacity, the formal approval of the Contributors to the proposed action of the
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Managers in accepting tliis silt was asked and ot)tained. A year ago. the report
of the Managers to the Contributors exhibited a pretty full outline of the Pvtncts
character and style of the new constructions, their probable cost and the f^„„.
changes made necessary for their erection by the removal of certain existing «. RjfiHI '' -
buildings upon the proposed site. One of these changes required the building of a j.i
a new Out-Patient Department, which is now finished, and in use, upon the
north side of Spruce Street, opposite the Hospital lot. The Nurses' House, also
begun in January, 1892. and finished at the close of the same year, gives accom-
modation, in single rooms, for forty-two nurses, and thus provides for the
eflicient working of this valuable staff of officers. To-day, you are asked to
participate in the laying of the corner-stone of the Memorial Buildings, which,
under Providence, it is hoped will be the means of maintaining and of greatly
e.xtending the good work of this venerable Institution.
The citizens of Philadelphia scarcely need to be reminded of the history and
work of this Hospital, devoted to the relief of pain and of sickness, which seems
to be as much a part of their civic heritage as that other historic building within
the sound of whose bell we now are, where over a century ago the Declaration of
this Country's Independence was proclaimed to the nations of the world. Ante-
dating that event by a score of years, the stream of beneficent usefulness of the
Pennsylvania Hospital has flowed steadily and fully during all this space of
nearly a century and a half.
But little remains to be said except to express the hope that this old Institu-
tion, surrounded as it now is with so many fellow-workers in the same cause, may
continue w ith them to pour out upon the afflicted, in greater abundance than ever,
the benefits which it has heretofore scattered so liberally and indiscriminately
upon all : and that the rearing of this new building, the corner-stone of which we
are planting to-day, may fructify to the same deeds of beneficence, which have
just been so imperfectly referred to, as the original purpose and design of this
ancient foundation.
It is in place to say here, that the external features of the new constructions
will be in perfect harmony with the existing buildings, themselves a model of
excellence, in the style of the architecture of the beginning of the last century.
The new buildings have been designed in the same spirit, and will be character-
ized by the same refined taste, and when finished, will be a great adornment to
this part of our city.
A great, classical author has said in beginning an account of the life of a dis-
tinguished relative, that it is an ancient and honorable custom to describe the
actions and character of the mighty dead for the instruction of those coming after
them : and that it has ever been permitted to some of them to speak, without
arrogance, of their own career of departed glory, for the same purpose.
Let us close by saying, how much more applicable is this language to the
history of an institution, founded in benevolence and good will to all. which for
nearly a century and a half has been daily and actively dispensing its advantages
to the afflicted in mind and body, and which is continuing, and we trust will still
continue in the future, its labors of charity, with increased strength and renewed
vigor, to countless generations to come.
The new buildings face Spruce Street and extend 220 feet east Description
and west and 124 feet north and south, but, owing to the broken out- "f '''e
line, these figures exaggerate the area covered. Memorial
The ultimate total capacity of these pavilions will be about 150
beds, of which eighty will be in the four large wards, ten in the
women's special ward, twenty in the two children's wards and liie
rest in the recovery and ])rivate wards.
The cost of the buildings, complete and furnished, will be about
$300,000. The basement walls are of Jonesborough granite, the
superstructure Philadelphia red brick, with granite trimmings, and
roof of slate.
New Among the improvements contemplated in the near future are a
tiiiiical new Clinical Operating Room and Amphitheatre, and also isolating
■ '"'"'■ pavilion wards for infectious diseases. It is proposed, also, to erect a
theatre. 11
new reception ward building for men and women, for which plans
will shortly be presented, in relationship with the new operating-room
and connected by a corridor with the main buildings.
DEPARTMENTS FOR THE INSANE.
The ]jrincipal motive which had inspired the founders of the Care of the
Pennsylvania Hospital as well as the main argument expressed in the Insane an
petition to the Provincial Assembly, afterwards embodied in the Act of ""P^'lln'S
Mav II, I7SI, was " the cure and treatment of lunaticks," in order , ..
' ' •> ' foundins the
that " they may be restored to reason and become useful members of Hospital,
the community." It was principally out of consideration for those
unfortunate beings, who through loss of reason had become " a
terrour to their neighbours," and for whom no adequate provision had
hitherto been made, that the Managers felt the necessity of providing
immediate accommodations. They accordingly decided to occupy,
temporarily, the building known as Judge Kinsey's Mansion, for
hospital purposes. Of the two patients who were admitted on the
first day after the doors were open, February ii, 1752, one was a
'Mimatick" recommended by the Visitors of the Poor of the city.
It was very soon apparent that neither the house which they had
adapted, nor indeed "any other that could be hired " at that time, .\ special
had what the Managers were willing to consider as " any convenient huildin.n
apartments" for the proper custodial care and treatment of the luna- ""I""'"-
tics. This, in their judgment, made it obligatory upon them, at
the earliest possible moment, to construct a special Hospital, which
should contain the desired conveniences. Plans were accordingly
drawn, and, being duly considered and approved, building operations
were begun in May 1755. The construction proceeded slowly, but
steadily, until the Fast wing of the Pine Street Hospital was at length
113
so far completed lliat ])atients could be transferred. This was ac-
Ncw buiidinK complished on December 17, 1756, as already stated. The insane
occupud. ^vgre at tiiat ti,,ie accommodated on the ground floor of the building,
which had been especially constructed for their use. Proper regard
was shown for exercise, because in addition to the extensive grounds,
there was on the first story of each ward "a gallery eighty feet in
length for such of them as may be trusted to walk about, with a
place for bathing," etc.
KniarKiiiuiit By 1 792. the demands ujion the Hospital had very much increased
iKccssarv. and the number of lunatics had become so large as to call for even
greater ward accommodations, and to make it necessary, as speedily as
possible, to complete the Hospital, according to the original plan,
which has been referred to previously.'
Petition for '^° carry out still further the intention of the Founders, a |)etition,
mure funds, signed by the Managers, Treasurer, and Physicians, was directed to be
presented to the .Assembly, on January 18, 1792, asking for another
appropriation of some of the public funds for this purpose. The
minute read as follows :
The Lunatics in tlie House being greatly multiplied by llie Incre.ise of
Inhabitants in the State, since the Hospital was built, as well as by many other
Causes, it is found by Kxperience that a proper Separ,ition of the Patients cannot
be made; neither can the Necessities of others be relieved, whose Cases require the
aid of the Institution, iS: for whom .Applications are continually made, unless a
Building more adequate to their Numbers is provided to receive them. The
Managers & Physicians are therefore of Opinion ; that an K.xtensionof the House
as nearly as Possible to agree with the original Plan, admitting only of such
alterations as will more conveniently .iccommodate the Lunatics is indispensably
needful ; for these Reasons they Resolve that a Remonstrance or Petition be
presented to the general .Assemblj- setting forth the Necessity of complcating the
Hospital & requesting Assistance to enable the Contributors to do it in such
manner as to answer the humane Intentions of its original Founders.
Appropria- The ])etition was duly sent, and was favorably received ; ten
tion of thousand potmds and the unclaimed dividends of bankrupts' effects
/.lo.ooo. ,ygre ordered to be ajjprojiriated to the use of the Hospital, by Act of
April II, 1793.
Western On November 28, 1796, the western addition to the new building
Wing was reported by the Committee as ready for the reception of patients,
completed. ^^^ ^^ ^^.^ accordingly directed to be opened for immediate use.
Tin; On May 9, 1825, it was " Resolved, That the .Apartments in the
" Lodge." New Building lie called the Lodge and be rtcclusively Appro])riated to
Female Lunatic Patients to be under the care of female Attendants
only." This building was also known as " the Retreat." (See
illustration p. 109.)
' Page 36.
114
On June 30, 1829, it was strongly insisted by the attending
Managers that the present crowded state of the Institution and the Separation
prospect of abundance of funds made it incumbent upon the Board "f Sexes and
to take measures more effectually to separate the sexes, classify the ^''*' '^''"°"-
diflerent grides of lunatics, and provide more ample space for their
recreation.
The needs of the insane at length became so urgent that action Extension
could no longer be dela)ed. It is recorded, January 31, 1831 : Deemed
The great increase of the number of insane patients wliich claim the care of ' ' ''
this Institution and for whose suitable accommodation and means of relief and
restoration the Managers feel deeply concerned has been a subject of frequent
consultation. The Board believes it to be a duty to record its sense on this
interesting concern and to express its o{}inion that when sufficient funds can be
procured by the contributions of the benevolent, it will be proper to afi'ord
adequate space for that description of patients, the present building having
become crowded.
At a meeting of the Managers, held April the 25th, it was
resolved that a copy of the foregoing minute be laid before the
Contributors at their next meeting.
At the meeting of the Contributors, held May the 2d, the further Separate
association of Lunatics and Sick patients under the same roof, after Building for
due consideration, was deemed inconvenient and not conducive to ' "^ insane
1-1/- Tirii- .. , 1 proposed.
their weltare, and the following appropriate resolutions were adopted:
Whereas from the great increase of Insane patients under the care of this
Institution, that portion of the Hospital appropriated to the reception of such
cases is no longer adequate to their proper accommodation. And Whereas it is
evident that an .•\ssemblage of Lunatics and Sick patients under the Same Roof
is inconvenient and unfavorable to the seclusion and mental discipline essential
in cases of Insanity : therefore
Resolved, That we consider it necessary to the interests of this institution
and the furtherance of its humane design that a separate Asylum be provided for
our Insane patients with ample space for their proper seclusion, classification &
employment.
Resolved, That the Board of Managers be and they are hereby directed to
propose at a future meeting of the Contributors to be called by the Managers
when prepared, a suitable site for such an .\sylum and the ways and means for
carrying into effect the foregoing Resolutions.
The Managers evidently did not feel able to take immediate
action, for we read that, at the Contributors' Meeting, held June Removal of
loth, 1835, Horace Binney, Esq., submitted the following resolutions, Lmiatic
which were adopted : ' Department
to the
Resolved, That in tlie opinion of this meeting it is expedient that the Lunatic Country
department of the Pennsylvania Hospital should be removed from the City of approved bv
Philadelphia to the country in its vicinity, provided that the removal can be Contributors
elTected upon such a plan as will promote the comfort and improve the health of
the patients and admit of the superintendence and control essential to a good
administration ot the institution.
"5
Rfsolffd , That the ManaKcrs of the Huspilal he, and they are lierel>y
requested to prepare and report to the Contrilmlors at their next nieetiiiK a plan
of removal agreeably to the preiXMUnj; resoUition : embracing in their report the
location in point of distance from the City, the general structure of the buildings
to be erected, the details of the orj;anization for sui)erintendence and control, the
funils and resources of the Corporation available for this object, and the probable
cost ; with such facts and remarks as they may think it expedient to communicate
for the information of the Contributors.
A Committee was appointed by the Hoard of Managers to con-
sider the above resolution and to report upon locality and plans for
the proposed new buildings.
Rcportof August 4th, 1835. the Committee appointed to prepare "a plan
Committee. qJ- ^ Building for an Insane Hospital," etc., rei)(]rted :
Your Conunittee dee])ly impressed with the magnitude of the subject referred
to them and sensible that the Kreatest caution should be exercised in preparing a
plan involviuK the comfort of many unfortunate human lieinRS, and the expendi-
ture of an immense sum of money, have called in all the light within their reach,
and given to it all the consideration of which they were capable. That an insane
Hospital can be best managed within the limits of the City, and but a few minutes
walk of all its Managers and Markets for every article of provision, Clothing, etc.,
which it may need, they have no doubt ; but as the popular opinion appears to
be against a longer continuance of your insane department in the City, and your
Contributors appear disposed to yield thereto, they confined themselves to such
a view of the Subject.— The first question then to be decided was within what
distance from the City, could such an Kstablishmeut be well managed : anil deter-
mined, that it .should not exceed two miles from the limits of the City.
The next and most difficult subject for consideration was, the whole i)lan for
the Buildings, recpiiring arrangements for the comfort, security, classification and
proper management of the patients and also the best and safest method of warm-
ing and ventilating, and distributing a supply of water throughout the House,
both for domestic purposes and to be available in the event of Fire to the
Premises.
They Inunil that the scheme of detached Rulldings wnuld be very costly,
dilTicult of arrangement and very inconvenient in the management. That, also,
for a single row of Cells on each Floor, or double rows but one story high, would
cover a large space of (Iround and cost an innnense sum of Money and although
■desirable for some Classes of Patients, not needed by all. But as each has its
advantages, they have, as yon perceive, embraced the whole of these views in the
jilan now laid before you.
Hlar for New The principal Building has double tiers of Cells, is two stories in height and
Buildings for may be occupied by the quiet, chronic cases of Insanity enjoying bodily health
the Jnsane. and be sufficiently airy for that class of Patients — the two stories furnish the
means of dividing them if needed into two Classes; this main Building will
accommodate 150 <iv 160 Patients, besides ample Room for Kitchen, Bake Ovens.
Dining Rooms, washing and drying rooms, etc., etc., the Centre Building in
addition to space for the Superinten<lent's Family, Managers' & Apothecary's
Room, will have in the front of the 2nd story a large Room suitable for a place of
Worship. For the noisy and those of unclean habits, are two, one Story Build-
ings detached from the former 125 feet capable of receiving 48 Patients (the Cells
erroneously placed in the plan, on the inner sides are to be put at the extreme
ends to open on the country) they are connected to the principal Hospital by
1x6
covered Ways, but, as tlit-se were fouiul In 1r- tiio lostly fur the siiixle jjiirpnse of
a passage, and a verj' important class of Insane, requiring a quiet location was
still to be provided for, it was concluded to place a single row of Cells in them
looking out into the Country ; and to insure still greater quiet a jiassage way to
be constructed in the Basement — these will accommodate thirty patients. The
objection which has been made to wings at right angles to the main Building on
account of cross sounds will not hold good here, as these passages will be 420 feet
apart & but one Story high.
The cost of the Buildings as per the estimate 01 Isaac Holden an Architect Estimated
who drew the plan, and to whom your Committee are indebted for a considerable cost of
part of it, will be |i63,ooo Improve-
Ground 20,000 ments.
Machinery and pipes for elevating and conveying water through-
out the House 5,000
Furniture, Beds, Beddings, Linen, etc., etc 15,000
$203,000
MORDECAI Lewis,
John Paul,
John J. Smith,
Barthw. Wistar,
Commillef.
Phii.aijeli'HIA, July 27, 1835.
At a special meeting of Contributors, lield September the 14th,
the above report and plan were submitted and discussed. It was
thereupon
Resolz't'd, That the Managers be authorized to purchase a projjer site and Contributors
adjacent grounds for the erection and accommodation of the said Hospital. authorize
It was a\so " Resolved, TXvAl the report from the Board be recommitted to Purchase of
the Managers, to make further report thereupon and specially to report whether Real Estate,
it is not practicable and expedient to adopt such plan of building as will immedi-
ately accommodate 160 patients, and may from time to time be extended as the
number of patients shall increase. And also to report what are the funds avail-
able for the purpose of the proposed Hospital and what will remain for the City
Hospital (8th & Pine Sts.) after that in the country shall be completed.
A Committee was appointed to look out for a suitable site for the
new establishment, and to prepare a plan and estimate for new build-
ings, etc.
January 14, 1836, the Committee reported:
That after taking into deliberate consideration the various subjects referred
to them, they proceeded to seek out a site suited to the object in view. — And
after having visited a number of Farms, some of which, tho' affording lofty
situations, commanding picturesque views of the adjacent country were found to
be destitute of Health, and (particularly the last Autumn) subject to the Fevers,
of latter years so prevalent in the environs of the City — while others, tho' com-
paratively healthy, were not furnished with a requisite supply of wholesome
water, their attention was directed to that of Matthew Arrison ; containing about Arrison
one hundred & one acres of Land, situated on the Western side of the Schuylkill Estate re-
in Blockley township lying between the Westchester and Haverford Roads, and connnended
within two miles of the permanent Bridge ; which, after careful inquiry they 3^ ;, ^j^^.
117
Building
sitv
selected.
fimiul to sustain a cliaracti-r aliimst iiiuxaTiiplLil lur iKaltlifiiliu-ss. and to combine
more than any otlK-r, tlie requisites for the establishment in view. On examininK
they appear to afford, a fine Kravelly soil on the spot best suited to erect the
Buildings, a good stone quarry capable of furnishing all the stone which may be
required for the proposed Buildings and, a supply sufficient for tile wants of the
establishment of good and wholesome water — The Improvements consists of a
very capacious and well built Mansion House, good stabling, a farm House, Ice
House, etc.
This property, which had forniL-rly belonged to Mr. Paul Rusii, a
well-known Philadelphia merchant, was purchased bv the Cciminittee.
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Portrait of Mr. Paul Busli.
Il8
In the suggestion of a Plan, your Committee fiiul it a very difficult matter to
accommodate i6o Patients in a single Edifice capable of being from time to time Bi|jidj„u-
extended, and to contain all the recent improvements of classification, with any Committee's
regard to Architectural proportions. For the purpose of classification they Report
recommend the adoption of the plan of small buildings detached from the main
Asylum, one of which will be sufficient at the outset. A plan for which together
with one of the principal Asylum they now lay before you.
The large Building will accommodate 170 patients together with the Family
of the Superintendent, Domestics, Nurses, Cell Keepers, etc. and it is estimated
will cost 5126,000. The small one is designed for the noisy and unclean, it is
represented in the plan but one story high, will furnish room for twenty patients
and their attendants, and is estimated to cost 519,000. With an additional story
in height it would accommodate double the number of patients at an additional
cost of but S8,ooo.
The Mansion House now on the Farm ma\- be advantageously appropriated
to the use of the Resident Physician and a few of the convalescent patients, for a
time, before they return into general Society.
riK R..■-i^iLnce ul th'j McJi'.al Siiperiiilcndt;iit ui tlic Dcp.aLni'.iu 101 the lusnite;
formerh- the M;uision House of Mr. Busll, built in 1794.
119
At a meeting of Contril)utc)rs hekl February 8, 1S36, a report
(iroiuul was submitted with the plan referred to by the Committee, the
..riKinaliy \ianagers recommending the erection of buildings upon the farm in
.i-ciiKit o j.| j^j . recently purchased for this purpose of Matthew Arrison,
whicli had i)reviously belonged to Paul Busti.and which the Managers
acquired at the cost of twenty-eight thousand dollars. The illustra-
tion, containing a portrait of Mr. Busti, is a photograph from a small
engraving made in 1801, now to be seen in the hall of Mr. Busti's
former residence, at jjresent occupied by the Medical Superintendent.
(Illustration on preceding page).
The Contributors, at this meeting, adopted the following resolu-
tion :
Rtsolved, Tlial tliL- Ripurt is lieri.t)y appnivcd ; and tlu' Maiiajjirs l)c- aiitlmr-
izcd to carry into ffl't-ct, with as little delay as practicable, the plan of l)uilclinn;s
and improvements reported for a Lunatic Hospital, with such alterations in point
of detail as they may deem e.\pedient, as well in regard to the main asylum as to
the detached building referred to in the Report.
Bnildinjj The following Building Committee of the Managers was appointed
("..nnnittee. I'ebruarv the 29th, to carrv the above resolutions into effect, viz.,
Mordecai Lewis, Alexander W. Johnston, John J. Smith, Bartholomew
Wistar, John Paul, and William W. Fisher.
Architect On March the 12th. the Committee having satisfied themselves
Selected, ^ith respect to the (|ualificati()ns of Isaac Holden, he was ajjpointed
.\rchitect and mechanic for the construction of the new buildings
under the direction of the Committee and sanction of the Board.
HnildiiiK '" ^ minute entered April the 25th, it is recorded :
located. That the Board ol Managers will meet .it the Farm with a view to locate the
building the day after to-morrow at 4 o'clock in the afternoon.
The location having been decided upon, the work was carried on
rapidly. On Jmie the 21st, the Committee met
To seal the Jar to be deposited in the Corner Stone. The address to be
delivered on laying the Corner Stone not being yet copied, it was concluded to
entrust the putting of it, and other documents into the Jar. and scaling the same
to Bartholomew Wistar, who reported on the 25tli that he had sealed the Jar. after
duly depositing therein the various articles.
Corner- The Corner-Stone of the building was laid at 5 o'clock on the
Stone afternoon of 4th day, June 22, 1836, by Mordecai Lewis, the Chair-
■^"' man. It is a large piece of Granite, ([uarried on the premises, and
was laid in the South E^ast corner of the Centre building. In a cavity
made in the stone was deposited a large glass jar, or bottle, closed,
containing coins of the United States currency as follows:
One half eagle, one quarter eagle, gold ; one half dollar, one quarter dollar,
one dime, one half dime, silver ; one cent, one half cent, one medal cent, copper ;
" The National Gazette " of the Eveningof the 21st and " Poulson's American Daily
Advertiser " of the morning of the 22d Inst. " Some Account of the Pennsylvania
Hospital, containing a copy of its charter & and otiicr documents connected with
the early history of the Institution ;" published in the year 1754. "An account (Contents of
of the origin, objects, and present state of the Pennsylvania Hospital," by \Vm. Comer-
('•. Malin. Clerk. &c., pub'd. in 1832. "The .■\nnual Account" or Report of the 5,0,,^
Board of Managers laid before the Contributors May 2nd, 1836. Two impressions
of the Corporate Seal, one the original, and the other recently made. A copy of
iJr. Benjamin H. Coates' Oration.
With the following brief explanatory note :
The Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital having deemed it necessary
to extend the Insane department thereof, and to change its location, by reason of
the increased population of Philadelphia, and the erection of dwelling houses
near to and on all sides of the Hospital in the City : — this Corner Stone of a build-
ing to be appropriated to the insane patients of the Institution is laid this 22nd
day of the .Si.vth month (June) in the year of our Lord One thousand Eight hun-
dred and thirty-si.x.
Dr. Benjamin H. Coates then delivered, before a large assembly,
an address, which was chiefly a sketch of the history of the Institution.
The following extracts from this Address are of special interest :
To found public institutions of an enduring character is acting for the benefit .Address of
of future generations. The labor is one of dignity : dignified far beyond anything Dr. Coates.
that occurs amid the ordinary turmoil of daily passions and interests and looking
to the welfare of men who are to inhabit this earth long after each head that now
attends with anxious interest to the philanthropic labor shall rest beneath the
clods of the valley. Long after the few years allotted to these vain and bustling
scenes shall have elapsed, when time and death shall have settled the puny
effervescence of emotions that now fret in the pursuit of fortune or of fame, shall
other men seek these shades for the relief of wretchedness and disease. Their
bosoms will be distracted with the same feelings which at this moment agitate
ourselves. Little will they reck of the ambitions, the hopes, and the fears which
now occupy our minds. Their own will be sufficient for them ; and the only
questions they will ask will relate to the fitness of the means we have employed
to the ends for which they are designed, the relief and service of unfortunate
human nature. Tasks of this kind do not belong to any age or country : they
connect antiquity and posterity, and they unite remote and hostile empires in the
common bond of usefulness and charity. We benefit by the cares, the studies
and the munificence of our predecessors, and we are bound in our turn to imitate
their example. From the days of Fabiola. the Christian lady who founded the
first lunatic asylum, to an indefinite posterity, there is a continuous series of
necessity and beneficence which knows not the distinction of race or generation.
By far the smallest good effected in the erection of a great hospital is achieved
during the lifetime of the founders. The great institutions of London and Paris
continue from age to age to alleviate human suffering and administer to human
welfare while the inquiring stranger asks who were the pious individuals whose
splendid munificence has endowed these buildings, or whether they were indeed
the offspring of the charity of nations. In the course of human events, results
arise different from those originally contemplated by the founder ; benefits are
achieved in new and unexpected directions ; and the institution which continues
to fulfil with unabated scrupulousness its primitive office of protecting and
relieving misery, acquires in addition the still greater usefulness of diffusing and
improving the most important and valuable part of medical science.
Oil the bi'.iiitiful spot whicli ymi now lii'liold. they (the Managers) purchased,
in the loth month last, one hundred and one acres of land. Possession was
deferred ; but they acceler<'ile<l the performance of tlieir task l>y comniencinK ill
pursuance of an agreement the preparation of materials during the interval.
They have obtained ill a district proverbially healthy, a fine gravelly soil, a
beautiful and convenient situation within view of the great artery of our inland
communication, the Columljia railroad, a sulBcient supply of water, and a quarry
capable of furnishing all the ordinary stone which will be required fur the com-
pletion of the buildings. The valuable erections within your view will be
generally retained as suited to the wants of the establishment. In this situation,
with abundant room, convenient access, pro.\iniity to a large and benevolent
city, with the e.vperience of almost a century and the criticism of enlightened
visitors, we may reasonably hope for a high state of perfection in our new insti-
tution, and for a long series of progressive inii)rovemeiit and refinement. Here
never, certainly, shall be heard the lash or the chain. We may hope that here
the violent and ferocious shall be restrained from mischief or protected from
injury by methods the mildest and most humane — that the temporary ebullition
of an inflamed brain shall be allowed to expend itself in harmless noise or
motion — that the helpless shall enjoy relief for his wants and preservation from
indignity and disgust, unconscious of the kindness that protects him. Here
shall the mind, enfeebled by long-continued disease, by the grin<ling inflictions
of the world, or by the stormy struggles of unbridled passions, be permitted to
waste in peace the remaining years of a shortened life. The blessing of the
Author of nature, shall hallow the scene, and the tortured soul shall enjoy the
soothing quiet which is ever felt in contemplating the works of eternal benefi-
I'eiice.
\\.„ The new building for the Insane was finally completed, fully
Building e(|uipped, and opened for admission of patients on January i, 1841.
opened. i.YQf,i February 11, 1752. when the sick and insane were first received
into the Pine Street Hospital, to date above given, when the new
department was opened, a period of eighty-nine years, 38,400
patients altoi,'ether had been received. 4360 of which were insane.
Of the latter, 1493 were discharged cured, 913 were improved, 995
were removed without material improvement, 246 eloped (in the early
(lays of the Hospital, the square was imperfectly enclosed) and 610
died. Of the number remaining, 93 only were transferred to the new
department January i, 1841, leaving ten i)atients in the old Hospital
awaiting the completion of a detached building.
Advantage tif It is noteworthy in considering the history of the Hospital, that
Separation of (he early movements to establish it, the ])etitions, the appeals to the
Pepartments. p„jj]j^,^ jj^g charter and the laws, all make special reference to the care
of the insane. One-half of the buildings at the Pine Street Hosjjital
and two-thirds of the adjacent grounds were a])pro|)riated to the
insane, and when they were removed to West Philadeli)hia, they
vacated to the Pine Street Hospital for the sick and injured, one-
half of all the Hospital buildings, and two-thirds of the entire square
of ground upon which they stand.
122
Thus the transfer of the Insane to their new abode in every way
tended to increase the prosperity of the Pine Street Hospital, and the
resources applicable to the relief of the sick and hurt, and furnished a
full equivalent for any benefit received from the common fund by the
Department for the Insane.
On October 31, 1842, the Committee appointed February 29,
1836, with power to erect suitable buildings for the Department for
the Insane, having fulfilled their duties reported, as follows :
On causing a survey of the farm to be made, they found that the lines on the Survey
Haverford Road did not correspond with the enclosures ; a part of the property of site
lying on the opposite side of the Road, and a part of the line being considerably necessarv
inside of the fencing on the South side corresponding with a road directed to be {„ locate line
laid out by order of the Court of Quarter Sessions for the County of Phila. dated gf property,
in 1738 but which was never so laid out. The present location being considered
the most convenient therefore before your Committee could with propriety incur
the e.xpense of erecting an e.xpensive wall it became necessary either to cause the
old regulation to be carried into effect or the present road to he confirmed.
Having informed you of this difficulty they by your direction per minutes on
your books dated loth mo. 29th, 183S, made application to the Court of Quarter
Sessions for the County which appointed a Jury and confirmed the road as it now
.stands on the 25th of the 3rd mo. 1S39.
With the view to make straighter lines in the wall and to have control of all
the springs in the neighborhood of the pump-house there was purchased from the
executors of the Estate of Henry Pratt, 9 acres and 92 perches of land, from
Henry Connelly 12"^ perches, both immediateh- adjoining.
The Buildings which had been erected were as follows : The Principal — has a Buildings
front of 435 ft. 6 in. a basement and two upper stories all of stone, and it is com- erected,
posed of a centre building 63 ft. on the Eastern front, 67 ft. on the Western, 96
ft. deep and 85 ft. from the basement floor to the top of the dome-arched corridors
north and south ; 12 ft. wide and East and West 14 ft. wide and a cellar under
the basement — on the East front which is of cut stone is a handsome Doric portico
with four columns and on the West side a portico of the same stone as the front
with four square pillars. This Building contains a kitchen, store rooms. Mana-
gers' room, parlor, lodging rooms for the Steward's family, Apothecary shop and
library, four large parlors for the use of the patients, a large iron staircase and
two rooms in which ijatients may receive their friends without e.xposing those in
the wards to the view of visitors.
Two wings each 142 ft. by 38 ft., a basement and two upper stories containing
together 120 rooms 8 by 10 ft. for patients and attendants disposed on both sides
of corridors 12 ft. wide, an iron staircase in each and also communicating with
each story a tunnel by which soiled clothes are discharged into closets for their
reception in the basement.
Two end-buildings or return wings, a basement and two upper stories each
116 ft. by 44 ft. an iron staircase in each and having together 32 rooms 8 by 11 ft.
and 12 rooms 13 by 17 ft. for patients, four bathing rooms, four water closets and
four large parlors for the patients. On each is a neat belvidere ranging with the
dome on the centre Building. In the basement of the four last described build-
ings are the furnaces for warming the house, bath, boiler, coal room, servants'
lodging rooms, laundry, two bakers' ovens, flour and bread rooms and four
refectories. The whole is warmed bv 26 warm air furnaces which draw their
'23
supply of fri-sli air frmn thi' oiitskli' of tlu' liuust', S urates and 6 slovi'S ami is
Final '•"""s'^'"-'''"^'' nearly fireproof the corridors and every room bcinnarelied alK>ve and
Report of '^^''**"' »itl' ll'<-' exception of the day-rooms ami the rooms in the Centre ImildinK
Committee '''"^^ '^""'^ ''* covered with zinc and copper and the cornice all of stone, the patients'
rooms have iron sashes in the windows and over the tloors, aiul each room has a
ventilating flue reaching to the attic from whence the foul air is discharned into
the atmosphere through ventilators turned by the w ind, there are three liKhtniu);
rods, one on the dome is curved into the three in. pipe (iron) by which the water
is conveyed into the tanks from the force pumps. S45 ft. distant on each belvidere
extendinj; down to the bathing rooms and connected to the lar^e wastewater
pipes which discharge into culverts — an area seven feet wide at the bottom
encompasses the whole, it is si.x ft. below the surface of the uround the rise to
which is a handsome sodded slope of 30 degrees from horizon.
Two detached Buildings which are hollow squares 95 x 7,^ ft. one story high,
three sides of each contains 20 dormitories, dining and bathing rooms, water-
closets and passages 8 ft. wide, the fourth sides are open walls the interstices
guarded by iron rods, enclosing the yard for the use of the patients, they are
warmed by four furnaces each, the cellars are arched, the roofs covered with slate
and each room is well ventilated.
One workshop 20 .\ 40 ft., for the employment of the patients, with a handsome
l>lastered room in the 2nd story to be used as an infirmary in the event of an
epidemic in the main buildings.
t)ne stone wash-house and mill-house 1 1 .\ 25 ft., one story high, containing
the washing apparatus, horse mill and forcing pump.
The following contingent and unadvoidable works have l)een done :
An oval culvert 42.\3o in. e.vtending from a drain in the meadow west of the
house 350 ft. to the centre building having branches of the same size each 176 ft.
to the Northwest and Southwest angles of the area from » hich ])oints smaller
ones 20 X 24 in. each 270 ft. in length, connect with the yards i>f the two detached
buildings. All the openings are provided with cess-pools to prevent the escape
of effluvia.
Water-works — a circular cistern walled and llooreil with bricks, with
hydraulic cement, 12 ft. deep and 12 ft. diameter often thousand gallons capacity
is supplied from the fish-pond from a creek and from a strong spring within itself.
A wall 5483 ft. in extent, lo'/i ft. high, enclosing forty-one acres, with which
are the foregoing described buildings, the Physician's mansion, a large vegetable
garden and pleasure grounds for the patients including two handsome woods of
forest trees.
The responsibility and labor of your C'onnnittce were nnicli increased by the
loss of the services of the Architect, Isaac Holden, who was compelled by ill
health to leave the country in 1839, the work being but about half accomplished.
They have had to deplore the loss by death of three of their members, viz.:
John J. Smith, \Vm. W. Fisher and Bartholomew Wistar, the want of whose valu-
able assistance was seriously felt by them.
MoRDECAi Lewis, Chairtiian.
loth mo, 19th, 1S42.
The report \vas accepted and the Committee discharged.
The opening of the new Department for the Insane suggests a
brief review of their treatment up to this time.
124
The Medical treatment appears to have been directed principally
to the acute or sthenic forms of lunacy, or cases of so-called Tnatment of
" Phrenzy." These were douched or played upon, alternately with the Insane,
warm and cold water, (which may have accounted for some of the
pulmonary fatalities elsewhere mentioned.) Their scalps were
shaved and blistered ; they were bled to the point of syncope ; purged
ouiK /s r/f/ '■
— ^ '^. — ^';^^».-^tin7<
Prescription, written in 1791 hy Dr. Fouike, for bleeding a lunatic patient.
until the alimentary canal failed to yield anything but mucus, and, in
the intervals, they were chained by the waist, or the ankle, to the cell
wall. Under this heroic regimen, some, probably the most "sthenic."
recovered their reason. This general plan of treatment survived the
removal of the patients to the Pine Street Hospital. There appears
•25
nothing in the records to indicate any special mode of treatment lor
TlK'raitfutic melanciiolia, or for the stuporous forms of mental disorder. Later
Appliaiu-c-s there were mentioned certain special appliances for "rousing" such
, ,, patients, which, judging from the description, must have, temporarily,
at least, effected the desired object.
There was connected with the Market Street Hospital a large
garden, containing many trees. This was surrounded by a tightly
boarded high fence upon the side of Market Street, the enclosed
ground being used as an exercising ])lace for the quieter cases.
The following brief and interesting memoranda, appearing on the
minutes at this time, afford some light as to the supposed therapeutic
ffi~
Bill for Chains for the Lunatics, 1751.
requirements in treating the insane. Here, for instance, is a black-
smith's account of March 7th, 1752:
John Crcsson, blacksmith, against yv hospital, i pair of haiKlcufls, 2 legR
locks. 2 large rings and 2 large staples, 5 links and 2 larjje rings and 2 swifc-lls for
Ugg chains.
Similar accounts appear later :
To 3 locks, 13 keys, chains and staples for cells, /"i. 10. 3. 5th Mo. 25th, 1752.
On sth Mo. 2><th, 1754, Paid for 7 yds. of Ticken for mad Shirts, /'o. 16. ^'A .
9th Mo. I4lh, 1754. Received of Elizabeth Gardner Seventeen Shillings for
drave and Coping for patrick MacDuel a lunatick, per me.
J.\c<>B Shoemaker.
126
In the earlier days' of tlie Hospital, even down to quite recent
times, the mode of commitment of the insane was so easy and free Hhysical
from formality that a few words hastily scribbled upon a chance scrap ■'''*"'''"'»•
of paper was sufficient to place a supposed insane patient in the Hos-
pital and deprive him of personal liberty. If he did not remain
passive, chains or some other form of mechanical restraint were used.
A sufficient number of such scraps of paper have survived to show the
astonishing informality of the lunacy proceedings. The friend (or it
may in some instances have been the enemy) of an alleged lunatic,
applied to the Managers, or to one of the physicians, for an order of
admission. If, as now, the friends or custodians were able to pay
board, bond was taken for its regular settlement and, in the earlier
years of the Hospital, this obligation contained a provision covering
the funeral e.'cpenses of the patient if he died while under treatment.
If the jiatient was indigent he was admitted as a free case, after being In'omiul
seen bv one of the physicians and upon his report to the Managers •■^''""ssi""
11 ■ V 1 ■ r 1 ^ 1 11 "' I'atients.
that the patient was a fit subject for detention. Once in the cells,
or quarters for insane, the patient had no appeal from the opinion of
the attending physician.
The following are the very brief records on the minutes of some
of the early admissions and discharges.
Dr. Moore's Negro man, a Lunatick, was received 3rd Mo. 25tli, 1753. His Kxlracts
master promised payment. 4th Mo. 5tli, 1753. The Doctors gave due attendance from the
and are of opinion that Isabel Charlton, a Lunatick, is not likely to receive any Minutes,
further Benefit in ye Hospital, untill there are more convenient appartments and
therefore ye Committee think it advisable to cause her to be removed. They
were directed to notify ye Overseers of ye Poor of this City to receive ye said
Isabel Charlton, ist. Mo. 23d. 1754. Admitted Negro Adam, a Lunatick and pay
patient belonging to Mrs. Margaret Clymer, under the care of Dr. Thos. Bond.
2nd. Mo. i6th, 1754. Black Adam, at ye request of his Mistress Margaret Clymer,
was this day discharged. 6th Mo. 26th, 1754. Admitted Negro George, a
Lunatick belonging to Mr. Carrington of Barbadoes, a pay patient at los a week,
under ye particular care of Doctor Sliipjien who engages for his board.
The "Temporary Hospital" was in charge of a matron. .\
" male Keeper of lunaticks " was employed to guard the cells for men.
The females were attended by the matron, assisted by such help from
sane inmates as their condition permitted.
Relatively little survives in the way of available records illustrative
of the daily routine of the Temporary Hospital, but it is known,
however, that the house was shortly afterwards found unfit for the care
' In the provincial history of our State, no general law was enacted for the commitment of
insane to places of detention ; whatever legal proceedings were requisite for their guardianship,
estates, etc., were derived from the English statutes. The charter of the Pennsylvania Hospital
conferred power upon the Contributors to make all needful rules and regulations for the government
of the Hospital and admission of patients.
127
of lunatics. Special efforts were tiierefore made to complete the
Hospital then building, with the object of transferring them to better
(|uarters.
I'licr an.mi- While at the Temporary Hospital the insane were confined in
iniiclMii.iii III (j,g cellar, in cells " under the wards for the sick." which was the only
i-iiilH.r.ir> . jj^gij available. These cells were known to be damp and
unwholesome, and a number of the patients died there from pulmonary
disease.
To make the apartments habitable, it was ordered
C iistrucliiiii That tlic Ci-lls under the VVarils, should be imiiRdiaUly fiiiishtd, Ici bc-
f 111 Cells planked FWiurs, under which to be arched to prevent the damage of the Rats
and the Walls to be plaistered. The Kntry before the Cells may, for the
present remain unpaved and only be plaistered all round, witlumt any Carpen-
ters' work above the Floor, e.xcept a plain Washboard and I'asin^s tor the sides
of the Windows, fitted for Inside Shutters to be hereafter made.
l.ii;ht in 'fhere could have been no way of warming the "cells," and as
'"^•"s. the only possible means of ventilation would have been by opening
the windows, the i)atients must have often suffered from dampness,
cold, and insufficient light. The Hospital wards, as in most private
houses at this time, were more or less warmed by log-fires and feebly
illuminated by a candle or two. Poor as such accommodations now
a|)pear, it was the best the times afforded, and far better than was
experienced in the existence of the average lunatic prior to its establish-
ment. The insane were not supjiosed to require, nor to quite deserve,
the usual comforts of life at this period, when even the sane dwelt in
cold houses, slept in cold apartments, and sat through the long winter
evenings by candle- or fire-light.
New Cells I" • Ts^- t'lc '^'^"s for lunatics, in the basement of the Pine Street
completed. Hospital, were so nearly completed that on December 17 the insane
were transferred to their new quarters. The cells in this building
had ])lank floors, arched below so as to prevent dampness and preclude
association with rats. They were now very much more comfortable than
in their former (juarters ; but notwithstanding the then prevalent
theory, that the insane could not appreciate differences of tempera-
ture, the long winter nights must have brought them much suffering
from cold. Wood fires in cells were impossible, and C(|ually so the
attempt to warm them tVom fire-places in the corridor upon which
they opened.
The minutes of January 25, 1762, record:
It beint; observed some time p.ist that the Cells for the Lunaticks are rcn<lered
very damp by the droppings of the Eaves of the Roof, to remedy which it is
iz8
proposrd lluit :i I'latfunn raised a proper licitjhtli alxjvc tiie CVIl Wiiuliius, Id stand
upon Brick Pillars, should be Iniilt as soon as the Season will admit, which i)nj improve-
posal being approved, Saml. Rhoads, Jacob Lewis &the Treasurer are appointed „n.„ts
to consider in what manner such a Convenience may be best made, to estimate jpiitimn.d
the Cost, provide Materials & employ Workmen to do it.
In 1767, " the Sitting Managers are desired to employ Workmen
to build Pillars for supporting the Floor of the Piazza over Cell Win-
dows." Nineteen years later, on May 29, 17S6 : " The Committee
Cells as originally coiislruLled in Basement of Pine Street Hospital.
appointed to get ye Shed built over the Cells" reported, " the Work
is begun, but the late rains prevented it being finished," it was
reported as completed in June, 1786.
It is not reiTiarkable that the cells for insane remained without
adequate heat from the opening of the institution until about 1S33,
when the sole reliance for the jiroduction of artificial warmth was
129
warm tin-
Cells.
wood, which could not be made available for tliis special imrpose, since
with wood fires a large proportion of the heat went uj) the chimney,
while the remainder furiously heated only a limited area a few yards
distant. 'l"he best and only known means for warmth were provided,
and, inadequate as they were, the Managers themselves enjoyed no
better in their own homes.
E.vpedlents In I 794, some of the Managers thought that the cells should be
Di-visotl ti> made warmer. As no other means were available, it was decided to
adopt the expedient commonly em])loyed in Europe, of setting a char-
coal brazier or furnace in the corridors, outside the cells. Unfortu-
nately this device, though promi)tcd by the most humane motives,
was found not to work very well. Everybody, even the Keepers, who
could stand almost anything, nearly ])erished in the atmosphere of
carbonic acid gas, and such a remonstrance arose from the lower floor
of the house as to cause these deadly gas generators to be speedily
removed. Hut the Managers were not discouraged ; the same year.
1794, the building committee were instructed to devise a ])lan "by
which the ceils could be safely and ])roperly warmed by burning wood
in stoves or otherwise." The stove of that period was an iron box,
four feet long by two and a half feet wide. It is not probable that
the cells were heated to any great degree by these wood-burning
stoves, but it is likely that being i)laced in the corridor they may have
tem|)ered somewhat the bitter cold in the rooms.
From minutes and memoranda that have survived, it is ajiparent
that these cells were not entirely satisfactory, for on April 24, 1758,
occurs the following :
Si'vcrall lunaticks haviiiK made thiir escape from ye I-los|)ital owiii); to ye
Iron Barrs of the Cells beiiin too slender, the Monthly Committee w.as instructed
to employ the same Smith that ni.ade them to make them Stron.i; and more secure.
Protection As the Hospital stood on open ground, without fence or wall
of P.atients around it, idle, curious, and thoughtless persons often assembled at the
irom windows of the cells, which were level with the ground, to look at the
Intrusion. , . ■ /- ,, , 1 . j 1 'i-l-
lunatics, and finally they began to tease and annoy them. Ihis
finally developed into such a nuisance that, on .Vjjril 8, 1760, it was
proposed :
Tli.it a suitable P.allisade Fence, either of Iron ur Wood, the Iron hein^ pre-
ferr'd, should be erected in Order to prevent the Disturbance which is given to
the Liniatics confin'd in the Cells by the gre.it Numbers of people who frequently
resort and converse with them. It was also agreed to hire Two Constables, or
other proper Persons to attend at such Times .is are necessary to prevent this
Inconvenience untill ye Fence Is erecte<l
On May 12, 1760, a committee was a])pointed to procure
materials and erect this " Pallisade Fence before the Windows of the
130
Cells, to prevent the Disturbance given to Lunaticks." I*"rom an
account rendered for materials this fence was probably of iron bars
resting on a brick foundation. This kept the populace from the
windows, but apparently did not abate the nuisance as it was noted :
May lotli, 1762, The Kfat crowds that invaded the Hospital give trouble Curious
and create so much disturbance, that Samuel Rhuads and Jacob Lewis are Visitors made
directed to employ a workman to make a suitable hatch door and get an inscrip- to pay for
lion thereon notifying that such " persons who come out of curiosity to visit the Admittance,
house should pay a sum of money, a Groat at least, for admittance."
Later, this rule seems to have fallen into disuse, as, on April 27,
1767:
Orders were renewed that the Hatch door be kept carefully slnit and that no
Person be admitted into the House without paying the gratuity of Four Pence
formerly agreed upcin, and that care Ije taken to prevent the Throng of people
who are led by Curiosity to frequent the House on the first day of the week, to
the great disturbance of the Patients.
From time to time other measures had tu be taken to preserve
order. On .August 30, 1784:
Dr. Foulkc recommended that some regulations may be made in respect to
persons visiting the Hospital, particularly in adopting such Rules as would tend
to preserve the Lunatic Patients from being interrupted and disturbed in their
course of Medicine. Ordered that the Sitting Managers consult with as many of
the Physicians as they conveniently can and report such rules and regulations at
our next Stated Meeting as will be most conducive to remedy any present Evil
on that head which may now e.xist.
Whereufjon, on October 4, 1784:
They Reported that they had found it useful in adopting the following regu- Xumber
lations respecting the Lunatic Patients : viz : The putting up an .\dvertisement ^f visitors
or Rule forbidding more than two Persons at one time to be permitted to go into Restricted,
the Cells and those Persons to be attended by the Cell-Keeper and not suffered to
speak to such Patients.
In 1 791, as complaints had been made by the Physicians that
company was too freely admitted, to the great injury of lunatics, it
was resolved :
That no Person whatever should be hereafter allowed to enter the Grounds, or
Cells inclosed for their Accommodation, unless introduced or allowed by one of
the Managers, Physicians or by the Steward, to which resolution the Cell-Keeper
was strictly to .Attend, and to keep the Gates and Wards locked in future, to
prevent all Intruders who might attempt to enter therein, without such permission
being first obtained.
Slaves were sometimes admitted at the request of their owners,
who arranged for the payment of their board.
July 20th, 1757. Admitted Cato, a black slave, on i.Sth inst., a Lunr.tick
belonging to Oswald Peel, at los. Per Week.
Counties, townships, hundreds and boroughs arranged to have
their insane admitted, as vacancies occurred in the cells by discharge
131
or death of patients. Sonic ol these cases gave great trouble and did
more damage to the i)roi)erty than tlieir friends could i)ay for. On
April 9, 1757,
A Troubli-- Admitted Cli.-irli-s Ji-nkins, a liiiiatick ; He escaped in July nf the same year,
some Patient, but was captured and l>ri>iinlit hark, .^pril gtli, 175!*. Charles Jenkins made his
escape at ni)»ht out of ye Cell Window ; but was soon returned. On July .^1, 175H ;
lie again escapeil from the Window in ye lonn Aisle: and was not recaptured. (In
February 26, 1759, reathnitted "at the request of Thos. Laurence, ye Mayor, to
be confined untill it shall be thought prudent anil safe to release him. It appear-
ing to ye Mayor that C. Jenkins was become allusive and Outragious ; that bis
Wife & family were In great Hanger of their lives," a warrant was directed to
John Mitdiell, Constable, for apprending it Committing him to ye Hospital, by
wliom he was brought here last night, at ten Sliillings I'. Week. Three months
later he got away again: — by breaking out the Iron Harrs of ye Cell Window,
over the door last night.
Although one of the cells was especially fitted up to prevent ii.
he escaped several limes afterward. In the interim he probaMy
enjoyed himself, as he was invariably returned " ina State of l>riinken
madness."
Some May aSth, 175S. .Admitted Martin Iliggins, a Mad person, who having, as
unpleasant many others do without Leave, gone thro' the House to (he Top, S: there Care-
experiences. Itssly and Imprudently running about, fell thence to the ground iS: was so much
Hurt that his recovery was doubtful.
July 28, 1758. Escaped Jacob Ashton by boring thro' the Hoor of his Cell &
forcing out the Steeples of ye Iron Bolls.
August 28tli, 1758. Admitted A. I)., a pay patient, an Outragious person.
D. I), security, who desires that he may not bee Discharged without his
Knowledge.
January 27th, 17,59. Discharged — the lunatick Jane Hughes at the Re(|uest
of her husband who paid /"^ to the Matron in full for her .-Vccommodatitin. The
Damage done to the Cells &c. is Forgiven in Consideration of her Poverty.
January 27th, 1759. Kscaped Jno. Jones, a Lunatick : he forced the Harrs o(
his Cell in ye night and fled without Notice.
November 26, 1759. .■\dniitted Harriott Hamilton, a Lunatick, reputed
Daughter of the late Duke Hamilton, to bee in ye Hospital till a Vessel sails.
On May 28th, 1760, the vessel sailed and took her to Kngland.
December .^ist, 1759. Admitted Solomon C, a Drunken Mad Man, at the
Request of his Brother, & by Desire of T. Stampe, ye Mayor, the former agreed
with ye Board of Man.agers for his Maintainance.
In the same year, Admitted Mark Kidil, junr.. an Irregular Person, on Pay fn;
Ten Shillings P. Week, (his Father will pay). Afterward He left the cells
Irregularly, i. e., broke the window and ran away.
.Admitted Joseph Wolf a Jew from Lanca.ster County, who is quite Distracted.
Mathi.is Bush promises to be his Security as far as the Effects of said Wolf now
'n his bands will go.
Probably the first instance of a jiatient having a private attend-
ant occurred in this year :
William, son of Joseph Hart, a Lunatick an<l pay Patient. He is also to pay
for a Negro man he has to tend him.
'32
concerning
admission
of Lunatics.
Alexander McCurdy — pay patient, bro't down by ye Overseers of ye Poor of
tile Townships of New Gulfhahoppen Alias Upper Hanover.
Thomas Dougan, a Lunatick, taken upon the Streets naked the 20th inst.
Said to come from ye East Jerseys.
These quaint entries illustrate the kind of cases commonly g. .
received and the mode by which they were admitted, as does also from Minutes
the following ancient manuscript order:
CiTV OF Phil.\delphi.\, ss. :
Several Persons of good Reputation having appeared before me ye Subscriber
one of ye Justices of ye Peace for ye City of Philada.. & complayned that
Thomas Ackley, Chairmaker, hath frequently behaved in a very disorderly
manner to ye great Terror of his Family & Annoyance of his neighbours,
Wherefore, Apprehend ye sd. Thomas & take him to ye Workhouse of this
City, the Keeper whereof is hereby required to receive & Employ him in ye
Common Labour of the House, till further orders.
But if ye sd. Thomas or his Wife shall when he is arrested, request that his
Confinement may be at ye Pennsylvania Hospital, in that case deliver him to ye
Steward of ye sd. Hospital, or to ye Keeper of Lunatics there, who shall then
receive and safely keep him till he is discharged by proper .\uthority.
Given under my Hand & Seal December ye 22d, 1763.
To .-Vny Constable. S.^miei, Rho.\ds.
The follow ing are copies of manuscripts addressed to the Man-
agers on behalf of the reception of two insane patients. The first one
cited shows that the question of the legal settlement of a patient was
then as much considered as at present :
We whose Xames are underwritten, Inhabitants of the Town of New Castle,
do hereby certify to the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital that Sarah the
wife of the Revd. ^Eneas Ross the Society's Missionary here, of the age of thirty-
nine years or thereabouts, hath during her residence in this place, for near five
years past, been Lunatick, bereaved of her understanding and wholly disquali-
fietl to manage her Household affairs. Therefore, at the request of Mr. Ross we
recommend her to you as a patient proper to be admitted into your Charitable
Institution.
Dated at New Castle this Twenty Eighth day of September .Anno Domini 1763.
(Here follow Signatures.)
Richard McWilliam. Esquire, one of his .Majesties Justices of the Peace for
the County of New Castle and William Clark one of the Overseers of the Poor for
the Hundred of New Castle in the County aforesaid Do Certify to the Managers
of the Pennsylvania Hospital that the Revd. .Kneas Ross, the Society's missionary
above named hath procured a legal Settlement in the Hundred of New Castle
aforesaid. Given under our Hands at New Castle this Twenty-eighth day of
September, .\nno Domini 1763.
These are to certify to whom it may concern that Ernst Gottlieb Law, a Brother
of the Bearer of These, is in a bad and pityfull Condition of his mind, at present
not able to be in any Society of sound Men, which irregularitys have been brought
upon him by many thousand Accidents and .Adventures of his former Life. Con-
sequently he wants to be pityed on and put in the Hospital again.
As Witness my Hand, Philadelphia the 17th of September 1763.
John Frederick Harushch,
l.ulher: Afhiisl. {Lullicran Minisler.)
I.«
The IoHowhil; is a to«nslii|> uliligation or buiul :
ToWNSHIl" <)|- NoKTHAMPTDN, BlRMNCTtlX CofNTV.
I uiulcrwittcii OviTsci-r of the Poor, Uo Promise to Satisfy and Pay lint" the
Managers of the Hospital in the City of Philadelphia their full Demands for
takiii); in & keeping one James Holland a Lunatic belonninK to our Said Town-
ship until he shall be from thence removed. Witness my hand this loth Day ol
June 1762
Signed, Jons Wkst, 0:Sret:
At the foot of this paper the visiting physician writes wliat was
Certificate then e<iuivalent to a medical certificate of insanit)' :
of Insanity. | t|,j|,k the above iianied Janus Holland is a proper subject for the Hospital.
\Vm. SlIll'I'K.N.
A case which about this time attacted miicli attention in the
Hospital and in the City, was that of Thomas Perrine, a remarkably
neat and tidy Sailor, who was admitted as an insane patient in March,
1765, and died in 1774. For a brief jieriod lie lived in the cells,
where he ])roved very troublesome, quarrelling with the Keeper and
with the other patients. He finally escaped from the basement and
ran through the house, reaching the cupola of the East wing, from
which he successfully resisted all efforts to dislodge him. Attempts
to do so being abandoned, bedding was j)laced in the cupola and
there he lived and died. It is recorded that
.\ Lunatic He never left these cramped tpiarters for any purpose ; he was also noted
Hermit, for his long nails, matted beard and hair and for his insensibility to cold, since he
never, in the coldest weather of nine winters, came near to a fire.
There survives a beautifully written and most pathetic petition
which illustrates the curious custom, which jirevailcd for many years,
in the infant commonwealth of selling poor white jjcrsons, or entire
families, into virtual slavery for a [leriod of years to satisfy indebted-
ness.
To THK M.\N.V<;HRS OF THK PKN NSVI-VANI A HoSI'ITAI..
The Petition of Conrad I. Doer the Father of Mary Elizabeth IWnr. .1 Chilrl about
13 years of Age, a Convalescent in your Hospital.
Pathetic CJive me leave Gentlemen to lay before you a true State oi my C.is,-.
Petition to To represent to you my deep Concern for my said Daughter and that I may
the Managers endeavour to move your goodness to gratify the natural desire of a Father by
restoring to him his darling Child which is now in a better Condition than when
she was committed to your Charitable Care.
I embarked on board the Ship Hero with my late dear Wile and four
Children. My said Wife and one Child died when we were in the .Mouth of the
River Maase and my unhappy Daughter was at the moment of her parting with
her dear Mother seized with so violent a flrief as would not yield to any Comfort,
her Mind was disturbed and she cried Day and Night etc.
In this Condition we arrived in the Port of Philadel|>hia, when Ralph Foster
the Commander of the Ship tokl me she must be brought to the Hospital and
that her Cure and Maintenance should not cost me a I'eiiny. In whi<h particular
I never mistrusted tile Captain As tlie Cleneral notion we entertain of Hospitals
in Germany is tliat tliey are foundeci by public or private Benevolence for the .^pppa] ,jf a„
relief of the poor unhappy sick and that never anything is charged to their unfortunate
Account, Except in the Case of Rich Pensioners whose relations sometimes agree immigrant,
with the Governors of such Hos|)itals for a better accommodation than common.
I then settled with the ()w ners of the Ship, all the Freight money for my poor
Family was paid to them So that the Contract between the Owners of the Ship
and me is entirely ended. I was hound a Servant for the Term of 3 years to
Patten Escj. but I agreed with m\- Master tliat I would Serve him one
Year longer in Case he would suffer a little Child of mine 3 years Old to live with
his Family during the Term of my Servitude.
When I lately had an Account from Philadelphia that my Daughter in the
Hospital was pretty well again, I addressed my kind Master to give me leave to
fetch my Child up to his House and he gave me leave that she might stay si.>:
Months at his House and I agreed with a Neighbour of my Master to maintain
her till I was free. So having provided every thing for the reception of my
Daughter and flattering myself how soon I would have her near me and see her
daily, I came to the Philadelphia Hospital and was told that the Managers would
deliver up the Girl to the Owners of the Ship who had assumed to pay for her
cure and Accommodation and that these Merchants would sell her for the Charges
of the Hospital. As I e.vpect that the Captain will have forgot his Word he gave
me when I gave up my Daughter to the Hospital, or put me off with an Equivoca-
tion that it will not cost me Money but that it must cost me my Daughter who is
as dear to me as my own Life, As I expect no Mercy from the Merchants, who
look upon poor Germans as upon other Merchandize and as the obtaining of
Justice against them if they should attempt to sell my Child against my will is
too expensive for a poor Stranger, .\11 My hopes is in you Gentlemen w ho preside
over the Contributions of a Wealthy and charitable people in this and the
neighbouring Provinces.
And your petitioner humbly prayeth that you will be pleased to forgive the
Cost of Curing and Maintaining my poor Child and not to commit me to an
Argument with Merchants in which they might get the better of me when I being
a poor Servent myself may be unable to support my natural Right to my
Daughter
.•\nd your Petitioner shall ever pray.
CoNR.\t) I. DiiKR.
Phil.^delphi.a, March 23. 1765.
Altliougli no action appears upon the minutes, it is reasonable to
suppose from their previous acts of kindness towards ])atients. that
the Managers did not refuse to grant tiiis pathetic appeal of a father
for his child.
Annuitants have always been noted for longevity : and the records Longevity
furnish such an instance of tenacity to life in the case of Josejjh Illustrated.
Mountz, or Maunz, who appears to have been mildly insane. Under
the plea of furnishing him with a comfortable home for the remain-
der of his declining years, the Managers were induced to consider his
admission into the Hospital as a boarder.
The first entry upon the minutes relative to his case occurs on
November 26, 1764, when
135
Aiiplycatioii was niadi- l)y C'hrisliaii Rori'liaik, on bi-half of Josi-'pli Mount/, or
A I'aliinl ^''"""> •'' 'Vrson livinj! near Kphrata, or Dnncan Town, aged alxiut Siviiily
niakis a I ifr ^ '^'"''"' ''"''' '" '">ve tlirti' or four liiindri-d I'onnds ; hi- desires to be admitted into
Contract for V*^ Hospital during the Reniaynder of liis Life, on his securing to the fse thereof
llosi)ital •'" '"'* '■-^'•"«^ which shall remain after his Death— the Settlement of which applica-
C"are ''"'" ''' recommended to the Managers for the tyme being.
On .\pril 29tli, 1765. Joseph .Mount/, having visited ye Hospital the preceed-
ing week. Renew ing his application to agree with the Managers to supply him
with Competent Support, during his life (he now being about Seventy years of
age), in consequence of which he olVers to give to ye Hospital the Sum of Three
Hundred Pounds in Cash and an .^tnuiity of Si.\ INuinds payable every \'e.'ir
during his Lyfe. it is now .\greed that the Monthly Conunittee should .\dniit him
and at the same time enter into an .Agreement with him in writing, expressing the
Terms of his admission.
Having made all arrangcnient.s lie departed; but reappeared at
the Hospital on June 24th, about two months afterward, with the
))ro|)osition that he he allowed to enter and to remain, " For three or
four Weeks, in order to try if ye House will prove Agreeable to him
to resyde the remainder of his Days in." 'i'his was also granted and
his exi)erience having proved agreeable, on July 29. 1765, it was
reported that
Joseph Mouiitz had assyned to ye Treasurer, for the use of ye Hospital, a
mortgage and Bond from one David Shark, of East township, Lancaster County,
for the payment of /'iso, date<i ye first Day of May, i~S9, also a Bond of ye s'd
Shark and Henry Huber for the payment of ye further Sum of ^150, dated
ye first Day of May, 1764.
On August 26, 1765, Joseph Mountz was admitted. In 17.SJ, lie
addressed the Managers as follows :
lUnllemeii. — I have been in this Hospital ever sriice May. 1765, and assigned
for the fse of the Institution three Hundred Pounds secured to me by Special-
ties, which Sum the Treasurer has undoubtedly received, and Moreover I have
also transfered to the same Institution an .Annuity of Si.v Pounds which is due to
me during my naturall I^ife. as appears by the Papers in your Hands. In Consid-
Comolainint! c-ration whereof the Managers agreed to provide for me a Room, Stove, Wood,
I etter to the Wearing .Apparall of all Sorts, Meat, Drink, Washing, Diet, Medecincs and all
M-micers "t'"^"" Necessaries during the term of my naturall Life. Part of your Kngagements
you have comi)lied with and others Kntirely neglected, as for Cloaths you never
found me any one Article. I am now 95 years of Age and as I am treated with
no more Respect than the poor ( )bjects that are taken into the Hospital out of
Charity, and having often Complayned and my Griviances have never been
redressed, I come to the Resolution to leave you .And beg you will pay me yearly
during the Term of my Naturall Life the Sum of twenty Pounds. I beg you will
favour me with an -Answer. .And if you will grant me my Request I will go into
the Country in about two Months hence.
Joseph did not get into the country in two months, as he did
not receive an answer to his proposition imtil five months after its
receipt. It is likdy that the Managers were as weary of Mountz's
•36
Annuitant
Dies a
Centenarian.
presence in the Hospital as they must have been of the original agree-
ment made with him, as their tardy reply was in these terms :
The Managers of the Hospital are Willing that Jos: Mountz may };o and live Ann\iity
amonjj his Friends and they will engage to pay Twenty pounds per Annum, dur- ('.ranted,
ing the Remainder of his Life, Provided he with his Friends will Indemnify the
Hospital from any Claims which may arise by reason of the Contract they enter
into with him, when he first ajiplied to be admitted into the Hospital.
The Treasurer reports, November 5, 1789, that
He has paid since last Meeting, thirty-four Pounds, 14s 6d, being the
balance due on the Life Annuity of Twenty Pounds for the Support of Joseph
Mountz, who entered the House the 14th Day of August 1765, as a Patient and
was afterwards Boarded Out pursuant to agreement made the 27th of Xovember
1783, and Died on the 22nd Day of August last, 1789, at Tulpehocken. in the
County of Berks, aged about One hundred Years.
The following are some of the very numerous instances
illustrating the generous spirit of the Managers in dealing witli poor
])atients :
These being a Charge against the Security of Catherine Eshrick of 17 Beds, Poor
12 Blankets and some window Glass which she Destroyed, it is agreed on Account Patients'
of her inability to pay the debt without Distressing her very much, to forgive her Debts
the charge for these Articles. Cancelled.
The Board in consideration of the Poverty of the Party consents to Forgive
the Debt due for the support of George Helmbold late an Insane Patient of this
House.
The following official request from the Overseers of the Poor of
lower Chester County was granted :
Marcis Hook, Dec. 10, 1792.
To THE MaN.AGERS of THE HOSPITAL AT PHILADELPHIA.
(iiii/lfinen. — As the Inhabitants of Lower Chichester have by an act of patient
Humanity taken an L'nknown Person who Appears to be very Insane in mind Admitted
who has been travelling up and down the road in this neighbourhood since from Chester
Tuesday last and has severall times attempted to destroy himself, therefore as the Countv.
Inhabitants have applyd to me as a Justice of the Peace for the County of
Delaware for the Relief of Said unknown Person, think it most .^dviseable (as
there is no Conveniency to .\ccommodate such a Person in the town-ship, where
Humanity has Induced them to receive him, to prevent the Horrid Idea of Self
Destruction) to Recommend him to the Hospitality of the Gentlemen Managers
of the Hospital of the City of Philadelphia, Hoping that the same principle of
Humanity that has Induced those people to preserve life, may also Induce the
Managers to receive such a Person in the Hospital of the City of Philadelphia, as
it is a Convenient Place for that Purpose.
The Pa])ers he has with him will be Delivered you b\' the bearer Mr. Charles
Afflick. We have been Informed that he was not long since a liver at fort Pitt,
by the Name of Robert Riddle, as his Papers seems to .-Appear.
The subject was admitted December 12th as a pay patient, but
charges for board and funeral expenses were abated. The poor man
died December 29, 1792.
Com|)aratively few citizens of Philatlclphia are aware that the
A I'rnmliicnt wife of Stephen Girard resided for many years as an insane patient in
I'aiiint. fi^g Pennsylvania Hospital ; that she gave birth to a daughter while
there, shortly after admission ; the latter died in infancy. The
mother also died there and was buried on the grounds at the back of
the Hospital building at Eighth and Fine Streets, where her remains
still rest, the spot being unmarked by monument or stone. On
December 31, 1790, the record states that Mary Girard, a lunatic,
wife of Stephen Girard was admitted as a Paying Patient,
at 25.f per week. In January, 1791, the sitting Managers reported
to the Hoard their apprehension that she was enceinte and they
accordingly reipiested Mr. Girard to remove her to his own home;
but at his earnest recniest, she wa.s retained in the Hospital. On
March 28, 1791, the minutes state, that
Steptuii On the jril Instant, Mary tlu- WilV •>( Sleplicn Girard was delivered liy
Girard's Dr. Hutchinson and William Gardner of a Child, named, in the presence of
only Child. Edward Cuthush an<l others, Mary, whicli on tlu- 7tli Instant was put out to Nurse
with John Ilatiher's Wife, at lov I'er Week.
This infant, which was the only child of Philadelphia's great
benefactor, died August 26, 1791, aged 5 months and 23 days.
The funeral expenses, which were paid by the Steward of the
Hospital, are recorded as follows :
.•\u>;nst 27th. 1791.
Mr. Joseph Henszey of the Pennsylvania Hospital, Dr.
To Joseph Dolliy fur ye Bnriel of Mary Girard's Child
To Gownd ,^,"2. 5. o
To Minister's .Attendance o. 6. o
To Clark's do. o. 4. 6
To Bell o. 5. o
To Grave o. 7. 6
To Invitations o. 10. o
/',!• ■■"'• o
Mrs Mary Girard remained a patient, until her death, which
occurred September 13th, 1815, after she had dwelt continuously in
Interments the Hospital for twenty-five years. .\t the request of Stephen Girard
in the g],g ^^.j^5 |ji,|-ied in the Hospital enclosure. Girard gave the Hos|)ital
Ground's $^°°° o" October 30th, 1815, and bequeathed the Institution $30,000
by his will.
Xear the resting place of this afflicted woman there is a block
of marble, surmounted by an urn, which marks the grave of Charles
Xicholes, who gave the Hospital $5,000 with the express condition
that he should be buried in the Hosijital grounds. The marble has
engraved ui)on it the following inscription :
SAMUEL COATES.
tat r MTtCUHST «., FHflA.
rX MEMORY
CHARLES XICHOLES,
born in the Island o( Jfisry, Nov. 1759 and dk-d in Pliilailfiphia liic. 31st, 1807.
By great industry, tecononiy and intejjrity he acquired a considerable estate.
FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS
of which
he bequeathed to the
PENNSYl^VANIA HOSPITAL,
and the residue in other charities
and legacies to his friends.
His body is interred
In compliance with his request
in this place.
.\nd this monument is erected over it,
by permission of the Managers of the Hospital,
in order to perpetuate his name,
by one of his E.vecutors.
Samuel Coates, who was a Manager from 1785 to 1825, always .^ Manager's
carried with him a rather large, leather-bound memorandum book, f'i^'iy-
in which he noted, in ink, his reflections upon madness and his
deductions drawn from his observations, with notes of the histories of
especially interesting cases and incidents, which came under his notice
in the cells, and the wards for the insane. Mr. Coates presented this
book to his son, Benjamin H. Coates, who was one of the attending
])hysicians from 1S2S to 1841. Some of these annotations are of
unusual interest and show marked ability in Mr. Coates as an acute
observer. (See also page 72 for other Extracts.)
Hannah Lewis was born on the west side of ye Schu\'lkill, S miles from Record of
rhiladeljihia. Her Parents came from Wales, among the first Settlers of Pennsyl- a Case,
vania and were respectable Friends. Their Children lived to be 97, 95 & SS
years of age re.spectively. Her Lunacy was attributed to Grief at the death of
her husband and became apparent by her preaching in Friends Meeting ; on the
Court House Steps & other public Places. Being asked why her Ministry was
not acceptable ? She replied because she si)oke through a trumpet so powerfully
that the vulgar herd could not comprehend her.
When the late Owen Jones by Appointment of the inontlily Meeting went to
dissuade her from preaching, she Received him politely, invited him to set down &
handed him a glass of wine with a biscuit. She then made a prayer, which
being finish'd, She immediately reproved him as an unfit person to treat with her,
because he had just taken the Sacrament, against the principles which he i)ro-
fessed as a Quaker.
She w'd neither acknowledge her Fatlier nor Mother & denied her own
Children. She called herself the eldest daughter of King George the second and
made severall .'\ttem])ts to visit him, but was prevented by her friends. At length
slie escaped to N. York with her jjlate & /*3oo in Cash. There she concealed
herself in a Shiii. and was not discover'd till the Vessel was several Leagues from
the Land.
In London She staid a few Years, confining her Visits chiefly to the (Jueen's
Garden, in which she was permitted to walk 6t finally her Plate and the Money
spent, & debts contracted which she was unable to pay, she Return'd to Philadel-
phia ; but previous to embarking, she settled, as she said, her Tribute Money
139
with liir Katliir tin.- King of Gnat Britain, at tin- rate of 3 half picks of (lokl, 3
Observations ''•''"^ ptcks of Silsxr, and 3 half pecks of Copper heaped measure. To be
upon a Case rt^mitted to her Annually, free of Commissions, from every Coinage of the
of Insanitv Kingdoni. This she applied to support the Pennsylvania Hospital, which she
called her Palace. Here she allowed her domestics to live in S|ilendour, equal
to the rank which She, their Royal Sovereinn. held in the World.
Soon after Hannah landed from Kngland, she took possession of a small tene-
ment in VVillinn's Alley, a Stone building, one Story high, alxmt 12 feet Square
and appear'd to have been raised as a Summer house only : in this she lived
alone, calling it her Castle, & defen<linK it valiantly against the rude Ixjys. The
Antique appearance of this little homestead attracted the Notice of those who
approache<l it, being Shrouded over its one window and the Stoop, with Ivy &
creeping Vynes — From this place She would sally forth into the Streets, brand-
ishing her wood Sword, on many Occasions.
At this time She would Attack the boys, with a Silver headed Cane which
She had Imt. of the late Philip Syng. From this Castle she was removed to the
Pennsylvania Hospital. Here she made her own Cloaths, selecting scarlet
or some bright colour for a border to her Gowns & Pettiecoats, which She cut in
Scollups, half up to her Knees, to look grand and be distinguished from her
Subjects.
Hannah could eat almost anything & I once caught her eating Mice.
She formerly took snufl'. but latterly gave it up for the tine ground Ginger,
which w'd not soil her Cloaths, & when She could pass a pinch to a Stranger
under Cover of the dark, she wou'd laugh heartily at the Notion of taking them
so handsomely by the Nose.
The infirmities she laboured under required a daily .Allowance of Rum, for
the last twelve years, which She received till within a few days of her death ; her
rations was one Gill of Rum p. Diem, |)ure, which She mix'd with her Tea. CoflTee
and Gravy at dinner.
From her Father she receive<l a good Estate, which She reduced to fifteen
pounds p. .Annum by her E.xpenses to England & by her Roving about, until she
was sent to the Hospital, which Sum was accepted for her maintenance Sc where
She was comfortably supported for 17 years, or until the 89th year of her age,
when She Died, being Confined to her bed only 3 or 4 days, but She Never
recover'd her Reason.
On e.xamining her Chest, nothing was found, e.\cept her Cloaths, very Clean and
carefully put up, & a few pieces of glass, pebbles, &c., which She Valued as
Jewells, with the heads (for what I know) of One hundred thousand Musquitoes
and Flies, which She had Decapitated for their Presumption in daring to bite the
King's Daughter. S. CoATKs.
Another patient named " I'oUy" Mr. Coates considered one of
the most interesting cases of insanity in the Hospital :
.Another Polly — I believe it is forty years since this beautiful Girl first was brought to
interesting the Pennsylvania Hospital. Her insanity was attributed to disappointment in
Case. i,ove.
One Night She was chained to the floor and to her .Ancle in bed : in this
situation with a saw or file. She separated the link ne.xt to her skin. This Secret
She kept to herself, and continued in bed, holding in her hands the Ends of her
chains.
In the morning Doctor Hutchinson, passing her Cell door. She called to him
& requested a favour, that heKould shut the Window, fgr.She was chilly The
Doctor immcdiatelv mounted a chair it drew the Sash down; but, turning his
140
Back instead of his face to the patient. Slie slyly Slipt out of bed, &, before he
could dismount from his high Station, She was out, & bolting him in, escaped : Escapades
there he was detained the best part of an hour, calling on Dirk, Tom or Harry, ^f ^ patient,
any one he cou'd see to deliver him from Prison.
The hue and Cry for Polly was soon made ; at length she was found, wading
up to her knees in Mud & water, thro' the mouth of the Culvert or common
Sewer, into the Dock, nearly opposite to Joshua Gilpin's house. Where She first
entered into this Subterraneous passage, I do not remember, tho' I recollect her
returning in high Glee to her old quarters, E.vulting in the trick she had played
upon the doctor.
The apparently mild and attractive Charms of this beautiful Woman were
apt to lure young & Old into long & familiar Conversations with her. She
was often treacherous, tho' She seemed so Agreeable — The following is an
Instance.
One day, in the line of his duty, Dr. Parke paid her a Visit — She was then Dr. Parke's
rather High — the Doctor view'd her with Interest & continued talking with her K.tiierience.
some time, during this interview, which seem'd on both sides agreeable, I have
no Doubt but Polly was preparing to finish ; for, having her hand in her pocket,
while he was speaking to her, she suddenly thrusted a long Knife at his body
which She pulled out unobserved & pierced thro' his Coat and Jackett ; and
entering the Wall, it drew from it a triangular plug of Mortar, about an inch in
length on every side & even scraped the very brick, leaving the marks of the
Knife upon it for severall years till the Chasm w-as filled. The Doctor, I e.xpect
will remember this freak, which cost Polly a few ounces of Blood.
Many Years since, I was walking on the Commons it heard a great Noise. Interesting
VV'here it came from I could not tell, but list'ning Attentively, I discovered it was Case Related
from the blue house, and directing my course there, I found it to be the Shouting to Mr. Coates
of a great number of people. The\' were Assembled to a Bull baiting, which in by Timothy
those days, was a common practice. Matlacke.
The Animal appeared to be in a great rage, tho' much exhausted by the
Dogs, before I reached the Scene of Action. Soon after I got there, a Small
Mastiff was sett on, which he threw about ten feet high, & he fell to the Ground
with his upper Jaw broke & Every tooth Out.
A short rest was now again given to the Bull, when a i)resumptious little
Man, to shew what he cou'd do, run towards the Animal, but Returned faster
than he went, for the creature took him under his breech & tossed him about 12
feet from the end of the Rope.
A New pack of dogs being procured to renew the fight, every Eye was turned
to the Onset.
At this moment, Polly scaled the high fence, thro' the Cracks of which she
saw the battle & pitying the Bull, She pierced unseen thro' the Circle & ran U|)
directly to the Ring ; and w ithout Shoes or Stockings on ; with her Bosom all
open; her neck bare And her beautiful Ringlets wildly dangling over her
Shoulders — her other Cloathing was her Shift only and a white pettycoat ; so
that she Appear'd more like a Ghost than a human Creature. When She reached
the Bull, Itho' previously & almost immediately before, he was in a Rage) She
Accosted him thus — " Poor Bully ! have they hurt you? they shall not hurt you
any more," & stroking his forehead & his face She repeated "they shall not.
They shall not hurt thee." This was indeed Wonderful; but the .■Vnimal's
behavior was not less so, for he no Sooner saw her approaching him, than he
dropt his Head & became Mild & gentle, As tho' he knew She was sent to
deliver him.
141
Tlu- wliolf Conccjurst; of Spectators saw it, aii<i wi-re Struck with Astoiiisli-
Clinical "'^"' — ""' o"*^ "f whom tiari-d to enter into the Ring to save her : Init Stood
Histories. fcinblinK for Polly's Life, afraid to stir a Step and even to follow her on the
Return, when she darted thro' the Rinj;, thro' Midst of the dumb Struck
Company, like an Arrow from the Bow, Over the hiyh fence aKain to the Hospital
from which She elopeil.
Saimiel Coates illustrated his " i6th Cause of Lunacy — Disap-
IJointment," by the following narrative of continuous misfortune:
Richard Nesbitt of I.nndiin, born in KuKland, educated at Oxford Collidge —
From London he went to the Island of St. Kitts and married the beautiful
Frances Clifton, who was tho't equal if not Superior to any lady on the Island.
Here the talents of younR Nesbitt soon commanded Attention. The house of
Frazer and Balentine took him in as a |)arlner in trade aiifl transacted business
for some Time ; but met with Misfortunes and ]>roved insolvent. Thus Richard
lost all but his (jood character.
He now became very Serious, and made preparations for the (".own, by
advice of his friends, who encouraged him to K.vpect by it three or four thousand
dollars a year ; With this View he sailed for London, but, when he was on the
jjoint of taking Orders, he was Required to Subscribe the thirty-nine Articles ;
but in Kood Conscience he could not do it. .Vnd therefore he Withdrew his
.Application & returned to St. Kitts.
Here he commenced study to be a Lawyer, >S: was well instructed in it,
under the celebrated James Stephens, a <listinj;uishecl ( )rator in the British House
of Commons. He practiced the Law for some time on correct princi|)lts, and
acquired Credit, particularly so as an .Able advocate for the poor and oppressed
.African Slaves, whom he often Assembled, and ^ave them freely his Counsel &
advice. Whether, by this Conduct he e.'icited the Jealousy of the rich Planters,
and became unpopular, I cannot say, but he grew Weary of the Law, and
declining it, left the Island and came to Philadelphia. He ne.xt turned Con-
veyancer and was remarkably distinguished for the Neatness and Correctness of
his Deeds, but growing a little unsettled in his mind, he quitted this Occupaliiin
and concluded to open Store at Wilmington on the Delaware.
To this ])lace his Wife Frances followd him with six Children, but the Store
at Wilmington not Answering his Expectations, he became again insolvent and
gave it uj).
Disappointed a fourth time, he turned his .Attention to Farming, and bought
or rented a Tract at Caltawissy, in the Woods of Pennsylvania, here he worked
at Manual Labour, but the hardships he endured in Clearing and cultivating
New Land, did not accord with his Constitution ; the Consequence was. he
failed here also.
To be disappointed Five times was more than he could Well bear ; he became
low spirited and to cut the Climax short, he became crazy, & is Noir a poor
Lunatick In the Pennsylvania Hospital, in Which It is expected he Will Kn<l
his Days.
Poem by an Soon after he was admitted, he wrote the following touching
Insane \\^^^ {0 his wife :
Patient. RuiiAKi) TO Fr.\.ncks.
Depriv'd of Liberty, and left to prove.
The bitter want of Frances & her love,
( That love, which wert thou present to bestow,
Wou'd sweetly sooth thine hapless Richard's Woe,)
142
As burdeii'd witli my (jric-f, I sat to moiirii,
Thy Letter came — Ah why not thy Return?
Why shon'd the fold, which pleas'd I took, contain.
The Tale of Absence, which encreas'd my pain.
While I a double weight of Sorrows bear,
Sever'd from thee, and kept a Pris'ner here!
Yet if Through Anguish of a tortur'd mind.
My thoughts, my Acts were faulty or unkind.
Though great my errors, great has been tny (Irief,
And Richard looks to Frances for Relief.
Think then in Pity, Love and tender care,
Upon the sufferings I am left to bear
And seek to set a wretched husband free,
Who loses but too much, in losing thee.
To our Dear Children now let me return.
To use a Parents labour and Concern,
Long have I felt both able and inclined,
To try the powers of Body and of Mind,
In fit employ to |)ass thy tedious stay,
Til hap'ly I may see the favor'd day,
Wlien I may weep for Joy it own me bles't.
To hide my .\nguish, Frances, on tliy Breast.
Many other extracts from Mr. Coates' note-book might be
made, but the above will be sufficient to show his great interest in
the patients and in the study of insanity.
Any account of work among the insane would be of little value ihunane
if it failed to record the earnest, zealous efforts in their behalf made W"'"'^"'^
bv the eminent alienist, Dr. I5eniamin Rush. This distintriiished „'^', '■"-'■'"""
° Rush.
philanthropist entered the service ot the Hos]}ital, as attending physi-
cian, in 17S3, and served the institution for twenty-nine years and ten
months continuously, during which, under his personal effort, e.xample
and influence, the humane and judicious treatment of the insane
received an impetus which unquestionably prepared the way for the
adoption of that high standard of care which now prevails.
Upon entering the service of the Hospital, his philosophical
mind was attracted toward the practical study of insanity and his
advanced ideas upon this subject impelled him to protest forcibly
against the many prevalent abuses and obstacles in the way of rational
modes of treatment. In this connection, the following extract is
worth quoting.
On November 11, 1789, a communication was received from
Dr. Rush complaining of the Cells as improper places in which to
confine the Insane. It was addressed to the Board of Managers :
Genflemcn. — Under the conviction that the patients afflicted by Madness,
should be the first objects of the care of a physician of the Pennsylvania Hospital,
I liave attempted to relieve them, but I am Sorry to add that my attempts which
>4,;
at lirsl proniisi'il simu- linpnivtimnt win- simii alurwards riiidiTi'd AlH>rlivi.- liy
Api.^^al t.. tin- ""•• C«;"« "f ">^- •'•"^I'it""-
., Thtst apartnu-iUs an- (lamp in Winter «: luo warm in Snmmir. Tliiy an-
mori-ovcr so i-onslituted, as not to admit readily of a chanKe of air ; lii-nce tlit-
sniell of thcni is both oflcnsivi- and unwholcsonif.
Few patients have ever l)een confined in these Cells who have not been
affected by a cold in two or three weeks after their confinement, and several have
died of C'onsumpticm in consequence of this cold.
These facts beinn clearly establishefl, I conceive that the appropriatinj; of the
Cells any longer for the reception of mad people will be dishonourable both to
the Science and Humanity of the city of Philadelphia.
Should more wholesome apartments be provided for them, it is more than
probable that many of them minht be Relieved by the use of remedies which have
lately been discovered to be effectual in their disorder.
With Kreat respect, I am, (".enllemeii, your friend and humble servant,
Bknj.vmin Risii.
On Jantiary 7, 1792, it was resolved
To I'etition, or remonstrate the deneral .Assembly, settinK forth, the necessity
of completing the Hospital and re<|UestinK Assistance to enable the Contributors
to accomplish it in such a manner as to answer the humane intentions of the
original Founders.
Ilie favorable action of the Assembly lias already been men-
tioned. (See page 66. )
An obligation, in the form re(|iiire(l liy (he (Governor, and fur-
nishing the required security was prepared, and was read and approved,
at the Contributors' Meeting, May 13, 1793. The Treasurer having
Appro reported later that he had secured from the State Treasurer the sum of
liri.ation ^10,000 ; this with other sums, which had been contributed and paid.
Received, ^ere placed to the credit of the Building Committee for the " E.\-
tended Buildings."
Kpidemic The routine service of the Hospital was very much interrupted
of Yellow about this time by the presence of an epidemic in the city, which
Fever, obliged many of the Managers and physicians to leave the city.
Business was in great measure suspended owing to the breaking
out of yellow fever, which prevailed from August, 1793, to the 9th of
September, during which " upwards of 4,000 persons died in the
City and Liberties." (See account of Yellow Fever, p. 69.)
December 30, 1793, the subject of building the west wing was
resumed, and the committee was instructed to complete as soon as
Ijossible an estimate of a plan "which will include a double range of
Cells underground, and on the two first floors above, in the western
division, with an area on the north and south sides."
On February 27, 1797, Drs. Rush and Physick, in addition to
their usual duties, offered to take under their own care every lunatic in
the Hospital who was not the jjarticular patient of any other physician
144
of the house, for one year, "provided it meets with the approbation
of the managers and physicians." TiL-atment
A copy of this proposal was handed to each of the physicians, <jf t'li^ l"sane.
" who, if they approve thereof, are desired to signify their assent by
subscribing their names to it," which was accordingly done.
For the period, these were most excellent accommodations for
the insane; but the more turbulent were kept in the basement cells,
directly underneath ; which, however, were superior to the cells in
the eastern basement.
Until towards the close of the last century the same simple and ininrmal
informal mode of commitment of insane to the Hospital prevailed as Comniitinent.
during the earlier years. The Managers were authorized to receive
patients, after reading a line of opinion from one of the attending
physicians tliat the subject was a proper one for admission, and,
a bond was required of the patient's next friend, as in the form
hereafter to be quoted. No comprehensive lunacy law appeared on the
Statute Book until 1869. The common law and the unwritten laws
of necessity and humanity regulated admissions ; while the word of
the attending physician afforded the only means of discharge, save by
death, or, exceptionally, by escape.
Hastily written upon a little piece of chance paper is the follow-
ing commitment :
Jas. Sproul is a proper patient for tlu- Peiitis\'lvaiiia Hospital.
Bkn), Rush.
Very little survives concerning the treatment of the insane during
the stormy period of the war of the Revolution and especially during
the time when the British soldiers occupied the Hospital with their
sick and wounded. The insane remained in the cells, and were cared
for in some fashion, under great difficulties, by Dr. George Weed, the
Steward and Apothecary. How nearly the Hospital approached
absolute ruin and dissolution at this time, and how heroically the
Managers behaved under the infliction, and how courageously they
carried out the work of restoration, is elsewhere recounted.
In 179S, Dr. Rush, in pursuance of his plans for the amelioration pr. Rush
of the insane, again addressed the Board of Managers upon the subject recommends
which lay so near his heart : Improve-
April 30tl), 179s. »"?'"s in
Mr. Coates will please to recollect the following Propositions to be laid before Treatment
the Managers for the Benefit of the .'Asylum for Mad people, viz : ist. Two Warm '^"'' Occupa-
and two Cold Bath rooms in the lowest floor — all to be Connected ; also a jmmp "°" '"r the
in the Area to supply the Baths with Water. Insane.
2nd. Certain Employments to be devised for such of the deranged people as
are Capable of Working, spinning, sewing, churning, &c. might be contrived for
the Women : Turning a Wheel, particularly grinding Indian Corn in a Hand Mill,
145
for food for llu- Horse or Cows of the Hospital, ciitlinK Straw, wcaviiiR, diKRing
in the Garden, sawing or plaining hoards See. &c. would he Useful for the Men.
Hknj. RlSH.
Trivial as such an entry may read in a historical work, these
propositions, as to sanitary cleanliness, bath-treatnicnt, and congenial
employment, were steps in a great, and until then, almost unheard of
reform in the care of the insane. I'ersonal cleanliness and daily
occupation for the insane, as a class, had not been attempted in this
country i)reviously, although now the rule in all reputable institu-
tions for the insane.
The character of the attendants upon the insane at the period
now under consideration, was quite in keeping with the class of accom-
modations provided. The following minute gives an ai)t illustration
of the demands made upon the time of the nurse in charge of the ward.
Diverse In 1 757, the Managers appeared to be impressed with the
Services necessity of selecting a man as Cell-Keeper with some reference to his
f^''" ti special fitness and to define his duties, as the following minute records :
.Attendants. Oct. 6, 1757.
.\fter some Conversation with Jona. Norton (he being willing to take Care of
ye Lunaticks) to use his Endeavours to oblige the Patients, to observe the Rules
of the House, to assist the Matron in the general! Care of the Patients, & in
Marketing, to keep ye Garden & Lotts in Order, & Diverse other Services now
mentioned to him, agreed with him for the Term of one Year Certain, from the
13th of this Month at the Rate of thirty pounds Per Annum Wages, & in case of
any Dissatisfaction on either Side to give three Months Notice, before he shall be
at Liberty to (juitt the Service, or the Hoard to discharge him.
Norton found these "Diverse Services" wearing, and, on July
3:, 1758, demanded an increase of wages to ^£50 per year, otherwise
he would "quitt." His reipiest was complied with. What the
insane patients were doing, or who minded them, while he was
assisting the Matron, going to market, digging in the garden, etc., is
not stated.
Servant In the year 1775, it apjjears that an indentured servant acted as
employed as thg Cell-Keeper for some time, before the Managers discovered it.
...itiiL.f T'"^ Managers being informed that the Steward, John Saxton, alx)ut a Month
since Bought a Servant, who has since been employed as a Cell-Keeper, without
the knowledge of the Managers :— the Steward was acquainted that under these
Circumstances they did not think him Entitled to any Wages for the time passed,
but that they would Allow him at the Rate of .^20. in future Per Annum : untill
his time is out, which he agreed to.
The salaries paid certainly were not extravagant. On April 26th,
1779:
.\n applic.-ition in Writing from Ale.Nander Long, the Cell- Keeper, was laid
before the Board requesting an .Addition to his Salary. It was agreed to Allow
him eighteen Dollars Per month from this Date.
146
Mr. Long soon after this advancement resigned and was succeeded
by Thomas Little and his wife. The term " Keeper " perhaps exactly nuties of
described the function of persons then employed to attend the insane. '^'^'^P'^'' °'
They were hired to keep the patients and their cells clean, to perform
all the menial drudgery which that involved, to watch the lunatics
when they exercised in the yard and keep those who worked about
the garden and lots from running away. One of their chief duties
was to preserve discipline and order among the unruly, which was
done with a strong hand and in a punitive spirit. The insane were Various
chained to rings of iron, let into the floor or wall of the cell, or were ^"'"^^ of
restrained in hand-cuffs or ankle-irons ; and the straight-waistcoat, or .. ,
" Madd-Shirt," was in frequent requisition. This was a close-fitting,
cylindrical garment of ticking, canvas, or other strong material,
without sleeves, which, drawn over the head, reached below the
knees, and left the patient an impotent bundle of wrath, deprived of
effective motion. In the earlier years, it was not considered improper
or unusual for the keeper to carry a whip and to use it freely. These
methods begat violence and disorder in the insane, who were then,
for that reason, a much more violent and dangerous class than they
now are, and the keeper's life was neither an idle nor a happy one.
From the number of his duties, about the house and grounds, uncon-
nected with the care of the insane, it is evident that the patients must
have passed the greater part of their time locked up in the cells.
In 1782, a patient, in a letter addressed to the Mapagers, says: illustrations
" I am Confined here in Chains at the instance of a Relative of my of Treatment
Wife's — I hope you will Desire the Steward to unchain me ; but, as ^ Century
his Duty, he could do no Less." Later he writes — " The present
serves to Inform you that pursuant to your Orders, I am Unchained."
The spirit of humanity was doubtless as strong in those early days as
it is with us; but the ideas as to what constituted humane care were
very different ; they were in process of gradual evolution from primi-
tive modes of life and crude social customs to the advanced ideas of
non-restraint and kind treatment which now prevail. Some curious
old hospital bills that have been preserved, throw a side-light upon
the methods of management of insane patients at that time in use :
Mr. HiGGiNS (tlie Steward)
Noveml)cr iSth.
To Peter Field, Dr. /■ s. d.
To making a strait Jackcoat o 11 3
To i'/i yd. ol Ticken, at 6i. 6rf. yd i 2 9
1 14
This is endorsed " Straight Jacket for Bowey."
147
April 27tli. 1705. l'ai<l I'l-ttr Kii-lil for 7 StniiKlit Waislmats £•, J (>
Jiiiu- 29tli. To ultitiwashiiig ye Wards 0146
Til a Spinning Whi-rl o 14
To WcaviiiK 60 ytls. Linni-n Cloth . ... i '5
Hiimaniiy <>!' Ii is intere>ting to note how leniently disjjosed were the early
the Judiciary j„ji(-iary toward insane persons who were charged with crime.
shown in «■>..- ,^ > ■ ■ ^
Commitment " '7°^' "• ''■ '" Bucks Lounty, was tried for murder and
of an Insane acquitted on the ground of insanity. Chief Justices McKean, Atlee
Person, and Bryan wrote to ihe Managers in relation to this case :
As his insanity still continues and he is not eijihteen years of age, and has
frequent lucid intervals, we are of the opinion that he may be restored to his
reason bv^jroper nianaj;eineiu.
He was received into the Hos|)ital.
First The records do not indicate that suicide among llie insane was
instaiite ^j- ,„Qf^. frequent occurrence in these earlier davs than at the present
of Suicide . ^ r ■, .■ • ' • TT • 1 1 •
time. One of the earliest instances, however, in the Hospital history
was on April 29, 1765 .-
Died — Paul Harbyson, a I.unatick. who handed himself this day.
Copy of Commitment by Judge McKean, written on the back
of the usual certificate of insanit\ .
Pennsylvania :
It appcarinji to me from inspectit>n, e.\amination & other evidence, that
Mr. W. John Leonard Deneufville is by the visitation of God in a state of lunacy &
derangement, and that it is dangerous as well for himself as others that he shouhl
in his present state of mind be at large, I do hereby authorize & empower any
Constable, or other discreet Citizen to take him the said John Leonard Deneuf-
ville anil him convey to the Pennsylvania Hospital wKere he is to be delivered to
the Steward thereof and treated with humanity and as other Lunatics are, until
he shall be thence legally discharged by due course of Law. Given under my
hand & Seal at Philadelphia the i.^th day of January 1797.
Thos. M'Kkan.
'l"he above is the endorsement on the back of the admission
paper signed by Rush, as shown in the illustration.
The guiding spirit of Dr. Rush was fretpiently manifested in
initiating reforms, as will be noted in his suggestion to the other
members of the staff to unite with him in the following :
Reforms First Month 3rd. 1803 — The Physicians recommend that a Well qualified
suggested. Person be employed as a Frieinl and Companion to the Lunatics, whose business
it shall be to attend them and when the Pliysirians direct their Fnlargement, to
see them safe to their Apartments.
The Managers acceded to this reasonable request and the Steward
was directed to hire such a person. Again, on September 24, 1810,
he addressed the following letter to the Board :
148
JPWadtlphia^ J^ ,^yj. /Ty. ^
being al;
a a proper Pitlent for t?i« Pennfylva/iia HofpitaK
1|
,<::x,,,-^ : Jt^i L^v^^l/£e. being affliaed wIA f-i--^^e.<^^9ij^M ^-''|j
tient for tlia PcnnrTlTaBJfi Hr.ff,;«i . *^ v ,'
T> /iAv^.
^--yDf..^'-^'*^
i
l^^-^y ■ f SlKiOgMlMJB
w
i^
^,.
... „ ^. . being admitted a Patjent into the Pem».
J^tvam»Hofp.(aI at my Requeft. y do hereby promif? to provide Z^^
/ V,r . , ^'^^^' ^^-^ °^^'- Clo'hing. fdfficfent and faitabte for
. o " ^ ^ ""'* ' '" P'^ 'o/"-^'"^ H'gg'"-". Steward of the faid Hoftihf,
or. to hjs Succeflbr in Office, ^^^ r?f^ -^iC-^^/^ .__
per Week for Board, during ^> Contin'uance there ; to caufe yi^^ to b<,
WITNESS /«^ Ha„d,tha ;^^^^^ Day of^_^ /^^^
Rofpitah ^^^^i^^^y ^^^^^Pa..eDt.nto.hePennfyIvvia
Ti
X-'.
^.
A CERTIFICATE OF INSANITY, OF 1797,
Signed by Dr. Benj. Rush, with obligation by a friend of the Patient, and an orde' for
admission, directed to the Steward from a Manager.
On the reverse side of this page is the Endorsement and Order of tne Court,
With signature of Judge McKean.
. avtiUBst CO.. rHim.
J i^ftn^^{i^ji^^A.iY
4
1/'
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t.J ^j
K^,
£t^jCt%.^.£^nAnf'^ ,
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K^/ /'^ >-^ > -"/J ^^-^^ ^,/'- -^ /^ \
)
Genllemcn : — When our late illustrious fellow Citizen Dr. Franklin walked
out from his house to lay the foundation stone of the Pennsylvania Hospital, he j ^tter from
was accompanied by the late Dr. Bond and the Managers and Physicians of the jj^ Rush
Hospital. On their way Dr. Bond lamented that the Hospital would allure j„ jj,^
strangers from all the then provinces in America. Then (said Dr. Franklin) our ji;,iia<rers
institution will be more useful than we intended it to be. — This answer has been ^^.jj],
verified in a remarkable manner, and particularly in the relief our Hospital has j,„|,(,riant
afforded to persons de]>rived of their reason from nearly all the States in the SuKKestions.
Union. As great ini|)rovements have taken place in the treatment of persons in
that melancholy situation, within the last thirty years, I beg leave to lay an
account of them before you, as far as I have been able to obtain them, from the
histories of Asylums for mad people in foreign countries, as well as from my own
e.vperience during five and twenty years attendance upon that class of |>atients in
the Pennsylvania Hospital.
By adopting them, we may e.xtend tlu- usefulness and reputation of the
hospital, and thus contribute to add to the high character our city has long
sustained for wise and benevolent institutions.
The improvements which I wish respectfully tcj submit to your consideration
are as follow :
1. That small and solitary buildings be erected at a convenient distance from
the west wing of the hospital, for the reception of patients in the high and dis-
tracted state of madness, in order to prevent the injuries done by the noises to
persons in the recent, or convalescent state of that disease, and to patients in
other diseases, by depriving them of sleep, or by inducing distress from sympathy
with their sufferings.
2. That separate floors be approjiriated for each of the se.\es.
3. That certain kinds of labour, e.xercise and amusements be contrived for
them, which shall act at the same time u])on their b<xliesand minds. The advan-
tages of labour have been evinced in foreign hospitals as well as our own, in a
greater number of recoveries taking place, among that class of people who are
employed in the ordinary work of the hospital, than in persons elevated by their
rank in life above the obligations or necessity of labour. E.\ercise and amuse-
ments should be the substitutes for labor in such persons. The amusements
should be Swinging, Seesaw, riding a hobby horse, or in what are called flying
Coaches, playing at Chess and checkers, listening to the music of a flute, or
violin and in making short excursions into the City, or Country. Perhaps kinds
of labor might be discovered for every class of mad i)eople, of such a nature as
to afford a small addition to the funds of the hospital.
4. That an intelligent man and woman be employed to attend the diflTerent
sexes, whose business shall be to direct and share in their amusements and to
divert their minds by conversation, reading, and obliging them to read and write
upon subjects suggested from time to time by the attending i)hysicians. While
we admit Madness to be seated in the mind, by a strange obliquity of conduct,
we atteni))! to cure it only by corporeal remedies. — The disease affects both
the body and mind, and can be cured only by remedies applied to each of
them.
5. That no visitor be i>ermitted to converse with or even to see the mad
people (the Managers and oflJicers of the hospital excepted), without an order
from the attending jihysicians unless he de])ute that power to one of the resident
.\pothecaries. Many evils arise from an indiscriminate intercourse of mad people
with visitors, whether members of their own families, or strangers. They often
complain to them of the Managers, officers and physicians of the hospital, and at
149
Reforms
iirgcU by
Dr. Rush.
times, in so rational a manner as to induct; a belief that their tales of injustice
and oppression are true.
Madness moreover which nii^ht have been concealed in individuals and in
families, is thereby made public. Nor is this all. The anticipation of being
exposed as a spectacle to idle and sometimes to impertinent visitors is the chief
reason why our hospital is often the last, instead of the first retreat of persons
affected by Madness. I would rather die (said a young Rentleman of respectable
connections in our City, a few years ago, who felt the premonitory signs of that
disease) than to be gazed at and pitied, in the cell of a hospital. To prevent this
poignant evil he discharged a musquet ball thro' his head, a few days after-
wards.
6. That a number of feather beds and hair matrasses, with an arm chair be
provided for the use of the cells of all those persons who pay a liberal price for
their board, and whose grade of madness is such as not to endanger any injury
being done to those articles.
7. That each of the cells be provided with a dose Stool with a pan half filled
with water, in order to absorb the fcetor from their evacuations. The inventor of
this delicate and healthful contrivance (Dr. Clark of New Castle, in England)
deserves more from humanity and Science, than if he had discovered a new
planet. Figure to yourselves, (Jentlemen, the sufferings of persons in a small
room from inhaling the factor of their stools for hours after they have been dis-
charged into a Chamber Pot ! Contrast the difference of this situation w ith that
in which those persons passed days and nights of sickness and imifinement in
their own houses !
But other and greater evils have followed the use of Chamber Pots in the
cells of our hospital. A. VV. Searle, in Salem in Massachusetts, lost his life, in
1794 in consequence of the mortification of a wound upon his buttock brought on
by one of them breaking under him, and there is good reason to believe that the
malignant fever of which George Campbell died in the month of August last, was
induced by his being constantly exposed to the exhalations from the fa:ces of
mad people, in emptying their chamber pots and cleaning their cells. lam aware
that it would be impracticable to carry into effect all the matters suggested in
this letter, in the Present State of the funds of our hospital, but the comfort of
the mad |)eople, and the reputation of the institution are inseparably connected
with the immediate adoption of Some of them. There is a great pleasure in
combatting with success a violent bodily disease, but what is this pleasure com-
pared with th.at of restoring a fellow creature from the anguish and folly of mad-
ness, and of reviving within him the knowledgeof himself, his family, his friends
and his God ! But where this cannot be done, how delightful the consideration of
suspending by our humanity, their mental and bodily misery.
Degraded as they are by their disease, a sense of corporeal pleasure, of joy,
of gratitude, of neglect, and of injustice is seldom totally obliterated from their
minds.
I shall conclude this letter by an appeal to several members of your board to
vouch for my having more than once suggested most of the above means for the
recovery and comfort of the deranged persons under your care, long before it
pleased God to interest me in their adoption, by rendering one of my family an
object of them.
I am, Gentlemen, with great respect and esteem
Your sincere friend and Servant,
Benj. Rush.
September 24th, 1810.
150
A committee was immediately appointed to consider this com-
munication and report to the Board. On October lo, 1810, their Report on
report was made, as follows : ^^- ^^^^ ^
Recommen-
Your Committee appointed to report on a Communication from Dr. Benj. dations.
Rush feel a Satisfaction in having to state that many of the subjects therein
enumerated appear for a long time past to have claimed the attention of the
Managers.
As We find them Classed under seven distinct heads, our Report is in like
Order.
ist. Small solitary Buildings at a convenient distance from the West Wing of
the Hospital for the reception of patients in the high and distracted state of Mad-
ness, in order to prevent the injuries done by their noises.
W'e understand that many of the Contributors have for Years past thought a
separate Building would add greatly to the general comfort of the patients in the
Hospital, but the funds of the institution not being adequate to such an expendi-
ture, has prevented their bringing the subject forward for consideration.
When there are funds and such an Appropriation is agreed upon, it may be a
more proper time than now to consider whether One building could not be
constructed to answer every purpose in preference to a number of small solitary
buildings.
2. Separate floors for each sex in the present House. ,
We recommend this for adoption as far as practicable.
3. Relates to Labour, Exercise, and .■\musement.
These are already practiced as far as we believe consistent with the Well
ordering of such an Institution.
4. An Intelligent Man and Woman to attend the different Sexes to direct and
show in their Amusements to divert their minds by Conversation, Reading, and
obliging them to write upon subjects suggested to them by the Physicians.
A Man is already engaged for this Service as far as to direct and share in
their Amusements, And as a separate enclosure is now paled in for the Women it
no doubt will claim the Consideration of the managers whether a Female may
not be usefully engaged to superintend the Women Patients. Both Sexes are
allowed Books to read and the means of writing when they are believed to be in
such a state of mind as to render them proper.
5. That no Visitor be permitted to converse with or even to see the Mad
People, the Managers and Officers of the Hospital e.xcepted, without an Order
from the attending Physicians.
Except very near Connections, Visitors are not permitted to see or converse
with such Patients.
6. That a number of feather Beds and hair matrasses with an .Arm Chair be
provided for the use of the cells of all those who pay a liberal price and whose
grade of Madness is such as not to endanger any Injury being done to these
Articles.
We do not understand that Objections were ever made to the Patients
having feather beds and Matrasses, in proper Cases, but Greater Objections some-
times occur to such a regulation than the Injury which might be done to the
Articles, such as furnishing them with the means of injuring themselves or others.
7. That each Cell be furnished with a Pan half filled with Water in order to
absorb the foetor iVom the Evacuations.
This is in part carried into effect and we suggest the propriety of furnishing
each Cell in like Manner where it can be done with safety to the Patients.
151
The last and touching paragraph of Dr. Rii>h's letter to the
Sad Case of Board, just quoted, in which he alludes to the fact thai it had pleased
ail Insane (j^^ j^ interest him personally in this subject, referred to the case of
'^"■ii r. , . , ,.,',..• ,
a relative, who was admitted to the Hospital on i^eptember 7, 1810,
and died there on August 9, 1837, after a continuous hospital residence
of twenty-seven years.
He had been a talented and poi)ular lieutenant in the United
States Navy. While stationed at New Orleans he fought a duel with
his intimate friend, a brother officer, whom he killed. It is said the
affair was caused by a light and thoughtless remark ; that the speaker was
really not to blame ; but that the point of honor compelled him to
meet his friend. From that time forward he was a case of melan-
cholia; rejecting all companionship, and all friendsliij), and was, at
times, very morose. He was a most confirmed peripatetic, walking
the floor, to and fro, every day and almost all day, until the jilanks of
the ward flooring and of a certain i)lace u])on the board-walk of the
yard were worn into deep gutters; these were always called " Rush's
Walk." Samuel Coates, in his manuscript book of hosjjital occur-
rences and philosophic memoranda as to the causes of insanity, tells
the following anecdote :
The Barber on conibing his hair pleasantly remarked li> liim that it
was becominK quite Grey, " but never Min<l : " added he, " Grey hairs are hi)ninir-
able, you know." "Yes," replied the patient emphatically, ".And sometimes
Honour makes Grey hairs."
Samuel Coates innocently writes down " Duelling " among his
"Causes of Insanity" and cites the above case as a satisfying proof
of his theory.
Anecdote by One of the ipiaintest anecdotes told by Samuel Coates relates
Mr. Coates. j^Q^y j^j^ father rescued him, in infancy, from his nurse, who had
suddenly gone mad :
Tabitha (Joforth was a Servant Maid in my father's family, for some time
previous to his Death. She discovered symptoms of Derangement which made
my father and Mother very uneasy. When I w.as not Si.\ Weeks old, she took
me in her .Arms one morning, unobserved by them and Walked Off. I was soon
Missed and the Bell Man was employ'd to cry her and me thro' I'liilada. the whole
Day, to no purpose. After Night my father received information that a Woman
was seen i^aing to a house, with a younj; child, above Pool's Bridge. To this
house he Went and findinf! the family in bed, he knocked at the Door, which
wak'd them .All Up — among the rest Tabitha who opened the Garret Window,
where she was To Sleep. She call'd out — Who's there? My Father answe'd T'is
me, wheres the child? Here he is (say'd Tabitha, reaching me thro' the open
Window) Catch him I — My Father was very much frightened and yet possessed
enough Presence of Mind to tell her she had better drop me out of the back
Window, which she attempted ; but was Met in crossing the Stair Case by one of
the family, who removed me out of her hands and delivered me to my father.
■52
Insane.
Tims my Life was saved in my infancy. Within tlie year they put her in the
hospital in Market Street— the house of the late John Kinscy, ne.xt to the Corner
of 6th Street, which was the first hospital in Phila. opened for Maniacs— from
thence she was remov'd to the Pennsylvania hospital, as soon as it was erected,
and Died in it.
On March 25, 1822, a plan for an improved method of warming .Vn
the Limatic Cells having been submitted, it was ordered that the '^■"■''^'■iment
Committee make the ex[)eriment. "And as the late Josiah Hewes I," more*'^''
bequeathed four hundred dollars to this Instittition for the express effectually
purpose of making solid improvements in the house, it is ftirther »•'"""' cells of
ordered that the amount be placed in the hands of the Committee of
Economy to be expended in the more effectual warming of the
apartments."
How this was accomplished is not now known ; but eleven years
afterward, on January 28, 1833, it is recorded that an experiment was
to be made of heating six of the cells by a continuous flue and pipe
from the basement to the upper story.
From this period the Hospital was doubtless comfortably heated
in all the departments.
On June 24, 1822, when
A written report was received from the Committee appointed on the suljject '." !^"'"^ ",
of the indiscriminate visitation of the House, which after deliberation was post- "^'^"'' ''""'
poned for further Consideration. The Committee of Economy are in the interim strangers
charged to have a Venitian Door fi.xed at the entrance of the Cells on the Ground
Floor of the Hospital. .\nd another at the entrance to the Cells on the Second
story at the Northern side of the Western Wing, for the purpose of secluding from
the view of Strangers.
This was done ; the employees were directed to keep these doors
closed and it was ordered that no visitor should enter the department
for insane, unless accompanied by a Manager, a physician of the
house, treasurer of the same, or by the steward.
In order to further check the curious visitation of the insane .Admission
patients, the rule was adopted to increase the fee for admission to the '"'^ increased
house from twelve and a half to twenty-five cents, and the gate-keei)er '," '*''''^'*""'
to inform visitors that they were not permitted to enter the insane \isitation
departments. of insane
These extracts from the records are evidence of the fact that the ''"'"'""'■
Managers adopted every expedient and used all possible effort to
render the institution as comfortable for the patients as the circum-
stances of these early periods would admit.
.Measures
to e.xclude
153
Communica'
tion from
VVm. G. Malin
on the Treat
nient of the
Insane.
A communication addressed to the Managers in 1828, entitled
"Remarks on the present state of the Pennsylvania Hospital and a
plea for the necessity of providing a separate asylum for the insane,"
by the Clerk and Librarian, William G. Malin, is interesting as illus-
trating the advanced ideas on the subject of treatment of the insane,
at the Pennsylvania Hosjjital. On account of its historical value it
was republished in the Annual Report of the State Hoard of Public
Charities of Pennsylvania, in 1884. The following extracts will give
the tenor of the article :
" The Pennsylvania Hospital was founded at a period when the
cure of insanity and the comfort of its irrecoverable victims were less
studied than they have since been, and its arrangements were far from
perfect ; yet, if we take into consideration the models offered by the
then existing institutions and the general state of knowledge on the
treatment and cure of insanity, we must admit, in justice to the worthy
founders of the Hospital, that it was constructed and regulated on
the best known principles. A reference to its subsefjuent history will
prove that its Managers have endeavored to keep pace with the ])rogress
of modern imiirovement. Humanity has ever pervaded their counsels.
The comfort of the unfortunate beings committed to their care has
been regarded by them with deep interest, and they have always been
disposed to listen to any practical suggestion for its increase. Neither
has this interesting portion of their charge been neglected by the
distinguished men who have filled, with so much credit, the medical
offices of the institution. In particular, the philosophic mind of the
veneral)le Rush, powerfully attracted by domestic misfortune, was
long and anxiously devoted to the consideration and improvement of
the moral and medical treatment of the insane. Thus, for a long
series of years, have the Managers and Physicians of this Hos])ital
successfully labored to deserve that praise whose public expression
they have never courted. There are, however, disadvantages, not,
we believe, unconsidered or unestimated in aught excejjt their urgency,
connected with the public situation and contracted s])ace occui)ied by
their buildings which no system of management may hope to obviate,
which ])reclude the possibility of keeping up asalutary discipline, and
which have long pointed out the ultimate necessity of removing the
insane patients to a more favorable situation. * * ^
" Exercise of the body is universally allowed to be necessary to its
health, and will, no less generally, be admitted to have also a salutary
influence upon the mind. We have daily opportunities of observing
how much it conduces to mental tranquillity. But labor, to be bene-
ficial, must be in some measure suited to the rank and prejudices of
154
the patient. Insanity whicli admits of cure is seldom more than
partial and, while some of your patient's faculties are disengaged
from the grasp of his judgment and incapaljle of their legitimate
application, he retains the full command of others ; it will not, there-
fore, be proper to treat such an individual as though he were totally
irrational. Servile domestic offices are usually considered degrading,
and are calculated, in a majority of instances, to do more injury, by
wounding the feelings of the individual, than any advantage to the
bodily health can overbalance.
" Agricultural labors, on the contrary, are associated with indepen-
dent and ennobling ideas, and are considered as reflecting honor,
rather than disgrace, even upon the man of fortune. Such a distinction
ought not to be lightly treated, as everything which encourages a
projier self-respect is useful in promoting, and, on the other hand,
whatever unnecessarily attacks even the prejudices of your patient
tends to diminish, his chance of recovery. Some persons may, indeed,
argue that madmen ought to be subdued ; that their high spirit should
be broken ; and it is certainly possible, in many instances, to coerce
a very insane man into a state of quiescent obedience, and make him
almost as subservient as a piece of machinery ; but such a man is not
cured; on the contrary, the few faculties left him are depraved; the
whole man is degraded, and his restoration rendered tenfold more
[irolilematical by the process. Before subjecting a human being to
such discipline, try it upon a spirited horse ; break his spirit — inspire
him wiih fear — subdue him thoroughly — and who would wish to
possess so dogged an animal ?
" It may be asked, why not employ the insane in some species of
manufacture? Now, it is much easier to ask the question than it
would be found to devise any employment of this nature at once
proper, healthful, and safe. Supposing, however, for a moment, the
possibility of employing these patients in some other than field labor ;
let us inquire what facilities the Hospital presents for their recreation
and proper separation into classes.
" In the country, the excursions of patients, in a jiroper state,
need not be bounded by the extent of the premises, but small parties,
under the guidance of an attendant, might walk into the surrounding
country ; in such excursions, a variety of objects would tend to awaken
attention, and engage, at least, the observing faculties, while the exercise
and fresh air contributed to refresh and invigorate the body. * * *
" Is classification desirable? How can it be effected while more
than IOC persons of both se.\es, and every grade of insanity, are
crowded into the west wing of the Hospital, and while the space they
occupy, incliiiling their airing-grounds, is less than three-quarters of
an acre ? * * *
"The great publicity of the Hospital is, also, an evil of no small
magnitude; its situation, independently of its connection with a
Hos])ital for the sick, is such as must defeat all attempts at a proper
seclusion of its unfortunate inmates. The morbid curiosity dis|)layed
by a majority of the visitors to the Hospital is astonishing, and their
pertinacity in alteni])ting, and fertility in pretexts and expedients, to
gain admission to the ' mad i)eople ' is no less so. Even females who
have tears to bestow on tales of imaginary distress, are importunate
to see a raving madman, and do not hesitate to wound the diseased
mind by the gaze of idle curiosity, by impertinent cpiestions, and
thoughtless remarks, forgetting that alienation of mind is seldom more
than ])artial, and that many of these unfortunates may be as keenly
sensible to insult or exposure as the most perfectly sane individuals.
N'isitors whose only pretext is curiosity, if strangers to the house, do
not so frequently gain admission into the insane department of the
Hospital, unaccompanied by some of its residents, as formerly ; but
when it is considered that every person in any way connected with
the institution, from its cellar to its cupola, has friends or acquaint-
ances whose visits cannot but be injurious or improper, at any time,
or to any patient ; it may be well conceived that the total amount of
inconvenience from this source is considerable. * * *
"An asylum situated a few miles from the city would not be a
convenient lounge for idlers. It would only be resorted to by those
who really felt an interest for its inmates, and this is a class who might
substitute weeks of absence for days, with advantage to all parties.
" The admission of ca.ses of mania from intemperance has a mis-
chievous effect upon the insane, and ought to be discontinued in a
new asylum. In their delirium, their cries alarm and excite other
patients until the house resounds with noise. In a state of convales-
cence, their im])atience of restraint furnishes frequent examples of
insubordination to add to the effect of their precepts, and their
hospital career is often closed by a practical exemplification of the
means of elopement. This is, in fact, a class giving and exciting
more trouble than the really insane — a class requiring active medical
treatment alone, and which ought never to be admitted into an
asylum for the insane, except only, when confirmed idiocy or
insanity has supervened. To expect a radical cure of habits of
intemperance to result from mere confinement is vain and hopeless.
All experience jjroves that this is a field in which the laborer can only
reap disappointment. * * *
■56
" Having slioun that the present situation of the insane is rejilete
with inconvenience and evil, and that the vacuum occasioned by their
removal from the Hospital may be readily and profitably occupied, let
us proceed to in(|uire what are the principal objections which may be
urged against that measure. And here it may be ])ermitted us to
observe that a confined situation in a city is so manifestly improper
for a lunatic asylum that few would argue in its favor was it not
already occupied. Many, however, will assist in the support of an
existing evil who would have recoiled from its creation. Such may
contend that the Hospital, situated in a large open space, unites the
advantages of a country atmosphere with the peculiar conveniences of
the city. * * *
" The founders of existing asylums for those afflicted with mental
maladies do not appear to have been sufficiently impressed with the
importance of providing for their aire. Unfortimately to secure seems
to have been, in most instances, a paramount consideration. A proper
classification of the patients is everywhere admitted to be of the first
importance, yet nowhere has sufficient provision been made for effect-
ing it. Other radical defects exist in nearly all institutions of this kind.
In fact, it is not too much to assert that no existing asylum is worthy
to be received as a complete model. Circumstances, therefore, invite
the contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital to place themselves
upon a [jroud eminence by achieving a glorious advance in the sacred
cause of humanity. The reflections which a review of the errors of
their predecessors and contemporaries will suggest to their enlightened
minds will enable them to found an asylum for the cure of insanity in
which this great object shall not succumb to splendid ostentation or
sordid economy — an asylum which shall prove a lasting monument of
their wisdom, benevolence, and public spirit."
In a subsequent communication on the subject of the employ-
ment of the insane, sixty years ago, Mr. Malin, shows the same broad
view of the subject, and from this we quote the following paragraphs.
It was sent to the Managers December, 1834 :
" The employment of the male insane patients has never been .Mi. Malin's
general, although attempts have frequently been made to introduce Suvjscstions
some species ot useful industries, which, for a time, and with mdi- jr,„ ,]o.-,„ „t
vidual patients, have been partially successful, and, apparently at of tlu- Insane,
least, useful. But nothing has yet been introduced in which the
patients could be generally, usefully, and continuously occupied.
" The following are occupations which have been attempted :
" Making straw or sea-grass hats — several patients became toler-
ably expert in plaiting, and <?//(■ succeeded in making hats. This bade
157
fair to be useful, but was not fostered. The material was furnished at
Occupations individual expense, and with its sup])ly the manufacture also ceased,
for till- "Silk-culture was tried one season. Very few of the patients
would handle the caterpillar, but many assisted in gathering and pre-
paring the leaves and in feeding the insect. This occupation would
have been continued, but we had to go nearly two miles for mulberry
leaves, we found that the patients had not sufficient steadiness for
reeling silk, and, at that time, there was no market for the cocoons.
" Shoe-makingandsegar-making have been practiced, occasionally,
when we have had shoemakers or tobacconists in the house who have
been willing to work.
" Weaving has been attempted, but not very successfully, with
the large loom. The weaving of fringe, however, still continues in
our list of employments, and a little is occasionally produced.
" Cutting and sewing rags for rag carpets is a standing occupa-
tion. Sometimes tow has been spun for chain, (by the women), but
not lately.
" Formerly, several respectable-looking carpets were prepared in
the house. A quantity of low-priced wool was purchased, which was
cleaned, picked, carded, and spun, and the yarn dyed in the house.
But nothing of the kind has been done for some years.
" Sawing and si)Iitting wood, when 600 to 700 cords per year were
used, gave employment chiefly to old, permanent patients; benefiting
them merely as far as appetite and rest were concerned. This has not
a very good substitute in the necessary labor amongst the coal, which
is dirty and disagreeable.
"House-work, such as scrubbing floors, assisting the nurses,
cooks, and other domestics in their work, cleaning knives, etc., fur-
nishes steady occupation to a few patients of both sexes.
"The hair mattresses used in the house are made by one of the
keepers. The hair, being bought on the rope, is picked and prepared
for use by patients.
"The filling-up of the yards in the west portion of the square —
some years since — furnished occupation, in wheeling the earth some
distance, to several patients ; two ajjpeared to be very much benefited
by this species of labor, which has also been strongly recommended
by Dr. Knight, who has charge of an asylum near Lancaster, in
England. In general, we have no means of employing our patients
in out-door labors.
" The women are chiefly occupied in sewing ; occasionally a little
spinning and knitting is done by them. And a few, as already men-
tioned, are employed in house-work.
158
"A principal reason why some of the above-named occupations
have been abandoned has been the want of some person of intelligence
and ingenuity to take an interest in and direct the labors of the
patients. Under present arrangements, this cannot be expected, as
the superintendents of the Pennsylvania Hospital have so many other
duties to attend to (and it is the same with the physicians) that they
can give little more to this department than such a general supervision
as is absolutely necessary to secure proper treatment and attention on
the part of the attendants. * * ;}:
" With regard to amusements, we have had in-doors, books. Amusements
chess, draughts, backgammon, battledores, the graces, dumb-bells, of the insane,
and music. Of the latter we hav^, at present, a piano, harmonicon,
flutes, and a violin. Out of doors we have had nine-pins, quoits, and
velocipede. The two former are still in use. The quoits afford a
good means of exercise, but require to be used with caution, and
ought not to be lying around when not in use. It is very seldom,
indeed, that one of the patients will designedly injure another, but
accidents from carelessness may easily happen with quoits. Nine-pins
afford an excellent e.xercise, which, with a set of smaller balls, may be
enjoyed by females also, and, in a properly constructed alley, acci-
dents can very rarely occur. We have tried a set of nine-pins and
balls of stuffed leather, but found playing with them a dull affair ; it
is true, there was no danger attending their use, but then there was no
noise of the rolling ball and rattling pin, not much e-xercise, and no
fun. The patients were consequently very soon tired of them. The
velocipedes being worn out, were abandoned here, as elsewhere, like
the kaleidoscope, and yet one of the former might be occasionally
useful for exercise, and one of the latter for amusement. Do they
deserve to be entirely forgotten ?
" The amusements of patients, equally with their employments,
require the regulation and encouragement of a superintendent. Left
with the patients and servants merely, amusements of almost any kind
become, for a time, a business, one might say a rage ; they are
followed up unreasonably, until, after a while, satiety follows, and all
parties subside into downright indolence. This has been the case here,
almost invariably, and particularly with regard to in-door amusements.
" With respect to carriage riding, I have seen no very special
effects from it ; it is, however, very agreeable to many of the patients,
and is so far useful that it gratifies them, and promotes cheerfulness.
As an exercise or remedial means, I am disposed to think much more
highly of riding on horseback, which has certainly been of service in
the few instances in which it has been tried at the hospital.
•59
"Of the nine-pin alley and i|iioits. a favorable opinion has
already been expressed.
" The graces afford a gentle, salutary exercise, which battledores,
to beginners especially, afford in a somewhat greater degree.
" I'oot-ball would, I should judge from old experience, be a dan-
gerous game ; far too exciting for those patients who might be induced
to engage in it.
" Archery also appears as though it might be safe. At any rate,
it would require to be permitted with much caution.
" As to the keeping of poultry, ])igeons, etc., it seems to me that
there can be but one o])inion. I love to see a patient adopt some
animate i)et, if it be but a mouse ; it appears to have a humanizing and
happy influence ; attention gives to the insane an occupation and
interest in something out of themselves and tiieir delusions, while, in
their isolated situation, it is a source of ])leasure to feel that some
creature is dependent ui)on them for its comfort, and ])erhaps, in
return, loves them.
" With regard to a gymnasium, I can only say that it appears as
though such a means of exercise, so arranged as to preserve patients
from dangerous positions or elevations, must prove highly useful.
That properly indulged in, as they would be under the direction of a
physician, gymnastic exercLses are highly conducive to the health and
vigor of the body there can be no doubt, and that a sound state of
mind is often, in a very great degree, dependent upon a sound state
of the body, is equally unquestionable."
Evoliitioii Modern reform ' in the care of the insane in England began at
in tlu- The York Retreat in 1792, under the leadership of William Tuke,
Cari' ,-in<l m^d was initiated in France by Pinel in the year 1795. Although
Tre.itnu-m , , ■,,■■•, -i ^1
J- . there is a correspondence in the direction in which these great
Insane, reformers labored, it does not appear that either was acquainted with
the work of the other. The essentials of the great reforms proi)Osed
were based u])on the recognition of insanity as a disease to be treated
and managed by physicians ; the prominent changes being the
adoption of humane measures, the abolition of abuses and of all
harsh measures of restraint ; the employment of attendants, and the
erection of improved accommodation. This movement may be said
to have indicated the earliest beginnings of the study of mental
disease in England and France.
' Obligations are due to Dr. John B. Chapin, Physidan-in-Chief and Superintendent of the
Department for the Insane, for contributing a review of the work of the Insane Department, from
1840 to the present date, which constitutes the remaining portion of this section.
160
Forty-one years jirior to the great work undertaken l>y Tuke and
Pinel, or in the year 1751, the Petition was presented, to the Pro-
vincial Legislature of Pennsylvania, representing "that with the The
numbers of people the number of lunatics or j^ersons distempered '^•^""sylvama
in mind" had increased, also affirming the great need existing for .1 ^^ p
the proper care of the insane, and that many people of this class
might be cured and restored to usefulness.
The law creating the Pennsylvania Hos])ital was the pioneer
attempt in America to create a hospital for the care and treatment of
the insane, and it is a noteworthy fact that at that early date — forty-
one years before the reform was begun by Tuke and Pinel — -its
founders recognized that insanity was a disease, and proposed to
establish an institution, to be in fact, as well as in name, a hospital
where the insane should be treated by physicians.
As has already been stated, such insane persons as were committed
to the care of the Pennsylvania Hospital, from its opening in 1751 to
1841 — a period of ninety years — were received at first in temporary
quarters at the Hospital on Market Street, and subsequently in wards in
the Pine Street Hospital building, standing in the square bounded by
Spruce and Pine, and Eighth and Ninth Streets. During the latter
portion of this period the insane were cared for in the west wing,
which was specially prepared and assigned to this class of patients.
Here they were attended by the resident house-staff and by physicians
residing outside of the Hospital. Of the many distinguished physi-
cians, who in various ways rendered valued medical and surgical
services to the Hospital during this early period of its history, one
stands out preeminently as an alienist and author. The name of
Dr. Benjamin Rush must always be held in grateful remembrance for Dr. Rush's
the signal service he performed for the insane during his connection K'"i"ent
with the Hospital, which lasted twenty-nine years. In the year 1S12,
while attending upon the wards devoted to the insane. Dr. Rush
published his work, entitled " Medical Inquiries and Observations
upon the Diseases of the Mind." Many of the principles and
suggestions it contains for the moral management of the insane were
far in advance of the practice of his day, and are worthy of com-
mendation in the present age. He announced his belief that
"diseases of the mind can be brought under the dominion of medi-
cine by just theories of their seats and proximate causes." Although
the principles of general medical practice then prevalent were
a])plied to the treatment of the insane, and have been since much
modified, he is justly and properly regarded as the father of psycho-
logical medicine in America. As professor of the practice of medicine
161
Services.
in the Medical Departmeni of the University of Pennsylvania, he
imparted freely of his knowledge and experience acquired in the
wards of the Hospital, to the students who attended his lectures, and
made many valuable contributions and suggestions calculated to
promote the interests of the insane during his long term of service.
The A visitor to the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1787, who accom[)anied
Hospital Dr. Rush in his regular visit through the wards, furnished the follow-
in 17S7. jfig account* of what he saw in the house, es|)ecially that part devoted
to the insane, whicii has an interest at the present period :
"When we came to the Hospital, Dr. Clarkson left nic, and went into the
cit)' on his son's horse. YounK Mr. Chirkson condncted me into tlie hospital.
Dr. Rush arrived in a few minutes after. This huiUlinK is in the form, as you
approach it from the city, of an inverted J.. It is surrounded « itli a hi);h wall,
and has back of it a very large kitchen-garden. The door in the center opens
into a large hall. On each end are apartments for the nurses, cooks, etc. We
ascended the stairway out of this hall into another hall in the second story, at
one end of which is a large room, which contains a fine medical library, where
the Directors were sitting, and a smaller room, where the medicine is placed.
On the opposite end are the apartments for the attending Physicians. The thir<l
story is formed in the same manner. On one side of this hall is the Museum,
where there is a collection of skeletons and anatomies. It is also
furnished with a number of preparations and jjreservatinns relating to Physics
and Surgery.
"After we had taken a view of the Museum, we returned to the upper Hall,
where several Physicians and all the young students in Physic in the City were
waiting. Dr. Rush then began his examination of the sick, attended by these
gentlemen, which I judged to be between twenty and thirty. We entered the
upper chamber of the sick, which is the leg of the X. It is a spacious room,
finely ventilated with numerous large windows on both sides. There were two
tiers of beds, with their heads toward the walls, and a chair and small table
between them. The room was exceedingly clean and nice, the beds and l>c<lding
appeared to be of a good cpiality, and the most profound silence and order were
preserved upon the Doctor's entering the room. There were only women and
about forty in number. Dr. Rush makes his visits with a great deal of formality.
He is attended by the Physician who gives him an account of every thing
material since he saw them last, and by the Ajjothecary of the Hospital, who
minutes his Prescriptions. In every case worthy of notice, he addresses the
young Physicians, points out its nature, the probable tendency, and the reason
for the mode of treatment which he pursues. On this occasion the Doctor was
])articularly attentive and complaisant ttt me, antl seemed to consitler me as a
Physician.
" From this room we went to the next below it, which is in every respect
similar. It is appropriated to the men. He began, as before, on one side, and
went around the room. Evi^y patient is on his own bed or chair. Most of the
cases were chronic, many of them swellings and ulcerations, and some of them
very singular ; but I have not time to describe them. Their dressings were all
ready to be taken olf and exjjosed to view the instant the Doctor came to them.
* From the Journal of Rev. Mana^feh Cutler, Philadelphia in 1787, Vol. I, p. 353. Memoirs
of Matthew Clarkson, 1735-1800. Phil. 1890.
162
Thts'^' ht- imputfd to ihcir driiikinj^ spiritimus Ikiuors, and did not fail to rt-niind
them of it. He told me the greater proportion of his patients in the city were
similar cases, and originated from the same cause. There were between forty
and fifty in this room. We next took a view of the Maniacs. Their cells are
in the lower story, which is partly underground. These cells are about
ten feet square, made as strong as a prison. On the back part is a long
entry, from wiiich a door opens into each of them ; in each door is a hole, large
enough to give them food, etc., which is closed with a little door secured with
strong bolts. On the opposite side is a window, and large iron grates within to
prevent their breaking the glass. They can be darkened at pleasure. Here
were both men and women, between twenty and thirty in number. Some of
them have beds; most of them clean straw. Some of them were e.\tremely
fierce and raving, nearly or quite naked ; some singing and dancing ; some in
despair; some were dumb and would not open their mouths ; others incessantly
talking. It was curious indeed to see in what different strains their distraction
raged. This would have been a melancholy scene indeed, had it not been that
there was every possible relief afforded them in the power of man. Every thing
about tliem, notwithstanding the labor and trouble it must have required, was
neat and clean. From this distressing view of what human nature is liable to,
and the pleasing evidence of what humanity and benevolence can do, we returned
to the room where the Directors were. . . . Such is the elegance of these
buildings, the care and attention to the sick, the spacious and clean apartments,
and the perfect order in every thing, that it seemed more like a palace than a
hospital, and one would almost be tempted to be sick, if they could be so w^ell
provided for."
In a book on '■ Diseases of the Mind," by Dr. Rush, containing Treatment
also some fugitive contributions from other physicians, are references ^nd
to the medical treatment and management of the insane in private ' ""agement
practice and in the Hospital, to which a brief reference may be made
since it serves to show the practice of that day. In his view the
remedies for general mania should be :
" I. Such as should be applied to the mind through the medium of the body,
and
"II. Such as should be applied to the body through the metliutn of the mind."
The first remedy, he thought, should be blood-letting, and
among the reasons given for this practice were that this "grade of
madness" is an arterial disease, a great morbid excitement or inflam-
mation of the brain ; that an unrestrained appetite caused the blood
vessels to be overcharged with blood ; that it is important to relieve
the congested brain before obstruction and disorganization takes
place ; and that experience has shown blood-letting to be attended
with extraordinary success. Rules for blood-letting are given accord-
ing to which twenty to forty ounces may be taken at once. Five cases
are mentioned terminating favorably, from one of which two hundred
ounces were taken during a period of two months, and from the
other four hundred and seventy ounces by forty-seven bleedings,
between June and .\[)ril. Two mechanical contrivances were intro-
163
duced, one called a "gyrator," or revolving machine, to be used in
Dr. Rush's " torpid madness." The head was placed at the greatest distance
SngK<stions, f^Qf,-, ty,g centre of motion and on revolving the " gyrator " the blood,
by the centrifugal action was caused to go to the head and accelerate
the action of the heart from seventy to one hundred and twenty beats
in a minute. A chair called a " tranquiliser " was devised in which
a patient might be confined. It was supposed to control the inii)etus
of the blood toward the brain and, by lessening muscular action or
reducing motor activity, to reduce the force and frequency of the
pulse. A low diet, purges, emetics, cold and shower baths were also
prescribed.
Dr. Rush's TranquUising Chair.
All of these measures were supposed to exert an influence in
some way upon the arterial circulation, and were directed with this
sole object, which was believed to be essential to the successful treat-
ment of the insane. It is easy at this day to understand how such
means of treatment, even if sanctioned by the weight of professional
authority, might become, as they actually did, in the hands of unskilled
and unsym])athetic keepers, a source of abuse and were therefore
finally abandoned and prohibited.
All influences which could be e.xerted upon the body through the
medium of the mind, by means of occupation, amusements, the
excitement of the emotions, and those measures which in more recent
times are embraced under the term of moral means in the treatment
of the insane, received the consideration and approval of Dr. Rush.
164
<
en
z
LLJ
X
en
O
z
UJ
His recorded views and recommendations were not only far in advance
of his contemporaries, but they contain the earlier thoughts expressed Dr. Rush's
upon a branch of the subject, which were destined to have a prominent Trcitnit-nt o
,,..., tile Insane.
and enduring place in modern treatment and in the administration of
hospitals for the insane.
While the depleting practice, such as was followed by Rush and his
contemporaries, has long since been abandoned, it must be remembered
that he had received instruction in the school of Edinburgh and
imbibed there, and elsewhere, the principles which then governed
physicians in their general practice and which he mainly followed in
the treatment of the insane.
The plans of the Hospital were prepared by Isaac Holden, an Ardilteci
architect who came from Manchester, England, in 1823, and practiced "^"^
. . , , . 1 r r. ^ Hospital
as an architect and builder in Philadelphia with his brother, from 1826 Byii(]jn<,
to 1S38, when they returned to England. ' for the
'I'he new building in West Philadelphia was so far completed as to Insane,
be ready for occupation on the first day of the year, 1841. The period
of construction had extended over four )'ears and six months. The
amount expended was $265,000. During 1841, the Contributors
authorized the further erection of detached buildings — two for each
sex — thirty-one feet north and south of the main hospital, and nearly
on the line of its eastern front. These detached buildings were sub-
sequently connected with the main hospital by an intervening ward
and a connecting corridor. They were intended for patients who
might be noisy or turbulent — no suitable provision having been made
for the proper classification of this class in the original plan.
The first patients were received January 9th, 1S41. Between Transfer
that date and the 20th of the third month, ninetv-three of the ^
from
insane in the city were transferred to the new Hospital. Of all the pine Street
officers of the Hospital of that year not one now survives and of Hospital to
the patients then transferred, only one is still living, having been con- Department
for Insane.
* For ihe purpose of obtaining some information of the history of the plan made by Isaac
Holden, a letter of inquiry in relation to it was addressed to his son, John Holden, of Manchester,
who stated in reply : " As to the Hospital referred to I have always understood that the plan was
obtained on a limited competition, one of the competitors being the late John Haviland and one
other I believe named Strickland. I have a strong idea that the windows were made with iron sash
bars instead of as was usual at that time — wood bars and iron outside bars in addition. I do not
remember ever hearing what model or system he studied, but I should hardly think he had any
information beyond what he could gather m America. I have compared the view ol the old part of
the Hospital with a drawing in my possession and they agree, and 1 assure you it is a great satis-
faction to me to know that a building designed and Icrected?) by my father so long since is in
existence and still doing good work. 1 may say that alter returning to England in 183S the two
brothers commenced practice In Manchester and one of their earliest works was the county lunatic
asylum at PrestwicU, near Manchester. 1 would have been much pleased could 1 have given you
further information but unfortunately your request comes too late, as my faiher ^Isaac) died in 1884,
and my uncle in 1890."
16^
tiiuioiisly under care for a period of fifty-three years. Until tiie year
1841, no extended report of the o|)erations or manner of treatment
of tlie insane in this Hospital had been made, nor had any attempt
Ripiiits sliow been made to collect facts and statistics. The usual annual re])ort
Kcsiiit oi which had been published and presented to the Contributors at their
Trcatniciit. . 1,1 1 1- 1 • • 11 1
meetings, showed the number ol admissions and results, togetlier
Financial with a financial statement of receipts and disbursements, the whole
siatiiiKiu. jjgjpg spread upon a single printed sheet. At this period there was
but a limited experience in the medical treatment of the insane, and
the public generally had such knowledge of the subject only as might
be gained by visits to jails and almshouses where the insane were
MaiiaKirs detained. Prejudices were to be combatted and overcome; medical
object in skjn and thought, combined with the exercise and apjjlication of
'"' ' '*"""*! human sympathy, were to be concentrated upon a special class of
cases ; medical experience was to be accumulated ; the public mind
I'lihiic was to be ediicated and a humane sentiment was to be created in
to l)C' behalf of the insane. The Managers wisely considered that all of
I'.iliicated. (i^gjjg objects might be (promoted by the ])ublicati()n of an annual
rei)ort which would show the operations of the year, present statistics
Treatment and results, and disciKss questions of treatment, management, ])lans
of the of construction and the various problems that would arise from time
I1S.1IU-. j^ tiiiie in a field as yet comparatively unexplored. .\s these rei)orts
were issued annually, and were prepared by Dr. Kirkbride, from 1841
to 1883, they furnish the principal material for any history of its
operations during this period.
The first report of the Department for the Insane was issued at
the close of 184 1. It is devoted to a brief sketch of its history,
buildings, and operations. From this we learn that the government
of the Hosijital was vested in the Managers of the Pennsylvania
Hospital, elected annually by the Contributors. To this IJoard was
entrusted the general management of its concerns ; the selection of
its officers and the regulation of the admission and discharge of
patients. At the organization of the Hospital, the Managers elected
a physician, an assistant physician, a steward, and a matron —
assigning to each the duties usually |)erformed by such officers. This
basis of an organization has been followed to the jjresent time, the
staff being enlarged as the exigencies of the service required.
Hiiiir results The exi)ectations that the opening of the new Hospital wonld be
from followed by an increase of admissions, by an improvement in the
improvec condition of the patients, with better results than had been attained
condition ,. ,
of Insane under the iirevioiis system of care, began to be realized at an early
date. For a period of five years prior to the opening of the new
166
Department of the Hospital, the average annual number of admissions
was sixty-six. At the end of the second year after opening the new
Hospital, the admissions for the year amounted to one hundred and
twenty-three. For corresponding periods there was an increase of
sixty-four in the average number under care ; and an increase of
thirty-nine in the number of recoveries. These results are to be
fairly attributed to the extension of th'e means of usefulness of the
corporation, by the erection of a distinct hospital for the insane and
an enlargement of the means of relieving an increased amount of
human suffering.
As the time lengthens since the opening of the new wards, it is Priuciiiles
a subject of increasing interest so ascertain the nature of some of the "" «h"-li
earlier questions that presented themselves to the Managers and . '^i'"'' '""-"
' ' ° IS conducted,
the Physician and superintendent The second annual report is
devoted to the removal of erroneous views upon the whole subject of
insanity, and gross and prejudiced opinions regarding the treatment
pursued, as well as to the following topics : The Importance of Early
Treatment, which is stated to be well understood by professional men,
but not fully appreciated by the friends of patients; The Economy of
Treatment in the First Stage ; The Visits of Friends and general ^'isita-
tion ; Avoidance of Dece|jtion in Treating the Insane ; Outline of .Medical
Treatment pursued; The use of Restraint; the Qualifications of and
Attendants; Charity Patients received. These various topics were ^^°'^^'
fully discussed in this and succeeding reports. They embodied the ^^f j„saiK.
principles upon which the Hospital was to be managed and were the
means of laying the broad and humane foundations upon which its
internal administration was to be conducted and the public confidence
assured. The subjects of the treatment of insanity and the use of
mechanical restraint, are given a proper prominence. Insanity is
recognized as a disea.se due to physical derangement, which may be
removed by medical treatment, although no specifics for the disease ,^'. -^
are known. General depletion by bleeding might be considered neces- anienabie
sary in the commencement of a case, but it has rarely been resorted to Medical
to because it had been amply employed before the patient reached the Treatment.
hospital. A note of warning occurs, that medical men would do well
to prevent the prejudices of friends from leading them to pursue a
course of treatment by bleeding, a treatment that might be proper for
inflammation of the brain, but which, if long persisted in, in cases
of insanity, can hardly fail to produce serious and irreparable injury.
A low diet is reciuired onlv for states of physical disease ; but for the i,.' '.
' - ' •* ' I realm ent
majority an invigorating one has been found most advantageous. No uf the
less stress is laid upon the w^'Vf?/ treatment of the insane. It embraces Insane.
.67
an extensive range and in every case is advantageous, while in some
it is sufficient alone to effect a cure. The construction and archi-
tectural arrangements — the furniture — the number and kind of per-
sons employed — minutest details in the regulations — exercise in the
open air — occupation and amusements — all have something to do with
it. The moral treatment, or management, of the insane embraces all
means calculated to substitute' mild measures, kindness and sympathy,
in place of an inflexible, rigid system of internal discipline to which
all are expected to strictly conform, which so often prevails in public
institutions. It was with this object in view that the interior of the
Hospital wa.s made as attractive as its means would permit — that trees
were planted about the grounds, pleasant walks and roads laid out;
walks to the country and to places of interest in the city jjlanned — all
of which were in the direction of increased personal liberty and cal-
culated to convert the thoughts of patients from their distracting
delusions into healthy channels of action.
.Attfiulaiits It was urged that attendants should not be " kee|)ers " only, in
should their relations to the insane, but attendants and companions. Much
be the stress wa.s laid ujjon the importance of mildness and kindness in the
Companions ... ,. , , rii ■.
f Insme ''^''^ ^ insane as substitutes for the use of mechanical restraints
and confinement in strong rooms. The year 1792, which witnessed
the noble labors of Pinel in striking off the chains of maniacs and
abolishing the abuses which existed in the French asylums, was also
the i)eriod at which members of the Society of Friends in England,
united in establishing the " Retreat" at \'ork, which has since been
so justly distinguished, and from which, soon after its foundation,
emanated a code of moral treatment and mildness which even at this
day can hardly be surpassed. F'rom the active interest felt in tlie
Pennsylvania Hos])ital by members of the same religious body — the
MikI ami mild and rational system pursued at the Retreat was soon adopted in
Rational this institution — long, indeed, before a radical reform was more than
System thought of in many of the establishments of a similar kind in other
followed in ^ „ t> ■ • ,ir, •, • ,
„ , , • i)aris of Great Britain. Wlule absolute non-restraint was not
rennsj ivaniti *
Hospital, announced as a dogma, actual restraint was seldom resorted to ; and,
indeed, several patients who had been restrained for years before their
admission to the Hospital, were, under the new system, with its better
facilities for classification, cared for, without a resort to such severe
measures, and wholly cured.
Tabulated Another feature of the earliest report was the preparation of
Statistics tables of statistics which were likely to have an importance in ascer-
taining definite results and facts. .Mthough additional tables have been
Reports. ° °
prepared, the original tables have been carried forward Ironiyearto year.
16S
The various topics that are presented and discussed in the earliest
reports with such candor and assurance, convey to the minds of Amuial
readers of the present day, the impression that the gravity of the '^"-i""''*-
responsibility was appreciated to a degree that may well excite surprise
and admiration. They contained a code of principles which were to princinij-s
become a guide in the conduct of the affairs of the Hospital in later which soveni
years and were calculated to bring the treatment of the insane the Hospital,
within the domain of medical science, and to elevate the standard of
custodial care to a higher plane. They have to-day a recognized
jjlace and force in the administration of every hospital throughout
the country. So important were these principles regarded that they
were reiterated in succeeding reports in order that the community, in
which tiie Hosjjital was located, might be thoroughly impressed and I'dpuiar
assured. Popular errors respecting insanity were also met and com- delusions
batted. The doctrine that insanity was a visitation of wrath and .'
Insanity.
vengeance, or a reproach, was opposed. It was urged that the brain,
like the lungs or other organs of the body, was liable to disease.
.\s it was a common thing, for the treatment of various accidents insanity a
and ills of life, to create hospitals, involving the erection of costly Dise.-isc,
buildings and the employment of expensive means of treatment, it requinns
was especially proper that disorders of the brain should be so treated, treitnu-nt
A special plea was made that such institutions be called hospitals,
and the name Hospital was properly affi.xed to the new institution, for
the second time in this country, in order that a name, familiar to alias
a place for healing, might popularly designate its character and purpose.
.\t an early period in the history of the Department for the Amusc-mcnt
Insane, the diversion of patients by various methods received the Hall for
attention of Dr. Kirkbride. In 1845, ^ systematic effort was made ''">^'"^-
to add, to the diversions they already enjoyed, a course of instruction
by means of lectures. For this purpose a room was pre])ared with a
stage, seats, and other fi.vtures for a lecture-room, and a beginning
was made toward a collection of apparatus and illustrations. On two
evenings of every week an audience of about one hundred jiatients
assembled, listening with marked propriety to the different subjects
brought to their notice.
Not only the selection of attendants had received attention, but xursc-
their regular instruction was now proposed upon the nature of their Training
duties — embracing some general views of the nature of insanity — the School,
principles which should regulate their intercourse with patients
and each other — the proper mode of proceeding in difficult cases,
and such other matters as would be likely to give them a just sense of
the importance and responsibility of their calling.
169
During tlie first live years succeeding the opening of this depart-
ment, the annual admissions had increased from 83 to 177; and the
Iiicri-asecl whole number treated in one year from 176 to 328. While the
appreciation recoveries during the last twelve years, previous to the removal of the
,, ., , insane from the city, had been three hundred, the number of rerover-
llospital as -^ ' *
shown in ies, during the five years succeeding the removal, was three hundred
annual and thirteen. These results were regarded as extremely gratifying,
admissions, as showing an increasing appreciation of the work of the institution,
the results every year confirming the wisdom of the change that had
been made. A glance at the financial results for the same period
show that this part of the administration had prospered as well as
its departments for the sick and injured.
The expenditures from 1841 to 1845 "'ce $128,908.09. and the
receipts during the same period were 5105, 752. 89.
Krc-e The amount expended on free patients during the first period of
Patients, five years after 1841, was §28,621.06. The amount expended during
the same period by the Hospital in the city on free patients was at
least $55,000 — the total amount expended on the indigent patients
in the two departments was §83,621.06.
Adfliiional On May II, 1846, a Committee on .\dditional Buildings,
BuiltliiiKs appointed to take in consideration a communication from Dr. Kirk-
anth„ri..<l. ^^-^^^ reported :
Tliat tlity a]>provf of the plans recently laid before the Board by Dr. Kirkbride
and consider Ins reasoninj;, as to tlie im|)ortance of this addition to the Insane
Institution as a proper appointnunt of wards aiiionf; the difTerent i lasses of its
inmates, as conclusive.
The North wing, devoted to men, was so overcrowded in 1.S46,
that the Managers authorized additions to be made on the north and
south sides of the north, or men's, lodge, as being the most convenient
position for the jmrpose. This additional accommodation was com-
pleted and occu])ied in 1847. It united the North lodge with the
main hos|)ital structure.
North Occasional requests had been made for separate and private
Willi; accommodation for a single jiatient, somewhat detached from the
e.xtended. ,,,.,jj, edifice. The proposition was approved by the Managers and
fottaire ^" enlightened and liberal gentleman, from another State, participating
Built, in some of these views and anxious that a friend might have the
benefit of such a residence during the existence of her mental disorder,
cont»ibuted the sum of five hundred dollars towards the construction
of such a structure. This liberal act led to the construction of a
cottage, which for many years was devoted to the use of one, or two
patients.
The crowded state of the wards for women, a steady increase in
the demands for admission, the want of iiroper means of classification, ^
' ' Tuo
and the great convenience which had followed the additions made to atlditional
the men's lodge, led the Managers to authorize the construction of Wards
two wards, one south and one north of the women's lodge, to conform t-rfi^ted
in all respects to the plan that had been carried out at the north end " . *" '
'^ "^ patients.
of the men's wards. This addition was occupied in the year 1849,
and with the other parts of the Department, furnished accornmodation n;,,,.^,
in the aggregate for two hundred and twenty patients, and this was Musi-umaiul
looked upon at the time as the completion of the whole plan. Keadins-
This formative period of the Department is notable also for the """" , ,
erection of a museum building and reading-room, the gift of inter- private Con-
esied friends. This building became the repository of specimens of tributions.
keacliiig-K»Kiiii.
natural history, minerals, shells, etc. , and was also intended as a reading-
room and place for retirement. Other suggestions for adding to
the contentment and mental occupation were put in practical opera-
tion. Reading and sewing classes were formed and persons employed
to lead them. Books, to the number of eleven hundred volumes, had
been collected and placed on shelves accessible to patients. All of
these means were properly regarded as progressive steps in the treat-
ment of the insane.
At the close of the year 1851, the Pine Street Hosjntal had com-
pleted its first century of charitable work, and the department for the Cliaiitablf
insane the first decennial period of its history. The Managers were W^rk
Hospital
Oiinpleti.'S
its First
Century of
171
Impressions
derived from
a Visit to tile
Department
for Insane.
now able to congratulate themselves upon llie successful completion
of their original plans, the organization and successful admin-
istration of this De|)artment, its gratifying results, and the public con-
fidence it enjoyed. It was already making its influence felt in behalf
of the interests of the insane throughout the State and from beyond
the borders of the Commonwealth came frequent visitors and officials
anxious to study its operations. Principles of medical treatment and
administration, which had been adopted after being tried and found to
be excellent, were returning good fruit. Of the Managers who were
connected with the Pine Street Hospital in 1X36, when the corner-
stone of the new Department was laid, but a single one was still con-
nected with the institution. Ivven of all the members of the board,
which acted at the organization of the Department, there were but two
remaining in connection therewith at the ex]iiration of ten years.
Amid all the changes in the lioard of Managers, however, there had
been no change in the excellent principles and purposes that were
sought to be established, nor in the hearty interest felt by its members,
nor in the enlightened spirit with which every suggestion had been
met and carried out.
It was a fitting period to survey and note the good work of a
hundred years. The founding of the Hospital was suitably commem-
orated by a centennial address delivered by Dr. George B. Wood,
June 10, 1851. In this address there was presented a history of the
Hospital to this date, with an allusion to the events leading to the
creation of a separate department for the insane. As an extract has
already been taken from the notes of a traveller and inserted in a
|>revious jjage of this historical account, of what he observed of the
state of the wards of the Hospital in 1787 on the occasion of a visit
in company with Dr. Benjamin Rush, so it is a satisfaction to quote
from the addre.ss of Dr. Wood his impressions derived from a visit to
the new De])artment sixty-four years later.
A visit ti) the Department for the insane will amply repay any one who either
loves the heaiilies of natureor the still greater beauties of beneficence in orderly,
efficient, and e.\tensive action, .Ground the house are |>leasure grounds, of more
than forty acres in e.vtent. of finely diversified surface, adorned with gr-iiis, shrub-
ber)' and trees \\ ith a small w<n>ti enclosed, and from various points connnanfiinj;
agreeable views. Neat, isolated buildings are seen here and there, inten<lcd for
the amusement or employment of the inmates or for other purposes connected
with their well-beinsj. In the midst arises a mible edifice, imposing; by its magni-
tude, striking by its architectural character, arranged internally with every
attention to healihfulness and comfort, where everything is e.vi|uisitely clean,
everylhinji in or<ler. ami a refreshing; atmosphere of kindliness, cheerfulness and
all the gentler virtues seem to breathe peacefully Ihrounh hall, saloon, and
chamber. Scalteretl about the ground, in the dilVerenl apartments of the main
building, or in the outhouses, you encimnter persons walking, conversing, read-
ing or variously occupied, neatly and often handsomely dressed, to whom as you
pass you receive an introduction as in onlinary social life; and you find yourself
not unfrequently c|uite at a loss to determine whether the persons met with are
172
really the insane, or wlietlier tliey may ni»t be visitors ur ofTicials in the establish-
ment. From tliis scene of comfort, of amending health, of cheerful hopefulness,
your niinds wander hack to the (lays of cells, jjrisons, chains and the lash : when
the eye was ofi'ended with ra^s antl filth, the ear wounded by yells, screams and
imprecations, and the heart pained by the images of despair around it : and you
thank Heaven that you have been permitted to live in these times : you bless the
hearts, the hea<ls and the hands which sujJKested, conceived and executed all
this glorious w Drk of beneficence ; and you feel your own hearts swelling with a
consciousness of the increased elevation and dignity of human nature itself.
Surely no outlay of money is to be regretted which has led to such results.
Evidence of the interest felt by friends in promoting the comfort Gifts of
of patients, and in supplementing the means designed for the enter- Friends
tainment and moral treatment of patients, appear in all the yearly =»o° '» the
.111 1 1 1 Entertain-
reports. Acknowledgments were regularly made to numerous persons .
for thoughtful gifts, concerts, lectures, readings, etc., which could Moral
not have been provided from its own resources. They had a secondary Treatment of
effect of exciting in the minds of many persons a sympathetic and ''"-' '"^^ne.
intelligent interest.
There was no abatement of improvements and minor additions improve-
as the means permitted. New walks and roads were planned and ments, etc..
made ; summer-houses were located and erected to afford rest and "'""'
shelter, as well as permit of views beyond the grounds. The f- /■ , ^^f
extension of the city gas mains led to the introduction of gas as a Patients,
substitute for oil lamps in 1852 ; and in 1854, the steam-heating plant
was so extended that this method of warming buildings, then but
seldom resorted to, became a substitute for the hot-air furnaces.
These important changes tended to add much to the safety of the
buildings from fire and materially increased the comfort of the patients.
The range of lectures, with lantern slides, held three times i^ectures
weekly, was extended and Sunday was observed by a suspension of with
unnecessary labor and the assembly of patients to attend some l-T'tern
religious exercises deemed appropriate to the day and place. ' ' '^^'
Notwithstanding the addition to the original plan that had been w.,rc)s Over-
made by the erection of four wards — two for men and two for crowded-
women — the added accommodation was fully occupied during 185 1. E.xpected
For several months of this year the wards were inconveniently ^^^"^^ ""^'
cro\vded. During the year 1S52 the daily average number under
treatment was 224. The relief which had been expected to be
afforded from the opening of the new State Asylum at Harrisburg,
during this year, was not realized. In 1853, the daily average was 229,
and applications fur admission, to the number of fifty, were declined.
In his report for 1853, D""- K.irkbride wrote as follows: Separate
All our experience goes to show that any materi.al extension of the buildings Building for
of the present Hospital is undesirable ; but at this time, I deem it important for Male Patients
the best interests of the afflicted, that the increased acconunod.ations that are Suggested,
required for the insane should be provided under the auspices of that noble
»73
Association of
Sexi-s not an
A<lvanta>;e.
Additional
Provision
Required
to Accom-
modate the
Insane.
Erection
of a New
Building, and
Separation
of Sexes
approved l>y
Managers.
charity, which, more titan a centur\" ajjo, l>ejian the ^;re;it \vi»rk in .America, and
which has ever since conducted its iniporlant trust in a manner to command tlie
confidence of the entire community.
The plan for effecting this ohject which has long since been suggested to my
own mind, and which I now desire to place on record, for the consideration of
others, is. that a new hospital, replete with every modern tliscovery, and all the
improvements suggested I)\' a large experience, and capable of acconinuxlating
two hundred male |)atients. should be erected on the seventy acres of land now
comprising the farm of this institution, and directly west of the present inclosed
pleasure grounds ; while the present buildings, with everything included within
our external wall, should be given up for the exclusive use of a similar mimber
of females.
It was urged that no special advantage e.xisted in the association
of the sexes in the same building, hut that there were many actual
disadvantages. The separation would give to each sex enlarged
liberty, freedom of movement with greater privacy, while the grounds
furnished an tme.xceptional site for the new structure. For several
years the wards had been crowded and apjilications had been declined.
There was not in the city or Stale sufficient provision for the number
of insane then out of hospitals, without taking into consideration
the expected requirements incident to the annual increase of popu-
lation. It had been the broad and liberal policy of the Managers
not only to conduct a hospital for the sick and injured, but to
receive for care and treatment the insane at a time when no other
provision was made for them by the city or State. On accoimt of
the limited facilities of the parent institution, a separate department
had been created in the vicinity of the city, and now (1854) at
another ])eriod of its history, it was again confronted with the
embarrassments of over-crowded wards and the necessity of turning
from its doors many worthy persons for whom admission was sought.
It was not i)robable that any other organization or institution would
come forward to undertake to supply their needs.
It is truly a scheme of benevolence, which interferes with no existing charity.
It provides for a form of human suffering, which can in no other mode be properly
treated. It is looked tt) for relief l>>' every class and calling when mental
disease occurs.
The plan of |nitting up an entirely new building, and then separating the
sexes, received at once the approbation of the Managers and subse<piently of the
large body of Contributors who attended their annual meeting a few months
after (1853) and under whose authority a committee was appointed to aid in
procuring the necessary subscriptions. An appeal to the public, urging the
importance of the new hospital building, and soliciting aid to secure its early
accomplishment, was soon after issued, and liberal subscriptions from many of
our best and most charitable citizens were promptly received. Although circum-
stances prevented any general call being made at that time, there was every indi-
cation that the object woulii be liberally responded to, and that the community
full>' sympathized with the movement.
174
The amount of money required to complete the new wards was
e-itimated at $250,000, and it was resolved to commence the building
as soon as $150,000 were subscribed.
Although but a comparatively small number of citizens had been Liberal
called upon during the year, it is gratifying to be able to state that at Subscriptions
, , . , „ , r 1,1 L -i- J 'or Erection
the end of the year 1854, the sum of $127,000 had been subscribed ^^ guildin"
by two hundred and sixty-nine individuals — a fact that was considered
most honorable to the community and encouraging to the Managers
and to all concerned.
The printed " Appeal to the Citizens of Pennsylvania for Means
to Provide Additional Accommodations for the Insane," may be
found as an Appendix to the annual report of the Hospital for the
Insane for 1855. In the same report is printed a copy of a " Cir-
cular," with a list of 269 subscribers and the amounts contributed by
each.
At a meeting of the Board of Managers held March 3d, 1856, corner-stone
the following preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted : Laid of Xew
Whereas, from a report made this day to the Board, it appears that there Building,
has been subscribed towards the fund for erecting new buildings for the insane "ow the
department of the Hospital, the sum of one hundred and forty-four thousand Department
dollars, & <'"■ Males.
Whereas, it is important that preliminary arrangements should be made,
to enable the work to be commenced when the sum of one hundred and fifty thou-
sand dollars has been subscribed.
Therefore, Resolved, that a Building Committee of Five members be now
appointed, whose duty it shall be to superintend the construction of the Building
and adopt such measures as may be requisite to liave the work faithfully
e.\ecuted.
Whereupon, the following Committee was appointed, viz. :
James R. Greaves, Samuel Welsh, John M. Whitall, Alexander J.
Derbyshire and Wm. Biddle. It was further "Resolved, that Dr.
Kirkbride be requested to co-operate with the Committee."
On motion, " the President, Mordecai L. Dawson was added to
the Committee."
It was also further "Resolved, that the Committee above named
have no atithority to enter into any contracts until the sum of one
hundred and fifty thousand dollars has been subscribed.
Samuel Sloan was elected as Architect, and John Sunderland as
Superintendent of Construction.
The first foundation stone was set in position July yth, by
Dr. Joseph J. Kirkbride, and the corner-stone was laid October ist,
by Richard Vaux, Mayor of Philadelphia, in the presence of a large
number of ladies and gentlemen, when addresses were delivered by
George B. Wood, M. D., and others.
175
The following articles were placed in a glass jar with ground glass
nfiiartiiKiit stopper, which was deposited in the cavity of the granite block, of
' Miiiis \vj,j(.ii jhj; corner-stone is made. The opening in the stone is covered
by a piece of marble carefully cemented, and on this a heavy piece of
granite is laid. 'I'he corner-stone is placed in the southeast corner
of the centre building and about four feet below the surface.
Articles deposited in the corner-stone :
OiK' half euKlc, ) I )iie dollar.
One- iiiiarter ea);lc, ,^ tlolil. < )ir' half dollar,
One dollar, ) Oiifciuarter dollar,
< »1K' <M
( )IK- d
imc,
One cent, ' ronncr Oni.- half dime,
( )n<.- half cent, ( i-oppcr. ( )iic three tint piece.
Silver.
All beinj; conis of the United States and of the Coinage of 1856.
2. Copies of the newspapers of the day.
3. Some account of the Pennsylvania Hospital, containinn a copy of its
Charter, and other documents connected with its early history.
4. Reports of the Department for the Insane for the years i.Sjj, i.Sj^ and 1S5S.
by Thomas S. Kirkhride, M. I).
5. The last .Annual Report and Statement of the accounts of the I'ennsylv.inia
Hospital, as laid before the Contributors, stli Mo. 1856.
6. An appeal to the Citizens (»f Peinisylvania for means to provide additional
acconuuodalions for the Insane. Philadelphia, 1856.
7. The last Circular issued by the Hoard of Manaj;ers with a list of the sub-
scribers to the New Building Fund.
8. A certified imjiression of the Corporate Seal, the ;;ood .Samaritan liandini;
over the sick man to the Inn-Keeper, with the Motto, " Take care of him
and I will repay thee."
9. A copy of the oration of Dr. fleo. B. Wood, delivered on the occasion of
laying the corner-Stone.
10. A paper containing a list of the olTuers of the Institution.
Franklin Pierce beinj; President of the United States.
James Pollock " Governor of Pennsylvania.
Richard Vaux " Mayor of Philadeli)hia.
Final The undersigned, comprising the BuildiuK Committee oi "the Department
Keiiort ^''r Males," respectfully submit the following as their final report :
of the T"' Committee organized on the evening of their appointment, and at once
Building entered on the preliminary arrangements for an early and vigorous prosecuti<in
Committee "f *'"■' «f'rk. which from its commencement to its completion, has been urged >iu
to the ^s rapidly as the means at the disposal of the Committee and a just regard to
Board of economy, wouUi permit.
Managers The first stone of the " New BuiUling for Males " w.as laid on the 7tli of July,
1856, and it w.is opened for the reception of Patients on the 27th of October, 1859.
It is situated in full view and on the western side of the building previously in
use, at a distance in a right line of 648 yards, and in the midst of fifty acres of
pleasure grounds and gardens, the whole of which are surrounded by a substan-
tial stone wall, covered with flagging, and of an average height of ten and a half
feet. The gate of entrance is on Forty-ninth Street (an avenue intended to be
100 feet wide), between Market and Haverford Streets, and by each of which, by
means of horse-railroads, easy access to Forty-ninth Street may be had at all
seasons.
176
D
m
>
H
m
O
33
-\
X
m
en
>
Notwithstanding tile financial depression of 1S57-58, the work
Department
of building was prosecuted with so little interruption, that it was i„r Malts
sufificiently completed to receive patients on the 27th of October, opened.
1859.
The amount of money paid on account of the new building was c'ost of
;^322,542.86, and further liabilities had been incurred to the amount Buildins
of $30,000. This total sum included, in addition to the erection of ■"
the building, the expenditures for the boundary wall, carriage-house,
carpenter-shop, machinery of various kinds, heating and ventilating
ajjparatus, grading about buildings and furnishings. A few ladies,
impressed with the noble character of the whole work and actuated
by a desire to secure the greatest possible efficiency in the new
institution and its arrangements, generously undertook to give their
valuable aid in jiroviding funds for furniture.
Parlor — Department for Men
"There has been expended in the buildings and wall enclosing Committee's
fifty acres of pleasure ground, the machinery for supply of water, Repoit on
warming and ventilation, the laundry, stable and other out-buildirgs, *-""s' "f
the improvement of the grounds and furnishing the wards of the f"'''''"".
I ,- iiiti,/-,- . , Repairs and
department for males, three hundred and fifty-two thousand, one i,„pr,,ve-
hundred and eleven dollars and fifty-one cents (§352,111.51), of ments.
which amount there has been received from contributors, three
hundred and twenty thousand five hundred and forty-one dollars and
thirty-three cents (5320,541.33), and interest for temporary invest-
ment, eight thousand two hundred and seventy-.seven dollars and
seventy-two cents ($8277.72), leaving upwards of twenty-lour thousand
'77
dollars (§24,000) yet to be provided, in addition to which we shall
be dependent on the liberality of our friends for twenty-five thousand
dollars (<;25,ooo) to meet the cost of the repaiVs and improvements at
the department for females."
Departniiiu The De|)artnient for Men was organized by the a])pointment
for Milks of Dr. S. Preston Jones, as assistant physician, the I'hysician-in-
Organized, (jhjef having the general supervision and direction of both depart-
ments.
The day on which the first male patients were transferred
(October 27, 1859), was observed by appropriate ceremonies, and
in the presence of a large number of the contributors to the Hospital
and others interested in its welfare and progress.
Repairs .iml The wards at the Department for Women, which had been in
Improve constant use for a period of twenty years, had deteriorated from much
made Id "^^- The removal of male patients from the north wing furnished
Department the Opportunity to make needed repairs and improvements. Although
for Females, the financial condition of the department would hardly admit the
outlay, the sum of <;25,ooo was considered necessary, and was
expended to restore the wards and furniture to their best state.
Close of The enlargement, completion, and occupation of a new depart-
ISecoiul i^^ig^t building for men fittingly marks the close of the second decen-
Period i>f "'*' period of the Department for the Insane. The sim])le record of
Department the work accomplished, but faintly represents the labor, the anxiety,
for Insane, the attention to details, and the time expended by the Managers and
Building Committee, the Collecting Committee, and the Physician-
in-Chief in reaching the result. The contribution of the large sum
necessary was a manifestation of public sympathy in the under-
taking and the practical benevolence of the citizens of Philadelphia.
During the twenty years during which the Department for the Insane
had been in operation as a separate institution, the whole number
admitted was 3571 jiatients, of which number 1754 were discharged
cured, 807 in various stages of improvement, and 274 remained
under care. The sum expended for the maintenance of this depart-
ment, no part of which was a tax upon its capital, for the year i860,
was $84,144.16, an average weekly cost of $5-47 for each patient.
At this moderate weekly charge there was open to any citizen who
might be compelled to seek a retreat or hospital in a time of affliction
and sickness, one of the best appointed institutions in this or any
other country.
It was observed as a part of the medical experience of this
period by Dr. Kirkbride that "a very large proportion of all the
cases received, when carefully examined, gave evidence of impaired
178
Ijride's Ob-
servations
general health and that a majority rei|uire a tonic and invigorating
rather than a depletory course of treatment." "Of all the cases that Hr. Kirk-
have been treated, no one, after entering the institution, has seemed
to require or had general bleeding performed, nor has a head been
shaved, while cold and shower baths have been almost entirely
abandoned." "Reference may also he made to the great advance
made in other details of what has been called the moral means of
treatment. Mention may be made of the improved character of
rooms and furniture, the much higher ratio of attendants to patients,
the regular courses of reading, lectures, or entertainments, held during
the evenings of nine months of the year. All these latter, with good
musical instruments, ward libraries, various facilities for riding inside
the inclosure, and a large number of additional means for occupation
and amusement, were formerly almost entirely unknown."
Parlor— Uepaitmenl for Wonien.
" Other changes have been gradually occurring within the last
twenty years, not less worthy of note, the importance of which, as
regards the welfare of the insane generally, can hardly be over-
estimated. Public sentiment has unquestionably been much enlight-
ened, the errors and prejudices of a past day have been passing away,
and insanity is gradually coming to be regarded in the same category
as other diseases — one to which every person having a brain is liable,
but often, as other disea.ses, amenable to treatment and cure." The
179
improved system here and elsewhere meant the substitution of intelli-
gent medical treatment and management for simple custody ; nurses
and attendants for kce|)ers ; that comfortal)le rooms and wards, open
to inspection and visitation, should take the place of cells and strong
rooms in secluded places ; and, that the law of love and lunnan sym-
pathy should he sui)reme in dealing with this affliction.
Occupatiiiii Every year's experience and observation seemed to emphasize the
"'"' importance of additional means for the physical and mental imi)rove-
Di versions , jj- /-.•. r\ n
, _ .. ment, or the occupation and diversion of ijatients. Dry walks were
of Patients. ' ' ' ' _
extended during 1862, and 1863, in order that regular and systematic
use of the muscles in the open air might be encouraged. Out-door
recreation was insisted upon because of the acknowledged advantage
of securing fresh air and sunshine, and because it can be more regu-
larly carried out than labor or games of any kind. During these years,
light gymnastic exercises, as recommended by Dr. Dio Lewis were
introduced. They were considered to be the true system of securing
a proper development of the muscular system. For many ladies who
have suffered from the want of jiroper muscular exercise in the open
air, light gymnastics proved valuable aids to the restoration of health,
and they jwssess the advantage of adding another means for breaking
the monotony of the long evenings of winter. Two evenings of
each week were set apart for gymnastic exercises and, during the year
1864, Dr. Kirkbride was enabled to announce that every evening of
the week was occupied in some manner that contributed to the enter-
tainment or benefit of the patients.
The successful institution of light gymnastics and the good
results that seemed to follow this system of mild and regular exercise
suggested the erection of a hall or room affording sufficient room for
the class. Again was the Hospital the recijiient of a donation,
this time from Mr. Samuel Welsh, amounting to $3,000, which was
increased by others, for the purpose of building a gymnastic hall and
assembly-room. The hall was comjjleted and furnished in 1864 and
has proved to the present day an important and useful building for
the purpose for which it was originally intended.
.... . The apartments at the deiiartment for women, made vacant
Accommo- by the removal of male patients, were so far occupied by the admission
d.itions of women that the limit was reached in 1867. The number of male
riquired for patients in this Department, in 1859, was 132. In 1S67, the
Fisir'"\Vard '^"""^er of female patients had increased to 172. Fortunately,
erected, about this time, a highly esteemed citizen of Philadelphia,
Joseph Fisher, Esq., in the disposition of his estate, furnished the
Managers with all the funds necessary for an enlargement of the
rSo
accomniodatidn for women. The beiiuest was made specifically for
" extending and improving the accommodation for the insane." The
erection of the structure which received the name of " Fisher Ward,"
in honor of this liberal benefactor of the insane, was commenced in
1S67, and completed December 6, 1868. It is located south of tlie
southern extremity of the main hospital building. It was " intended
for a class of cases of the deepest interest; for very sick persons;
laboring under acute affections of the brain, accompanied by high
excitement, and yet, for olivious reasons, not most comfortably
situated in the ordinary wards.'' The cost of the Fisher Ward
(South) was $24,850. On several occasions in the history of the
Hospital, wlien some pressing want was found to exist, relief had come
raiici. 1-islicr W.iK
from some unexpected quarter, so now at another period of embar-
rassment, when all beds were occupied, and it seemed probable that
new patients would be refused except as vacancies occurred, means
had been providentially furnished to make a valuable addition for cinseof
increased ward accommodation. Third
The year 1870 marked the close of the thirtieth year of the I't-'cennial
operations of this department. The ten years preceding had been ,'^^"" "
' , , , .' J f p> Di-partinem
marked by the erection of a gymnastic hall ; the South Fisher AVards f,„. i„sane.
from a bequest of Joseph Fisher ; and various improvements which
181
were rendered possible by a gifi of Sio,ooo from S. Morris Walii.
That the De|)artinent continued to be appreciated by the community
and was fulfilling its purposes is shown by the statistics of the year
1870, during which two hundred and sixty-one patients were admitted,
a total of five hundred and seventy-four treated, and at the close of
the year there remained one hundred and sixty-nine males, and one
hundred and seventy-five females. The total receipts were SMS, 829. 73,
and the amount exjjended for maintenance was $148,165.51. The
average weekly cost of supijort of each patient was $8. 26.
Room in Fisher Ward
Erection of
North Fishur
Ward for
Femak'S.
Statue of
Beiijaniin
Franklin at
Department
for Females.
During the year 1872, a further enlargement for tiiirty additional
female patients seemed necessary and to render the department for
women e(|ual in capacity to that for men. This addition was com-
menced in 1872, and completed in 1S73. 'he cost was defrayed
in great part from the remainder of the legacy left by Joseph Fisher,
and it amounted to :>43,299.:2. The additions last made have been
styled the Joseph Fisher Wards, North, to distinguish them from
similar wards erected at the South end of the South wing, from a
portion of the same benefaction.
During 1878, the Department having come into pos.session of a
statue of Benjamin Franklin, six and a-half feet in height, it was
placed on a pedestal in a prominent i)Osition in the grounds of the
dejjartment for women. It would seem only right that honor should
thus be paid to the memory of Franklin, who was secretary and president
1S2
successively of the Board of Managers, was ever active in promoting
the objects of its establishment, and was the author of many of its
official documents, and especially of its appeals for legislative action
or public benevolence.
The constructive period of the material, or structural, portion of Completion
this Department may be said to have extended from the opening in "' Mary
1841 to 1880. During the latter year, the Mary Shields AVards, ' ,^^
commenced in 1879, were comijleted. This addition is connected Pi-males.
with the South wing of the department for women and can accom-
modate thirty patients and attendants. It was intended to correspond
in its location and arrangement with the North Fisher Wards, erected
in 1873. When this building was projected the hope was expressed
that, before its completion.
Some one would be found whose generous benefactions to this Department
would make it right that the name of the donor would ever be held in grateful
remembrance by being given to this new structure. This hope was fully justified
by the reception of a noble legacy from Mary Shields, which seemed to warrant
the permanent connection of her name with the new wards, which were for the
special benefit of her own se.x.
It is not too much to say that in all the future the Mary Shields Wards will
yield a return far beyond any anticipation of the generous donor, and be a lasting
encouragement to others whose benevolent imjjulses may incline them to actions
of a similar character.
The cost of erection and furnishing the new wards was 525,806. Cost of
During the years intervening, between 1870 and 1880, this Erection
Department reached the highest number of inmates during the fortv '""'
.... „, , ,. , . . , , ' Furnishing
years of its history. The number of admissions averaged two hun- ,|^^,
dred and forty-nine annually. The State Hospital at Norristown, n\-« Wards.
which opened for the reception of patients during the closing years of
this decade, afforded needed relief to many worthy persons and served
,. ,,..,. . , '. . 1 • , • Retrospect
to relieve the Hospital from a pressure for admissions which it was ^^f Fourth
unable to meet. These ten years were remarkable for the degree of Decennial
prosperity it enjoved, and the enlargement of its work. In addition Period,
to the wards just referred to above, five ornamental summer houses Department
, , ., „ . .... for Insane,
and two green houses were built. Extensive municipal improvements
on Market and Haverford Streets were comiileted at a cost of manv ,, ■ ■ ,
' - .Municipal
thousands of dollars, involving also re-arrangement, re-building, and other
and additions to the boundary walls ; internal modifications and Improve-
renewals were made, and the whole property improved. This period '"'^"'*-
was memorable in the history of the Department for the noble benefac-
tions it received from persons who by their practical sympathy with
its work, and confidence in its management, enabled the institution
to enlarge the sphere of its usefulness. It was memorable also in the
'83
losses it sustained by llic death of an unusual number of Managers,
friends and benefactors of the Deiiartment, whose names always
deserve to be held in grateful remembrance for the material aid they
contributed, and the valuable aid they rendered by their judicious
counsel and co-operation.
On the first day of January, 18.S5, Dr. Kirkbride presented to
Mi-nioriam. the Managers his forty-second annual report, which is both " retro-
spective and suj;gestive." 'ri-<)U{,'h he was still enfeebled physically
from the effects of a severe illness, from which he suffered in 1S79,
there was no perceptible abatement of mental vigor to be observed, nor
of lo\alt\ to a wiirk on wlii. h lie had exi ended the undivided forces
Ur. Thos. S.
Kirkhride's
Final Rvporl.
Ill
P ^
i
The Mary Shields Wards— The \ ilia.
of ills entire life. Inclosing this, which jjroved to be the last of a
long series of reports, Dr. Kirkbride useil the following language :
In <i)ncludiiiK it is mi (irilinarv Kriitification — after forty-two years' use of one
<)l the liuildinxK, and twenty-three of the other, with the care of ."<673 patients, to
lie alile to have your board receive both hospitals, in better condition than at any
previous period and more thoroughly prepared for usefulness.
During the year just closed, we had special causes of gratitude to .-MniiKlUy
Providence for the many blessings vouchsafed to us. and with the deep feelings
<if personal obligation to the Board of Managers, I once more commend the
iKispital and its varied interests tu your continued and generous care, and to the
liberal sympathy of all, who appreciate the value of enlightened efl'orts for the
relief of suffering humanity.
Dr. Kirkbride died on the i6th of December, 1S83. A brief
biographical sketch -of Dr. Kirkbride will appear, sejjarately, at the
close of this section.
1.S4
D
m
>
Tl
O
3]
§
o
The vacanc) in the office of Physician-in-Chief and Superin-
tendent was filled by the election of Dr. John B. Chapin, Medical Klcction of
Superintendent of the State Hosijital at Willard, New York, who ^'y^'^'^n-
commenced his service September i, 1884. There was much doubt ;,„a Mtdical
in the minds of the Managers as to whether the interests of the Superin-
Hospitals would be best served by dividing the departments into two tt-ndent of
distinct and separate administrations with independent chiefs and staffs , "^'''"^ '"'^"
for Insane.
of officers, or whether one general scientific and administrative head
would not produce greater work and economy with enlarged fields of
usefulness. The opinions of the most eminent alienists were carefully
sought and considered ; many institutions visited by special com-
mittees of the Board, after which the conclusion was reached that the
continuance of the separate departments under one head gave reason-
able promise of continued usefulness.
For several years following 1876 there had been observed to be c:aiiscs of
a gradual decline in the number of patients admitted, and the whole Decline in
number annuallv treated, although the daily average did not materially Admissions
change. This experience did not arise from any decrea.se in the
number of persons becoming insane, but the opening of new hospitals
created by the State, at Norristown and Warren, and the additions
made to the Western Pennsylvania and Danville Hospitals, doubtless
furnished accommodations for many patients who otherwise would
have been brought to the Pennsylvania Hospital. At the open-
ing of the Department for the Insane, in 1841, the hospital accom-
modation in this State consisted of that furnished by this Hospital
and the Friends' Asylum, amounting to about 275 beds. At
the present time the other hospitals of Pennsylvania accommodate
altogether over 7000 patients. The rapid accession to the whole
hosjiital ()opulation was largely due to the State policy during recent
years, which encouraged the transfer of the insane poor from alms-
hou.ses to State care in State hospitals.
In all movements for promoting the better care of the insane in
the Commonwealth, the Contributors, the Managers and officers of Conducted
this Hospital have been deeply interested. They have by personal Hospital
service; by encouraging a sentiment favorable to the recognition ^" ^bject-
of the claims of the insane; by seeking to educate the public Educate tiie
mind through the medium of annual reports ; and by the e.xhi- Puhlic Mind,
bition of the results to be obtained from the liberal administration of
a well-conducted hospital, which has been a constant object-lesson,
contributed largely to bunging about a better state of pu.blic sentiment
on the subject of Hospitals for Insane.
185
On the first of November, 1885, ihc Managers extended the
Out-Patient operations of the out-patient department of the Pine Street Hos]<ital
t-partmeiu ^^ ^ j^ i)rovide a disi)ensary service for the gratuitous treatment of
Extended ' .,'..{ ... ^ „,, . ,. ,
to Treatment Persons suffering With incipient mental disease. I his medical atten-
of Incipient dance is given by the physicians of the departments for the insane in
Mental rotation. 'l"he service was regarded at the time as experimental, only
isease. ^^ j-^^.^ ^y^^^ j^ ^^.^ ^^^ certain that patients would attend. This could
only be determined by actual trial. It was undertaken under a con-
viction that in a city of one million inhabitants, a large number were
suffering from premonitory symptoms of insanity, as nervous prostra-
tion and depression, who might receive timely advice and treatment,
and that a further develojjment of mental disorder might thus be
arrested. The strain and worry incident to work in shops and factories
and modes of living in a city, are often followed by |)iiysical deterior-
ation and a foundation is laid for nervous and mental disorder. The
relations of the two conditions are not always intelligently appreciated
and the ho])e was entertained that persons would avail themselves of
the opportunity of receiving treatment. It is the experience of all
hospitals to receive patients every year who have drifted into a state
of acute mental disorder from neglect or ignorance of ])lain warnings
which should have been heeded. Notwithstanding the existence of
this department has been extensively published, the attendance has
not been as great as might have been anticipated. The whole number
of persons who have been treated is two hundred and fifty. While
some have not been of the class for whom the department was
intended, a large number have been restored to their usual health, or
relieved. It is confidently believed that if the existence of this
dispensary were more generally known, its usefulness would be much
enlarged. This department, regarded as a useful and imjiortant work
to be done for the poor, cannot be regarded nosv as entirely an experi-
mental ])roject, but it is yet uncertain whether the friends of the
persons for whom it is intended will be disposed to take advantage of it.
ConsultinK ^' '^^^ been the practice of the Department for the Insane for
Gyna^co- many years to ask, in behalf of certain patients who were women, the
legist, medical counsel of one of their own sex. In 1886, the Managers
established " the office of consulting gynascologist, to be connected
with the department for the insane, to be filled by the appointment of
a woman ]jhysician." This official was exi)ected to be called in cases
where it seemed her sjjccial gynaecological knowledge might, with
great propriety, be an advantage to the jiatient, and an important aid
to the other ])hysicians. This innovation has jiroven so useful that the
office is now a permanent one.
186
For the better protection and observation of patients during the
night, several of the wards have been placed in charge of special Niglit
attendants. This duty is required in addition to that rendered by sui»-"''visio'<
the regular attendants and the watchmen and watchwomen, who
patrol the wards at night. There are always a number of sick and
feeble persons, also patients who are disposed to suicidal attempts,
who need for their care and protection more or less constant attention
at night. The practice was also begun of congregating suicidal patients
in the wards where this special night service was maintained. The
danger of self-inflicted injuries has been considered by this precaution
to be reduced to a minimum — but one suicide having occurred in
the department for women in fourteen years, and but one in the
department for men during seven years, notwithstanding the fact
that during these periods many patients known to have suicidal
impulses have been constantly under care.
The subject of impioving the standard of care of patients has .xttcndants'
constantly received attention. Classes composed of attendants were Care of
organized in 1886, who received oral instruction as to the nature of the P''"^"'^
1- ,,,.,. ■ ^,1 , iinprovecl.
various diseases treated and their duties to patients. Good, natural
qualities of heart and fair intelligence, combined with a willing,
teachable, sympathetic disposition, will usually furnish the best
promise of an acceptable service. Much of the instruction of
attendants has been, and must continue to be, imparted to them in
their daily services in the wards, yet they have been still further trained
for the performance of their duties and the standard of care generally
elevated by such instruction in the class-room.
In the summer of 1887, a cottage-house, or villa, on the jilateau Cottage or
ninety yards east of the main building for the women, was built, to meet ^'"''^ erected
a demand that was supposed to e.vist for a more liberal accommodation,
for a limited number of patients, than the Hospital building furnished.
Occasional inquiry was made for better accommodation, comprising
several rooms, in order that those seeking a hospital, should be
furnished with comforts and furnishings to which they were
accustomed, which they might still have the capacity to enjoy, and
for which they were able and willing to pay. In another sense this
homelike structure was supposed to represent a tendency toward xemiccv to
individualization in the hospital care of the insane, which seemed now individualize
to be practicable to a greater degree than at any former period. This Hospital Cart-
house was opened formally June 16, 1888. It possesses the advantages " ">"Uie.
of reasonable proximity to the main hospital and the ijuiet and retire-
ment of a private house, from which it does not materially differ in
its external appearance and interior arrangements.
187
The erection of the Cottage House, or Villa, for a chiss of [)atients
The ivnii for whose care a proportionately larger rate was charged, was by the
city of Philadeljjhia made the basis of a municipal claim for water
supply, which resulted in a decision by the Supreme Court of the Slate
that " 'I'he Pennsylvania Hospital is a purely public charity in the
highest sense of the term." The citation of the case is as follows :
The Court held that " this was a municipal claim for a water
l)ipe fded against a portion of the premises of the West Fhiladel|)hia
branch of the Pennsylvania Hospital. This particular branch is
devoted to the care of the insane. While it was conceded that the
sylvaiiia
Hospilal
is a purely
I'll 1)1 ic
Cliarilv.
Dorir Summer House.
buildings and grounds are exempt from taxation for the reason that
the defendant is a purely public charity, yet it was contended that
within the portion of the grounds charged with this claim there was
a large building reserved exclusively for the use of patients paying a
higher rate than any other ; that these i^ayments must exceed the cost
of maintenance assignable to themselves, if the original cost of the
property and any estimated rental be excluded. It appears to be con-
ceded that the object of the trustees in maintaining this department
of the institution is to make profit, by the use of which to extend the
188
Institution's capacity for good among the destitute members of the
community.
" It was not contended, nor is there anything to show, that there
was any actual profit realized in this department after taking into
consideration the value of the ground and improvements, and the
costs of the maintenance. The apparent profit is applied to the gen-
eral objects of charity, and no portion of it inures to the benefit of
any person concerned in administering the charity.
" The Pennsylvania Hospital is a purely public charity in the supreme
highest and best sense of the term, and under all our authorities we Court decides
think it is exempt from the species of taxation attempted to be '" '''^'"'' "^
. • 1 • T 1 n- J II l'"" Hospital,
imposed in this case. Judgment atnrmed.
The Supreme Court very clearly stated the facts that all the
income of the Pennsylvania Hospital is expended in charitable work,
Gymnastic Pavilion.
and it cannot be regarded as a money-making institution, for any
excess over maintenance which is paid by rich patients is used to sup-
port others who are destitute of means to make any pecuniary
acknowledgment.
The prescribed term ot service of the Resident Physicians in the Resident
Department for the Sick and Injured (Pine Street Hospital), for Physicians'
some years prior to the year 1888, had been fixed at sixteen months. Term
During this year the Managers deemed it expedient to enlarge the {„ serve four
usefulness of the institution by extending the valuable opportunities months at
for obtaining a knowledge of insanity at the Department for Insane Department
to each newly elected Resident Physician. The term of the Resident '"sane.
189
Physicians was extended so as to include four months' service at
the Department for Insane. Under this arrangement it was believed
they would have an opportunity to observe the various forms of
insanity, the treatment of the insane, the administration of the
hospital, and to become generally belter qualified to discharge their
duties as physicians and citizens.
Gymnastic The year 1890 was marked by the completion of a gymnastic
BuildinK for building on the grounds of the Deiiarliiient for -Men, and the opening
Male Qf ^ ny^y entrance and ap])roach to the Deijartnient for Women. The
tparttiK-nt gy„,^^(i(; pavilion was designed to enlarge the means of diversion,
to break the monotony of life in the wards, and to ])roniote the
ph)sical training of male patients. It was believed that being
detached from the main building, there would be an increased
Hall in the I'"em.ile Dt-partme?it.
inducement to leave the wards and their associations for a time.
It overlooks a well-kept lawn, prejjarcd for out-of-door games. The
building is of wood, one hundred and five feet long and forty-two
feet wide. It is surrounded by a sheltered veranda, twelve feet wide.
It contains a reading-room, billiard-room, a bowling-alley, a sitting-
Niw room and a room for gymnastic exercises. The buildings and grounds
Entrance aj-g under the direction of a competent instructor who conducts the
Gate an ^.j^gggs ^n^j special exercises.
Dei)a*rtni(.-nt ^or a period of forty-nine years the grounds of the Department
for Femaks. for Women were entered at the gate near Haverford Avenue and
190
Forty-fourth Street. During the year 1890, a new entrance gate and
lodge were erected at the junction of Market and Forty-fourth Streets
and Povvelton Avenue. The change seemed desirable to render the
Hospital more accessible to lines of travel and centres of population.
This great improvement was rendered possible by the gift of a
benevolent friend. (See illustration page 113.)
During the year 1889, sixty-one lectures were delivered to Lectures by
attendants by the assistant physicians and seventy-four lectures on Assistant
Botany and Natural History to classes of patients, taking for this P'^V'*"^''''"* to
. , L,, . , , , L • , • Attendants
purpose a morning hour. Ihis work was undertaken by the physi- ,,|,j patients
cians in addition to their usual ward work and the regular evening
The I. \'. \\'illianison Building.
entertainments. It is mentioned specially, as it exceeded what had
been previously done in this direction.
In the annual reports for 1890, it was stated that during the _,
preceding three years the Department for Women had been fully Deijartment
occupied, so that any accession to the number would have been for Females
impracticable, or attended with inconvenience. This condition '^'"y
continued for the succeeding year. As the daily average number of "'^'-"1"'^ •
patients seemed to be maintained without a prospect of speedy dimi-
nution, the Managers were confronted with the problem of over-
191
crowded wards, and ihc c oiuiiiiicd cinliarrassiiiciu likclv lo arise ii>
the classification of patients and medical administration. A hospital
may be erected with every ajjpiiance for tlic care and treatment of its
allotted number, but its o|)eration as a medical institution may be
effectually paralyzed by overcrowding, with tiie risks antl discomforts
that may attend such a condition. It was wisely resolved to enlarge
I.V.William- the accommodations of this department of the Hos|)ital. This work
son Wards ^yas undertaken in the summer of 1891, and brought to completion
.rt-cte or (]y,j„„ d^g [.j^j nionih of this year. The whole number of beds for
hfiiiale °
I'aiii-nts. patients and attendants added is forty-one. The building is an
extension of the North wing of the original structure. These wards
1 lie I. \'. Willl.iinsoii Waul — Dcp.'irtineiit for Women — SiUn'>^ Kuoni.
have been named the " I. V. Williamson Wards," in ))erpetual
remembrance of one of the eminent benefactors of the Hospital.
rift of ^" I'^^O'i th*^ Managers made a concession of a strip of land
GroHiicl extending from Market Street to Haverford Avenue, 80 feet wide, to
to City, the City, on condition that a sewer should be constructed without
coiidiiioiiL-d ^,Qj.j jQ ,|^g Hospital, along the course of Mill Creek, to connect at
C St c-ti<m ^°^^ points with sewers already prepared. This construction divides
of Scwir. the 113 acres of the Hospital property into two nearly ecpial jjarts of
upwards of fifty acres each.
192
In 1889, the Managers acquired possession of a tract of land
in Delaware County, which it was thought might in the future be desir- Ground
able for the purposes of the Hospital. Purchased
_ ., , . ,, „„. . , , „, for Additions
At a Contributors meeting, May 3, 1886, it was resolved: 1 hat j^ the
the Board of Managers Ije authorized, whenever in their judgment it Department
may be expedient, to purchase such area of land, within a reasonable for Insane.
distance from the city, not exceeding 500 acres, in order to prepare a
site for such future adjuncts or additions to their Hospital as may
hereafter be required or found desirable.
Acommittee wasappointed, on June 7, 1886, with power to carry out
the purposes of the resolution, who duly reported the making of con tracts
to purchase several farms at Xewtown Square, Delaware County. This
purchase secures for the future all the elements of space, pure atmos-
phere, elevation and convenience of access, which may be required
for enlargement of the department, corresponding to the increasing
demands upon its resources.
May 4, 1891, "during the year, the Tyson farm, containing 53.47
acres, was added to the Delaware County Estate, making the whole
acreage about 607.94 acres, and enabling us to control all the water
courses which have their origin in and flow through our territory ;
the deed was made and confirmed by Court, the negotiations being
conducted by our late President, at a cost of Sio,8oo. These farms
are made available for milk and produce supplies of the Hospital in
West Philadelphia, furnishing 500 quarts and upwards daily."
It was considered practicable and desirable to prepare one of the
farm-houses on the premises for the accommodation of a small family of
jiatients, who were in a stage of convalescence, and for those who would
appreciate a change from hospital existence to the freedom of the coun-
try and family life. The colon)- was changed from time to time. In
addition, a carriage conveyed several patients daily to the farm as the
w-eather permitted, who spent the day there, returning at the close of
the day. The number .who also had the opportunity of spending a
week or more at the farm and have had the ride to and from the farm,
has ranged from two hundred to two hundred and fifty, during the
season of three or four months of each year the house has been
occupied. It has thus been shown that with moderate preparations, a
large number of patients have had the benefit and enjoyment of a
change from the city to the country ; that in a large number of cases
a decided change toward recovery commenced and continued ; and
that the farm-house at Newtown Scjuare has made a contribution to
experience, which must have weight whenever plans for a new hospital
come up for consideration.
193
Ill 1S92, '• the success of the efforts to make the 607.94 acres of
our Delaware County farms available by offering the enjoyment of
rural life to the convalescent |>atients, has led to the designing of a
new building to accommodate forty patients, to be constructed it is
ho])ed in the near future. It will be 101 feet long, 37^2 feet wide,
with a dining-room 21 feet by 31 feet. Much thought has been given
to the character of this new edifice, both in relation to its internal
accommodation and its future relation to additional structures. The
one now contemplated will cost about ^535, 000 lo 540,000."
Ri'siiitsof Reviewing the work in the Department for the Insane, since the
Half t\imirv removal to West Philadelphia, the Sujierintendent, Dr. Chapin,
sums it up as follows :
Of thf results of tifly yiarsnf a<liniiii!sti'alii>ii ol tin- ilipartiiKiu (••>■ tla- iiisaiii-,
it may \)v slatid it has nift all IIr- (k'Hiaiuls upon it in a liberal tnaiiiK'r. After
the construction and equipment of wards and the addition of new wards, from
time to time, its affairs have been so c inducted that no impairment of its capital
h.as occurred. The Department has been nearly self-suslainin); from receipts for
board of patients. It has been demonstrated tliat, the plant beiliH furnished, the
larjjer ])r*)portion of patients have been able to pay the cost of their maintenance.
In computing the charge to be made for board and treatment, the interest on the
cost of the i)lant. which would be a considerable sum, lias not entered into the
account. That the plan has been practicable and has met an actual necessity in
this community, appears by the fact that neither the state, nor any other charitable
orKanization, has undertaken to do e.\actly the line of work carried out by the
Pennsylvania Hospital. Suitable wards have been provided and furnished, also
medical service and attendance, suited to all conditions and reasonable require-
ments. The Managers have also deemed it their duty lo consider and approve
many worthy ai>plications for adnussion at less than the actual cost of main-
tenance. They have also made the best use of the number of free beds at their
disposal.
.Applications At all times there have been application for relief beyond the available means
for Relief of the Hospital and the need of its benefactions will rather increase than diminish
Continue to '" cominK years. The petitions for relief come first to the Managers, so that they
Kxceed the become familiar with the nature of the claims that come before them. Kvery
.Available year shows a constant demand upon the charity of the Hospital and the
Means. Managers have deemed it a duty to deserving persons, as well as in the line of a
faithful execution of their trust, to bring to the fre<pient notice of their fellow-
citizens the needs of the Hospital through the medium of their annual reports, as
they cannot so well be presented in any other way.
Maintenance lu the great work of the Hospital at every stage of its progress nuich careful
of Depart- consideration was devoted to obtain the most desirable site and plans for build-
ment for ing- The jilans were the best expression of the medical thought and experience
Insane of their ilay. The sum of $650,000 was exi)ended in the purchase of land, build-
dependent iugs, an<i furniture, and at a time when the cost of construction was much less
upon volun- than at the present time. As other figures may be of interest in this connection,
tary gifts it '"ay be stated that from the year i«4i to ifigj, the aggregate sum received for
and bequests, board and treatment of patients amounted to S6.o25,i4.s.6i and the amount
e.xpended for the same purposes (e.xclusive of building) was $6,112,349.47 —
exceeding the receipts by $87,200.86. .As has been stated, the Managers have not
194
Property
.f the
been uiimindful of the claims of the indigent insane. Since 1841, this Dei)artnU'nt
has received free ])atients admitted in accordance with its rules, and other patients
at reduced charges, who gave promise of relief or recovery — the books of the
department show that the sum of §91 1,300 has been expended in the care and
treatment of these classes.
At the i)resent date the i)roperty and jjlant of the Pennsylvania Hospital
Departments for the Insane consist of one hundred and thirteen acres of land :
a building for the accommodation of two hundred and forty men and buildings for Department
two hundred and fifty women ; a gymnastic building for each on their resi>ective f,,,. j„sane
grounds ; two museum buildings on the grounds of the department for women.
Also a building for the residence of the physician and superintendent ; barns,
stables, carriage-houses, carpenter and repair shops, and green houses at each
department, together with the furniture necessary for the conduct of a hospital
of the first class.
The career of this Department is a practical illustration of faith accompany-
ing good works. It will stand in the future, as it has in the past, as an object lesson
and as an example of a well-managed benevolent institution and medical charity
in the community in which it is located. It has brought happines.s and consola-
tion to thousands of families throughout the land. Its influence and principles
have been reflected in the organization and administration of similar institutions
in other States. It has inspired and stimulated others to make eflbrts in new fields
of human benevolence. It has blessed the benefactors as well as the recipients
of its benefits. Its noble buildings, and their history, turn the thoughts of the
beholder to the earthly work of the Divine Master.
^95
THOMAS STORY KIRKBRIDE. M.D.. 1.1..!).
IN MEMORIAM.
Thomas Story Kirkbride was born near Morrisville, Bucks County,
Pennsylvania, at the paternal home on the hanks of the Delaware, on
the 31st of July, 1809. His ancestors, like himself, were members of
the Society of Friends and both branches of his family were among
the first settlers of Pennsylvania, who came to this country with
"William Penn. His father's ancestors were from the parish of Kirkbride,
in the county of Cumberland, England. On settling in America, they
took up land in the lower part of Bucks County, much of which
remained in the possession of their descendants until 1867. His
father, John Kirkbride, built, before his marriage, the house in which
he lived until his death, in 1864. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter
of Thomas and Rachel Story, of Newtown Township, Bucks County.
.\fter attending schools in the neighborhood of his home, he spent
four years at a noted classical school in Trenton, N. J., and after-
wards devoted a year to the sjjccial study of the higher mathematics
at Burlington, N. J. The following year wa.s sjjent on his father's
farm in practical pursuits which he felt in later years to have been of
permanent advantage to his health. At the close of these agricultural
months, he read medicine with Dr. Nicholas de Belleville, of Trenton,
a distinguished physician and surgeon, who came from France with the
forces under Lafayette in the American Revolution.
In 1S32, Dr. Kirkbride graduated in medicine at the University
of Pennsylvania and was immediately appointed Resident Physician
of the Friends' Asylum for the Insane at Frankford, remaining there
until his election as Resident of the Pennsylvania Hos])ital. While
at the Friends' Asylum, he was active in everything relating to the
care of the patients and the management of the Institution, and on
leaving he received a flattering testimonial from the Board of Managers
and privately from individual members a confidential request to return
and take charge of the Institution.
He then spent two years at the Penns) Ivania Hosjjital. During
the second year, his colleague was Dr. William W. Gerhard.
196
'nt > euitiufni CO., roiLA.
Both Residents were diligent in the careful examination and noting of
and cases under treatment ; their observations, which were published
separately, were among the early Hospital reports issued in this
country.
In 1835 Dr. Kirkbride began general practice in Philadel|)hia.
In 1839 he married Ann West, daughter of Joseph R. Jenks, a well-
known merchant and a Manager of the Hospital. She died in 1862,
leaving a daughter and a son. In 1866 he married Eliza, daughter of
Benjamin F. Butler, of New York, Attorney-General under Presidents
Jackson and Van Buren, who with four children survives him.
Dr. Kirkbride was a constant visitor at the Hospital, keeping up
his intimacy with the Medical Staff there engaged. The resignation
of his friend, Dr. John Rhea Barton, led him to anticipate an appoint-
ment as his successor as Surgeon to the Hospital in the autumn of 1840.
One summer morning, when walking in Race Street, he met his friend
John Paul, an active member of the Board of Managers, who, to his
entire surprise, asked what would induce him to relinquish his long
cherished plans and accept instead the office of Physician-in-Chief
and Superintendent of the new Department for the Insane.
It was a matter for very serious consideration. His professional
friends regarded the change as ill-advised, indeed almost without
justification. On the other hand, in the opportunity of starting a new
institution, of developing new forms of management, and, in fact, of
giving a new character to the care of the insane, Dr. Kirkbride finally,
saw inducement to forego his prospects of distinction as a surgeon.
Without any solicitation, or even application, on his part, he was
elected October 12, 1840, to the post which he occupied until his
death.
.\fter visiting institutions for the insane to the north and east of
Philadelphia, he moved the following December, with his famil\-, to
the old mansion house within the Hospital grounds.
From this time Dr. Kirkbride's ability and varied gifts were con-
secrated to the insane. His energy and enthusiasm never flagged and
his duties kept him always at his i)ost. His forty-two .\nnual Hosjiital
Reports give the record of his life. They are at once the history of
the institution and the story of his own untiring service. So com-
pletely indeed is his career identified with the medical care and cure of
the insane in hospital, that some knowledge of this subject is necessary
for any true conception of his character and work. He represents a great
idea, which he found worthy of life-long devotion. Eyes trained
by knowledge to see his own ideal and to descry the Hospital of the
future as it stood before his vision, can alone fully perceive the value, or
197
the incaninf,' of his labors. His earliest reports are peculiarly interest-
ing as character stiuiies. Written shortly after he had entered the
specialty, they reveal marvelous maturity of thought and firm grasp
of the latest principles in the care of the insane, while the entire
series of Reports form a valuable treatise on insanity and the relations
of the community to the insane.
I ir. Kirkbride was one of the "original thirteen" physicians,
who, in 1844, founded the Association of Medical Superintendents,
now the American Medico- Psychological Association. He was its
first Secretary, serving seven years; its Vice-President, for seven
years, and its President from 1862 to 1870. He took the greatest
interest in its proceedings, and was rarely absent from the meetings.
The interests of the Pennsylvania Hospital in its great work of
caring for the sick and injured, lay next in his heart to the jirosperity
of the Dejiartment for the Insane. His ])Ower of winning friendship
was great and his relations to the Board of Managers were always
characterized by unbroken confidence and mutual regard, which
ripened in numerous instances into warmest intimacy. He ensured
their co-operation by strict conscientiousness and unceasing labor.
In 1853, after passing through a period of ill-health, but not of
cessation from active duty, he felt that his " term of service had been
nearly as protrai:ted as can be required of one individual," but he
worked on with the same ardor thirty years longer — and this with a
physique far from robust.
Within the wards he found his chief delight in the exercise of
that benign power over the insane in which he was unrivalled. To
know him thoroughly one needed to see him surrounded by those to
whom his life was devoted. Dignity, tempered by gentleness, invari-
able courtesy, tenderest sympathy and tact marked all his intercourse
with his patients. His "tranquil grace of tone and look" and
manner, his wonderful i)atience and his genial disposition brought
healing influences, which were strengthened by the resolute firmness,
the unyielding i)erseverance and fortitude of his character. The sane
and the insane recognized within him a rare spiritual force.
In 1854, the wards were so over-crowded that further admissions
were necessarily refused. He then suggested the erection of a sejjarate
building, for males only, and published an •' Appeal for the Insane,"
besides writing many articles for the newspapers. He imparted his
own enthusiasm to others, and many citizens, including the whole
Hoard of Managers, threw themselves most heartily into the work.
For thirty years, although not always prominently before the
public, his counsel was constantly sought bv the medical societies and
198
successive Legislatures of Pennsylvania, in every movement relating to
the care of the insane.
His yearly Reports and his work on the Construction of
Hospitals for the Insane are his principal writings, but he frequently
contributed essays, reviews, and notices to the medical journals, and
wrote frequently for the newspajjers, especially the old " United States
Gazette" and "North American." Memoirs of his valued friends,
Dr. William Pepper, Sr., Professor of Theory and Practice in the
University of Pennsylvania, and Dr. Isaac Ray, the author of the
" Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity," were written by request of the
College of Physicians.
Dr. Kirkbride was a member of the College of Physicians, the
Philadelphia County Medical Society, the Franklin Institute, the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the American Philosophical
Society, and an honorary member of the British Medico-Psychological
Association, etc. ; he was for ten years a Trustee of the State Lunatic
Asylum at Harrisburg, Pa. , and for more than forty years a Manager of
the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind. In 1880,
Lafayette College, Pa., conferred on him the degree of LL. D.
In 1880, after recovery from a severe illness of several months,
he returned with renewed ardor to his accustomed work. Three
years of active duty followed, during which, with less of physical
strength, but if possible, with more energy of spirit than before, his
presence was again the life and hope of the Hospital and of his home.
In March, 1883, he was prostrated by typhoid-pneumonia. His
illness lasted nine months. He died peacefully December i6th, in
the seventy-fifth year of his age. The late Professor S. D. Gross, in
his Autobiography, thus described Dr. Kirkbride's appearance:
•'In personal appearance Dr. Kirkbride was eminently attractive.
He was of medium height, with a fine physique, a well-shaped head,
and a countenance highly expressive of benevolence and warmth of
heart. His voice was sweet and gentle, and his presence and
demeanor were such as to win at once the affection and confidence of
his most wayward patients."
One of his oldest assistants. Dr. John Curwen, wrote as follows :
" Laboring with a single aim for the relief and welfare of those
to whose care he had devoted more than forty years of his life, he has
left behind him, in what he has written and in what he has done, a
monument which will stand so long as the care of the insane will
require the aid of those Institutions with which his name and his
fame have been so closely connected."
199
By resolution of the Board of Managers, an extended Memorial
of Dr. Kirkbride's life was jmblished with the annual re|)ort of the
Hospital to the Contributors for the year 1S83.
At a sjjecial meeting of the Board of Managers of ilic Hospital,
held December 17th, 18CS3, the members adopted a minute and
resolutions expressive of their sense of the great loss they had sus-
tained and of their estimation of the value of his services; they also
directed that a tablet be placed in the Centre Hall of the Department
for Women, bearing the following inscription :
THIS TABLKT
RKCORDS rilK AKFKCTION ("I I KR ISI I i;i ) l-i iK I'llK
MKMORV OK
TIlilMASS. KlRKIiRIDK. M. D.
FOR MORK THAN FoRTY-TW'O VICARS
PHYSICIAN IN CHIEF AND Sll'KRINTKNDKNT
OF THK
HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
IN CHARCEOF
THE CONTRIBUTORS TO THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL.
l.N HIS OKKKIAI, DITIES, FAITHFCI, .ANI> EKKICIKM .
rN HIS I'KOPESSION, SKII-KII. AM) INTIRINC;.
IN HIS iii;nkvoi.IvNci5, wise and FAR-SEEINC.
IN HIS CHRISTIAN FAITH, SINCERE AND STEADFAST.
IN EVERY RELATION OF I.IFE, TENDER AND INSEI.FISH.
HE WAS
IN HIS PRACTICAL WORK IN THIS INSTITITION THE
FIRM VET MOST
GENTLE AND SYMPATHETIC
FRIEND AND HEALER.
AND
BY HIS LIFE LONC AND SICCESSFCL LABORS ON BEHALF
OF THE INSANE
A BENEFACTOR OF .MANKIND.
HE DIED
AT HIS HOME, IN THE GROfNDS OF THIS HOSIMTAI,
ON THE
|6tH day of I2TH MONTH, 1883,
IN THE
SEVENTV-FIFTH VKAR OF HIS ACE.
''^''^"ihmxandlwiUteV
PATIENTS.
At the time when the Hospital was opened, the present customary
distinctions between medical and surgical practice, and other special ''^''^ Medical
departments, were not generally observed, and jiatients were attended ' . .
indiscriminately, by any member of the Hosjjital staff who happened all Classes
at the time to be on duty. Each member apparently was considered of Patients
competent to treat all classes of cases that came into the institution, '"fiiscnmi-
and in grave cases the entire staff was required to be summoned in
consultation. It was the specialty of obstetrics which first was
officially recognized in iSio, when the Managers elected Dr. Thomas
Chalkely James and designated him especially as "Ph\'sician to the
Lying-in Department." With this exception, the members of the
medical staff, in the minutes referring to their appointments or resig-
nations, are designated either as "physicians" or "physicians and
surgeons" collectively, until the Managers at the meeting held Special
September 5, 1821, were led into making this distinction a permanent Practice
one in the institution, apparently, by the wording of the resignation "''^" ucei .
of Dr. Joseph Hartshorne, dated August 27 :
Be pleased to accept the resign.ation of my office as one of the Surgeons of
the Hospital and receive at the same time the Assurance of my best wishes for
the prosperity of the Institutidii and for the heallh and liappiness of each indi-
vidual of your Board.
Ordered, that at the Stated Meeting in the loth month next, the Board will
proceed to elect a Surgeon, to supply the vacancy occasioned by the resignation
of Dr. Hartshorne.
At the meeting in October, the following aj^ijears:
The Board haviiiK Rranted tlie request of Doctor Win. Price and transferred
Division him from the Medical to the SurRical Department lately vacated by the resigna-
of Medical tion of Doctor Hartshorne, preceded to fill the vacancy occasioned by the transfer
Service, of Doctor Price, when Dr. John Wilson .Moore was duly elected.
It appears from this minute that, in 1821, the staff had
already made the distinction between physicians and stirgeons, and
the Managers now officially recognized a Surgical department as
existing, although no [irevious reference to surgery as a special branch
of practice occurs on the records.
When the annual election of Physicians and Surgeons was held,
on May 12, 1823, the members of the staff were officially divided, for
the first time in the history of the Hospital. The results of the elec-
tion were entered upon the minutes as follows:
Physicians, John C. Otto. John W. Moore, Samuel Kmlen.
Surgeons. Joseph Parrish, Thomas T. Hewson, John Rhea Barton.
Physicians for the Lyin;;-in Department. Thomas C. James, John Moore.
From this time forward the same system of classification has
been followed, except, that when it was decided to finally close the
Lying-in wards, in 1854, physicians to this department ceased to be
elected at the annual meetings. In 1852, an additional physician and
surgeon were added to the staff, making it consist of four physicians
and four surgeons, which is the number at present composing the
medical staff of the Pine Street department.
In 1840, Dr. Thomas S. Kirkbride was elected Medical Sujjcrin-
tendent of the Insane Department, thus recognizing another specialty
in medical practice. Subsequently, the Managers elected a consulting
Special ^iQ^ff^ representing various specialties, in connection wiih the Insane
Departments _ r i ^ i^ • t^ i i
<t( M died Department. In the Out-Patient Dejjartment, also, tlie service is
Practice, divided up among the recognized departments of special practice.
From the beginning of the benevolent work of the Hosi)ilal, no
invidious distinctions of race, nationality, or color among patients
were observed or permitted, in fact in the matter of nativity nearly
every country and people appears to be represented. No questions
with regard to creed or religious belief were asked of those who
sought assistance within its walls, the spirit of the institution being
expressed by the emblem of the Good Samaritan upon its seal, who
was willing to find a neighbor in every one having need. Many
interesting extracts might be made from the Hospital records of rare
and curious cases of disease and injury, but for these the reader is
referred to the " Reports of the Pennsylvania Hospital," Vols. I and
II (published in 1868 and 1869), and "Surgery in the Pennsylvania
202
Hospital " (published in 1880), also to reports of clinical lectures
published in the current medical journals. Many quaint records of
cases belonging to a former era of the history of the Hospital appear
upon the minutes of the Board of Managers, some of which may be
found in a previous section.
Among the earliest patients were household servants, many of Kv.cordsof
whom were African slaves, belonging to citizens of Philadelphia. Early Cases.
The first to be entered was, " Aug. 6, 1752, a negro of Robert Raw-
linson's admitted at ten shillings per week under the care of Dr. Thos.
Bond." The second on the minutes, however, was not of this
character. The entry was as follows: " Mav 3. 1753, a poor free
QAt/,, S^.L/!//'
Order for Admission of Patient, sillied by Franklin and directed tu llie Matron.
negro man named Sambo admitted as a charity patient on application
of Doctor Shippen." May 12th, "A negro man belonging to Benjn.
Sweet of New Castle, named Mingo, was admitted at icf p. week,
a private patient of Dr. Thos. Bond's, who engages for payment, etc."
A curious discrimination, as it appears at the present day, was made
against a common skin disease, in the following case : "On Jan. 5,
1754, Conrad .-Xrmbruster, a poor man apply'd for admission, but
being examined by the Doctors, was not admitted, having the Itch."
It appears that leprosy in those days was considered more amenable
203
to treatment than the itch, tor we read, "May ^iS, 1759, Admitted
liUfrfstinK Simon Newtrobe, Leprous, a poore patient John Mease his security."
Inculfiit.-il 1'^^ present system of convalescent liosi)itals located in the
suburbs, or out in the coimtry, was foreshadowed in the next case,
which also shows that hygienic remedies were not despised, Aug.
2ist, 1754. " The Physicians being of o])inion that Sea-air and Salt-
water would be of great service to Robert Barrington, the matron was
ordered to provide him some necessaries and Samuel Rowland con-
sented to take him to Lewes."
The glimpses of historical facts afforded by the next items give
them unusual interest. Oct. 9, 1754. "a French deserter afflicted
with Remittent Fever" was admitted. "March 31, 1756, Admitted
David Howell, a poor Patient fro(Th Herks County, having a Clunshot
wound and fractured Bone in one .Arm done the 6lh inst. by the
Enemy Indians, James Biddle of said County Security." Also, later,
Oct. 3, 1764, "Admitted Margaret Sinclair, a ijoor patient, with
Disiness in the Head having been much abused by the Indians."
Oct. 30, 1759, "Admitted Wm. Bourdcaux a poor patient one of the
french Neutrals dangerously ill of the jnitrid fever." Feb. 25, 1760.
"Admitted Michael Butler, a Poor Patient, with Foul Ulcers he
came lately out of a French Prison, the present Managers his
Security." May 25, 1761, " Adiniuid Jose])li l'"al)re a French
Prisoner."
Patients, it ajipears, occasionally neglected to observe the
formality of a regular discharge. Thus, "May 6, 1756, John
Osbourn, being cured, marched off on the 17th instant, without being
regularly dismissed," and "June 28, 1765, Sarah Scott Run away
Cured." Januarys, 1757, " Absconded. William Craham Eloped Sth
inst. from the Hospital." Some of the diagnoses appear a little
peculiar, for instance, Feb'y 2, 1757, "admitted Philip Pedro, a
poor patient labouring under a Leucophlegmatic, at the request of Dr.
Kearsley, Senior," he soon afterwards "dyed." March 2, 1757,
"Admitted Andrew Way, a i)Oor Boy with a Bloody Excresence
on his Back, Mary Wistar, his Security." June 29, 1761, "Dyed,
Ann Brown, yesterday & buried yesterday Evening."
Some of the patients were polite enough to return thanks on
leaving the Hospital, and the fact is thought of such importance
(perhaps as establishing a precedent), that it is entered upon the
minutes. The following is an illustration of this and also shows that
the Managers could be inquisitive at times. "Jan. 18, 1758.
Discharged Michael Aspen as much relieved as the -\ir of the
Hospital would admit of; he returned thanks, & is continued as an
204
Out Patient. N. B. His Master Jacob Miller afterwards appeared
and acknowledged that Michael was his Apprentice. Query, how Admissions
came he admitted as poor & without pay ? " At the present day, the ^"^ ,
, , ,,.,,. „ . , , , Discharges
question might be asked, if this w^as a reflection upon the character of ^f Patients.
the " Air of the Hospital " or was the observation intended to apply
merely to the unsuitability of the patient to his surroundings?
The first time that the words " dollars " appears in the minutes
is in connection with the admission of a patient January 26, 1761,
" Elizabeth Bashfull a poor patient and an Asthma & Rheumatism,
paid the Steward 4 dollars for Security."
On April 25th, there was admitted " William Pierce a Soldier of
the Royal American with an Hydrops Ascitis Siccus, or Tympany,"
also on October 26, 1762, "Admitted a Negro Boy of John
Gilliland's with Guinea Worms in his feet." July 6th, "Admitted
Joseph Walker with a Scorbutic Habit iV Sinuous Ulcer in his Thigh,"
his board is to be recovered if possible, from " Capt. Jno. Morrison,
who (as he says) has been the cause of his Illness by beating and
other hard Treatment." The cases were principally acute diseases and
accidents. Chronic disease, however, was no bar to admission. The
first case of phthisis was received August 3, 1757, as we learn from
the following rninute, " .Admitted Samuel Steel (a poor patient) in a
Consumption. Mrs. Franklin his Security."
In 1758, several poor Indians were admitted, and the records
state that one named Moses Titany died, October 30th, of a " Tumor
in his Throat." Dec. 26, 1785, there was, "Admitted: Bucksam a Chi-
nese." July 30, 1787, "Levi Hollingsworth, having been charged
for the board of Oho Wa.ssing one of the Chinese Strangers now
represents the hardship thereof; as it was entirely thro' humanity he
was induced to give such security which being considered the Board
unanimously agree to extinguish the debt."
The case of Wm. Samuel should serve asa warning to all refractory
patients; he was (November 27, 1758) discharged "for refusing to
submit to the advice of the Physicians." Subsequently, several other
patients have had a similar experience.
The following is somewhat ambiguous: "March 31, 1760, —
Discharg'd James Romage being too Ancient to hope Success from
the Operation he returned thanks." Likewise, "June 30, 1760,
Dyed Catharine McCormick buried this day." Also, " May 28, 1764,
Admitted Elizabeth Bryan with a Female Fever." On the same
date, we learn of the admission of " Alexr. Freeze a poor Sailor with
the Rose Drop the Matron's Security," also of Leonard Baker a
poor Patient having his Bowels much Bruised;" also George
205
(iillinger '• with the dry (iripes." The following is a rare but not
Hi-tnii.ir improbable diagnosis: " July 30, 1 764, Admitted Mary Archibald a
Diauii.isis. p^jjj. p;,(jent iiyft of ilrinking of cold Water." Excess also appeared
to be the cause of this case, "Aug. 26, 1765, Discharged Out Patient
John Garswood a surfeit or stain ; " but the record is not explicit as
to its exact character. January 28, 1765, furnishes several items of
interest, thus: " Peter Forster Cured went away i.\: took no leave."
" Edward McCormick Cros'd in Love gave a note to pay when
able." It would be curious to trace the subsequent career of this
liatient to find out if he was eventually cured of his malady and if so
how much he paid the Hospital for his successful treatment. Anna
Goetz had " Histerick Passions her Son John Goetz her Security."
The Managers' careful guardianship over the interests of the Hospital
is revealed in numerous instances thus, (March 26, 1765): " Richard
Day admitted on pay his Jaw Broke being much abused by Philip
Bush who is bound over by the Mayor on whose recommendation Day
is received and it is expected he will Oblige Hush to pay the Charge."
Oct. 3, 1764, "Nameless a poor Patient much Wounded by ])ersons
unknown in this City in the Night."
Surgical operations were intended to be recorded in the operation-
book and rarely found their way to the minutes, but the following
was deemed sufficiently important to record in this place: "May
27, 1765, The Operation of Cutting James Child jun'r. for the stone
was this day successfully performed by Dr. Thomas Bond; when the
stone appeared to be as large as a Hen's Egg & weighed two ounces,
two drachms and one half"
First Also December 10, 1765, "On the loth day of Dec. 1765,3
opcratif.ii Stone Weighing 1 oz 5 drachms i-'j Inch Diameter i-yi in length
for Stone ^^^ extracted by Dr. T. Bond from a lad of about 7 years old."
in the
Blacldir. "^^ following is the first case of complete blindness recorded on
the minutes, and well illustrates the humanity of the Managers. A
minute under date of April 28, 1760, reads:
James Pemberton is Desir'd to insert an advertisement in the next " Gazette "
nolyfyinK that Catherine Smith, the Blind Child, about 10 Years of age, who has
been in this House for sometime past, it is now proposed should be bound out to
some person of approved Character who will undertake to instruct her in such
Business as she may be capable of, to enable her to earn her living, & that a com-
petent sum of Money is offer'd to be (jiven with her by the Provincial Commis-
sioners as a Reward for their Care, & Instruction of her, as likewise to describe
her IJisposition & particularly her Circumstance.
The following correspondence and official action thereon, show
conclusively the feelings of the Managers upon the subject of intem-
perance and the direct connection between abuse of alcoholic drinks
206
and disease, pauperism and crime, at a very early date in the present
century. Intcni|)eraiice
The Managers received tlie following communication from the '''■'■"K"i2''d as
Guardians of the Poor :
:( Cause of
III health
by the
Managers.
" At a special meeting of the board of Guardians of the l'<mr in tlie City and
liberties of Philadelphia, November 19, 1801.
"Whereas it is apprehended that lessening the number of Public houses
will have a direct tendency to check the increase of paupers and lessen tlie taxes
necessary for their support.
" J^esoh'ed that Ebenezer Hazard, Edward Pennington and John Cooke be a
committee to confer with such Committee as may be appointed by the Managers
of the Pennsylvania Hosjiital and the Inspectors of the Prison on the subject
of an application to the Mayor's Court and Court of Quarter Sessions recpiesting
them to lessen the number of ])ublic houses in the City and liberties and that
the said Committee unite with those other Committees in drafting and presenting
such address.
" Extract from the minutes. John Biddle, Sec'rj'."
The Managers sensible of the great injury the increased number of public
houses and tippling houses are of to the community and that many of the diseases
in the Pennsylvania Hospital are principally owing to the intemperance of those
who frequent them, do agree in .sentiment with the Guardians of the Poor on the
propriety of presenting a remonstrance against them to the Mayor's Court and
the Court of Quarter Sessions and for the purpose effecting a co-operation with
them and the Inspectors of the Prison if possible to suppress them, the Managers
appoint John Dorsey, Zaccheus Collins and Paschall Hollingsworth to unite with
the Committee of Guardians and such Committee as the said Inspectors may
name to prepare a suitable remonstrance on the occasion.
The Committee on the memorial to the Courts of Quarter Sessions and to the
Mayor's Courts report — they presented the following which was afterwards sup-
jjorted by several petitions to the same effect from a number of citizens :
To llie Mayor's Coiirl of the City of Philadelphia,
The Guardians of the Poor in the City of Philadelphia,
The Inspectors of the Prison for the City and County of Philadelphia, and
The Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital,
by their cominittees appointed for this purpose, — Respectfully stutc
That your Memorialists are seriously alarmed by the rapid increa.se of the Houses,
number of the objects of their Care and have been hereby led to a consideration
both of the causes thereof and the consequences necessarily resulting therefrom.
Among the former they find intemperance to be the principal and most com-
mon ; and that this is greatly promoted by taverns and other licensed Houses for
retailing spirituous liquors having become unnecessarily numerous. The latter
are too obvious to need a particular detail but your Memorialists deem it not
imjjroper to state as the result of their own observation and inquiries that almost
all crimes, the poverty and distress of individuals and families, various diseases
and some in their most dreadful forms, and a very great increase of ta.xes are
among them. Under the impressions made \i\mn their minds by this view of the
Subject your Memorialists feel it a duty specially incumbent on them to make
this representation to the Court and to add their earnest entreaties that the num-
ber of taverns and other licensed |)ublic houses in the city may be nnuh reduced.
.Appeal to
.Authorities
to lessen the
number of
Public
207
The foregoiiiK was aurt-iil upon, si>;in.-<l l>y llii.-<lilTiriiU ciiniinitu-i'!^ and prcsciiU-d
to the proper authorities on December i6, iHoi.
John Dorsky.
Zacxiikis Collins.
PASCHALL Hl»LLINi;SWl)KTH.
The illustration is a co|)y of one of the early admission cards :
Karly
Form of
Admission
Card.
wv-^-K^
ri>:;»
a^-gyt^y Jf-ir^V^d^i^ being afllidcd villi .«_ ^cri^- *y^»
ii a projicr rtu'cni for ihc PcnnfjV.'ani* Mofpiiil, K^jH/ii^. »■.»>» ^ ^ •■»*
.WuJi.. -.
i^tt. ^ vUci-^ty "— >
^•.
?
■A
v^ (M t-* f'-t-u
'fjlvini* Ho'pii.nl » n^ ,
wjlb at Icaft kvt J/Li
bting njmincii a P.iiiait inio ili< Pcnn>
■R«joeft, uac do hcxtliy proinlfi; :o proviJc ^''"■-
♦i and oibcr Cloihiii);, fii.TKicir, r.n.I fuiiabic for
\
kl\ Ufc \thi!c thtrc; to pay to Jofqih Htinzcy, Stc»-yd of lUc faid Hcfpiul,
or 10 \\n Sijcccfiiir in OllJcc, /m* i-t\vvvi.rrf»'.
' to caufc. '■■»■•
per \Wfc Ux UoarJ, dining <U. Conl^nuanre iKcrc J
removed whin uifcliargt.! -, aiid Co pay the Expciif.- of Burial,, if f^t die the
Wn.N):Si »-... Iland.ithc u'^ Uav of J„ Y„ I,.,, ^
to be
there.
ADMIT ^v-v cj
oicLi^i.^ — a I'au^mt into tbc Pcnr.ff Ivaija
7r
The following is the text of the original rules regulating the
admission of patients, adopted at the January meeting in 1752 :
RfLES AGREED TO BV THE MANAGERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL KOR
THE ADMISSION AND DISCHARGE OF PATIENTS.
First, That no patients shall be admitted, whose cases are judged incurable,
lunaticks e.xcepted ; nor any whose cases do not require the particular conven-
iences of an Hospital.
208
Secondly, That no person, having the smallpox, the itch, or other infectious
distempers, shall be admitted, until there are proper apartments prepared for the Rules
reception of such as are afflicted with those diseases ; and if any such persons rc<'ulatin<'
should be inadvertently admitted, they shall forthwith be discharged. Admissions
Thirdly, That Women having young children shall not be received, unless and
their children are taken care of elsewhere, that the Hospital may not be Discharges
burthened with the maintenance of such children, nor the patients disturbed with
their noise.
Fourthly, That all persons desirous of being admitted into the Hospital (not
inhabitants of Philadelphia) must, before they leave the place of their abode, have
their cases drawn up in a plain manner and sent to the Managers, together with a
certificate from a Justice of Peace, and the overseer or overseers of the poor of the
township in which they reside, that they have gained a residence in such township,
and are unable to pay for medicines and attendance ; to which an answer shall
speedily be returned, informing them whether and when they may be admitted.
All persons emploj-ed in drawing up their cases, are desired to be particular in
enumerating the symptoms, and to mention the patient's age, sex, and place of
abode, with the distance from the city of Philadelphia.
Fifthly, That all persons who have thus obtained a letter of license to be
received into the Hospital, must be there at the time mentioned for their recep-
tion and bring with them that letter, and must likewise deposit in the hands of
the treasurer so much money, or give such security, as shall be mentioned in their
respective letters of license, to indemnify the Hospital, either from the expense of
burial, in case they die, or to defray the expense of carrying them back to their
place of abode and that the\' may not become a charge to the city.
Sixthly, If the several persons, not excluded by the preceding exceptions,
are applying when they cannot be received, without exceeding the number
allowed by the managers to be entertained at one time in the Hospital, the
preference will be given, when the cases are equally urgent, first to such as are
recommended by one or more of the contributors, members of this Corporation,
residing in the township to which the poor persons belong ; secondly, to those who
stand first in the list of applications ; but if some cases are urgent, and others
can admit of delay, those with the most urgent symptoms shall be preferred.
Seventhly, Notwithstanding such letters of license, if it shall appear by a
personal examination of any of the patients that their cases are misrepresented,
and that they are improper subjects of the Hospital, the Managers shall have the
power of refusing them admission.
Eighthly, That at least one bed shall be provided for accidents that require
immediate relief.
Ninthly, That if there shall be room in the Hospital to spare, after as many
poor patients are accommodated as the interest of the capital stock can support,
the managers shall have the liberty of taking in other patients ; at such reason-
able rates as they can agree for ; and the profits arising from boarding and
nursing such patients, shall be appropriated to the same uses as the interest
monney of the publick stock. Provided, that no such persons, under pretence of
coming to board in the Hospital, shall be admitted, unless, on the first applica-
tion made on his behalf, a certificate be produced from the overseer or overseers
of the poor of the township in which he lives, of his having gained a residence in
the said township ; and unless sufficient security be given to the Managers to
indemnify the city and Hospital from all charges and expenses whatever, occa-
sioned by his removing hither.
209
TeiUlily, Tluil lliosi; who are taken iiitu the Ildspital at a private expense,
Manaeirs' "'"'>' «^"'I>'"y '"'>' physicians or surgeons they desire.
Rules for Eleventhly, That all persons who have been admitted into the Hospital, shall
Patients, be discharged as soon as they are cured, or, after a reasonable time of Tryal, are
judged incurable.
Twelfthly, That all patients when cured, sijjn certificates of their particular
cases, and of the benefit they have received in this Hospital, to be either pub-
lished or otherwise disposed of, as the managers may think proper.
Thirteenthly, That no patient go out of the Hospital without leave from
one of the physicians or surgeons, first signified to the matron : That they do not
swear, curse, get drunk, behave rudely or indecently, on pain of expulsion after
the first admonition.
Fourteenthly, That no patients jiresume to play at cards, dice, or any other
game within the Hospital, or to beg any where ill the city of Pliilaiklpliia, on
pain of being discharged for irregularity.
Fifteenlhly, That such patients as are liable, shall assist in nursing others ;
washing and ironing the linen, washing and cleaning the rooms, and such other
services as the matron shall require.
The foregoing rules were agreed to by a board of Managers of the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital, the twenty-third day of the first month (January) 1752.
Bknj.\min Franklin, Clerk.
We do approve of the foregoing rules,
W'.M. .\i.LKN, Oiief JhsIuc.
Isaac Nokris, Speatti- of the Assembly.
Tknch Francis, Allormy- General.
A rule was established by the Managers January 25, 1762, which
enlarged the scope of their charitable work. It was
Agreed that hereafter the Applications made by the Overseers of the Poor of
any of the Townships within this Province for the Admission of Patients into this
Hospital, if their cases are adjudged i)ro|>er, they shall be taken in free of Charge
for their Maintenance.
While such had not been the original intention when the Hosiiital
was founded, the Managers had heretofore exacted from outlying
townships a certain guarantee for board of the poor sent to the
institution. This had been the rule, even with the indigent of Phila-
del])hia, none were admitted without requiring some security, in case
of death, for the removal of the body. Often when some ])oor stranger
claimed the hospitality and care of the institution, with no one to
act as security, one of the Managers or some other charitable citizen,
pro forma, signed the admission i)a];er.
All Classes The desire of doing good to all, irrespective of color or con-
cared for dition, seemed to animate every one connected with the Hospital
from its beginning. That no difference was made in favor of i)ay
patients will be evident from the following minutes made February
29, 176S:
Hesok'ed, Tliat Ihc P;iy I'atiLiits now in the Mouse and those who art- here-
after Admitted be accommodated with no other Provisions for their Diet tlian the Diet.
Other Patients, and any Extraordinary necessaries they require, Such as Tea,
Loaf Sugar, Coffee, Chocolate, Wine or Spirits, they provide at their own Expence.
It is recorded on the minutes, May 7, 1752, that an Indian
having been found ill near the home of Isaac Norris, the latter
reported the case to the Managers, who immediately took action in
the matter, appointing John Reynell and Samuel Rhoads in con-
junction with the physicians to consider it, "and if they find he
cannot be otherwise suitably provided for, it is agreed that he may , , ,'
be admitted into the Hospital." Upon investigation, Samuel Rhoads
reported that John Reynell and he had visited the sick Indian and
that " Isaac Norris had provided a place for him."
The want of personal security did not deter any deserving, poor
person, however, from receiving the benefits of Hospital treatment.
Here are two of the many instances on record: October 3, 1764,
" John Bryan a poor person was admitted with large ulcers, a pair of
buckles his security." On September 28, 17S5, " a poor sailor was
admitted \vith Rheumatism, his chest of cloathes, his security."
On June 23, 179S,
The Managers in full consideration of the Fifth rule for the admission and
discharge of Patients, agree that the same be repealed so far as relates to
requiring the security for the funeral Charges of poor Patients to which agree-
ment the approbation of the Chief Justice, Speakers of the .\ssembly and State
Attorney is solicited.
On February 26, 1810, the following amended rules were adopted,
making more easy the admission of poor patients in future :
ist. Recent Accidents such as wounds and bruises may be received at all \mended
times without Security provided they happen in Pennsylvania and are brought to Rules for
the House within twenty-four hours after the accident. .-Vdmissions
2nd. Pregnant women of our own State, who are poor, and proper objects
for admission into the Hospital, may be received without security, e.xcept for the
removal of themselves and children when discharged. The Maintenance of the
Mothers, and their infants, including Cloathing, when nescessary, to be charged
to the income of the Cavalry Fund, and in Case that proves insufficient, to the
general fund of the House.
3rd. The Attending Managers may sign in behalf of the Hospital as security
for other poor Patients for Cloathing in Cases of absolute necessity if it will not Hospital
exceed twenty-five dollars in any two months of the year; but if it should so to provide
happen that a part of the said allowances of twenty-five dollars for any two Clothing and
months sliould remain unexpended the surplus may be expended in the succeed- pay Funeral
ing months of the same year Provided that a whole year not more than one hun- Expenses,
dred and fifty dollars be allowed for cloathing and the usual security be always
taken to remove the Patients when required.
4th. .-Ml funeral expenses of the Poor of our own State shall be charged to the
Hospital.
Tlie liberal spirit of the Managers is shown by their course with
Free regard to free vaccination. March 28, 180S, the Secretary of
\accination gQ^rd of Managers was directed " to give ]niblic notice in the news-
papers that the Poor of Pennsylvania shall be vaccinated gratis, if
they will call at the Hospital." Again on March 27, 1809, it is agreed
"to advertise the Poor from the Cit\- and Country to come to the
Hospital where they will be vaccinated gratis." Previous to this
Inoculation time, inoculation was practised by the physicians of the Hospital,
for Smallpox composing the Medical Staff; but as infectious diseases were not
anionf; , • , , , , ■ , .,., • .
Oiit-Paticnts admitted, the patients were treated at their homes. 1 he statistics are
incomplete, but the following is of some historical interest :
During the year 1 799-1800, among the outside patients were
treated: 109 cases of "inoculated" smallpo.x, of which 68 were
cured, 1 failed. 6 cases of " natural " smalljiox were also attended.
Clothiiii; The physicians to the Pennsylvania Hospital on November 25,
from the 181 2, recommended the managers " to apply three hundred dollars of
p "^'1 ''^^ niedical fund towards clothing of such poor patients, wljo cannot
find the usual security for that necessary article" ; again on April 25,
181 4, the physicians agreed to appropriate one thou-sand dollars to
be taken out of the niedical fund •' for supply of clothing to indigent
patients."
Colored The Committee on Economy, on January 29, 1827, were charged
Female to " jtrepare an apartment for the accommodation of coloreil female
Patients, patients in which ihcy may be more suitably provided than they are at
present."
Directions April 9, 1757, Tom, a negro, belonging to Joseph Wharton, "an
Concerniii;; honest slave," was the first jjatient who died in the new Hosijital. On
Deceased jsfovember 26, 1766, the matron was given particular directions that
Patients
bodies of the patients who die, should be taken into the Upper Hall
to be laid out in a suitable apartment there to be provided for that
jnirpose.
It was " Resolved, that when the Physicians shall conclude it
Autopsies necessary to open the bodies of any of the dead, that they ])reviously
consult the sitting managers thereon and obtain their consent."
In the course of years, disputes have occasionally arisen between
The Law of the physicians of the Hospital and the Coroner of the City of Phila-
Coroncr's delphia, with regard to the relative rights of each ])arty to make
" ' *" ' autopsies upon patients dying from injury, whether recent or remote.
The following valuable contribution to the discussion of the duties of
the office of the Coroner arose in this way : in the case of a woman
named Elizabeth Taylor, who had been accidentally burnt about her
body and died in the Hospital, in consequence thereof, a week after her
admission, the Coroner of Philadelphia asserted his right to make a
post-mortem examination.
The latter in an official communication, dated September 28,
1840, addressed the Board as follows :
The responsibility of an oath makes it an imperative duty on my part to call Communica-
your attention to the fact, that many persons who die in the Hospital, the victims tion from the
of accident, are buried without my knowledge. Now I believe that the law Coroner,
makes it the duty of the Coroner to hold an inquest over the bodies of persons
who die from casualties.
In another letter he gives a list of authorities in support of his
claim that "all deaths from accidents or casualties fall under the
notice of the Coroner," without regard to " the nature of the casual-
ties or the time that may elapse preceding death."
This claim was opposed by the Managers and Horace Binney,
Esq., of the Philadelphia Bar, was requested to inform the Board
concerning the utmost limit of the duty of the Coroner.
Mr. Binney, in a full report dated November 7, 1840. (which
will here be given in a somewhat condensed form), denied this claim
and declared that the authorities cited did not support it. The sudden-
ness of the death is more essential than its accidental character. The
right to jurisdiction of the Coroner, therefore, in a death from
casualty, is not inherent, but in each case is due to attendant circum-
stances.
After briefly reviewing several points raised by the Coroner's
correspondence, Mr. Binney proceeded to summarize the law upon
the subject and then advised the Managers with regard to their duty
in case of violent or accidental deaths, as follows :
The office of Coroner, it may be remarked, derives its name from the circum- Opinion of
stance, that it has principally to do with Pleas of the Crown, or such in which y^j. Bjnnev.
the King is more immediately concerned.
The judicial powers belonging to the office, have altogether perhaps a refer-
ence to the rights and duties of the crown. If the death of a person involves a
homicide, the Coroner intervenes to hold an inquest, that those who are culpable
may be brought to justice in the king's courts ; and if the case is one in which
the party is/elo de se, the inquest is necessary or e.\pedient to secure the forfeit-
ure which follows the act ; and if it be a case neither of homicide nor suicide, it
is the Coroner's duty to inquire whether there be not a deodand in consequence
of the death, to the king, or to the lord of the franchise under him.
These objects and ends of the office, may be regarded as limitations of its
judicial power in England, e.\cept in the case of persons dying in prison, where,
from a salutary suspicion that the death of all persons who are in the custody of
a gaoler, may be brought about by violence or oppression, the law requires an
inquest by the Coroner in every case, without regard to its circumstances. With
respect to prisons, general suspicion supplies the place of particular suspicion.
In other cases, it would seem reasonable to require the e.xistence of some
particular grounds of suspicion, that the case is one which it concerns tlie office
of the Coroner to inquire into, for some of the purposes I have mentioned.
Mr. Binncy In renard to those cases where the whole end of the Coroner's inquiry is to
on the ascertain whether there be a forfeiture by suicide, or a deodand from a death by
Duties of the casualty, it is worthy of grave consideration, whether the powers of a Coroner
Coroner, have not been m.aterially modified in Pennsylvania, by those provisions of our
Constitution, which take away all forfeitures in such cases. I do not mean to
consider that question at this time ; but I may remark, that since the proper
functions of a Coroner under the Stat. 4 Edw. I., and at the common law, have
not been enlarged in this State, and probably have been restricted, no reason-
able objection can be urged .igainst their being limited here at least as much as
they are in Kngland ; and that I think will be sufficient for the present inquiry.
I regaril the Knglish authorities as settling the point, that e.MCept in cases of
prisoners, the Coroner should hold an in<|uest only where there has been a I'ioUnI
and tinnalinat death, or reasonable suspicion of such a death ; and that an
accident superinducing disease and death, .it the enil of days and weeks, is not
a case for an inquest.
In Sir Kdward Hyde East's Crown Law, his commentary upon the duties of
the Coroner is as follows :
" First, the (Coroner's) inquiry is to be ma<le when commanded by the King's
bailifl's or by honest men of the country, upon such as be slain or suddenly dead
or wounded. This power is however to be exercised w itliin the limits of a soun<l
discretion. There ought at least to be a reasonable suspicion that the party came
to his death by I'inlenl and tinnaliiral means ; for if the <leath. however su<Ulen,
were from fever, or other .apparent visitation of God, there is no occasion (with
the exception before mentioned in the case of prisoners) for the Coroner's inter-
ference. .And the Court of King's Bench on two several occasions within my
own memory, bl.amed the Coroners of Norfolk and Anglesey, for holding repeated
and unnecessary inquests, for the sake of enhancing their fees, on bodies and
parts of bodies of persons unknown, which were cast upon the seashore, without
the smallest probability or suspicion of the deaths having happened in any other
manner, than by the unfortunate perils of the sea." (i East's Pleas of the Crown,
382, ch. 6, sec. 7.)
Now, from this paragraph, it is obvious that death by drowning is not of
itself a case for the Coroner, without more, that is to say, without suspicion of
violent and unnatural means, namely, by the party himself or by some other
person. I'iolcnl and nnnatural means imply force, not of the elements, but of
other agency ; and when sudden death is the consequence, the case calls for
inquiry, though in the end it may turn out to have been a death by misadventure
only. Sir Edw. East cites the cases by name, in which the King's Bench blamed
the Coroners for e.xceeding their authority ; and he then proceeds with a more
apposite case .as follows: "One Harrison, Coroner of the County of Cumber-
land, was convicted for e.xtortion in his office, in taking a sum of money for not
holding an inquest on the body of a young woman, which he had no authority for
doing. On the defendant's being brought up for judgment, the circumstances of
the case appeared to be. that the party had by accident broken her leg. which
was afterwards amputated ; and after some weeks, she died in consequence of
the fever attending it, and was buried. Some days after, the Coroner threatened
to have the body taken up, and an inquisition taken on it, unless a certain sum
were paid. For which offence the court sentenced him to pay a fine of ^100, to
be imprisoned si.x months, and to be removed from his office. And Mr. Justice
Grose in passing sentence said, that t.\w i^oronvr under tliese circumstances had
214
no preleiue or autliority for taking any iiiquisilion at all; but if the case had
warranted his so doing, he was equally criminal in having extorted money to
refrain from doing his office." ( The King v. Harrison, 40 (ieo. 3 ; i East P. C.
ch. vi. sec. 7, p. 382.)
I need not remark how full this authority (and it is the authority of the
highest criminal court in England), is against the Coroner's claim of jurisdiction
asserted in his letters, where he admits no exception from "the nature of the
casualty, or the time that may elapse preceding death." Nor need I show how
perfectly analogous is the description of the case where Harrison unlawfully
asserted his authority, to that of the girl who was accidently burned, and died a
week after in the hospital.
This is not a modern law. The doctrine is Lord Hale's also whose name is
of itself authority. His language is as follows: " Regularly, the Coroner hath no
power to take inquisitions, but touching the deatli of a man, and persons subito
viorltiis, and some special incidents thereunto." (2 Hale's P. C. 57.) Lord Hale
then cites the following case. " If any person dies suddenly, though it be of a
fei'er, an<l the township bury him before the Coroner be sent for, the whole town-
ship shall be amerced." (Iter Norlh. Coron. 119.) And upon this case he
remarks : " Nolo, this case is misprinted. I have seen an ancient transcript at
large of the Iter of Northpton and perused this very case, which in libra meo
(. 52, b., is morusl lie y'eyme, \\z., starved by hunger; for though a man dies
suddenly of a fever or apople.xy, or other visitation ol God, the township shall
not be amerced ; for then the Coroner should be sent for in every case ; but if it
be an unnatural and violent death, then indeed, if the Coroner be not sent for to
view the body, the town shall be amerced." (2 Hale's P. C. 57.)
He proceeds, at page 62, " Now sudden violent deaths, which are all within
the Coroner's office to inquire, are of these kinds: i. Exvisilalione dei. 2. per
infortunium, where no other had a hand in it, as if a man falls from a house or
cart. 3. By his own hand, as felo de se. 4. By the hand of another man,
where the offender is not known. 5. By the hand of another, where he is known,
whether by murder, manslaughter, se defendendo, ox per infortunium."
There may be thought to be some inconsistency between these two citations,
as visitations of God are e.xcluded by the first and included by the second ; but
there is no inconsistency. In the first. Lord Hale speaks of sudden deaths in the
known course of nature, as fever or apoplexy ; in the second, he speaks of
sudden violent deaths which are out of the usual course of nature.
The sudden deaths within the Coroner's jurisdiction, niay be inferred from
another authority cited by Hale, 2 vol. 58, to this effijct. " If the Coroner have
notice, and comes not in convenient time to view the body, and take his inqui-
sition upon the death of him that dies suddenly, and therefore upon a present-
ment by the grand inquest of a death by misadventure, if the like presentment
be not in the Coroner's roll, he shall be fined and imprisoned." 3 E. 3, Coron.
292. So that the sudden deaths cognisable by the Coroner, must be, at least,
death by misadventure, per infortunium, which is one of the classes of sudden
L-iolent deaths eniunerated by Lord Hale. ^
The same limitation is expressed in i Burns' Justice, 432 tit. Coroner, " when
it happens that any person comes to an unnatural death, the township shall give
notice thereof to the Coroner : otherwise if the body be interred before he come, the
township shall be amerced." And by Holt, C. J., " it is a matter indictable to bury
a man that dies a I'iolent death before the Coroner's inquest have sat upon him."
I have already remarked how all the directions of Stat. 4 Edw. i, imply the
suspicion of violence, not only in the case of the slain, but of the drowned, and
suddenly dead.
21=;
The only iliflioiilty which atu-ndK the inquiry, is what constitutes in the eye
Mr. Binnev '^^ ''"•" '""' " ■*"'/''<" death, hy such means. A death from wounds, inflicted by
on tlie »"o*lH'r, tliou^h it may not immediately follow, may be a fit case for a Coroner's
Duties of the '"qut^st ; and the Stat. 4 Kdw. I., e.\|>ressly requires that the Coroner " shall Ko
Coroner. '« '''e places where any be slain or suddenly dead, or :<o««(/<-(/," which in this
part of the statute may mean the dead who have been wounded, without reRard
to the suddenness of the <le.ath ; and the violence is certainly a fit subject of
investigation, though the death be not in common apprehension siidi/in. On this
distinction, I find nothing in the Uioks which treat of this subject. But where
the case is clear and unsuspected casualty, and the death of the party follows at
the end of days or weeks, by fever, by intlammntion, or by other morbid derange-
ment produced by the accident, it is one free from all claim of jurisdiction by the
Coroner, in point of law, l)ecause it wants both the t'io/fiii and iitinaliiral niiaiis,
and Ihf suddtn dialh. If this ground of discrimination is not sound, then, as the
Coroner says, every casualty produciuK death after any interval of time, and of
course producing it directly or indirectly— the prick of a pin producing lock-jaw
— scalding water from a tea-kettle producing inflammation — a broken leg produc-
ing fever— and ending in death at the end of a month or six months, all these are
cases for the Coroner ; and then, as Lord Hale remarks, the Coroner must be
sent for in every case. What, I would ask, is the benefit of such a doctrine to
the community? And it is for the public that the office is instituted among us,
and not for the Coroner or any one else ? Where there is no suspicion of i-iolent
and unnatural mians, why investigate the death, however sudden ? When the
party lives for days and explains the casualty, and still there is no cause what-
ever of suspicion, why burden the county with an unnecessary expense? Per-
sons dying in prison, whom their friends cannot approach to hear their com-
plaints, deserve the protection of a general posl morttni inquiry for all persons in
their condition. But what security do persons require who are accidentally hurt,
more than they have in the access of their friends, and in their exemption from
all restraint upon their complaints or communications? I am wholly unable to
perceive any reasonable ground for the Coroner's claim in the case of the acci-
dentally burnt girl, and I apprehend, moreover, that it is directly against the
case of The Kin;; v. Harrison before cited.
What the practice of Coroners in this county has been, it is not easy to say,
nor shouUl I place much reliance upon it whatever it may have been, since it has
been su1)stantially sub silenlio, except in the few cases in which their inquests
implicate living persons criminally, none else receiving judicial notice ; and
in such cases the Coroner's jurisdiction being undoubted. It is an office particu-
larly liable to irregularities, from the fact that few persons care to investigate the
claim of jurisdiction, since the county pays for its exercise. I do not entertain
the opinion, however, that the Coroner can have any jurisdiction by practice, that
he has not by the settled principles of law.
Having a view then to the class of cases occurring or likely to occur in the
Pennsylvania Hospital, and adverting to the wish of the Managers to have an
expression of my opinion upon the Coroner's jurisdiction in such cases generally,
I state it as follows :
I. In regard to persons who have suffered recent injury from violence, and
are brought at once into the Hospital, and die there suddenly, in the plain sense
of that expression, I advise them that the Coroner has jurisdiction, and that they
should give him notice of the death a reasonable time before interment.
II. In regard to such as may be brought there, who have been wounded, that
is to say, stabbed, or shot, or cut, or beaten by another, and shall afterwards die,
216
I advise the Hospital in like manner to give tlie notice, and to submit to the
Coroner's jurisdiction, without regard to the time tliat may elapse before death.
III. But in regard to cases of accidental injury, broken limbs, burns, bruises,
and the like, where the patient does not die suddenly, but lives days or weeks,
and then dies from fever, inflammation, or other morbid affection caused by the
injury, and where there is no groinid of reasonable suspicion that the injury
involves any person in criminality, I advise that the Hospital is under no obliga-
tion to give notice of the death to the Coroner, and that the Coroner has no right
to hold an inquest on the body.
IV. In cases of sudden death by apople.xy, and the like, among the patients
in the house, there being no cause whatever to suspect violence and unnatural
means, the Coroner has clearly no right to hold an inquest, and I do not under-
stand him to assert such a right.
At the next meeting, held November 30, 1840, the above
opinion was presented.
The Secretary reports that, in pursuance of the resolution of the Board at
the last stated meeting, he has obtained the written opinion of Horace Binney,
Esq., on the jurisdiction of the Coroner ; and that, in answer to a note from the
Secretary as to his fee for the same, he has received the following from Mr. Binney:
" G. Roberts Smith, Esq. November 13, 1840.
"Dear Sir: — I beg the Hospital to accept my Opinion as a contribution by me
to their work of benevolence.
" I remain truly yours,
" Horace Binney."
On motion, Resolved, That a copy of this Opinion be inserted on the minutes,
and that a copy be also furnished to the Coroner.
On motion, Resolved, unanimously. That the thanks of the Managers be
tendered to Mr. Binney for his Opinion and the generous manner in which
it has been given.
The following brief items will exhibit the aid extended, by the Charity
Hospital, to lunatics and indigent patients : Patients.
Jan'y 27, 1806, That 18 lunatics may be admitted, as paupers, in ail ; but no
sitting manager to exceed that number.
Nov. 30, 1807, That the poor list be e.\tended so as to admit 20 poor lunatics
at one time, making on the whole 47 poor patients to be so admitted.
May 9, 1808, Agreed that 50 paupers may hereafter be admitted into the
Hospital at one time ; of this number not more than 20 are to be lunatics.
July 31, 1809, That 60 poor jjatients may be admitted at one time of whom 23
only are to be lunatics.
Jan'y 27, 1S17, That the number of poor patients to be hereafter admitted at
any time into the Hospital be increased to 65 of whom 25 may be insane.
July 28, 1823, The subject of increasing the number of Poor patients to 90 of
whom 32 may be insane was again called up and after consideration, adopted.
Aug. 3, 1829, The attending managers authorized to receive into the Hospital
six lunatic patients in addition to the number of Poor Insane patients at present
allowed upon tlie Charity of the Institution, said patients to be recent cases and
to be removed by their securities at the end of six months if not cured.
July 26, 1S30, Resolved, that no insane patient be hereafter admitted on the
permanent list without the consent of the Board but as vacancies occur, the
attending managers may admit such cases for six months.
217
A disposition being manifested by the City authorities to have their
pauper patients treated at the Hos])ital, an extended corresijondcnce
arose on the subject which is here considerably condensed from the
several entries as they appear upon tlie Minutes of the Hoard of
Managers :
Mcilic;il ami At ;"' farly date, July 22. 17^1. the Managers of the I'liilailelphia t'ity Alms-
SurKical house and House of Kniploymenl, requested " that their sick Paupers may be
Cases occasionally admitted into the Hospital as pay patients at the rate of a Spanish
received into "liU'd dollar ^er week." The hospital hoard of Managers agreed at the rate of a
the Hospital dollar and one-third said specie and subsequently it was agreed to receive them
from the for ten shillings per week. On May 28, 1787, the rate was reduced to eitjht
Philadelphia shillings and four pence ; the Almshouse beiuK at this time, indebted to the
.Almshouse. Hospital ^'648. It was then attain requested that the rate of board be
reduced, which, being considered by the Hospital mana);ers, they declined to
make any alteration for the present in the price or terms of admission. On
December 7, 1789, it was found that on "June ist last the Almshouse was in debt
to the Hospital for maintenance of their sick ^^945, los., which beinn; placed in
Attorney's hands for collection, atrial was obtained on February 12. 1791, when
the Almshouse managers, finding the evidence submitted proved they had con-
tracted to ]>ay at the rates and prices deltited to them, admitted the ecpiity of the
account and consented that a verdict should be given for ^1014, due February
24, 1790. The point at issue was the objection of the Almshouse to the legality of
the Hospital's charging for the board of patients wh(j were residents of Pennsylva-
nia, alleging that the hospital funds were e.xclusively intended for that descrii)tion
of people and that the Hospital had no right to take foreigners on charity, or the
inhabitants of other Stales. The matter was fully argued before the Court, but
not finally decided, on the Court being adjourned to the 3d of the following
March. " The managers had reason to believe it would be determined liberally in
their favor as they have a right to consider all persons meeting with c.-isualities
in the Roads or Streets, or i)erishing with sickness in the State, as the poor of
Pennsylvania without e.xception ; but if they are immediately sent from the
neighboring State for the e.xpress pur|)ose of being supported in the hospital they
ought not to be admitted."
On .April 20, 1799, the Managers informed the Almshouse authorities they had
room for si.v patients, il they had any diseased persons in their House, whom the
I)hysicians of the Hospital should think proper subjects, they wouUI willingly
receive them witlumt l>ay. The .Almshouse managers accede<i to the proposition,
with delight, in the hope that their maniacs wouhl be selected, which was not the
proposition of the Hospital. The matter led to correspondence and several con-
ferences; the hospital committee fully e.viilained to the Almshouse managers the
reason why they could not admit their poor patients in the manner and upon the
unreasonable terms which they had proposed. It was finally agreed that the
managers of the Hospital should consider, and make known, the lowest rate at
which the sick patients of the Almshouse would be received into the Pennsylvania
hospital. On December 19. 1801, they submitted the following : " ist, The Hospital
will take from the managers of the Almshouse all such pay patients as the hos-
pital physicians consider as proper cases to be received therein at 225 cents per
week. 2d, That all their pay jiatients who are now in the house shall be charged
at the same price. 3d, The accounts shall be settled at the end of every 3 months.
4th, If the foregoing proposals are not agreed to, the terms of atlmission shall not
be altered from three dollars a week until further order is taken llureon."
218
On Dec. 28, 1801, Tlif Managers of tlu' Almsliouse made answer that they coulfl
not ajjree to the proposal, but it was prol)able that a conference would remove Corresjion-
the impediments. At a conference, held Jany 12, 1802, the objections made to the dence
proposals of the hospital managers were considered and removed with exce])tion between
of the first, for which the Almshouse Committee prepared the following substi- ciuardians
tute : " Resolved that the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital will take from andMana^^ers
the Managers of the Almshouse all their lunatics and such other pay patients as concerning
may be considered curable cases and proper for admission into the said Hospital Transfer of
(agreeable to its Rules) at 225 cents per week for each of them for one year." Patients from
The Almshouse Committee also proposed to the Managers of the Pennsylvania city Alms-
Hospital. " that they shall cause to be attended all their Patients who may be in the house to the
Almshouse, by the Hospital Physicians, gratis; and that they shall be supplied Hospital,
with medicines except liquors at the expense of the Hospital."
On Jany 25, 1802, all conference on the subject was terminated by a minute
of the Almshouse board, that they " are of opinion it will not be advisable to
remove the sick from this house to the Hospital upon the terms jiroposed by the
Managers of that Institution inasmuch as it will occasion a very great and as we
conceive unjustifiable increase of our expenses." OnJany3i, 1803, a communi-
cation was received from the Almshouse board requesting a conference w-ith the
Managers of the Hospital on the admission of Paupers into said hospital and
asking the appoititment of committee of conference. A conference was held
Feb. 28, 1S03, when the Almshouse committee submitted the following minute
containing the objections of the Guardians of the Poor to the terms of admission
for their sick patients, viz. : " Whereas it has been Customary for the Managers
of the Pennsylvania Hospital to admit diseased j)aupers into their house for cure,
provided the Guardians of the Poor will engage to furnish them with Cloathes and
pay funeral expenses in case of their death, and such engas;einpnls involve the
Guardians in unnecessary, and in case of non-residents perhaps in unjustifiable,
Expense and at the same time .f^cr// the account of the Guardians ichile (he 7cho!e
crcdil results to the Managers of the Hospital. Resolved, that in Future No
Guardian sign Sttch Enga^euient io the Hospital y The Almshouse Committee
was informed of the reasons upon which the rules for the admission of Paupers
into the Hospital were founded and the difficulty there would be in procuring an
alteration thereof; and that the Guardians could derive little or no benefit from
the proposed alterations, inasmuch as clothing and burying their patients at the
e.xpense of the Hospital would only lessen the fund that supported their own
poor — as they appeared to be convinced with the reasons assigned, the conference
adjourned. The Almshouse board rescinded this minute and then adopted the
following : " that in cases where nothing further is required than furnishing
Cloaths and defraying funeral Expenses it will be proper for the Guardians to sign
the Engagements, due attention being previously ])aid to the .\pi>licant being a
Residenter."
This arrangement being satisfactory to the Managers, the Com-
mittee was discharged July 25, 180,3, it not being considered necessary
to have any further conference, at this time, on the subject.
A subsequent communication from the Guardians of the Poor
was read February 27, 1804, in which they offered to transfer two pau-
per lunatics to the Hospital, on condition that the Managers " in future
provide them all and every Necessary, without any Exjienseto this Insti-
tution." To this proposition tiie Managers made a reply, stating that
219
They an- now, and have been at all times well disposed to extend the benefits
of the Institution, as far a they can legally and properly do it to the poor of the
City and Districts of Philadelphia ; yet they are not willing to act inconsistently
with thL-se rules in favor of the Guardians or of any other persfjns ; And they
expect whenever the Guardians rightly consider all Circumstances, they will
be disposed to j)romote the Interests of the Citizens, and not charge them with
the Board of Confirmed Lunatics, whom the Managers of the Hospital, have offered
to maintain free of any expense but Cloaths and funeral Charges.
On July 31 , 1815, the following was received, showing an amicable
feeling between the two institutions :
In Board of Managers at the Almshouse and House of Employment 26th ol
June 1815.
Resoh'ed, That the Medical Students of the Pennsylvania Hospital be per-
mitted to attend the Surgical Operations which may hereafter be performed in
this House. John Harrison, Presl.
The From the above it is seen that the claim that the excellent
Pennsylvania charitable institution known as "The Philadelphia Hospital" now
Hospital m existing in connection with the Philadelphia (Blockley) Almshouse,
prior to '^ "the oldest Hospital in America" is evidently (niite incorrect.
establish- Because it now exists in connection with the Philadeljihia Almshouse,
ment of the jt can not be admitted that it was so from the beginning, or that its
Philadelphia organization dates back to the establishment of the first Citv
Hospital. ... „ , , ■
Almshouse in 1730-31. There are no facts to sustain such an asser-
tion ; on the contrary, it is seen that the .Almshouse Hospital was not
established until some time between 1812 and 1815. In the numerous
communications between the Board of Guardians and the Managers of
the Pennsylvania Hospital, until the last above quoted, no allusion,
direct or indirect, betrays the existence of such a medical organiza-
tion. Had such a hos|>ital, in connection with the Almshouse
existed, the Guardians of the .\lmshouse would not have made an
arrangement for the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital to take
their curable sick paupers as pay patients, thus increasing the expenses
of the .Vlmshouse. Finally, that such Medical Hospital did not exist
as late as 1802, is evident from the ])roposais of the Almshouse Board
to wit : 1st, "That the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital will
take from the Managers of the Almshouse all their lunatics and such
other patients as may be considered curable cases and jjroper for
admission into the Hospital." 2d, That the Managers of the Penn-
sylvania Hospital " cause to be attended all their patients who may be
in the .-Mmshouse by the Hosjjital Physicians gratis ; " and that " ihey
be supplied with medicines except liquors etc. at the expense of the
Hospital." It is evident that the sick and insane paupers at the
Almshouse were not previously under the care of any medical organi-
zation and received only the ordinary Almshouse care.
At one ])eriod in the history of the Hospital, many Acadians
were admitted for medical treatment. These people, in the early The
part of the last century, dwelt in the territory now included in Nova Acadians
' ■' ■^ or r rencli
Scotia, New Brunswick, and the adjacent islands, and were a peace- Neutrals.
able and industrious, agricultural community, originally a colony of
Bretons, who came from France under Pierre du Gast Sieur de Monts,
a wealthy Huguenot, who had been commissioned viceroy of New
France, with full power to settle and rule over a region extending
from Cape May to Quebec. This domain was " Acadie," their chief
settlement was at Port Royal, where they cleared the primeval forest
and built their cottages, sixteen years before the Pilgrim Fathers
landed on the shores of New England. At the conclusion of
the war between England and France, the British Government
confiscated their lands, and deported the unhappy Acadians to the
colonies. In September, 1755, a ship arrived in the Delaware with
nearly 1400 of these unwilling immigrants on board. After some
delav, they were allowed to land and were placed in some small
buildings on Pine Street below Sixth, especially constructed to provide
for their accommodation and shelter.
Mrs. Elizabeth W. Levick,iwho was born in lySgand died in
1886, in "Recollections of My Early Days" (1S81), says of the
"Neutrals" :
I often went out to the Pennsylvania Hospital, where I was known to the
Steward and Matron, and to others there. The insane patients occupied one
part of the building, and among them was the wife of the rich merchant Stephen
Girard. She frequently had something to say to me, and I remember her bright,
black eyes to this day. We made it a rule to leave the hospital early in the
afternoon on account of its remote situation and our fear of walking from it near
nightfall ; especially were we afraid to pass Pine Street between Fifth and Si.\th
Streets, where the Neutrals had their huts, of whom we were dreadfully afraid.
Either justly or unjustly, they were not favorites, and by us regarded as a
dangerous set of people, to be studiously avoided.
An entry upon the minutes, .\pril 26, 1763, reveals the fact that
some of the patients were of this class :
Admitted as Out Patients Seven French Neutrals accidentally poisoned by
Eating Poke Root which they had mistaken for Horse Raddish.
They were admitted on the loth inst. and discharged on the
23d, " being all recovered." Although no further reference appears
in the minutes to these unfortunate people, there can be no doubt
but that, on account of their destitute condition and their residence
in the vicinity of the Hospital, they were often treated within the
wards of the institution, as well as by the Out-Patient department.
^ The molher of the late Dr. James J. Lcvick, formerly one of the Physicians to the Hospital.
221
Although the founders of the institution could not have aniici-
Soldier pated that it would ever be used as a Military Hospital, for a
I'atii-ms. {j„,^._ diirjn^r the early years of the Revolutionary war, it was
forcibly occupied for this iJurpose, by the English troops, and both
before and after the IJritish occupation of the city it was called upon
to take care of many of the patriots who had been broken in health,
by exposure in the field or while encamped at \'allcy 1-orge. or
wounded in various engagements with the enemy. Previous to this
time, however, the French and Indian war had furnished patients.
After (ieneral Dunbar returned to Philadelphia from Braddock's
disastrous expedition, we find the following unfortunate case among
the admissions, October 13, 1755 : " Michael Higgins a Soldier, was
admitted, having his under jaw shot off in the late Engagement under
deneral Hraddock." A soldier of the Royal Americans was admitted
April 25, 1757, " for whose Board his Pay and Subsistance Money is to
be allowed." August 17, 1757, " Admitted Thos. Boyd who had his
feet mashed in the province Service, on board the Pennsylvania Frig-
ate." March 15, 1758, "Admitted Jno. L'lric one of the provincial
Soldiers discharged by order of Col. Jno. Armstrong, very hard of
hearing. Prest. and Managers Security." In this case it ap|>ears that
the sympathy of the Board was successfully appealed to, possibly the
full diagnosis was not recorded and he was also suffering with general
debility and it was thought that the Hospital treatment might restore
his strength, even though his hearing failed to be improved. The
Managers and physicians were obliged to obey their own rules of
admission and provide security for a patient, and, where the sick
person had no friends, they signed the obligation themselves. 'I'hus
June 26, 1758, "William Elliott, a poor patient one of the Provincial
Soldiers with a continual fever. Doctors and Managers Security."
December 25, of the same year, " .\dniitted John Brown with an
autumnal fever and Oeo. Wood with a fever; these two are Cai)tives
lately released from Canada." June 25, 1759, "John Barbeau a
French Prisoner was admitted, as a pay patient," and on the same
day, "Admitted Richard Knowles as a Poor Out-Patient with
Rheumatic Pains he was a Soldier taken at Oswego." On November
26, same year, there was "Admitted, James Pendergrass a pa)
Patient, who lost his leg in the Province Service recommended by
Jos. Fo.\, who promises that the Provincial Commissioners will pay,
if necessary." The victims of prison discipline were received from
time to time, thus F'ebruary 25, 1760, "Admitted Michael Butler a
Poor Patient with Foul Ulcers. He came lately out of a French
Prison, the present Managers his Security." June 30, i 760, " Admitted
John York, a Poor Patient with a bad Leg, had been a Provincial
Soldier and taken Prisoner to Canada and made his escape." August Soldier
27, 1764, " Henry Fowl a poor Soldier (from Fort Stanwicks) with a P»t'<^"ts-
Gun-Shot Wound in his Leg."
When the war of the Revolution began in earnest, the Hospital
was of great service both to the wounded patriots and to sick or
wounded captives. Thus it is recorded in the minutes December 5,
1776, " that seventy soldiers were admitted the fifth of Twelfth month,
by order of the Council of Safety," and twenty of them went away at
different times in this month. Many of these received their wounds
in the defence of Fort Washington, and subsequently at Trenton and
Princeton. This was the most trying time of the Revolution.
General Washington had been forced to retire to the west bank of the
Delaware, and General Howe was marching through New Jersey with
his victorious army on his way to take possession of Philadelphia.
The Pennsylvania Hospital now became a Military Hospital. It is
recorded in local history that "The Council of Safety cleared a wing
of the Bettering House for a hospital, and the Pennsylvania Hospital
was set apart for the use of Continental troops. — The Senior and
Junior Drs. Thomas Bond rendered efficient aid in organizing ihe
hospital system upon a proper basis and securing competent surgical
and medical aid." '
In December, Congress hurriedly removed to Baltimore and
Washington appointed General Putnam, Military Governor of the
city. Martial law prevailed and all male "citizens between si.xteen
and sixty years of age" were enrolled. On December 30, 1776, nine
hundred Hessians captured by Washington at Trenton, were brought
to the city on their way to Lancaster. Part of these, being unable
to continue their journey, were received into the Hospital for treat-
ment. The Committee of Safety was dissolved and martial law
yielded to civil government, on March 4, 1777, when the Supreme
Executive Council took control and its President, Thomas Wharton,
Jr., was proclaimed Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief of
Pennsylvania, and the Courts were reorganized. "Soon after the
beginning of the year there were twenty-two hundred Militia in the
City awaiting arms and fourteen hundred sick in the Hospitals." -
At this time the capacity of the institution was tested to the utmost,
but the Managers were equal to the situation and continued at their
post, faithful to the trust which had been placed in their hands.
1 Scharfir& Westcott. Vol. I, p. 333. Also this History, page 57.
2 Scharff & Westcott, Vol. I. p. 341.
223
February 4, 1777, the Managers acknowledge receiptor $88.10, ])aid
SoUliir by order of Council of Safety " for Board, etc., of the Soldiers on |)er
Paticiiis. ^(,g( rendered." March 4th, a committee was apiwinted to confer
with the physicians esiiecially "relating to the use of Medicines for
the Soldiers and Sailors lately introduced," and the following meeting
(March 31) contains the rejiort of the committee, which " informed
the Board that Doctor Bond who has the Care of the wounded Soldiers
and Sailors, agrees to pay for or replace the Medicine of the house
used for such as himself is jiaid for."
After the iieriod of military occupancy, the authorities occasion-
ally found it convenient to send invalid soldiers for treatment:
War Office, October 3rd, 1784.
Sir : ColoiK-1 Harmaii h.is intcriil three SoUlit-rs to Car|K-iU(.T's Hall so iiuich
incapacitati'il by sickiiuss as to be riMidfrcd iiicap.ablc of procceilinn with the
Troops to the Westward. Havinj; no Hospital here or any person to take tare of
them, I nuist bey your assistance in i)rocurin); them admission into the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital. I will hold myself responsible for the payment of all reason.ible
charges that may be incurred for Board, Medicine, attendance, etc.
I am Sir with i^re.at respect Your Most Ob'dnt and very H'bl Serv't,
1. Cari-tox.
After the war the Managers had a number of soldier patients on
their hands, even for several years, as we learn from the following
minute of January 30, 1786:
It appearing to this Board that Dennis Ford and Uavid Grady, Patients in the
Hospital, belonginK to this St.'ite have been maintained .it the expense of this
Institution for Four Years & that the amount thereof for Board, Medicine, &
CloathinR is Two hundred S: forty-nine Pounds, twelve shillinjis, Samuel Howell
and Samuel Coates with the assistance of Doctor Hutchinson are desired to apply
to the State for i)ayment thereof.
The Managers were finally successful in having the claim paid:
CoMi'T. Gknf.ral's Office. March 22, 1787.
Genlttnien, — I have settled and passed the Account for the Board and Cloath-
ing of Dennis Ford and David C.r.idy in the Hospital till 25th March, 17S7, agree-
able to your Account thereof Rendered, but in future this State will not pay more
than twenty-two pounds ten shillings per annum each, as it cannot be done
without a law for th.at purpose. — These men were in public service and what hath
been now passed by this State and Allowed will be Absorbed in the pay and
rations they would be intitled to from the United States, which will therefore be
charged to their Account— and the sum I have ment'd as their future Allowance
is the LHmost which the States are respectively permitted to give to soldiers who
during their Service in the .^rmy were disabled from gaining their livelihood by
labor — And therefore Penn'a will be able to gain a credit with the Union on Acc't
of the E.xisting Requisitions for payments made on .\cc't of these men as a
pension.
I have the Honor to be, With gre.at respect. Gentlemen, your Most Obed.
Servant,
J. Nicholson.
224
Two years later, the following communication was received from
the same writer, informing the Managers that the authorities had (iovemment
discontinued the payment of pensions to persons disabled in the Correspon-
' ^ dence with
service : j,,^ Managers
Gentlemen, — The disabled persons in the Hospital who were heretofore paid of t''e
for by this State cannot longer be so paid for — as the laws for paying pensions to Hospital,
such persons as were disabled in the Service of this United States now cease to
have their operation — According to a law passed last session. ,
It appears that soldiers continued in the Hospital for several years
as pay patients, however, as intimated in the following note of March
26, 1792 :
There being a number of sick soldiers in the House at 8/4 Per Week, which
the Managers are convinced is lower than the average Cost of the Patients, it is
agreed that Ten Shillings Per Week shall hereafter be charged for them and the
sitting Managers are desired not to admit any Patients who have the means ol
making payment under that price in future.
The following belongs to a later period :
Phil.\delphia, 14 April, 1814.
Samuel Coates, Esq.
air: — As British Agent for Prisoners of War in this district, I Have paid two
Bills at the Pennsylvania Hospital for the maintenance of and attention to
wounded prisoners amounting together to si.\ hundred and twenty -five dollars
and twenty-eight cents, which Sum Col. Barclay our Comm'y GcnI. tells me he
does not feel himself authorized to repay me, and seems to doubt whether I shall
be able to recover it from the British Government, no charge being ever made to
any Nation for sick or wounded Prisoners of War admitted to any Hospital
within his Majesty's Dominions. Col. Barclay also tells me that his recommenda- •
tion in behalf of British Sailors has often met with attention from the Managers
of the New York Hos|)itaI unaccompanied with any e.xpense.
He has requested me to mention these circimistances for consideration of
your Board and has desired me to assure the Managers that if any opportunity
should present itself of his being serviceable to the institution he will gladly
embrace it — it was his good fortune to repay the obligations he was under to the
Directors of that at New York, by obtaining permission from the British Admiral
for the admission of a vessel containing their winter's supply of fuel.
I shall be obliged by your answer, I am very respectfully
Sir Your. Ob'd h'ble Servt.,
A. Walker Jr.
The Managers at their next meeting directed a reply to be sent to
the above, insisting upon observing the rules of the Hospital and
stating that, although
individuals who are strangers and destitute of money and friends are
frequently received, maintained and relieved at the expense of the Hospital, yet
that in all cases where there are private friends or public agents the Managers
take security from them and receive the price agreed for the support of the patient.
A number of years later, during the War of the Rebellion, the
Managers were called upon at various times to make e.xtraordinary
225
preparations for the reception of sick and wounded soldiers of our
Soldiers of army and a large number were admitted and treated.'
the Civil ^^^ ^y^^ Contributors' Meeting, May, i86i,the Managers referred
to tlie impending, terriblescourgeof civil war threatening the country,
and the necessity of having additional funds to care for the sick or
wounded soldiers who might be brought to the Hospital. Contribu-
tions were freely offered. The first reception of wounded
soldiers was on July 7, 1862, and in October following all were
removed. The entire numlier treated was 124, principally surgical
cases. On various occasions since that dale, soldiers have l)een
admitted, both into the medical and surgical wards, and have been
maintained and treated at the expense of the Hospital and no sjjecial
record made of them.
As the occui)ation of patients was not formerly recorded by the
Managers, it is often only from the nature of the injury that the fact
may be inferred that the patient in such cases is a seaman, while in a
Sailors and , ' , .... ,, , ,,,, ^ -in.-,
the United ^^"' ^"^ ^^^^ '^ mcidentally stated. 1 he first to api)ear in the Minutes,
Sates Marine although probably not the first to be admitted into the Hospital, was
Hospital " John Anderson (a poor sailor)," admitted May 30, 1757, "with
Service yi^-g^j; j^ i^jg 'Poj-j occasioned by Chigers in his Feet," the disexse
Patients
having been acquired probably either in the West Indies, or Central
America. William Walker, admitted July 6, 1757, suffering with a
"Scorbutic Habit and Sinuous Ulcer in his Thigh," the result, it was
alleged, of "beating & other Hard Treatment" by Captain Jno.
Morrison.
Accidents incidental to a sailor's life also sent patients into the
Hospital, thus August 13, 1757, "Admitted Jno. Richardson (a poor
Patient) who fell from a Ship's Top & broke his thigh." .\nd on the
17th, " Thos. Boyd (a poor Patient) who had his feet mashed on
board the Pennsylvania Frigate." The interest of the Managers in
the welfare of the patients, especially the poor and friendless ones, is
evidenced by the following (December 25, 1758) : " Admitted George
Saunders, a negro boy, with a wound in his Arm an engagement at
Sailors Sea, Nicholas Jones his security as a pay patient ; the boy being called
kindly a free Negro care must be taken on his discharge that N. Jones takes
cared for no advantage of him for his entertainment here." Their sympathy
is manifest also in the following entry on their book, January 29,
1759 "Admitted Richard Taylor (a poor Sailor) with a very bad
Wound in his single Eye, the Doctors are apprehensive the Eye is
destroyed." It was more substantially shown in the following case,
' See p»ge 95.
226
June 25, 1759 : "Discharged; Edward Dickett a poor Sailor at his
request in order to go to London to his Friends. The Managers
contributed the sum of jQ 3. 17/6. towards paying his passage & he
produced a Receipt from Capt. Nicholson for jQ 5. paid in full for his
Passage. ' '
As it is not stated that the Treasurer was directed to pay the sum,
it probably was contributed personally by the Managers and not
taken from the funds of the Hospital. Among the admissions were
several Chinese and other Asiatics, who probably came here as part
of the crew of some vessel. Further notice of individual cases would
take up too much space, and the relation of the Hospital to the
United States Marine Hospital Service will now be briefly reviewed.
There were sailors under treatment in the Hospital during the
latter part of the year 1776, for in the entry of January i, 1777
among the admissions for the preceding month, their were "two
Sailors, who came in with a number of soldiers and Hessians." On
March 4th, " a Committee appointed to confer with the Physicians
on several matters relating to their Practice in the Hospital, gave an
account of the Conversation they have had with some of them in
respect to the Pay Patients, but there remains some further confer-
ence necessary relating to the use of the Medicines for the Soldiers
and Sailors lately introduced there, they are desired to confer further
with them thereon," etc. The result was that Dr. Bond, who was then
Acting Director-General of Hospitals for the Government, " who has
the care of the wounded Soldiers and Sailors agrees to pay for or
replace the Medicines of the house used for such as himself is paid
for" which the Managers were obliged to be satisfied with. After
the British army had evacuated Philadelphia, and had taken their sick
with them, Dr. Bond again made arrangements with the Managers for
the reception of Soldiers, and, probably, of Sailors also.
By Act of the Congress of the United States, of July 16, 1798, g^-amt^,, ^f
masters of vessels were authorized to deduct twenty cents a month United States
from the wages of seamen to be paid to the Collector of Customs, this ^'avy and
money to be applied, under direction of the President, for the relief ^''^''^"^"t
of sick and disabled seamen ; provided, however, that it shall be
expended in the District where it was collected. This pro-oiso not
being satisfactory to the Southern States, Congress by Act, March 2,
1799, authorized the President to have the money expended either in
the State where it was collected, or the next adjoining one ; the New-
England members were so tenacious of their rights on this occasion,
an exception was made of the four New-England States. By Act,
passed May 3, 1S02, it was declared, that all the monies so collected
227
should form one general fund to be expended under direction of the
President, without regard to the District or State in which the same
was collected ; provided, however, that fifteen thousand dollars should
be ai)proi)riated to the building of a Hospital in Massachusetts.
Vatiiiits from The first reference in the minutes to the United States Marine
till- Marine Hospital Service, appears in the following correspondence, which con-
ospi a j^jpg ^ proposition to the Managers, from the United States Custom
Service and '^ ' °
United States House, to take Sailor Patients from the United States Navy and
Navy. Merchant service. On June 24, 1799, the following communication
from the Collector of the Port, was presented :
CrsTOM HorsK, I'liiladelpliia, June 20, 1799.
Geiillfiitin : — The monies which may be collected in Pennsylvania, Delaware
and the Western districts of New Jersey under the Law entitled an Act for the
relief of the sick and disabled Seamen is to be expended under my direction for
the purpose of making provision for the temporary relief and support of sick and
disabled Seamen in the i>ul>lic and private service.
It is most e.\pedient that the expenditure of this fund be made at Hospitals
or other proper Institutions now established. My opinion of your Institution and
the Management of it is so very high as to induce me to make you the first
application. 1 am therefore to request that you will be pleased to take the same
into your consideration and to say whether it will be agreeable to you to under
take the relief and support of the Officers, Se.amen and Marines of the Navy of the
U. States and Master Mariners and seamen employed in private or Merchant
Vessels and, if so. it will be necessary to fix by ))recise agreements the Conditions
upon which sick and disabled seamen shall be received Sc supplied with what-
ever their Necessities may require, the Accounts must be rendered at least
quarterly, supported by such vouchers as are usual an<l .ns Circumstances will
admit of beinu taken which after due Kxamination will be paid out of Monies in
my Hands : it may be proper to say that in the Execution of this business fjreat
Care and attention will be necessary to prevent the funds thus provided by the
humane Intentions of Congress from being diverted to maintenance of Persons
who ought to be relieved as paupers under the nuinicipal State Regulations ;
I am Gentlemen
Very respectfully, Your obedt. humble Servant,
CfEorce Latimkk.
On July 29, 1 799: the following action was taken :
The proposal of George L.atimer being considered, the Board are willing to
receive under their Care all sick and disabled Seamen of the United States in his
department in Public & Private Service except infectious Cases on the following
terms & Conditions, that is to say at four dollars a Week each ; the United St.ates
to find them in Clothing only and to pay their funeral expenses: The Managers
of the Hospital not to be sureties for the return of any Seamen but those who
come into the House; all of which they will inform George Latimer of .as they are
Cured unless they elope, which the Hospital cannot warrant against but will
endeavour to prevent ; — this Agreement if acceded to by George Latimer, is to
bind the Managers for one year on trial and leave him at full Liberty to withdraw
all those Seamen at any time within that period that he pleases to make other
arrangements.
228
Patients.
This arrangement, however, was apparently not consuniniated
until another overture had been made by the Custom House authori- Sailor
ties. May 26, 1800, George Latimer, renewing his proposal to the
Managers to take charge of all the sick and disabled Seamen of the
United States in his department at S3. 50 per week, " it is agreed to
accept the proposal for one year on trial, all infectious cases to be
rejected."
The arrangement proposed by Mr. Latimer was carried into effect,
and worked smoothly for several years. The Sailors were examined
by the hospital physicians and, when considered proper subjects for
treatment, a certificate was given which, on presentation to the Custom
House authority, was exchanged for an order for admission. They
were treated by the Hospital staff and the government officials were
notified when they were ready to be discharged.
Soon after the opening of the century, it appears that the
Government regularly contracted with the Hospital for the treatment of
the sick and injured sailors, as is seen from a communication subse-
quently received from Peter Muhlenberg, then Collector of the Port of
Philadelphia :
Custom Hol'se, May 25, 1805.
Dear Sir: — Will you have the Goodness to furnish me with a list of such
seamen who have been admitted into the Hospital and discharged since the first
of April last ?
I am requested to state tile reason for continuing some of them in the Hospital
since 1803. It seems the relief afforded to disabled Seamen by the United States,
is considered temporary and not permanent, and not to be e.\tended to incurables ;
otherwise in a short time, those who want an immediate and temporary relief,
will be excluded by the number of those who remain for a length of time. I will
thank you to enable me to account for those remaining since 1803 and 1804.
The answer from the Managers is as follows :
Pennsylvania Hospital, 5th mo. 30, 1805.
To Peter Muhlenberg Esqr. Collector of the Port of Philadelphia and .^gent of
the Marine Hospital.
Respected Friend : — Thy Communication of the 25th Instant to the Steward
of this Institution being handed over to the Managers, We were requested in
their behalf to reply to it and therefore have enclosed agreeably to thy Wish a
list of the Patients admitted by thy order who have been received in the house
and discharged from it from the 31st of 3d month to this Date and also a list of
those who have been long there, say those admitted in 1803 and 1804, from which
thou wilt perceive that several of the last have either died or been discharged since
the last quarterly Account and that from the nature and evidence of the disease
of those who were long continued as patients and of those who remain of this
description that they were and are in a State of Infirmity which prevented the
possibility of their assisting themselves and if deprived of the benefit of the
Hospital fund must either have been supported by some other Charity, or perished
in Misery.
229
Of tliu ContimiaiK r ami ixtiiit of tlii.' rclii-f cuiiti'iiiplatiil !>> llir Act of
CorrtsrKin- Congrtss to be aftbrdi'd to those who are eiuitlcd and cumpelled to resort to its
dence with ''f^fit, We are perhaps not well qualified to judxe yet we cannot forbear
Collector of '"''""K ''"^ present Opportunity to remark that it would seem contrary to the
the Port Spirit of the Cliarity that dictated that Law to the Legislature to construe it in
such .\L-inner as to deprive those who most require the relief it affords of that
relief merely because they most severely feel the Necessity of resorting to it to
which We must add that no individual has been permitted to remain in this
Institution longer tlian was required to restore him to Society with a prospect of
that usefulness which every individual in his particular Capacity owes to it.
Thy friends
PASCHAI.I. HuI.LINCiSWOKTH
SAMl'Iil, CoATKS.
The following letters to the Collector of the I'ort have some
historical interest :
U. S. Trkasikv Uki'AKTMENt, December 20, 1806.
iiVr.— Your Letter of the nth. Instant respecting the .Ifariiii- Hospital was
laid before the President of the United States who approves the regulations you
propose for the reduction of the expenses of that establishment to a level with
the receipts of the funds. He adds that no Civil Magistrate can dictate to the
United States who shall be the Objects of their Charity.
I am very respectfully Sir Your Obedient Scrvt.
Albert Gallatin
Secretary of the Treasury.
U. S. Treasury Department 28 February 1807
S/j-.— Your letter of the i8th Instant having been submitted to the President
of the United States for his consideration thereon I am directed by him to inform
you that neither Maniacs nor Chronical Cases ought to be admitted into the
Hospital & that if any of that description have been already admitted they ought
not til be retained.
I am very respectfully Sir Your Obed't. Serv't.
Albert Gallatln
Secretary of the Treasury.
Custom House, Philadelphia, March 6, 1807.
Gentlemen : — Enclosed I have the honor to transmit the Copy of a Letter I
received from the Secretary of the Treasury dated 20 December, 1806, and
another dated 28 February, 1807, both relative to the Marine Hospital.
From the Instructions contained in the latter I presume it will be necessary
that the Hospital Physicians should in their Certificates precisely state the Nature
of the Disease of every applicant who is to be admitted on behalf of the United
States and to with-hoki a Certificate in all Cases of Mania and Chronic Disorders.
I am very Respectfully Gentlemen Your Obedient Servant,
P. MlllLENBlRO,
Collector of the Port.
Collector's Office, Philada., Feby. 27th, 1809.
Gentlemen : — You will please to Release the United States from any further
Expense by discharging from the Marine Hospital the persons whose Names are
contained in the inclosed List.
I am very Respectfully Gentlemen Your Obd't Servant,
John Steele,
Collector and Agent Marine Hospital.
To Messrs. VV. Povntell and J. Hewes.
230
on Sailor
Patients in
the Hospital
This letter and list of patients was referred to a Committee of the
Sitting Managers "who are requested to procure in Writing from Discussion
Dr. Rush, his report on each of those Cases for the Collector's infor-
mation, and if he insists on the patients being discharged, the Com-
mittee are to require the Collector to remove them (agreeably to the
terms of Admission) as expressed in the Notes he signed for each of
them when received in the House."
The Committee to whom was referred the Collector's Letter of the 27th
Ultimo bring before us a Report and Letter of Dr. Rush, of which the following
is a Copy :
Penna. Hospital, 3 mo. 4, 1809.
In Conformity with directions the Managers Respectfully inform the Collector
of the Port of Philadelphia and Agent for the Marine Fund that they have
obtained the .\nnexed Opinion of Dr. Rush on the Cases who by the Collector's
Note of the 27th Ultimo are ordered to be discharged ; If after a Reconsideration
of the Subject with this document before him the Collector should persist in his
determination the Managers will unquestionably comply at the same time
informing him that the Rules of that House (in compliance with the poor laws of
the State) which make it necessary that the Security of every Person received
into it should engage for the Patients removal when discharged must be complied.
If therefore the Collector should believe it right to remove these miserable
Objects the Managers have directed the Steward to deliver them to him or to
such Person as he may authorize to receive them.
JosiAH Hewes,
Thos. Morris.
March 4th, 1809.
To the Managers :
I have Carefully examined the Cases Viz. Isaac Davis, \Vm. Johnson, John Report by
Roberts, \Vm. Barker, John Moore, Thomas Churchill and John Tree and am of Dr. Rush.
Opinion that it will be incompatible with the duties which the Managers and
Physicians of the Hospital Owe to Humanity and to Society to discharge them at
the present time and for the following Reasons.
Isaac Davis and William Barker are afflicted with a firiilcnl Disease of s\sch a
Grade as to render both of them loathsome Objects of Compassion and wholly
unfit to maintain themselves by any kind of labor or to be admitted into any
House but a Hospital.
William Johnson is afflicted with lamiiuss and Epilepsy the latter of which
has reduced him to a state of fatuity so complete as to place him more upon the
level of a brute than a Man.
John Moore, Thomas Churchill S: John Tree are all insane and unable not
only to support themselves by any kind of labour but if enlarged from their
present place of Confinement may possibly injure themselves or others. Thomas
Churchill is lame as well as deranged.
John Roberts is afflicted with a sore Fool attended -with a Caries 0/ one of its
bones : he is unable to walk or work, time and the Medical Aids of the Hospital
may Cure Him. (Signed) Benjamin Rish.
The preceding Minutes and Letters were delivered to the
Collector. It is not known whether this reply was satisfactory to the
Collector or not, but it appears to have terminated the correspondence.
231
Sailor
Patients
A letter dated May 28, 1S21, from John Steele, Collector of the
Board of Port, Stating " that he is authorized by the Secy, of the Treastiry to
Ascertain the lowest terms Per day at which the Hoard will furnish
Marint Patienls with the necessary Medical & Surgical aid lodging «.V
nursing for their Comfortable Accommodation," was read and referred
to a Committee which made the following report :
The Comniittti" to whom was referred the letter from John Steele Collector,
respeitin;; Board of Custom House Patients, Report that in their opinion Patients
may l)e admitted at forty cents per day including necessary Medical and Surjjical
Aid, LodniuK, washiu);, and nursing for their Comfortable Accommodation. The
rei>ort w.is .igreeil to and a copy signed by the President & certified by the Secre-
tary directed to be lurnished the Collector.
On October 31, 1825, the Managers concluded to increase the
rate of the sailors' board :
The Present price 40 cents per day or S2.8o-i(X) per week lor the stamen sinl
by the Colleclor of the I'orl beinn unequal to remunerate the Hospital for the
actual expenses, Matthew I,. Bevan is .ippoinled to Conmuinicate to John Steele
that 45 cents per day or $3. i5-lo(jper week is believed to be a re.isonable compen-
s.ation for the United States Seamen hereafter to be admitted to the benefits of the
Institution and requesting him to address the Secretary of the Treasury on this
Subject.
May lo, 1830, the Collector made an attempt to have the rate
reduced again :
A Letter from James N. Barker Collector of the Port of Philadelphia was read
requestinji a reduction of the Weekly rate to support of sick and disabled Seamen
of the Merchant Service, upon deliberation it is agreed to fi.\ the pay at three
dollars |)er week this beinj; the lowest sum received for the supjwrt of Patic nts in
this Institution. If this arrangement should be approved by the Collector it is to
take etVect from and after the close of the present quarter. The Secretary is
requested to actpiaint James N. Barker of this determination of the Managers.
Thisarranj^cmcnt was continued with the Marine Hosjjital Service,
until it was found inexpedient to continue the yearly contract, which
was annulled finally, May 31, 1880, by the Managers declining to bid
for their support. Seamen, however, are not excluded by this
action. American sailors appear among the recent accidents and
also among the sick, as free patients, whenever deemed suitable for
admission. English sailors are admitted by order of the British
Consul, and seamen of other nationalities are likewise received on
Consul's order, or as free patients.
-]-l,g At the time that the Pennsylvania Hospital was organized, in
Maternity 1 75 1, midwifery was in disrepute among physicians, partly because it
Ward, ^vas usually practiced by ignorant old nurses, but principally because
obstetrics as a science had not yet been born. In fact, it was gener-
232
ally considered improper even indelicate for a woman in labor to have
a male attendant. A healthier state of public feeling was soon to be Neglect of
created upon the subject. Dr. Wm. Shippen, Jr., with all the M'^wifery.
enthusiasm of youth and fresh from his studies in the European
Hospitals, determined to remedy this deplorable state of affairs by
delivering public lectures upon Midwifery ; he accordingly began his
first course to men and women in 1765, and opened a private lying-in
institution in Philadelphia, the same year.
In the " Pennsylvania Gazette" of January i, 1765, appeared
the following moving appeal :
Dr. Shippen, Jr., having been lately called to the assistance of a number of
women in the country, in difficult labors, most of which was made so by the
unskillful old women'about them, the poor women having suffered e.xtremely, and
their innocent little ones being entirely destroyed, whose lives might have been
easily saved by proper management, and being informed of several desperate
cases in the different neighborhoods which had proved fatal to the mothers as to
their infants, and were attended with the most painful circumstances too dismal
to be related, he thought it his duty immediately to begin his intended courses in
Midwifery, and has prepared a proper apparatus for that purpose, in order to
instruct those women who have virtue enough to own their ignorance and apply
for instructions, as well as those young gentlemen now engaged in the study of
that useful and necessary branch of surgery, who are taking pains to qualify
themselves to practice in different parts of the country with safety and advantage
to their fellow citizens.
The Legislature, in 1793, proposed to extend the usefulness of
the Hospital by authorizing the Managers to establish a Lying-in and
Foundling Hospital whenever moneys should be placed in their hands
to do so. The following is an extract from an Act of .^jjril 11, 1793 :
An Act for Extending the Benefits Experienced from the Institution
OF the Pennsvlvani.a Hospital.
WHEREAS the extending of the usefulness of the institution to the further
purposes of a Lying-in and Foundling Hospital is deemed to be an object
deserving of public encouragement :
THEREFORE, BE IT further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that
as the relief of the unfortunate women labouring in childbirth, and not
able to provide for the expenses necessarily incident thereto, and also the
misfortunes of suffering and forsaken infancy, are objects very deserving of some
humane provision, it shall and may be law'ful for the Managers of the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital to provide commodious apartments, for the purpose of answering
the ends intended by a Lying-in and Foundling Hospital, w-henever monies shall
be placed in their hands for such a purpose, and that they are hereby authorized
to call for any such sums as may now be destined for such an use, whenever
they shall be in such a situation to carry the benevolent design, for which such
monies were granted, into full effect, anything in the Constitution or
Charter of the said Hospital to the contrary thereof notwith-
standing.
Approved .A])ril the nth, 1793.
Thomas Mifflin,
troz'ernor of the Covitfio/i:cfa///i of Pennsyh'ania.
.\ct .Author-
izing the
Establishing
of a Lying-in
and
Foundling
Department
in the
Hospital.
2.33
Lying-in
Department
in the
Almshouse,
First birth at
the Hospital.
It is of historical interest that a lying-in ward was established in
t8o2, at the Almshouse, by Dr. T. Chalkely James, assisted by
Dr. Church. Subse(|uently, after Church's early death from Yellow
Fever, the work was continued by Dr. James in conjimction with
Dr. Nathaniel Chapman. Dr. James gave his annual course of
lectures at the city Almshouse, in connection with the Medical Depart-
ment at the College. On the death of Dr. Shippen, in 1808,
obstetrics was separated from anatomy in the college curriculum, at the
instance of Dr. Cas])ar Wistar, who had been raised to the chair just
vacated, and the new chair of Midwifery was given to Dr. James,
with Dr. Nathaniel Chapman as adjunct. This arrangement con-
tinued until 1813, when Dr. Chapman was elected Professor of Materia
Medica, and midwifery devolved solely on Professor James. It was
not, however, until 1843 ^^^^ ''^"^ Trustees of the University fully
recognized the standing of this department of teaching by making
attendance upon the lectures on midwifery obligatory upon tlie
students, wlio expected to obtain the medical degree.
The necessity, in the very early period of the Hospital history,
of a Lying-in department was not recognized by the medical pro-
fession and the Managers were averse to it, because they did not wish
to appear to encourage immorality. They were, moreover, opposed to
establishing a foundling asylum, which was thought to be a necessary
adjunct, but which did not come within the scope of the Hospital
plan.
There was no reason why obstetrical cases should not occasionally
have been received, yet no mention seems to be made of any of this
class until thirteen years after the institution had been in active
o])eration. The birth of a child first occurred within the walls of the
Hospital July 17, 1765. It is recorded under this date: "Born a
female child of Martha Robinson a poor patient."
The advantage of having accommodations for these cases was
not realized until some thirty-seven years after the first birth had
occurred, and some fifty years from the beginning of the Hospital's
active operation. On December 27, 1802, Samuel Coates "proposed
the opening of a Lying-in Department;" but the subject being
"considered of too much importance to decide on without a full
Board it is agreed to refer it to be reconsidered at the next Meeting,
at which the Physicians are all requested to Attend and James
Hutchinson is to notice them accordingly." It will be observed
with what extreme caution this new departure was received and acted
on. The next mention made of the matter was on January 3, 1803,
when: "The Proposal to admit Lying-in Patients came under con-
234
sideration, after which the Physicians withdrew to confer with each
other, and when they returned they informed the Board they all
agreed as to the propriety of opening the Lying-in Department,
and if the measure was adopted they would undertake the care of
such pregnant women as might be admitted and to attend to their
calls in every case of emergency as they usually do to other patients."
It is evident that the physicians had become by this time fully
impressed with the necessity of just such a provision.
It was, therefore, not until nearly ten years had passed, that the
Contributors accepted the provisions of the act of April ii, 1793,
establishing the department, and agreed to receive pregnant women
on the same terms as other patients.
The following announcement appeared in the "American Daily
Advertiser" for February 22, 1803:
"It is with great pleasure we inform tlie public, that the Managers of the
Pennsylvania Hospital, pursuant to the powers granted to them by the State
Legislature, have agreed to open in the house of a lying-in department and that
the first patient has very lately been admitted therein.
"The terms of admission are to be the same as in other cases; that is, a
woman may be admitted as a pauper, when the number does not e.xceed, what
the income of the capital stock, and the profits arising from pay patients which is
e-xpended on the poor, will maintain ; the number at the present time are
forty persons.
" When the poor list is full, those who send a patient, will have to pay from
three to si.\ dollars a week. Overseers of the poor, of Pennsylvania, are always
to be charged at the lowest rates, but paupers sent from another State, will be
charged four dollars a week.
" Good security must be given in every case to remove the woman and child,
when required.
" The usefulness of this branch of the institution, will be evident to every
person who feels the importance of providing a comfortable asylum for poor
lying-in women, and of rearing |)roper Nurses and Midwives, under the care of
able Physicians, whereby the lives of many may be saved, that would be sacrificed
in the hands of ignorant or unskillful practitioners.
" As the enlargement of the plan of the Hospital and the e.xtension of its care,
to the female part of the family in particular, will involve the contributors in
further e.xpenses, it is to be hoped that donations and legacies will be given,
commensurate with the great design which is herein contemplated.
" To express the nature and uses of the Pennsylvania Hospital in a few words,
it is an institution, not founded on taxation, but on voluntary contributions for
the benevolent design of curing or alleviating the miseries of the lunatics and
sick poor of Pennsylvania and for the care of lying-in women.
" Can any objects be more proper to engage the attention and command the
resources of every class of our wealthy and charitably disposed citizens, through
the State of Pennsylvania?
" For the information of those, who feel an impression of duty to assist the
classes of poor above mentioned, it may be right to observe the usual way of
doing it, is
" First : By calling on Joseph S. Lewis, Treasurer, who is always prepared to
receive contributions, and
" Second: By legacies to the contributors in their corporate name, as follows,
viz : I give ten, twenty, one hundred, or one thousand, pounds, &c., to the con-
tributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital, for the use of that institution."
The Lying-in ward was opened May to, 1803 ; the first admission
being on the 30th of March, and the first birth was that of a female
child, on the 27th of April of that year.
Physicians
in favor of
Establish-
ment of
Lying-in
Department.
Managers
announce
opening of
the new
Department.
'J3
The following i)artial list of Subscribers to the Lying-in Depart-
Special nient was reported :
Subscriptions
to I viiiir-in ''"'^'^ ManaKt-rs liaviiiK optiii-d tlii- I,yinx- in Dipartnunt in the house, we tlic
D ■D-irtni -nt subscribers, approving of their proccecliuK therein, tlo a^ree to subscribe towards
the Institution as contributors the several sums to our names hereafter aflfixed.
Stephen Girard S.^oo oo Levi Hollingsworth .... S202 84
Samuel Rhoads 30 00 James Smith 5° 0°
James Wood 30 00 Huk'i Ely 30 00
Zaccheus Collins 100 00 Reeve Lewis 50 00
William Vicary 30 00 Wm. W. Smith 30 00
Philip Smyth 30 co Ant. M. Buckley 35 00
I. W. C 30 00 John Baun 30 00
Jeremi.ih Warder, Jr. ... 3000 Thos. Jones .t Stepluii Smith ,1600
Malcom McDonald ... .1o 00
Total $1,073 84
A very interesting, historical fact, in connection with this de])art-
ment, now to be related, will illustrate the high estimation in which
the Hosi)ital was held as a well administered charity.
First City I" 1S07, an offer was made by the First City Troop of Cavalry to
Troop of contribute certain securities, which they held as investments and
Philadelphia which represented the amount received by the officers and privates of
er a 1 )era ^j^^ ^j 'Proop for Services during the Revolutionary War. The con-
Donation. ■' ' °
ditions and jiurpose of the donation are e.xpressed in the following
agreement :
On the 6th of April 1807, Messrs. Sam'l. Morris, John Dunlap and John
Donaldson for an<l in behalfof those persons who were members of the first Troop
of Philadelphia Cavalry from the year One thousand seven hundred and seventy-
si.N to the year One thousand seven hundred and eighty-three, conveyed to the
contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital, si.\teen shares of Stock of the Bank of
Pennsylvania on the condition that the said Contributors or their successors should
api)ly the same to the purp<ise of a LyinK-in and Fmnulling Hosjjital in such
manner and proportions as the Managers should think i)roper.
On their part the Contributors covenanted and agreed with the said Samuel
Morris, John Dunlap and John Donaldson, their Executors and .administrators
that they will well and truly apply the proceeds of the said sixteen shares of
Stock to and for the uses and purposes aforesaid.
The Deed states that the above sixteen shares of Bank Stock
represented the amount awarded 1)\- the United States Government to
the Troop, which had been allowed to accimiulate since the Revolu-
tionary War.
Ata meeting, on April 27, 1807, the Treasurer rejjorted having
received a transfer of sixteen shares in the Bank of Pennsylvania.
These were credited at par and the anioimt accepted as a special contri-
bution to the Lying-in and Foundling Hospital. These shares of bank
stock represented a capital of $6,400, and yielded an average annual
236
income of $456-5o- The funds of the Hospital being considerably
increased by those shares, "the board agreed that forty-five poor The Cavalry
patients (in all) may be admitted at one time of whom not more than f""*^ I""
eighteen shall be Maniacs." Among the rules subsequently adopted Department.
(February lo, i8io) was the following : " Pregnant Women of our own
State who are poor and proper objects may be received, without
security except for the removal of themselves and children when
discharged. The Maintenance of the Mothers and their infants
including Clothing when necessary to be charged to the income of the
Cavalry fund and in case that proves insufficient, to the general funds
of the House." On September 29, 1S45, ^^^ """'^s °" admission and
discharge of patients, were altered to read: "No woman shall be
admitted to the lying-in ward without producing satisfactory evidence
that she is a res])ectable married woman."
A communication was received, April 30, 1838, from John
Sargeant, President of the Preston Retreat of Philadelphia, enclosing
a request from the Board of Managers of that Institution, that the
Lying-in Fund given in trust by the First City Troop should be
turned over to the Preston Retreat. To this the Managers replied.
May 28, 1838, as follows :
On an investigation into the State of the Lying-in fund given by the First
City Troop of Cavalry to this Institution, it appears that the said fund both
principal and interest, was e.\pended previously to the year 1831, and §1,656.29
besides.
This is the last note with regard to the Cavalry Fund, and it is a
satisfaction to know that it was fully expended for the relief of suffer-
ing women, even if the foundlings had to be provided for elsewhere.
As previously mentioned, the Managers elected Dr. Thomas Physicians to
Chalkley Tames, the first physician to the Lying-in Department, ''"^ Lymg-i"
■^ ■> ' ' ■' ' '^ Department.
in 1810.
Dr. James served until November 26, 1832, when he resigned
after twenty-two years of most acceptable service. Dr Hugh L.
Hodge was his successor, and served until the department was closed
in 185 1. At the request of Dr. James, an associate physician was
appointed in 1820 ; Dr. John W. Moore being the incumbent, who was
succeeded in 1829 by Dr. Charles Lukens, who resigned in 1839, when
Dr. Charles D. Meigs was elected, who in turn resigned in 1840, and
Dr. Joseph Carson succeeded him.
On March 27, 1815, it was agreed " no resident physician or
pupil shall at any time undertake to deliver a pregnant woman in the
house without sending for the principal physician of the Lying-in
Department."
237
In a report June 2S, 1S41, on the finances of the Hos|)ital, it was
Closiiis of stated :
the Lving-in
Ward ''"'"' ^■''P'^"''''*"''^ "f '''^" f"'"' appropriatf<l for tlu- I,yiiii;in Ward and the few
et d applications for admission into tht- same, and the Preston Retreat bein>; now open
for that <lescription of patients, it may be a question whetlier it wonld be expe-
dient longer to continue tliat department under present circumstances.
The Lying-in Department was opened, in 1803, on the second
floor of the East Wing. January 27, 181 7, the Managers directed
that the Contributors' Room should be fitted up for the jnirpose,
which was thus occupied until February 23, 1824, when the book-
cases were directed to be removed from the second story of the
centre building, so as to appropriate this chamber for the use of the
Lying-in Department.
Room used for l^yiiiK-in Department from 1S24 to 1835. Since occupied by the Library.
Puerperal Towards the latter part of 1830, the physicians called attention
Fever among to the frequency of puerperal fever. On December 27th, the Lying-
Patients. j^j Dejjartment was ordered closed until otherwise directed. The
next fall it was decided that the wards could be safely re-opened as
they had been thoroughly cleaned. On October 26, 1835, it is
agreed to ojien the new Lying-in ward in the Picture House, and
the department continued its work in the same place until 1851 when
the physicians came to the conclusion that the poison of puerperal
fever had become endemic, and they, in wise use of their discretion,
238
closed the wards, and the department was finally abandoned, May 2,
1854. It had cost nearly $20,000 in excess of the whole fund, prin-
cipal and interest, received from the City Troop.
During the period it continued in constant operation (with the
exception of parts of the year 1830 and 1835) for forty-eight years
until 1851, there were 1330 women safely delivered, 130 removed by
friends before delivery, 67 died; total number confined, 1397, the
rate of mortality 4. 79 per cent. The date of the admission of the last
patient was February 15 1851, and the last birth occurred on March
4th of the same year.
239
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243
RECAPITULATION,
1)1 rAKTMKNT FOR THE SuK ANIJ InJURKU.
Whole Number of Pay P«lients admittect
into the Pennsylvania Hospital trorn
its opening, February ii, 1752 to April
28, 1894
36.9:4
Whole number of Poor Patients admitted
during the same period
132.084
Cured
Relieved
liicinabte
Removed by friends or at own request . .
Removed to House of Employment . . . .
Removed to City Hospital
Kloped
For misconduct
Pregnant women safely delivered
hilants horn and discharged in health . .
For irregularity
By writ of Habeas Corpus
Died— Medical and Surgical Cases 12,393
Pregnant women 46
Infants ... . . 39
Still born . . 33
Whole number discharged
Remaining in Hospital, April 28, 1894
«5.798
19.519
405
8.538
24
3
1.795
728
1.366
".275
131,900
184
132.98*
Dkpartment for the Insane.
Whole number of Pay Patients admitted
fium January i, 1841 to April 28, 1894 .
Whole number of Poor Patients admitted
during same period
8,501
2,137
10.638
Restored 4.422
Much improved 870
Improved '."83
Stationary *.492
Died 1.509
Alcohol and Opium Habit 125
Whole number discharged 10,201
Remaining in I4ospital, April 28, 1S94 . . 437
10,638
244
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245
OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT.
This I>i.'|)artnK'!U was reorganized September 30, 1872, and on the 2Stli of the
following month, tliree Physicians and four Surgeons were elected to attend to
the Medical and Surgical Cases; an additional Physician was elected August 30,
1875, and in 1893, several more were elected to lake charge of special depart-
ments. The following are the names and period of service of the medical
gentlemen who have officiated :
Physicians.
NIorris Lonjp^treth* .
lostph G. Richardson
Joseph J. Kirkbride
James (J. Wilson . .
John B. Roberts . . .
.\Tthur \'. Meigs . .
Morris J. Lewis . .
Robert Meade Smith
Joseph S. XelT . . .
Frank C. Handf . .
Henr>- M Fisher . .
John j. t)wcM ....
Caspar Morris . . .
Thomas S. K. Morton
Sam'l B. Shoemaker
Frcd'k A. I'ackard .
Joseph I.eitly ....
J. Allison Scott . . .
When Elected.
October 28. 1872 . .
October 28, 1872 . .
October 28, 1S72 . .
August 30, 1S75 . .
July 30, 1S77 . . . .
February 25, 187S
December 29, 1879 ,
January 26. 1880 . ,
March 29. iSSo . . .
June 27. 1881 ...
November 28, 1S81
March 27. 18S2 . .
January 31, 1887 . ,
October 31, 1887 .
October 27, 1890 .
July 25, 1892 ...
July 2S, 1892 ...
July 31, 189,^ . . .
Resigned.
December 29. 1879 .
Januar>" 26. 1880 . .
October 31, 1887 . .
Julvjo, 1S77 . . . .
I'"cbruary 25, 187S
March 27, 1S82 . .
June 27. 1S81 . . . ,
March 29. iSSo . .
January 31, 1S87 - .
I November 28 i83i ,
I July 25, 1S92 . . . .
July 25. 1892 . . . .
■ September 29, 1890 .
April 2, 1893 . . . .
Surgeons.
Charles T. Huntert . . . .
Thomas H. Andrews. . .
Elliott Ricliardson . . . .
H. Earnest Goodman . .
William Aslibridge . . . ,
William C. Cox
G'jorge C Harlan . . . ,
Wm. Barton Honkins . .
T. Hewson Bradford . .
Richard H. Harte^ . . .
John B. Roberts ....
Joseph M. i-'ox
Charles B. Penrose . . .
Walter D. Green ....
1 hos. S. K. Morton . . .
Robert G. I-cConte . . .
Peter N. K. Schwenk ia)
Alexander W. MacCoy (d)
John Montgomery Baldy(<
When Elected.
Resigned.
April 27» 1884 . .
October 27, 1877 .
November 28, iSsi
July 28, 1873 ■ ■
April 38, 1SS4 ■ ■ .
October 29, 1883 .
October 28. 1872 .
October 28, 1S72 .
October 28, 1872 .
October 28. 1872 .
July 28, 1S73 . .
October 27. 1877 .
October 27, 1879 . . . ■
November 28. 18S1 .
November 28. 1S81 . . j
October 29, 1883 . . .1 November 27,
May 4, 1885 I July 25. 1887
May 4. 1885 ! September aS,
July25. 1S87 I June 26, 1893 ,
September 28, 1891 . . |
November 27, 1893 .
June 26. 1893
July 31, 1S93
JuIy3i.iS93
October 30, 1893 ... 1
1893 ■
1891 :
Termof Ser\'icc.
Years. Months.
Terra of Service,
Years.
Months.
* Elected to Hospital Staff, November 24, 1879, in place of Dr. J. Aitken Meigs, deceased.
t Died.
g Elected to Hospital Staff. November 27. 1893.
{a) Surgeon to the Eve and Ear Department.
(6) Surxeon to the Throat and Nose Department.
Ic) Surgeon to the Gynxcological Department.
Note.— The Oul-Patient Department for Mental Disease, instituted November, 1885, is under
the charge ol the Assistant Physicians of the Department for the Insane, who attend in rotation.
246
FINANCIAL AFFAIRS AND ADMINISTRATION.
The income of the Pennsylvania Hospital, in its early days, was
principally derived from appropriations by the Provincial Assembly Early
and from the contributions of charitable citizens. Later, the State Resources of
Legislature voted to the Hospital unclaimed shares of prize money,
also certain arrears due the Commonwealth, under the Loan Office Act
of February 26, 1776, and unclaimed dividends of bankrupts' estates.
In addition to gifts of land, there were special donations of money
from the Penn Family. Among the occasional additions to the income
are enumerated the proceeds from the exhibition of West's picture of
"Christ Healing the Sick," also from a Stage Play, from a Charity
Sermon by Rev. George Whitfield, from Webster's Lectures on the
English Language, from a Sacred Concert, from " Charity Boxes," and
from fees of Signers of Bills of Credit. Money was also received
from legacies, donations from private individuals. Associations, Rail-
roads and various other corporations, and the interest from invested
247
funds, and other sources. Quite a large amount was obtained from
the assets of the Pennsylvania Land Company, London, which will
be especially referred to on a succeeding page.
Act of Incor- The act of the Provincial Assembly, May 1 1 , i 75 1 , in establishing
poration. ,j,g Pennsylvania Hospital, made the Contributors a corimration and
provided: ist. Authority to receive and take lands, tenements or
hereditaments, not exceeding the yearly value of one thousand
pounds,! of the gift, alienation, beijuest or devise of any ]>erson or
persons ; 2d. Money, or other estate, expressly given or added to the
capital stock of the Hospital, shall not be expended in any other way
than by applying its annual interest or rent towards the entertainment
and care of the sick and distempered poor, that shall be, from time to
time, brought and placed therein for the cure of their diseases, from
any part of the Province without partiality or preference ; 3d. If at
any time, hereafter, there should not be a constant succession of
Contributors to meet yearly, and choose Managers as specified, then
the said Hospital, and the estate and affairs thereof, shall be in the
management and under the direction of such persons as shall be
from time to time appointed by act of General Assembly of this
Province for that purpose.
Provincial The same Act of Assembly appropriated two thousand pounds.
Assembly currency, to the Capital Stock, towards the furnishing and sujiport
■ of the Hospital, provided an equal amount were subscribed by
individuals towards a permanent fund.
Occasional On A])ril 21, 1 759, was pa.ssed " An Act to prevent the e.\i>orta-
sourcL-sof tJQn of bad, or unmerchantable, staves, heading, boards and timber."
One-half the penalties prescribed by this Act was made payable to the
" Contributors of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the use of that insti-
tution, the other half to the inspector of lumber, or to him or them
who shall sue for the same." The Hospital's share under this .Xct
aggregated <;2i4.53.
The Assembly also granted to the Hospital three-fourths of the
fines or penalties levied by the Inspector of Flour on those who mixed
corn-meal with middlings. 'I he share of the Hosjiital under this Act
aggregated S63 1. 90.
In 1762, in response to the Managers' a|>i)cal to help the Funds
of the Hospital, the Provincial Assembly made a further grant of
three thousand pounds, to replace the amount taken from ca])ital for
maintenance of Hosjjital.
.Among the miscellaneous sources of revenue it is noted that, in
1763, the Provincial Assembly Commissioners appointed to pave the
' By Act March 2i, 1851, the limitation of the Estate was extended to 150,000 per annum.
248
streets of Philadelphia, having no immediate use for the funds,
loaned to the Managers, on their individual security, four thousand
pounds, for one year without interest. The Hospital gained by this
loan ^360 8.f. bii.
March 27, 1780, the Assembly granted an order in favor of the State
Hospital for ten thousand pounds, Continental money. This grant was Legislature
misconstrued into a loan, but afterwards on appeal of the Managers, '
it was corrected and again voted as an appropriation. So great was the
depreciation of Continental money that the grant of the Assembly was
worth only ^163 lis. Sd. in hard money. The correspondence
regarding this has already appeared (see page 65).
January 27, 1783, Francis Hopkinson, Judge of the Admiralty,
paid to the Hospital, per Act of Assembly, the unclaimed shares of
prizes taken by the Continental ship " Saratoga," (amounting to
_;^884 13.?. 6^/.); also, the proceeds of a \>nzQ made by the ship UnclainK-ci
" Daniel Greene " (^348 oj-. od.), also shares of prizes taken by the Prize Money-
Brig " Neptune " (^89 i is. ()d.) ; also, an additional share (^37 8s. Awarded.
6d.), and on May 11, 1784, several unclaimed shares of the prize
brig " Ajax," captured by the brig " Friendship" (^3301) making
a total, (less j£$2 is. yi., subsequently paid), of ^4608 12s. 6d.,
received by the institution in State money.
The Assembly, for the purpose of aiding the Hospital, granted Assembly
to it the fines imposed upon its members, which had amounted in Members' ,
1786, to ^76 izs. lod.
A number of contributions were received from members of the Contribu-
Penn family: lions of the
On May 17, 1762, Ricliard Hockley Receiver General to our I'loprietaries . „.|. ,
Thomas and Richard Penn Esq'rs. attending, acquainted tlie Board that the
Proprietaries from their regard to this charitable Institution & a Desire to promote
the good Purposes thereof have by Letters lately received from them given him
Directions to acquaint the Managers that they would grant to the Contributors of
the said Hospital the Lott of Ground adjoining the N'orth Side of the Lott on
which the Hospital stands e.xtending the whole Length thereof from Eighth to
Ninth Street along S])ruce Street which compleats the Square. And that they had
likewise given Orders to their Receivers General for the time being for Payment
of an Annuity of Forty Pounds P'ble on the first day of May yearly and that as it
w.is the Proprietaries Inteittion Payment of the first Year's Aniuiity should have
been made on the first of this Month which being past before the Letter came to
hand he now paid at the Table the said Sum of Forty Pounds which the Clerk is
directed to deliver to the Treasurer & desire him to give a proper Receipt for the
same which Donations being esteemed by the Board an Instance of the Proprie-
tary's generous Intention are thankfully received & it is .agreed that John Reynell,
Evan Morgan, Tliomas Gordon, & Samuel Rhoads be a Committee to prepare an
Essay of an Adress to the Proprietaries to manifest our grateful acknowledgment
thereof, to be brought to the ne.xt Meeting of the Board for Consideration & the same
Committee are appointed to apply for & receive the Patent granting the said Lott.
249
Lands an<l
an Annuity.
Aiul llic saiti Richari.! Hockley expressing much satislaclion in (leliverinK
this Message from the Proprietaries & the regard he entertained for theCliarity &
his Willingness to contribute to promote its Advancement, ])resented the Sum oi
Twenty Spanish Pistoles as his Contribution whicli the Clerk is a]>pointed to
deliver to the Treasurer Sc recpiest him to make out a Certificate under the Seal
of the Corporation as usual.
The annuity of forty pounds was continued from 1762 to 1775,
and, in all, amounted to ;^56o. The correspondence between the
Managers and the Penn family, with the patents for the land, will be
again referred to when considering the subject of the Real Estate of
the Hospital, in the next section.
Pennsylvania The Managers were informed by letter, dated June 7, 1760, from
Land Thomas Hyam,> that an act of Parliament, entitled
Company
in London. An Act for vesting certain estates in Pennsylvania. New Jersey, and Mary-
land, belonging to the proprietaries of a partnership, commonly called, the
Pennsylvania Land Company, in London, in trustees to the said to be sold : and
for other purposes therein mentioned,
had lately passed. Also, that he
had been instrumental in proposing and having inserted in the ait a clause
granting to this Hospital all the money which might remain unclainud in the
hands of the trustees on June 24, 1770.
Dr. John Fothergill - and Mr. David Barclay acted in con-
junction with Dr. I'Vanklin, as Attorneys of the Hospital in
England.
At the meeting of May 26, 1766, an important decision of the
Lord Chancellor of England in favor of the Hosjjital is recorded.
' • • • " AmoiiK the important results of the interest [in the Hospital] fell in England,
was the receipt of ;i larRi- sum of money, conSL-iincnt upon the settlement o( the concerns o( a
ioint-stock partnership, denominated the " Pennsylvania Land Comp.iny in London." In the
> ear 1760 an Act of Parliament was passed, vesting in trustees the estates of that company in
Pennsylvania, New Jersey and MarjMand, in order that they might he sold, and the proceeds
distributed. But as it appeared probable, that for a considerable portion of these proceeds, no
just claimant would be found, the insertion of a clause in the Act was procured by the friends
of the Hospital, granting to that institution all the money which might remain unclaimed in
the hands of the trustees upon the 24th of June, 1770. Thomas Hyam appears to have been
chiefly instrumental in bringing about this important event for the Hospital." [Cornell's His-
tory of Pennsylvania, iS76,p. 41 J. Quoted from Woods Historical and Biographical Memoirs.]
'Dr. John Kothergill, boni in 1712 near Richmond, in Yorkshire, England, a member of
the Society of Friends, was graduated in Edinburgh in 1737. He was interested in natural
philosophy and botany, and wrote numerous treatises on therapeutics and pharmacy. He was
associated with Howard in the reformation of the management of prisons. He was also a
physician of eminence in London and was greatly interested in the Pennsylvania Hospital.
He presented the Hospital with casts, models, and diagrams for the museum, and gave the
first volume to the medical librar>- He died in 1780. He greatly assisted Franklin in
advancing the pecuniary interests of the Hospital in ICngtand, as in the instance of the Penn-
sylvania Land Co here referred to. He was a man of high character and great benevolence.
Franklin said of him " I can hardly conceive that a belter man ever existed. [Thomas's
Biographical Dictionary. Phila,, 1870.]
2^0
which was obtained chiefly through the friendly ofifices of Dr. Fother-
gill. It is in reference to the above mentioned unclaimed shares of the
Pennsylvania Land Company, the proceeds of which were to be
given in trust to the Managers to hold for possible claimants. The
decision is as follows :
Tluirsday the 28tli day of June in the 4th Year of the Reign of his Majesty King
George the 3rd. 1764 on Behaif of the Proprietors of the Pennsylvania Land
Company in London.
I'pon OpeitiiifT the matter tliis present Day. niito the Right Ilonble. tlie Lord
Higli Chancelor of Great Britain by Mr. York, being of Coiintell for the Hospital
in Peimsylva. called the Pennsylvania Hospital, establish'd by an ."Vet of the
General .Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, entitled, An Act to Encourage
the Establishing an Hos])ital for the Relief of the Sick & Poor of the said
Province, & for the Reception & care of Lunatics, // was alledged That by an Act
of Parliament passd in the 33rd Year of the Reign of his late Maje.sty King
George the 2nd, entitled an Act for Vesting certain Estates in Pennsylvania, New-
Jersey & Maryland, belonging to the Proprietors of a partnership, commonly
called the Pennsylvania Land Company in London, in Trustees to be sold, & for
ot!ier Purposes therein mentioned, reciting a Conveyance in Fee, dated the nth &
1 2th of Augt. 1699. From Wm. Penn— To Tobias Collett, Michael Russell, Daniel
Quard & Henry Gouldney, of several Lotts in Philadelphia, & a Tract of Land in
the County of Bucks in Pennsylvania, granted to Richard Noble, and of 100
Acres of Land in the said County, & all Buildings and improvements thereon
and of 60,000 Acres of Land in Pennsylvania. And also that by Indenture Dated
the same 12th of Aug't. 1699, Between the said Grantees of the one ])art. and
Wm. Beach & others of the other part, the said Grantees agreed to stand siezed
upon Trust to E.vecute such Deeds as should be approved of by the Grand
Committee, of the Proprietors, And that the Neat profitts of the Premises, should
be Divided into 220 Siiares, iSc should be called the Proprietors of the Pennsyl-
vania Land Company in London, with directions how the said 220 Shares Should
be transferr'd or Descend in i<ise of Death, and also that in the Year 1720, the
Proprietors of the said 220 Shares, disposed thereof to a New Sett of Proprietors,
who divided the same into 8,800 Shares, & Receipts for many of them were
Signed, and given out by Thomas Storey the then Treasurer, and reciting that
233 Shares, stand in the Books of the said Partnershi]), in the Names of some 01
the Original Proprietors, and 3,728 Shares, in the names of Several Persons,
specefied in the first Schedule. And that in pursuance of .Advertizements, claims
had been made under several receipts for 650 Shares, and 26 Shares, & the
Names of the Persons who produced such Receipts or claimed such Shares, are
mentioned in the Second Schedule ; — And also that it was unknown, who were
entitled to the Rema'n of the said 8,800 Shares, and that several of the jiersons
named in the said Schedules are Dead & some of the said Shares had been
Assigned and that the premises unsold were greatly encreased in Value, and if
sold, would raise a Considerable Sum to be divided amongst the persons inter-
rested in the parcelling out thereof, might tend to Populate the said colonies;
And also that Contracts ha<i been made with Francis Rawle, the said Company's
Agent in Pennsylvania for some of the Provinces, and that it would be for the
Benefit of all Persons interrested, to join in the Sale, or unless the said Lands by
authority of Parliament, were vested in Trustees to be sold : — It was therefore
Enacted, that all the premises, except what had been sold, & conveyed by the
Trustees, should be vested in John FothergiU Dr. in physic, Daniel Zachary,
Decision of
the Lord
Chancellor
Authorizing
Managers
to Settle
Estates of
Pennsylvania
Land
Compan\-.
Thomas How, Dcvi-reux Bowley, Liikt- Hin<l, KiiliM How. siiici- Dt-ceasd,
Ruli- of Court Jacob HaK<--ii, Silvanus Grove, and William Hi.r<in, tliiir Heirs & assigns, I'PIJN
Making the TRl'ST, to sell the premises not Contracted for with the said Rawle, by Public
Managers Auction on such Notice & Condition as in the sai<l .Act mentioned ;— And by the
Trustees of said Act Commissioners were appointed for examining the Claims of Shares,
Pennsylvania S: impowered by Kxamination of Parties. Sc otherwise to determine, the same,
Land in a Summary Way, & were on or before the ist of March, 1763, to ascertain how
Company, many Shares should be allowed, and to whom, & cast up the Amount thereof,
and on or before the 24th day of June 1763, cause a Copy of such Book, Signed
by them, to be fded, with the Clerk of the Reports in Chancery, Who is required
to file the same, and to take such Fees, as are allow'd for Copyini; and filing
Reports, .And, it was thereby further Enacted, that the Neat Money belonging to
the Partnership Estates, should with all Convenient Speed after the 24th of June
176.3 be distributed, and ap|ilyed to every person whose right should be allowed
by the said Commiss'rs, as therein before directed, in or to any Shares, rateably
and Proportionally, according to the Number of Shares in the said Partnership :
— And, it was by the said Act further provided, That as to the proportionable
Dividend of persons entitled to any of the 482 Unclaimed Shares in the said
Partnership, or any receipt for Shares therein, who should not make out their
right thereto, The Trustees were to pay the same into the Bank of England, in
the name and with the privity of the Accountant General of the Court of
Chancery and to be placed to his Acco. under the Title of— THE PROPRIE-
TORS of THE PENNSA. LAND COMPANY IN LONDON— subject to such
Order as should from Time to Time be made concern'd the same, by the Court of
Chancery, & all Persons who before the 24th of June 1770 should think them-
selves entitled to any part of the Money, on Acct. of any such Dividend, might
apply to the Court, by Motion in open Court or petition, and the said Court,
should thereupon proceed in a Summary Manner, & from time to time make
such orders in the Premises, as should be just, and if any Persons entitled to any
of the Money so paid into the Bank, as for the Dividend of any sach Share,
should not apply to the Court, to be paid their proportion of the Money so paid
into the Bank, and before the said 24th of June 1770 make out to the satisfaction
of the said Court their right to so much of the Said Money which they should
claim in respect of some share in the said Partnership, then so much Money,
which shoultl be so paid into the Bank on the Account last above-mentiiined,
& which should not before the said 24th of June 1770 be claimed, & ordered to be
paid thereout to the respective parties, who should make out their right thereto ;
As by the said Act before provided should go to the use of the HOSPITAL in
Pennsylvania, called the PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL established by an Act
of the General Assembly in the Province of Pennsylvania, entitled An Act to
Encourage the Establishing a Hospital for the Sick & Poor of the said Province
& for the reception & Cure of Lunatics and at any time after the 24th of June
1770, on application being made to the said Court, on behalf of the said Hospital,
by Motion in open Court on petition for Payment thereof, The Court should
order the Accountant General, to draw on the Bank for the same, payable as the
Court should order for the use of the Hospital ; And it was by the said Act
further provided, that after any Money should be paid into the Bank of England
as therein before directed, it should be Lawful for the Court on the application of
any Person or Persons interested in any such Money so paid in, or who should
apprehend Him, Her, or themselves so to be, to Order the same, or any part
thereof, to be placed out at Interest, in some of the Public Funds of this
Kingdom, in the Name of the Accountant General, and all Interest attending the
same, should go, and be applied in such Manner as the principal Money should
252
be so paid into the Bank on Acco't of any sucli unascertain'd Shares, or
Receipts, in the said Partnership, as aforesaid, Whereby the said Act Ijcfore
directed to go, and be applied, That tlie Commissioners named and ajjpointed by
the said Act certified by Writing under their liands, at the foot of tlicir proceed-
ings, entered into a Book for that purpose, Pursuant to the said Act, that they
had proceeded to Execute the powers & Autlioritys thereby vested in them,
agreeable to the directions in the said Act, and as for and concerning the 3973
Shares, in the first Schedule, referr'd to by the said Act, which by mistake are
there cast up, and set down 3961 Shares, 3483 Shares and 4/5ths of 22 Shares,
thereof, having been claimed before them, and such Claims made out to their
satisfaction, they had adjusted, and ascertain'd, the said j^.Vj .Shares iS: 4 jths of
22 Shares, to belong to the several Persons, and in the proportions mentioned in
the first Schedule : — The Remaining 466 Shares, and i/5th of 22 Shares of the
said 3973 Shares, having either not been claimed before them, or the Claims in
Respect thereof, having been disallowed by them for want of sufficient Evidence
to make out the same to their Satisfaction, and as for & Concerning the 676
Shares in the 2nd Schedule, referr'd to by the said Act 672 Shares thereof having
been Claimed before them, & such claims made out to their satisfaction, they had
ajusted & ascertain'd the said 672 Shares, to belong to the several Persons, & in
the Proportions mentioned, in the second Schedule, The remaining 4 Shares, not
having been claimed before them, and as for and concerning 470 Shares, which
Remain'd Unclaimed at the Time of passing the said Act, but which by Mistake
are therein called 4S2 Shares, 138 Shares thereof having been Claimed before
them, & such Claims made out to their Satisfaction, they had adjusted & ascer-
tained the said 13S Shares, to belong to the Several persons, & in the proportions
mentioned in the 3rd Schedule. The remaining 332 Shares of the said 470
Shares, not having been claimed before them which said 3,973,676 Shares &
470 Shares together with the 36S1 Shares, in the said .Act mentioned, to liave
been assign'd to Thomas Hyam, Thomas Reynolds, & Thomas How in Trust for
the Benefit of the persons therein called the Pennsylvania Land Company in
London make the SS',000 Shares, into which the Original 220 Shares in the said
Act mentioned, are therein recited to have been divided and branched out in the
Year 1720. At a general Meeting of the Proprietors then held, they were
informed by the Trustees that the greatest part of the Company's Lands had
been Sold, and that from the Money arising therefrom, they were Enabled to
make a first Dividend of jCS per Share, which Dividend being unanimously
agreed to by the Proprietors then present, was declared accordingly and hath
been since paid to the several. Proprietors whose claims were allowed by the
Commissioners ; — That the surviving Trustees in the said Act of Parliament have
paid into the Bank, the sum of £6431 4s being £S per Share on S02 Shares
& //jth of 211 Unclaimed Shares and the said Money is now Remaining in the
said .Accountant General's Name in this matter, under the Title of The Proprie-
tors of the Pennsylvania Land Company in London pursuant to the said .■Vet of
Parliament, that it will be for the Benefit of all parties to have the said £64^1 4s
laid out in Stock & Carry Interest — IT WAS therefore prayed that the sum of
£643: 4s Cash in the Bank, now remaining in the name of the .Accountant
General, and placed to the Credit of the Proprietors of the Pennsylvania Land
Company in London, may be laid out in the purchase of j per Cent, reduced
Bank Annuities, in the Name and with the privity of the said Accountant
General, upon the Trusts mentioned in the said Act of Parliament and that he
may declare the Trust thereof Accordingly subject to the further orders of this
Court, WHEREUPON and upon hearing of Mr. Seare of Council for the
surviving Trustees, in the said .Act of Parliament, who consented thereto, and
253
tile said Accountant CJcneral's Certificate Read, ami wliat was AlliclKed liy tin-
Proceeds of Council f<ir the said Parties— IT IS ORDKRKU that the said Sum of /(i/,-/ y.t
Kstates of C;,sh in the Hank in Trust in this matter, under the Title of THK Propriet'rs of
Pennsylvania the Pennsylvania Land Company in London, be laid «>ut in the purchase of
Land j p (_•( reduced Hank Annuities in the name and with the privity of the said
Company. Accountant (leneral, to be there placed to the Credit of this Matter under the
Said Title, AND he to declare the Trust thereof, accordingly Sulyect to the
further order of this Court, And for that purpose the said Accountant (leneral,
is to draw on the Bank, accordiuK to the Form prescribed by the Act of Parlia-
ment, and the (leneral Rules, and orders of the Court in that Case made and
provided.
The drafts were signed by eight Managers. The amounts realized
were as follows:
* 32 Bills sold for /7.WO' 0.0 SterliuH or /'i 1,990. 5.0 Currency.
I " " i.?4. 1.2 " 225.17.9
Paid Messrs. Bevans' Commissions iS7.i2.o
Amount received /■7611.13.2 " /■i2,2i6 2.9111 Cur'cy.
(Besides the /'i2,2i6.2.9 in Currency, as much more as the /rS7.I2.o Stcrlin;;
was worth. )
The above amounts were paid at various times, the last portions
not being received until after the close of the Revolutionary War.
Funds from ^^Y ^^^ ^^ April II, 1793, entitled " An Act for extending the
Arrears of benefits experienced from the institution of the Pennsylvania
Loan Office Hospital," twenty-six thousand six hundred and sixty-six dollars
''■'" '"' ' and sixty-seven cents (526,666.67), were granted to the contributors
out of the arrears due the Commonwealth under the Loan Office .Acts
of Feb. 26, 1773, and the State Treasurer was directed to pay to the
Hospital all moneys on that account received by him since the first day
of January preceding, and to assign to the Hosi)ital the mortgages and
securities upon which anything remained due. The managers were
required to give security, and to use their utmost endeavors to collect
the money and, after satisfying the grant, to pay the surplus to the
State Treasurer. The Managers were appointed trustees of the Loan
Office, etc., and were directed to apply the money granted to erect
additional buildings, and to render an accoimt annually to the Legis-
lature. Also any unclaimed dividends of Bankrupts' estates were
directed to be jiaid to the Hospital by the Commissioners of Bank-
ni aime( j-^jpfg {j^g Hosi)ital to be liable therefor, if subsequently claimed.
Dividends of 1 ' 1 i J
Kstates of Ih^^ Managers, by the same Act, were empowered to establish a
Bankrupts. Lying-in and Foundling Department in the Hospital.
On December 16, 1795, ^'^^ Commissioners in Bankruptcy paid
to the Managers on account of unclaimed dividends and surpluses.
S20.044.64, and on March 28, 1796, S6912.08.
254
The following correspondence is of considerable historical
interest. It is recorded in the minutes of a meeting held November
22, I 796 :
The Governor having lately paid a visit to the Hospital and signified a will-
ingness in his next address to recommend to the Legislature to grant a further
sum to finish the centre building, it was agreed that Robert Wain, Saml. M. Fox
& Saml. Coates be a committee to take him the following address and to request
he will introduce therein such parts of it as he may conceive will be useful on the
occasion ;
To Thomas Mifflin, Governor of the State of Pennsylvania.
The Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital acknowledge with great satisfac-
tion, the benefit derived from that part of the Governor's last address, to the
Senate and House of Representatives of this State, in which he was pleased to
recommend that Institution to their attention for aid and support. The grant of
money which followed this recommendation has enabled the Managers to finish
seventy rooms in the West Wing and thus to provide suitable and convenient
accommodations for a Number of Lunatics ; instead of the subterraneous and
damp cells, in which they have hitherto been confined ; the pleasing hope of
administering more effectual relief to this afllicted class of patients is much
incouraged by the great success, which under every Inconvenience, has attended
the Efforts of the hospital Physicians, during the last year ; according to the
original jilan some progress has been Made towards connecting the two Wings of
the Hospital by the center building, the foundation of which has been laid, the
walls carried up to the level of the Ground floor, and many Materials provided
for completing the Same. In the expenditure of the money intrusted to the
Managers they have observed the strictest economy, but the sum granted being
insufficient, They fear that the Work already done, if it should be left in its present
unfinished state w'ill suffer greatly from the weather ; other inconveniences will
gre.itly attend it ; the Steward and Matron will be too remote from many of the
Patients, to aflibrd the necessary attention, The Number of nurses and servants
must be increased, and Consequently the Expencesof the Institution. The room
where the Managers meet, the Museum, the apothecaries Shop, and the apart-
ments now occupied by the Steward & Matron and apothecaries are all wanted for
the more comfortable accommodation and better separation of the sick, untill the
center building be completed these Inconveniences cannot be removed ; the
Managers forbear to enlarge on this subject ; it is unnecessary they think to dis-
cant on the relief, which has been extended to many of the Citizens of Pennsyl-
vania, as well as to distressed Strangers by Means of this Hospital ; the Governor
having some years ago been a Manager thereof, has had a full opportunity of
knowing the usefulness of an Institution, which among other charitable Endow-
ments, has reflected honor on the humanity and public spirit of Pennsylvania. —
They will therefore intrude no longer on his time, but to submit to the Governor
the propriety of mentioning the present situation of the Pennsylvania Hospital
in his next Address to the Legislature of this State.
Signed on behalf and at the request of a board of Managers of the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital, nth month 22, 1796.
JosHH Hewes, President.
Saml. Co.\tes, Sect^y.
Visit of
Governor
Mifflin.
Address to
the Governor
asking
favorable
mention.
A Supplement to Act of April ii, 1793, passed April 4, 1796,
An additional niade an additional grant of twenty-five thousand dollars to enable
Grant from jj^g contributors to finish the buildings according to the original
Assembly for ,
completinK •''*"' ^'<=-
Buildings. At a special meeting held at the house of Josiah Hewes, December
28th, 1797, the draft of a second address to the Governor was
produced, agreed upon and directed to be forwarded.
Managers'
Report of
Progress
and need
of another
Appropri-
ation.
The Managers of the Pknnsvi-vama IIosi'itai, Respectfully Represent:
That they have with as much teconomy as the nature of the business would
admit, proceeded according to the views of the Legislature, towards the Com-
pletion of the buildings originally intended by the Contributors and have besides
finishing the Western Wards in a stile of superior Consequence for the accommo-
tion ol Lunatic Patients, raised and partly inclosed the Centre Buildings designed
for the residence of the Officers and servants of the Familey, and for other
necessary purposes. In thus far Prosecuting the Task a.ssigned lliem, the whole
of the Monies granted by the Assemltly for the j)urpose, hath been e.xpeiideil anil
the sum of eighteen hundred pounds, and upwards borrowed, besides incurring
debts on unsettled accounts, to the supposed amount of Two thousand Pounds.
Tile ;\Ianagers confiding in the Governor's willingness to co-operate with
them in obtaining the means to complete a good design, so far happily bro't on its
way, request that he will in such manner as may be most likely to promote it,
aid an application, which they are about to make to the Assembly for the Sum of
si.x thousand Pounds, which if granted, they hope will enable them to finish the
Original Plan of the Pennsylvania Hospital, and to e.\tend its benefits much
more widely, than their heretofore limited circumstances would .illow.
Signed
Josiah Hewes, President.
Samiki. Cdates, Secretary.
An address was also directed to be jirepared to be presented to
the Legislature to second the Governor's recommendation. It
appears in full in the minutes of the same meeting.
Address
to the
Legislature.
To the Senate and House of Representalwes 0/ the
Commonweallh of Pennsrh'ania.
The Afenioriat of the Managers of the Pennsylvania
Hospital Respectfully Slicu;
That in the begining of the Year 1751 a plan was presented to tile Assembly,
for a Public Hospital, for the benevolent purpose of receiving and accommodating
the Lunaticks and sick poor of Pennsylvania.
This plan was approved of by the Legislature, who shewed a good disposi-
tion to carry it into effect, but they had some doubts of incouraging the building
for fear that individual contributions would not be raised in proportion to Legis-
lative aid. \ trial however, was soon made . . .
The Legislature gave in May following, two thousand pounds towards erect-
ing the Ea.stern Wing of the Hospital, embracing at the same time the idea of
extending it, at a future day, whenever the Circumstances of the Province should
require its enlargement ; To this gift they annexed a Condition that the money
256
sliouki not be paid untill the Coiitributois slitiuUI raise by suljsciiplion an equal
sum for the same use. — This was soon done and in a short time more was sub- Appeal
scribed than the Act required. to the
The Institution was then organized, and Twelve Managers, a Treasurer and Legislature
six Physicians were chosen, who freely undertook the service of the House for for I'unds
the sake of the sick and suffering Poor. to nimplele
A CHARTER was also procured, which provided that Committees of the the Hospital.
House of Assembly, should visit the Hospital, whenever it appeared proper to
them, that the annual accounts should be submited to the House, that the laws
and rules for the Election of ManaKers, and Physicians, should be approved by the
chief justice and attorney General and finally, to shew that every object of the
Contributors tended to the Public Weal, a clause, was inserted by which the
Hospital with all its property was to escheat to the Province in case, the Con-
tributors should fail, — Thus in the early settlement of I'ennsylvania the Hospital
took its rise — The Le>;islature became its Patron, and every humane citizen its
friend.
By a Combination of Public anil Private e.vertions of so many Charitable
disposed people in the Province, the Managers were enabled to finish the Eastern
appartments ; but the two thousand Pounds, which the Assembly gave, and the
first Contributions that were raised, were expended in the buildiligs : it therefore
became necessary to procure a reimbursement of this Money to the Capital Stock ;
for which reason the Managers |)etitioned the Assembly to replace it.
The Prayer of this Petition was readily granted, by which eventually, tlie
Legislature had the e.vclusive honor of raising the first asylum of the kind that
was known in the State, if not in the Union, for the most afflicted and helpless
class of the people, both in body and mind. To the humane Citizens of Pennsyl-
vania, and to many benevolent persons in England, and in other parts of the
World, the Credit of endowing tin- Instilulicin with funds to suiiport it umiiies-
tionably belongs.
Such liberality is not to be found in the annals of this Country, in which a
jirivate association of Gentlemen, who had no personal emoluments in view, have
freely subscribed a productive stock of Twenty thousand, five hundred and
eighty-five pounds, ten shillings and four pence, for the use for the Poor.
In addition to this Sum, they have added to the Hospital Estate, two valuable
Lots of Ground, to be kept open forever, for the benefit of fresh and wholesome
air, for the Patients, — To prove that the Contributors have rendered this important
service to the Country, the Managers can appeal to the annual accounts, which
were rendered to your predecessors in the Year 1774, all of which they presume
are Carefully preserved among the archives of the State.
About this time the affairs of the Hospital were in a prospering Condition —
When alas ! by events inseparable from the War, which occasioned the late
revolution, the Contributors lost above Ten thousand Pounds — This Shock in the
Infancy of the Institution, paralised the active operations of the Managers for
several Years, but as the native benevolent spirit of Pennsylvania was yet alive
to the miseries of their fellow suffering Citizens, the Managers were encouraged
to re-assume their labours.
And now, when Peace returned to heal the wounds of a long War, and tlie
lap of Industry was filled with the Profits of agriculture and Commerce, the
managers sought for new Contributions, which they received from many Charita-
ble Citizens : by these means, the ("apital was partly restored so that in 1793 it
amounted to seventeen tlicnisand and si.xty-llve I'omuls. eleven shillings and
teni)ence.
Al this time it became indispensably necessary to inlarRC the Pennsylvania
Hospital, so as to admit a greater number of lunatics, who with other Patients
were increased with the Krowing pnpulatlon of the state, and for whom the old
appartments of the house, were inconvenient and wholly insufficient.
To effect this enlargement of the building, the Managers submitted a new
plan, nearly resembling the Original plan of the Hospital, with an Address, to
the Legislature. They approved thereof, and gave Ten thousand pounds tow nrds
carrying it on, to be paid out of the loan Office fund of the Year 1773.
Of this sum, the Managers have received but ^'7,696 14.?. id.
In addition to which on a further application, the Legislature gave
in 1796 /9.3"5 o o
Those monies amounting to /^i7.o7i 14^- irf-
are the total .Amount of all the Cash received from the Legislature to this
time, for the above purposes, and they are all e.xpended in carrying on the Work.
In addition to what has already been i)rocured, there will be wanted agreea-
bly to a report of the building Committee, which is now Submitted to the Con-
sideration of the House :
To pay the money that is borrowed /i,.Sii bs.2lid.
To pay unsettled Accounts 2,000 o o
.\nd to finish the buildings 4.S70 5 2
Total required to Complete the Estimate is ^8,381 lu. 4U(/.
Of this sum the Managers are in hopes to collect the balance,
remaining due of the /"io,ocpo given for the loan Office fund, ^2, 303 5^, 1 irf.
Amount There will be then wanting in Cash j<r6,o78 5s. srf.
required to to complete the whole, besides the .^"2,303 5i. iirf. which is to be applied to the
finish the same use, when collected.
The Man.igers further represent to the Legislature of the State, that chiefly
by the monies they have given them, the E.ist & Western appartments are fin-
ished, and that about 52 lunatic Patients besides others, are now accommodateil
in them; but the middle house, which is the proper center of communication with
all parts of the family is open to the roof, the outward walls only being carried up
so that the valuable work, that is already done, with many materials provided to
carry it on, are exposed to the weather and in danger of being destroyed.
Considering this, and that former Assemblies have thought the Institution of
so much importance to the State, as to give the whole building at different times
Twenty-five thousand pounds of the Public money, to raise it to its present con-
dition, the Managers are unwilling to fielieve that the Legislature will desert it in
its imperfect condition, when about six thousand pounds will probably secure the
benefits their predecessors intended their constituents should derive from the
liberal Contributions they have already made.
The Managers, therefore, in behalf of the Contributors, apply for six
thousantl and seventy-eight pounds to finish the House. And when they call
your attention to the records of this useful Institution, which has been faithfully
laid before the Legislature, every Year for more than forty Years past. When
they remind you that the numerous and various cases, which are attended in the
Hospital, have been the means of alluring Students from every State in the
Union, and thereby spreading the Reputation of Pennsylvania with Me<lical Knowl-
edge, to different parts of the World. And lastly, when you find, (which is a
truth upon record), that the Contributions to this Institution have assisted
about Nine thousand Inhabitants of the State, whose citizens you now represent,
25S
who have been afflicted with madness, casualties and almost every disease that
affects the minds and bodies of Men, and that they have been the means of
preserving several thousand of the lives of those distressed people, they trust and
believe you will not require a more powerful address to your feelings, than this
appeal to the Prayer of this, their earnest Petition.
Signed by order of a Board of Managers.
JosnH Hewes, President.
S.iMiEL CoATES, Secretary.
1 2th month 28th, 1797.
Several other attempts were made and petitions presented to the
Assembly. No specific appropriation was given, but the proceeds of the
Loan Office Funds, as they came in, were used to complete the work.
On March 6, 1799, an address was prepared, directing the atten-
tion of the Assembly to a deficiency in an appropriation previously
made :
The Committee on the Loan Office Fund report the following Memorial to
the assembly which being read by paragraphs and considered was approved, it
was then ordered to be transcribed signed by the managers and laid before the
Legislature without delay. The accounts which are not on the Memorial were
directed to be copied on the rough minutes.
To the Representatives of the Freemen 0/ the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
The JTemorial of the Subscribers Managers of the Pennsylvania
Hospital in the City of Philadelphia respectfully Sheueth.
That bv an .-Vet of Assembly passed the nth Day of .■^pril 1793, the Sum of Petition tothe
S26,666^o'o Dollars was granted to the Contributors to the said Pennsylvania Assembly.
Hospital for the uses in the said .\<A mentioned, out of the Principal and Interest
due to the Commonwealth in pursuance of an Act passed 26th of February 1773
entitled an Act for emitting the Sum of /"150.000 in bills of Credit on loan, and
providing a fund for the payment of public Debts.
And your Memorialists further shew that under and by virtue of the said .'\ct
the State Treasurer at the request of the Treasurer of the said Contributors, did
assign transfer and set over to the Managers of the said Hospital, the said Amount
and more in the Mortgages for Money loaned at the said Loan Office under the
said Act of 26th of February 1773.
And your Memorialists further shew, that by the said Act dated 26th
February 1773, it was provided that if it should appear on the Settlement of the
.Accounts of the Trustees of the said Loan Office, that any Deficiency had
happened by any Borrower or Mortgages not having Right to the Lands mort-
gaged or in the Value thereof or by any other way or Means whatsoever to pay
the Monies and the Interest accrued thereon with the Costs of the Suits which
should be prosecuted for the same, that in every such Case the Trustees of the
said Loan Office having an Order from the Assembly for the purpose should draw
an order on the Treasurer of the County in which such Deficiency should happen,
for the payment of such Deficiencies, if so much Money should then be in the
Treasury, and if not that the said Trustees should issue their precept to the
Commissioners and Assessors of the said County, enjoining them to cause the
said Deficiency so happening with such Costs & Charges as should accrue and be
|>aicl by the said Trusti-i-s in cncli-avoriiig to recover the same, forthwith to be
assessed, raised and levied of and upon the County, In the same manner by the
same persons and under the same pains, Penalties and Forfeitures as other
County Rates are l)y Law <lirccted to lie assessed, raised and levied, winch the
said Conunissioners and Assessors were hereby enjoined and required to do.
Mi'ini>rial to Your Memorialists further State, that on the Transfer of the said MortKages,
l.i-yislature they caused Precepts to he issued to sell the morlRaKed Premises as soon and in
«ith regard such Instances where the same could be done with propriety after Default made
to Loan in paying the Instalments of the same, and in many Instances the mortgaged
Office Premises have been sold according to due Course of Law, and the Premises
Estates, included in some of the said Mortgages, so as aforesaid assigned to the Managers
of the said Hospital have sold for less than the Sums loaned upon the same with
the Interest by the Sum of /,"45oS 3J. Mrf and that the Deficiency in the value
thereof, has occasioned a Loss to the Trustees of the said Loan Office, and the
said Contributors and Managers of the said Hospital to the amount above men
tioned the particulars i>f which api)ear in a Schedule hereto annexed marked .\.
Your Memorialists beg leave further to represent that several Estates which
were under Mortgage to the said Loan Office for Monies loaned under the said
Act of 2jrd. February. 1773 and which Mortgages were so as aforesaitl by the
Treasurer of the State assigned and set over to the Treasurer of the Contributors
to the said Hospital un<ler and by the Directions of the said Act of the 1 ith. of
April 1793 have been forfeited to the Connnonwealth by the Laws of .Attainder
and sold without regard to the Debt due thereupon to the said Loan Office and
the proceeds of the said Estates have been received by the Agents ol the Com-
monwealth andappropriated to the use thereof, by which also there is a Deficiency
of the Funds of the said Loan Office set over for the use of the Hospital as
aforesaid to the amount of ^2111 lys lorf the particulars of which appear in the
Schedule hereto anne.\ed marked B.
Your Memorialists further state that <in the 2,;ril. of July 1774 by an .Vet ol
Assembly to be found in Page 514 of the old Province Laws, the Common-
wealth loaned to the County of Northumberland a Sum of Money which with its
Interest to the first day of the present year amounts to the sum of /.i-" i^s 4rf
and that the said Debt due by the said County of Northumberland as aforesaid
by virtue of the Act of nth. of .^pril 1793 was assigned to the sai<l Contributors
of the Pennsylvania Hospital and is yet unpaid, and no Means are provided by
any existing Law to com])el the payment of the said Debt due by and from the
said County of Northumberland the particulars of which Debt appears by a cer-
tain Schedule hereto annexed marked C.
Your Memorialists request that you will be pleased to take the preceding
Circumstances into your serious Consideration, relying upon the Funds thus
assigned to them by the Bounty of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, the Managers
of the said charitable Institution, the Hospital in the City of Philadelphia, have
contracted Debts which the .Means put into their Hands are insufficient to
discharge. Many particulars not necessary at present to be recapitulated have
prevented your Memorialists from receiving the Sum appropriated by the Legis-
lature, for rendering the Hospital more extensively useful.
Your Memorialists therefore request, that a Law may be passed ordering and
empowering your Petitioners, the said Managers and Trustees of the said Loan
office under and in virtue of the said .Act of the nth. of April 1793 to draw an
order on the Treasurers of the Counties in which the Deficiencies have happened
as stated in the said annexed Schedule Marked A. for the payment of such
Deficiencies, if so much Money shall be in the Treasuries of the respective
■Counties, and if not, authorizing and empowering the said Managers as Trustees
260
as ;iforcsai(l to issue tlicir pii-icpt to the fomniissioiiers and Assessors of the said
several Counties to cause tlie said Deficiencies «ith Costs & Charges to be forth-
with assessed raised and levied of and upon the said several Counties, in the
same manner as other County rates are assessed, raised and levied.
And your Memorialists further request that a Law may be Passed authorizinj; Memorial to
and directing; the Treasurer of this Commonwealth to pay to them the .'\mount l-egislature
stated in the said anne.xed Schedule B. being the deficiency in Mortgages assigned with regard
for the use of the said Hosjiital and which Deficiency has been occa,sioned by the to Loan
attainder laws of this Commonwealth, under which the said mortgaged Lands Office Funds,
have been sold and the proceeds thereof paid into the Treasury of the State.
Your Memorialists further request that a Law may be passed to levy on the
County of Northumberland in manner as directed by the said .'^ct of 26th. of
February 1773 the said Sum of /.'i, 777.13. 4 being the principal Sum borrowed by
the Commissioners of the said County for the use thereof, and the interest there-
upon, the whole whereof is yet due and owing from the said County to the Com-
monwealth, and by the Commonwealth assigned as aforesaid to the said Pennsyl-
vania Hospital.
Signed by all the Managers.
6th of 3rd month 1799.
Til thf Siiiali- and Hmisr of Riptesenlaliviiol llii-
Commonwealth 0/ Pennsylz'ania :'
The Memorial and Petition of the Managers of the
Pennsylvania Hospital respectfully shew.
That Your Memorialists have heretofore submitted to the General .^ssemlily a Auother
Report of the Receipts for and E.vpenditures upon, the new buildings, to the Address to
iSth. of the 12th month 1797. with a Petition dated the i8th. of the same month, the Legisla-
for Si.x thousand and Seventy Eight pounds 5/5 to finish and furnish the same : ture asking
And on the 6th. day of the 3d mouth 1799 they laid before you, an .\ccount in a Settlement
detail of the Loan Office fund of the Year 1773, and requested your Assistance, to „f Loan
enable them to recover, the .Arrears thereon due to the State. office Funds.
In addition thereto, they now offer you a Report of the receipts for and
expenditures upon the building, continued to the 2Sth. of the nth month 1799.
Your Memorialists forbear urging at this time to your Consideration, the use-
fulness of the Institution under their Care, referring You to their former Memorial
hereto annexed, in which they have enlarged upon that Subject, and apprehending
the Assembly must be convinced of its Utility from their having already granted
near twenty-five thousand pounds in all towards it.
Your Memorialists think it may be proper to mention, that before the Contri-
butors engaged in this Undertaking, they presented you a plan of the contem-
plated Erections, with an Estimate of the Costs that would probably attend
them, from which they have not deviated ; they accompanied these with a fair and
plain declaration, that the funds of the Institution were insufficient to support
{more than a few poor Patients) and that by the Charter no part of the Capital
Stock could be expended on the buildings. Assurances were given you at the
same time, that Your Memorialists depended ui)on Legislative .Aid to complete
them.
With a knowledge of these Facts Your Memorialists expect you will not
hesitate to perfect, the Work which by your own Acts you aulhoriy.ed them to
begin and enjoined them to do ; — And as the Contributors have bought & paid for
the Lots upon which the Hospital stands, and endowed it with a Capital at
Interest of Twenty thousand Eight luindred and five Pounds 13 1 . and continue
261
tu inaiiirest a beiievolciu disposition liy nuw Contriliutions and Lcgacii-sto extend
its bt-nufits to this & future (k'nerations, Yuur Memorialists think tlie Legislature
ot tile Opulent State of Pennsylvania, have the most i)o\verful inducements to
(omply with their Petitions, by passing the necessary Acts, to enable them to
recover the Arrears of the Loan OflTice fund, and to Krant them (in Cash) six
thousand iV seventy Kight Pounds 55 to settle the depending Accounts, repay the
Monies they have borrowed, and to hnish and furnish the buililin>;s.
To conclude, Your Memorialists introduce their annual Accounts which they
submit to Your Inspection, and as by removing the Seat of Government to Lan-
caster, the customary visits of the Members to the Hospital, may be rendered
more inconvenient than usal. Your .Memorialists think it proper to express their
Willingness to meet your Enquiries in that, or in any place you will please to
appoint, and to attend the Visitations You may order to the Hospital, under any
Modifications you may think fit to Approve.
Signed by the ManaRers.
Pennsvlvania HiisiMTAi,, 1 2th month 141I1, 1799.
The above was presented at Lancaster by Saml. Coates, who went
there as a Committee of one for that purpose.
Final .adjust .Acting imder the authority of a special Act of the Legislature of
ment of Loan Pennsylvania, passed in 1804, an amicable adjustment and final settle-
ment of the account between the Commonwealth and the Managers,
acting as 'i'rustees of the Loan Office Fund, was made. The minutes
of the Managers' Meeting, held June 25, 1804, contain the fol-
lowing report of the Managers' Committee on the Loan Office Fund,
which was accepted and the Commitle discharged :
The above account haviny been settled agreably to a special Act of Assembly,
made for the purpose at the last Session, the Managers consider themselves free
from blame on account of any deductions that have been made from jur>''s ver-
dict, that was given in their favor, for S5031. 36-100. They likewise hold them-
selves clear of the Surplus Money, they recovered by the verdict, which has been
appropriated under the .^ct, and not paid to their Treasurer, but inasmuch as the
Comptroller and Register General have disallowed the charge of 5133.28-100 made
by Charles Chauncey for his Commission of 2'a per cent., which the Managers
think a reasonable charge for his trouble in the business, and which by capital
Contract they .agreed to allow him, they request the Committee before they
receive the balance, to write again to the Controller, t"t propose to him a recon-
sideration of this item of the Account ; and if on a representation of the Case, he
should still reject the Charge, the Committee are then to accept the balance of
1567 Dollars & 83 cents ; the necessity of submitting to the Act being obvious,
altho in this Instance the operation of it appears unreasonable, and meets with
the dis.tpprobation of all the Man.agers.
In consequence of the fact that they had collected the entire
amount, the Legislature by Act of April 4, 1805, directed a re-assign-
Charity ment of the remaining mortgages and other securities.
Sermon by ry^^ j^^^ George Whitfield, a dissenting clergyman, of great
Rev. George , , ... , . ^ ..,,., 1
Whitfield oratorical ability, came to this country from England, in the early
262
Bfiiefit of the
Hospital. ,
days of the province and held revival services, which created great
popular excitement. As one of the substantial results of his preaching
there was built for him in Philadelphia one of the largest churches
then in the colonies. He is said to have preached while here to an
audience of 15,000 persons. After a successful tour in the South, he
returned to this city, where, prior to his departure for Europe, he
preached in St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Sunday, October 22, 1764,
a Charity Sermon for the benefit of the Pennsylvania Hospital, taking
his text from Rom. vii. 4. The amount realized, including his per-
sonal contribution of five pounds, was j£iT4. 14. o. (or J465.86).
On March 2d, 1786, the Managers received word that Mr. Noah f;,jai,
Webster had made a public offer in one of the newspapers to give a Webster
benefit lecture on the English Language, to the Pennsylvania Hospital, Li--ctures for
provided he was waited on for that purpose. The Board agreed to
accept this offer, and Josiah Hewes and Reynold Keen were
appointed to wait on Mr. Webster and acquaint him therewith, and
also to thank him, in the name of the Board, for his politeness. The
following notice was read :
" Next Tuesday evening at 7 o'clock, in the University of Pennsylvania, Mr.
Webster author of the Grammatical Institute will begin to read a short course of
lectures on the English Language, and on education in general. Tickets for the
whole course (of si.\ lectures) at 15.? and for an evening 39, sold by M. Carey &
Co. R. Aitken and F. Bailey, at their Printing offices. A seventh Lecture will, if
requested, be delivered for the benefit of the Pennsylvania Hospital. The even-
ings i)roposed for the Lectures are Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdaj'S."
As Mr. Webster generouslycomply'd with the request of this Board in giving
a Lecture for the benefit of this Institution Josiah Hewes and Reynold Keen are
a]^pointed to collect the Money arising from the Sale of the Tickets and pay the
same to the Treasurer,
The Committee for collecting the money for the tickets sold for
attending Webster's lecture, on June 26, 1786, reported that they had
received the entire proceeds, amounting to thirty-five pounds, two
shillings, six pence.
On May 4, 1786, " a Grand Concert of Sacred Music " was given sicred
in the German Reformed Church for the benefit of the Pennsylvania Concert.
Hospital, Philadelphia Dispensary, and the Poor.
The Treasurer, on July 31, 1786 reported that Nathaniel Falconer and
Reynold Keen had paid him forty one pounds, twelve shillings and two jjence, or
$110.95, being (one third of ^124. 16.6) our proportion of the proceeds . Arising
from the late Concert of Sacred Music held at the German Reformed CMuirch
which the undertakers agree to give for the Use of this Institution for whicli they
are requested to return the Thanks of the Board. Financial
Advantages
Early in the career of the Hospital, at the suggestion of Franklin, tVom Charity
who fully appreciated the value of small things and the maxim with Boxes.
263
regard to " takiii},' care of the pence," it was agreed to liave •• Cliarity
Boxes " made and set up to receive the donations of such as may be
willing to give anything towards this jnirpose. Hugh Roberts and
Saml. Rhoads were appointed a committee to have ihcm made.
Under date of P'ebniary ist, 1753, it is noted in the minutes :
Colli-itioMs Twflvf Till Boxis willi tiK- words " Charity hok tiik Huspitai. " paiiuecl
by Charity "" them In ko'<I litti-rs bi-iiiK now pri'paricl. each of the niaiia);iTS pri-si-nt aKrvcd
Boxis. t>> take one of ihem to lie put up in his House in order to Collect Money for the
Hospital ; the Board was informed that William Leech paint< ■! th<s<- Hnvi s and
pro^vi<led ye Gold at his own expense gratis.
Dr. Franklin in speaking of these boxes in his iiook, ''Some
.Account of the Hosi)ital, etc., 1754," says:
One Box for each Manager, to be put up in his House, ready to receive
casual Benefactions, in Imitation of a good Custom practised in some foreign
Countries, where these kind of Boxes are frequent in Shops, Stores, and other
Places of Business, and into which the buyer and Seller (when difTerent Prices
are proposed I often agree to throw the Difference, instead of Splitting it: In
which the Successful in Trade sometimes piously deposit a part of their extra-
ordinary Cains, and Magistrates throw their petty Fees : a Custom worthy of
Imitation. But these Boxes among us have produced but little for the Hospital as
yet, not through want of Charity in our People, but from their being unac(|uainted
with the Nature and Design of them.
The latter remark was premature, having been made but a short
time after the bo.xes were ])ut ii]) and their purpose not being fully
understood, the public had not become accustomed to seeing nor
jierhaps thinking of this innovation, but it apjjeared that in due
course of time considerable sums were thus collected. The following
entries will show some of the benefits derived from this source.
" Jan'y 26, 1765, There was collected from the Charity Box of
\Vm. Coleman's -£2 \Gs. S/'i'^- by Samuel C. Rhoads and Joseph Morris;
this amount was handed to the Matron to be accounted for in house-
hold expenses." The same day was paid to the Matron ^3 j6s. 8</.,
cash received from the .Assembly's Charity Box by Daniel Roberdeau
and delivered to John Reynell for the use of the Hospital. Also
•' paid 2s. -jd. to the Matron, cash found in the Charity Box of the
Hospital."
It is stated May 3, 1765, ''that Benjamin Marsh was paid Ten
shillings for a large Charity Box," where this was placed, or for what
purposes, is not mentioned ; it may be inferred that it was for the hall
or door at the Hospital, the small one then in use having been found
insufficient. May 27, 1765, this item occurs: "By cash for entrance
money at the door j[^\ t,s. S/i'^-" An item is charged. Vjiril 25, 1790 :
" Paid for Books. Ink. Postage and painting Charity Boxes j(^2 jis.
264
g}4(i-," thus showing that these receptacles were kept in good order
and received the necessary attention to make them attractive and
conspicuous to the public.
On the recommendation of the Committee on internal economy,
June 29, 1812, a notice was placed over the Charity Box as follows:
•' Money not to be given by visitors to servants or patients," to pre-
vent if possible the charitably disposed persons from giving money to
the inmates instead of depositing it in the box.
The aggregate amount of money received from the Charity Boxes
kept in the Hospital and at the residences of Managers and other
friends of the Institution, was §19,093.44, up to the year 1845, ^ ^^^
minutes record. Several old time Charity Boxes are yet to be seen
in the wards of the Hospital, in which small amounts are still occa-
sionally deposited.
Before the invention of the numbering machines, and fac-siniile si"iiiiiK Bills
reproductions of signatures, it was necessary in the early days when of Cndit.
jjaper currency was issued by the Province, to employ persons to sign
the bills. (See also page 49.) The Managers, ever on the alert to
secure contributions for the Hospital, saw an opportunity for securing
money and addressed the Legislature as follows :
In tlie second Month (Fcbnuiry) 1754. a Bill lyinj; before the House of
.■Assembly, for remitting and continuing the Currency of the Bills of Credit of this
Province, and for striking a further Sum, the following Proposal was laid before
the House, viz.
To thf RrprrSfti/aih't's 0/ the F'reeturu of the I'rovim e of /'fniisfirtifiui, in
Geinral Assembly iinl :
We the Subscribers being jjersuaded, that the same charitable Disposition
which induced the House of Representatives some Time ago to found an Hospital
for the relief of the Sick Poor. etc. will still incline them to promote all proper
Measures to render to so laud.ible an Institution the most e.xtensive Service, with
this View we offer to sign the Paper Bills of Credit proposed to be issued by the
Law now under Consideration, and we will contribute such Sums of Money as
may by Law become due to us for that Service, towards increasing the Capital
-Stock of the said Hospital, or to be applied in such other Manner, for the L'ses
thereof, as the Managers may think most proper.
Submitted with all due Respect to the Consideration of the House, By
William Logan Jas. Pemberton Joseph King Jona. Evans
George Spofford John Pole Jos. Fo.v Jos. Saunders
Judah Foulke Thos. Say Thos. Crosby Israel Jones
Will. Parr Is. Cireenleafe Johti .Xrniitt l>anl. Williams
Sam. Hazard.
Many of tiie signers of this proposal, it will be noticed, were
also contributors. As might have been expected, the measure was
strongly antagonized by the jjoliticians of the day, and as the bill
failed to pass, nothing was obtained at this time.
265
The Managers and Contributors subsequently succeeded in their
efforts to obtain money from this source. In a report made by the
Building C'oniniittee on February 23, 1756, it is stated,
"On ixaniiiiiiiK tlie funds appropriated towards building, llii' total amount
thereof appears to be about jC^ooo exclusive of the suliscriptions promised from
the signers of the paper money lately emitted, which will be about /"sso."
The Managers for the ensuing month (July, 1757) were desired
to procure an Order on the Provincial Treasurer from the Signers of
the late ^45,000, Rills of Credit of this Province for the simi due
to them by the Act of Assembly, which they generously promised to
contribute towards building the Hospital.
Israel Pemberton informed the board thai
"On the twenty-first of April, 1759, he received from .Saml. Preston Moore,
the Provincial Treas'r. four hundred & seventy pounds eleven shillings and six-
pence and paid the same to H. Roberts, our Treas'r. beinn the allowance due by
law to the Siyners of the one thousand pounds Bills of Credit List emitted which
they have generously contributed towards the building of the Hospital, .^nd as
it w.as some time since agreed that as soon as the said Money was received by our
Treas'r. he should |iut the same to Interest in order to replace the five hundred
pounds Capital Stock paid in by John Baily, and since made use of in discharging
the Debts due on the Building account, the Board was informed by Israel Pem-
berton that the Treasurer on the twenty-third of April, 1759, lent the Sum to
Andrew Doz, for which he hath given a Bond payable in twelve months."
Signers of ^" ^^^^ '' '7^*' ^^^ following entry occurs:
Paper Money. " Cash received from signers of the paper money /'166 ys. grf. and on May 3,
1765, By cash received of Samuel Preston Moore, Provincial Treasurer, Pursuant
to an order of the signers of the last Emission of Pai)er Currency, ^601 2S. 6rf."
A very interesting document was found among the old pajjcrs
which will show the magnitude of the labor involved in signing bills
at this time, as well as the ,Tm()unl realized by each individual signer;
the paper is worded as follows :
"A list of the Signers to the ^55,000 issued in the year 1764, with the
respective sums due to each Person ; Who by their order dated February, 1765,
& drawn on Samuel Preston Moore. Provincial Treasurer, in favour of Hugh
Roberts, treas'r. of the Pennsilva. Hospital ; Gave the same to the Man.ngers of
said Hospital, to be by them .Applied, for the payment of the Consideration
Money, for the Lott of Ground bought of James Coult.is, Esq., And such other
purposes as the said Managers should direct."
The signers were paid fifteen shillings per thousand signatures for
the tickets and forty-five shillings for the same quantity for the bills.
On Oct 31, 1785, the Board having been informed that " the signing of the late
emission of Paper Money is compleated and that as the persons named in the
Law as signees had promised to give their Wages to this Institution, Samuel
Howell, Josiah Hewes, Andrew Doz and William Hall, are appointed a Committee
to call on them for their different Orders for such Wages & lodge the same with
the Treasurer to be bv him received from the State Treasurer."
266
The Committee were as a rule successful in canvassing the signers;
liut the following, on Ajjril 30, 1787, proved an exception : A signer of
P3Dd' Moiitv
The Committee appointed to call on as the first delinquent of ''.
the kind, for the Wages he received for signing Paper Money, which he promised ^
to give to the Hospital, report they have divers times waited on him for it and
he declines paying the same ; they are therefore requested to call on him again
and if he persists in refusing to pay it, they are recommended to take such
Measures to recover the Money as the Exigence of the Case may require.
All measures which were thought might be successful in bringing
the delinquent to terms were employed, but without avail. Subse-
quently it became not uncommon to refuse to pay subscriptions; and
quite a long list of these delinquents is foinid among the records of
the Hospital.
The following sums were received from the signers of paper
money in the years specified and the statement shows to what extent
the Hospital was aided from this source :
/ J. d. £ s. d.
1757—684 i« 9 1773— 54 o o
1758—360 o o 1773—245 o o^
'759—470 " 6 1775—286 14 9
1760—156 19 6 1787—144 2 5
1762 — 166 7 6 1787 — 44 4 o
1765 — 601 2 6
3214 O IIJ-z
As an item of historical interest, it is noted that the Physicians of Charitable
the Hospital charitably supplied the inmates with medicines gratis ^^o'^"^"-
until December, 1752, when an assortment of drugs were procured
from London at a cost of ^112 \^s. 2j^ti. sterling, to pay for which
William Griffiths, a Manager, made a special appeal to the " rich
widows and other single women" for a subscription. The widows
contributed ^i II 5^-. Gd. and sundry women ^15 loi-., making a
total of ;^i26 I5J-. 6d. in currency.
It becatne quite popular among the charitable to donate fees, Fees and
etc., received for public services, to the Hospital. Among these, Jury Fnies
r ■ J r n » -^ ' CoMtrihuted.
fees were received as follows, to wit :
1766 — I 5 o
1767 — 2 14 o
Total, 16 4 7
The Underwriters at Wharton & Lewis' Insurance Office, in 1 792,
gave their fines, amounting to jC^cj "js. 41/.
Assignees also contributed. Robert Wain. Jr., and Mordecai
Lewis Freas, in 1792, gave their commissions as Assignees of a bank-
rupt's estate to the Hospital. ^181 SJ. each, or together ^362 los. 01/.
267
/
i. rf.
1762— 3
13 7
1763— I
'3
1764— 6
7
1765—
12
An act of swift, retril)utive justice, by which the Hospital
l>enefited pecuniarily, is commemorated by this curious entry in the
Treasurer's accoimts :
Thirty ilo'lars reciiveil tin- ,v>t'' o' 5 nio. last liHixil from thri-c- wanKoiu-rs
will) insulted eifjlu persons nn thf Wissaliiccoii road and fri)»l'tinfd tlK'ir liorsi-s,
accomjianifd with a full aoknowlcd^jnuMU in writing of lliuir trans>;rfssion and a
promise to demean themselves well in future and never to insult a traveller
a^ain, on condition the injured jiarty would forgive and not prosecute them,
to which they agreed on the Waggoners pa\'ing this contrihulion as a peace
offering.
liius\ial An unusual source ot a. donation to the Hospital is mentioned in
Donations, the records for April 25, 1808. The Managers ordered the following
entered upon their minutes:
Ti) TUK M,vn.v<;krs ok THK I'KNNSVI.V.KNI.X HoSlMT.VI..
(,'inHfnii>i.^\n Compliance with the request of Ooverncur Morris, I have
the pleasure 0I enclosnig, lor your benevolent Institution, a Check lor Two
hundred and Nineteen dollars, being the Damages recovered by him from the
Editors of the ".Aurora" in a Suit for a Libel, after deducting the K.\penses
incurred in the Prosecution thereof.
With great respect. I am Your Obedient Servant.
Wii.i.iwi Mkkkiiitii.
Walnut St., April i6th, i.SoK.
(April 24, 1S15) A Letter was received and read Irnni Henry Drinker, C:isliiii
of the Bank of North .■\merica, to the Secy, enclosing a Twenty Dollar note of
that Bank which he represents was found on the floor sometime la,st summer it
remaining unclaimed he now presents the same to the Pennsylvania Hospital
subject to the Claim of any Person who may identify and claim the loss. The
Secy, is desired to pay the anmutit to the Tre.lsurer and return the thanks of
the Board to the Cashier.
The Hospital Since the Act of Ajtril, 1796, making an additional grant to
entirely finish the west wing and center of the I'ine .Street Hos])ital, the insti-
depen<lent j„tiQ,^ \^^ jj^g,, entirely supported by donations, legacies, and be([uests
donations ''"'''" private sources. No legislative grants have been made during
from private the ])resent century.
sources for
support. Legacies intended to promote the interests of the Pennsylvania
Hospital should be given in its corjjorate name, viz. : "I hereby give
and bequeath to ' The Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital '
and their successors and assigns forever (if real estate) all that, etc.
(if personal property), the sum of, etc."
Legacies intended for the Department of the Insane should
si)ecify in addition " to be devoted to e.xtending or improving the
accommodations, and for the care of the insane."
Every contribution or legacy of $5,000 adds one free bed to the
number already in use for indigent, recent and supposed curable,
cases.
268
REAL ESTATE.
The first piece of real estate owned by the Hospital was located Matthias
in the jiart of the city known as Northern Liberties, on Gerniantown Ki.piin's
Road. It was donated by Matthias Koplin, September 2, 1751, as ^''"■
his contribution, accompanied by a complimentary letter (see page 26).
This was leased for a time, until the Managers, July 30, 1764, agreed
to let upon ground-rent.
November 6, 1776, Mary Reyboltl offered to take upon Grouiul-ient at Forty-
five shillings per Annum, the Lot given to the Hospital by Matthias Koplin for
£yj. \as. provided she can have the Liberty of purchasing it in seven years. The
proposal being agreeable to the Managers it was agreed to call a Meeting of the
Contributors, in order to lay the ])roposal before them li>r their innsideration. on
December 6, 1776.
The Contributors agreed :
That the Managers or a board of them should execute under their Hands &
the Seal of the Corporation a deed of Conveyance to Mary Reybold & her
Heirs for the lot of ground in the Northern Liberties of the City near Gerniantown
the Gift of Matthias Koplin on the terms reported by the Managers in their nnn-
ute of November 6, 1776.
The first real estate purchased by the Managers of the Pennsyl- y\\-a I'ur-
vania Hospital was the site for the erection of the Hospital buildings, chase of
On September 11, 1754, they learned that Society Square, Real Estate,
extending from Eighth to Ninth, and north from Pine Street, could
be obtained for ;^6oo. It was subsequently ascertained that the offer
of sale was limited to the holdings of William Hinton and Richard
269
(injiiiicl lipf
Hospital Site
Purcliasfd
Parker, 396 feet on Pine Street, from Eighth to Ninth Streets, and
366 feet northward to a strij) of ground on Spruce Street. This
strip on Spruce Street, extending 396 feet from Eighth to Ninth, and
107 feet southward, belonged to the Proprietaries, Thomas and Richard
Penn (who subsequently donated the same to the Hospital by patent,
dated November 10, 1 767). The Society Square was bought December
7, I 754 ; the sum finally paid by the contributors to Hinlon and Parker,
for the ground, being X5°°-
The area of ground |)urchased was 3-32+ acres and the portion
donated by the Penns, 0.97 acres, or altogether about 4.30 acres.
J L
L
KiKlilh Slrei't
473 I'cel
i " Z K
2 Q
w s -. n
366 fe«
Society Square.
(Hiiiton & Parker's Lot)
Bought by Managers
Dec. 7, 1754, for .^500
as a
Hospital Site
•&
Area 3. ,12 acres
366 feet
473 feet
Ninth Street
Original Purchase for Hospital Site
The Deed for the ground purchased reads as follows :
This Indentcrk made the fifteenth Day of November iti the ^'ear nl 'Mir
Lord One Thousand Seven hundred and fifty four between Richard Parker <if the
City of Philadelphia in the Provinceof Pennsylvania, Taylor, and William Hinlon
of the said City, Innholder, and Susannah his Wife, of the One Part, and the Con-
tributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital of the other part : Whekeas in and by a
Certain Act of General .Assembly of the said Province Intituled " An Act to
encourage the Establishing of an Hospital for the Relief of the Sick Poor of this
Province and for the Reception and Cure of Lunatics," the Assembly ol the
same Province for the further encouragement of the Beneficent and Pious under-
270
taking of the said Hospital did f;rant Two Thousand Pounds for the Founding,
Building and finishing thereof and W'hereas, hy a certain Indenture bearing Deed of
date the Twenty-Eighth Day of January in the Year One Thousand Seven bun- Hospital lot
dred and Twenty four Recorded at Philadelphia in Book G. \'ol 2 page 221 etc. q„ Eighth St.
made between Charles Read, Job Goodson, Evan Owen. George Fitzwaler and
Joseph Pidgeon then of the City of Philadelphia aforesaid Merchants (Trustees
appointed by an Act of General Assembly of the said Province made in the Ninth
Year of the Reign of the late King George the First Intituled " An Act for vesting
the lands and Lots commonly called the Lands of the Free Society of Traders in
Pennsylvania in Trustees to be sold for the payment of such sums of Money as
were paid into the public Stock of the said Society for purchasing the said Lands
and Lots and carrying on the Trade designed by tile said Society") of the one
part and Richard Parker then of Darby in the County of Chester, Yeoman, (Who
was the father of the first named Richard Parker) of the other part They the said
Trustees for the consideration therein mentioned did grant bargain sell and con-
firm unto the said Richard Parker the Elder and to his heirs and Assigns ali,
THAT Lot or piece of ground Situated in the said City (belonging to the said
Society and then vested in the said Trustees by virtue of the said Act) Bounded
Eastward, with the Eighth Street, from Delaware, Three hundred and Sixty Six
feet ; Southward, with Pine Street three hundred and Ninety six feet ; Westw^ard,
with Ninth Street, from Delaware three hundred and Sixty Six feet and North-
ward, by a vacant lot, Three hundred and Ninety Six feet ; Containing Three Acres
and fifty two Perches with the Appurtenances to hold to him the said Richard
Parker the Elder his Heirs and Assigns forever. And Whf.reas the said Richard
Parker, the Elder, and Martha his Wife by Indenture Dated the twenty fifth Day
of March in the Year One Thousand Seven hundred and Twenty five for the con-
sideration therein mentioned granted one full and equal Moiety or half part
(being the Westernmost part) of the said described Lot of Ground with the
Appurtenances unto David Thomas then of the Township of Darby aforesaid,
Smith, his Heirs and .\ssigns forever who with Anna his Wife by Indenture dated
the Twelfth Day of May in the year One Thousand Seven Hundred and forty for
the consideration therein mentioned granted the same Moiety or equal half part
of the said Lot of Ground with the appurtenances unto the above named William
Hinton and Jane his then Wife their Heirs and Assigns forever As in and by the
several recited Indentures Relation being thereunto Respectively had more fully
and at large appears and the said Jane the Wife of the said William Hinton,
dying, the same Moiety of the said Lot devolved upon her said husband William
by right of survivorship : and Whereas, the said Richard Parker the Elder, died
seized of the Eastermost Moiety, equal half part or residue of the said described
Lot of Ground with the Appurtenances as in his Estate aforesaid having first
made his last Will and Testament in Writing bearing date the Twenty Eighth
day of the Second Month called .\\->r\\ in the year One Thousand Seven hundred
and thirty six And therein devised the same unto his Son the said Richard Parker
his Heirs and .■\ssigns forever As by the same in part Recited Last Will duly
Proved and remaining in the Register General's Office at Philadelphia aforesaid
appears now this indenture WITNESSETH that the said Richard Parker party
hereto William Hinton and Susannah his Wife for and in consideration of the
sum of Five Hundred Pounds Current Money of Pennsylvania (part of the afore-
said Two thousand Pounds granted by the Assembly) unto them in hand paid by
the Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital aforesaid at and before the Sealing
and Delivery hereof, The Receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have and each
and either of them hath granted bargained sold aliened enfeofled released and
confirmed. And by these presents Do and each and either of them doth grant
271
l):ir;(aiii srll aliiii iiifi'iiO'ri'li-asiaii<I conlirm uiitii the said Coiitrilnitiirslotlii' I'liiii-
iH'i'd ol sylvaiiia I1i>spital aforesaid and their successors forever all that tlie aforesaid Lot
< )ri};inal of tlroviiid Kraiited in and liy the said first recited Indenture situated l>i>iinde<l
Hospital. Lot. and heiuK as aforesaid and cnntainiuK in the whole three Acres and fifty two
perches as aforesaid ToKether also with all and singular the Streets passages
Waters Watercourses Rights Menihers Fences Improvements Hereditaments an<l
Appurtenances whatsoever thereunto helouKinn or in any wise appertaining And
the Reversion and Reversions Remain<ler and Remainders Rents Issues and
Profits thereof and ol every part thereof And Also all the Kstate and Kslatcs part
and parts Ri){ht Title and Interest I'se |)ossession property Claim and Demand
whatsoever of them or any or either of them the said Richard Parker parly
hereto William Hinton and Susannah his wife either in Law or Rquity or otherwise
howsoever of in to or out of all and singular the Premises Together with the
said Recited Indentures to have and to hold the aforesaid described Lolof {IroumI
(.'ontaininn Three Acres and Fifty two Perches Hereditaments and premises hereby
granted bargained and sold or mentioned or intended so to be with their and
every of their A|)purtenances unto the said contributors to the Pennsylvania
Hospital aforesaid and their Successors forever To and for the use of the said
contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital aforesaid and their Successors forever
under the yearly Quit Rent hereafter accruing for the hereby granted Premises
To the Chief Lord or Lords of the Fee thereof and the said Richar<l Parker parly
hereto doth covenant promise and t;rant for him and his heirs That he and his
Heirs the Kastermost Moiety or eipial half part of the said described Lot of
dround Hereditaments and Premises hereby Krante<l or mentioned to be ^ranteil
with the Appurtenances unto the said contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital
and their Successors ajjainst him the said Richard Parker party hereto and his
Heirs and all and every other person or persons whatsoever lawfully claiming or
to claim by from or under him them or any of them or by from or under his said
late Father Richard Parker deceased shall and will warrant and forever defend
by these presents. And the said William Hinton Doth covenant for him and his
heirs That he and his heirs the Westeriuost Moiety or equal half part of the said
<lescribed tract of (Ironnd hereditaments and Premises hereby jtr^'Hed or
mentioned to be jtranled with the .Appurtenances unto the said contributors to
the Pennsylvania Hospital aforesai<l and their Successors against him the said
William Hinton and his heirs and against the said Susannah his Wife and against
all and every other person or persons whatsoever lawfully claiming or to claim
by from or under him her them or any of them shall and will warrant and forever
defend by these presents and the said Richard Parker party hereto and William
Hinton for themselves their Heirs K.vecutors and .■\dministrators severally and
not jointly or one for the other do covenant promise and grant to and with the
said contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital aforesaid and their successors by
these presents That they the said Richard Parker party hereto and William Hinton
and their Heirs respectively and all and every other person and persons whom
soever lawfully claiming or that shall or may so have or claim any Kstate Right
Title or Interest of in or to the hereby granted premises or any part or i)arcel
thereof by from or under them or any or either of them shall and will at any time
or times hereafter at and upon the reasonable request Proper Costs and Charges
in the law of the said Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital aforesaid or
their Successors make execute and acknowledge or cause so to be all and every
such further or other reasonable Act and Acts Deed or Deeds Device or Devices
in the Law Whatsoever for the further and better Assurance and confirmation of
the said described Lot of dround Hereilitaments and Premises hereby granted
or mentioned to be granted with the appurtenances unto the said Contributors to
tile F^fiinsylvania Hospital aforesaid and tlieir successors as by them or their
Counsel learned in the law shall be reasonably devised advised or required, in
witness whereof the said parties to these presents have Interchangeably Set their
Hands and Seals Dated the day and year first above written.
Richard Parkkr [skal]
Susanna Hinton [seal]
his
Wii-liam X Hinton [seal]
mark
At a meeting held September 28, 1765, the Warrant for the lot
"bounded 107 feet on Eighth and Ninth Streets and 396 feet on
Spruce Street," above referred to, as the gift from the Proprietaries to
the Hospital, was produced. It was signed by Governor Penn and was
addressed to the Surveyor-General. The patent was finally presented
to the Managers, at a Meeting held November 30, 1767. It is as
follows :
Thomas Penn and Richard Penn Esquires true and absolute Proprietaries -pj^g Penns
and Governors in Chief of the province of Pennsylvania and Counties of New- pQ„ate lot
castle Kent and Sussex upon Delaware To all unto whom these presents shall ^^ Spruce
come Greeting ; Whereas in pursuance of a Warrant under the Seal of our Land gtreet.
Office bearing Date the twelfth Day of September in the Year of our Lord One
thousand Seven hundred and sixty five there was surveyed on the third Day
of November One thousand seven hundred and sixty six to the Contributors to
the Pennsylvania Hospital a certain Lot of Ground situate on the South Side of
Spruce Street in the City of Philadelphia and between the eightli and ninth
Streets from Delaware Containing in breadth respectively on the said eighth and
nintli Streets one hundred and seven feet and in length on Spruce Street three
hundred and ninety-six feet Bounded Northward with Spruce Street, Eastward
with Eighth Street aforesaid. Southward with ground belonging to the said Hos-
pital and Westward with Ninth Street aforesaid As by the said Warrant and
Survey thereof remaining in the Surveyor Generals Office and from thence certified
into our Secretaries Office more fully appear, Now Know Ye that for and in con-
sideration of the Sum of five Shillings lawful Money of Pennsylvania to our Use
paid by the Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital aforesaid (The receipt
whereof is hereby Acknowledged) And of the yearly Quit Rent herein after men-
tioned and reserved We Have given granted released and confirmed and by these
presents for us our heirs and Successors do give grant release and confirm unto
the said Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital and their Successors All that
said herein before described Lot or Piece of Ground Together with all and sin-
gular the Buildings Improvements Ways Alleys Passages Waters Water Courses
Rights Liberties Privileges Hereditaments and Appurtenances whatsoever there-
unto belonging or in any wise appertainin.g And the Reverson and Reversions
Remainder and Remainders thereof To Have .'Vnd To Hold the said described lot
or piece of Ground Hereditaments and Premises hereby granted or mentioned so
to be with the Appurtenances unto the said Contributors to the Pennsylvania
Hospital and tlieir Successors To the only Use and Behoof of the said Contribu-
tors to the Pennsylvania Hospital and their Successors for ever To Be Holden of
us our heirs and Successors Proprietaries of Pennsylvania as of our Manor of
Springetsbury in the County of Philadel|)hia in free and common Soccage by Fealty
only in Lieu of all other services Yielding and Paying therefore yearly unto us our
273
Hi-irs aiid Successors at tht- City of I'liiliuU-lpliia aPd at or upon tlu- first day of
March in evt-ry year from the first day of March last Five Shillings SterhiiK Money
of Great Britain or V'alue thereof in Coin current accorihnuas the KxclianKe shall
then be between our said Province and the City of London to such person or per-
sons as shall from time to lime be appointed to receive the same And in Case of
Nonpayment thereof within ninety Days next after the same shall become due
that then it shall and may be lawful for us our heirs and Successors our and their
Receiver or Receivers into and ii|)on the hereby Rranteil Lot of ground and Premises
hereby granted to re-enter and the same to hold and possess until the said Quit
Rent and all Arrears thereof together with the charges accruing by means of such
Nonpayment and Reentry be fully paid ami discharged Witness John Penn Ksqr.
Lieutenant Governor of the said province who by virtue of certain powers from
the said Proprietaries hath hereunto set his hand and caused the Great Sea! to be
affixed at Philadelphia this Tenth Day of November in the year of our Lord One
thousand Seven hundred and Sixty Seven The eighth Year of the Reign of King
CU'orge the third over Great Britain &c. And the fiftieth Year of the said Proprie-
taries' Govermiunt.
John Penn (Seal)
The I'cnns also donated to tlie Hospital, by patent in 1769, a lot
on the south side of Spruce Street extending southwardly in dc|)ih
107 feet, to other land of the Hosjjital, and west from Ninth Street
198 feet.
Western Lot O" December 27, 1763, the Managers learned that a lease for
Leased, thirteen years could be obtained on a lot (on ])art of which a brick
tenement was erected), being part of the square next west of the
Hospital site, "which may be useful for a pasture," etc. A committee,
consisting of the Treasurer and Jacob Lewis, was appointed to use
their endeavors to get it secured for the benefit of the Hospital. On
January 31, 1764, the Managers were informed by the committee
that
On the 2ist inst., William Darvill, ILittiv, of Baltimore, Md., executed a
Lease to the Contributors of the Hospital, for the Western two thirds of one of
the Society Squares with the Brick tenement thereon situate between Ninth ft
Tenth streets 396 feet and extending from Pine St. northward 366 ft. (exclusive of
107 feet belonging to the Projirietaries) for thirteen years from 20th of March
next at the rate of twenty five pounds per annum, with the condition, if he
should be inclined to sell the said Lot and House, that the Contributors and their
successors shall have the offer thereof preferable to any other Person under the
Penalty of One thousand pounds.
As some difficulties were experienced by the Managers in obtain-
ing possession of the lot taken upon lease of William Darvill, and a
favorable ojiportunity offered of jnirchasing it, the Committee who
transacted that affair reported (June 27, 1764)
they have purchased the same for /"500 and that the title is vested in Isaac Jones,
Thomas Gordon, Jacob Lewis and Thomas Wharton in trust for such uses as the
Managers for the time being may direct.
274
On February 24, 1766, the Managers were informed that Mary
Ayres had expressed an inclination to dispose of her lot contiguous Western Lot
to that purchased of William Darvill. A committee, consisting of ''""■"-'•'ased.
Jacob Lewis and Thomas Wharton, was appointed to treat with her
and purchase the same and report to next Board, provided she agrees
to take the sum she has mentioned of about ^^300. The committee
reported March 26, 1766:
that Mary Ayres demanded a price for her Lot so much exceeding the Sum men-
tioned in the minute of last month they have not been able to make an agreement
with her, therefore the board declines any further treaty at present.
J I . . I L
Ninth Street
473 feet
107 feet
366 feet
"1
Mary Ayres' Lot
1
4'
>
'c
William Darvill's
rt
Lilts bought by Managers
■z
of Hospital
June 27, 1704
for ^500
M
1
!■ 7 l.tl
.;h6 feet
A-?, leet
I'lUh Slrect
Authorities
to Exchange
Property.
Plan of Society Square, West ot Hospital.
On August 26, 1766, the Board being informed by several Proposal of
Managers of the House then erecting for the " Better Employment of Almshouse
the Poor of this City of Philadelphia, the district of Southwark and
Townships of Moyamensingand Passyunk and the Northern Liberties,"
that they have lately agreed for the Easternmost third part of the Square, con-
tiguous (Mary Ayres lot) to the Lot bought of William Darvill by the Managers
of the Hospital, it is now proposed that the Consideration Money for both pur-
chases being added together and the Lot equally divided, the Easternmost part
should be allotted for the Hospital and the Westernmost for the House of Employ-
ment and an equal part, of the cost of the whole borne by each Institution, which
the Managers agree to propose to the Managers of the House of Employment.
275
At a iiRitiiiK of the C'unmiitti'c of .M;iii:infrs of tin- House of Kmploy and tlie
Conference Committee of the Managers of the Hospital the zjd of Kel)ruary, 1767. Present
of Manafiers on (in. |,,.,rt ,,f | louse of Kmploy, Joseph Fox. I.uke Morris, Abel James ; on behall
and House of of Hospital. John Reynell, Josh. Richardson, and Thomas Wharton. Taking into
Employ about Consideration the state of the Square which is situate between the two institu-
E.xchanjie in tio„s and that it would be more convenient that each of the I'ublic BuildiuKS
Western Lot. should enjoy the part which is next to each particular institution. It was there-
fore mutually Agreed tliat the Managers of the House of Employ should con-
vey to the Managers of the Hospital the third part of said Square being the
part they bought of Mary Ayres with the improvements thereon ; And that the
said Managers of the House of Employ pay to the Managers of the Hospital
the sum of Fifty Pounds. That the Managers of the Hospital convey to the
Managers of the House of Employ the W'esternmost Moiety of the said Square
being a part of the Purchase which the Hospital made of William Darvill ; That
each of the institutions take Possession of their particular parts as soon as the
deeds are" Executed. (Note) The North Jk South lines of said Square, so far as
they relate to the two institutions, are but about 366 feet in Length, and that
those Lots are bounded on the North by vacant Grounds &c.
Tlie Deed was i)re])ared and e.xecuted, March 23, 1767, and the
consideration money of Fifty Pounds paid to the Treasurer of tlie
Hospital.
Proprietaries The Proprietaries, 'I'homas Penn and Richard Penn, donated to
Donate a jj^g Pennsylvania Hospital by patent, in 1769, a lot situated on the
,,, ""^ " south side of Spruce Street, between Ninth and Tenth Streets,
Western Lot. ' .
containing east and west on Spruce Street one hundred and ninety-
eight feet, (west from Ninth Street), being executed under the great
seal of the province and recorded in the rolls office.
It is as follows :
Thomas Penn and Richard Penn, Esquires true and absolute Proprie-
taries AND Governors in Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania
AM) COl'NTIES OF NEW CASTLE KENT AND SUSSEX ON DELAWARE.
To all to uliom Ihcse ptcsenls shall come G reeling:
Whereas in jiursuance of a Warrant dated the Seventeenth day of December
last there was surveyed on the Twentieth day of January last A certain Lott of
ground to the Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital Situate on the South
side of Spruce Street between the Ninth and Tenth Streets in the City of Phila-
delphia Containing in length E^ast and West on Spruce Street aforesaid One
hundred and ninety eight fret and in Breadth North and South on Ninth Street
aforesaid One hundred and Seven feet Bounded Northward with Spruce Street
Eastward with Ninth Street Southward with other ground of the said Hospital
and Westward with ground intended to be granted to the Contributors to the
House of Employment of the poor cStc. Now at the Instance and request of the
said Contributors (by their Managers) that we would be pleased to grant them a
Confirmation of the same. Know ye that for and in Consideration of the Sum of
Five Shillings lawfull money of Pennsylvania to our use paid by the said Con-
tributors (the receijit whereof we hereby acknowledge and thereof do acquit
and for Ever discharge the said Contributors their Heirs and Successors by these
276
Presents) And of the yearly Quit Rent herein after mentioned and reserved We
have given granted released and Confirmed and by these presents for us our
Heirs and Successors Do Give Grant Release and Confirm unto the said Con-
tributors their Heirs and Successors the said described Lott of Ground as the
same is now set forth bounded and limited as aforesaid Together with all and
singular the Buildings Improvements Ways Waters Water-Courses Rights
Liberties Profits Advantages Hereditaments and Appurtenances whatsoever to
the said Lott of Ground belonging or in any wise appertaining and the Reversions
and Remainders thereof To have and to hold the said described Lott of ground
& premises hereby granted or mentioned so to be with its Appurtenances unto
the Contributors of said Hospital their Heirs and Successors To the only Use and
Behoof of the said Contributors their Heirs and Successors for Ever To be holden
of us our Heirs & Successors Proprietaries of Pennsylvania as of our Manor of
Springetsbury in the County of Philadelphia in free and common Soccage by
Fealty only in lieu of all other Services Yielding and Paying therefore Yearly unto
us our Heirs and Successors at the said City at or upon the first day of March in
every year from the first day of March next — Five Shillings Sterling for the same
or Value thereof in Coin Current according as the Exchange shall then be
between our said Province and the City of London to such Person or Persons as
shall from Time to Time be appointed to receive the same. And in Case of Non-
payment thereof within Ninety Days next after the same shall become due that
then it shall and may be lawful for us our Heirs and Successors our and their
Receiver or Receivers into and upon the hereby granted Land and Premises to
re-enter and the same to have again repossess and enjoy until the said Quit Rent
and all arreais thereof together with the charges accruing by means of such
nonpayment & Re-entry be fully paid and discharged Witness John Penn Esquire
Lieutenant Governor of the said Province who by virtue of certain Powers and
Authorities to him for this Purpose inter alia, Granted by the said Proprietaries
hath hereunto set his Hand and caused the Great Seal of the said Province to be
hereunto affixed at Philadelphia this Fourth day of February in the Year of our
Lord One thousand seven hundred & Sixt\" nine The Ninth Year of the Reign of
King George the third over Great Britain &c. and the fifty first year of the said
Proprietaries Government.
John Pexn" [L S]
[Recorded 6th May 1769 in Deed Book L Vol. 5 page 34S &c.]
The Managers, on October 27, 182S, received a letter from the corresoon-
Giiardians of the Poor in charge of the City Almshouse, communi- dence with
eating a plan for the improvement of the lot owned by them, Almshouse
adjoining the western ground of the Hospital, if the Managers of the ^'•''"•''gers.
Hospital would give twenty feet of their ground towards a forty foot
street proposed to be opened through the Almshouse lot. On con-
sideration the Secretary was directed to reply that the Board had no
authority to make an\ arrangement in the premises, and do not deem
it judicious to convene the Contributors at this time.
At the meeting of the Contributors, held May 10, 1830, the
Managers were, by resolution, directed to purchase of the Managers
of the Almshouse their moiety of the square lying westward of the
Hospital site, provided the same can be obtained for §50,000 ; and if
the purchase can be made, the Managers of the Hospital are author-
ized to lay out a thirty foot street to extend from Ninth to Tenth
Streets, at the distance of one hundred and fifty feet south from
Spruce Street, etc. On Afay 31, 1830, the Committee authorized to
offer the Guardians of the Poor the sum of Sso.ooo for the Almshouse
lot, reported having done so, and that this body had officially declined
the proposition.
E.xch.iiigf Dec. 27, 1830, the Managers received a proposal from Thomas
of Lots. Mitchell, instructed by John Savage, to exchange the western lot for
that of the Guardians of the Poor, so as to give the northernmost
160 feet of the Hospital lot to a 30 feet street for all the .•Vlmshouse lot
south of said street, being 283 feet.
The Board deeminR such an exchange calculated to improve the interests of
the Hospital apjrointed Win. VV. Fisher and Alex. W. Johnston to attend to the
subject, &c., and with further instructions to attend the sale of the Alms House
Lot and bid therefor $50,000.
The Committee on January 12, 1831,
Sale of Reported they had attended the sale of the Aims-House Lot and had bid
.Almslunise tiierefor Fifty thousand and t)ne hundred dollars : And that it was bought in at
Lot. a hi;;her sum. That since then they had received from John Savage a proposal
that he will purchase the .\lms House lot provided the Hospital Managers will
join him in laying out a street twenty feet wide from Ninth to Tenth streets at
Proposition ''"^ distance of one hundred and sixty feet from Spruce Street, and exchange
to Exchange Northernmost one lnni(lre<l and sixty feet of the Hospital Square for the South-
Prooertv crnmost Two hundred and ninety-three feet of the .•\lmshouse lots, he will agree
to build on the Si)ruce St. front elegant dwelling houses and will be restricted
from building on the Twenty feet street dwelling houses or any work shops or
manufactories which' might be offensive, he objects to a restriction, as to stables
although the Conteiiiplateil plan will virtually make such restriction.
The Managers adopted the following resolution :
Resolved, that the proposition made by John Savage be now accepted subject
to the decision of the Contributors to reduce the street from thirty to twenty feet
wide so as to make the lots 160 feet deep.
At a meeting of the Contributors of the Pennsylvania Hospital
it was
Contributors Jiesolved, that the Managers of the said Hospital be and they are hereby
Authorize authorized and directed in the name and on behalf of the Contributors to the
Exchange Pennsylvania Hospital to enter into such contract and agreement with the said
of Lots. John Savage as shall be sufl'icient to secure the i)erformance of the following
objects, viz. :
" I. To lay out and open a street to extend from Ninth St. to Tenth Street at
the distance of one hundred and sixty feet southward from the south line of
Spruce street which said street so to be laid out shall be twenty feet wide and
shall be called Bond street and shall be and remain open as a public street or
highway forever.
278
"2. To effect an exchange with the said John Savage of all that part of the
Square (westward of the Hospital and now belonging to this Corporation) which
shall lay northward of the said twenty feet street and is believed to contain in
front on Spruce street 198 feet and to extend from the said Spruce St., southward
to length fronting on Ninth St., 160 feet to the said 20 ft. Street, bounded North-
ward by Spruce St., Eastward by Ninth St., Southward by the said twenty feet
St., and westward by a part of the said Alms House lot now belonging to the said
John Savage, and to grant and convey the said lot just now described to the said
John Savage in fee subject to such restrictions as are herein after mentioned in
e.vchange for all that part of the Square (westward of the Hospital commonly
called the Alms House lot now belonging to the said John Savage) which shall lay
Southward of the aforesaid twenty feet street and Containing in fronton Pine St.,
One hundred and ninety eight feet and extending from the said Pine St., North-
ward in length fronting on Tenth Street about two hundred and ninety three feet
to said twenty feet street. Eastward by other part of said Square now belonging
to this Corporation. Southward by Pine St. and westward by Tenth St., afore-
said, which said last described lot is in execution of said exchange to be granted
and conveyed by the said John Savage to the Contributors to the Pennsylvania
Hospital their successors and assigns forever in fee.
" 3. That as well that lot of Ground so to be conveyed to the said John Savage
in exchange as aforesaid as also that other piece of ground which he purchased
from the Guardians of the Poor and which lays Northward of the said twenty feet
street shall be conveyed and made subject to such restrictions as to buildings to
be erected on the said twenty feet street as the Managers of the said Hospital
shall think proper — having regard to the safety and quiet of the Hospital and the
purity of the atmosphere.
" 4. The Managers of the said Hospital are hereby invested with full and
ample power in the name and on behalf of the Contributors to the Pennsylvania
Hospital to do and execute all such Acts matters and things in Deed or in Law as
shall be necessary to carry the objects and resolutions into full and complete
execution."
On motion, it was unanimously " Resolved that the twenty feet street Memory of
intended to be laid out as stated in the preceding resolutions shall be 1 anied Bond Dr. Bond
street in grateful recollection of the early long and faithful services of Drs. Thomas Honored,
and Phineas Bond as Physicians to this Institution.' A deed for completing the
exchange of lots embraced in the minute of the Contributors was read and
approved, the same Committee was continued to superintend the Conclusion of
this business. On February 28, i8ji, the Committee reported that the Deeds
were duly executed by the respective parlies and those instruments placed upon
record.
On October 3, 1835, the Committee for the sale of the western Sale of the
and southw-estern lots presented a draft of an agreement between ''"'^
West and
"The Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital" of the one part and South of
Cliarles F. Lex, Samuel Browne, Samuel Robb, Thos. C. Cash & William H. Hospital
Garrigues of the other, which being approved was directed to be executed. Site.
December 16, 1835, a part of the Western lots having been retailed out by the
parties with whom the managers have made a contract for the whole, it was
agreed that the Committee appointed on the sale of said lots apportion the
amount of the purchase money to be inserted in each of said deeds in conformity
* The name of this street was subsequently changed to Clinton.
279
Sak' ol
Wfstirn
and Soiitli-
wisUrn
Lots.
with the orJKinal a(»rfcment : and when the said deeds are drawn they are
directed to he executed by the President & Treasurer on the Mortgages being
duly executed.
October 12, 1836, a communication was received from Chas.
F. Lex, Wm. H. Garrigues, SaiiniL-l Robb and Thos. C. Casii,
"offering mortgages, which with those before received from them
together with $20,000 in cash (see a Minute of ist mo. 25th, 1836),
will complete the amount of the purchase made by them of our
western and southwestern lots (see Minute of loth mo. 3d, 1836) for
§120,000."
J L
Nitilli Street
1. - !■ e[
.-,66 feet
Hospital Lot;
i
21:
X « „-
'Z K
1 rt
per Agreement for cxchanKc
of lots with Almshouse
March 23, 1767
r
-
Almshouse Lot :
per ARrecment for exchanKC
■^
— u
V
of lots with Hospital and payment
ij
1
of ^50. March 23, 1767
566 feet
§.
n
Tiiilli Street
Plan ol S'i»are West ol liospital Site, alter tile ex« Iiaii.v;c of l»ropcrlieS witll
Almshouse Managers
The following is recorded on the Minutes for October 30, 1837,
" The Treasurer reports the execution and delivery of all the deeds for the
Western and South Western lots, sold to Charles F. Lex, Samuel Brown, Samuel
Robb, Thomas C. Cash and William H. Garrigues for the sum of f 120,000;
twenty thousand dollars of which payable in cash November 29th, 1835, and
the balance One hundred thousand dollars, in bonds payable at any time within
5 years from that date, with interest half yearly at 5 per cent per annum, to
be computed from April ist, 1836; and that he has received for the same cash
and bonds secured by Mortgages."
2 So
On May 28, 1764, an agreement was made with Reuben Haines Square East
for an °^ Hospital
Site
Assignment of his term of One Year to come on a lease for a certain Piece of purchased
Pasture Ground being the Square opposite the Hospital to the Eastward between
8th and 7th Streets & Pine & Spruce Streets for Seven Pounds Ten Shillings— an
order was drawn on the Treasurer for the amount.
The Managers being informed on April 29, 1765 :
That Reuben Haines hath lately purchased of John Whitpain one Moyety of
the next Square to the Eastward of the Hospital for ^500 ; & that he appi eliends
he will consent for the accommodation of the Hospital to sell it to the Contributors,
for the same price, it is therefore unanimously agreed that it will be expedient to
purchase it, in order to prevent any inconvenient Buildings being erected thereon,
& John Reynell, Joseph Richardson, & Isaac Greenleafe are desired to treat with
him, and agree for it if they can.
J
L
Xiiilh Street
475 teet
160 feet
20 11.
293 feet
7.x
~ ^
X
1
■Si
Hospital Lot
Lot D
'- ■^.
JT
-u
Hospital Lot
'a
LotB
19SX 293 feet
l^
% ■?-■ °
This lot bought by Mr. Savage
from Almshouse was given
^
to Hospital in exchange
for Lot A
160 feet
20 U.
293 feet
l> u
■a r
473 feet
Tenth Street
r
Plan of Square West of Hospital Site, after the exchange of properties.
(Ninth Month 26, 1766), Joseph Richardson proposes that if the Managers will
purchase for the use of the Hospital the Lot of Ground, being one-half the Square
between Seventh Street and Eighth Streets opposite the Hospital Easlw-ard that
he the said Joseph Richardson will Contribute towards payment of the same, the
sum of One Hundred and Fifty Pounds.
(Fourth Month 2, 1767), the Committee appointed to confer with Reuben
Haines, about purchasing his undivided Moyety of the Square of Ground, bounded
by the 7th & 8th Streets from Delaware, & Spruce & Pine Streets opposite the
Penna. Hospital Eastward, which he purchased of John Whitpain, which he
281
agrees to sell & convey to the Corporation of Contributors of the Hospital for
Eastern Lot /'Sso— subject to the Dower of the Widow of Zachary Wliitpain dec'd, to be
Purchased, paid in the followinK manner— viz. Two Hundred Pounds to be paid on E.xecuting
the Deed, Two Hundred Pounds more in two months from the date thereof, and
the remainder in tliree months from the date, and he further aRreis to contribute
Fifty pounds, to be discounted out of the last payment, to promote the Charitable
design of the Hospital which being considered & approved, the same Committee
are desired to get the Title examined, and the deeds of conveyance drawn, and
when compleated to call a board if they find it necessary.
A Deed was i)roduced April 27,1767, intended to be executed by Reuben
Haines & Wife for the undivided Moyety of the Square of (iround purchased of
him, fronting the Hospital Eastward, which was read & examined & requiring
some alteration the care thereof was committed to the same Committee who
informed the Board that on a late conference with Reuben Haines, he prefers
having the consideration Money to be paid S: mentioned in the conveyance, should
be no more than Six hundred Pounds, and that no Notice be taken of his proposed
Contribution of Fifty Pounds as at first proposed, which was agreed to. On
May 25, 1767, report was made of a Deed from Reuben Haines Mc Wife lor the
undivided Moyety of the Square of Ground purchased of him, situate Eastward
of the Hospital, which was executed and deposited in the hands of the Treasurer.
(Tenth Month 28, 1772), Thom.as Forrest ofl'ered for sale his undivided fourth
part in ri^ht of his wife to the Square of Ground between Seventh iS; Eighth Streets
bounded Norlhwanl with Spruce Street and Southward will) Pine Street for the
sum of three hundred pounds out of which he agrees to Contribute Twenty five
pounds to the Hospital. The Board concluded to purchase the said Lot of him on
the Terms above mentioned and to pay him the money as soon as we are able to
raise it which we have expectation will be in our power in a short time.
The Sheriff of Philadelphia County, on November 28, 1774,
served a Writ of Partition on William Wliitpain and the Contributors
to the Pennsylvania Hospital respecting the Square of Ground to the
eastward of the Hospital, and Israel Pemberton, Edward Peninglon and
the sitting Managers were apjjointed to take the necessary care rela-
tive to the partition of the said lot and ijurchase of William Whit-
pain, his share.
(Twelfth Month 26, 1774), the Committee appointed to attend the Partition and
purchase Wm. Whitpain's Share of the Square of Ground to the Eastward of
the Hospital reported that Joseph Stamper Attorney to William Wliitpain (who
is absent beyond Sea) being applied to on the occasion informed them that he had
no Authority to sell Whitpain's Share of the Lot for less than /'450 which not
being agreed to by the Committee, nor now by the Board, the matter is con-
tinued under the care of the said Committee. And the Action at Law commenced
for the Partition of the said Lot is withdrawn.
(On Fourth Month 24, 1775), William Whitpain owner of an undivided
Quarter part of the Square of ground to the Eastward of the Hospital attended
the Board and ofTered to dispose of his part of the said Lot for the sum of Three
hundred and Seventy five Pounds which the Board agreed to give him and
appointed Thomas Wharton and Isaac Cox to get the deed for it drawn and
executed and they are authorized to draw on the Tre.asurer for the purchase
money, which being less than the said Whitpain first demanded it is agreed to
present him w ith a certificate for ^30 as a Donation from him to the Hospital.
282
Fourth month i, 1776:
The Treasurer reported tliat the Deed from William Whitpain to the Contri- Deed Exc-
butors of the Penna. Hospital for liis undivided share of \i th of the Lot of Ground cuted for
was duly executed and dehvered at the Rolls Office to be recorded and that he Eastern Lot.
paid to the said Whitpain One hundred and seventy five pounds gave his obliga-
tion in behalf of the Contributors for two hundred pounds and delivered a Cer-
tificate for thirty pounds as a Donation from said Whitpain being the amount of
the sum mentioned in the Deed for the said Lot viz. /;j75 and a Certificate of /"30.
J
468 feet
I-;il;hth Street
J L
Sevenlli Street
6S feet
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Plan of Eastern Square.
r
February 22. 1779. Doctor Bond applied to rent the lots lying
to the eastward of the Hospital square ; it was agreed that he might
have them '• for the rent of twelve [jounds in specie Per .-Vnnum for
seven Years, putting them under good fence and leaving them in the
same Condition at the expiration of the term."
A letter was produced, November 27, 1786, from Thomas Forrest
in behalf of Sarah Dodd (formerly Whitpain) claiming her dower in
the lot eastward of the Hosjiital, late the property of her husband,
Zachariah Whitpain, whereupon Reynold Keen, Thomas Moore and
Joseph Paschail were appointed to investigate the merits of her claim
and report at the next meeting.
283
January 28, 17S8. "The Committee on tlie claim of Sarah
CleariiiK Whilpain report they have settled with her by paying her One hun-
tlic full-. ^|.gj ^i^j pij-jy Poiinjs Paper Money lor which she hath signed a
Release to all her right of dower to the lot East of the Hospital, and
the whole Arrears due thereon which the Hoard ap])rove and the
Treasurer is desired to get it recorded."
The Managers finding it necessary to provide increased accom-
modation for patients by enlarging the buildings, decided to ask
authority from the Contributors for them to sell one or more of the
lots of ground in order to obtain tlie necessary funds. On March 26,
1832:
It is agreed to submit to tlie ne.\t .\imual Meeting of the Contributors the
propriety of selling the Eastern Lot.
At the Contributors' Meeting in May following it was
Contributors Resolzed, That the Managers be authorized to make sale of the Eastern Lot
.Authorize tlie for the Purpose of raising funds to erect buildings for the additional accommoda-
Sale of Lots, tion of the Hospital.
May 14, the Contributors having authorized the Sale of the Eastern Lot, John J .
Smith, Bartw. Wistar and Charles Roberts are appointed to receive proposals from
purchasers upon a plan of building now approved and submit offers to the
Board.
June 25, it is now agreed that ivhcii the Committee on the sale of the Eastern
lot shall in any case conclude an arrangement with the purchasers, the President
and Treasurer be and they are hereby authorized to convey the same in sufficient
deeds agreeably to the restrictions determined upon under their signatures and
the Seal of this Corporation.
Sale of .'"'y '6, 1833, the Hoard assembled at the request of the Coni-
Eastern Lot. mittee on the sale of the eastern lot, which reported
That six lots had been sold on Spruce Street, and a like number on Pine
Street and proposed that authority now be given to make deeds to the purchasers,
whereupon it was resolved " that the President of this Board with the Treasurer
of the Contributors be, and they are hereby empowered to execute sufficient
conveyances to the persons who have bought, under the seal of this Corporation
with such reservations as have been agreed upon in the general plan ; this power
is to extend to the purchasers of the remaining part of the lot, as sales may be
made."
The street directed to be opened through the eastern lot having
been proposed to be called Barclay Street, and that designation being
previously used in this city, the Board agreed that the avenue be
called Citron (now Barclay) Street, and that it be forty feet in width,
and that it be entered u])on the record.
On May 5, 1S34, John J. Smith, Charles Roberts, and Bartho-
lomew Wistar, were continued to attend to the care and sale of the
eastern lot.
284
The square on the south side of the Pennsylvania Hospital, from
Eighth to Ninth Streets, extending from Pine to Lombard Street, Square Soutli
(396 feet), being the whole front of the Hospital and opposite to it j.
Is ill the opinion of this Board absolutely necessary to be secured to the Insti- Hygiene 01
tution, for the benefit of the southern air, as opportunity may offer to buy it, Hospital.
A minute, dated Sept. 21, 1795, states that " it is therefore the unanimous
Opinion of all the Managers present that a part of the Square which Richard
Rundle owns of 112 feet on Eighth Street by iHi on Pine Street to Blackberry
Alley, which lot he offers for One thousand pounds Cash, should be bought
as soon as possible and added to the Capital Stock ; and that any Monies
given towards this purpose or other Monies may be paid for the said lot. An
order was drawn on the Treasurer for the amount in favour of Richard Rundle,
which he is desired to pay out of the monies received from the Commissioners
of Bankruptcy when the title is delivered and approved in writing by William
Rawl or any other Counsel learned in the law."
On Feb. 23, 1791, "Josiah Hewes, John Dorsey, Robert Smith, and Samuel
Coates are appointed a Committee to wait on William Lewis, to know if he will
accommodate this Institution agreeably to the e.\pectations he has given us by
exchanging his lot on the South side of Pine Street for the lot bought of Isaac
Snowden in the name of Samuel Coates on the north side of Spruce Street, which
lot was bought with a view of exchanging with William Lewis and for no other
purpose ; his definitive answer will be expected. On Feb. 22, 1802, William
Lewis contrary to the expectations of the Managers after encouraging them to
purchase the lot on Spruce Street and promising to exchange his own for it to
accommodate the Hospital has come to a conclusion not to exchange on any terms
but oflTer his lot at a very exorbitant price as will appear by the following letter of
which it is agreed no other notice shall be taken than to insert it on the Minutes."
"January 4th, 1802.
" Gentlemen. — I have concluded either to sell my lots near the Pennsylvania
Hospital or to let them on ground-rents or to erect buildings on them in the Spring
in order to render them productive, but not to exchange them for other lots, and
I deem it proper to inform you of this before coming to any particular conclusion
respecting them in order that the Managers if they think proper may have an
opportunity of becoming the purchasers. I am but a very indiflierent judge of
their value, but from the best information I have been able to procure, I suppose
it to be twenty-two hundred and fifty pounds. This sum I am willing to accept
for them but I believe that I shall not take less. If the Managers are not disposed
to take them at this price nothing further need be said on the subject, but if they
are, I wi.sh to know it soon for the reasons mentioned
" I am. Gentlemen, your friend and humble Servant,
William Lewis."
A proposal was received March 5, 1801, from John Taylor, in
which he offered to sell his lot fronting on the south side of Pine
Street 198 feet, and extending from thence 292 feet along Ninth
Street to Lombard Street, for the sum of fifteen hundred pounds,
payable without interest in twelve months. On receiving this offer
the Managers adjourned to view the situation of the ground and
having returned reported that they were all of opinion that
28s
The said lot is indispensably necessary to this Institution and that it ought
always to be left opi-n to a<lmit the southwesterly winds and to prevent the near
approach of wooden buildings wliich in the hands of the careless people may be
the means of setting the Hospital on Fire. And such persons may also very
much incommode the sick patients by introducing a noisy business or endanger
their lives by the offensive smell arising from their several occupations. For
these reasons and knowing that it is of particular im|K>rtance at times when the
yellow fever or infectious or contagious <lisea.ses prevailed in the city to keep at a
convenient distance from and prevent communications with a settled neighl)or-
hood, the .Managers agree unanimously that it will be proper to purchase this lot
and they appoint Thomas Morris and Samuel Coates to be a committee for that
purpose giving them liberty to accept of John Taylor's offer if they cannot do
better and if the contract should be made for cash, the Treasurer is desired to pay
the purchase money to the order of the Committee but if it should be bought for
Credit the Treasurer is authorized to issue a Certificate under the Corporate seal
to John Taylor binding the Contril)utors to pay the Money if it does nut exceed
fifteen hundred pounds.
On March 30, iSoi, the Committee to jjurchase the lot of John
Taylor report,
Lots South They have bought it for four thousand dollars payable without interest in
of Hospital twelve months from the 6th instant. The deed has been delivered to the Trca-
Purchased, surer and by him sent to be recorded ; a certificate of the purchase money was
delivered to John Taylor. On March 29, 1S02, the Treasurer paid John Taylor
for the lot and cancelled the certificate.
The Secretary informed the Managers May 14, 1807, that he agreed with
William Lewis for the lot south of the Hospital, late belonging to Benjamin Fuller
for four thousand dollars of which two thousand dollars is to be paid on the Exe-
cution of the Deed and iwci thousand in Sixty Days from the Date thereof.
At the meeting held February 23, 1S24, a- written ap|)licatif)n
from the l'enns)lvania Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb was read, in
which they propose the purchase of one of the vacant Lots south of
the Hospital, on which to erect a building for that establishment,
which proposition was unanimously declined.
On July 25,1831, the following opinion as to the legality of clos-
ing Blanchard's Alley, was ordered to be recorded on these minutes.
My Dear Sir : — I have examined the title papers placed in my hands and am
satisfied that Blanchard's Alley running from 8th Street to Blackberry .■Mley
between Pine and Lombard Streets is a private Alley laid out for the use of the
adjoining Lots. As all these Lots now belong to the Contributors to the Penn-
sylvania Hospital, they can close it whenever they think proper.
Respy. yours,
He.nrv J. Willi A.MS, Altomev-
Phila. Dec. i, 1831.
November 28, 1831, the Treasurer re|)orted :
The payment on 9th inst., of $10,000 to Joseph Strahan and others for a lot of
ground with the im|)rovements thereon situated on Delaware 8th Street between
Pine and Lombard Sts., purchased of them Per Deed to the Contributors to the
Pennsylvania Hospital dated Oct. nth, 1831.
286
On July 9, 1832, an exemplification of the record of the Court
of Quarter Sessions for the County of Philadelphia in the matter of Street
vacating of Blackberry Alley from Pine to Lombard Streets, was pre- '^^""^' '"
rr^ 1 1 J ■ 1 Hospital Lot
sented and ordered to be handed to the Treasurer to be placed with ^^^J^^, ^f
the title papers of the lot. Pim: street.
On February 13, 1850, a special Meeting was called as to the sale
of the South lot, to lay before the Board drafts of a deed provided to
be executed to the purchasers of parts of said lot with particular cove-
nants as to restrictions.
J
292 feet
Xinth Street
n
J L
Bighth Street
393 feet
112 feet
I So feet
y
.^
?
g
3 1 1 I f ^
~ ^ w U
"*
1
7 ^
■%
Biackbeiry Alley
=
'i t
i.
John Taylor's
Lot
Bought by Hospital
March 6. iSoi
Cost J4.000
:'-,! K-et
1
Plan of Properties purchased by the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital on Square
south of Hospital bounded by Eighth. Ninth, Pine and Lombard Streets.
Ninth Streets
" On motion, a plan was adopted opening a 30 ft. wide street street
through said lot from Sth to 9th streets, 162 ft. South of Pine to be Opened from
called Keble Street; and the following restrictions were agreed upon, Kiglith to
ist. That the lots on Pine Street, shall throw out 12 ft. on the North
sides thereof, so as to widen the pavement to that extent ; and 2ndly,
That no buildings other than Stables or offices shall be built on said
Keble Street, with a reservation of power to enter and abate any
buildings erected contrary to said restrictions."
287
On November 30, 1849, a meeting was called by the ("ommittee
for the sale of the South Lot which made a preliminary report, asking
instruction regarding the terms of sale. This report was substantially
as follows :
Report of the The Committee appointed by the Board at the last meeting
Comnmtce ^^ prepare the way for selling the S(piare on Pine between Eighth
of the Lot ^""^ Ninth and Pine and Lombard Streets, reported that it had
pre])ared the annexed plan and advertisement which they recom-
mended to the Board for its adoption.
The Committee, furthermore, deemed it of importance to insert
in the deeds certain restrictions with regard to the kind of buildings
to be erected on said scpiare as might best secure the interests of the
Hosjjital and those who purchase lots : viz. : One genteel Dwelling
house upon each lot. .Stables to the I'ine Street lots, or not, according
to the opinion of a majority of the Pine Street lot holders.
The houses at the corners of Eighth and Ninth and Lombard
Streets were to be allowed to have the privilege of a store, and it was
stipulated that the houses on Pine Street should recede twelve feet
from the line of said street.
The following advertisement was issued for the sale of the above
lots:
HOSPITAL BUILDING LOTS.
The entire Sq. of ground on Pine St., from 8lh to 9th St., ami fmni Pine to
Lombaril is now offered for sale.
A plan of said Square as laid out into Building lots maj- be seen at the Penn-
sylvania Hospital upon applic.ition to the Steward who is authorized to sell the
same.
KSTIMATKl) I'RICKS.
16 lots on Pine St., at $4.400 $70,400
8 " " 8th & 9th Sts. 2,600 20,000
2 " " " " " " 2,800 .S.600
10 " " Lombard St. 1,500 >5,ooo
2 " " Pine, 8th & 9th 4,600 9.200
5121,000
On motion, tiie above report was adopted.
Offer March 5, 1852. This meeting was called by the Committee on
Accepted for tj,g 5^]^ ^f the South lot to lav before the Board an offer by John
South Lot.
Eisenbrey to i)urchase all the unsold part of said lot at the price here-
tofore fixed by the Board, provided no interest be charged imtil the
first of March next.
On motion, /Icso/vfd \hal the Commitlec be authorized to sell on the terms
specified in the said ofler.
288
The lot was sold for §120,000, of which sum, $78,000 was
ex|jended in repairing the Pine Street Hospital and $42,000 was Proceeds of
carried to the capital account. ^'''"^ "^ ^"'*-
At the Contributors' Meeting, in May, 1831, it was decided that
a separate Hospital Building for the Insane Department was exjiedient
and the Managers were authorized to sell vacant ground, in order to
obtain necessary funds, and to select and propose a suitable site at a
future meeting, i
In 1S35, the Managers purchased the farm of Matthew Arrison, of I'urchase
loi acres, for $29,289, situated in Blockley township. West Philadel- ol" ^Vest
phia, about two miles west of the City of Philadelphia, between West „" " *[}'
^ ' ' ' Properties
Chester and Haverford Roads, on the latter of which the entrance for insane
was made. In 1838, an additional purchase of 93,2 acres adjoining Department,
was made for $3500, which they considered desirable to include
within the walls to be erected as a jilace of exercise and recreation for
the patients. In 1845, '^w lots adjoining the farm of the Penns>l-
vania Hospital for the Insane were purchased and conveyed to the
Contributors for $2350 In 1849, '^c thanks of the Managers were
presented to G. Roberts Smith for his gift to the Contributors of a
strip of land 70 feet in width, along the whole eastern front of the
grounds, extending from Haverford Road to Market Street, containing
about three acres, making the whole tract ii3}'2 acres. The Hospital
land extends from 42d to 49th Streets, and from Market to Haver-
ford. =
The minutes of the Managers stale that on March 28, 1808,
Robert Wharton, Mayor, having l)y his proclamation informed the
citizens of the regulations )jroposed on the ground plots of Philadel-
]ihia, from Fifth Street westward to Schuylkill, and called upon such
as conceived their interest affected by those regulations, to state their
objections to the Mayor, Aldermen and City Commissioners, Joseph
Lownes, Zaccheus Collins and Peter Browne were appointed to inspect
the proceedings of the Commissioners, etc., and
If they are of opinion our estate is likely to be injured they are desired to attend
the meeting of the Mayor, etc., to be held at the City Hall on the nth of May
ne.\t, and state their objections on behalf of this institution.
A meeting of the Contributors was held on August 12th, 1809,
in pursuance to the above call published in two public Gazettes, inserted
daily for ten days previously.
'The grounds surrounding Uie Hospital property on Eighth Street, which were purchased
for the sum of $S9i7.27 by the Managers, were sold as directed by the Contributors. The amount
ultimately realized, by their sale, aggregated, including interest, $325,000
- These purchases have been referred to more fully on page 117 ante.
289
\ miniitf <jl' the Managers, entered on their hooks on the 31st
S|Kii;il of July 1S09, stating the object of calling the contributors together, was
MfftiiiK 111 ^^^^ l^ ^^.gjj („ consider " the expediency of disposing of such parts
CmitrihiUiirs. ^ , , , , • . ,, ' i - it ■ i
of the real estates belonging to the Pennsylvania Hospital as are not
expressly given by legacy, or donation, to be added to the capital
stock of the institution, and also excepting the lots surrounding the
Hospital now belonging to it, which are purchased for the benefit of
fresh air."
The opinion of Charles ("hauncey, Esq., having been given by
request, was inserted in the minutes on the same date :
Question as '
totlie s.Tle of Qui'stion : Can the Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital legally sell
real estate, and convey real Kstate of wlikli the Corporation is possessed in "' fee simple ? "
" I have considered of the foregoing Question Sc am of opinion that theCorpo-
Opinion of ration may sell it convey real Kstate of which it is possessed unless restrained by
Charles the (Irant under which it is holden ; the Right to sell and Convey its real Kstate i<
Chainicey, I conceive incident to a Corporation of this Description unless the Alienation is
Ksq. restrained or prohibited by the Charter or by the particular (Irant from which the
Estate is derived. In the Charter to the Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital
are Contained no Words which limit the Power to sell & convey ; The power
therefore exists sulyect only to the other restrictions which I have pointed out.
" I have been requested to advert particularly in this E.\amination to the Will
of John Keble under which an Allotment of Land to the Hospital has been ni.ule
which it is now Contemplated to sell ; the very full and ample terms of the Will
leave no doubt in my Mind that the Devisor has imposed no restraint upon the
power of .Mienation which the Corporation upon general principles possesses in
relation to the Estate he has devised to it."
June 24, 1809. Charles Chaiincev.
Managers The Contributors having emi)0\vered the Managers to dispose of
Knipowered various ground rents, and real estate in fee simple, in Philadelphia and
yContri)- gisgwhere, this duty was entrusted to a Committee consisting of
utors to Sell ■' °
Real Kstate I'homas Stewardson, William Poyntell, and Zaccheus Collins. This
in Fee Simple Committee, between the years 1809 and 1831, sold all the real estate,
and except that specially reserved by the Contributor's resolution, and
the money was turned in to the capital stock.
Managers The Managers deemed it inexpedient and opjjosed to the best
Object to interests of the Hospital to have its property occupied by the Insane
'^ " "^. Department included in the proposed borough of West Philadelphia.
Propertv in Accordingly they jirepared a remonstrance against incorjuirating the
Borough Pennsylvania Hospital land in the Borough of West Philadelphia,
of West On Feb. 25th, 1850, on motion, a respectful memorial was directed
I p na. ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ Senate and House of Representatives of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania, to be signed by the President and Secretary
of the Board, against the incorporation of any part of the projjerty of
the Hospital with the borough of West Phi ladel|)hia and this forwarded
to the Legislature.
200
Memokiai. to the Lkijislatuke
On March 25, 1S50, the President and Secretary laid before the Board the ^'f'"'""''''*' I"
followinji memorial wliich tiiey addressed to the Legislature 'if Pennsylvania *-egisiature.
agreeably to the directions of the Board at the last meeting.
To llie Siiiatc mid House of Rcpresentalivis of llw
Coninionicealth of Peniisyh'ania.
The suhicrihers by direelioii and on behalf of Ihe Board of Managers
of the Pennsyiz'ania Hospital represent :
That they have learned that a bill has been reported to your honorable Bodies
enlarging the limits of the present borough of West Philadelphia so as to include
therein about 1-2 of the premises known as the Pennsylvania Hospital for the
Insane. Say 50 acres and all the buildings connected therewith. Your
memorialists have no wish or intention of interfering with any necessary or
proper enlargement of said borough ; but they feel it their duty to represent that
the Borough can in no wise be benefitted by its e.\tension over any part of the
Hospital property ; whilst on the contrary the laying out of streets or any other
e.vercise of Municipal functions within the said premises would at once destroy
their whole value as an Institution for the Insane and the burden of Borough
ta.\es and charges would be needlessly heavy and deduct so much from the
charities of the Corporation.
They further represent that this Institution has only been in operation nine
years after an outlay of nearly ^(350, 000 for the purpose of its foundation and that
its site was then chosen for, and still remains valuable to us for its isolation,
between the West Chester & Haverford Road, and its consequent separation from
neighboring properties ; and that hence the exclusion of the whole of the said
Hospital property by name from within the limits of the proposed e.xtension of
said Borough can in no way effect a conflict with any interest or good purpose
public or private so far as your memorialists know.
They therefore pray your Honorable Bodies so to amend the proposed law as
to e.xclude the said premises now belonging to the Pennsylvania Hospital for the
Insane from the limits of any such Borough or town Corporation.
And they will ever pray,
Lawrence Lewis, President.
G. Roberts Smith, Secretary.
The following draught of an Act was submitted the next year :
To change the name of the borough of West Philadelphia to the District of West
Philadelphia, and relative to highways in the Districts of Kensington and
Richmond, in the county of Philadelphia
Section i, Be it enacted, &c., That from and after the first day of July next
the municipal district incorporated by an act of Assembly passed February seven-
teenth, one thousand eight hundred and forty-four, by the name and title of "The
borough of West Philadelphia," shall be known by the name and title of " The
District of West Philadelphia ;" and the name of the councilmen shall be changed ^^.j y,-
to that of commissioners, and that of burgess to president of commissioners, but j ^.^islature
that they shall have all the powers and be subject to all the restrictions conferred r)efinin"
by e.xisting laws on the burgess and town council. [ ji,,;,^ 7if
Section 12, That from and after the passage of this act, the boundary of the Hospital
district of West Philadelphia from the southeast corner of Pennsylvania Hospital, (■munds.
291
shall be as follows , tln.-m-<.' wcsl from said corner to a small rivulit ninning through
the estate of the late John Rose, deceased, thence southwardly along the centre
of said creek to the Philadelphia and Baltimore turnpike, thence eastwardly along
the said turn|>ike, and thence as described in the act approved the fourteenth day
of March, one thousand eight hundred and fifty, entitled "A Supplement to
incorporate the borough of West Phil.adelphia," itc.
Approved. The third day of April, A. I), one thousand eight hundred and
fifty one.
\Vm. F. Johnston, Gm'ernor.
.\s the result of this timely action on the pan of the Hoard,
there \va.s no encroachment ujion the property of the Hospital liy the
Borough of West Philadelphia and the grounds were ke|n intact for
the uses of the insane department.
City of As the opening of city streets through the grotmd of the
Philadelphia Hospital would greatly impair its llsefulne^s for the ])tirposes of the
rcstrtctccl
- Insane Department, the Managers determined to prevent this inirii-
from opening ' '^ '
streets sion by legal means.
through To restrict the [lower of the city of Philadelphia to thus injure
ground of the pro])erty occupied by the Department for Insane, the Managers
r , voluntarily offered to throw out and dedicate to public use the grotmd
for Insane. - .
required for streets on tlie eastern and western boimdarics of the
Hospital pro]jerty, if the Legislature would thereafter forever exempt
the grounds occupied by the Department for Insane from being inter-
sected, or cut into, by any public streets. The Legislature accepted
the offer and passed the following Act :
An Act to " Section i. Be it enacted S:c. That no streets, alleys, road or lanes, shall ever
prevent be opened through the property belonging to the Corporation of the Contributors
Streets being to the Pennsylvania Hospital, situate in the Twenty-fourth ward of the city of
laid out Philadelphia, without the consent of the said corporation, so long as the said
through the property is used for the purposes of their Insane Department, any to the contrary
grounds notwithstanding : Provided That said corporation shall contribute one half the
without the ground for an avenue, on their east, and one on their west, line, each, one hundred
consent of the feet in width, without charge to the City of Philadelphia.
Managers. " Approved. The seventeenth day of April one thousanil eight Inindred and
fifty-four."
W'M. BicLER, Gavftiior.
The proper deeds of dedication of the ground for the streets on
the said east and west sides being executed, were accordingly delivered
to and accepted by the city authorities, thus creating a legislative
contract, the consideration for which has been furnished on the
Hospital side, which can be safely relied on to protect the grounds in
the future.
The sufficiency of the contract has been sustained by a judicial
inquiry in the ca.se of the improvement of Haverford Street, which it
was proposed by the Board of Surveys to widen, by taking a strip off
292
the Hospital property. Upon objections, on behalf of the Contriliutors,
being made, it was held by the Court, that, except with the consent The Claim
of the Contributors, no part of the ground was liable to be taken Managers
c 11- 1 ■ , 1 1 1 ■ , ■ decided by
tor any public street, the protection under the above legislative ,. p , ■
contract being absolute. favor of tlie
In the ravine separating the male from the female department, Hospital,
a sewer of very large capacity, extending from Haverford Road to
Market Street, was built by the city of Philadelphia; the Hospital
having donated to the city, in 1891, a strip of ground eighty feet wide
from Market Street to Haverford Avenue, provided that this sewer
should be constructed without expense to the Hospital, (see page 192
ante). The attempt of the city authorities to open a street over this
sewer subsequently, was successfully opposed by the Managers
The Managers, foreseeing the rise of a contingency in the growth Purchase
of the city and the erection of many buildings around the Hospital of Farm in
propertv in West Philadelphia, which in the future might make it r'^'-'>"'are
J- ' 1 r T^ r .- County,
expedient or necessary to remove the Insane Department out 01 the
city limits, have recently purchased a farm in Delaware County,
in a favorable location. This is now used for convalescent patients
and as a source of dairy and garden supplies for the Hospital, as
already mentioned. (See page 193.)
The relation of the Hospital to the City Government and the Ta.\ation of
Commonwealth, with regard to the question of taxation of its propertv, Hospital
r r^ ■ ■ 1 , ■ r , • ■ ' Property.
IS of surhcient interest to warrant the devoting o( the remaining
portion of this section to its consideration.
Towards the close of the last century, the city of Philadelphia
levied a special tax, the proceeds of which were to be devoted to \ Hospital
building a hospital for quarantine purposes at the station on Little ^^•'^ levied
Tinicum Island. As this was known i)opularlv as the "Hospital ]:... ]. ..
' ' - ' Philadelphia.
Tax," the Managers feared that the income of the Pennsylvania
Hospital might be affected by a general impression that their institu-
tion was to be the beneficiary of this tax. Accordingly, at a meeting
of the Managers, held January 26, 1795, ^^^ Secretary was directed
to have inserted in the papers and distributed in hand-bills throughout
the city the following minute :
The Managers being informed that many of their fellow citizens entertain an Tht Peniia.
erroneous opinion that the Ta.\, commonly called " The Hospital Tax " which Hospital
they have lately paid, is for the Use of the House, think it a duty they owe to derived no
the Contributors to inform the public that the Institution receives no benefit there- benefit from
from ; the said Ta.\ being laid for the said purpose of erecting a building to Hospital
accommodate persons with infectious diseases ; which is not to be within the Tax.
limits of Philadelphia. The Principal Dependence of the Contributors to the
Pennsylvania Hospital is on the Legacies & voluntary Contributions of their
charitable & humane fellow citizens, throughout the City and State.
Many of thi-se whose Minds liavc brvii imi>resse<l witii tin- necessity there is
The Hospital of supporting this \ ;iluable .V iiset'ul Institution liave enabled the Managers to
maintained maintain the liouse at a great Expense upwards of forty Years by tlie accept-
solely by able Gifts S; bequests they have added at various times to the Capital Stock,
charitable Relying still with a firm Confidence on the well known benevolence of the
ciii/ens. Charitable Citizens of Pennsylvania, they commend the Institution to their further
Notice ; iSc as the funds are far Short of being adequate to the heavy Expences
of the Mouse the Managers do not expect to solicit this assistance in vain.
Managers Duriiij,' the early struggles of the Hospital, when it so frequentl)'
'^ "'"' aijpealed to the .\ssembly for pecuniary assistance and constantly was
exemption > i ^ ^
for Hosiiiial '^^'*^ "P before the benevolent as a deserving charity, all men knew of
from the its good works and its jjressing needs, and even the benevolent single
payment women and rich widows acknowledged its claims, there was then no
o axes. {]jQj,g|,(^ j„ t|,^^ coniniiinity, of demanding that it should deplete
its resources by ])aying taxes to the Slate or cit\. In fact it was
declared a jitire charity and therefore properly exempt from such taxa-
tion. There came a time, however, when an attem|)t wa.s made to
a.ssess the i)roi)erty, and the Managers for a time were i)tit to consider-
able trouble and some expense before the c|uestion was finally decided
in their favor.
(On March 2,s, i8oS), the Managers, being informed the Assessors intend to ta\
City of {he real Estate of the Hospital contrary to the usage & jiractice of their prede
Philadelphia ccssors in Office since the foundation of the Institution; are unanimous in their
exempts all Opinion the said tax should be repelled by every legal means in our power, and
tile Kstates, appoint Zaccheus Collins and Edward Peiiinglon to attend on the Days of Appeal
including 3„j Oaini an Exoneration therefrom.
Ground-rent
of the The Committee appointed to wait on the Commissioners to claim an exonera-
Hospital tion for the Hospital of the Payment of Tax, Report April 25, 1S08, they have
from Taxes, performed that service and th,it all the Estate including the Ground rent have
been exempted from the Taxes.
Legal opinion William Rawle's Opinion in writing w.as given by him & found to be very
useful in useful on this occasion which is now delivered to the Treasurer to be kept among
obtaining the records of the Hospital and the Committee are desired to return to William
Exemption. Rawle thanks for his services, to Edward Tillghnian, also for the Ofler ol his
Opinion gratis on this Subject.
(On January 13, 1.H09), a Letter from John Dorseyof the loth. Instant informs
the Hoard that the Question is likely to be brought on in the Legislature as it
regards the propriety of taxing this and other Charitable Institutions throughout
the State,
Coinmiitee As an Exemption therefrom will be very important to the Hospital it is agreed
appointed to that Zaccheus Collins, Paschall Hollingsworth and Samuel Coales draw a
prepare Memorial to express the Sentiments of the Managers on this Subject and state
Memorial to such reasons in favor of an exemption to the Hospital as may appear to them to
Legislature. 1^6 proper; .And when the Memorial is prepared they are to call a .Meeting of the
Board ; and lay it before them.
294
At a meeting held January 23, 1809, the lollowing Memorial was
read and appioved. viz. :
To tin- Sf)iale ami Hoitw of Ref>rescnlatiz'fs of the
ConimoHWcaUh of J'etinsylvania.
'ilw Miiiiorial of the .'ifanasiers and Physicians of the
J'ciinsyli'aiiia Hosfnial respectfully shcvelh ;
That a part of the Estate of the said Instilutiuii Contrary to the Usage and
practice of more than fifty years from its foundation has lately been assessed for
the Payment of Taxes to the injury of the sick poor of the State ; and Contrary as
your Memorialists apprehend to the nature of the Establishment and without
adequate benefit to the Citizens of the district in which such assessments have
been made. That the funds of the Pennsylvania Hospital have invariably been
applied to the benevolent and Charitable purposes for which they were designed,
Your Memorialists need only refer to your own files containing Accounts which
have been every year submitted to Legislative inspection ; that they deem it
superfluous to dilate on the Utility of an Institution to the Commonwealth at large
which experience has tested and the merits of which have on several occasions
been honorably noticed on the Minutes of the Legislature. Your Memorialists
believing as they do that the Commonwealth never intended that a Charity raised
by the bounty of Government and of private persons for the relief of the Sick and
Miserable of Pennsylvania should be taxed for any purpose, earnestly request and
on behalf of the Sick and Insane poor of Pennsylvania Confidently hope that you
will in such way as may appear best, exempt tlie Estate and Funds of the said
Hospital from Taxation.
When the above Memorial is fairly transcribed the President and Secretary
are desired to sign it on behalf of the Managers : and Doctors Rush and Wistar
are requested to sign it on behalf of the Physicians, — and when signed Peter
Browne, Zaccheus Collins and Samuel Coates are appointed to go to Lancaster
and present it to the Legislature with the last Annual Accounts.
Peter Browne & Samuel Coates report on February 27, 1809, that they pro-
ceeded to Lancaster ^t waited there One Week, during which time they presented
to the Legislature the Annual Accounts to the 4th. Month (.\prili 1808, also the
Memorial to both houses ; the House of Representatives referred the Memorial to
a Committee who reported by a bill in favor of exempting the hospital from the
payment of Taxes which bill was debated and rejected in the said House.
On March 27, 1S09, the Assembly not having legislated on the Memorial
claiming an Exemption from the payment of Taxes it is agreed to refuse payment
and to have a Case tried in the Supreme Court. Zaccheus Collins, Thomas
Stewardson & Samuel Coates are appointed a Committee to engage any Three
Attornies they may approve to defend the Institution on any suit, which may be
brought for a Tax by the Collectors.
Robert Allen the Collector of Taxes for New Market Ward & as Collector for
Cedar Ward has sent in an Account for City, County, Poor & Health Taxes for
the Year Eighteen hundred S: Eight Amounting altogether to Three hundred &
Eighty One Dollars iS; Seventeen Cents the payment of which he demanded and
being refused he has levied on Hay on our Easternmost Lot and says he will call
on Seventh (Saturday 1 Day Morning Next at Eleven Oclock to know if the Board
w ill pay him to prevent the Sale of our Property for the said Taxes, which being
Considered, the Managers agree to refuse Payment and if he proceeds to Sale they
Legislative
Memorial of
Managers
asking
exemption
from
Ta.vatioii.
.Memorial
presented
with the
Accounts of
the Hos|iital.
Bill to
exempt
Hospital
debated and
rejected.
Managers
refuse
payment
of Taxes.
Taxes levied,
payment
demanded
and refused,
by advice
of Counsel.
^95
will, if it call be done, purchasu the Articles so seized Sc sold; and bring an
Action of Trespass on tile Case aKainst the Officers ; this Measure being recom-
mended by William Rawie except so far as relates to the Taxes on Ground Rents ;
which it is agreed the Tenants may pay and the Treasurer may discount them
from said Ground Rents
County Com- July 31. 1S09, "Robert Allen having seized for the Taxes and
inissioner sold our Cows, Hay iVc. the same were purchased by Captain Wm.
sells Cows, Vicary of whom the Steward afterwards bought them for the House.
the Hospital '^^^ Committee are continued to bring the Action for Trespass in this
Case agreeably to the Minute of Sixth Month (June) last."
I On May 27, 18111, the Late Ordinance exempting the Vacant Lots from
Taxation in the City Tax is directed to be inserted in our Manuscript Copies of
the Laws.
Action for (On November 30, i.sui, the Action for Trespass against Robert Allen. Col-
trespass lector of taxes having been decided and Charles Chauncey Ksquire having
brought; managed the Cause with Industry and Ability tho' without Success and having
Decision declined to receive pecuniary s.ilisfaction for his Services the Hoard direct this
against the minute as an Evidence of their Sense of the Obligation conferred by their
Hospital. Counsel.
( February 13, 181 31, Samuel Coates, Joseph S. Lewis and Thomas P. Cope were
appointed a Committee to draft a Memorial to the Legislature now sitting at
Harrisburg soliciting an Exemption from Taxation of the buildings and Lois the
property of this Institution and to cause the same to be presented without delay.
The President and Secretary are requested to sign the said Memorial on behalf
of the Board and the Physicians are respectfully desired to give it their Signatures.
On the 22d, the Committee appointed to draft a Memorial to
the Legislature reported that one had been forwarded, of which the
following is a copy :
Memorial to /"" "" Sfiuile and Honsf of Kt-finseiilalwcs of the Commomtealth of
Legislature Pfiiitsylvania.
to exempt The Memorial of llie Afanagtrs and Physicians of the Pennsylvania Hospital,
Hospital respectfully shcuelh .-
from
Taxation That the Legislature of Pennsylvania, have at difl'erent periods made very
liberal grants, towards building of said Hospital.
That the few vacant lots belonging to the said Hospital, and which are only
separated from it by the Intervention of Streets, were |)urch.ased by the Contribu-
tors for the following I'ses,
ist to erect thereon such buildings, as should be deemed necessary appendages
to the Establishment.
2iid to keep the Hospital at a proper distance, from the dwellings of private
Citizens, as a precaution against the ravages of lire.
3d to keep the buildings sufficiently open to fresh Air, which the Physicians,
consider indispensably necessary to the Restoration of the Patients.
4tli To preserve a small range for the Cows belonging to the Hospital, fresh
Milk being deemed of great importance in dressing the wounds of the Patients &
being moreover a principal .\rticle of diet for the Sick.
296
,Sth fur small Plots, on which to exercise occasionally the convalescent
Lunatics, for whom moderate Labor is sometimes recommended, as a means of
recovery.
Such have been the motives for purchasing these lots.
Duly appreciating these Motives, the City and County Commissioners were
in the practice for nearly fifty years of exempting these Lots from Taxation but
lately, the assessors have returned them and the Taxes have been enforced, to the
manifest Injury of the Institution, and contrary as your memorialists apprehend,
to the Spirit of the Charter, and it must be obvious that in proportion to the
extent of these Exactions, must the Institution be deprived of the means of
difT"using its Charity to the suflering stranger, and the afflicted of the Common-
uealth at large.
On a suitable representation to the City Councils, they have by Ordinance
exempted the Hospital property from assessment for City Purposes, but the
County Commissioners continue their Assessment.
Your memorialists therefore respectfully request you will be pleased tu take
the premises into your serious Consideration, and exempt the Pennsylvania
Hospital, the lot on which it is erected, and the vacant lots of the Institution from
taxation, so long as they shall be retained for the purposes set forth in this
Memorial.
Signed by the President and Secretary, and all the Physicians.
Nothing having resulted from the above petition, the Managers
a year later determined to make another appeal. On October 31, 181 4,
Samuel Coates, Samuel W. Fisher, and Thomas P. Cope are a Committee to
essay a Memorial to the Legislature to be submitted to the Board at their next
Stated Meeting, Craving an exemption of the Hospital property from taxation.
The Committee appointed on the Tenth month (October), 31st committee
last, to prepare a memorial to the Legislature craving an exemption to prei)are
of the Hospital property from taxation, reported, December 26, 1814, Memt-nai to
an essay which beins read and considered was with some small altera- ^^'^ "* ""^"^
tions agreed to, and the President was requested to forward the same,
signed by himself and the Secretary to the Legislature.
reports.
To the Senate and House 0/ RepresentaHves of the Commonwealth Memorial
of Pennsylvania in General Assembly i[el. assigns
The Memorial of the Managers of the Pennsylvania reasons for
Hospital Respectfully sheucth, exempting
That by the bounty of Government & the liberality of Individuals the Hospital from
Hospital & Buildings appurtenant thereto were erected & paid for, the Square of
Ground on which the same stands having been in part the Gift of Thomas &
Richard Penn and in part purchased by the Contributors without Governmental
Aid. So the several Vacant Lots in the Neighbourhood being all nearly Con-
tiguous and separated only by the intersection of Streets were purchased and paid
for by the Contributors without public aid. That the last mentioned Lots were
purchased with a view to the health of the Patients & the Security of the
Buildings and are so kept not yielding to the Institution any income whatever and
saving only so much as would otherwise be necessary expended in hay and
pasture for the Cows and Horses belonging thereto. That the Number of poor
297
piTSons aHlicU'd with various diseases of iniinl and body wlm have l>eeii main-
tained by the Cor|>oral ion within the hist Ten Years in the Hospital Amount to
One Thousand seven Hundred iV sixty three I)eing an average of mie hundred
and seventy six and upwards Per Anniim. And the number of poor who have been
attended by I'hysicians and furnished with Medicines at the expense of the
Corporation Out of the House in the same Space of time Amounts ti> ten thousand
three hundreil and forty four beiuK an Average of One thousand and thirty four
per. Annum. That the whole Amount of the Annual income which arises from
Monies loaned, Ciround-rents. Stock of the Inited States Hanks and other public
Institutions is no more than seven thousand five hundred Dollars eV thirty five Cents.
That Notwithstanding this extensive l"tility compared with the active funds of the
Hospital, the City & County of Philada. have recently assumed to impose a
grievous Ta.\ upon the said vacant Lots there having been Assessed levied and
collected thereon under their Authority and for their exclusive I'ses for the Year
1S14, no less than One thousand one hundred .V thirty four Dollars Jk twenty
eight Cents being a Sum far exceeding the .Annual saving from these Lots and
more than One seventh part of the Whole .■\nnual income of the Hospital Estate.
And the Managers would perhaps be wanting in duty to the Institution were they to
Omit an Allusion to another and greater Burthen which threatens their funds if
the City and County of Philadelphia contitnie to be authorised to levy and collect
the Tax The burthen they mean is the I'nited States direct Tax, which if the
Bill now before Congress should, as seems probable, be |>assed intoa Law, the Tax
thereby imposed not assumed by the Stale of Pennsylvania & the Hospital Estate
be Assessed agreeably to the County rales and levies, will more than double the
burthen. Whereas if the State Legislature should in Wisdom exonerate the
Hospital Estate from taxation, the law of the I'nited States will not affect it. To
your Memorialists it appears to involve a serious contradiction to the bounty of
the Legislature that they should .-Vnthorise One Section of the State to impose
such a burthen upon a Charitable Institution which the State at large lias so
materially Contributed to raise to its present Usefulness. They therefore respect-
fully solicit the Legislature to grant them relief in the premises by passing a Law
to prohibit the further imposition of Ta.\es upon the property and estate of the
Pennsylvania Hospital and your Memorialists will acknowledge the favour in
behalf of the Poor and alflicted of the state at large for whose benefit the Charity
was intended without partiality or preference of One Section to another.
On January 30, 1815, " Samuel Coates. Samuel W. Fisher and
Joseph I.ownes, are a Committee to attend at Harrisburg on the sub-
ject of otir Memorial now pending before the Legislature.''
The Committee appointed to that service reported February 27,
unsuccessful. '815, that they had been to Harrisburg, but had again returned
unsuccessful.
Committee
\'acant Lots "^" April 8, 18151 a Question on the necessity for returning the Lots. Buildings
liable to U S ■""^ Furniture of the Pennsylvania Hospital to the Collector of the United States
Direct Tax direct Taxes for the first district of Pennsylvania having been brought before the
Board ; it was determined that the Treasurer make a return of the vacant Lots
but that the House, Lot on which it Stands aiul Furniture were exempt from
Taxation.
The Councils of Philadelphia were next petitioned to e.xempt
the vacant lots of the Hospital from ta.xation :
29S
(October 30, 1815) the Managers appointed a Committee, to petition the Select
& Common Councils to exempt the vacant lots of this Institution from Taxation
They are likewise to prepare a Memorial to the -State Legislature on the same
subject.
(On November 27, 1815) the Committee appointed at the last Meeting to peti-
tion the Select & Common Councils to exempt the Vacant Lots of this Institution
from Taxation report that they had done so.
The same Committee reported that they had not yet prepared a Memorial to
the State Legislature believing it better to wait the Issue of the application to the
City Councils.
On December 25, 1815, the Committee on the Memorial to the Philadelphia
City Councils report the successful result of their ai)plication and that Councils, by
Councils had passed the following :
' *^ exempts
vacant lots of
An Ordinance For exempting from Taxation certain vacant Lots of „ ...
*^ . " Hospital
ground the property of the Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital appropn- ,
ated to the purposes of the Institution.
\VnKRi-;.\s the Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital assisted by the
benevolent donations of the Legislature of the State after having made large
expenditures in erecting valuable and commodious Buildings and in establishing
the institution upon a liberal and philanthropic plan, deemed it necessary to obtain
possession of various lots of ground adjacent to the lot on which the buildings of
the Hospital stand and acquired the same by purchase for the purpose of provid-
ing for a free circulation of air and for securing a site for the additional buildings
which the encrease of population might render necessary. And VVhere.^s for
a long series of years the Hospital was unoppressed by taxesby Common Consent
ol the Authorities who .Assess and Collect the same ; and it being manifestly
iinpolitick to diminish b\' taxation the funds of an Institution derived from Public
and Private Munificence and subservient to the cause of humanity & benevolence,
an Institution in which the friendless and destitute of every nation may claim an
interest, and derive comfort and assistance ; Therefore,
Section i. Be it enacted by the Citizens of Philadelphia in Select and Com-
mon Councils assembled, That the several lots of ground belonging to the Con-
tributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital, situated in the immediate vicinity of the
lots on which the buildings of the said Hospital are erected and only separated
therefrom by the intervention of Public Streets shall be hereafter wholly exonerated
and exempted from .Assessment and taxation of any sum or sums of Money which
hath or have been or may hereafter be directed by ordinance of the Select &
Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia to be Assessed, raised, levied, or col-
lected for any use or purposes whatever upon the estates real or personal within
thesaid City, which exemption from taxation hereafter granted shall Continue in full
force and operation only so long as the lots aforesaid shall remain as they now are
unoccupied by buildings or may be occupied by buildings appropriated exclu-
sively and alone to jiromoting the Comfort of the Patients or the Convenience and
improvement of the Institution but from which no income rent or revenue ma\'
be derived thereto.
Section 2. And be it further enacted That if any tax heretofore Assessed by
the City Commissioners on the lots aforesaid or any of them now remains due
and unpaid by the said Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital to the Collector
appointed to receive and Collect the same the said tax shall be and is hereby
remitted and the City Commissioners are authorized and directed to include the
299
Atnuunt thereof ill till- allowance to be made to sucli Collector upon the final
Settlement of his duplicate.
Enacted into an Ordinance at Philadelphia the fourteenth day of December
in the ^'<ar of our Lord one thousand eight hundred i*t fifteen.
Ja.mivs S. Smith, Pitst. oj llic Com. Oniiicil.
RoBKRT Ritchie, Presl. of llu Sfl. Cotiii.
John C. Lowiikk, Clerk of the Common Cuuiuil.
December 28, 1815, ihe Coiniiiittee appointed at the last meeting,
to prepare a Memorial to the State Legislattire, submitted the same,
which was adojitcd and the President requested to sign and forward
the same to Harrisbiirg :
Till Aff mortal of Ihe Managers of Ihe Pennsylvania Hospital Rcspeclftilly
Shcwelh :
That application was made at the last session of the Legislature to pass an
Legislature Act to E.xonerate the IIosi)ital Buildings & the vacant l..ts in their \'icinity from
again asked Xa.xation, on several grounds stated in a Memorial then i)rescnted ; and although
to exempt y,,,,,. Memorialists forbear to trespass on the time of the Legislature by repeating
Hospital ,|,j. language then Submitted, yet they deem it a duty they owe to the Interest of
property. j|,g Institution and may they not add, to the comfort of the Sick ami Indigent, to
renew their aiiplicatiun. That the Pennsylvania Hospital alTords a Charity of no
small Importance to the Citizens of Pennsylvania, and especially to those of the
City and County of Philadelphia because of their vicinity to the Hospital, is a
proposition which cannot be fairly controverted ; and that independent of the
fostering hand which has been from time to time extended by the Legislature
itself, all the funds of the Corporation are derived from the Purses of humane and
benevolent Individuals. That it appears to your Memorialists extraordinary and
perhaps without example that a Hospital founded and maintained by the Hounty
of Government and of its Citizens, should be deemed a proper Object of Taxation
and they beg leave to present it as a question worthy the iiuiuiry of the Represen-
tatives of a great and free State, whether there is to be found in the Annals of any
other one of the United States or of any Section of Europe, or, in a word, of any
Government in the Civilized World, an instance of imposing or ijermitling to be
imposed, a ta.\ on the Liberality of their own Acts, or of their subjects or Citizens.
Your Memorialists feel the more encouraged again to address you on this interest-
ing subject, as it has engaged the attention not only of the Contributors to the
Hi>spital Funds, but of the Citizens of Philadelphia and its Vicinity at large, who,
as your Memorialists understand are prepared to express their Sentiments to
your respective Houses. Under all the Circumstances they should think them-
selves fully warranted in asking an entire exoneration of all their Corporate Estate
from Taxation ; but they Content themselves with repeating their request, that
the Hospital Buildings, the Lot on which they are erected, and the vacant Lots in
the neighborhood thereof and separated therefrom only by the intersection of
streets be so exonerated : and this they earnestly iS: confidently Solicit.
Collector of (On February 8, 1816) the President stated that he had called this Meeting in
U. S. Direct Consequence of the information received from the collector of the United States
Tax made Direct Tax that there had been Assessed on the Vacant Lots of the Hospital for
assessment the Year 1815 the sum of 5633.31 100, and having doubts in his mind whether it
on the might not be expedient to apply to the proper Authority for a remission he had
vacant lots, thought it right to consult the Board on the subject. After some Consideration
it is agreed to make no such application for the present.
300
The Committee reported, March 25. 1S16, that the Legislature
of the State had just passed the following Act, exempting the Penn-
sylvania Hospital property from taxation, and for other purposes ;
(Extract from an Act for the Relief of the Pennsvlvania Hospital.)
"The Pennsylvania Hospital, together with the lot or square whereon the same
is erected, and the adjacent lots now emi)loyed in direct aid and occupation of the
said institution, shall be and remain free from the payment 01 taxes as long as the
same shall be directly occupied and employed as at present for humane and
charitable purposes."
Approved the nineteenth day of March, one thousand eight hundred and
sixteen.
(Signed) Simon Snyder.
On the 2yth of .\pril, the Committee report that they had forwarded
to our Representatives in Congress, this Memorial requesting exemp-
tion from taxation :
To the Senate and House of Represciilaliz'es of llif
United Stales in Congress Assembled.
The Memorial of the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital
respectfully Shewelh :
That the said Hospital was founded by an Association of Benevolent individ-
uals, endowed by them and by the Legislature of the State, has been supported
during all the Term of its existence by private Contribution, and that its funds
are immediately or remotely applied wholly to the relief and maintenance of the
indigent who are afflicted either with Corporal or Mental Maladies. That the
Institution having had its Origin in Charity, and its funds having been uniformly
applied to Charitable purposes, it seems to Your Memorialists Consistent with
sound reason, policy and humanity, that Government should Cherish rather than
distress it; nor can they believe that tlie National Legislature had this or similar
Institutions in view, as objects of Revenue. The Assessor of this District, how-
ever, finding no exemption in favor of the Institution in any Law of this State,
caused the property belonging to the Pennsylvania Hospital, including the Hos-
pital itself, to be assessed, in the same manner as if it were private property, and
productive of profit to the owners; And in consequence of such Assessment a
demand has been made by the Collector of the revenue of the first district of
Pennsyla. for the sum of $633.33 being the amount of the Tax for the year 1815
Your Memorialists deem it proper briefly to State for the further information
of Congress that the City and County of Philadelphia did within a few years
impose a Tax on part of the property of the Institution other than the Hospital
Buildings and the Lot of Ground on which tliey are erected, but that the Build-
ings and Lot on which they stand were never considered objects of Taxation.
That the property which was so assessed consists of vacant Lots in the Vicinity of
the Hospital and separated therefrom only by the Intersection of Streets ; and that
Your Memorialists applied to the City Councils, and the Legislature of the State,
to e.\onerate this Institution from the burthen ; which applications they have the
pleasure to state were deemed so reasonable, that those bodies respectively since
the Act of Congress imposing the District Tax, passed an Act granting the request
of Your Memorialists ; so that now neither the Hospital Buildings, the Lot on
which they are erected nor the Vacant Lots in the vicinity, are liable to any
demands in the nature of a Tax in Pennsvlvania.
Pennsylvania
Legislature
exempts
Hospital
and vacant
lots from
Taxation.
Memorial to
Congress
requesting
exemption
from
Taxation.
30 '
RclyiiiK llierefcirc oil llif Juslicu >V Propriety of tlieir present appeal to the
Highest Tribunal ol their Country, Your Memorialists earnestly solicit that the
Funds of the Pennsylvania Hospital may not be reduced by the Assessment, but
that Congress will grant them relief in the premises ; by so doing they will in
etfect add to the Comfort of the poor and alllicted.
(Signed) Samuki. Coatks, Pres'l.
Thomas P. Coi-K, Sei'y.
I'aymeni of 'lit; treasurer reported "that he had paid on May 27. 1816, the
U. S. Direct Collector of the United States direct Tax the amount charged in the
Taxon Estate Hospital estate," xvhii h was api)roved.
The land selected and purchased in 1836 for the Department for
^ , the Insane, \vas Matthew Arrison's farm of one hundred and one acres.
Ground
Purchased 'o which additional purchases of about ten acres, and some other
for Peiina. small lots adjoining, \vere located two miles west of the city of
Hospital for Philadelphia, between West Chester and Haverford Roads, on the
Insnnc
latter of which was the entrance, (all this locality is now included in
the Twenty-fourth Ward of the city of Philadelphia.)
Act March ^^ ''^^ •■^*-'' '^^ '816 e.vempted from taxation only the property then
19, 1816, owned by the Hospital, jjroijerty subsequently acijuired remained
Exempting subject to taxation as other real estate. To procure the benefits desired
"t*'"'k[™'" fi'O"^ ''^^ ^^^ °^ 1816, therefore it became necessary to again petition
Include '^'''■' I-egislature to exempt from taxation all the Estate of the Hospital.
.■\ddilional (q„ ^o\. 30, 1838) the Committee, appointed at the last meeting of the Board
Property ^f Managers to prepare a Memorial to the approaching session of the Legislature
Piirinased. i-efpiesting to have exempt from taxation all the Estate of the Corporation, now
produced one which was adopted, and the President requested to sign and forward
it to llarrisburg — the effort was not successful. (November 25, 1844) On Motion
Resolved, that a committee of two be appointed to memorialize the Legislature for
the remission of the Hospital property from taxation — Lawrence Lewis and O.
Roberts Smith were appointed.
Ti> till Honorable the Senate and House of Represinlatives 0/ the Stale of
M m ri 1 to Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, d'e.
Legislature Z^"' I'etition of the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital
to exempt respectfully represents:
from Taxes That their Institution was incorpor.ited in 1751. under the title of the " ("on-
all the tributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital'" for the purpose of saving and restoring
Estates of useful and laborious members to the community and the relief of the sick, poor
the Hospital, and Insane, ,S:c. since which time to the 27th of April \. D., 1844 there have been
received therein 41,414 p.atients of whom 22,595 have been poor, and maintained
and treated wholly at the expense thereof. Your honorable bodies are referred to
the annual statements of the atTairs of the Institution, regularly laid before you
for further information on regard to its usefulness.
Your petitioners represent that in order to further so great a charity, your
honorable bodies besides furnishing pecuniary .xssistance, passed a law on the 19th
of March, 1816 exempting said Hospital and its adjacent lots from the payments
of taxes, so long as the same should be employed for humane and charitable
purposes.
302
Tliat in i8;i6, in consequence of the increased number of patients and of
many imijrovements particularly in the cure of the Insane the Contributors Memorial to
enlarged their Institution by the erection of a separate establishment for these Legislature
unfortunate beings on one estate bought for that purpose in Blockley Township, jg exempt
Phila. County which was finished in 1841 and to which your petitioners point with property from
satisfaction as one of the noblest Institutions and most efficient charities in the taxation.
Union. The funds with which this important improvement was effected were the
proceeds of sales of the lots adjacent to the Hospital in the City so as aforesaid
exempted from taxation ; so that these lots became taxable at that time again,
and so continue, the assessments of them and the improvements thereon being
now considerably over $475,000.00.
As the words of the exempting act above recited do not cover purchases made
by the Hospital after its date, the newly acquired property thereof remains tax-
able and is taxed as ordinary property. And your petitioners respectfully request
a further and general exemption from taxation of their estates for state County
and poor purposes on the specific grounds that the whole income from permanent
sources is annually expended upon the poor patients of the Institutions by their
charter provided, thereby relieving the state and county in exercising the charity
of their foundation, by maintaining caring for and curing a large number of the
sick and insane poor thereof; and further by the change in their Institution as
above set forth they have contributed to the taxable property of the County an
amount twenty times as great as that for which they ask an exemption.
Under these convictions and with the belief that every dollar saved for the
Pennsylvania Hospital from extraneous outlay will he directly applied to the
benevolent purposes expressed in its charter, your petitioners respectfully request
your honorable bodies to enact a law exempting their property from taxation.
(This was approved by the Board and directed to be forwarded to the
Legislature, January 27, i84.s.>
March 31, 1X45, Win. B. Fling laid before the I'.oard a certified
copy of an act of Assembly, to exempt from taxation the estate of
the Pennsylvania Hospital, which reads as follows:
" Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania in General .\ssembly met and it is hereby enacted by the
authority of the same. That from and after the passing of this act, the estates and
property, real and personal, now belonging to the corporation of the contributors
to the Pennsylvania hospital, shall be and remain free from the payment of taxes
of any kind whatsoever. Provided, that nothing in this act shall exempt from
the assessment and payment of road and poor taxes, so far as any part t)f the
property of said Pennsylvania hospital is located in Blockley Township.
"Approved, The nineteenth day of March, one thousand eiaht hundred antl
forty-five."
(Signed) Frs. R. Shink, Goveiiio):
Legislature
exempts all
the Estates,
properl\', real
and personal,
of Hospital
from Taxes
of anv kind.
On motion resolved, that the thanks of the Board are tendered
to Wm. B. Fling, for his exertions in procuring the above exemption
which however does not appear to have been final, for on April 25.
1853, the committee appointed on the 31st of the first month last, to
Thanks of
the Board to
Comnnttee in
obtaining the
act of
exemption.
2,°3
endeavor to procure the passage of a law exempting the property of
this Institution from taxation, made the following report, viz. :
That they have attended to the duty assiRiied them and in order that the
legislature should be mside fully acquainted with the reasonableness and the
propriety of granting such exemption to this Institution, it was thought proper
that one of the committee should proceed to Harrisburg, Mr. \Vm. B. Fling
kindly offered to perform that duty, and the Committee have now the satisfaction
of reporting the following Bill on the i8th iiist. and its approval by the Governor.
(Signed) Lawkence Lewis, Chairman .
"An Act to incorporate the State I,ine Railroad Company; authorizing the
Susquehanna Bridge Company at Tunkhaniiock to borrow money : etc."
"Section 7. That the estates and property real and personal, belonging to the
Pennsylvania contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital, shall be and remain free from the pay-
Hospital ment of ta.xes of any kind whatsoever, so long as the income from said estates
Property nnd property is used for the relief of the sick and insane poor, any law to the
Xon-taxable. contrary notwithstanding."
"Approved. The eighteenth day of .'Vpril, one thousand eight hundred and
.fifty-three.
(Signed) Wm. Bigler, Gm'enior."
The Constitution of Pennsylvania, of 1874 repealed all laws
exempting property from taxation, except as staled in the following
section :
" Art. IX, Sec. i. All taxes shall he uniform, upon the saine class
of subjects, within the territorial limits of the authority levying the
tax, and shall be levied and collected under general laws ; but the
General Assembly may, by general laws, exempt from taxation, public
projjerty used for public purposes, actual places of religious worship,
places of burial not used or held for private or corporate profit, and
(i) institutions of a purely public charity.
" Section 2. All laws exempting projjerty from taxation, other
(lian the property above enumerated, shall be void.
"(i). In the case of ex parte Pennsylvania Hospital, i Phila.,
418, it was decided that property exeni|)t by law cannot be taxed
until the exemption is repealed."
304
WORKS OF ART, MEMORIAL FURNITURE, ETC.
In September, 1800, Benjamin West, President of the Royal
Academy of Arts in London, was addressed by the Managers asking
for a contribution. It was said, in their letter, that the Hospital
building, " than which none, in this part of the world, united in itself
more of ornament and use" was then nearly comjjleted, and, after a
due comi)liment to the liberality of English contributors and an
appeal to the affection which he could not but feel for the place of
his birth, it concluded with the sentiment, that the works of an artist
which ornamented the palace of his King, could not fail to honor
him in his native land. This request received, in the following year,
a favorable answer from Mr. West, who suggested as the subject of
the painting the text of Scripture: "And the blind and the lame West's
came to Him in the Tem])le, and He healed ihem." Certainly no l':''"ti".'! of
' Clirist
Healing tile
study more appropriate could have been selected and it was one
which the Managers heartily approved. In August, 1810, notice was sick inthe
received that the ])ainting might soon be looked for and expecta- Temple."
tion was raised to a high pitch, not only among those especially
interested in the Hospital, but also in the whole community. How-
ever, for the present, their hopes were doomed to disapjjointment.
The picture, when exhibited in F.ngland, excited such general
admiration, that patriotism took the alarm and nobles and commons,
with one accord, agreed in making a determined effort to retain it in
Wist's first the country. Mr. West, who could not resist the various influences ex-
PaiiitiiiK erted, was prevailed upon to allow the painting to remain; but he imme-
the^Ro al ^iately began the work of making a copy, which he resolved should
.-\cadi-niy cxcel the original. Considering the fact that he undertook this
ill London, work at a time when the two countries were at war and consider-
ing also his connection with the rulers and prominent men of his
adopted country, we may fairly ascribe to him the merit of extraor-
dinary indeijcndcnce and liberality of feeling, a.s well as of attach-
ment to the place of his birth. It was not, however, until October,
1817, that the Painting reached this country. It was taken to a
building which had been especially erected for its reception, upon the
The second Hospital grounds on Spruce Street, and placed on exhibition ; being
PaintuiK jjjj] mentioned in the newspapers, it attracted such a throng of
arrives and . : , • • > j j ,- , . , , , •
is Dlaced on ^'s'tors that it yielded for several years a considerable income to the
Kxhibition. institution. The money received from the opening of the exhibition
to its close in 1843, amounted to somewhat more than twenty-five
thousand dollars ; and as the whole outlay on account of the picture
was not equal to ten thousand dollars, the profit, deducting the cost
of exhibition, amounted to no inconsiderable contribution, and
approximated the amount paid West for the first copy of the picture,
which was 3000 guineas.
The earliest mention on the minutes, of the Painting, was
September i, 1800, when it was recorded that the following letter
was to be sent to Benjamin West :
Sir. — Tile Pennsylvania Hospital by llie aid of government and many private
subscriptions, is at lenntb nearly tinislieil. and no building that we know of in this
part of the xvorkl unites in itself more of ornament or of use.
Its object is the relief of maniacs and sick poor in Pennsylvania ; many
thousands of these of every nation and country who have maintained an inter-
course with Philadelphia, have enjoyecl its benefits in common with the resident
poor of our own state. Conducted as the Hospital is, on a principle of e.xtensive
benevolence, it has attracted the attention of many charitable an<l well-disposed
people at home and abroad.
Among those individuals in England who have contributed to its support, we
have the satisfaction to enroll the names of many celebrated worthies of thy own
acquaintance, such as the late Dr. John Kothergill, David Barclay, and others — to
whom we are indebted for valuable gifts — but in api>lying to strangers we are not
to forget our own countrymen.
However long they may have been absent, and however remote from the
place of their birth, their bosoms glow with ardent affection toward it, and they feel
an impulse, which they seldom resist, to promote in its works of utility and taste.
Impressed as we are with these sentiments, we solicit, in behalf of the con-
tributors for the Managers' room, a painting from West.
The works of an artist which ornament the palace of his king cannot fail to
honor him in his native land.
306
To this highly complimentary letter, ?>Ir. West replied :
London, July 8, .80.. [^'','3"'''
It is with satisfaction that I embrace tlie opportunity by the return of
Mr. Gilpin to Philadelphia to convey to you my thanks for the polite and satis-
factory letter written to me by the order of the President and Managers of the
Pennsylvania Hospital.
The gratification it has long afforded me in hearing of the celebrity of those
laws by which that Hospital is governed, the relief it affords to the sick poor, and
the benign aid it gives to the afflicted in general, has placed it among the first
of institutions.
The proposal of placing a picture of my painting in a situation so honorable
as that building presents, I cannot permit to pass without embracing. I there-
fore accept the offer.
The subject I have chosen is analogous to the situation. It is the Redeemer
of mankind e.\tending his aid to the afflicted and of all ranks and conditions.
The Passage is from St. Matthew chai)tcr 21, verses 14 and 15: " And the blind
and the lame came to Him in the Temple ; and He healed them. And when the
chief priests and scribes saw the wonderful things that He did, and the children
crying in the Temple, and saying, Hozanna to the Son of David, they were sore
displeased." The design for the picture I have made from the alx)ve passage.
The picture will be sixteen feet long by ten feet high, including the frame.
I have conversed with Mr. Ciilpin on this business, and have requested him
to see the president and managers and to convey to them my ideas how a j^icture
of its dimensions could be placed to most advantage.
On October 29, 1801, the following was sent to Mr. West:
Esteemed Friend. — W'e have received thy letter of 8tli July by Joshua fiilpin.
and laid it before the Managers, who have ordered us to e.Npress their grateful
acknowledgements for the painting thou art prepariiy=; to present them for the
benefit of that Institution. They also desire us to inform thee of their full appro-
bation of the subject thou hast chosen, viz. " Our Savior Healing the Sick in the
Temple.''
In order to preserve thy contributions to posterity as well as for this genera-
tion, the Managers agree to fi.\ it in the contributors' room, a draft of which is
inclosed with the CoTiimittee's remarks for thy information.
Peace being now restored between Great Britain and France, we antici])ate
with increasing pleasure the prospect of receiving the painting without injury,
and that instead of gracing a Paris museum, it will honor the artist in his native
country.
From 1802 until 1810. no word was received from Mr. West, Imt
in August of the latter year the artist apologizes on account of his
sickness for not having finished the painting and mentions his inten-
tion of resuming his labor, and proceeding therein till he completes
the work.
Under date, April 24th, 181 1, Mr. West sent the following:
Sir. — I embrace the opportunity of writing you by the return of Mr. Scott to
Philadelphia, and to request that you will have the goodness to inform the trustees
of the Pennsylvania Hospital, that I had finished the picture of Our Saviour
receiving the Lame and the Blintl in the Temple to heal them, with that success,
.Mr. West.
Ill riiuUr il ill the jiulnmi'iu <>f oiir lovrrs of tlic arts as holding llu- first rank in
West's I.cttir '"> pnjdiulions of the |)tniil.
with rcKard Tliis picture was what I painted as my cloiiati<iii for the Pennsylvania
to the Hospital, but its |>oi>nlarily raising tlie attention of all the various classes of the
Paiutin" people in the capital, who became solicitous that il should be considered ,-is
attached to the country, for which purpose the noblemen and >;entlemeii of the
British Institution waited on ine with proposals to possess the piiture as a com-
mencement of a National ("lallery.
Under this consideration 1 found myself in such a predicament, that made a
compliance necessary, but with a reserve on my part to make another for the
Hospital, which I have commenced on a more improved plan of composition, and
in the course of the ensuinn summer shall complete it, I hope with ei|ual, or more
power, as it is my wish to do so ; those Kentlemen then made me their voluntary
remuneration of three thousand guineas for letting them possess the picture.
The picture is now in the British Gallery, and such is its popularity, that
thousands of people of all descriptions are crowding weekly into the (".allery to
have a sIkIu of it.
I feel highly gratified by this occurrence in haviii); produced an historical
composition which is sanctioned in Europe by those of taste and judgment in the
fine arts as to make choice of it for an example to those studying this dignified
department in art, and the destiny of its division in the American Hemisphere
may one day ])roduce the same effect as it is held out to produce in this.
It may be acceptable to you and to others to know what observation has
been published in the London daily papers, on th.il pi. lure. I tlurefore send
with this letter, two or three of those productions.
The circumstances which have attended the picture will point out to my
country-men, th.at the i)icture which I shall send them is not considered a mean
one, and I hope th.it it will be as productive in its i)ecuniary aids to the Penn-
sylvania Hospital, as it is on this side of the Atlantic in the British Institution.
I request that my respects my be given to the Trustees of the Hospital, and that
I am, yours with sincerity^
To this, the President of the 15oard of Managers made reply,
August 26, 181 1 :
Esteemed I'litiid, Beiijaiiiiii U'esI :
1 received thy letter on the 24th of April last, by which the .Managers of the
Peiiusylvauia Hospital are m.ide acquainted with their loss, and the unexpected
surrender of the picture to the British (lallery.
The friends of this institution cannot but express their disappointment, at the
same time they make the necessary allowance for the dilemma into which the
most celebrated historical painter of the age has been placed, by a powerful
appeal of the jirincipal patrons of the art, in a country where his genius has been
fostered, and his labors remunerated for half a century.
The Managers learn with great s.alisfaction thy beneficent intention of paint-
ing another picture from the same sublime and .appropriate subject. It will be a
model for the improvement of American artists, and a source of great emolument
to a charitable institution.
In December, 181 1, Mr. Joshua Giljiin wrote that he had visited
the studio of Mr. West, and that rapid jjrogress had been made in
the picture, which he had reason to hope would be finished before
spring.
308
In view of the possible early arrival of the Painting, the treasurer
of the Hospital was requested to confer with Albert Gallatin, the
Secretary of the Treasury, on the means to be pursued for importing
it, and, if possible, free of duty. (See page 312.)
In May, 1812, Mr. Gilpin again wrote that the
Picture is so far finished as to be beyond the reach of accidents, I mean all
the principal parts, so that if any thing was to happen to Benjamin West the
remainder might be finished by any good artist ; and still be far superior to the
original. A painting of the kind must be left to the time of the artist, as, like an
epic poem, it can be done only when the vein of fancy inclines them to it. He
talked of finishing it, so as to send it down to the Liverpool exhibition, to be
shipped from thence. I offered if it came down while the ' Bainbridge ' was
here to send it freight free, but the exhibition here does not connnence until
September.
In 1815, the Secretary of the Hospital wrote Mr. West that the
original proposition of the Managers to place the picture in the ( entre
building of the Hospital was abandoned, and that it was their inten-
tion to erect a building in conformity with the views of the artist on
the grounds, especially designed for its reception. The plan was
subsequently carried out.
Under date of September 5, 1S15, Mr. West wrote:
I received your friendly letter of 2Sth of June last, and I am pleased to liiid
that the Managers a])prove of my plan for a room being erected in every lespect
appropriate to the picture of Christ receiving the lame and the blind in the
Temple to heal them.
The picture is finished, and it is a satisfaction to me, and I hope will be to
the Managers, as well as yourself and the public of Philadelphia, that it is highly
approved of by the lovers of the fine arts, and the admiring throngs of London.
This testimonial in its favor I believe the noblemen and gentlemen of the British
Institution who so liberally solicited the first picture would gladly accept the
second in its place. But the latter I think my exertions are more comjilete in
approi>riate character, as I have introduced a demoniac with his attendain rela-
tions, by which circumstance is introduced most of the maladies which were
healed by Our Saviour.
I trust on this occasion my liberal countrymen will not be angry with me in
thus presenting to their Hospital a better picture in this second production, than
it would have received in the first instance.
Some months later, the President of the Board of Managers
received the following letter from Mr. West :
Newman Street, March loth, iSi6.
Dear Sir. — Your letter of the 4th of January came safe to hand and it alfords
me great pleasure to find that the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital have
agreed to erect a permanent building as a place of safety for dei)ositing the
Picture of Christ receiving the blind and the lame in the Temple to heal them.
It would afford me the highest satisfaction if the directors would lay the
geometrical design for an appropriate room to shew the picture in which I sub-
mitted til vour notice some months ago to Mr. I. a TihIr- the architect and take
Secretary
of the U. S.
Treasury
requested to
remit the
duty on
West's
Picture.
Permanent
Building
to be
erected for
exhibiting
the Painting.
507
TlK-
his advicf mi Ow iTccliiiK nf it. as tif is a man of talents in his profession and
woiiUl see into my idea of having sucli a room as would show the picture to every
|)ossil>le advanta)!e. When tile room is so muih advancetl as to ascertain the
time of its completion and in a dry slate to receive the picture I will have it
shipped for Philadelphia with its frame in a safe and proper manner. I wish it to
be i)laced opposite tile entrance into the intended room, midway of which on each
side there should be a low fire place for warniin;; the room in winter which fire
places I will compliment with a picture.
The building especially erected to accommodate " West's
I'icture Picture" was upon the Sjiruce Street side of the Hospital grounds,
Hous.-. midway between Eighth and Ninth Streets; the quaint old building
was constructed after suggestions from the famous jiainter himself, for
the exhibition of his picture. " The construction of its walls, stamjis
it as a product of the olden times. The bricks that comijose them,
instead of being laid end to end after the modern fashion, alternate
witii an endwise, and a cro])urse laid brick." Then, too, the long
pointed windows, severely plain, threw over the whole an air of
reverence. "West's Picture House" was subsequently used, (after
the removal of the painting to the Department for the Insane), as a
meeting-room by the College of Physicians, the Philadelphia Patho-
logical Society, and, subsequently, by the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania. In later years it was altered into a Nurses' dormitory.
(See I'age 105.) The building was erected in part from voluntary sub-
scriptions and it is interesting to note the fact that Stephen Girard's
name is first on the list of subscribers, and for one thousand dollars.
The vignette at the head of this section presents a view of the
Spruce Street front of this building, and the rear view is given upon
page 319. The picture house was enlarged by the Historical Society
in 1870. (See page 99 anff.) In 1893. the picture house was finally
torn down in order to make room for the new Memorial Wards.
The following letter was also written by Mr. West while in
London :
Nkwm.a.n Street, March zd, 1817.
.)/r Dear Sir. — I received your obliging Letter with one from .Mr. Sully stat-
ing his opinion how very appropriate the Room is which is to contain my Picture
of Christ ill the Tem|>le. and another from Mr. Evans, one of the Owners of the
Ship Electra— (Capt. Williams now in London, consigning the Picture to the Care
of the latter for its free Conveyance to Phil.idelphia), and I request that you will
have the Goodness to present my respectful Acknowledgements to Mr. Sully for
his kind attention, » itii the same to Mr. Kvans for his very polite and friendly oft'er.
The tin Case containing the Design and Elevation of the Building wherein the
Room is which is to contain my Picture came to Hand perfectly safe, and to you
My good Sr. and the Man.igers, I feel myself much indetited for that friendly
Attention to my Request in having the Room so constructed that the Picture may
be seen to the greatest Advantage, and for which I beg that you and the other
Gentlemen will accept my most sincere thanks.
310
I am preparing two Pictures, which accompany that of Christ in the Temple
and wliich shall be properly framed and have Drapery of appropriate Colour to Correspond-
place around them when they are put up, for be assured that a Donation to the g„^^. „.itli
Hospital of my native Country shall be as complete in every Respect as my Bj.„j Wist.
humble Kfforts can effect, but for as short a Time as possible, I must detain the
large Picture, otherwise I shall be deprived of the Opportunity of putting the
other two into that perfect Union of Colour and Effect which ought to prevail. —
When that is accomplished I will consign the three Pictures to America, with my
suggestions in Answer to your Communication respecting the Admission of
Artists and others to view the Pictures when placed in the Hospital — Respecting
the Building which is to contain my Pictures, I must take leave to observe that it
is very remote from my Intention to depreciate the Merits of the Architect who
erected it, in making the following Observations, but I think there is a Misappli-
cation of Gothic Architecture to a Place where the Refinement of Science is to
be inculcated, and which in my humble Opinion ought to have been founded on
those clear and self evident Principles adopted by the Greeks — an attention to
which in the appropriate Character of all subsequent Buildings raised in Phila-
delphia (and that at no greater Expense than attends Buildings in general) will
in a short time make that City as the Scitc of Elegance and Science in the
western World, and impress on the Mind of the Beholders the mental Refinement
of its Citizens — Such is the Effect produced on People of Information travelling
through Countries where they behold that Propriety of Building in every public
Work and City, and which stamps the Character of Civilization — In giving my
free Opinion of this Subject, I beg you will rest assured that I mean not to
underrate the Talents of Mr. Webb as an Architect — It is the Gothic Taste I
combat with, as inapplicable to the Building in question, for that Architecture is
the Insignia of a Period, when the civilized World had passed away. Science had
fled, and the Mind of Man lay in Darkness — Then arose monkish Superstition
and monkish Taste — but now, that Science has arisen, let the Cities of America
in their Streets and in their Highways proclaim its Ascendancy by every visible
Mark of its eternal Truth — I feel an interest that the State of Pennsylvania should
keep the lead in all mental Refinements, as her Commencement was founded on
those Principles of Equity and true Feelings towards an unoffending people in a
then Savage state, which gave her an Ascendancy and Dignity in the Minds of the
just and virtuous throughout the World, and that Pennsylvania may ever retain
that Preeminence, both in Truth and Science, is the most ardent Wish of. My
Dear Sir, Yours Very Sincerely.
Bkxj. West.
To the President.
The follo\ving note was sent by the Shipping Agents in London :
Sir. — In conformity with your orders we have done tile necessary duty in
shipping the Picture painted by Mr. West of Our Saviour in the Temple, on
board the ship Electra, Captain Williams, for your port ; the picture and frame
are packed into two cases and especially directed as per the enclosed bill of
lading deliverable to you ; the cases are also sealed by orders of the Lords of the
Treasury here, that no revenue Officer here should dare to open them and thereby
do any injury, and we hope you will obtain the same indulgence from your
revenue officers.
As the Lords of the Treasury have remitted the duty |)ayable on exports you
will assuredly obtain the same indulgence on your side.
London, .Aug. 6th. 1817.
3'i
On the 17th (.lay of August, 1S17, tlic shii) '• Klectra " saik-d
from I-ondon, and on the 13th of Ociobc-r arrived at Philadelphia.
The Managers' minutes state :
The picture was safely com eyed frnm the ship t" llic room of the edifice
specially coiistriicted to ilisplay and preserve it and 011 the ,^tl instant was first in
America exposed to public view. Tliere it is intended to remain a lasting proof
of the lieniftn purpose of its author and of tliat patriotic affection which has
already been evinced by himself and his late amiable wife for the Citizens of
Pennsylvania, their native l;ui<l.
The following formal notification of the comjjletion of the
I'ainting and its donation to the Hospital accompanied the picture :
London, AuKUst i, 1S17.
Letter ac- Benjamin West. Historical Painter to his Majesty, OeorRe III and the Presi-
companyinK dent of the Royal Academy of Arts in London, feels the highest satisfaction in
the Painting, informing the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital of his having finished the
pictnre of our Saviour receiving the Lame and the Blind in the Temple to heal
them — which he has painted for that Institution, and which he has the honor ol
sen<ling to Philadelphia, to be there deposited.
And Mr. West bequeaths the said picture to the Hospital in the joint names
of himself and his wife, the late Klizabeth West, .as their gratuitous offering and
as a humble record of their patriotic affection for the State of Pennsylvania, in
which they first inhaled the vital air — thus to perpetu.ite in her native city of
Phil.idelphia the sacred memory of that amiable lady who was his companion in
life for fifty years and three months.
Mr. West requests the Managers and President of the Hospital will accept
the sincere thanks of the handsome preparations they have made for the recep-
tion of his picture, and assure them he shall ever attain a high sense of their
liberality, and feel proud at his name being recorded in an Institution, which has
his most cordial wishes in support of its benign purposes and for its prosperity.
The Managers, in acknowledging to Mr. West the receipt of the
l)icture, state :
This precious performance, on a subject the most interesting, gratuitously
designed to increase the pecuniary funds of the Hospital, the Managers on behalf
of the Institution cordially accept as coming in the name of Benjamin West and
in memory of his late wife Elizabeth West.
In December, 181 7, a successful ajipeal for the remission of the
duty on the picture was made :
To the Sena/f and ffoiise of Rt-presenlalh'cs in Congj-ess
of the United States.
Tlie .Ifemorial of the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital
respeetfully shewelh.
Managers That by the munificence of Benjamin West the President of the Royal
appeal for Academy at London a Painting by that distinguished artist of " Christ Healing in
remission of the Temple " h.is been presented to the Pennsylvania Hospital : that this painting
duty on the which is at the same time a S|>lendid .specimen of excellence in the arts and a
Painting, pledge of the affections r)f its author tor his native land is a free gift to this
charitable Institution. That although thus liberally presented it is. by law.
subject to limy and imisl he valued and tlie duty paid from funds devoted to
charity unless you shall he i)lease<l to grant a remission. Your memorialists
respectfully sul)mit to your consideration, that this painting may justly be con-
sidered as a ]>resent from a native American who ranks among the most eminent
living artists, to the country of his birth ; that as a production of genius in the
arts, it is entitled to the countenance of a Government whose patronage is cheer-
fully afforded to all, the means of difiusing knowledge and taste, and that as the
more immediate property of an institution existing solely for benevolent purposes
and generously given to it in aid of those purposes, it fairly claims an exemption
from the duties imposed on imported merchandise.
Your memorialists hereui)ou respectfully request that Congress will be
pleased to grant a remission of the duty which by law is chargeable upon this
l)ainting which has been thus generously given to this Charitable Institution and
to the Country.
The petition was favorably acted upon by Congress, as the follow-
ing shows :
The Act to Remit thk Dcrv on .\ Painting Presented to the Pexnsvl- Congress
V.ANI.A Hosi'iT.vi.. passes an
Be it enacted, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United ;\,.( („ ri.^iit
States of .America, in Congress assembled, that the duty secured to the United fi,^. duty „„
.States on a painting lately presented by Benjamin West, President of the Royal tp^. Paintiu".
.■\cademy, London, to the Pennsylvania Hospital, be. and the same is hereby,
remitted.
He.nrv Cl.w,
Spfakcr of llie House of Represenlalh'es.
.Approved. January 14, iSiS. John G.\ii.lard,
J.\MES Monroe. President of the Senate pro tern.
I do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of " An .\ct to remit the
duty on a painting presented to the Pennsylvania Hospital," which act was
approved on the 14th of January, 1818, and the original whereof remains deposited
in the Office of the Department of State.
Given under my hand and tlie seal of my office, this twenty-first day of
January, in the year of Our Lord, one tht)usand eight hundred and eighteen ;
and of the Independence of the United States the forty-second.
John Quincv Adams,
Secretary' of State.
A description of tlie Painting was prepared to be presented to
each visitor to the E.xhibition :
On an area of about one hundred and sixty square feet, the eye meets I'escnptionoi
between fifty and sixty figures, all finished after living models. "'^' •ii"i'"K-
Jesus of Nazareth, tlie Saviour of mankind, who whilst on earth went about
doing good, is represented in this painting as exerting miraculous power in
healing the sick : on his face, the mikhiess of a man of the tenderest feelings is
blended with the majesty of a messenger from God. His attitude is easy and
dignified ; the drapery elegant and noble ; ample without incumbrance ; folded
with simplicity and taste, and according to the old and generally adopted
costume of red and blue. Tile head, hands and feet are most beautifully
wrought, very gracefully disposed, and the whole figure follow'S the line of
beauty without affectation or constraint.
Christ is surri)iin(li.'<l liy si-vi-ral uroiips, composed parlly of his Disciplt-s and
Dfscriptii>n Apostlfs ; partly of tlic afflicted and languid. l>roiiKlit to him as the Foiinlaiii of
of the I'ife ; and of the Pharisees and priests, wlio view the Messiah with invoUintary
Paintini;. won<ler and mortal jealonsy. These ^ronps are disposed with ureal judK'nent,
and aflbrd to each other a proper help in the general system of liyht and shade
in the whole piece. They undulate before the eyes, like distant hills in the k'ow
of a summer evenins, and the jileasiiiK vapor which circulates around them
produces the most correct aerial perspective.
In the group of the Apostles, which serves as a background to the principal
finure, and is made up with uncommon discernment, John on the right hand of
his Master, Peter, Matthew, and several others on the left, are most conspicuous.
The beloved disciple is rejiresented here young, amiable, and pensive, as we
constantly find him in religious compositions.
On the right of Christ are several persons bringing objects of pity and com-
miseration to Him, who was, of all the sons of men, the most compassionate : a
most beautiful woman, in a dark garment, holding a sickly infant ; behind her a
distressed mother brings forward, with natural eagerness, a rickety child ; and,
between her and Jesus, we remark, as a i>rominent figure in this gr<mp, a very
hand.sonie young woman, who seems to have lost her sight by a dreadful
<lisorder in her brain. The white band, and the hand of the sympathizing old
man, which bind and hold her beautiful head, tell at once her situation, and
work impressively on the minds of the spectators, who wish that an object so
l>leasing, so enchanting to the sight, may not long be deprived of that blessing.
This group is backed by that of the high-priest and Pharisees, whose coun-
tenances, by their variety and aptness, are in a most classical style, A figure in
the right corner, pointing at our Saviour, and glancing on him with a look full of
malice, has been mistaken for the traitor Judas ; but the painter had too correct a
conception of his subject to bring forward such a hideous character.
Fear and cowardice are fit companions for conscious guilt, and Mr. West has
most appropriately placed Iscariot in the background, lurking behind the two
Apostles who are beyond the blind man, and darting, slyly, through the crowd, a
glance full of malignity, perfidy, and treason, at the divine prototype of goodness,
truth and mercy. His invidious eye and part of his sallow face are all that can
be seen of him.
From a group of Priests, Scribes, and Pharisees, the sight of the spectator is
agreeably and gradually led, by the contrast ol several elegant women, bearing
baskets and doves and flowers, to an inside view of the Temple, where, in the
sanctuary, the seven branched candelabrum burns with lamps, conveys the roving
eye to a glance at the gate called Speciosa, so well represented in one of the car-
toons ; young Levites. boys crying " Hozanna," and other figures of less import
in the demijour, fill U]) the intervals, without crowding, and direct our attention
to a more interesting part of the |)icture.
On the left side of the canvas, an elderly woman, distorted by complicated
disease, is brought to Jesus by several friends and relations, two of whom appear
to be Roman soldiers, whose sturdy mien and military dress contrast excellently
with, and set off. the pallid faceand emaciated limbs of the suflferer, as well as the
beautiful and most lovely features of her distressed daughter.
In the front of this afi'ecting scene a centurion is in the act of kneeling ; his
attitude, the anatomical merit of his figure, and the classical correctness of his
costume, deserve our unfeigned admir.ation. He e.xpresses what he feels, and
appears to feel the most profound veneration for Him whom he so earnestly sup-
plicates. Between him and Christ one of the principal groups is placed.
All old man, worn out with a long and death-brooding illness, is carried by
two strong porters, one standing at the head and supporting the superior part of
the body, the other kneeling, his back towards the spectators, and holding fast
the feet and legs. Such attention has been paid to anatomy and coloring in the
wiirking up of these two figures, that both, and especially the standing one,
seems rather living beings than the masterly and successful efibrts of a judicious
pencil. What shall we say of thesick man intrusted to their care? The impres-
sion still remains, and it will not be easily removed from our minds. Surely the
e.vpression on the face of the reviving Lazarus, by Sebastiano del Hiombo, is
admirable ; and it has been whispered that the restoring hand, whose original
wonders we are relating, had somew-hat to do there with making up for the
rapacity of Time ; here the expression is greater still : we read in the half-sunken
eyes, on the projecting brows, and quivering lips of the decaying man, lively hope
and heart soothing confidence pronounced with the most energetic emphasis.
His skeleton, arms and hands are raised towards the real source of health and
comfort, and his feet, which happen naturallj- to be nighest the healing power, by
a gentle glow of returning blood, which distinguishes them from the general tint
of the body, seem to have already felt the emanating virtue that flowed sponta-
neously from Him who alone could say, in truth, " I am the life."
The beautiful woman who holds the crutch of her dying father, the healthy
complexion of her face and the glow of her extended neck : the figure of a young
man above : the lovely boy annexed to the group ; the blind old man led by a
lad ; the young Apostle, who seems engaged in eager conference ; the lunatic boy
in the arms of his afflicted father ; the impassioned air of his two sisters, who are
looking towards our Saviour ; — all here deserve the most unqualified approbation,
and make the centre of the picture the focus of interest.
The last group constitutes, with the person of Christ, the entire subject. All
the rest is accessory. No episode, no digression is idly introduced which might
detract in the least from the full attention of the beholder ; and, although the Son
of <;od appears to feel for all the sufferers who surround and entreat his benevolent
attention to their respective infirmities, yet the entire scene consists in the act of
healing the sick man.
On October 28, 1843, the Directors of the Pennsylvania
Academy of the Fine Arts sent to the Board of Managers of the
Hospital a flattering proposal for the loan of the picture :
Pe.nnsvi,v.\m.\ Academy of the Fine Arts.
Phii,.\delphi.\, October 28, 1843.
Gentlemen. — The Directors of the Academy are desirous to offer to the
public for a limited period, during the coming w inter, an exhibition of choice
works of art, connected exclusively with religious and scriptural subjects. They
propose to exhibit only a limited number of pictures, and aming them to give a
prominent place to the productions of Mr. West's pencil. Already possessing
themselves his greatest work, and having made arrangements for several other of
his large and masterly productions, they are particularly desirous to unite with
these his admirable |)ainting belonging to the Pennsylvania Hospital, on such
terms as your Board may agree with them in considering mutually advantageous.
It is believed that such an exhibition would bring your |)ainting to the notice of
our citizens in a manner to do justice tt) Mr. West's fame, and in accordance with
what would be acceptable to himself were he living, and at the same time would
somewhat add to the revenue derived from it by the Hospital, as at present
exhibited.
Proposal
to loan
Painting to
.\cademy of
Fine -Arts.
Tnislinn thai llii- itlort \vi- an- inakiiiK in txtiiuliiiK a lovr for lliu liiu' alts in
Philaclclphin, may nii-ct your approval and co-opiration, we shall in- most happy
to arraiiKc with any committee- from your body the terms upon which your
picture can he obtained for said exhibition.
We remain, Kenllemen, very respectfully yours,
f. G. Ctiii.Ds, CiiAKi.Ks Graff,
IIVMAN Gkatz, n. I). Gil. PIN.
'I'liis apiilic.ition was granted November 8, 1843, when it was
resolved :
Proposal That the Managers accept the terms proposed by the Conunittee of the
to loan Academy of the Fine Arts with regard to West Painting— to wit : forty dollars
PainiiuK per month, and all expenses of removal and risk.
accepted. -y^^ picture was safely returned at the close of the Exhibition.
Some years later a letter of similar tenor from the Hon. Joseph R.
Ingersoll, was received :
.■\pril 6. 1X4-.
Geiillcmiii. —TUv Directors of the Pennsylvania .\cademy of the Fine .\rls
intend to open an Kxhibition in their newly constructed fire i>roof >;alleries on the
tenth of May. If not inconsistent with your views, they would be ple.ised to
receive under their care the Paintiiij; of " Christ healiiiK the Sick " which belongs
to the Pennsylvania Hospital.
.■\lthouKh it would be out of your iiiiniediate possession, it would be s\iliject
at all times to your supervision ami recall : ami would not be less secure from
injury, and more jierhaps the subject of study and examination than it is in its
present place.
The removal could be eliected eillR-r by your own a^euts or under the care-
ful direction of the Academy as minht be most agreeable to your selves. .\ very
prominent and distinjcuished position would be assigned to the paintinK.
With great respect, Vour servant,
To the Managers. J. R. 1mu:ks(.t.i..
The Painting was again loaned to the Academy in 1S53, was
returned, and subsequently it was jilaced in the Hall of the Dejiart-
nient for the Insane. Sully's portraits of Dr. Rush and Mr. Samuel
Coates, which were also loaned, were returned to the Centre Building
of the Pine Street Hospital, where they still remain.
PaintiiiK In 18S4, the Painting was found to require cleaning and varnisli-
restored to j^^g Afterwards it was removed from the Insane Department to tiie
Hospital \\\i\\ clinical amphitheatre at the Pine Street Hospital, and jilaccd in a con-
appropriate spicuous position, above the operating table, on the south wall. The
ceremonies, occasionof the restoration was made a public One, on November lo, 1884,
and several formal addresses were delivered before a large audience,
collected in response to an invitation from tlie Hoard of Managers.
The President of tiie Hoard, William Hiddle, introduced the orators.
The address of Dr. Morton was mainly devoted to relating the
foregoing History of the Painting of '• Christ Heating the Sick in tiie
TemiJle."
The Address by Mr. John B. Garrett is so appropriate as to
warrant its introduction here: Addnssoii
Before I came here tliis eveniiiK I heard an expression of surprise from one
of the friends of the Hospital, that the Managers should use the mere restoration
and removal of this picture, valuable as it is, as the feature of a public occasion
like this. I confess it was a somewhat natural criticism, but when I look upon
such an audience as is gathered here, and remember that the Pennsylvania
Hospital is one of the most venerable and one of the most honorable charitable
institutions of America, when I remember the historj- of this picture, which we
have just listened to, I confess that it is no mean occasion, but it is one that we
very honorably and jiroperly grace. And I am sure I may say on behalf of the
Managers of the Hospital that they are very grateful to the friends of the institu-
tion for their presence to-night, and still more may I say to the Managers, on
behalf of this company, that we have enjoyed, and are enjoying, the privilege
which is granted here of feasting our eyes upon this beautiful scene.
Benjamin West may not have been a great man, but he certainly was a
remarkable man; he was a man of genius; he was a man of patience and
])erseverance in the calling which he believed was allotted to him. He lived to a
wonderfully green old age. From the early age of seven until he had filled out the
fourscore years of life he diligently used his pencil for a wise and honorable purjjose.
To whom can we point in any sphere of life who has covered so nearly three-
quarters of a century with diligence in any occupation? Beginning at the age of
seven, and manifesting a wonderful gift at that early period, doing a piece of
coloring at the age of nine that he himself in the very prime of his years
commended as equal to some of his best efforts ; going to Italy to study the
masters when he had scarcely reached his manhood ; entering in London the
very best society ; and in the prime of life being made the Royal Historical
Painter for King George HI ; keeping that up as I have already said, far beyond
the ordinary allotted life of man, he presents to us a picture of patience, of
diligence, which is most commendable, and which every one of us may well
study and well emulate.
The history of this particular picture covers the whole of this current
century. It was in the year 1800, when the last century was fading away, that
the Managers of the Hospital first conveyed to Benjamin West their request
that he would do them this honor. It is one thing for a man to sit down and
with his pen part with accumulated w-ealth when he can no longer use it or take
it to another sphere, but it is altogether a different thing for one to give, as did
Benjamin West, in this case, of his time and talents and artistic skill, when they
were all needed for his own proper support, for a work of charity like this.
He had just before declined the knighthood that was proffered him by
King George III. Not apparently because of any conscientious objection to
holding the title, but because he w-as already too poor to maintain the dignity of
such a position. I think when we recollect this fact, we have an added value
given to the work of that man's hand, and to his genius, which cover many of
the years of his old age.
Now, as to this place of deposit for the picture. That it was of great value
to him is abundantly testified by the fact that its counterpart, less masterly in its
conception, and less perfect in its execution, than the one before you, yielded to
him three thousand guineas. That it had great value to this Hospital, is also
proven by the fact that it has yielded in revenue to the Hospital in the years
gone by, about fifteen thousand diillars in our .\merican money. The one
picture cost its owners fifteen thousand dollars, the other yielded to its owners
no less a sum.
occasion of
placing the
Painting in
the Clinical
Amiihi-
theatre.
DuriiiK Us lurliir yiiirs, :\s you luivc alnady htard, it was diposili'd in ilu-
Mr Cam-It's ''"''<li"K "liicli has ri-cciitly lii-in vaiatcil by tin- Historical Society on Spruce-
Address Stri-i-t on tliisi- grounds. Tliat IniildiuK, though not as we behold it, was con-
structed for this |iarticular purpose. Cienerations have looked upon it within
those walls doubtless w illi jjreat interest. I believe that there are not a lew in this
company, who, if they had been asked a nu>nth a^o, "Where is tliat liistorii al
picture painted by West ? " would certainly have said they did not know. Perhaps
some of them would have said " I never have heard of it." Familiar as I was with Ihe
|)icture from having passe<l throunh and through the Oepartment for the Insane
for several years in my round of duty, it was very recently that I became
acquainted with the history th.it we have heard this eveninj;, or knew how this
Hospital obtained the k'iH, and all the interesting circ\imslances of its loiiK
history.
It has been out of sijjht, in an inconspicuous place, where the patrons of art
and the admirers of such works, and where all the visitors of this city have
scarcely for a seneration past, seen it. It is now restored at last to the heart of
the city, and within easily reach of you all, and of all who may wi.sh to come here
and see it. And more than that, a picture whose subject is as this, it would seem
to me, is most appropriately hunt; in the face of the hundreds of medical students
who day by day during the winter months sit upon these forms and listen to the
instruction of their medical teachers. What may we expect from the im])ress
which this Rroup shall make upon the minds and hearts of those younn men,
imbibing in their early manhood the lessons which shall accompany them brought
to life? I can scarcely think of a more appropriate theme for them to ponder ; I
can scarcely think of a more apjiroiiriate place for such a picture, than in the fai e
of these younj; men. "Christ llealin}; the Sick."
If there be one thought more calculated than another to ennoble the pracllce
of medicine and every ministration of hospital life, it is the thought which
the mind of this man of )j;<-'n'>'s Krasped, and which he has happily trans-
ferred to the canvas before you ; and I am willing to believe that upon this wall.
where it now hangs, in the face of successive generations of young men, it will be
an interminable lesson ; that it will be as bread cast upon the waters, which shall
return after many days. I see in it, not only the work of man's genius, but a
spiritual lesson of God through man's instrumentality, and I believe we may thank
God that he guided the mind and pencil of the painter to such a work, and that it
is in the possession of this Hospital to enter to-day upon a new era of its historv
and its usefulness, which shall last through many ages.
Am I wrong in stamping this .'is a noble, as well as a veneralile charity ?
Situated in the very heart of this city, near to its railroads and its manufactories,
and to its tiensest i)opulation, it is most convenient to very many of those who
are stricken down, especially by accident, and it is therefore still, as it has ever
been the institution of its class which is most resorted to, and most [)atronized,
within our borders.
I will not detain you. I know, my friends, that )-r»u have come here rather
to see than to hear. I hope you will linger here and feast your eyes up<)n this
picture, that you may take away with you from it some true instruction, which
shall live and abide in your hearts, and that you shall circulate among those with
whom you mingle the tidings of what you have seen, that others may come and
enjoy it to-night, and that it may yield a large revenue to the Pennsylvania
Hospital in money, and a still larger revenue to mankind in the good it shall
instill in the minds and the hearts of the peoi>lc of this community.
I know no more honorable occupation than that of the practitioner of medi-
cine ; and it is my prayer that the hundreds of young men who shall fill the seats
that you fill, tlirousl' succeeding years, may drink in the instruction which shall
be got from that wall ; that it may be instrumental in God's hand in giving them
a nobler conception of that work which is intrusted to their hands ; for that as
they minister to the poor body, they may never fail in <hity to those to whom
they minister also to their souls.
At a Stated meeting of the Board of Managers, held November
24, 1884, the following resolutions were adopted :
Resoli-ed, That the thanks of the Board be presented to Dr. Thomas G.
Morton and John B. Garrett, respectively, for the very interesting discourses Formal
delivered by them on the loth inst., on the occasion of the unveiling of West's Resolution of
painting of "Christ Healing the Sick," in the clinical lecture room of the Pine Thanks.
Street Hospital.
Resolved, That the Secretary be directed to ask from them, respectively, a
copy for publication of the discourses thus delivered for circulation among the
friends of the Hospital.
Taken from the minutes. Bknj.amin H. Shokmakkr, Secielaiy.
/
Rear \'iew of Picture House.
The Picture House ceased to be used for exhibition jnirposes in
1843. After the Painting was brought back from the Pennsylvania
Academy of Fine Arts, it was deposited in the Department for the
Insane, where it remained until restored finally to the Pine Street
Hospital, as just stated.
The valuable services rendered by West to the Hospital will
justify the introduction here of a brief sketch of the life of the
Philatlelphia artist, who became President of the Royal Academy,
and who taught Englishmen to appreciate American Paintings.
Benjamin West was born October 10, i^.v*^. within a few miles of Philadel-
phia, at Springfield, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. His father, who was born Brief
and educated in England, belonged to the Quaker family of the Wests of Long Biography
Crendon, in Buckinghamshire. When Benjamin West was seven years of age he of Benjamin
already showed a remarkable aptness in painting and among other sketches, he West,
drew an admiral>le likeness of a sleeping infant in ri-d and black ink. It is said
3>9
that wlicii lit; was about eight years old, he leiiriied from the Iiuluins huw tu
Biocrariliv of l"'-'!'-"''^ '''^' '^'-''^ ■■""' yellow colors with which they stained their wea|>oiis; these
Beiij'imiii ^*'''' i'ldiK". ami some hair |)eiicils made from the tail of his mother's favorite
West '''•"■'' '"'i furnished the materials for his earliest ellorts at painting, and constant
practice soon enahled liim to make further and satisfactttry jirogress. The
village of Westdale, which was named after the West family, but now known as
Swarthniore College, still contains the old house in which West was born. It was
on the attic walls of lliis house that the young artist drew nianyof lii^ well known
charcoal sketches.
At nine years of age. West came tt> I'hiladelpliia and niade the ac<iuaintance
of a painter by the name of Williams who encouraged the young artist and gave
him nuich assistance. Mr. Wayne also employed him at this time to draw figures.
Shortly after this, his painting of a Mrs. Ross in Lancaster, attracted considerable
attention. When he was si.vteen years of age, he served under Major Sir Peter
Ilolket as a volunteer in search of the remains of the army defeated under
llraddock. Me established himself when eighteen years of age in I'hiladelpliia,
and painted for a gunsmith his lir.st historical picture, " The Death of Socrates."
Later he went to New York, where, in 1760, he was aided by some generous
merchants to go and pursue his studies in Italy. At Rome, he was patronised
by Lord Grantham, whose portrait he painted ; he there became the friend of
Mengs, an<l, as the first American artist ever seen in Italy, he then attracted
much attention. While in Italy he painted his " Cimon and Iphigenia," and
"Angelica and Medora," and was elected a member of the Ac.ideniies of
Florence, Bologna and Parma. In 1763, visiting Kngland on his way to America,
he was induced to remain in Lon<lon. In 1765 he married Eliza Shewell, to whom
he had been engaged before leaving America. His " Agrippina Landing w ith the
Ashes of ("lermanicus," attracted the attention of (leorgellL, who was his steady
friend and patron for forty years, during which time he sketched or painted four
hundred pictures. His " Death of General Wolfe," painted in the costume of
the period, against the advice of all the most distinguished painters, elTected a
revolution in historic art. For the king he painted a series of twenty-eight
religious pictures for Windsor Castle.
After the super;iiimiation of the king, his royal commission as historical painter
to his Majesty, George III. was cancelled. Me then began a new series of religious
pieces. The first of these the subject of which was, "Christ Mealing the Sick,"
was Intended as a present to the Pennsylvania Hospital In Philadelphia. The
original was sold, however, for j,o<io guineas to the British Institute, and a copy
w ith some alterations was sent by West to Philadelphia. It Is proper, however, to
mention another ambitious eflort which was considered the most remarkable
l)iclure of this series, " Death on the Pale Morse," from Revelations, exhibited
in Lontlon in 1817. Among his battle pieces was the "Battle of La Hague,"
one of his best pictures. In 1792 he succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds as president
of the Royal .Academy, declining the honor of knighthood. He retired from that
post In 1S02, but was re-elected a year later, and retained the office until his
death. The e.vtraordinary reputation once enjoyed by West was largely due to
the facility with which he worked, and to the academic correctness of his designs.
A bronze medal was struck In London In i,Si5 in commemoration of the
presentation of West's first picture of " Christ Healing the Sick " to the British
National Gallery ; the obverse has a bust of West, and the reverse the names of
the subscribers who In iSii purchased and donated the picture,
Benjamin West dle<l at his house in Newman Street, London, March 11, 1820,
and was buried with great pomp in St. Paul's Catlu'dral. iMalnly from Cliambers'
Encyclopadia. )
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For more than fifty \ears the I^aintini; has been freely exhibited
within the Husjiital buildings. After tlie Picture House was vacated
it was leased to the College of Physicians, and subsequently to the
Historical Society (as mentioned on page 99). It is also inter-
esting to note that the Philadelphia Pathological Society was permitted
the use of a lower room for its meetings during the time that the
building was occupied by the College.
The first mention in the Hospital records of prints or engravings I'rints,
of the institution, occurs in the minutes of a meeting of the Hoard KuKraviiiKs,
of Managers held in May, 1762. when the suggestion was made that '"'"''"ss
a plate should be engraved in order that a ])icture of the Hospital
might accompany a formal vote of thanks, or address, to Thomas and
Richard Penn, in London, who represented the Proprietaries of the
Province at that period. Accordingly, in October, it is recorded
that " two prints, framed and glaized," were sent together to Richard
Hockley to be forwarded to Thomas and Richard Penn. with an
address in acknowledgment of the first instalment of the annuity of
forty pounds sterling, granted by the Proprietaries, who, at the same
time, had given assurance that they would also grant a i)atent for
a lot of ground contiguous to the Hospital property, which was
much desired by the Managers. It was doubtless an occasion of much
sincere congratulation among the friends of the infant charity, when
this substantial assurance of interest and appreciation of the Penn
family was received, as it not onl\- furnished much needed aid. hut
also was an evidence that the Proprietaries had become friendly to
their benevolent enterprise, to which they had formerly been indif-
ferent and neglectful, owing to an unfortunate misunderstanding at
the beginning. .A-pril 26, 1763, another lot of prints of the Hospital
was received and the bill of ^8 ordered to be paid.
The earliest engraved view of the Hospital, showing only the Knjrraved
east wing, as first built, is an engraving, by Hulet,i of the " House of Prims of the
Employment, Alms House and Pennsylvania Hospital." This i)rint Hospital,
was given by Cecil Percival,- of Henbury, near Bristol, England, in
July, 1883, to Anna L. Lippincott, of Haddonfield, New Jersey, who
presented it to the Hospital, April 5, 1884. (See illustration.)
It was subsequently stated in the minutes that, in 1768, a large,
colored engraving of the Hospital and Poor House, drawn by
Nicholas Garrison, was presented to the Hospital. The Poor Hou.se,
at that period, occupied the adjoining lot west of the Hospital
'Tlie Engraver, Hulet, worked from 175010 1760, according to G, Reed, Keeper of Prints
and Drawings in the Brilisii Museum.
=.\ Grandson of Spencer I'ercival, Prime Minister of Great Brilain, 1809-181^.
Dr. Lettsoni
alKint
EnKraviiin.
grounds. This illustration gives a very \ivid impression of the
sparsely settled condition of the < ity, esjjecially in the vicinity of the
Hospital, which then looked out upon n])en commons and green
fields.
In ^[ar< h, i.Sot. it is mentioned incidentially that an elevation
of the Hospital had been drawn by Parkyns," but the artist
HaviiiK retired from this city and there bcinK little or no prospect that he willenKrave
the phUe it is asreed ... to write to Or. J. C. Lettsom, of London, and request
that he will have it e.\ecnted under his own direction for the use of the students.
Correspon- The unfinished work was sent to Dr. Lettsom. •• by the ship
dence with George M'Collom, now about sailing for London." A letter mailed
by Dr. Lettsom in July, was received the following Sei)tember. .As
this letter illustrates the friendly sentiments existing between the
corresjjondents, and incidentall) refers to a recent improvement in
paper-making, it is copied here verbatim. (The head-lines were printed
in capitals across the head of the sheet of paper, of letter size.)
KINK PAI'KK.MAMKACTIRKD FROM STRAW ALDNK. THE 23U OF
OCTOBER, iScK>. M Koops. T. BIRTON. PRINTER, LITTLE QUEEN
STREET.
Esteemed Friends. Sum' I. Coales, Josiah Hi-.ies :
So far from thinkin;; it requisite to offer any apology on your part for the
supposed trouhle you imposed upon nie, respecting; a copper plate of your
Hospital, and its impression on pottery, that 1 consider your request, as a mark
of your respect, and as a favour conferred ujjon me. I will further add, that I
shall ever he ready to cooperate with you in promoting the interests of your
puhlick and private institutions. It becomes me inileed to make an apology, for
deviatins from your directions with respect to the ennravinn of the plate, which
you recomn)ended to be in aqua-tint ; but upon consulting engravers, they
assured nie. it was a superficial mode, that would not admit of more than 100
impressions. I then consulted Benjamin West, who decidedly encouraged me to
ailopt engraving in stroke, (line,) as l)oth more elegant and durable. I laiti
before him specimens of engravings of different artists, and the muinent he saw
those of Cooke, a rising artist, he was highly gratified, and advised me to engage
him. I knew him as a patient I had attended, and as a worthy ingenious man.
He asked thirty guineas for the e.xecuticm of the plate. I told him that I
considered myself limited to twenty, that it was for a puhlick body, and might
add to his credit and benefit ; .and he has agreed for this last sum, as he
considered the engagement would prove an honorable testimony in his favour.
West said the smn w.is small indeed ; and at the same time he was so pleased
with Cooke as an artist, though unacquainted with him personally, that he would
call upon Cooke to assist him in the performance, or give him free admission to
' George Isham Parkyns, who is here referred to as llic one who had left the city without
fulfilling his enRaKemenl to engrave the plale. was an English draughtsman whose specially
was aquatint engraving. He was in the employ of Freeman, the publisher, but like many
oilier artists of Ihat day and this, was somewhat erratic in his life and inclined to nomadic
habits. The work that he was engaged lo execute by the Managers was an elevation of the
Hospital to accompany an engraved form for a certificate lo be given 10 students in testimony of
their attendance upon the practice 01 the house and having performed their duliessalislactorily.
322
see him, and consult liini at his house, the hitter was much gratified when I com-
municated to him the approbation and kindness of your distinguished country- q^ Lettsom's
man ; and I dare say that Cooke will exert liimself to please V\'est, as well as to Correspon-
promote his own character ; but the engraving cannot be finished in less than (ignce
two months, to do justice to the design. As soon as his department is completed
Ashby will execute the inscription. I have attended his family for many years,
and know him to be an amiable man, as well as a capital letter engraver. In the
same capacity, as patients, I am acquainted with Xeale and Bailey, a great house
in the pottery line, and who have a manufactory of their own in London, for
transferring engravings from copper to earthen vessels, si>ecimcns of which they
have exhibited to me, and although they would not conclude at this moment, the
e.xact expense of the work yon wished to have e.xecuted, I am persuaded that it
will not exceed your limitation.
I thought it would acceptable to you to be informed of the progress I have
made towards accomplishing your request and it would give me much pleasure
should every thing eventually acquire your approbation and am respectfully
your friend.
Lo.vDDN, July 3, 1801. J. C. Lettsom.
May 10, 1802, two letters of .special interest were received from
Dr. Lettsomi ; one of these was written on paper made of "India
Sugar Bales," as the Managers had it. but the advertisement printed
on the one sheet on which the letter was written declared the material
to be "an East India Article, called paut or jute (or Crotolaria
Juncea, or Paut), which grows in
^'"^'■°>«>,_ India; it is the same from which
Gunney Bags are made." The
learned doctor seemed ver\ much
interested in new discoveries and
improvements of all kinds as well
as in benevolent institutions. This
letter continues the discussion of
the subject of the copper-plate
given in his charge to be engraved :
Esfeenif'd friends. — .\s I have not
preserved a copy of my letter to you
respecting the plate of the Hospital in
your city, you will excuse any needless
repetition in the i)resent address.
Our distance is such, as to have occa-
Dr. Lettsom. sioned some difficulty to determine how-
to act for the best. I have therefore uni-
formly consulted Benjamin West : and it is with his opinion, that I have concluded
' John Coaklev Lettsuiii was an English physician, born about 1744, of Ouaker parentage.
He studied in EdinbufKb. Paris and LevHen. and in [769 settled in London. Tbrough the
influence of Dr. Folhergill he obtained a l;irge practice. He was elected a Fellow of the
Royal Society in 1771. He wrote a biography of Dr. Fothergili and a number of treatises on
natural history. His friendship for the Pennsyb-ania Hospital is conspicuously displayed in
his letters herein published, and by bis constant efforts in nir.nv ways to ser\ e this institution.
He died in 1815.
323
lij strike otV;i iiiiinliii' i>( iniprissions Inmi llu- plali- liiri-, rathir than lo siiul tin-
platt- for you t<t lake llirm olV; iiuU-t-d I know iiol lu»\v lo art otlii-rwisi', coiisistiMit
willi tlif plan you liail sunRi'stfcl, of having iniprtssions of tlii' plati'on porii-laiu :
for had tin- plati- hiin usi-d for this hist purposi- 1 was doubtful of its bt-iuK iujuri-d
and as it is you will tind it an (.■xciuisiti- pi-rtonnaiu'i.*. To take the impression on
porcelain, it is requisite to send it into StaH'ordshire; w liiili I shall very soon lie able
totlo; that is, as soon as Cook has the prints taken otl', and wiilch I shall ininiediately
transmit lo you and as soon as I hear from Slafl'ordshirc, advise you of the
proposals, should the expence exceed your limits. When the plates arrive, I
hope they will K'vi" you satisfaction, and lo learn which will alVord me real
pleasure. With the plates, I have sent you framed one of the Medical Society of Lon-
don, which I request through you lobe presented to your Hospital, and am pres'ly.
LoMioN. Nov. 2.S, iHoi. J. C. Lkttsom.
The Other letter, above referred to, is as IbUows :
r..\|>ense of Esletiiieil Friends: — Since my letter of November last, I have been able lo
hnj;ravini; eonimuuicate to you, the whole expenses of the ennraving &c. which amounts to
I late for ^ |arj;er stun than you limited me ; but how to have lessened it I could not devise.
Contributors j i,;,^.^ received of (llenny & Mackenzie, 40. (Guineas; as to the small super-
Cerlihcale. mii„,Try sum. I have expended you may act as you please, as it cannot be an
object of Imporlance any way. I confess I thou>;ht .\shl>y's charne luKh ; but I
believe he is the first artist in his department in London. I think I mentioned
the hesitation 1 experienced as to taking off imijiessions of the plate here and by
the advice of Heiijamin West, I dccideil to have them taken here ; for let a plate
be ever so j;ood w ithout this last care, every previous perfection and e.\pence are
thrown away ; and I must say that a more masterly and finished plate I do not
remember to have seen, and much will it eiicrease my jjleasure should you view-
it with the same partiality. I have not heard from StafVordshire, respecting the
impressions of the plate on Porcelain, but I have already run you into so much
expence that I shall not (ji^e any orders of execution till 1 have your commands.
LoNlxiN, January 23, 1802.
In this letter Dr. Lettsom enclosed his final aciDunt with tlie
vouchers. These bills will show the cost of this fine plate and the
proofs from it.
/.. s. .1.
1801, Oct. 5. Knijravinj; a view ol I'eiiiisylvaiiia Hospital li> \\ .
Cooke 21 o o
Paid Writing Knjjraver Two Lines 012 o
Copper Plate 11 11 6
" Nov. 16. Knuraving Writins; to the l)i|iloma lo Peiiiisylvani.i
Hospital, by Harry Ashby Jt Son s
Her ci. PrintiuK 250 Views of Pennsylvania Hospital at /".20b
Per Hundred, by Cox .t Barnet 5 .1 •■
10. Quire of Best Wove double Elephanl at iS/o per
Quire 9 o o
Packing case for Ditto 012 o
— — o
46 3 6
Rec'd by (ilenny & Mackenzie 42 o o
Due to Dr. Lettsom 4 t, 6
After reading Dr. Lettsom's letters, at the meeting of May 10,
1802, it was decided to request the Treasurer to remit the amount
324
which had been paid by '■ James McKensey and A. Glanney " to tlie
Doctor, as well as 12/0 sterling, shipping charges, disbursed by McK.
& G. " for engraving the Plate for the Pupils of the Hospital."
Thanks were returned to Dr. Lettsom for the " elegant print he
has sent the Contributors, of the Medical Society in London."
The students who were entitled to "a Certificate with an
engraved view of the Hospital " were to be charged two dollars each
for them.
The Managers were apparently quite proud of their engraving, Knsravings
and no doubt it was a very fine piece of workmanship, probably the Presented,
very best which could be obtained in those days. Several of the
engravings were neatly framed and, in the name of the Contributors,
one was presented to Thomas McKean. Governor of the State of
Pennsylvania, one to the L'niversity of Pennsylvania, and one to the
College of Physicians.
The University of Pennsylvania acknowledged the receipt of
the " Elevation of the Hospital " and expressed their satisfaction with
it and their wishes " for the Prosperity of the Institution."
The following letter was received from the Governor of Pennsyl-
vania :
Philadelphia, July 3ci, 1802.
Sir: — On my arrival in the city iVoiii Lancaster. I this morning received the
highly esteemed Present of a drawing of the elevation of the iirincipal front of
the Pennsylvania Hospital, elegantly framed, from the Board of Managers,
together with your polite letter of the ist. instant. Be so good. Sir, as to assure
the Board, that I feel sensibly this mark of their kind attention, and tliat the
humane & charitable Institution under their management shall at all times be an
object of my particular regard.
While it is conducted in the liberal and wise manner as at present, it will
be a blessing and an honor to the Slate, ami nuist secure the gooil wishes and
patronage of all good men.
I am. Sir, with sentiments of particular esteem
Your most obedient humble Serv't.
Thos. McKkan.
The College of Physicians made acknowledgment, as follows :
Philada.. Aug. 4th, 1S02.
5/^.-1 liave the honor of communicating to you the request of the College,
that you would return their acknowledgements to the Contributors to the Penn-
sylvania Hospital for their letter and the framed engraving.
I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obdt. Servant,
Thos. T. Hkwson, Si-crr/ttiy.
Dk. Ri;i)\hx, Presidetil oJ the Collcgf of Physicians.
Dr. Lettsom wrote, in a subsequent letter, with regard to a set of
engraved porcelain for the Hospital :
Esteemed Friends:— \\. is but a few days ago, that I enclosed a letter from
Neale & Bailey, informing me, that the impression of the Pennsylvania Hospital,
could not be well conveyed to porcelain. Since this time another attempt has
been made, and I think successfully : but as I did not fully comprehend the
iiiiiiiitifL' of your orilirs rispciliiiu this dcpartiiicm ol it ; I ilid not duisr to
procet-cl fiirtlRT till I lii-ar from you, cspi-cially as I had, l>y takiiiKoff inipri-ssions
of tlK- plati- on paper iK-re, i-xcccdtd the pecuniary limits you nave me. I have
Dr.I.ettsoni -. ^^^^^^, ^^.^^^ ^^^^^_ ^^^^^^_ ,^y ^^^^, ^^f ^^^^.^^„^^.„ . .„„| i,„|,t. ,„ receive your coninian<ls, as
Correspon- ^^ ^^^^_ ^|^^. ^^^j fijrun. „f the plates, or vessels : The dish now sent is too small,
dence about ^^ it will afford you an opportunity of judjiinK of the execution. I could not
Fiii;ravini;s. |j.„rn ixactly thee.vpense, liut the price will not be afaiinea each vessel: liow niucli
less, they could not determine, till they heard fr<mi their works in Staffordshire.
Last ninht the Definitive treaty of peace with Krance arrived here, to the joy
of the people.
LoNIiiiN, March 3.'. i>*o2. J- I". I.kttsi.m.
Although no mention is made in the hooks of minutes, of the
" impressions on porcelain" it is evident from the tenor of Dr. l.ett-
som's letters that the Managers were desirioiis of having the engrav-
ing of the Hospital transferred, or printed, upon a service of dishes
for the institution ; at least they desired those to be used at tiie officers'
table might be thus decorated.
Two more letters were received from Dr. Lettsom, relating to
the matters confided to his care :
Eslfiiiifd Friends, Joaiali Hewcs, Saiiitifl Cualis. :
HaviuK answered your letter of March, iSoi. and endeavoreil as effectually
and consistently as I possibly could, to fulfill your request. I need only repeat,
that the impressions of the Diploma with a print of the Medical Society here,
were duly forwarded by .Mackenzie and C.leiiny ; and since, a platter as specimen
of the Hospital, in porcelain.
Ill your letter, you mention, that y(mr library is ample and valuable: and
altlio' I may not render it more valuable, by any performance of mine, I bej;
leave to enlarge it by the addition of my ■'Hints" in t, Volumes, of which I
request your acceptance for the Hospital, the prosperity of which, will always
afforil pleasure to your frien<l.
Lo.NDoN, Se|)tember 24, 1S02.
Esteemed Fiieiids. Josiah Heu'es (f Samuel Coa/es :
Your kind letter which opens with a Truism that all Keneralioiis have verified
" Tempus fu^it " afforded me much satisfaction; the long continuance of your
silence, had I confess, impressed my mind with a fear, th.it I had given some
offense to have occasioned it, which however, I was totally incapable of ex]>laining,
as I had paid that attention to your refpiests, w-hich they merited, and which I took
more pleasure in fulfilling than I should have done by serving myself. Your letter
of Nov. 23, last, renders my mind ipiiescent, and gratifies it with your approbation.
I now come to a more important part of your letter, wherein you mention
re-touching the copper engraven here, and transmitted to you in the box with the
impressions. You a<ld that I may strike oil jrKj more impressions, and take care
of the plate, informing you of its safe deposit. I have enquired of the engraver,
as well .IS the printer, who assures me th.it the plate, w.is placed at the bottom of
the box over which was a board to ste.idy it. and above this the impressions. I
iim at a loss to know, whether or not, you really possess the plate or is it yet at the
bottom of the case? My suspense has caused me some uneasiness, and neither
of my young friends who conveyed me your letter can clear up my doubts, which
1 hope you will do. I may here repe.at, that. I shall think niv time well s|)ent, in
devoting any portion of it in your service.
326
TIr- i(im:liisioii iif your Ifltir atlurdiil nu- siii;;iilar salisfaclinii, in wishing
that tile wicked machinations of an unprincipled, and hardened fsurper may be i ..tt^r
frustrated: my letters from difi'erent parts of the American Continent, convince eontainini;
me that the solid portion of our trans-Atlantic Brethren breathe the same senti-
mteresting
ment — particularly among my clerical correspondents. Dr. Morse, of Charleston Historical
— Dr. Lathrop, of Boston — Dr. Madison, bishop of Virginia, and many other great K^ferences
and good characters unite with yon. If England fall, despotism and barbarism
will cloud the whole of our hemisphere, that is, the three other quarters of the
globe. The prei)arations of France are immense but the immensity of prei>ara-
tion and defence in England are two fold. They may have 4000 gun boats &
brigs, we have 600, e<|ual to their number in power. Besides we have nixi ships
in commission, and 550,000 armed men in England, inspired with the love of their
country and a Prince universally almost adored. Every port against ns is
blockaded, and a lock boat can scarcely escape us. The ocean is studded with
ships, like the firmament with stars : The enemy has indeed 1200 vessels in
Boulogne, from whence an attrmpt \vill be made to land about Dungeness : but
should they get out of their port, and even land, they must be destroyed in detail
as they have no covering fleet. Should they safely effect a landing which would
require at least two tides ; and perhaps a third to suit our coast, we could in
twelve hours face them with 150,000 troops; and in two days 2fX),ooo more.
Buonaparte has pledged himself to attack England, but I am persuaded, that he
is ignorant of the people — their resources and their loyalty ; and that it was from
mistaken notions that this tyrant pledged himself .\s he cannot in force get out
of his own ports, and as a large army is often when unemployed, as dangerous to
friends as to enemies, the continental powers are in more lianger than England.
which like a wasjj's nest is full of stings, which no hand can enter without being
wounded.
Our King is nearly recovered from a return of his former malady ; wliicli I
(loul)t has been renewed from the feelings of his mind, respecting Hanover, and
the conduct of the prince of Wales ; probably who. not a little agitated from the
manner in which Pitt deserted him and retired from the Cabinet, an<l which I
think has ultimately tended to the happiness of the country : for if the [iresent
administration possess not the elocution nor even the abilities of the late ; they
possess integrity ; and moderate abilities with honest motives, afford the best and
safest policy. I believe the character of no person in this kingdom is less known
than our king's, he certainly has a cluttering hurried manner of speaking
English. But not so the German and French, for he sjjeaks most European
languages fluently ; he is likewise a good latin and Greek scholar, and is upon
scientific subjects, one of the best, if not the best informed man in Europe. His
domestic conduct is virtuous and amiable, and his religion steady and unaffected.
To his inferiors and servants, he is kind and familiar. As an individual I can
say, his condescension has been as great as if I w ere his ecpial, whenever I have
gone to court; and allowed me to kiss his hand more than once in a [ilain garb
and without powder, contrary to the etiquette of the court. A little before his
illness, he rode near my house at Grovehill, and before I recognized him, pulled
off his hat with as much attention as if I had been his equal. The reason I did
not innnediately know him was owing to his plain dress — he had a small brown
wig, a common slouched hat, and a dingy coloured plain green coat, with the
distinction, however, of a star on the breast. The Duke of Cumberland, and one
Equerry were all his attendants. This reminds me of a saying of the unfortunate
Brissot's, who was guillotined afterwards, " Look at the king of England, who
rides abroad in a chaise and a pair of horses and two servants ; and yet greater
than Xer.xes he can init 150 ships of the line into action by the motion of his finger."
327
f(ir StinlfHts
Ordinil
I Impu you will ixitisi- this pnliliial <li>;rtssiiin cxiilcd iiuliid. Iiy tin- sliorl
bul iiii|iri-ssivc inaiinur, in wliiih you wisliid for tin- ha|i|>iiiess nf my couiUry,
iiiid that of your friciul,
London, March 21, 1804. J. C Lkttsom.
Knuravcil On February 25, 181 1, the lioard of Managers voted to have
CiTtifiiate "A view of the Pennsylvania Hospital taken, and an l-^ngraving of
the same with a Certificate for the Students shall be prepared before
the next session ; also thai a similar i)late be jirocured to be presented to
every Contributor of Ten I'oundsand u|iwards." Whether or not this
action was due to the fact that the plate engraved by Cooke, of London,
had been lost, or become defective, or worn out, docs not appear.
At the meeting of March 25, 181 1, the drawing, or sketch, of
the south front of the Hospital, executed by William Strickland, was
"laid before the Board; and approved;" the committee having
charge of the matter were instructed "to have the Engravings
fmished." The price paid to William Strickland* " for a drawing a
South West view of the Pennsylvania Hospital" was 525. The bill
bears date, April i, 181 1.
For some reason which does not appear on the records William
Strickland, architect, author and artist, as well as engraver, was not
])erniitted to engrave the drawing he had made of the Hospital. We
find that on .April 29, 181 1,
TIk' ("iminiitti-i.' appoiiincl ti> procure a \ii\v or Urawiuj; ol'lhr Pinnsylvaiiia
llnspital and lo h.ivc thf saini- fngravi'd in thu best Mannir Report, " Th.at they
have made a Contract with Mr. Seymour, KnKraver, for enjiravinn the drawing
and the Certificate, lieretofore annexed, for the Sum of F-our Hundred Dollars,
to be executed in the best style, the drawing lo be engraved by himself and the
Certificate by Mr. Vallance ;- this sum to include the Cost of the Copper and
every other Item rel.iting to the Completion of the Plate. ' ' The Drawing was placed
ill Mr. Seymour's hands the 26th of March last, but we could not prevail on him
to make any promise of having the Engraving finished before the first day of
December next but he will use his best endeavours to have it done by that time.
' William Stricklanci was born in rhiladclphia in 17S7, studied archileclure under I.alrobe,
and became ihe most noled American arcbitectof his lime. Hewasalsoautbor and engraver;
niosl of his works being in aqua-linl method. Several landscape and battle pieces by this
artist arc were published in, the " Portfolio " in 1S14, 1S15, and 1816. He died in 1854, aged
sixly-sevcn. while engaged in superintending Ihe construction of the Stale House al Nash-
ville. Tennessee. The 1-egisIature of Tennessee voted that a crypt should be prepared for his
remains in thai splendid edifice and there they have since remained.
' John Vallance studied under John Trenchard, a pupil of James Smitbers, an English-
man, who had settled in Philadelphia in 177.1. and in 1779 had engraved the blocks for printing
the Continental money John Vallance was in partnership with James Thackara Their
principal works were the plates for Dobson's " Encyclopxdia." X'allance engraved, in 1795,
the plates in the " Transactions of the Philosophical Society." No doubt Mr. Seymour had a
well established reputation : this would account for the proviso of the work being done by
himself, and not by one of his workmen. To John \'allance was entrusted the letteiing, this
being his line. N!r. Seymour probably confined himself to views and |>ortraits. Having other
engagements and no doubt wishing to produce a fine piece of work, the artist would not
allow himself to be hurried, and it was impossible 10 execute the plate as promptly as desired
or before the designated time.
3-'8
The certificate for the Contributors is deferred till the one in liand for the Students
is finished.
A copy of this fine work was neatly framed and presented to
Simon Snyder, then Governor of Pennsylvania, May 25, 181 2, and
one was sent to Benjamin West.
May 27, 181 1, re-considering their determination of April 29th,
to defer the engraving of the plate for the Contributor's Certificate,
it was decided to consider the proijrietv of employing John Exilitis,' ,, ^
' ' - I - o .' hngravingfor
formerly a patient in the Hospital, to do this work. Contributor's
The superior work done by Seymour, who had an established Certificate,
reputation, would not allow of association with any poorly executed
engraving for the Contributors' certificate by an obscure or com-
paratively little known artist. Hence, tlie wisdom and necessity of
the Managers assuring themselves of the substitute's abilities. That
these were found satisfactory is evident from an entry made on the
minutes, June 28, 1813: " An order was drawn on the Treasurer in
favor of John Exilius for One hundred Dollars in part payment of the
Engraving for the Contributors on which he is employed." Another
payment of Fifty dollars was made on September 27, 1813, and a
further sum of one hundred dollars " on account of the Engraving "
was paid. The Committee to superintend the engraving for the use
of the Contributors reported, June 27, 1814, its completion by John
Exilius. The sums recorded a.s having been paid to Exilius for
engraving the plate, therefore, was $250. These particulars in regard to
the engravings of the Hospital, while of no great historical imi)ortance,
may serve to convey to those especially interested, an idea of their
cost, should any copies be in their possession, or seen elsewhere.
January 27, 181 2, the Committee on the Engraved plates
presented their final report which was substantially as follows:
Th.it there have been struck oft" Four hundred iS: fifty five Impressions of the
Certificates and View on the same Sheet and forty four Imjiressions of the Views
separately ; all of which have been delivere<l into the possession of the Steward
together with the two Plates. The Cost of Strilcing off, Forty seven dollars and
seventy Cents, has been paid by the Steward. And the latter was instructed to
procure a bo.N for the copper plates and original drawing of the Hospital to be
kept in the secretary in the Managers' room. A copy, on motion, was ordered to
be neatly framed and presented to Simon Snyder. Clovcrnor of Penns\'lvania.
October 31, 1814, eighty impressions of Exilius's engravings of
the Hospital were laid before the Board, when Edward Pennington was
requested "to have the whole number completed and together with
the plate deposited in charge of the Steward." In consideration of
services rendered to the Board, the President was requested to present
' John Exilius drew landscapes and local views with decided artistic merit ; among the
more noted are " A \'iew from Fiat Rock Bridge looking up the Schuylkill River." " Conrad's
Paper-mill on the Wissahickon," " Egglesfield, the seat of Richard Run<ne," (18151.
to •' William N'ickary, ( mariner;," a framed im|>ressioii of this engrav-
ing. Captain Vickary commanded one of the "Packets" at that
time plying between England and Philadelphia; and, besides being a
Contributor to the Hospital, he had in his vocation, frecpiently rendered
valuable and unrequited services. He thus made it possible for the
Friends of the Hospital in Europe to send in his care books and
other contributions without any expense and he also conveyed, for the
Managers, messages and other information, or jjrocured articles and
|)erformed many other small commissions, which could be better
tlischarged in person than by letter. It does not appear that any
freight or postage was charged by him for anything carried to or from
tlie Hospital. The Managers appreciated his kindness and good will,
and manifested their gratitude by this token of their esteem.
Uistriiiiitliiii The Treasurer was requested " to take charge of fifty copies of
i)f CcTtiti- Exilius's engravings and distribute them to jiersons who are, or may
.', " " become. Contributors." Tiie sitting Managers were desired to
and stiukins present "each of our Physicians with a copy of the same engraving."
Ci.iitiiMi.il. The practice, thus early inaugurated by the Managers, of pro-
viding engraved certificates for students who had followed the
prescribed course of service and attendance upon jiractice in the
House is still continued.
The IJoard of Managers in 1S20, also ordered a plate engraved
for issue to Contributors, certifying to their membershij) in the Corpo-
ration. This plate was engraved by Mr. W. E. Tucker, and is best
described by an illustration. The annual reports for many years
have been embellished by handsome plate engravings of the Hospital.
Some of the illustrations are given in this work of the engravings thus
annually sent out to contributors and the public. In 1894, the report
(if the Hospital for the Sick, contains a new engraving, showing the
north elevation. This beautiful frontispiece was presented to the
Managers by one of their own number, Mr. John S. Jenks.
DtlKi- -^t ^ meeting held June 50, 1794, it was announced that (lovernor
I'aiiitiiiKsaml Thomas Mifflin had presented a picture, in oil colors, of an " Insane
scul|)iiiri-. Woman," by his daughter, Emilia Hopkinson, and this very creditable
work of art was then received and acknowledged by a vote of thanks.
This painting now hangs on the wall of one of the Residents' rooms,
etc. Mr, Joseph Parker Norris presented a painting, also in oil, of
Doctor Lloyd Zachary, one of the early Physicians of this institution,
for which he received the thanks of the Board.
.\|>ril 24, 1820, (Icii. Tlios. ('athvalatrtr, dh iK-half ol John I'lMiii. prcsfiUcd
llirec- " proof prints " ; oik- of William Piiin, founder of Puiuisylvaiiia. one of his
fattier, Admiral I'enn, and one of the monumenl erected liy the said Jciliii I'enii.
to the niemorv of the .\dmiral.
Kiirniture
Carriages
In December, 1871, Mrs. Mary Ann Marshall presented a like-
ness in wax, alto relievo, bearing the inscription, "Abraham Chovet,
born May 25, 1704, drawn May 25, 1784, by his servant. Dr.
Eckhout." It had been given by Dr. Chovet's daughter, Susannah
Maria Penelope Abingdon, to Mrs. Marshall's grandfather in 1793.
November 29, 1802, John Penn, through his attorne)-, John statue of
Reynell Coates, offered to the Managers, for the Hospital, a portrait William [vnn ;
. ,,,.,,. „ . , 1- i 1 • 1 . Bust ol Jolm
of William Penn, requesting at the same time to know in what ^^^^^^^ J^^
position it would be placed. John Dorsey and Samuel Coates were
appointed to select an appropriate place for the picture of the
distinguished founder of Pennsylvania. Information as to the
position chosen was to be communicated to John Penn. Whether
or not a suitable place was found is unrecorded. The following day
the committee reported that they had sent to John Penn "a plan
of the Contributors' room," and had
written him on the subject of his pro-
posed gift ; it is probable the location
assigned to the picture was therein
designated. This picture, however,
was never presented.
September 24, 1804, it is recorded
on the minutes that " A Statue in
Lead of William Penn is arrived in the
Shi]j ' Pigou ' from London." No
letter accompanied the gift of John
Penn, which was accepted "in lieu
of a portrait which he had, at first,
proposed giving to the Hospital."
There being being no letter of advice
accompanying the statue one is led to
wonder how the Managers knew
that the statue was "in lieu of
the picture," or, indeed, that it
came from John Penn. Subsecpient
action, however, shows that probabl)
John Reynell Coates, Penn's attorney,
had verbally conveyed the
information. Joseph Lownes
and Samuel Coates "were
appointed to enter it at the
custom house and see that it
is brought to the Hospital."
r""
■■'
AML.LLVM PtNN
'
BOB^ DrnD
J
i.
'
331
A month later, Samuel Coates was instructed (Oct. 29, 1804):
StaHii- of To write to John IVnn Esqr. and ri-tiirii him tlic thanks <>( this Board for tht-
Pinn vahialilc and very aci eptalile present he has Inst sent us, of a Statne of his Grand-
received, father William Henn, tlie Founder of Pennsylvania.
Two ])ositions were regarded as eligible for the location of the
statue, and these were referred to a Committee, for final decision.
The preferred sites were, first, in a " N'itch " to be made over the
Front Door on the south side of the centre building, or, second,
on a marble pedestal on the " gra.ss-plad " before the said door, as
they may approve, on which pedestal they are to have inserted such
" Inscriptions as are approved by them, after consulting those jjersons
on whose judgment they may think fit to rely on this occasion."
It afterwards appears, in the minutes, that John Reynell Coates,
John Penn's attorney, had personally made application for the statue,
and ))rol)ably had privately informed the Managers of this ; hence, the
knowledge of its origin above expressed on the receipt of the statue.
Samuel Coates was expressly requested to return the thanks of the
Board to him " for the .\pplication he made." It is evident that the
Managers' proceedings were not marked by undue haste, for the follow-
ing letter of thanks (ordered a month before), written two months
after the receipt of the statue, was read and officially a])i)roved :
I'i;n\svi.vxma Hosim hi., 26th, iitli month, iSo^.
JOH.V PlCNN, KsyllKK.
Esleinicd Friend:— '\\\v Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital have received
the statue of William Penn by the Ship " Pinou," Capt. Collet, from London, the
freiKhl of which was jjeneronsly paid on thy account by John Reynell Coates.
This ornament so interesting <S: apjiropriale to the tniililing which bears the
venerable name of William Penn, is highly esteemed not only for its fine e.\ecu-
tion Imt as a present of one of his immediate descendants for which the Managers
return their grateful .Acknowledgments and assure thee of the Care they will take
to provide for its good preservation.
Immediately after its arrival some younjj men of our City who are friends to
your family requested the liberty of raising xratuilously for this purpose a
pedestal of the white marble of Pennsylvania to be fi.ved on the green at the South
Front of the Hospital with suitable Inscriptions to record the birth of William
Penn. the Memorable Era when he founded the Province of Pennsylvania and
the time of his death. The offer so honouralile to then) ami agreeable to the
Managers is accepted and in a little time the Statue will appear in its place to
gratify the friends of William Penn who frequently resort to the Hospital to see it.
On behalf of the Managers, We remain Thy assure<l Friends
JosiAH Hkwks, Presidfiil.
S.^MCKi. CoATKs. Sfcrelaiy.
The following interesting letter relating to the j^edestal received
by the Managers also was found among the old papers, although it is
not mentioned in the minutes:
"Joseph Sanson! respectfully informs the Managers of the Pennsylvania
Hospital, that he has taken the liberty to withdraw the Design which he had
made, at their request, for the Pedestal of the Statue of William Penn.
'• Since it met witli tlieii approbation, it has been so sliced, and slivered, and
twisted, and turned, that little more remains of the Original Idea, than of the
Beggar's Coat, which had been pieced,
and patched, till its identity became
problematical.
"The finishfng strokes were
directed after the Draughts had been
lodged three months with the Stone
Cutter — after every block had been
cut to the square — and without the
common civility of consulting tlie
Drawer. "
Fourth Montli loth, 1805.
This communication shows
that Mr. Sansom was apparently
highly incensed and not without
reason, if, as he states, some
one had taken the liberty of
materially altering his design
without first consulting him.
Whether the pedestal had been
completed before the design
was withdrawn, or not, cannot
now be ascertained.
Inscriptions
on Scroll and
Pedestal.
CH AR.TER
OF PRIVILEGES TO
• PF-NKSYLVANIA. MDCC--
ALMIGHTY GOD
BEING THE ONLY
LORD orCONSCIEiNCE,
I DO GRANT AND DFXL.VRE
THAt NO PERSON
WHO SHALL ACKXOV\LEDGE
ONE ALMIGHTY GOD,
AND PROFESS HI -M SELF
,^OEWG£D TO H V S QUIETLY
'J N' tig) E R T H E
CIVIL GOVERNMENT,
SIIALL.JIE IN ANY CAS£
MOLESTEp'OR \ . ,
'■■■ •- ■■■■- ,r^ /<''.'^^
The inscriptions which were carved on the sides of the pedestal
are as follows :
(On llie Xorlh <\Ae.i (On the East «ide.)
The Proprietarv Arrived
1682
Pennsylvania
made
Granted by
A Just and Amicable Arrangement
Charles U
Willi the Natives
for the Purchase of their Lands
to
and
William Penn.
went hack to England
16S1.
1684.
Returned to I'emisylvania
William IVim.
1699
and Finally Withdrew
to
Born 1644. Died 171S,
His Parental Estate
1701,
(On the South side )
(On (he Wesl side.)
333
August 26, 1805. IVtcr Brown, one of the Managers, made a
Pcnn'sSiatiie donation of a hill wliich he had paid, and which was worded as
s,irr,miuk-l f,,,,^,,,, .
I)y riiaiiis.
IVltT Brown for ihe use of the Pi'iiiisylv;iiii.T Ilospit.'il
To Thos. Wakwick Dr.
1S05 To 16 Chains comprisiilK l.?o feet S.\o
May 28 •■ 16 Eye Bolts «: 32 Swivels .12
J42
Receivfil )i.i\ nurit ot I'eter Brown
Tlios. Warwuk.
The minutes explain that these were " to encircle the statue of
William Penn ; " and also that the sum Manager Brown had paid
was presented to the Hospital,
Which the Board arknowlcdgetl with thanks, and a certificate for J42.00 as an
addition to his former contribution.
July 27, 1S12, thi- only time a fact of the kind is mentioned in
the minutes,
E(Kv;iril Fenin);ton is ajipointed a coniinitlee to cause the I'edestal on wliich
the Statne of William Penn is erected to he properly cleansed and the klterinK
on the Scroll and Pedestal renewed.
This was reported done, September 25, iiSi2. It is possible,
that, in after years, if ever repeated, it was not considered of suffi-
cient inijjortance to mention upon the minutes.
About 1S50, during a severe storm, the statue was blown over
and fell prostrate. It was found, upon examination, that the support
of one foot had become corroded and decayed. In order to restore
it to its former position, it required a high heel and sole, the statue
was then securely placed ii])on the pedestal again, and since that time,
has remained there, facing Pine Street in the centre of the lawn on
the south front of the Hospital. The illustration on page 239, shows
the jwsition of the Statue and also the chains, which originally sur-
rounded it, but which were removed some years later.
Curiously enough, the history of the statue was cleared up by
the presentation, June 29, 1846, by Mr. Daniel B. .Smith, of Philadel-
jjhia, of an original letter, accidentally discovered by him in making
some historical researches. It was a letter from Benjamin Franklin,
probably written soon after he had made a visit to ^.ord I-e Despencer,
in 1775, where he had seen the statue and was so impressed by it that
he expressed a wish for a duplicate to be placed in the State House
grounds in Philadelphia. Franklin enclosed a jjrinted copy of the
334
inscription on the scroll held by Penn, and the original letter, with
the printed inscription, are now among the archives of the Hosiiital. I.itter from
Lord Le Despencer's successor was no admirer of Penn and sold the P'"''""'^''"
statue for old metal. It subsequently found its way to a junk shop, p*^""'" "'^
where John Penn saw it and bought it for presentation to the Hospital, statue,
where it has since stood, holding the charter of our Commonwealth
in perpetual remembrance of his famous treaty, which was never
signed and never broken.
Franklin's letter reads as follows :
,-'C?
oJC^. efT ^/y^-f;
^^'/^ -2J:r
■f-/^.
^
-^Vv^^^«-»«V
335
Furniture
bi-lolljiiu); til
Win. Pt-iin.
A handsome carved chair, Ibnnerly owned by William I'cnn, was
MuiiiDriiil presented to the Hospital, where it is still cherished as one of its most
interesting souvenirs of the honored Proprietary.
May 7th. 1810.
■/"<> ///(• .yfanagers of the I'rnnayli'anut t/ospilal :
IVrniit im- (li-ntlt-nun t" ask your acccptanci- uf an .Arm Cliair of British Oak
which formerly heloii);c<l to William Pcilii. It was
part of tho Fiiniitiiri- of the Proprietary Mansion
House and had reinaine<l at Pennslniry from the
year i6.s,? untill the year 1795 when it came to my
possession soon after my removal from Philadel-
phia to I'ennsliury Manor — On one side of the larxe
Room or Hall, there was an Area elevated a few
steps above the Floor for the convenience of givinjj
.Audience to the Indians, and a traditi<m of the
successive Tenants of the Farm says, that the
Chair of which I now ask your acceptance, is the
same in which the Honlil. Proprietor sat on these
occasions. Very Respectfully.
Hknkv S, Dki.nkkk.
" .\ Sedan Chair and Chamber Horse"
was presented April 30, 1793, for the use of
patients. Another Sedan chair, which had been used by Franklin
during his life, was bequeathed by him to the Hospital and was used
until finally broken and destroyed.
Mr. John Hulme, of Hulmesville, Fa., presented a candlestick
which had formerly belonged to the Proprietary, with the following
letter :
This is to certify that this Candlestick w.is bought at Pennsbury Manor liouse
at the Sale of the ertects of William Penn remaining on those premises ; by Wni.
Miller I.ate of Falls Township. Biickes County and on the Marriage of his
flaunhter Rebecca with John Mulme (of said Township) becime his property.
.As a relic of that dreat and (lood Man, he now by these presents (thro' the
hands of his friend Talbot Hamiltonl be^s the acceptance of said Candlestick by
the Manat;ers of the Pennsylvania hospital in the City of Phil.adel|)hia by them to
be transmitted to their successors as a small memorial of his esteem for said
pious & useful foundation.
liiHV Illl.ME.
HlLMKsvll.I.K. Buckes countv December 29th 1813.
The Managers duly acknowledged the receipt of other articles
mentioned in the minutes :
(September 29, 178.S1 Thomas .Affleck having presented for the Use of the
liouse a Curious Mahogany Chair for the e,-isy removal of sick Patients Value
jC\2, and a large picture frame value /'3, the Tre-isurer is desired to return him
the thanks of the Board and to give him a Certificate as a Contributor of fifteen
pounds.
(June 30, 1788) Benjamin Jacobs, a Ltd about nineteen years of age.
having presented the Hospital a piece, representing the Good Samaritan, of his
336
own drawin;;, the same in accepted and the Clerk is desired to return him the
Thanks of tlie Board fcjr his ingenious performance, & Joseph Henzey is to place
it over tlie Charity box in tile Hall.
George Rutter having also presented a Very Curious painting of the Good
Samaritan, done by his Brother-in-law an a|>prentice, Jacob Whitman, Aged about
nineteen years, the same is accepted with the thanks of the Board and ordered
to be placed over the Breast work in the Managers' room, and the Treasurer is
desired to give him a Certificate as a Contributor of fifteen Pounds.
(.•\ugust 25, 1806) A Painting is presented by Redwood Fisher, viz.: "The
Physicians Attempting to Cure a love-Sick Maid" in a gilt frame — which the
steward is ordered to put up in the Tea Room.
Carriages have been on various occasions presented to the Hos
pital. June 26, 1786, Thomas and Samuel Miers presented a family
carriage, which was put in good repair, and the ne.\t September was
sold for jQdo, as had been directed by the donors. Xoveniber 26,
1 794, Samuel Cooper, of Delaware, bequeathed a carriage and horses
for the patients' use, with a fund for their support. July 29, 181 1,
a well-made carriage was presented by Robert Fielding for the use of
patients. The attending Managers, on August 26th, were directed
" to liereafter mention the condition of the carriage in their monthly
reports. ' '
Musical instruments have also been presented for the entertain-
ment of the sick and insane.
October 27, 1S28, Dr. John Y. Clark i)resented a Piano Forte
for the use of the Insane Patients of this House.
November 24, 1828, Dr. Washington pre-
sented to the Institution, for the use of the Insane
Department, a musical instrument called "The
(irand Harmonicon."
In the main hall of the Pine Street Hospital, Dials, Clocks
inider the west staircase, stands an eight-day high and other
case clock, which attracts the attention of every M"^">o''ial
. , . , , . , . Furniture.
visitor, and which deserves special mention on
account of its historical associations. It was con-
structed by Mr. David Rittenhouse, of Xor-
riton, about 1780, and is of a larger size than
usual, requiring winding only twelve times a year.
It was deposited in the Hospital, March 24, 1819,
by Miss Sarah Zane. Subsequently, by her will,
it was bequeathed to the institution; her death
occurred in 1870. I'he following description is
supplied by Mr. J. L. Gropengiesser, who for a
long time has had charge of the clock. Some
)ears ago he was called upon to make e.xtensive
337
repairs, on account of an accident caused by tiie breaking of a cord
Details of and the consequent falling of the weight upon the mechanism, which
H IK" Clock (iign occupied the lower part of the case. He writes as follows:
Construclidn. r,,, , . , ■ ■ , j • i , , ,
The cl6cK IS [provided with a planetarium, showing the motion
around the sun of the heavenly bodies — Uranus, Jupiter, Saturn,
Mars, Venus, and the Earth.
It has a zodiac circle telling the daily equation of the sun and the
length of the da\-. It shows the jjassage of the moon and its equation.
It has two chiming bells, sounding the <]uarter hours, and ten
musical bells pla)ing a tune every hour. When the clock was ])ut in
order by Mr. Gropengiesser, he introduced a new music-barrel,
jilayir.g si.\ different airs, viz.: "Old Folks at Home," "Home,
Sweet Home," " Auld Lang Syne," "Star Spangled lianner,"
" The Last Rose of Summer; " and " Then You'll Remember Me."
There is no record telling what airs were formerly |)layed by this
instrument. The clock was originally made with a " Cirkell "
(circular) or "Graham" escapement, which has no maintaining
power, such as now is commonly used in these clocks. It also has a
peculiar system of calculating fractional numbers, which early in the
present century was abandoned by clock-makers, for a better mode of
dividing equal numbers by higher numbers of cogs in the calculation.
The clock has a wooden pendulum, beating seconds. The dial is of
metal engraved, the numbers beinL; in Roman characters. The u|)per
central i)ortion above the dial exhibits the ])laneiarium, on the left
hand upper corner of the dial is a small dial giving the tonic position
of the moon, the right ui)per corner shows the sun equation, by a
hand indicating the daily difference between the mean and a|)|)arent
time. In the left lower corner is an arrangement to control the
mechanism for striking; on the right side is a dial indicating the
succession of the six tunes. On the inner hour circle of the dial is
the moon with an es|iecial visage of the position of the same. It also
shows the movement of the earth independently of the moon.
When the musical jjortion of the clock was renewed by Mr.
Gropengiesser, new connections with the |)lanetariiim were also
introduced. Previously to repairing, it had been only used for
several years as a silent timejiiece, but since the restoration, the
chimes are now regularly heard ; the musical airs, however, are
generally kept in reserve, in order to obviate annoyance by their
constant repetition.
The Hospital clock was made under the personal direction of
Rittenhouse," and cost at that time considerably more than one
'David Rittenhouse was born April 8, 1732, near Germantown; died, Philadelphia,
June 27, 1796.
33»
thousand dollars, but its intrinsic value is greatly increased by its
historical associations with the development of the institution, of
which it has been an inmate for the greater part of a century.
In the Hospital records mention is made of other clocks:
The Board being informed by a I,etter Feb. 28, 1764 from Thomas Fisher Clocks and
now in London to his Father Joshua Fisher, th.tt Thomas Wagstafle of London is Spring Dials,
willing to present the Hospital with a Curious Spring Dial suitable for the Hall
the Clerk is Desired to request Joshua Fisher to Acquaint him that it will be an
.Acceptable present & gratefully received by us.
The letter received in reply was the following:
Esteemed Friends. — The regard I bear the Province of Pennsilvania, Respect
to the City of Philadelphia in particular & Esteem for its Inhabitants.
The Distinguishing mark of the Favours I have received from them Claim
my acknowledgements and as a small Token thereof Present them with a Spring
Dial for the use of the Pennsilvania Hospital to be fi.ved up therein at the
Direction of the Managers.
In the Performance whereof I have not so much Consulted Ornament &
Elegance as real Usefulness being E.xecuted in the best Planner for Keeping
Time.
I request your acceptance thereof and am with Real Esteem
Your Assured Fr'd
Thos. \Va<;st.\ffk.
London the i6t^ 8th mo. 1764.
A Letter was produced & read from Thomas Wagstaffe dated London the
i6th of the 8th mo 1764 last signifying that as a token of his regard he has
presented to this Hospital, a Spring Dial which being lately received. Per the
ship Hannover Capt. Falkner, is thankfully received & for the present placed
in the Managers' room and James Pemberton is desired on behalf of this Board
to acknowledge our grateful acceptance of this donation & to send him a
Certificate under the Seal of the Corporation of his becoming a Contributor.
Also to get a Certificate for Elias Bland in consideration of his kind present of
the fire Engine Sometime Since presented by him and received.
This timepiece is circular, 81 inches in circumference. It still
keeps fairly correct time and is continued in usej it hangs on the
wall of the Women's Surgical Ward, on the landing, going to the
second floor.
Other clocks have been at various times presented, but no special
note appears to have been made by the Managers in their minutes.
The local disposition of the timepieces is indicated in the following :
On July 30, 1810 the Committee for repairing the Clocks and procuring a new
one report they are finished ; the old Clocks are placed in the East and West
Halls and the new One in the Manager's Room.
John Penn, Esqr., of London, on June 28, 1811, presented, through his attor-
ney, John Reynell Coates, his Bust. Through the same channel the " acceptable
present " was acknowledged and thanks of the Board returned.
James Traquair, a stone-cutter who had some taste in sculpture,
produced a bust of William Penn. in white marble, which he
339
Bust of
Win. Pcnn
by native
Sculptor.
presented to the Hospital, and which was duly acknowledged at the
meeting of July 26, 1802. The incident is worthy of more than
passing mention. Among the old letters, two were found from this
original individual which may he well reproduced here:
I'HILADELI'lllA, July 15, lSo2.
(jfiilltnun. — Wisliinj; to si'i' my |)ror<.ssu)n advance- in iniprovtMni'm, I have
turnt'd part of my attention to the liner l>ranches of it ; As a specimen, I present
you witli a Inist of the venerable William I'enn. It is of Pennsylvania Marble
an<l I believe the first cut in tile I'niteil States.
I am with sincere respect, yours,
Jamks Tk.ai.xaik.
P. S. — If you think it deserving of a Corner in the Penn.sylvania Hospital, —
let me know and I will li.\ it up for you. J. T.
Wishing to have his letter as presentable as possible, he evidently
employed some one to write the missive, but signed it personally. The
next one lir nnqucstionatilv wrutu himself:
Nf ain Hall of Female Department for the Insane.
Phii.ada. July 26th, 1S02.
Dear Sir. — as you wished So I have perfurnied the Bust is fixed — But What Original
Will the Board think of me first to ask Leve to put it up, and to have that done Letter from
before Leve is granted, if you do not take it upon your own Shoulders you will j(,e Sculptor,
hurt the pride of a Scotch Man
I am Sir with Sincear Respect your frind
James Traql'AIR.
" The pride of a Scotchman " was not to be " hurt," for, in the
minutes made on the day the second letter \vas \vritten and received
(July 26, 1802), it is recorded :
An elegant Bust of William Penn, Proprietor of Pennsylvania, supported on
a Column of Marble of our own Country, is presented this day by James Traquair,
supposed to be the first that was ever made in the U. States; for this valuable
present the Secretary is desired to return the thanks of the Board to James
Traquair and in Consideration thereof the Treasurer is desired to issue a Cer-
tificate to make him a Contributor to the Institution under the Seal of the
Corporation.
John Dorsey was desired to get the following inscription put upon
the plinth, viz. : " This Bust of William Penn was presented by James
Traquair, to the Pennsylvania Hospital, anno 1802."
Again, eight years afterwards, (June 25, 1810), we find it recorded
on the minutes, that
James Traquair having finished a Valuable and Elegant Bust of General
Washington on a Pedestal & Pillar, of Pennsylvania Marble, which he means to
present to the Pennsylvania Hospital, desires to know what inscription he shall
insert thereon. On considering the Subject it is agreed that he inscribe on it the
Following Words, Viz : " This Bust of Washington w.is presented by James
Traquair, to the Pennsylvania Hospital, .^nno 1810.''
Traquair felt highly honored by the reception of his first bust,
presented in 1802, and took great pleasure in the attention bestowed
on him ; so that it is not surprising that he soon tendered a second
bust to the Managers. Another fact which served to still further
arouse his ])ride and feeling of self importance we find in the words
following the above minute : ' ' The Managers attended James Traquair *
to the Contributors' Room and fixed with him the places where he
should put the Busts of Penn and Washington." The mere fact of
the Managers formally adjourning to accompany him to the room in
which the busts were to be placed, and conferring with him in regard
to location, and no doubt very deferentially consulting him as to the
most suitable position for them, must certainly have been most flatter-
ing to his pride and made him feel himself the lion of the occasion.
After placing the sculptures in position, a vote of thanks was unani-
mously tendered to Mr. Traquair by the Board.
These busts now occupy a prominent position in the hall of the
Female Department for the Insane. (See opposite page.)
.^41
Porlrail iif Al a iiic'i'liiiK nl'a luiiiilnr ul' tlic CuiitrilniUirs tn llii- IViiiisylvaiiia Ilospilal,
Samuel lielil the third ilay (if the fifth motith 1813, it having hei-ii stateil, that Thomas
Coatus. Sully hail |>ri-si'iiti-(l to thu Institution a liki-niss of Samuel Coati-s, President of
Presented the Board of Managers, the following Resolutions hein^ moved and seconded
by Svdly. were unanimously adopted :
1st. /["fio/ft-rf that the thanks of this meeting lie connnunicated to Thomas
Sully for his valuable present of a likeness of Samuel Coates, President of the
Board of Managers.
and. Resolved that the Managers of the Institution do present to Thomas
Sully, a Certificate, as a Contribution to the Pennsylvania Hospital.
3d. /Prto/r'frrf that the President of the nieetiuK, be authorized to ronnnuni-
cate the Resolutions to Thomas Sully and the Hoard of Managers.
By order of the Meeting.
Zacchkis Collins, Chairman.
Rkdwoou FlSHKR, Secretary.
Pknnsvi.v.wi.v Hosi'ir.KL, 5th Mo. 13, 1813.
The following letter was received and read, 5th month 31st, 1813 :
"To the Managers of llic Pennsylvania Hospital.
f /<■«//(■»;<■«.— Feeling very sensibly the loss of our deceased Professor
Dr. Benjamin Rush, and sympathising with ymi on account of the loss your
Institution has sustained, our minds have been excited to a Spirit of Commemora-
tion an<l we respectfully suggest for your Consideration the propriety of having a
full length portrait taken from a family likeness for your Institution, the e.xpense
of which to be defrayed out of the Medical fund.
With much Respect, We are. Yours &c.
(SlONEI) DV TWKNTV-NINK STI'DENTS.) "
Portrait of Whereupon it uas Resolved. That Edward Penington and Reeve Lewis be a
Benj. Rush. Committee to communicate the same to the Physicians of the house and to inform
them that if the proposal be assented to by them. Measures will be taken to have
the Picture executed. The following connnunication was read ;
" The Subscribers, Physicians to the Pennsylvania Hospital, approve of apply-
ing to Thomas Sully to draw at full length, a portrait of the late Dr. Rush, to be
<lei)ositcd in the Hospital, and of charging the expense of it to the Medical fund.
(Signed) P. S. PiivsicK. John Svni; Dorsey.
Thomas C.J.^MKS. Joseph Hartshorne."
John C. Otto.
J rtli M'>- 26th., 1813.
Whereupon Edward Penington and Reeve Lewis were appointed to employ
Thomas Sully to execute the portrait.
The painting now occupies a commanding |)osition at the side of
the door of the Library, on the second floor of the Centre building
of the Pine Street Hospital ; the life-size portrait of Manager Samuel
Coates occupying a similar ]iosition to the left side of tlie door.
William R. Cla])p, son of Allen Clapp, a steward of the Hospital,
was appointed clerk and librarian December 28, 1840, and he served
acceptably until March 26, 1849, when he resigned.
He was much interested in the Hospital, and after leaving it, he
presented, June 28, 1857, a finely executed copy of Sir Thomas
Lawrence's celebrated oil painting of Sir Astley Cooper, the dis-
342
tinguished surgeon, which has since adorned the hall of the Hospital.
The Board accepted the gift with a vote of thanks (June 29, 1857), sir Astley
and made Mr. Clapp a contributor. Cooper.
A bust of the late Dr. Benjamin Rush, e.xecuted in plaster by
William Rush, carver, was presented October 25, 1813, by Joseph S.
Coates, and one executed in like manner, and by the same artist, of
Doctor Philip S. Physick, was presented by John R. Coates. The
Secretary was requested to return the thanks of the Board to the respec-
tive donors.
On February 23, 1818, Zaccheus Collins presented a bust of
Doctor Caspar Wistar, for which the Board thanked him, and directed
that it be placed in the library.
The jjrincipal Works of Art owned by the Managers and deposi- \\orks ot Art
ted in the Pine Street Hospital are: belonging to
tlie Hospital.
P.4I.NTINGS: Christ Healing the Sick.
Portraits; Lloyd Zachary ; Samuel Coates; Benj. Rush, M. D. ; George B.
Wood, M. D. ; Joseph C. Turnpenny ; James H. Hutchinson, M. D. ; William
Biddle ; Wistar Morris ; Jacob P. Jones ; Sir Astley Paston Cooper ; William
Gunn Malin.
Crayons : James Hutchinson ; Alexander Derbyshire ; John ('onrad. .\lso
the Fothergill Crayons, and other miscellaneous pictures and diagrams, deposited
in the Museum.
The following works of art belonging to the Hospital adorn the
walls of the Insane Department.
Contributed by Jacob G. Morris: " Penn's Treaty with the Indians," by
Witman from West's Painting; "Views on the Grand Canal, Venice," after
Canaletto; " Views of Naples"; "Madonna," after Corregio ; "Magdalen,"
after Titian; "The Fornarina," after Raphael; "Charity," after Shidone ;
" Moonlight Scene," an original by Challi.
James B. Ord, Oil Painting, 52 .\ 42 inches, executed by himself.
John Farnum, Oil Painting.
Abraham Miller, Oil Painting.
Marble bust of George Washington.
Marble bust of William Penn.
Oil Painting, Fruit Piece.
Oil Painting of John Wright.
Portrait of George Ord by his son.
John Livezey, Oil Portrait.
Water-Color of Hampton Court, presented liy Mr. A.}, .\ntelo.
Five Water-Color Paintings, presented by Mr. John \'. lluber.
Two Oil Paintings from Mrs. Juliana R. Wood.
Study in Oil, by Benjamin West, presented by Thomas Rogers Merchant.
Storm at Sea, by Benjamin West, presented by Thomas Rogers Merchant.
Portrait of Dr. Thomas S. Kirkbride, by S. B. Waugh.
Portrait of Joseph Fislu-r.
34,5
Crayon of Mary Sliiilds,
Photograph portraits of WilMain Wtls'i, John Wi-lsli, and Sannit-l Wilsh.
Photographs of Managers : Mor<leiai L. Dawson, James R. Greeves. William
Biddle, Frederick Brown, Jacob 1*. Jones, Alexander Derbyshire. John J. Thomp-
son, and S. Morris Wain.
.•?44
■N ;( mr- ,. „ _ jt
THE LIBRARY AND THE PATHOLOGICAL MUSEUM.
Incidental reference has more than once been made in the fore-
going pages to the Medical Library of the Pennsylvania Hospital.
From what is known of Franklin's projects and associations for the
"promotion of useful knowledge among the British Plantations in
North America," and the able and active assistance afforded, in
furthering his ideas, by the brothers, Thomas and Phineas Bond (who
were prominent members of his famous Junto), it is only natural to
suppose that the Hospital, which they were foremost in establishing,
would sooner or later be brought, in some manner, to contribute to
the cause of education and the advancement of medical science.
With the Bonds on the Medical Staff, and Franklin as Secretary.
afterwards President of the Board of Managers, and also Secretarv of , '
^ - Interest in
the Provincial Assembly, a library of reference would seem a natural {1,^, Hospital
sequence. In his ofificial positions, Franklin could, and doubtless did, and Library.
improve many opportunities of soliciting donations of books, both
directly and by suggestion, especially after the library had actually
come into existence. The first intimation, however, which is to be
found upon the minutes, of anything of this kind, and which provided
the nucleus around which the idea of a medical library subsequentl)-
took shape, appears to have come from Dr. John Fothergill, of
London, who for many years was a warm friend of the Hos])ital.
Probably his personal interest was at first aroused principally on
account of his acquaintance with Dr. William Shippen, Jr.. during
the visit of the latter to England ; the elder Dr. Shippen being at
that time one of the Managers of the new institution.
The first suggestion of the future medical library on the minutes
occurs in a communication to the Board of Managers accompanying
345
the present of a l)Ook from Dr. Fothergill, as just stated. It appears
Kirst in the account of a meeting held July 27, 1762, and reads as follows:
Presentation
of IkxiIc to Willi.im Log.an lately returned from London attended the Board with a Book
the I ibrirv entitled "An Experimental History of the Materia Medica by \Vm. Lewis,
F. R. S.," lately published in London, being a present to this Hospital by
Doc'r John FotherRill for the Benefitt of the Young Students in Physic who may
attend under the Direction of the Physicians, which is kindly accepted by the
Managers as an additional Mark of the Doctor's benevolent Regard to this
Institution, and W'm. Logan is requested to acepiaint him willi our grateful
Acceptance thereof.
The idea of establishing a complete library of works of reference
for the young students in physics and likewise for the use of their
preceptors, however, originated with the physicians of the Hospital.
In fact the library received its first great impulse from the medical
staff of the institution, under circumstances, which will be referred
to somewhat in detail, in the subsequent section.
In May, 1763, the Medical Staff informed the Managers that
As the Custom of most of the Hospitals in Great Britain has given such
gratuities from those students wlio attend the wards of the Hospital to the Physi-
cians and Surgeons attending them, we think it properly belongs to us to appro-
priate the Money arising from thence. .'\nd we propose to apply it to the foun<ling
of a Medical Library in the Hospital which we ju<lge will tend greatly to the
Advantage of the Pupils & the honor of the Institution.
This proposal of the Medical Staff was adopted by the Managers
and from this time forward the ])ermanence of the Medical Library
was assured. Indeed, the fees from the students supplied more than
sufficient funds to establish and maintain the growing collection of
medical and scientific works, which afterwards for many years was
the most considerable and important in the country. In addition to
the above source of income, which was known as the " Medical
Fund," many donations and bequests of books from friends to the
institution materially assisted in increasing the stock of books,
among which were many which were both rare and valuable. The
first acquisition of this kind has been referred to ; this, several years
later, was followed by a second from the same donor, whose gift has
already been mentioned. On October 29, 1770,
The Treasurer now brought to the Board a Treatise on the Materia Medica in
two volumes quarto, Kntitled Lectures on the Materia Medica Containing the
Natural History of Drugs their Values and Doses &c |)ublished from the Manu-
script of the Kite Dr. Charles Alston professor of Botany &c in the University of
Edinburgh, by John Hope professor of Medicine and Botany in th.it University,
transmitted by our friend Benjamin Franklin at the request of our worthy bene-
factor Dr. John Fothergill .is a present from him which is gratefully accepted and
directed to be deposited in the Medical Libr.iry,
346
The library of Dr. Lloyd Zaclxary, (a member of tiie first medical
staff of the Hospital), consisting of forty-three volumes, and a Library of
number of pamphlets, was presented to the institution by his P""' •''">''
Executors, Hugh Roberts and Samuel Neave, with the consent of the ' " . ■
residuary legatees, "towards founding a Medical Library." These
books were received on the 9th of January, 1767, and a week later,
on tlie 17th, we find also that
The Medical Books of tlie Library of Dr. Benjamin Morris, dec'd, being
presented by his sister Deborah Morris towards tile same purpose consisting of
55 volumes, were brought to the Lil>rary.
The latter were principally standard medical works, collected by
Dr. Morris during his attendance upon the University of Leyden.
Mr. Wm. Strahan of London, England, in 1774, made a donation of
books to the value of one hundred pounds. This gift was jjerhaps
prompted by the following letter to Mr. Strahan, which the Com-
mittee to procure books for the medical library laid before the Board,
July 25, 1774, the list of needed books having been com])iled with
the assistence of the medical staff.
Phil.\., 4th Mo., 1774.
Respected Friend. — The Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital having
deputed us to procure some books for the Medical Library, as we apprehend thou
canst supply us in the most advantageous Terms we herewith send thee a List of
them desiring thee to prepare and ship them by the first Vessel coming to this
Port that they may be here Vjefore the winter. This we are very desirious of as
the young Students who from the neighboring Provinces attend the Lectures of
the several professors in our Medical School may then have the benefit of reading
them a year sooner than they can if they should not arrive before next Spring ;
for the Cost of them we will send thee a timely Remittance. When any new
Books or Essays on any branch of Medicine appear we shall be gla<l to have
Copies of such of them sent as are of small Cost and an acc't of such as are more
costly than if we judge them necessarj- we may send fur them.
The desired medical books arrived the following December.
In 1790, the Managers opened correspondence with the celebrated
Dr. John Coakley Lettsom, in London, requesting and authorizing
him to select and purchase medical works for the Library. This
confidence was not misplaced. Dr. Lettsom was a firm friend to the
institution during his life, and the library is indebted to him, not
only for the judicious manner in which he discharged this trust, but
also for many presents of books which greatly increased the value of
the collection. (Dr. Lettsom's portrait appears on page 323 ante.')
Some individual donations are of sufficient interest to deserve
mention. Dr. Fothergill's have been acknowledged. On March 31,
iSoo, the Board returned thanks to Dr. William Currie for a present
of two copies each of his " Memoirs on Yellow Fever in 1798," and
347
"A Sketch of the Yellow Fever in 1799." On August 31, 1801, Dr.
Various Mease presented a pamphlet " On the disease i)roduced hy the bite of
iMMiks a n,a(j dog;" also his inaugural dissertation on the same subject.
September 27, 1802, Dr. John Redman presented his "Practical
Observations on Vaccination or Inoculation for the Co\v|iox." Dr.
John Redman Coxe, editor, and Mr. Thomas Dobson, printer, each
presented a copy of the " American Dispensatory," which had just
been published. The library of Dr. Benjamin S. Barton, deceased,
was i)urchased for $2770, from his widow, Mary Barton, as we learn
from a minute of May 12, 17S7. It consisted principally of rare
works on Natural History.
A valuable i)resent of books was received in the year 1800, from
Sarah Zane, a wealthy maiden lady, who inherited an extensive library,
the medical portion of which she bestowed upon the Hospital. This
donation comprised twenty-three folios, ninety-one quartos, six
octavos and twenty-two duodecimos, in all one hundred and forty-
two volumes, some of which were rare. They formed an acquisi-
tion of undoubted value to the already respectable collection of books
in the possession of the Hospital.
Place of 'he' original place of dejjosit chosen for the Medical I-ibrarywas,
Deposit of naturally, the meeting-room of the Managers, and, at first, and as
long as the number of hooks was not too great to furnish the room
appropriately, this was the most convenient arrangement. April 27,
1767, it is recorded on the minutes that "Samuel Wetherill paid for
building the book-case in the Managers' room, _^5 o. 2ji." This
was in the east wing of the Hos|)ital buildings, as the Centre had not
not yet been finished. It was subsequently October 28, 1799,
.\Kreed thai the hiiildinn Committee proceed to finish either of the front
rooms on the first floor of tlie Centre House at their own Election, for the
Managers to meet in, at the E.\pcnse of the general fund for building the new
house ^:c. and that they finish and furnish it in such manner as they approve
most likely to answer the purpose intended ; the same room is to receive the books
of the Medical Library, the furniture of the Library to be paid for out of the
Medical Fund.
(July 28, 1800), A balance being now on hand due to the Medical Fund of one
thousand and ninety-four dollars and 62 cents, the Board agree as there « ill not
be room in the four cases that are made to contain the books that the wlKjle room
be finished agreeably to the plan oft'ered by the building Committee without
delay and as soon as it is finished the Managers will move into the New Room ol
the Centre House.
Removal of ^" Novemiier 24, 1800, the T,ibrary was removed into the new
Library to room and, at the next meeting (December 29th), an order was drawn
Centre on the Treasurer for J1500, " of which §tooo is to be charged to the
Building. Medical Fund and S500 to the general fund of the Hospital." After
348
the Books in
East \\ ing
tlie Centre building was opened, it was considered expedient and
desirable that other rooms should be made ready for occupancy, so
we find on February 23, 1801, that the Board agreed :
To fit up the adjoining room for the drug department, the Expense of
finishing and furnishing the Apothecary shop, in the South-East room of the
Centre Ijuilding, to be defrayed by the Medical Fund and the proceeds of
lectures to be given Ijy Dr. Physick to be appropriated for tlie same purpose.
As the attendance of students upon the lectures continued to
increase, additional clinical room was demanded, and, January 3,
1803, the physicians recommended the finishing of the circular,
lecture room and two private rooms adjoining it, towards completing
which they agree that S300 per annum should be appropriated for the
next four or five years out of the Medical Fund. This suggestion, or
proposition, was accepted, and the Building Committee reported, at a Circuhir
subsequent meeting (February 27, 1804), that "the 3rd floor circular roq,,,
room had been finished some time and Lectures have been given and finished.
one operation performed therein."
This is of interest in this connection, for it was found necessary
some years later to place additional book-cases around the wall of the
general office to accommodate the constantly increasing accumulation
of books. October 26, 1807, the long room on the second floor in
the Centre building was fitted up as a library and used for this
purpose until February, 1824, when it was resolved that the
Library Committee are instructed to remove the Book Cases from tlic room
on tile second story so as to appropriate that cliamber to tlie use of the Lying In
Deijartment.
This was reported as having been carried out, at the next meeting
(March 29th), but it does not appear where the book-cases had been
removed to, unless it be taken for granted that the rooms on the first
floor already mentioned, were utilized for this jjurpose. August 30th
of the same year, it is noted, however, that the
Apartment in which the Library is placed requiring some repairs the Com-
mittee on Economy are directed to have them effected and to erect a marble
Mantel over the Fire Place.
When the L) ing-in Ward was transferred to the Picture House, '-''"-"y
in 1835, the cases were returned to their former position, and the ^] '
books have not since been disturbed. Building.
At the present time, the Library is deposited in its old place, which
is also used by the Managers as their meeting-room, on the second
floor of the Centre building. When the clinical amphitheatre was built,
in 1 868, the old lecture-room at the top of the Centre building was con-
verted into a dining-room for nvirses. the walls being lined with cases,
349
in which were placed many of tlie ohler and less used books. Some
are also in the cases in the room on the first floor, originally fitted up
for the Library in iSoj, but now used as the general office of the
Hos])ital.
Rules for 'he rules for the Library have been framed to meet exigencies as
IJlirary. they arose in the course of its growth and development, and have, in
consequence, been subject to fre(nient mollification according to
circumstances. As a matter of historical interest, the following
minute, adopted December 26, 1774, may be quoted, as it contains
the first mention of regulations concerning the lending of books:
Tile Managers l.ikini; iiilo cDiisiileriitiiiii llic I)is;ulv:mla>;es attending the
present mode of lending out the Medical Books helonKiiiK to the Hospital ;
Ordered that a book shall not be lent out of the Hosi)ital Library to any i>erson
e.vcept to the Managers, the Physicians, and to the .Students who have attended
or do attend tile Hospital. Tliat any I)ook l>orrowetl shall not be kept out longer
than the time mentioned in a Promissory Note to l)e given for the same and that
a Sum of Money equal to the Value of the Hook borrowed shall be deposited in
the hands of the Librarian, which deposit money unless the liocik be relumed in
Months nndefaced, shall be forfeited.
The e.xtreme carefulness and prudent foresight of the Managers
and their wise and judicious suiieriniendence of the Library, are
frequently manifested in their corresj)ondence, of which the following
is an example: Jul)' 31, 17.S6, "The Committee appointed to
import the books for the Medical IJbrary re])ort that they have
wrote the following letter and ordered the books I'er the invoice
enclosed."
Puii.A., 30th 6 month — 1785.
Sir. — Inclosed you have the first copy of a bill of E.xchange drawn by the
Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital on John and Robert Barclay & Co.
Merchants of London for fifty four pounds ten shillings and two pence Sterling
for the purpose of purchasing for their .Medical Library the Books Mentioned in
the written list. We trust you will furnish us with the Books at as reasonable
rates as possible and as they are for our Library and will be handled often, request
that you will attend particularly to the binding that it may be both Neat and
strong : should the Money remitted be insulTicient to purchase the whole of the
Books you will please to attend to the Note at the bottom of the List. You will
please to ship the books by the Harmony, Capt. Willett. As the owners gener-
ously agreed to bring them freight free : let the jiackage or packages be directed
for the Pennsylvania Hospital.
\\*e ,'ire ^'our Friends
(signed) SAMfEI. HoWELL,
To i'eler IVynne Esq. Wii.i.i.am H.\i,l.
In spite of the watchful guardianship of the Library, it appears
that books were missed from time to time. According to the catalogue
made and dated the 27th of December, 1787, the Managers discovered
35°
that there were a number of books therein not accounted for. They
then made the following rule, January 28, 1788:
The Aputhf cary is ordered on no pretence to lend a book out of the Medical Regulations
Library to a Manager, Physician, or to any other person, without taking a note or for Loaning
sufiicicnt deposit. Samuel Coates is desired to advertise the lost books in Books.
" Hall and Sellers' Gazette" and to request the persons in whose possession they
are to return tlu-ni.
It is gratifying to learn that the committee was able to report, at
the meeting February 25, 1788, that the lost books had been duly
advertised and that one had been restored.
A comprehensive system of regulations was agreed to by the
Managers at the meeting held December 28, 1789, "by and with the
advice and Consent of the Physicians when the rules for the preserva-
tion thereof" were adopted, and the Rules for the Library were
printed and distributed.
At a meeting, held May 31, 1790, the Committee on preparing
a Catalogue reported that " the business is completed, and six
hundred copies are printed, and now brought to the house." The
following interesting item also appears under the same date:
It is agreed that each of the Managers, Treasurer, and Phx'sicians may have
Catalogues gratis. Also that One should be sent to Dr. Leltsom and one to Ur.
John Redman, formerly one of our attending Physicians and now President of the
College of Physicians.
The money value of the work was, at the same time, fixed at a
moderate sum :
It is also agreed that the Students should pay ;»th of a dollar each, for a Cata-
logue of which the Librarian is to keep an .Account and to jjay the Money with
the fines on Books to the Steward when the .Attending Managers require him to
do it.
A standing resolution was adopted, August 30, 1790, to the follow-
ing effect: "It is now agreed to be a Rule that the Treasurer is
always th be allowed the Use of the Library." The fees for the
Students were increased. May 10, 1802, to ten dollars for a single
season, and twenty dollars for the perpetual privilege, " with a copy of
the Catalogue gratis."
It had been expedient to slightly modify the rules after consultation
with the medical staff, before their final adoption, and the fact that
the physicians had been duly consulted and had approved the
regulations, made the Managers less disposed to favor further changes,
consequently it is recorded in the minutes of a meeting, held October
31, 1791, that the
Physicians propose several alterations in the Rules of tile Library and respect-
ing the .admission of Pupils to wliich the Managers are averse.
issued.
What the proposed changes were does not appear upon the
minutes, Init they were probably considered too unimportant to be
recorded.
Kjrst The first Catalogue was published in the year 1 790, and represented
CataioKuc twenty-one folio volumes, seventy-seven quarto, three hundred and
forty-one octavo, and eighty-nine duodecimo — total, five hundred and
twenty-eight volumes. An addition, or suijplement to the Catalogue
was compiled, printed, and issued three years later.
The Library having been greatly enriched by gifts and purchase,
it was decided on January 28, 1805, to prepare a new Catalogue which
was finally issued the following year.
The industry and zeal of Samuel Coates, Secretary of the Library
Committee, was manifested in his interest in the Library and assist-
ance in preparing the Catalogue. The Managers, (February
24, 1.S06), tendered the Committee the thanks of the Board for
Their strict alteminn tn tlie duties of their rippointnieiit. Also t<i Dr. Thomas
I'arke for the assistance he rendered, and the particular thanks of the Managers
are liue to Dr. Joseph Hartshorne for the i;reat lahor he bestowed in forming the
Catalogue, the judicious Cla.ssilication of tlie Subjects and general .Arranijenienl
of the Books. The Committee are continued to have the books bonnd and they
are requested to inform .Archibald Bartram of the Satisfaction of the lx)ard with
the neatness and correctness of his Work which the Treasurer is desired to pay
for on receiving the Committee's order. The Catalogues in sti IT paper Covers are
to be sold at 50 cts. each ; and the Committee are requested to present one Copy
well bound to the City Library in the Name of the Contributors.
.\nd at a subsequent meeting, a cojiy was also directed to be
Presented to Dr. Lettsom of London neatly bound ; one to the College of
Physicians of Philadelphia: one to the American Philosophical Society; one to
the New York Hospital for their Medical Library ; one to Dr. Joseph Hartshorne
and one to Samuel Hopkins the Junior pupil of the house, also that one copy
shouUI be delivered to each of the Managers and Physicians.
A new regulation was adoi)ted, May 26, 1806, which indicates
that the Library was coming into more general use for reference and
that ])hysicians desired to resort to it early in the day. Thus
At the request of the Physicians, the Library is ordered to be opened until
further Orders at nine of the Clock.
It was discovered that books were taken from the I-il)rary without
Missing, proper records being made, and this irregularity finally grew to such
proportions that the Managers were compelled to take action upon it.
Accordingly we read, under date of August 29, 1808,
A List of missing Books was now laid before the Managers, some of which
have been out for Years and Notes not taken for many of them so that great
Carelessless on the part of our Librarian appears very evident ; to prevent such
irregularities in future and to enable Samuel Hopkins to recover them, it is now
Books
ordered that the Medical Library be Closed and no book loaned between this and
the next meeting of the Board, in the meantime he is desired to stay a few days Library
in the City and devote his time to collect all that are out ; he is also required to temporarily
furnish the Secretary with a Complete List of what remains out after he has made ^loged
this Collection ; fifty Copies are to be distributed among the Physicians and pupils
and One Copy is to be inserted in the Public News Papers with a request that
borrowers will return the Books without delay.
At the following meeting (September 26) ii was
Agreed the Library is not to be opened until further Orders, as John Moore
who is now appointed Librarian must examine the books before he gives a receipt
for them.
It is presumed, as soon as the new Librarian had made out the
list and receipted for the books, that the library was again opened,
but greater precautions than before were now observed in order to
prevent further loss of books. The Managers (November 28, 1S08),
passed the following rule, which indicates that the Library had been
again thrown open under the regulations then in force :
It is agreed to dispense with the deposit for books so far as by the 5th rule it
is required of the Managers Physicians and Treasurer and no further.
The gratifying announcement was made July 27, 1812, that
A considerable number of the Books heretofore missing have been recovered
and placed in the Library. The Secretary is requested to make out a List of \ijssing
such as are still missing and publish it with a request that the persons into whose Books
hands they may have fallen will restore them to the Institution. .\dvertised.
This duty was promptly performed by the Secretary who reported
at the October meeting
That he had made out a list of the missing Books & placed it in the hands of
Zachariah Poulson for Publication.
As an additional precaution, it was decided to direct the book-
binder to mark the books so that they might be more readily
identified, (November 30, 1812),
Edward Penington is requested to have the words " PENNSYLV.^NI.\
HOSPITAL" printed at least on two pages of each volume of the Buoks
belonging to the Medical Library.
Shortly after the acquisition by the Library of the books of Prof.
Benjamin S. Barton's estate, a supplement to the Catalogue was issued,
containing the titles of works added between 1806 and 181 8.
It was found that the additions since the last edition of the
Catalogue had been so numerous that a new edition had to be taken
into consideration.
It is stated in a minute of January 26, 1S29, that Mr. William
G. Malin
Having nearly completed a newly-arranged Catalogue of the Books belonging
to this Institution,
353
The Comniitttc who liavc cli:ir>;i" "f tlit- I.ilirary is aiitlioriEcfl l<i have iioi
Revised exccedhiK five hundred Copies printed, to^elher with the Rules for the ("lovern-
Cataloiiue '">-'"t "f ''"■' Library.
Issued. As indicating the money value of the books and furnittire at that
time the following is of interest:
(.April 27— 1.S29) The Treasurer reports having efTected an Insurance on llie
Library for the sum of five thousand dollars in the American Kire Insurance
Company for seven years.
'I'he newly-arranged Catalogue was completed by the following
August and, at the meeting on the 3d of this month, the following
record was made :
A highly interesting historicalsketchof the origin and progress of the Medical
Library of this Institution prepared by William G. Malin Librarian, was read at
this time and the Managers believing its publication with the Catalogue prepared
by the same individual, will be useful, it is agreed to append it thereto, and the
Library Committee are authorized to have it printed.
The Library Committee was authorized and re(|uested to prtsent
copies of the Catalogue to each Physician or Surgeon who is or has
been in attendance at the Hospital and to the Resident Physicians;
also, one copy to each of the Managers and the Treasurer and the
Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Almshouse,
the Philosophical Society and the New York Hospital. A copy was
subsequently presented to the Philadelphia Library Coni]:any and the
Athenaium. It was resolved to sell the Catalogue at one dollar per
copy.
Supi)lement Eight years later, in 1837, it was found necessary to issue a su|)-
Compiled. plement to the last Catalogue, which was also comi)iled by the
Librarian. The Library at this time comprised 7300 volumes and
was growing at the rate of more than 150 titles jier annum. In
1856, it was found that the colltclion had increased to over ten
thousand volumes, under the careful sui)erintendence of the Board of
Managers and the excellent guardianship of Mr. William G. Malin,
who had devoted himself to his duties and took great interest in caring
for the books, both while actually in charge as librarian and subse-
quently while Steward of the Hospital. It was deemed advisable to
New Edition prepare another edition of the Catalogue at this time and the Managers
of Catalogue. ^^^^.^ ^^ fortunate as to secure the services of Dr. Kmil Fischer, whose
literary and scientific attainments well fitted hiin for the task, which
he undertook with zeal. The peculiarities of the new classified Cata-
logue arc best explained in the words of Dr. Fischer in the preface to
the work, in which he i)ays a deserved compliment to his ])redecessor
in office :
The Library . . . contains at present io,.soo volumes and is considered now
one of the best, if not the best, collection of Medical Works in this country. The
perusal of its Catalogue will sliuw that it is a fair representative of medical
standard literature, particularly ill its English and Frencli part, a result greatly
owing to the interest taken in the choice and jiurcliase of works by Mr. Malin, the
former librarian and present steward of the Hospital, and by some of the medical i- e s
officers of the House. The present Catalogue is an entirely new work and has "' i w
been compiled independently of its predecessors. For the old plan of disposing a . og e.
the works in alphabetical order of the names of their authors, a classified arrange-
ment according to subjects has been substituted.
Dr. Emil Fischer did this work entirely by himself while he was
subjected to many interruptions, for, during this time, the Library was
open and the books, owing to their being in use for constant refer-
ence, were liable to disarrangement in the regular order they should
occupy upon the shelves. His views as to system and details of
classification are also given in his preface to the Catalogue from which
we have just quoted :
For the classification used in the present Catalogue, the compiler is essen-
tially indebted to the Catalogue Raisonne of the Library of the Medical Society of
Edinburgh, the arrangement of which has been followed out as far as some differ-
ence in the compass and character of the two libraries would permit.
The whole work has been divided into four parts, viz : Medicine, Science,
Literature, and Miscellanies. Each part has been subdivided into chapters, the
first and most important i)art containing eight of them, viz : 1. Anatomy, includ-
ing Human and Comparative Anatomy ; H. Physiology ; IIL Materia Medica and
Pharmacy, including Hygiene and Therajjeutics ; IV. General Pathology and
Practice of Medicine : V. Surgery ; VL Midwifery and Diseases ol Women and
Children; VH. Medical Jurisprudence and Medical Police; and VHL Medical
Literature.
It will be found, that the classification and sub-classification of the different
chapters coincide, as far as can be in a work of this kind, with those adopted in
most systematic works on the different branches of medical and general science.
Only in those instances where no scientific ground for classification could be
found, the alphabetical arrangement has been had recourse to.
For the disposition of a book, not only its title but also its contents had to be
taken into consideration. In order not to separate a work from others contained
under a certaiii sub-head, and treating on the same subject, but from different
points of view, its relation to the general head had to be sometimes disregarded.
Titles which had to be repeated frequently, were abbreviated in accordance
to the head under which they were placed, and by this measure unnecessary
incumbrance of the Catalogue was avoided. The space thus gained has been
taken advantage of for the quotation of monographs, essays, &c. contained in
collective works, or in appendices to larger treatises. These quotations have
been necessarily confined to such essays, which either were known to have been
published in a separate form, or which, from the nature of their contents or
extent, seemed to be of some importance. Some of these points had to be ascer-
tained by the aid of bibliograjihical works.
The Catalogue Raisonne of 1857, with the supplement issued in
1883, is still in use as the official catalogue, and has been found to
facilitate reference and to greatly increase the usefulness of the Library.
It was received with marked evidences of appreciation, both by the
355
Present
State of
Library.
The
Anatomical
and
Patliolojjical
Museum.
Letter from
Dr. John
Fothernill
accompany-
ing Casts and
Diagrams
for Teaching.
Managers and the Medical Staff of the institution, and Dr. Fischer had
the proud satisfaction of accomplishing a useful and laborious work in a
manner which reflected the highest credit u])on his industry and literary
skill.
The additions to 1893 bring up the aggregate number of vohniies
to 14,81 2, coni])rised as follows : octavos, 1 1,103 ; ducxlecimos, 1482;
quartos, 1828; folios, 399.
It was probably a i)art of the original design of the Managers and
Physicians of the Pennsylvania Hospital to provide for the establish-
ment of an Anatomical and Pathological Museum in connection with
the institution, or if this had not been their intention originally, it
was suggested by them shortly after the new building was opened.
It is recorded that on the 30th of April, 1757, Deborah Morris
])resented a human skeleton, for the i)ur])ose of medical teaching. In
1 772 a skeleton and prejwrations of muscles and arteries were pur-
chased from the estate of Dr. William Logan, deceased; and again
December 28, 1805, the executors of a Dr. Carter, of Virginia, pre-
sented a skeleton to be used for the purpose of instructing students
and others attending the practice of the house.
An important event in the History of the Hospital occurred at
a meeting of the Managers and Treasurer, which was held in the
Warden's Room at the Court House, Philadelphia, the Sth iiih
month, 1762 :
The Board being called at the Ki<iuist of Doc'r William Shippeii jun'r, lately
arrived from London, he attended & " informetl the Board that Per the " Carolina '
Capt. Friend, are arrived from Uoc'r John Fothergill, Seven Cases which contain
a parcel of .Anatomical Drawings which the Doctor inform'd him when in London
he intended as a Present to the Pennsylvania Hospital, but that he has not
received any Letter or Invoice of them nor any further directions but what the
Doctor verbally gave him there & that he concludes his constant Kngagenunts
had prevented his Writing Per this Ship But by a Letter from him to James
Pemberton dated 7th 4mo last he therein signifies in general his Intentions of
sending this Present to the Hospital & the Uses he proposes thereby of wch the
following is an Abstract :
" I distributed the Books thou wast pleas'd to send me as desir'd but they
came perhaps at an unlucky Juncture, Money is much wanted here for numerous
Purposes Sc men part with Fifty Pounds with reluctance when they know that a
little more would purchase them a hundred, the Hospital however must subsist
itself as well as possible till better times I purpose to send by Doc'r Shippen a
present to it of some intrinsic value tho' not probably of immediate Benefitt, I
need not tell thee that the Knowledge of Anatomy is of exceeding great use to
Practitioners in Physic & Surgery & that the means of procuring Subjects with
you are not easy, some pretty accurate anatomical Drawings about half as big as
the Life have fallen into my hands & Which I purpose to send to your Hospital
to be under the Care of the Physicians & to be by some of them e.xplained to the
Students or Pupils who may attend the Hospital.
356
" III the want of real Subjects these will have their Use & I have recommended
it to Dr. SItippen to give a Course of Anatomical Lectures to such as may attend, jj^ Fother-
he is very well qualified for the subject & will soon be followed by an able gjU's Dona-
Assistant Dr. Morgan both of whom I apprehend will not only be useful to the jj„„ ^^ j|,g
Province in their Employments but if suitably countenanced by the Legislature Pathological
will be able to erect a School for Physic amongst you that may draw many jjustuni and
Students from various parts of America & the West Indies & at least furnish Suggestion
them with a better Idea of the Rudiments of their Profession than they have at ^f ^ Medical
present the Means of acquiring on your Side of the Water. School
" Should the Managers of the Hospital think proper I could wish that if the
Drawings & Casts I shall send P. the ne.xt Convoy come safe that they might be
lodged in some low Apartment of the Hospital not to be seen by every Person
but with the Permission of a Trustee & for some small Gratuity for the Benefitt
of the House. The Drawings are in Crayons & should therefore not be kept in
too dry a place nor shaked about too much."
And Doctor Shippen proposing to e.xhibit a Course of Lectures on Anatomy
this Winter requested he might have recourse to the said Drawings & Casts the
Managers being desirous of countenancing him in his undertaking agree he may
have the use of them in such manner and place as after consulting the Physicians
may be thought most convenient & least prejudicial to the Drawings as they
require to be handled with the greatest Delicacy & Care & after consulting with
the Physicians, who on Notice being sent them attended on the occasion viz.
Thomas Bond, Phineas Bond, William Shippen, senr., John Redman, &
Cadwalader Evans, to whom the proposal of Dr. Shippen junr. of his exhibiting
a course of Lectures &c. being communicated they unanimously express'd their
approbation thereof & it was concluded that the several Cases should be con-
veyed to the Hospital & that the Physicians & Managers would attend there
to-morrow 3 o'clock p. .m. to view the Contents.
The Board met November 9, 1762, and
Open'd three Cases containing Eighteen different curious Views of various The
parts of the Human Body in Crayons framed & glaized ; three Cases of Anato- Fothergill
mical Castings, & one Case containing a Skeleton & Foetus. Collection.
It is agreed that the preparations should be deposited in the North Room on
the Second Floor & the same Committee with Samuel Rhoads are desired to
employ Workmen to affix a Partition in that Room & make it convenient for
the Purpose.
In order to comply as near as possible with the Intention of the Donor it is
unanimously agreed that the anatomical Drawings & Casts should not be per-
mitted to be taken out of the Room, the Key of wOiich is to be put under the
particular Care of the Managers in attendance.
And if any Professor of .\natomy is desirous to exhibit Lectures he is to
apply to them for Liberty.
All such Pupils as attend the said Lectures intended to be exhibited bj-
Dr. Shijipen or any other Person should pay a Pistole each.
And such Persons who from curiosity may apply to view the said Paintings
&c. should pay a Dollar each.
Doctor William Shippen, Junr., met the Managers at the London
Coffee House May 17, 1763, and proposed that an advantage may
arise to the Hospital by the Anatomical Drawings and Casts and
offered his service to attend twice in a Month to give some general
357
explanation to such persons who may be desirous to view thcin. The
Dr. Wni. following advertisement was agreed to be published in the next
Shippen .'Gazette," viz.:
betjins a
Course of The Generous Donation of Ductor Fotliirnill of London to the I'lnnsylvania
Lectures. Hospital of a Set of An.itomical Paintings 8c Castings in plaister of Paris repre-
senting (iiflVrcnt views of the Several parts of tile Human Ixwiy being now
deposited in a Convenient Chamber of the Hospital, As there may be many I'er-
sons besides Students in Physic desirous to gain some general knowledge of the
Structure of the Human body ;
Dr. William Shippen jun'r, proposes to attend there on the seventh day of
the Week at 5 o'clock p. M. and once a fortnight on the same day of the Week at
the same hour during the summer season to explain & demonstrate to such per-
sons who are willing to give a Dollar Each for the benefit of the Hospital.
The Managers made the following acknowledgment to the donor :
Pennsylvania Hosi-ital, 29th 12th mo. 1763.
Letter of Eslecmed l-riend. — The assurances we have had by diverse Instances of thy
Managers to favour.ible .-Vttention to the Interests of this Hospital e.vcited in our minds the
Dr. Fother- Sentiments of Gratitude & Respect which were confirmed by thy genarous
(rill. Donations of a Sett of .Anatomical Painting & Castings and on the reciv'g them
we determined to make our Acknowledgement of thy Benevolence We deferr'd
doing it sometime being in hopes of receiving the adilitional Favour of thy Advice
and Instructions respecting the most proper manner of rendering this very useful
present of the most extensive Service but we cannot excuse our Delay till this
Time, & must rely on thy favourable Construction of this Omission.
Being desirous of rendering thy kind Intentions as effectual iis we could, we
observ'd the Hints given in thy Letter to James PembertonS have placed them in
cases conveniently fixed in a Room, the least exposed to the Heat of the Sun &
our dry Air and in which Dr. Shippen or any other Professor may be accommo-
dated when he has Ocassion in his Lectures to have recourse to them. The
Students in Surgery and others who are admitted to view them were for some
time attended by him and by one or more of the Managers, but lately the Steward
or Matron have been intrusted to supply the Place of the Managers, and wt are
in hopes some considerable Service will accrue by the Instruction conveyed by
this means.
The Premium paid for this Priviledge hath produced more than we expected,
and when such Gentlemen of the Faculty, who are duly qualified, and incited by
a desire of promoting the public Good, will devote their Time and .Attention, we
may hope there will be such complcat Courses of Lectures given to the various
Branches of Physical Knowledge, as to render their Service very extensive, which
it will afford us much Satisfaction & Pleasure to promote.
We should have been sollicitous about making Remittances before this time,
for the Medicines we last rcceiv'd from S & T Bevan if we had not been informed
by our friend Benjamin Franklin that thou liadst kindly undertaken to procure
Contributions there sufficient for the Purpose, we are now again in Want of a
further Supply, and have therefore sent an Inv. to S & T Bevan for which we
sh.-ill endeavor to pay them in due lime, unless the Success of these Contributions
has been so great as to render it unnecessary.
We have directed the .Accols. of List Year to be sent thee. We have since
admitted 297 Patients & Discharg'd 234 & and there are now 121 remaining of
whom 37 are Lunatics, when the Accots. of the Current year now expiring are
Letter to
Dr. Fothcr-
gill.
adjusted, we intend to Order a Duplicate thereof to be sent thee and shall at all
times receive with Pleasure any Intimations of what thou mayst judge Conducive
of the Interest or tending to promote the purpose of this Institution.
We salute thee with much Respect, & are thy Obliged Real Friends,
No further communication having been received from Dr.
Fothergill, the Managers again addressed him May 20, 1765, as
follows :
Esteemed Friend. — We have for some time past promised ourselves the
pleasure of receiving a Letter from thee on the affairs of this Hospital but are as
yet disappointed.
By the Copy of what we wrote thee on the 29th December 1763 which we
e.\pect has reached thy hands thou willt be informed of our grateful acceptance
of thy generous donation of the Anatomical Paintings and Casts the manner in
which we have disposed of them & the advantage & usefulness they have given
us, as likewise the state of the Institution to that time ; Since which the same
attention and care as heretofore has been continued by the Physicians and
Managers that we have the Pleasure to observe its reputation increase & our
afTairs in a satisfactory situation.
The value of the gift from Dr. Fothergill, more especially the
drawings, which, indeed, compare favorably with any anatomical
illustrations of the present day, was very considerable, being estimated
in the schedule of the stock of the Hospital at ^350. The subsequent
history of the Fothergill Collection will be found a few pages further
on.
In 1793, the Managers acquired for the Museum a very remark-
able collection of Anatomical preparations, including dried, injected Dr. .Abraham
and painted specimens, together with a series of beautiful wax models by Chovet.
Dr. Abraham Chovet, by purchase from
his heirs. The collection, especially
the wax preparations, were regarded
at that time as masterpieces of art.
A medallion portrait in wax made by
Dr. Chovet', in a glass frame, was
presented to the Hospital later.
Dr. Chovet was born in England May 25,
1704. He was educated in London and sub-
sequently devoted several years to the study
of anatomy under the ablest anatomist of
Europe. He afterwards went to the Island of
Jamaica where he continued his anatomical
dissections and studies : from here he fled
with his widowed daughter to Philadelphia to
escape an insurrection of slaves, some years
before the American Revolution. Dr. Abraham Chovet.
' On January 38, 1S78, Miss Mar>- Ann Marshall presented to the Hospital a miniature
likeness of Dr. Chovet, which was executed on his eightieth birthday.
359
lie was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy in tin- I'nitcil Company of
Barbers and Surgeons, August 21. 1735.
Dr. Chovet married in London ; his wife died in Philadelphia and was buried
in Christ Church cemetery, February 12, 17S5.
Dr. Chovet's Dr. Chovet brought with him from Kngland an excellent collection of wa.\
Lectures, preparations of difterent parts of the human body which he had made himself;
these were utilized in his medical lectures.
During the winter of 1774-1775 he delivered lectures on Anatomy and
Physiology, his advertisement reading : "At the Anatomical Museum in Videl's
Alley, Second Street, on Wednesday, the seventh day of December, at six in the
evening. Dr. Chovet will begin his course of Anatomical and Physiological lec-
tures, in which the several parts of the human body will be demonstrated with
their mechanism and actions, together with the doctrines of life, health and the
several effects resulting from the actions of the parts, on his curious collection of
anatomical wax-works and other natural preparations ; to be continued the whole
winter until the course is completed.
" As this course cannot be attended with the disagreeable sight or smell of
recent deceased and putrid carcasses, which often disgust even the students of
Physic, as well as the curious, otherwise inclinetl Ui this useful and sublime part
of natural philosophy, it is hoped that this undertaking will meet with suitable
encou ragcment . ' '
Dr. Chovet is represented to have been a nian of small, almost dwarfed
stature, and of a mirthful, jocular disposition. He is described, in advanced life, .as
one who might be seen almost dail)', enfeebled by age, shufiiing along in seeming
haste. His bowed head, which leaned forward beyond the cape of his old-
fashioned black coat, was covered by a small cocked hat, closely turned up
behind upon the crown and cocked in front which diil not conceal his long white
hair. His locked teeth and his compressed lips were in continuous motion as if
he were crunching something. He carried a golil-headed Indian cane, secured
by a black silken string dangling from his wrist. The heels of his capacious
shoes, well lined in winter se.ison with thick woolen cloth, and ferule of his cane
might be heard jingling and scraping the pavement at every step. On the street
he always seemed to be hastening to a patient dangerously ill as fast as his ;iged
limbs would permit, without looking to the right or left. He used expletives freely
in his conversation and was notable for sarcastic wit. It is doubtful if his profes-
sional career was always pecuniarily successful, the necessity which required him
at his advanced age to within a few weeks of his death, to visit patients in all
kinds of weather, would indicate he had not met with financial success. His
character and the quality of his professional acquirements entitled him to high
rank among the medical profession, and with them to respectful remembrance.
Shortly before his death he requested that his funeral be a plain one, and by
no means to have the bell rung for him, as was the custom of the times when a
person was dying, because he did not wish to disturb sick people by such an
unnecessary noise. Dr. Chovet died March 24, 1790, aged 85 years.
Dr. Chovet was the only one of the twelve senior founders of the C<*llege o(
Physicians who was not a native of Phil.adelphia, and he was over eighty years of
age at the time it was instituted. " At such an advanced age men are not invited
to engage in anew enterprise unless their qualifications are eminent in the estima-
tion of their colleagues."
In 1797, Dr. John Redman presented to the collection a repre-
sentation of the bones of the ear, made of brass.
360
August 26, 1799, the Managers entered into the following
arrangement :
Will. Stevens Jacobs to board in the house during the prevalence of Yellow Special
fever and while here to put the museum in good order, to pay $4 per week for his Caretakers
board, find his own liquor, and not to go to the city during the fever. for the
Dr. Jacobs apparently was in no great haste to complete his work „ "j„ted
or had great dread of the epidemic, for we find four years later,
May 28, 1803, he presents a bill "for putting the museum in good
order and making a skeleton." Possibly the museum required more
attention than was thought necessary previously ; but whether the
services of Dr. Jacobs were continued, or occasional, it appears that
he was the first official curator of the collection, unless Dr. Shippen
may be regarded as the first to fill that position.
January 28, 1805, a Catalogue of the Museum and Library was
compiled and printed. A month later (February 25) a committee
was instructed to remove to the new museum room the paintings and
castings, etc., under the inspection of Drs. Physick and Wistar. This
work appears to have been done leisurely, for the committee did not
report the work completed imtil June 24, 1805.
A special caretaker of the Museum having been appointed, the
following receipt for the preparations was given, which is of interest as
an inventory of the Museum at that time :
Pexns. Hospital, 25th 8nio. 1806.
Received under my care and responsibility from the Managers of the Hospital
all the articles of the .'Anatomical museum contained in the list thereof viz:
Imitations of the internal parts of the human body in wa.\ by the late
Dr. Chovet from No. i to No. 8 inclusive.
Dried preparations by the late Dr. Chovet and others from No. i to no. 93
inclusive.
Preparations of different parts of the human body in Spirit of Wine, by the
late Dr. Chovet and others from No. i to no. 60 inclusive, and
Three Castings in Gypsum, and eighteen Paintings in crayons ; presented by
Dr. Fothergill of London.
S.\ML, C. Hopkins.
The museum rapidly increased in size and importance, and great
interest was taken in adding to the collection by all of the members
of the medical and surgical staff. When in 181 7, the building was
erected for the exhibition of West's painting, accommodations were
made in it also for the anatomical and pathological preparations.
In 1824 it was decided to part with the museum, which had now
become so large as to require special provision and care. It is also
to be considered that medical instruction no longer occupied such a
prominent position in the minds of the Managers, since other institu-
tions had sprung up in the community which relieved the Hospital of
361
the necessity of taking a|)ijrentices to train as physicians and " the
practice of the house" ceased to hold its former important place in
medical instruction in this country. On April 26, 1824, therefore, the
following was adopted :
The Believing that the Museum beloiiginK to this establishment may l>e rendered
Fothergill niore useful to the interests of science under tile management of the University ;
Collection 'ind this Board entertaining moreover the most friendly feelings towards that
Deposited in very valuable Institution, it is resolved to present the collection including the
the Museum necessary cases to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania.
of t le Subsequentlv the following was received by the Managers:
UniversUy of ' ' ^ j e>
I'ennsylvania Jifsulz'cd. — That the Trustees reciprocating in relation to the Pennsylvania
Hospital the friendly feelings e.vpressed by its Managers for the University of
Pennsylvania, do accept with pleasure anil thankfulness the valuable Museum
offered by the Managers and appoint a committee to receive the same an<l to
furnish the Hospital with a copy tif this mimile.
Jos. Rkko, Si; riltiiy.
Received Philadelphia, May nth, 1824. from the Managers of the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital, Three castings of Cypsum, and Fjghteen jiaintings in crayons
representing the structure of the human body, being a donation of the late
Dr. Fothergill of London to the said Hospital, and which are to be deposited in
the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania until reclaimed by the Managers
of the said Hospital.
J.\MKS fJiBSOX
Zacchkis Coi.i.ins
Commillee oil llic ll'is/iir Afiisriiiii.
The last clatise in the above re<eipt was inserted because it was
believed that the letter accompanying Ur. John Fothergill's donation
would preclude the collection from being permanently alienated.
It was several years before any systematic attemj)! was made to
make another collection. Rare cases occasionally occurred, and
interesting specimens were obtained by surgical operation, or dissec-
tion, but no special place being supplied by the Managers, they
were usually regarded as the private jjroperty of the surgeon, or
physician, w'ho discovered and retained them.
On December 26, 1S53, the members of the Surgical Staff
requested that a room be ajjpropriated and properly fitted up for a
])athological museum. This was agreed to and some s])ecimens were
secured, but the attempt to establish a museum at that time was
abandoned shortly afterward.
Subsequentlv, Dr. Thomas G. Morton especially interested himself
in forming a collection and, after serving a term as Resident Physi-
cian, he was formally appointed, in i860. Curator to the Museum and
Pathologist to the Hospital. A series of rules were framed by him
with the approval of the Managers, for the regulation and development
of the Museimi, then located on the first floor of the Picture House.
362
The Managers, on April 27, 1863, having inspected tlie Museum ^i.,„ag,.rs
and being much gratified with their visit, unanimously adojjted the visit the
following: Hospital
Whereas, An examination of the Museum, under the charge of Dr. Morton,
Curator and Pathologist, has been very satisfactory, therefore
Resolved that the thanks of the Board be and they are hereby tendered to
Dr. Morton for the very efficient manner in which he has discharged the important
duty entrusted to his care.
Dr. Morton held the office for three years, when he was elected
to the Staff as one of the Surgeons, but during those early years he
labored with such zeal and industry that he gathered a valuable
cfillection of several hundred pathological specimens, both wet and
dry. These are the foundation of the present museum, " which owes
its existence," as a subsequent curator has declared, "to his zealous
interest in pathology." After Dr. Morton had resigned, the position
was acceptably filled by Dr. William Pej^per, who was appointed
Curator and Pathologist by the Managers, in 1863. In 1869, when
the new clinical amphitheatre was opened for use, the Museum was
transferred to the first floor of this building, in a room with northern
exposure, well lighted and commodious. (See vignette on next page.)
The drawings and casts presented by Dr. Fothergill were returned
from the University of Pennsylvania, and still occupy a prominent
]wsition in the Hospital Museum as objects of conspicuous interest.
Dr. Pepper com|iiled a Descriptive Catalogue of the Pathological
Museiun which was pulilished by the Board of Managers in 1S69. He
stated that this was :
" Based upon one written by Dr. Morton which contained the descriptions of
three hundred specimens, each of which, however, has been carefully re-e.\amined
and more fully described."
The system of classification and numeration followed that in use
in Guy's Hospital Museum; the name of the donor being affixed to
the description of each specimen, and if an account of the case has
been published, the reference is duly given to author and place of
publication. In compiling this Catalogue, Dr. Pepper acknowledged
his obligation to the kind assistance of Dr. Charles Retz, Resident
Physician in the Hospital.
Dr. Pepper resigned in 1S71, whereui)on the Managers appointed
as Curator, Dr. Morris Longstreth, who served until 1890, when he
resigned and Dr. Henry M. Fisher was made "Pathologist, Curator
and Microscopist."
Dr. J. Forsyth Meigs in his History of the " First Quarter of the
Second Century of the Pennsylvania Hospital," published in 1S77,
remarked :
363
" Uiidir till- care of several Kiiillemcn this Mtiseiiin has Ircdiih- really
valuable. It contains 747 specimens of different morbid preparations, from cases
occurring in the house, and may be made of great use in illustratinj; the medical
teaching of the Hospital."
In 1S75, a regular course of lectures on I'athological Anatomy,
illustrated by specimens in the Museum, the only one in the city at
that period, was given by the Curator of the Hospital, Dr. Longstreth.
Since 1881 yearly additions to the Museum have averaged about
fifty a year. At this time(iS94) they have practically ceased, as the
room for their accommodation has been entirely filled and further
growth is not possible. Lectures are annually given by the Pathologist,
and the morbid and anatomical preparations are constantly in
demand to illustrate clinical lectures, which are delivered before
large classes of medical students every year, from October to March,
inclusive, in the clinical amphitheatre.
CURATORS OF TlIK I'.VTIH )L( XIICAL MUSEUM.
Thomas G. Morton, M. D., November 28, i860— March 2S, 1K64.
Thomas Wistar, M. D., March 28, 1S64— March 26, 1866.
William Pepper, M. D., March 26, 1866 — September 28, 1870.
Morris Longstreth, M. D., November 28, 1870— May 5, 1890.
Henry M. Fisher, M. D., May 5, 1890 — in office.
364
LEGACIES, DONATIONS, AND CONTRIBUTIONS.
The capital stock of the Hosiiital, from time to time, has been
aided by legacies, which have materially increased its resources and its
means for carrying on its charitable work. Among the larger sums
received by bequest, were legacies from the following :
Mary D. Brown, J.ine A. Calhoun, Mary M. Calhoun, Wni. \V. Cook, Henry
Cramniond, Josiah Dawson, Alexander J. Derbyshire, John Farnum, Joseph
Fisher, Jesse George, Stephen Girard, John W. Grigg, Sylvanus W. Godon,
Nathaniel P. Hood. Wm. C. Jeanes, Jolin Keble, George B. Ord, George S. Pepper,
Mary Shields, Henry T. Stout, Samuel Welsh and Isaiah V. Williamson.
The family of the late President of the Board of Managers,
Mr. Wistar Morris, made a munificent donation, which has been already
referred to, (on page no.) Mr. Wm. E. Garrett and the Misses
Blanchard have also made very generous contributions.
The organic law of May ii. 1751, creating the Pennsylvania
Hospital, made it lawful for
'■ All persons who had contributed ten pounds or more towards the Hospital,
ot any number of them, to meet on the second day of the first week, in the month
called May, yearly for ever, to elect by ballot, twelve, fit and suitable persons of
their own number to be managers and one other person to be treasurer of the
Hospital until the ne.\t election ; to make such laws, rules, and orders, as shall
appear necessary, for the well governing, ordering and re.gulating the said
Hospital, and for the regulation of the future elections of managers, treasurer,
and other necessary officers and ministers, thereof, and for limiting and appointing
their number, trust, and authority, provided they be not repugnant to the laws
of England or this government, and are approved by the Chief Justice, the
Speaker of the .'\ssembly, and the .Attorney General.
Powers and
Duties of
Contributors.
365
Other provisions of the Act were, that the Contributors to the
Li-Kal Pennsylvania Hospital might hold real estate of the yearly value of
Ri-Kiilation oi yne thousand i)ounds ; ' that neither they, nor any person acting
Cimtribiitiirs. , , , , , , ■ i i ■
under them should em|)loy the money or other estate, ex[)ressly given
or added to the capital stock of the Hospital in any other way than
by applying its annual interests or rents towards the entertainniciu
and care of the sick and distempered poor ; and that i)atients should
be received from any part of the Province without partiality or jjref-
erence ; that an annual statement should he rendered to the Legisla-
ture, also, if at any time the Contributors should fail to make yearly
elections of managers, the Hospital, its estates and affairs thereof and
the management should devolve on the General As>embly.
The place of honor among the contributors belongs to Doctors
Lloyd Zachary and Thomas and Phineas Bond, who made |)Ossible the
establishing of the Hospital liy generously offering to attend the
Hospital gratis for three years.
, , As soon as the law establishing the Hospital and granting the sum of
All Anpropri- ^ ' .
:ition and :i two thousand pounds towards the founding, building and furnishing of
Po|)ular the same was formulated and its condition made known, that an eipial
Siibscription. amount must be subscribed towards the capital stock, the promoters
of the design promptly set on foot a subscription, which in a short
time considerably exceeded the amount re(piired by the Act (^2751,
i6x. 8^/). The subscriptions varied in sums from one jjound to two
hundred and fifty, the latter being contributed by William Allen,
Chief Justice of the Province, but for the most part this amount was
made up of sums of from ten to thirty pounds.
The earliest and first gift of land, about four acres, located in
Northern Liberties, near Philadelphia; on the Germantown Road,
was donated September 2, 1751, as a subscription of twenty-four
pounds by a German, Matthias Ko])lin, who was accordingly made a
Contributor. His quaintly-e.xpressed communication has already
been quoted (page 26).
Owing to the vigilance and constant importunities of the Man-
agers, the custom was introduced into the community of contributing
jury fines, contested sums of money, moneys in the hands of trustees,
assignees and other sums not claimed. Deceased strangers' effects
and valuables were also turned over to the Hosi)ital authorities, the
Managers giving bonds to protect the donors and others, and to
indemnify them in case of claim from heirs who might appear to
demand a restitution.
*By Act of March 21, 1856, the limit was cxleiuled to 150,000.
366
LEGACIES, CONTRIBUTIONS, AND GRANTS FROM 1751 TO 1894-
The Pennsylvania Hospital from the year 1751 up to the present
time, has received numerous sinns of money from various sources.
The following lists of Legacies, Donations, Contributions, Special
Deposits and Grants include the amounts received, with the dates
and names of donors. Those persons who contributed the sum
required to constitute the individual a member of the Corporation,
will appear in a se[)arate " T.isr of Contkihltors."
LEGACIES.
A
1765
I8I2
Alibiiigton, Susanna P.
I250
00
1S85
'775
.\bralianis. Kiiocli . .
S3
33
1814
1873
.^j^iiew, John ....
1,425
00
1891
1765
.Allen, Hannah . . .
26 67
1817
1761
Allen, Mary
266 66
1859
1770
.'\llison, Robert . . .
266
66
1863
1761
Andrews, Mary . . .
533 ii
1785
1796
Armatt, Ann (j^'d-rent)
1881
1777
Ash, Caleb
31
iT,
1769
1803
Ash, Caleb ....
200
00
1890
1776
Ashbridge, .Aaron . .
80
00
1889
1761
Asiieton, Marj^aret .
26
67
.S77
1816
Aston George . . .
400
00
1847
1794
Attniore, Caleb . . .
B
66
66
1874
1761
1871
Baird, William S. - .
1,000
00
1806
1857
1.S72
1821
J761
Baldwin, John . . .
133
ii
1872
1869
Barrett, Nathan . . .
Barton, Isaac ....
95
4,300
00
00
1756
Bavnton, Peter . . .
26
67
1793
1849
Beck, Paul, Jr., . . .
975
00
'775
1867
1886
1884
1877
1765
Benzel, or Bensill,
George
80
00
1773
Bettle, or Biddle, Wil-
liam ...
66 66
1893
Biddle, Mary Living-
1772
1858
ston Cochran . . .
5,000
00
1878
Biddle, Thomas S.
1,000
00
1755
18S7
Binney, Susan . . .
IO,OIX)
00
1759
1819
1807
Blakey, John ....
266
66
1843
Blenan, Pierre .Antoine
1.740
00
1873
Boker, Charles S. . .
490 50
1832
1770
1820
1891
Boulden, William H.
500
00
1766
Bourneman, Daniel .
16
00
1765
Bouquet, Gen'l Henry
106 66
1858
1873
1820
1803
Bradford, William . '.
266 66
1863
Breck, Samuel . . .
225
62
1770
Bright, James ....
So
00
1801
1765
Bromwich, William .
53
a
.77.
1769
1811
1864
Brown, Benneville U.
1,000
00
1765
Brown, Christopher .
1,585
51
1875
Brown, Mary D. . . .
30,000
00
i860
Butler, Benjamin F. .
Soo
00
1761
1879
c
1773
Cadwalader, Jolin
Roberts
13
a
181 2
1874
Campbell, St. George
'8.s6
Tucker
2,000
00
1 76 1
Campbell, Thomas
$26 67
Caull, Frederick .
3,200 00
Chancellor. William
I,<KJO 00
Clapp, Nathan T. .
1 ,000 (X>
Clark, Hannah . .
50 00
Clark, Jane ....
1,000 00
Clark, John ....
95 00
Claypool, Debor.ih
266 66
Coffin, Arthur (J.
3,500 00
Coleman, William .
'.33 iT,
Colhoun, Jane .Mien
vifia^ 26
Colhoun, Mary Maria 26,756 00
Collins, Timothy K.
50 00
Cook, William Wallace 385, 000 00
Cooper, Esther L. .
2,000 00
Cooper, Rebecca .
,53 ii
Cooper, M.U., Samuel 2,415 76
Cope, Jasper . .
5,000 00
Cope, William D. .
5,000 00
Correy, Robert . .
500 00
Coultas, James . .
266 66
Co.\, Isaac ....
^i2< ii
Cozzens, George .
4.S7 31
Craig, George . . .
476 25
Crammoud, Heiu'y
37,692 71
Creighton, Eliza H.
95 00
Cress, Charles , . .
400 00
Cresson, Elliott . .
5.728 84
Crosby, Joshua . .
266 66
Croyder, Henry . .
KJO 00
Curren, Nathaniel .
^i?, .33
D
Dale, Dorothy . .
390 00
Davis, John ....
1.33 .33
Dawson, Elizabeth
lotj 00
Dawson, Josiah . .
27, soo 00
Dawson, Mordecai L. 5,o<x) 00
Dawson, William .
100 00
Dawson, William, J
^:-.7s :■,?<
Deacon, Gilbert . .
26 6-
Delage, Peter . . .
106 66
Dencla, or Denckla,
Christian H. . .
200 00
De Normandie. Daniel 133 1,},
l)erl)vshire. .\le.\aMil
•rj.
(Unsettled Estate.)
Deschamp, John
500 00
Dickinson, Sallv N.
JfK) 00
Dicks, Peter . . .
^ii 33
367
177° DoUKlierty, Mary .
i!k)8 Doz, Andrt-w . . .
1890 Uraki', Thomas . .
1766 Drasoii, Mattliiw
1863 nrL-xfl, Kraniis M.
18S0 Drown, William A.
1774 Diibre, Jacob . . .
17S2 l)ucli6, Esther . .
i»7i Duhring, Hiiirv . .
1878 IJiinbar, Klon. . .
1775 Edel, Christian .
1767 Enilen, Hudson .
1771 Enikn, Racliil .
1800 Enikn, Sainuil .
1806 Emlcn, Saimn.1 .
1854 Ely, Joseph . . .
1877 Etting, Henry . .
1824 Evans, John C. .
F
1808 Falconer, Capt.
Nathaniel . . .
1815 Falconer. Sarah .
1877 Farnnni, John . .
1853 Fielding, Rolnrt
1864 Fisher, Joseph
1810 Fisher, Thomas .
1789 Flemming, Kuhert
1888 Flickwir, Ilaimah
1821 Fothcrgill, Antliony
1800 Fuller, Benjamin
G
1869 Gaul, William . .
1817 Ged, Margery . .
1873 George, Jesse . .
1808 George, Thomas
1832 Girard, Stephen .
1875 Glenn, W. U. . .
1882 Godon, Svlvanus
William' . . .
1861 Grandom, Hart .
1828 Grandom, John .
1883 Greble, Edwin .
1772 Greenleafe, Isaac
1871 (Jreeves, James R.
1762 Griffin, Thomas .
1870 Grigg, John W. .
1772 Gross, Michael
1872 Grove, George W.
1765 (irubb, Samuel
183s Guest, Ann . . .
H
1824 Haga, Godfrey .
1795 Haines, Margaret
1795 Haines, Reuben .
1867 Harding. John, Jr.
1886 Harris. Frederick
1866 Harris, Mary Ann
1769 Harrison. Charles
1877 Hart, William H.
1815 Harvev, Isaac . .
1882 Hay, Hannah .
1816 Herbert. Lawrence
S13 33
5,028 89
5,000 00
66 66
900 00
500 00
'33 33
'33 33
100 00
8,469 10
'3 .^3
106 66
'33 33
746 67
266 66
3,75« "o
285 00
400 00
'33 33
80 00
25,000 00
6,573 95
44,587 66
UK) 00
487 66
5,000 000
100 00
400 00
150 00
300 00
36,365 00
200 00
29,2,';o 00
4,o<X) 00
113,954 39
5,CKX) 00
2,925 00
237 50
266 6g
950 00
26 67
47,500 00
36 00
5,000 00
'33 33
487 .so
1 ,(MK> *K>
266 66
266 66
1,000 00
4,000 00
800 00
2,040 00
2,000 00
1,200 00
15,000 00
1,200 00
1869 Hertzog, Ann ....
1822 Hewes. Josiah ....
1769 Hill. Edward . . .
1765 Hindniarsh, Elizabeth
1884 Hobson, Eliza ....
iSf>s lloUingsworth, I. Ci.
1866 Hood, Nathaniel I'. .
1887 Hopkins. James . .
181 1 Howell. Samuel . . .
1770 Hulbert. Philip . . .
1836 Huinpton.or Hampton,
Elizabeth
17S5 Hutchison. Michael .
1
1893 Ihrie. Anna M. ...
S2
,<kS3 98
,200 00
266 66
■
'3 33
,9<» 00
100 00
5'
,445 72
100 00
266 67
53 33
61 25
133 33
2.3''<'* 3'
1770 Jacobs, Mary . 26 67
1893 Jeanes, William C. . 25, (xx) 00
1869 Jennings, Mrs. N. S. . 120 00
1768 Johnson. Richard . . 133 .33
1761 Jones. John 871 II
1875 Jones. John H. . . . 10,04454
K
1808 Keble, John 27.951 73
1771 Kelnier. (.'onrad ... 26 67
1S81 Kilpatrick, Catherine
J 7,024 39
1870 Kirkham, William . . 200 00
1801 Knight, Peter .... 5,13 33
1803 Kno.v, Robert .... 266 66
1S61
1882
1870
1 886
1764
1892
'775
1823
'799
'H57
1795
1877
1888
1803
1776
'793
1778
1796
1782
1823
180S
'79'
'774
1762
1820
1801
I.aguerrenne, P. L. . itx) 00
Lardner, Perot . . . 5,000 00
Latimer, Margaret . 5,000 ix)
Lawrence, Joshua C. . 4,57' 50
Lawrence. Mahlon 292 50
Leacock. William . . 456 70
Lennig, Charles . . . 13,835 00
Lewis, Jacob . . . 225 00
Lew is. Margaretta S. 2.850 00
Lewis. Mordecai . . 266 67
Lewis, Robert M. . . 975 <X)
Lewis, Samuel . . . 266 66
Livezey, John .... 10,000 00
Loeb, Jacob 1,00000
Logan, James .... 1,33333
Logan, William . . . 266 66
LoUar, Robert ... 26 67
Loveday, Mary . . 133 33
Lownes, Hannah 26 67
Lownes, Joseph ... 26 67
Lownes, Josiah . . . 500 00
Ludwick, Christopher 266 67
MC
McCalla, Lucia L. . . 88 87
McClane or McLean,
Archibald 26 67
McCullough or McCul-
lock, James .... 23 91
McCullough, Sarah . 26 67
McGuire, P.atrick . . 278 48
368
1794
iHiS
1871
■765
1.S69
1882
1766
187,
■765
i«59
1879
177S
1816
1823
1813
i860
1800
i«55
180-1
1776
788
1775
1769
1844
1774
1791
1886
1807
1763
1769
1872
1868
1S07
1884
1772
1870
1767
1862
1864
■S33
1791
1796
185s
1852
1869
1791
1812
1795
1867
187.
1890
1887
187,
1867
■834
1840
M
Major, Alexander . .
Marriatt, Sarah . . .
Marshall. Benjamin
Marshall, Joseph . .
Mean, Joliii
Mercer, Alexander G.'
Merkle, Frederick . .
Merrick, Samuel V. .
Mickle, Samuel . . .
Miller, Abraham . .
Miller. John S. . . .
Mitchell, William . .
Montgomery, Robert
Moody, Moses B. . .
Moore, Sarah ....
Morris, Catharine W.
Morris, Deborah . .
Morris, Jacob G. . .
Morris, Mary ....
Morris, Sarah ....
Morton, Robert . . .
Morton, Samuel . . .
Murphy, Daniel . . .
Murray, John ....
N
Neave, Samuel . . .
Nedrow, Thomas . .
Neill, John L
Nicholes, Charles . .
Nicholson, Content
Norris, Isaac ....
Norton, Charles . . .
Nunes, Abram J. . .
o
Oakmau, Isaac' . . .
Ogle, Catharine .
Opertany, ."^nna Maria
Ord, George B. . . .
Owen, George . . .
P
Palethorpe, J. H. . .
Parke, Hannah . . .
Parke, Thomas . . .
Parrach, Sarah . . .
Paschal 1, Thomas . .
Paul, John
Pea, John
Pearson, Davis . . .
Pemberton, Esther
Pemberton, John . .
Pennell, Joseph . . .
Pennock, Casper W.,
M. D
Penrose, James . . .
Pepper, George S. . .
Pepper, Lawrence S.
Perot, Charles ....
Perot, Kdward . . .
Perot, Klliston . . .
Perot, John
$26 67
1
*
66 66
I
1,000
00
I
'3.3
33
I
266 66
I
29
46
250
00
66 66
I
'6,393
06
9,500
00
133
33
1. 000
00
I
'.559
40
1,205
33
190
00
I
1,222
22
507
50
133
33
66 66
^33
33
133
33
8
00
50
00
',033
33
66 66
5.400
00
5,000
00
66 66
266 66
200
00
3,225
12
I
438
6S
1
168
75
25.730
68
133
33
100
00
'
3.800
00
598
00
800
00
106 66
975
00
1.457
37
300
00
'.«
33
'33
33
66 66
1,000
00
133
33
55,125
00
2,500
00
1,000
00
1,000
00
100
00
100
00
I77I
92
1870
1864
1874
1854
1776
1828
1847
IS8I
'774
1877
1761
1800
1889
1770
1866
1766
'873
1809
1804
1765
1767
1771
1810
1870
1876
1S90
1796
1880
1877
1878
1883
1827
'774
1758
1766
1792
1829
1884
1878
1805
1 88 1
1878
1830
1893
1883
1 861
1893
799
1793
1888
1878
1798
1,889
'875
181 1
1761
Peters, John . . .
Phillii)S, Kllen' . .
Phipps, Sarah . . .
Pierpont, i'rancis .
Pleasants, H, M. D.
Plumstead, Mary .
Potts, Miriam . '. .
Powell, Martha . .
Price, Joseph . .
Price, Susan W. . .
Rakestraw, William .
Raquet, Catharine T
Rawle, Francis .
Reeve, Peter . . . .
Richards, Elizabeth J
Richardson, Joseph
Richardson, Williai
Rightlinger, Jacob .
Roberts, Edward .
Roberts, Hugh . .
Roberts, John . . .
Robeson, Rudman
Robinson, Septimus
Robinson, Thomas
Roche, L
Rogers, Evans . .
Ross, Anna Cox
Ruebsam, Anne M.
Rundle, Daniel
Rush, p:ilza M. . .
Rush, Elizabeth F.
$26 67
8,000 00
200 00
3,834 00
95 00
'33 33
26 67
585 00
1,000 00
3,000 00
53 33
950 00
133 33
'33 33
10,000 00
266 66
890 00
121 93
4,750 00
266 66
'33 33
533 33
'33 33
'33 33
266 66
952 50
2,000 00
4,606 23
666 66
1,059 62
2,000 00
Sager, Ailelaide . . . 500 00
Sager, Catharines. . 1,125 66
Sanson), Joseph . . . 487 50
Sanson!, Samuel . . 80 00
Sauer. Christopher 53 33
Saunderson.
Christopher .... 26 66
Scott, Sanmel .... 81 86
Scotten, Samuel, . . 196 67
Seybert, Henry . . . 2,000,00
Shaw, Thompson L. . 475 00
SheatT, William . . . 300 00
Shields, Mary .' . . 95,310 47
Siegar, Peter .... 4,103 33
Siemen, Paul .... 1,950 00
Sinies, William F. . . 5.083 33
Simmons, Edwartl S. 4,750 00
Simmons, Samuel R. 5,000 00
Simpson, James . . . 2,500 00
Sims. Buckridge . . 266 67
Smith, James C. . . . 3,000 00
Smith, Mary Rebecca
Darby 1,201 49
Smith, Pennell . . . 1,000 00
Smith, Resolve . . 533 33
Smith, William B. . . 95 00
Sparks, Thomas . . 1,900 00
Sprague, Esther . . 848 13
Spring, Richard ... 98 35
* Residuar>' bequest.
=■$5000 for " Henry M. Phillips*
Free Bed.
369
1766
Stanly, Mary . .
$66 66
'783
'77'
Slaiitiin, Danifl . .
26 66
1892
1 874
Stcvinsun. William
5,000 00
1871
'794
Stoops. Janus .
1,8893'
'754
.S74
Stout, Htnry J. . •
25,€X>0 00
18X9
'77'
Stoiil, Jr)St*i>h . . .
26 66
1810
17-2
Strcttcll, Ann
53 33
1890
T
'«75
'815
1890
Taylor, Charles . .
. 9.500 00
i8o»
i8«7
Temple, Joseph K.
■•1.525 50
1804
1819
Thomas, Dinah . .
>c 00
1772
'856
Thomas, John R. .
I, 000 00
1805
1818
Thomas. Margaret .
'.« 33
1767
1810
Topi ill, Thomas .
"37 33
I,S88
I&OO
Toplitl. William . .
330 67
1867
1772
Turner, Peter . . .
266 66
1767
'774
Turner, Thomas
400 00
'774
V
1892
■ 765
1891
Vance, John M. . .
4.772 41
■797
1870
Vau.x, Eliza H. . .
1,000 00
1802
'883
Vaux, William S. .
1,000 00
'797
W
'«93
1870
'774
1828
Wachsmuth, John
Gottfried . . . .
1,950 00
1862
1885
Wagner, Mary . .
1,000 00
1885
Wanner, Tobias . .
10,914 78
'763
WasRoner, Abrah:
"1 53 33
'757
1886
Walley, Samuel C.
6,200 95
1792
i860
Walley, Samuel Ste
ele'
1879
W.ill. J..hn ...
Wain, A. I.isle . .
Walton, Samuel . .
Warner, Kilward .
Warner, William Jr
Welch, William .
Welsh, Sanniel . .
Wetherill. (Jeor^e I
Wharlon, Chamltss
Wharton, Kaihel .
Wharton. William .
White. William . .
Wickoir. I'eter . .
Williams. Stephen
Williamson, Isaiah V'
Williamson, Thomas
Wilson, Roljert . .
Wilson, William Y.
Wilstach, Anna II.
Wilt, Christoplur .
Wistar, Bartliiilumeu
Wistar, William .
Wistar, John, ,^(l.
Wister. ("harlis .
Wood, Richard D
Wood, William .
Wright, John . .
z
Zachary, Lloy<l, M. I)
Zane, Jonathan
Zane, Sarah
S^)33
39
964
20
500
00
342
10
, 10,000
00
'77 59
50,0011
00
). 500
00
500
00
278
00
658
33
2'3
33
100
00
80
00
'. 95,ooo
00
100
00
26
67
500
00
10,000
00
160
00
266 66
'33 33
5,000
00
5,000
00
3<»
00
26 67
8..'*79 34
). 1,112
12
8.H9
'.S
416 68
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HOSPITAL,
FROAV 1751 TO 18(34.
1818
1859
1848
1781
i860
1758
1758
1769
1758
1867
'759
1859
1754
1772
1851
1781
i860
1781
1865
1848
1859
1760
178'
1781
Abbott, Cleorge .
Abbott, John . .
Adams, Samuel C.
Adcock, William
Aertson, Miss . .
Ajje, Michael
Akings, John . .
Alberti, Philip . .
Ale.\ander, James
Allen, Charles J.
Allen, Capt. David
Allen, John R. .
Allen, Nathaniel
Allen, Nehemiah
Allibone, Samual
Alricks, William
Anablc, Miss . .
Angus, Capt. John
Anonymous . . .
Apple, Henry . .
Archer & Warner
Arell, Richard
Armat, Thomas .
Ash, Caleb . . .
Si 00
10 00
10 00
I 00
I 00
4 80
1 66
10 16
2 66
25 00
13 33
10 00
14 00
14 10
10 00
4 00
5 00
6 00
15 00
2 00
20 00
2 26
I 00
4 67
1 78 1 Ashbridge, Aaron
1867 Ashton, Isaac M.
I7,s8 Assessors of Philada
'785 Aston, George . .
1781 Attniore, Caleb .
1781 Austin, Isaac . .
1848 Axford, Kdw. J. .
1848 Axworthv, Thomas
1865 "A" . : . . .
1S49 "A, H, C" . . .
i860
1781
'785
1781
17S1
1761
1861
'8,S9
1787
1846
i8,S9
1816
B
Bacon, H. H
Bailey, Francis . . .
Baker, Christopher
Baker, John
Baker, Samuel
Baldwin, John ....
Barcrolt, Mrs. S. B. .
Barker, Mrs
Bartram, Isaac & Moses
Baxter, Isaac B. . .
Bayarcl, Mrs. James .
Beck, Paul & Cornelius
(irinnell
J2 00
10 00
29 88
10 66
18 00
3 33
18 50
I 00
I 00
1 00
5 00
3 00
2 00
3 00
2 00
9 33
25 00
5 00
3' 69
5 00
25 00
25 00
' Residuary bequest.
570
I78I
Benezet & Baclimai
1 . S4
00
1848
i7«o
Betiezet, Jolin . . .
23
26
1781
1865
Benson, Edward W
10
00
1848
1859
Benson, M. G. . . .
10
00
■859
1781
Bevan, Davis . . .
4
00
i860
1755
Bickerdike, Esther
10
66
1859
i860
Biddle, Miss A. E. .
25
00
i860
1775
Biddlr. Owen . . .
10
66
IS6.J
1785
Billin^ton, Thomas
2
00
i860
1781
Blackiston, Priestly
I
00
1758
1754
Blakey. John . . .
2
66
1781
1781
Blane, Ephraini . .
9 33
1785
i860
Bodine, Samuel J. .
20
00
1753
1859
Bosgs & Kirk . . .
25
00
1764
1849
Bostwick, H. N. . .
20
00
1757
1757
Bolide, Thomas . .
4
26
■775
1773
Bowers, Benjamin
9
06
i860
1785
Bovd, James . . .
2
66
i860
1859
Boyd, Miss . . .
20
00
1774
1852
Bovd, William A. .
5
00
i860
1848
Boyd, William J. .
5
00
1821
1764
Bradford, Corneliu
S . II
73
1867
1771
Bradford, W. cSt Th
OS. 3
33
1781
i860
Brewster. Benjamin
H. 25
00
1781
1755
Britton, Benjamin
13
33
1859
1763
Brosins, Nicholas
4
80
1808
i860
Brown, Mrs. I). G.
25
00
1859
1859
Brown, David Paul
5
00
i86o
i860
Brown, Miss Fann\
10
00
1764
1768
Brown, Jacob . .
13
33
1781
1769
Brown, John . .
13
33
1848
1781
Brown. John . .
6
00
1848
1785
Brown, Mary . .
2
66
1781
i860
Brown, Mary H.
10
00
1786
1781
Buddeii. James .
4
00
i860
1756
Bui ley, Robert .
16
36
1778
1761
Bunting, Capt. Sam
uel 13
33
1754
1859
Buplani, Mrs. S. .
S
00
1848
1S48
Burk. John . . .
I
00
1761
17.S8
Burkeloe, Samuel
5
33
1785
1781
Burkham, George
3
00
1775
1848
Burr, U.S. . . .
2
00
1848
I7S5
Burr, John . . .
5
33
1859
1S60
Burrous^h. Mrs. .
5
00
1859
1859
Busbv, Mrs. . . .
5
00
1859
1S59
Busby, E. H. . .
5
00
1757
1859
Busby, George
5
00
i860
1859
Busbv, John . .
5
00
1769
1859
Busbv, J. L. . . .
I
00
i860
iSS9
Bussier, Mrs. D. P.
10
00
1754
Byerly, Jacob . .
'3
33
1781
Byrnes, Patrick .
3
00
1848
1781
17S6
1867
i860
B. J. P
10
00
B. M. M
5
00
c
17.S6
1848
i860
Campbell, Mrs. Jas
R. 10
00
i860
1848
Canby & Son, C.
7
50
1785
i860
Canby, Samuel .
5
00
i8.i9
1781
Caner, Michael .
4
00
17S1
i860
Carl, S. H. ...
5
00
1 78 1
1756
Carmick, Stephen
18
00
1763
i8'7
Carney, Hagan .
20
00
1754
1857
Carney, Maria .
lO
00
1S60
1785
Carroll, Thomas .
3
00
1761
•757
Carrol, Thomas .
13
33
1749
1759
Carson, John . .
16
00
1 781
Cash
Cathringer. John . .
t:haiiley, W. S. . . .
Chauncev, Miss II. .
Claghorn, Mrs. J. W.
Clapier, Mrs
Clark, Edward S. . .
Clark, Mrs. Ewd. W.
C:iark. S. B
Clark, William . . .
Clarkson.Gerardus, M.D.
Cla\'p(Mil, George . .
Ciem, William . . .
Clifton, Henry . . .
Cline, Matthias . . .
Coates, Lindsay . . .
Code, F. P
Coleman, Mrs. James
Coleman. Joseph . .
Coleman, Mrs. Edward
Colhoun, Hugh . . .
Collins, Alfred M. . ,
Cooper, George . . .
Cooper, Harrison .
Cooper, Miss II. . .
Cooper, Samuel . .
Cooper, William
Cope, E. W
Cope, George Adam
Copperthwaite, Samuel
Cornelius & Co. . .
Cornelius, Robert ,
Correy, Robert . .
Cottringer, John .
Cowell, John F. .
Cowper, William
Craddock, William
Craig & Bellas . . .
Craig, James . . .
Craig, James, Jr.
Crawford &Carinichael
Crawford, H. . .
Cresson, M. A. .
Cresson, R. G. . .
Cresson, S. L. . .
Cross, Robert . . .
Crowell, Dr. . . .
Cruzen, Henrv . .
Curry, W. H.'. .
D
Darlington, E. B. .
Davidson, James
Davis, John ....
Davis, Joseph . . .
Davis, Thomas . .
Davis, W
Dawson, Michael .
Defoii, Thomas S. .
DeHaas.John Philip
Dennis. Richaril . .
DeXnrmandie. .Anthony
Deshler, Anthony .
Destanet, S. . . '. .
Dewar, Capt. David
Dick, John ....
Dillwtirth, Jonathan
$2
00
2
00
I
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5
00
5
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5
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25
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5
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5
86
8
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25
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371
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1771
1X6-
'755
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17-^5
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1 781
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Ii<12
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1S60
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1 781
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1 78 1
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1762
1764
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1S60
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1S60
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1818
1780
'785
i860
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1848
'779
1 781
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1S48
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1781
'774
'859
1817
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1849
1879
178.
Dixon, Joliii
Dorscv. Lfoiiard . .
Dorsiy, R.ilit R., M. I).
Dounlurty. Dennis
Doiinbi-rty, Janus K.
Dounl'irty. Mary . .
I )o\viicr, jacol* . .
Drinker, Httirv. Jr.
Drysdalc-, \V.
Duncan, John
Duiilap, Janus
Dunlap, William .
Dunsaii, K. , and otiicrs
Earl, Mrs. Harrison .
Karp, Miss Hannah R.
Harp. RdlK-rl ....
Kl.y, K. C
Kckirt, Adams . .
Kckfilt, A. &J. R. . .
Kdwards, Alc.vandir
Kldridnf. Jflui . . .
KlIrLth, Marv .
Kly, Miss . . .
Ennlis, Samuel
Kvans, Cadwalader, Dr
Evans, Evan ....
Evans, Issachar .
Evans. Peter . .
Evans & Son . .
Evans, Thomas .
Ewald, Charles .
E. A. L
'785
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1767
'S59
Fell. Mrs. J. (..
Fell, Miss Mary \V.
Fennel, W
Fernerson, Mrs. Chas.
Ferfjerson, F
Fisher it Fo.\ ....
Fisher, Joseph . . .
Fisher, Mrs. Sally . .
Fisher, Miss ....
Finlev & Co
Firth; T
Fitting, Caspar . . .
Fitzsiininons, Thomas
Folvvell, C. S
Foster, Francis . . .
Fox, Edward ....
Fox, Joseph M. . . .
Foxcriift. Thomas . .
Fraley, J. E
Fraley. John V. . . .
Franklin, Renjamin .
Franklin, Thomas . .
Friend, to Libraries for
Insane
Fries, Phineas . . .
Fuller, Iknjamin . .
G
Gallaudet, Peter \Vm.
Garaud, Jacob . . .
Gardner, William . .
Garrett, Thomas E. .
$'i 33
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6 69
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2 66
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5 00
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2 66
1781
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1 00
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'3 00
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2 33
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21 66
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4 66
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8 00
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17 60
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Garrison, David R.
Geisse, Miss Seville
(iennnill, Jas. R.
Gemrin, J. II
(iilchrisl, McAuley &
Gill, John
GillespU', Margaret
Gillespie, Mrs. Wni
Glasgow, Peter . .
Glenn, Mr
Goddard, J. H. . .
Goodman, John . .
(foodwin. IMiu-be
Graff, Miss ....
Graff, MissC. . . .
Graham, William .
Gratz, Mrs. Robert H
Graves, John . . .
(;rav, Fletcher, «: C
(irijJK Jt Elliott . .
Guest, George . .
Guillinard, Dr. . .
Gnillou. Rene . . .
Gurnev & Co., Francis
G. W. F
H
Hacker, George . .
Haines, Isaiah . . .
Haines, Robert B. .
Hales, Esther . . .
Hall, WashiiiKlon .
I lalldalK-. Janus
Hamilton, Gavin
Han key, (iodlrey .
Hanlin, Alfred . .
HartliiiK, John, Jr.
Harding, Robert
Hare, Robert . . .
HaiTison, John . .
Harrison. Joseph
Hart, J. H. .t W. B.
Hartley & Knight .
Hastings, Samuel .
Haynes, Robert . .
Hays, George . . .
Heifenstein, S. . .
Hempfield, Thomas
Herbert, Laurence
Herkncss, A. M.
Hewes, Caleb . . .
Hicks, Augustine .
Hicks, Nicliolas . .
Hill, George W. .
Hildebrun, William
Hillery & Abbott .
Hinton, William
Hitchcock, Allen «c
Carver
Hodge, Andrew . .
Hodge, Mrs. M. E.
Hodge, William . .
Holland, Mr. . . .
Hollowell, Hannah
Holsman Mr. . . .
Hone, Mrs
Hood, S
Hopkins, John Jr. .
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17S1 Hopkins, Ricliaril . .
1S60 Hopper, Tliimias C. .
1859 Horner, IVIr. A. . . .
1848 Honscli. Robert . , .
i860 Huber, James S. . .
17.S4 Huddle, Joseph . . .
1781 Huddle, Joseph . .
i860 Huddv, B. F
I7,s6 Hulbert, Pliih]) . . .
1781 Huniplireys, Benjamin
1781 Humphreys, Caleb .
T7S1 Humphreys &
Howell
1781 Humphreys, J., Jr., .
i860 Hunter, Mary ...
1781 Hutchinson, Mahlou .
1859 H. r;. \V
1
1781 Inglis, Samuel . .
1786 Irvin, James ...
1781 Irwin, Thomas . . .
J
1781 Jackson, Dr
1781 Jackson. William .
1859 Jacobs, Mrs. C. S. . .
1,62 Jacobs, Joseph . .
1 781 Jacoby, Leonard
1859 James, Mrs
1768 James, James . .
i860 Janney, B
1758 Janvier, Isaac ....
1762 Janvier, Thomas . .
1781 Jenkins, Mary ...
1774 Jervis, Charles . . .
1758 Jervis, John
1754 Jervis, Thomas . .
i860 Jessup, Mrs
1848 Johnson, George . .
i860 Johnson, Mary . . .
1867 Johnson, Mrs. M. W.
1848 Johnson, Robert
176,3 Jolly, Charles ....
184S Jones, Edward M. . .
1 781 Jones, Ezra
1848 Jones, James
1768 Jones, John
1848 Jones, Jolin
1780 Jones, John M. I)., . .
17.58 Jones, Owen ...
17S1 Jones, Peter ....
1772 Jones, Robert Strettell
1848 Jordan, John ...
i860 J. B. Miss
i860 I. R. L
186s j. S. W
1867 J. P. S. and H. J. M.
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17S1 Kean, Jolm
1848 Kearney, Hugh . . .
1816 Keating, Lambert . .
1848 Kelly, \V. n
1S48 Kennedy, William M.
18.59 Kenney, John B. . .
1781 Keutzing, .\lirahain .
1774 Kepple. Jr., Henry .
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Kern, Mrs. William H
Kirkpatrick, J. T.
Kitchen, William R. .
Klemm, Frederick A.
Knight, Davis ....
Kno.K, Robert ...
Knhn, Jr., Hartnian
Kuhn, Peter
K. J. I). I.., Mrs. .
M
Macalcster, Miss Lily
Macaley, Jolm ....
Mackey, James B. . .
March, Benjamin C).
Maris, T. R'.
Martin, Mrs. O. . .
Mason, James S.
Matlack White . .
Matlack, Sarah .Ann
.McCalla, .Anna . .
McCalla, Belle . . .
McCalla, Charles . .
McClenachan iS: Moore
McCrea, J
McCubbin, James . .
McCulloch, Ur. . . .
McCullough, J. . . ,
McOonough, A. . . .
McElroN', A
McHugii, Mr
McNeill & Co., P.
McSparran, .Archibahl
Mead, Cieorge ....
Mease, James ...
Melchor, Waggoner ^S:
Co
Mellor iSc Ritteuhouse .
Meyers, H, M.
Meyers, Martin Jr. .
Middleton, Isabella
Middleton, Lvdia
Mifflin iNc Butler
Miles, Edward . .
Miller, Charles . .
Miller, Hannah . .
Miller, John ....
Miller, lolm C. . .
Miller, P
MiUigan, James . .
Minshall & Jacob .
Minshall, Thomas .
Mitcliell, Abr.iham
Mitchell, p;dward .
Mitchell, John . . .
Mitchell, John . . .
Mitchell. J. B. . . .
Mock, John ....
Montgomery, John
MontmuUin, .Adelaic
Moore, .Allen . . .
Moore, John ....
Moore, Mary . . .
Morris, Deborah
Morris, Mrs. E. H.
Morris, Hannah E.
Morris, Mrs. Isaac
Morris, Widow . .
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Morris, Morris, Jr.
Morrison, (icor^L'
Morton. John . .
Mosi.r, I'hilip .
Molt, Janus .
Moyir .S: lla/anl
Murdoch, Marv
Mnrtha, J. 1'. '. .
MusKrovi.-, Joseph
M. C. I)
M. K. T
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Nancarr*)W, Jolui . .
iNatlians. William
Nisliitt.J.ilMi M...N; Co,
NiwlK.l.l.Mrs.Wni. II.
Nuwlin, Mrs. Jam- . .
Nfwiin, William I'
Newport, Janus . .
Nil.lock, KlizaJ. . . .
Nil)lock, Marjjarct . .
N'ilVrn, Salma ....
Niiholson. William
North. Joseph ....
Norton, I*'rancis . . .
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)ellers, Janus . . .
XTiccrsof Uritish .Vrinv
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'aKe, S. Davis . .
'arisli, Roherl . .
'arrish, Kdward
>arrv. Rachel K. .
'arvin, W. .S: Co. .
'ascliall, Benjamin
I'ascliall, Heiilah .
'alterson. R. . . .
'.itterson, Mrs. R.
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'aul, William . . .
*eck, John ....
•ellar, James . . .
'enrose, Bartliolomew
'enrose, Isaac . .
'enrose, Samuel
:Vpper, George S. .
I'epper, S. N. . . .
'epper, W. I'. . . .
'erkins, S. H. .
'erot, Mrs. Frances
'erot, Mary N. . .
eters, Kvan . . .
Peterson, Mrs. Chas. J.
'ettit & Kolwell .
'lister, Jaeol) . .
'leasants, Robert
'ollaril, William
'orter, R. R. . .
'orter, W . . . .
I't)tts, Kniily .
'otts, James . .
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767 Potts, Capt. Joseph
848 Powderly, P. ...
859 Pratt, Thomas . .
800 Preston, William .
848 Price, R
781 Price ."t Snovvden .
848 Price, William . .
771 Pritchar<l, Rowland
755 Pritchard, William
859 Putih, II. A
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7S1 Quarrier & Hunter
859 U'x-i". J- W- '* •-"o.
848 Ouiiin, K<I«ard . .
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763 Ramhft, .Andrew . .
859 Randolph, .Mrs. J. .
848 Rayner, C
.8.18 Reanev, Robert S. .
859 Read, R. S
781 Redman, Joseph, Jr.
848 Reeve, Josiah . . .
781 Reinhold. Cieorge .
.S48 Reillev, B. S. . . .
S|,s Reillev. John . . .
.Mx. Reir, Sirs. John .
781 Rhea, \\ idow . . .
793 Rlmads. Sar.ih . .
758 Rich, John ...
851 Richards »S: Brother
S67 Richardson, fJeorge
788 Richardson, Hannah
786 Richardson. Nath.mie
820 Richie, William .
775 Rickard, John . ,
781 Rickard, William
860 Rid^wav, Mrs. Sarah
781 Risk, Charles . .
860 Roberts, Algernon S
851 Roberts cS: Conrad
775 Roberts, lOdward
860 Roberts, I.ydia . .
785 Roberts, Rliberl . .
781 Roberts, William
757 Robins, Cliristoplier
860 Robins, Rev. J. W.
821 Rojjers, Charles . .
781 Roney, Charles . .
764 Rose, Thomas . . .
8*;g R(»ss, John ....
848 Rowan, Klizabeth .
878 Roydhonse \; Atkinsi
860 Rubicum, Charles .
848 Russell, Alexander
768 Russell, George . .
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867 Salt, James , . , .
781 Sands, Richard . .
859 Savage, William L.
756 Sayre, John ....
860 Sciiotl, Miss Mary .
757 Schweighauser,John
866 Scott, James W. . .
848 Sharpless, Mary I).
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1782 Slieaff, VVilliaiii ,
1781 Shields, Thomas
1780 Shirtliff, William
1781 Shoemaker, Beiij.imi
1786 Shortall, Thomas . ,
1762 Shullenberger, Frt'cle
1762 Shultz, Georj;e
1766 Shultz, Melchior
1762 Shute, John ....
1757 Shute, Joseph ...
1781 Sickle, Lawrence .
1787 Siddons, Joseph . .
i860 Sill, Mrs. Joseph
1781 Sims, Woodrop . -
1781 Singer, Caspar . .
1848 Slemaus, James , .
1848 Sloan, John ....
1851 Smitli, D
1781 Smith, John ....
i860 Smith, J. J
i8=i9 Smith, Mrs. Jos. I,.
1864 Smith, Mi.ss Mary P.
1859 Smith, William . .
1772 Smith, Rev. William
1787 Smith, William, M. I).,
1785 Smith, William G. .
1863 Smyth, William C.
1848 Snow. Charles . . .
1848 Snowden. Thomas .
1848 Snyder, Thomas
i860 Soloman, David . .
1848 Spencer, Oliver . .
i860 Springs, W. L. . .
i860 Staley, Miss A. . .
1788 Starr, James . . .
1780 Stansbury, Joseph .
1824 Steadman, Elizabeth
1774 Steinmetz, John . .
1788 Stevens, John . . .
1848 Stevenson, Samuel
1848 Stewrart & Brother
1848 Stewart, Robert . .
184S Stiles, N. D. ...
1859 Stiles, Mr
179.S Stille, John ....
i860 Stockton, George .
1762 StotTer, John Caspar
1856 Stokes. C
1756 Stow, Charles, Jr.. .
1754 Stretch, Isaac . . .
1774 Stretch, Peter . . ,
1756 Strettell, Robert
1786 Stroud, Isaac . . .
1 781 Styles, Edward . .
i860 Styles, Henrv . . .
i860 Styles, H. A.' . . .
1859 Sulger, Mrs. . . .
1781 Sutter, Peter, Jr., .
1859 Swain, Mrs
1759 Swan. Richard . .
1781 Swan, Timothy . .
184S Swartz, A. G. '. . .
1848 Sweeny, Ann . . .
I78,s Sweetman i*t Rudolph
1756 Swift, John
i860 Symington, Miss Mary F
$1 00
i860
,,66
1781
3 00
1872
8 00
24 00
2 33
24 44
9 66
13 33
2 66
1786
1786
1787
1781
1767
13 33
3 00
9 33
10 00
1848
1786
i«59
i860
4 00
3 00
I 00
1755
1848
1848
18.W
I 00
i860
4 00
15 00
1772
1868
i860
1786
i860
26 20
i860
13 40
1777
17S1
I 00
25 00
1867
1848
10 00
1763
5 00
25 00
3 00
1781
1781
i860
S 00
5 00
13 33
1849
13 33
8 00
16 00
i«59
2 00
I 00
1762
5 00
1754
I 00
184S
I 00
1848
10 00
1848
1781
15 00
i860
5 33
I7»9
ID 00
1781
14 40
1855
15 46
i860
4 So
1761
20 26
i860
13 33
i860
6 00
178.S
10 00
185 1
5 00
i860
2 00
1848
2 00
t8,sq
25 00
1774
2 66
1780
3 00
1781
I 00
1880
I 00
1848
3 00
1848
18 00
1781
3 00
; lS6<J
Symington, Matilda W. $5 00
Syng, Charles .... 3 00
S. S S 00
Taggart, Robert i 33
Tatem, Joseph ... 8 00
Tatem, Joseph ... 8 00
Taylor, Amos .... ,? 00
Taylor, George ... 6 00
Taylor, T. S i 00
Tcrrason Brothers & Co. 8 00
Tevis, Mrs. B 5 00
Thomas, Anna ... 25 00
Thomas, Thomas . . 2 66
Thompson, John . . i 00
Thompson, Margaret i 00
Thompson. William R. 25 00
Thomson, Lavinia . . 6 00
Thrasher. Mary ... 2 00
Tiers & Bradshaw . . 10 00
Tilge, Mrs. Henry . 10 00
Tilibury, Widow . . 8 00
Tingley, Mr 5 00
Toby, Mrs. Samuel 5 00
Tool, Bartholomew 9 00
Tottcn, Robert ... 8 00
Trcwendt, Theo. . . 20 00
Turner, James ... 2 00
Turner, John .... '3 33
Turner, Joseph. Jr., . 4 00
Tnrnhull. William 6 00
Twells, L. A 5 00
U
I'lulerwood. Morris . 10 00
V
X'alentine, Robert . . 10 fio
W
Waggoner, Andrew . 2 <X3
Wakelv, Robert ... 4 26
Walker, Mary ... 2 00
Walker, P i 00
Wall, Samuel . ,s 00
Wallace, Samuel 18 40
Wallet, Mrs. M. V. . 10 00
Wain, Jessie & Robert 1600
Wain, Xicholas ... 8 00
Walsh, J. P., M. D. . 10 00
Ward & Bro 5 00
Ward, Capt. Henry . 13 33
Warder, Ann .... 10 00
Warner, .Martha .Ann 25 00
Warner, Widow ... 8 00
Warrington, J. . . . 2 50
Watson, Mrs. H. C. . 20 00
Weigand, John ... 5 00
Weigand, Mrs. ... 5 00
Weiss, Lewis ... ^3^3
Walls. Richard . 19 33
Walls, William ... 2 00
Welsh, Isaac .... 25 00
Wentz, Samuel ... i 00
Welherill & Chandler 15 00
Wetherill, Jr., Samuel 3 00
Wernwag, Mrs. ... 2 50
375
1786 Wist, Francis & John
1789 Wharton & Lewis . .
17S1 Wliarton, Riyiiold
1781 Wliiti", Cliarks . .
1809 Wliitc, Joshua . .
1859 White, J. I)
17S6 Whiltall, Janus . .
1866 Whiteliead, Kdwarcl J.
1860 Whitiiiian, W. C. .
i860 Wiiiteman, Mrs. .
1781 Whittsiilf. IVti-r
17S1 Wickoti, Isaac .
1851 Williams, Isaac .
'757 Williams, Joseph
i860 Willing, Mrs
i860 Willing;, Mrs. Charles
1789 Willing. Morris. &
Swanwick ....
1859 VVilmer, Mrs. J. R.
1780 Willson, James .
1848 Wilson, Mattliew .
1848 Wilson. W
1865 Winsor, Mrs. Henry .
S36 66
1888
Wirnnian, Charles, Dr.
$25 <«>
' 33
1851
Wollerlon, William .
8 43
4 00
i«59
Wood, Caroline . . .
10 00
2 00
18.S7
Wood, Francis R. .
ID 00
1706
1S4S
Wood, William
1 IM
10 00
'775
Woodrnw. Ilenr>' .
21 69
5 33
1781
Wooils, John ...
4 00
25 00
"7.S3
Wooley, Kdmund .
13 .33
5 00
i860
Workman .S: <d. .
10 tx>
5 00
i860
Workman. Mrs. .
2 .so
9 33
1852
Wright >V llntili r
20 <x»
6 00
1848
Wright, I'eter . .
I 00
19 00
i860
Wiirlz, Miss Kliz.i .
10 00
'3 33
■ H.TO
Wyeth, John ....
5 Of.
5 00
Y
25 00
i860
Varnall .S: Cooper . .
Jtl 0<J
16 fK)
1848
Varnall iS: Walton
10 00
2 so
1757
Yerkes, Harnian .
12 22
24 66
1786
Young. William .
1 33
I 00
1 00
z
25 00
'7^1
Zantzinger, Adam
14 00
i;
■6i>
i7«3
1764
1813
1770
17S6
1819
SPECIAL DEPOSITS OF UNCLAIMED FUNDS.
.Allen, William, Chief
Justice $13^ 03
Cassidy, Janus ... 56 00
Cooper. Jacob .... 456 03
Dawson, William 79 89
Duche, Jacob . . 27 00
Fisher, Thomas. Samuel
and Miers .8s .^.3
Fisher, Samuel R. . . 218 66
1768
1763
1802
1848
1832
1H26
18^6
1826
Jones, John, Kst. of . $2,500 53
Kenneth it .McMurtrie 74 40
Lewis, Mordecai 193 60
Norris, J. I', tt J. R. NelT 376 76
Ralston, Robert ... 191 20
Slewarilson, Thomas
and John Ashley . . 865 06
.Stewardson, Thomas 4,410 18
Warner, Joseph . . . .^oo m
GRANTS BY ASSEMBLY AND AN ACT OF PARLIAMENT.
May 11, I7,si. For building, and furnishing the Hospital (page 9) jC^.x""
.A|iril 21. 1759. One-half the fines for shipping Lumber contrary to
Law (page 248) S214 ,S3
Three-fourths the fines for selling Middlings nii.\e<l
with Corn Meal (page 248), which yielded . . . S631 90
1760. Pennsylvania Land Co., London, by Act of Parlia-
ment, unclainie(l assets in hands of Trustees on
June 24. 1770. which yielded /'7,6i i 13s. $ii. Ster-
ling, or .ibout (page 250) S3f',840 43
May 17,1762. To reimburse Capital Stock (page 248) /^3 000
March 27, 1780. Toaid the Fun<ls of the Hospital (Continental money ) /lo.ooo
June 27,1781. I'nclaimed shares of Prize Money, which yielded in
St.ate currency (page 249) /"4,6o8 I2,v. 3</.
1782. The Assembly granted to the Hospital the fines im-
posed upon its members (page 249) ^7^ 12J. lorf.
.■\pril II, 1793. To erect aildilional buildings (page 249) J26,666 67
.■\lso, the unclaimed dividends of Bankrupt Kstates,
which yielded (page 254) $20,044 64
April 4,1796. In a supplement to preceding Act, a further sum to
finish the buildings, etc. (page 256) $25,000 00
M(>
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL,
From i7;i to 1894.
1S5-
1821
■S57
>7«5
1.S06
I7S,S
1865
1H56
'754
I7«i
1859
177s
1751
1.S60
1.S56
1.S4.S
■ «56
1767
18.H
1856
i860
i85«
i«45
1832
1786
1 801
1856
1856
■795
1751
1791
1S56
1856
'755
•751
1754
1759
1 791
1761
1857
1S59.
"859
1764
i«45
176.
1868
1847
1859
1841
i860
1841
1856
1859
1869
1847
1809
1 886
'873
1754
'833
A.
1786
Aston, Peter ...
S26 67
Abbott iSc Lawraiui.- .
5100 00
'893
Atkinson, Rebecca M. 4.750 00
Abbott, \Villi;iiii . .
30 00
100 00
■754
Attwood, William .
'.33 33
Abbott, William I-. .
1858
Aiidenreid, Lewis .
I.2IX> 00
Adams, Richard . . .
26 67
55 00
40 00
1856
Austin, John B. . .
KX> 00
Adams, Robert . . .
1856
Ayres, George . .
100 00
Afllc'ck, Thomas
■ 865
•'A"
600 00
Agnew, D. Hayes, Dr.
30 00
1867
Anonvmons . . .
2.300 0.)
Agiitw, Joim ....
KXJ 00
B.
All)t-rger, Jacob T.
250 00
1827
Bache, Franklin, Di
w 00
Allair, Ale.xaiukr
26 67
1849
Bache, T. Hewson Dr. 30 00
Allen, Chaiiiless . . .
29 66
1761
Bacon, David . . .
26 67
Allen, John C
50 00
1763
Bacon, Job ....
35 75
Allen, Joseph ....
32 87
1803
Bacon, John ....
30 00
Allen, William . . ,
'.269 33
1867
Bacon, Joseph . . .
261 00
Allen, W. <t J. ...
50 00
1858
Bacon, Josiah . . .
200 00
Allibone, S. Austin .
200 iX)
1866
Bacon, Richar<l W.
30 00
Allibone, Thomas
505 00
1858
Bailev & Brothers .
100 00
Alter, Jacob
100 00
1867
Bailev, E. W. . . .
100 00
Anderson, Lawrence
26 67
1856
Baily, Joel J.
600 00
Anderson, William V.
130 00
1761
Baily, John ....
26 67
Andrade, Joseph . .
1,100 00
'859
Baily, Joshua L. . .
100 00
Andrews and Divon .
60 00
■855
Baird, Henry C.
27 00
Andrews, James
100 00
■893
Baird, John ....
5,100 00
Andrews, Joseph B. .
130 00
1867
Baird, Matthew . .
2,000 00
Andrews, Robert . .
27 00
1857
Baird, William M. .
100 00
Angres, John ....
26 67
1859
Baird, William S. .
50 00
Annesle}', Robert . .
30 00
■857
Baker, .Abraham
430 00
Anspachjjohn . . .
550 00
1S67
Baker, Alfred G. .
100 00
Antelo,'A. J
200 00
1852
Baker, Ann M. . .
200 00
Anthony, Joseph . .
293 3i
.852
Baker, Charles H.
'.325 00
Anthony, Stephen
26 67
1780
Baker. Hillary . .
26 67
Anthony, Thomas
17S6
Baker, Jacob . . .
26 67
Powell
26 67
1865
Baker, Jairus . . .
100 00
Archer, Ellis S. . . .
50 00
1818
Baker, John R. . .
50 00
Archer, Mary .\nn . .
50 00
1758
Baker, Joseph . .
27 07
Armitage, Beiij. S., Jr.
26 67
'859
Baker, Michal V. .
125 00
Armitt, John ....
53 33
1795
Baker, Samuel . .
'33 33
Asbridge. George . .
26 67
1S71
Balderston, Mark .
100 00
Ash, Capt. Henry . .
26 67
1857
Baldwin & Co., M. \\
. 2,500 00
Ash, James
26 67
1857
Baldwin, Stephen .
100 CO
Ash, Joshua . . .
26 67
i860
Ball, Mars ....
50 00
Ash, Joshua N.. M.I).
50 55
1799
Ball, Joseph ....
36667
Ashbridge, Jane
100 00
1754
Ball, William . .
26 67
Ashbridge, Thomasine
50 00
1858
Bancroft, .^L & E. .
100 00
Ashbridge, William .
26 67
'755
Bankson, .Andrew
26 67
Ashbridge, William .
1,2^6 00
■758
Bankson, John &Jaco
b 26 67
Ashburn, Martin . .
26 67
■859
Barclay, .Andrew C.
150 00
.•\shhurst, Francis, Dr.
36 00
i860
Barclay, Clement H.
500 00
.Ashhurst. Ji)hn . . -
630 CX)
1801
Barclay. Robert . .
200 00
Ashhurst, John, Jr.. Dr.
100 00
1762
Barclav iS: Sons, Davi
1 466 67
.Ashhurst, Lewis R.
326 67
1S57
BarcroVt. Stacey B.
1,000 00
Ashhurst, Mrs. L. R.
50 00
'754
Bard. William .' . .
26 67
Ashhurst, Richard
1.026 67
1856
Barker, .Abraham
200 00
.Ashhurst, Richard, Jr.
30 00
1856
Barnes, Rev. Albert
100 (X>
Ashhurst, Samuel . .
100 00
'775
Barnes, Barnabas .
36 98
.Ashhurst, William H.
500 00
1788
Barnes, Cornelius .
33 33
Ashhurst, William L.
30 00
1770
Barren, William
26 67
Ashley, John ...
100 00
.786
Bartholomew, John
26 67
Ashmead, W. S: James
5,000 00
'799
Bartling, Christlieb
39 '2
Ashmead, William, Dr.
400 00
1867
Bartol, B. H. ...
S50 00
Aspden, Matthias . .
2667
1886
Bartol, George E.
140 00
Astley, Thom.as . . .
30 00
1798
Barton, Benj. S.. M. [
). 60 00
377
1890
Barton, Francis . .
Sl.lMNI (X>
1S87
Biddle, Elizabeth S.
S30 00
iS23
Harton. Jolin Rli
ea,
1864
Biddle, Emilv .M. .
50 00
Ml)
380 00
1852
Biddle. GeorKeW. .
130 00
1847
liarlon, Isaac . . .
880 00
1887
Biddle, Helen K. .
30 C»J
1S57
Barton & Co., Sam
uel 100 00
'855
Bi(Klle, Henrv J.
3o(j (x»
'771
Bartrani, (jcorj^c
26 67
1864
Bi(Ulle, J. Williams
50 00
1787
Bartrani, Isaac :
n<l
1,871
Biddle, James .
26 67
Moses
.V 69
1887
Biddle, James G.
V> 00
1768
Bass, Robi-rt . . .
40 ou
"754
Biddle. John .
26 67
1762
Bassist, David .
2667
1846
Biddle. John B., .Ml)
.^o 00
'«57
Bates iS; Coats . . .
100 CX)
1889
Biddle. John W. . . .
loo 00
>S9
Baii^li, Samuel
100 00
"855
Bidtile. Jona. Williams 250 00
1 88 2
Baum. Charles, M.
D. 30 00
1881
Biddle, Julia W. . . .
joo 00
1866
Bayard. Cliarles P.
100 00
'»57
Biddle, W
.so 00
1855
Bayard, James .
125 00
1887
Biddle, Marv H. .
30 00
1768
Bayard, Jolni . . .
26 67
1867
Biddle, Robert and \\
E. I(x> 00
'754
Bayley, John . . .
26 67
"857
Biddle, Samuel . . .
.^o 00
"754
Bayntoii, Ji>hn
88 00
1807
Biddle, Thomas . . .
30 00
■756
Bavnton, Peter .
27 20
"854
Biddle, Thomas A. .
900 00
1881
Beid, Edward, Jr.
50 00
1867
Biddle, Mrs. Thomas
\. 100 00
1856
1852
Beaver, Thomas
Beck, Henrv Paid .
100 00
30 00
1849
1880 )
Biddle. William . .
2.240 00
■797
Beck, Paul, Jr.
140 00
18X7
Biddle. William, Jr.
30 (K)
1892
Becker. J. A. . .
^o 00
1865
Bines. David \. . .
30 <X>
"754
Bedford, (uinninK
"26 67
1865
Bines, S. Mason . . .
30 00
"859
Bedlock, Edward
200 00
■ 865
Bines, S. Mason, Jr. .
30 00
'»33
Beeslev, Tlieophil
us
1865
Bines, William T. . .
V* 00
E., M. D. . . .
152 00
"758
Biiii;liam. William, .Sr
96 85
1S65
Bell, Emilv . . .
30 1X1
I -8 1
Hinnhain, William . .
620 CH>
"865
Bell, Helen .
30 00
1810
Binney, Horace . . .
2.250 00
"759
Bell, John . .
26 67
"8.57
Binncy, Horace, Jr. .
iixj 00
1827
Bell. John, M. I).
30 00
1S60
Hinnev, Mrs. Horace so 00
1867
Bell. Laura . . .
30 00
1820
Bird, Charles . . .
58 00
1786
Bell, Capt. Thomas
26 67
1786
Bird, Edward . . •.
v6 67
1867
Benient & UoUKhc
rt>' 1,000 00
'773
Birbeck, .Morris . .
26 67
"75"
Benczet, Anthony
3" 33
■758
Bissell, John . . .
26 67
■752
Benezet, Daniel .
7466
i860
Black. John ....
l<x> 00
1756
Beiiezct, James .
48 70
1867
Blackburne, I'rancis,
r. 2<x) 00
" 754
Benczet, Philip .
40 00
"7,59
Blackham. Richard
56 67
1S04
Benin;;have, Jaco!)
26 67
1767
Blackiston, J<ihn R
.So 00
"-<55
Benners, George \\
45 83
1890
Blair, Anna S. . . .
3^3 33
1S6.:,
Beiniers, Henry B.
50 00
1881
Blancliard, .Anna . .
i7.o<x> (JO
i'*59
Benners, Henry M.
33 34
to
1891J
Blanchard. Harriet
17,000 00
'■•<55
Benners, James .
"45 83
Blanchard, Maria .
I7,(xxj <x»
i8s8
Bennett, Joseph M.
100 00
■875
Blanchard, Maria E.
5,oo<j 00
■756
Bensell, George
26 67
1,856
Blanchard. William A
.^,300 IX)
1X57
Benson, Ale.xander
1,025 00
■«75
Blanchard. Mrs.Wm.. A. i<«) 00
1N91
Benson. Edward N
5,(XK> 00
.766
Bland. Elias ....
53 33
1857
Benson, Gustavus
S. 250 00
•755
Bleaklev, John. Sr.
.53 33
1851
Bettle, Samuel. Jr.
30 00
"75"
Bleakley. John . .
'33 33
1851
Settle. William .
30 00
1786
Blewer. Joseph . ,
29 67
I88g
Betz. John F. .
5.o(X) 00
"859
Blight, Atherton .
4(X> 00
1809
Bevan. .Matthew L.
50 00
"856
Bli«ht. .Maria . . .
5(x> 00
1766
Bevan. Timothy .
226 67
1867
Bliss, Theodore
KX) 00
1764
Beveridji;e. David
53 33
1797
Blodget. Sanuiel
IfKJ (X>
"76,5
Bicklev. Abraham
40 00
1.856
Bloodi^(,od, Joseph I
150 (X>
1872
Biddle, A. Sidney
30 00
"857
Bockiiis. E. F.
500 CKJ
".^55
1S90J
Biddle, .'\le.\antler
"6,75s 34
"856
"852
Bohleii.Jolin .
Boker. Charles I.. .
2, -MX) 00
2^0 00
1872
Biddle, .Arthur
30 00
"852
Boker. Charles S.,.M.D. 30 00
i860
Biddle, Mrs. C. .
100 00
1794
Boiler, Fredrick . .
26 67
1872
Bid<lle, Miss C. .
100 00
1S07
Bolton. Curtis . . .
50 <X)
1767
Biddle. Clement .
63 22
1809
Bolton. John . . .
50 00
1864
Biddle, Clement .
400 00
"859
Bond. James. M. 1).
S(X) 00
"S54
Biddle, Clement. Ji
2QO 00
"75"
Bond. Phineas . . .
26 67
184s
Biddle, Clement C.
30 00
"75"
Bond, Tliomjus .
66 66
1S59
Biddle. Elizabeth t
. . 100 00
"754
Bonnel, Samuel
26 67
37'^
1775
i«59
1864 I
i«7oJ
1.S60
1S67
IS56
'X57
1756
1.S07
1754
i,s6i
.X65
i''<57
1.S67
■752
1 866
1.S7.
1.S56
1S60
1.S64
i,S64
1 84 1
1.S74
'755
17,S6
>'\S7
]>Soz
1S59
1794
J7>Si
1 761
J 754
1769
1761
i«59
i'\S9
it<6o
i.-<59
17S7
1754
1856
1.S76
1799
1855
1S68
:S76
i^i4
KS57
1H40
1852
1867
1867
1876
1828
1754
1856
i86o
1 8s I
Bimsall. Kdward
Buukhaiiinicr.Allfn li.
Borie, Adolph E. . .
Borie, Mrs. Adolpl
Horic, C. and H.
Borii", Cliarks I..
Borie, Henry P. .
Bossier, Henry
Boulttjn, John . .
Bourne. Tliomas
Bouvier. Micliael
Bowen ^: Kox . .
Bowen. William K
Bower. Henry
Bowman. John
Boyd cSc HoukIi .
Bovd, Thomas A.
Boyd, W. G. . .
Boyd, William S.
Bover, William 11.
Bracken, J. H. .
Bradfor.l, James H.. Ml).
Bradford, T. Hewson,
M. U. . . . . .
Bradford. William
Bradford, Willam,
Bradforil. Wiliiani
Brady, Patrick
Branner, George
Branson, Samuel
Branson, William
Bray, Mary . .
Breinlnall, David
Bridges, Robert .
Briniihnrst, James
Brini;lnirst, John
Brint;lun'sl. John
Brin^hurst, Joseph
Brinton, (;eor.!;e .
Brinton.Jane . .
Brock, John . . .
Brock, John 1'. .
Brooks, Kdward .
Brooks. Thomas .
Brown, Ale.xander
Brown, Ale.vamler
Brown, Andrew .
Brown, Beinieville
Br<nvn, Charlotte
Augusta . . .
Brown, (Mement .M
Brown, David S.
Brown, & Embly
Brown, Frederick
Brown, Frederick,
Brown, Mrs., Sr.
Fredk
Brown, Mrs.
Fredk.. Jr. . .
Brown, Isabella .
Brown, James . .
Brown, Jeremiah
Brown, Jeremiah
Brown, John .A. .
Brown, Mrs. John .X
Brown, John .A. .
826 67
10,000 00
100 00
5(H) 0<J
500 00
200 00
.6 67
50 00
44 67
100 00
100 00
ICKJ 00
51 Xj 00
32 00
UJO 00
30 00
I(» 00
lot:) 00
KX) 00
100 00
t«:»
230 00
26 67
26 67
30 o<i
100 00
i.« 3i
100 00
133 33
^c» 00
26 67
48 00
,0 67
82 78
26 67
26 67
l(X5 00
200 00
2,000 00
2. SO 00
26 67
26 67
250 00
33 33
513 33
2CK> 00
UK) 00
33 34
126 67
200 00
947 00
140 00
5<X) otj
500 00
33 33
40 00
26 67
26 67
3,500 00
50 iXJ
180 00
807
821
864
822
864
890
870
856
860
797
802
«59
«59'
«94J
853
860
856
«34
807
887
«56
793
802
867
856
755
«57
«59
856
857
856
860
859
766
859
859
859
860
754
857
886
848
824
S28
786
756
859
851
761
857
857
857
857
756
8.s6
786
812
818
Brown, John Coates . S45 20
Brown, Joseph D. . . 3,780 00
Brown, J. Wistar 30 00
Brown, Lawrence it . 57 36
Brown, Mary D. . . . 13,100 00
Brown, Mar>' Fiirnum .S,oo'5 00
Brown, Mary S. . . . ,30 00
Brow^n, Moses .... 200 00
Brown, Mrs. Moses 50 00
Brown, Peter .... 123 72
Brown, Samuel . . . (o 00
Brown, T. W. & M. . 100 00
Brown, T. Wistar . 2.425 00
Brown, Washington . 630 00
Brown. William ... 70 00
Brown iSc t"o., Wm. H. nx> 00
Brown, William Henry 76 67
Brown, William J. . . 30 46
Brush, Kdward N., M. D. 30 ix>
Bryan, Timothy M. . nxj <xj
Buchanan, Robert . . 4S 78
Buckley, .'\nthony M. 36 00
Buckley, Kdward S. . 100 00
Buckley, M. Brooke iixj 00
Buckley, William . . 53 ^3
Bucknell, William . . i ,<xio 00
Bucknell, Mrs. Wm. . 125 00
Bucknor, McCammon
& Co 200 00
Budd, & Comley . . iwj 00
Budd, John B 300 00
Build, .Mrs. John B. . 30 00
Budd, Joseph .... 30 00
Budden, Capt. Richard 26 67
Bnist, Robert .... iix) 00
Bullitt, John (,". ... ,50 00
Bullock, Benjamin , . 750 00
Bullock, Charles . . . (x.) (X)
Bullock, Gcorsje ... 28 80
Bunn, Raiguel it Co. . 100 00
Buntins, Henry B. 5,'h)0 00
Bunting, Jacob T. . . 155 00
Bunting, Josiaii ... 50 00
Burd, Edward . ' . i so 00
Burchell. J. J 26 67
KuiKe, Samuel . . 107 26
Burj^in, George H.. M. D. .50 00
Burroughs, H. Nelson 420 00
Bush, Matthias ... 26 67
Butcher, John .... hk> 00
Butcher, Washinjjton hh) 00
Bute it Smith .... 250 00
Butler, John M. . . . uxj 00
Bryan, George M. . . 4*> 70
Bryan, Timothy M. u«> 00
Brynes, Daniel 26 67
Byron, Joshua . ,'o 00
B. J. T 100 00
c
Cabeen & Co.
1857 Cabeen & Co
1836 Cadwalader, George .
1771 Cadwalader, John . .
17SI Cailwalader, Thomas.
M. D
1813 C'ailwahuler. Thomas
250 00
100 00
■-53 33
66 66
30 00
379
1867
i!to6
1.S31
1781
>79«
1856
17».
i«59
1S15
I«i5
1852
1858
i860
i«57
■.~<57
1874
■785
1754
1.S57
1806
1S52
1865
i«59
I8s6
i860
1S56
1761
'«57
'756
'«57
1856
1849
1871
i'\S9
i860
■859
'754
1840
i860
1858
1858
1857
1859
1761
1786
"893
1856
"755
'859
'75«
1855
1754
I7«5
1847
■ 858
1885
1807
'754
i>k,j
'855
'756
C:ulwallaik-r, John
Cain, Hai'kiT. & C"ook
Calticlcvi^li. Aiulrt-w .
CaUlclcu^li, Koliirt A.
Cal(l\vi-ll. Aiulri-w . .
Caklw^ll. tharks, M. I).
CaUlwill «: Kii>;li-I>
Caklwill. Saimu 1
Caklwi-ll «: Co.,
JaiiK'S K
Calliiniii. Sanuiil. M. D.
Catiiao, Sarah ....
Cainac, TiiriKT .
Caniac, William, M. I).
Camblos. Chark-s . .
Canipbell, Arcliihald
Canipl)cll, Hunh . .
Cainpki-ll. Jaiiu-s R. .
Carnpliill. St. Gcorni'
T
Campbell & Kingston
CampHtr, William
Campion, Josipli 11
Canbv. Kli . .
Canliy.Jolm
Canhy, Samntl T. .
Cancr. William J. . .
Caniull. S. W. . . .
Cannell, Mrs. S. W. .
Carey, Henry C.
Carpenter, Emanuel
Carpenter, Kraniis
Carpenter. Thomas
Carpenter, William
Carson, George C. .
Carson, Joseph, M. I >.
Carter, Jerome . . .
Carter, John ...
Carter, John C. . . .
Carter & ScattcrKood
Carnthers, Samuel
Cash, Andrew ...
Cash nnknovvn . . .
Castamajor, Prudent
Castner, Samuel . . .
Catherwood, H. & II.
W
Cattell, Ale.tanck-r <">.
Cattell, Kliza G. . . .
Chalmers, James . .
Chaloner. Jolin . . .
Chamberlain, S. B.
Chambers, Andrew
Chambers, David
Chambers, Mrs. I). .
Chancellor, Samuel
Chancellor, Wharton
Chancellor, Wm., Dr.
irhancellor, William .
Chancellor, William
Chandler, Joseph R. .
Chapin, Joiin H., M. 1).
Chapman, Nathaniel, Dr.
Chattin, James .
Chauncey, Charles
Chauncey, Nathaniel
Cheesnian, Samuel
R.
M.
Si 50
(Mi
'759
Chevallier. I'eter
S6.S 06
.v
00
'756
Chew. Henjamin .
66 66
50
CKt
\m
Child, James . . .
99 "5
3"
00
Childs, GeorKe W
2,100 00
,M
67
'8.S9
Chikis ."t Peterson .
100 DO
IIM)
IK)
I.S56
CMiristian. Samuel J.
200 (X>
tiMI
«>
'754
Church, John . . .
26 67
i.S
20
1864
Churchman, Charles W. 200 00
'858
Churchman, I'rai;; & i'o. 50 00
525
00
1856
Cla;;horne, Janus [..
150 fJO
4"
<X)
1858
Cla^horne, Janus W
50 cw
60
tX)
1.806
Clapier, I-ewis . .
20«» (K)
'65
cx>
1840
Clapp, .Mien .
30 00
.?o
00
'859
Clark. Charles
50 00
IS"
IM)
1.S68
Clark. Clarence 11.
200 00
100
(K>
1761
Clark. Daniel .
26 67
100
Oti
1864
I'lark .S: Co.. K. W.
3,500 <K>
625
00
1858
Clark, Kdward W .
3<xj (x>
1856
Clark, Knoch N.
l,(XKJ IX»
2,000
00
1S60
Clark. Kphraim. Jr
100 rx)
26 66
1852
Clark. Jane
SftO 00
4"
(KJ
1780
Clark. John
26 67
5"
(K>
'8.S9
Clark, John
so 00
4"
tXi
1787
Clark, Samuel
26 67
,?o
00
1826
Clarke. J. V.. M. D.
2b 67
200
00
'756
Clarkson, Matthew
73 88
.■i"
CX>
1786
Clay, Curtis ...
26 67
5(K>
(>0
1807
Clayton, Thomas .
40 00
.so
00
'89.?
Clay tor. Helen A
3,000 00
IIXJ
CXJ
1803
Clenunt. James W.
30 (Kl
26 67
'754
Clitlord, Thomas
2"' 4 95
.5"
0<)
'759
Clifton. William
62 67
Sl
6y
'893
Clothier. Isaa<- II.
V* 00
5"
CK)
'754
Chilo. Janus
26 67
400
00
1761
Clynu-r. (ieorxe . .
63 72
.?"
CX>
1857
Coates. .Miraham .
200 00
.V>
00
■ '859
Coates. Heni.imin .
KX) 00
230
CtO
1820
Coates. IKniaiuin
420
Oi)
Horner. M. D.
26 67
100
00
i '8'.?
Coates, (ieorKeM. .
V> 00
26
67
1 1776
Coates, Isaac . . .
66 66
.v
(K>
1755
Coates. John . . .
32 80
2..V?6
22
17.S5
Coates. John. Jr.
40 IHt
500
00
'794
Coates, John Reynel
26 67
100
00
, 1796
Coates, Jos. Saunder-
26 67
1 '785
Coates. Josiali . .
29 67
IIH)
00
'797
Coates. Josiali I-.
26 67
Il«
00
1 186
Coates. N. C. .
loo Oit
50
00
'77'
Coates. Samuel . .
.?87 2,?
53 33
1 '794
Coatis. Samuel. Jr.
26 67
27
20
1755
Coates, Thomas, Jr.
26 67
11x1
00
1866
Coburn. Robert
,50 o<>
UK)
00
'856
l"ochran iV Russell
IiX» cx>
26 67
i8vS
Cock. Thomas I-"., .M.
>. .^0 00
.)"
00
1864
Collin tS: .Mteinus .
ISO 00
26 67
i 1856
Cotlin. Arthur <;. .
KM) 00
20.5
00
1788
Coldbreath. James
26 67
26 67
'859
Coleman. <; Dawsoi
1. .500 00
58
00
1856
Coleman. Harriet
2'X) IX)
.?o
€X)
1871
Coleman. M. j.
75 w>
100
00
1848
Coleman. Robert
50 00
M>
tx)
• '754
Coleman, William
115 "8
26
67
: 1845
Coles, Kdward . .
I. so 00
26
67
1856
Colket, loffin . . .
425 00
40
1HI
18.57
Collins. Kreilerick
.So 00
5"
00
1.S48
Collins. Hannah W
130 no
26 67
1 '848
Collins. IK
170 00
;8o
1S4S Collins, Joseph H.
1762 Collins, Stephen
1^56 Collins, T. K. & P. G.
1795 Collins, Zaccheus .
1S59 Cohvell, Stephen
1772 Combe, Thomas . .
1857 Comegys. B. B. . .
1858 Comly, Franklin A.
1867 Comly, Franklin A.,
1870 Conarroe, Geo. M. .
1851 Conrad, Charles . .
1852 Conrad, John . . .
1S52 Conrad, Solomon
1859 Contriljutors . . .
1766 Conyngham, David
Mayfield ....
1756 Conyngham, Redmond
1801 Cook, Ale.xander
1857 Cooke, Jav . . .
1867 Cooke & Co., Jay
1822 Cooke, John . .
1856 Cooley, Aaron B.
1859 Cooper, Abigail .
1865 Cooper, Esther L.
1754 Cooper, Jacob . .
1798 Cooper, Samuel, M.I>
175+ Cooper. William
1 856 Cope, Alfred . .
1833 Cope, Caleb . . .
1870 Cope, Edwin R. .
1867 Cope, Elias . . .
1856 Cope, Francis R.
1856 Cope, Henry . .
1817 Cope, Israel . .
1813 Cope, Jasper . .
1856 Cope, John E. . .
1809 Cope, Thomas P.
1867 Cope, William L).
1782 Copperthwaite, Josep
1859 Corbit, Daniel . .
■773 Corby n. Thomas
i860 Cornelius & Baker
J891 Cornelius & Rowland,
1761 Correy, John . . .
1757 Cowpiank, Jonathan
'755 Coultas. James . .
1819 Coultas. John . .
1867 Co.\. James S. . .
1857 Co.v, John
1786 Co.\, William . . .
1854 Co.\e, Alexander B.
1854 Coxe, Brinton . . .
1758 Coxe, Charles . . .
1854 Coxe, Charles B.
1S54 Coxe, Charles S.
1845 Coxe. Daniel W.
1854 Coxe Eckley B. . .
1859 Coxe, Edward S. .
1854 Coxe, Henry B. . .
1 76 1 Coxe, Isaac ....
1761 Coxe, John. M. D. .
1798 Coxe. John Redmond,
M. D
1887 Coxe, Rebecca .
1780 Coxe, Tench . .
1761 Coxe, William
1786 Coxe, William, Jr.
S50 oo
1856
52 00
1 761
irxj 00
1786
140 00
1849
500 00
1865
30 69 1
1869
50 00
1866
100 00
1S59
50 00
1817
30 00
1857
30 00
1847
^0 00
1864
27 50
1763
5,500 00
■«57
1754
32 00
1S56
34 67
i»57
26 67
1772
1,200 00
1858
2.500 00
1858
30 00
1751
100 00
1752
600 00
1856
600 00
1857
37 33
1865
40 00
1855
26 67
■859
S,6oo 00
1866
I 630 CO
1775
4,cKx) 00
179a
100 00
1754
425 00
1891
2,ICX) 00
1864
50 00
i8i8
95 00
1857
3i 3i
i860
620 00
1819
100 00
1856
26 67
1856
100 00
1857
446 66
1845
1,200 00
1859
50 00
26 67
1858
26 67
i860
306 66
44 00
50 00
1865!
300 00
1873 1
13 33
1816
30 00
■857
30 00
i860
66 67
1856
30 00
■ 8.57
1,030 00
18.57
50 00
1S60
30 00
1886
1,000 00
18.S9
30 00
i86s
6956
1858
32 40
1787
1856
68 00
1757
200 00
1815
53 66
53 33
1859
26 67
Craig, Andrew C. . . $310 00
Craig, William ... 66 66
Craig, James and John 2933
Crammond, Henry 30 00
Craven, Thomas . . 100 00
Creely. George R. . 450 00
Creighton, Hamilton 100 00
Creighton. Robert . . 100 00
Cresson. Caleb . . . 100 00
Cresson, Charles C. . ujo 00
Cresson, Elliott . . .?o 00
Cresson, Enilen . . 50 00
Cresson, James ... 26 67
Cresson, James . . . 300 00
Cresson, John .... 26 67
Cresson, John C. . . 1,000 00
Cresson, Joseph . . . 530 00
Cresson, Joshua ... 40 00
Cresson, William P. . 150 00
Cromelien. George . 100 00
Crosby, Joshua . . . 266 66
Crosby, Thomas . . 129 81
Croskey, Henry . . . 400 00
Croskey & Co. . . . 500 00
Crossman. James M. . 200 00
Crozier, John P. . . . 6,000 00
Crozier. Mrs 50 00
Cruikshank, James 40 00
Cruikshank, Joseph . 201 20
Cruikshank, Rachel . 26 67
Culp, Matthias ... 26 67
Cummings, A. Boyd . 5,000 00
Cummings, A. W. . 50 00
Cummings, Charles H. 50 00
Cummings, Daniel B. 100 00
Cummings, Mrs. D. B. 50 00
Cummings, Richard P. 55 00
Cummings, William . 150 00
Curren. Martin ... 50 00
Curtis, Benjamin T. . 200 00
Curwen. John .M. D. . 530 00
Curwen Stoddart &
Bro 30 00
Cuthbert, Allen . . . 100 00
Cuyler, Theo 50 00
D
Da Costa, Jacob M.
M. D 300 00
Dahlgren, Bernard 30 00
Dale. Richard C. . . 50 00
Dale. Mrs. R. C. 50 00
Dallett, Brothers . . 300 00
Dallett, Eliza .... 100 00
Dallett, Gillies . . . kkj 00
Dallett. Mrs. John . . .SO 00
Dana. Mary W. ... ,30 00
Danforth, Wright & Co. 100 00
Darlington, Smedley 50 00
Darrach, James, Dr. . 30 00
David, John 30 00
Davis, Benjamin . . . 250 00
Davis. David .... 26 67
Davis, David Jones
M. D 60 00
Davis, Edward Mott,
Jr 100 00
381
1856
Davis. Kllwooil . . .
SUHJ
*H>
'859
l«58
IJavis, HarljL-t it .
200
00
■859
1880
Davis, Henry L. . .
250
00
1859
1827
Davis, Isaac . .
26 67
1859
1856
Davis, Isaac R. . .
100
00
'794
185S
Davis, John C ...
100
00
'85 1
■754
Davis, Thomas . . .
82
45
"754
1781
Dawes, Ahijah . . .
408
00
'813
■795
Dawes, Jonathan . .
30
00
'8.S9
1 80S
Dawes, Sanuiel K.
3"
(K)
'7.S4
1859
Dawson, Kli/al)eth
2CX)
(M>
1.S60
1856
Dawson and Hancock
100
00
'756
1867
Dawson, T. Russell .
30
00
'845
1856
Dawson, Josiali . . .
l.rxxj
00
i»33
1870 J
Dawson, Mordecai L.
3.<»5
00
'859
1805
1798
Dawson, Rohert .
40
00
1867
'7«5
Dawson, William . .
26 67
'77'
1852
Dawson. William M. ,
40
00
'7.59
■857
Day, Michael . .
1 041
00
'75*'
1809
Dayton, John ....
30
00
1872
1805
De Haven iV Broliier
i«j
00
1857
1772
Dean, Joseph ....
48
90
1808
'777
Delany, Sliarpe .
21)6 67
'754
1786
Delany, William .
26 67
'7M
1S56
Delaware, L. . .
100
00
'77'
1759
Denny, William .
276 66
"8.57
1855
Derhyshire.
1856
1872 j
Alexander J. . . .
2,080
00
'8,59
1864
Derbyshire. Mary A.
5<x>
00
■ 849
1752
Deshier, David .
44
00
'795
i860
Desilver. Charles
5"
00
1.S60
1859
Desilver, II. T. . .
50
00
'8,W
1857
Devereux, John . .
so
00
'7.54
1805
Dewees, William I'.
1807
M. D
.S"
00
■ 85-
1764
Dickinson, John . ,
■85
06
'88.!
1765
Dickinson, William .
3^
33
1856
Dickinson, James N.
100
00
1867
1856
Dickinson, Levi . .
200
00
1782
DierinK. Henrv . . .
.1°
00
1868
Dillard. ilenry K. . .
30
00
1856
1844
Dillin>^liam,
1866
Wallace H
30
00
1856
1756
Dilworth. William . .
26 67
'857
1859
Dillworth, William
100
00
1766
■763
Dillwyn. < ic-<)r^i- . .
82
39
1856
1801
Dillwyn. William . .
400
00
'859
1761
Din^ee. Charles . . .
26 67
1877
1852
Dini-ee. Joseph . . .
30
00
"847
1867
DisslfHi. Henry . , .
500
00
17.S6
■859
Divine. William . , .
100
o<j
'756
1882
Dixon. Kdwin S. . .
30
00
1865
i860
Dixon, Miss M. . . .
50
00
1787
1759
Dixon. Robert . . .
26
67
'857
i860
Dixon, Miss S. ...
50
00
1864
1882
Dixon, Samuel ('•., Dr.
30
00
'8,s6
■ 864
Dobson. John ....
50
00
1798
1781
Donaldson. John . .
34
67
1798
1857
Donaldson. Sophia
500
00
1798
■ 857
Donnelly, James C. .
30
0<)
'7.54
1772
Dorsey, Benedict . .
90
00
1 88 1
1781
Dorsey. John ....
3'
67
1848
1807
Dorscv. John Syng,
i88i
M. D
87
50
1 761
178s
Dorsey, Leonard . .
26
67
'8.33
1859
Dorsey. Stanton . . .
3"
00
1787
Mrs
Dorsey, William
DouKherty, Charles A
Dougherty, John A.
Dougherty. William
Douglas. .Andrew
Dtin^tas. Heiijamin J
Dowell. William
Dowinu. Jaiiib
Dowinj;. J. I'erot
Do/. .Andrew-
Drake. Tlioinas.
Drayson. Matthew
Drayton, William
Ha>ward ....
Dreer. Frederick J.
Drexel, .\nthony J.
Dre.xel Jt Co. . . .
Drinker. Daniel . .
Drinker. I Ienr\' . .
Drinker. John . . .
Dropsie, .Mosis .-\. .
Drown. William .\.
Drown. Win. A.. Jr.
Duclie. Jacob , . .
Dniheld. Kdwaril
Dullield. Samuel, M.
Duhrinu. Henrv . .
Dulles. Joseph'll. .
Dulles. Mrs. Jos. H.
Dundas. James . .
Dunlap. John . . .
Dunlap. William
Dunn. .Nathan
Dnpuy, Daniel
Dusar. Klorimonil
Diitilh. Charles . .
Dutilh. Mary C.. and
Daughter ....
D. M. C
Earl, Samuel W
Karl, Thomas . .
Earp, Thomas . .
Earp, Thomas, )r..
Eastbnrn. Thomas
Eastwick. .-Viidrew M
Ebbs, William .
Eckert, Mrs. Emily T
Eckfeldt. Adams
Eddy, (;eor;;e . .
Eddv, James . .
Eddy, Lucy H. .
Eddy, Thomas
Edwards, (ieorne W
Eisenbrey >S: Sons, Jci
Eisenbrey, John. Jr
Klam, (lervas . . .
Elam, Robert . . .
F'lam, Smnuel . .
Elfreth. Jeremiah .
Elkins. William L.
Elkinton, (leorKe M.
Elkinton. Thomas .
Elliott, .Andrew . .
Elliott, Isaac
Elliott, John . . .
S.V "•>
33 ""
34 «'
33 ""
20 <>T
21 M ) 00
66 66
50 00
50 fX)
3666
lUt) 0(>
5S 4S
KHI 00
35S '««
350 00
5<x) 00
26 67
378 18
66 66
100 00
300 00
300 00
6" 33
<i8 00
26 67
600 00
^33 34
loo CM>
2,130 00
"33 33
2(X> 00
V> 00
26 67
60 00
KM) <«)
1,<HX} 0*»
Utti 00
33 33
100 f)o
IjUMJ 0<1
100 00
26 67
525 00
100 o«
S,ooo 00
35 00
26 67
45 "5
100 00
26 67
100 00
50 00
100 00
50 00
50 CO
<;o 00
26 67
100 00
"35 00
30 00
26 67
30 00
40 00
3«2
l865 Ellicitt, J.>hn . . .
1782 Elliott, John. Jr. . .
184^ Ellis, Charles . . .
1S56 Ellis & Co., Charles
1851 Ellis, Evan T. . . .
1754 Ellis, Thomas . . .
1852 Ellis. William . . .
1856 Ellison & Sons, John
1865 Ehnsley, Ann . . .
1865 Elmsley, Elizabeth
1865 Elmsley, Reljecca .
1865 Elmsley, William .
1809 Elmslie, .'\lexander
i8s3 Elkington, Lindley M
1884 Ehvvn. .-Mfred . .'.
1803 Ely, Hugh ....
i860 Ely, R & M . - . .
1S7S Embly, John . . .
1826 Emerson, (ioverneur,
1754 Emlen, George, Sr.
1756 Emlen, George, Jr.
1755 Emlen, Joshua . .
1754 Emlen, Samuel . .
1822 Emlen, Samuel, M.L)
1755 Engle, Paul . .
1856 Errickson, Michael
1859 Erringer, J. Livingstoi
i860 Erwin, Mrs. John H
1866 Erwin, .Mary L.
1755 Erwin, Robert
1856 Estlack, Thomas
1881 Evans, Allen . .
1807 Evans, Clark C.
1833 Evans, Charles
1870 Evans, Charles .
'754 Evans, Edward .
1800 Evans, Edward .
185S Evans, Horace Y.
is6o Evans, Miss Jane
1772 Evans, Joel . . .
1771 Evans, John . . .
1858 Evans, John . .
1756 Evans, Jonathan
1806 Evans, Jonathan
1857 Evans, Josepli R.
1800 Evans, Josiah .
1817 Evans, J. William
1864 Evans, J. Wistar
1857 Evans, Rowland G
1840 Evans, Thomas .
l8,S7 Evans Sc Watson
i860 Evans, William, Jr
1851 Euston & Weer .
1864 Everly, Adam . .
1806 Eves, Joseph Bennett
1857 Ewing, Robert .
1785 Ewing, Thomas .
1810 Eyre, Ann K. . .
"^55 Eyre, Joshua P. .
1817 Eyre & Lawrence
1813 Eyre, Maria K. .
1802 Eyre, Nathan . .
F
1865 Pagan, John ....
1857 Fahnestock, B. A. . .
iS>9 Fahnestock & Co. . .
i860 Fahnestock, Mrs. G.W
B.
, M.D
. M
Dr.
S30 00
i>
38 00
I'
30 00
800 00
l!
30 00
li
26 67
i;
30 00
'■
100 00
iJ
75 GO
If
75 00
I
75 00
I
275 00
If
50 00
l!
30 00
li
30 00
u
30 00
I»
30 00
I,
50 00
li
55 00
It
266 67
iJ
50 11
I,
26 67
K
174 26
l!
26 67
I,
26 67
I
250 00
K
205 00
I
50 00
7': 00
U
56 33
I
30 00
I
75 00
I
30 00
I
30 00
I
30 00
I
26 67
I
26 26
I
100 00
I
50 00
I
42 90
I
90 40
I
50 00
I
'53 60
I
27 00
I
200 00
I
26 67
I
100 00
I
30 00
I
50 00
I
27 00
I
100 00
I
30 00
I
30 00
I
100 00
I
100 00
I
100 00
I
40 00
I
60 00
I
200 00
I
2989
I
40 00
I
46 66
I
I
50 00
I
420 00
I
100 00
I
30 00
1859 Fairth<jrn, Frederick S.50 fx>
1768 Falconer, Caj)!. Na-
thaniel 76 66
1867 Fales, George .... ^<x> 00
1856 Fales, Lothrop & Co. 2<» 00
1776 Falkenstine, Ludwick 26 67
1758 Falkner, Lester ... 26 67
1856 Fallow, Christopher . 100 00
i8,s6 Fallow, John .... 100 00
1764 Farmer, Ferdinand . .'3 33
1752 Farmer, Richard, Dr. 26 67
1865 Farnham, Charles A. . 900 00
i860 Farnum, Elizabeth H. 1,500 00
i8.s6 Farnimi, George W. . 200 00
1864 Farnum. J. Edward . 200 ocj
1845 Farnum. John .... 3,310 00
i860 Farnum, Mar\' . . . i,0(X) 00
i860 Farnum, Susan . i.wjo 00
1856 Farr, John C 200 00
1S67 Farr iN: Brothers ... 50 00
1855 Fassett, .Alfred . . . 2(X) 00
i8'6 Faust, David .... iix) 00
1856 Fearans & Smitli . . i<x) 00
1857 Fell, Franklin .... 100 orj
1856 Fell. J. Gillingham . . i,5ix) 00
i86,fii Fell, Rebecca Ann . . 100 01
1S56 Fellows, Bartholomew
Wistar 26 60
1855 Fennimore, Jason L. . 200 07
1786 Few, Josepli ... 126 I7
1865 Fickeii S: Williams . 100 00
1858 Field & Hardie ... 50 00
1857 Field, James .... 350 00
1772 Field, John 429 27
1856 Field & Keehmle . . 00 00
1764 Field, Robert .... 26 67
l8ii Fielding, Robert . . 1,100 00
1867 Fields, Charles J. . . 100 00
i86i Ficken & Williams 200 00
1856 Fiqueira, F. T. . . . 00 00
1859 Fiqueira, F.J 50 00
i860 Firth, TlKjinas ... 50 00
1751 Fishbourne. William . 40 00
1856 Fisher, Charles Henry 1,600 00
1859 Fisher, Eliza G. . . . 100 00
1859 Fisher, Pollen .... 100 00
1879 Fisher, Henry M., Dr. khi 00
796 Fisher, James C. . . 100 00
1857 Fiaher, J. Francis . . 1,500 00
1882 Fisher, James Logan . 8000
1555 Fisher, Joseph . . . 2<xi 00
1751 Fisher, Joshua ... 86 66
1845 Fisher, iMarv P. . . . 100 00
1785 Fisher, Miefs .... 66 66
1808 Fisher, Redwood 3° 00
1556 Fisher. Rodney . . . 100 00
1758 Fisher. Samuel ... 26 67
1771 Fisher, Samuel, Jr. . 20 67
'775 Fisher, Samuel ... 29 93
1844 Fisher, Samuel T. . 30 00
1801 Fisher, Samuel W. KX) 00
1768 Fisher, Thomas ... 56 02
754 Fisher, William . . . 143 14
'775 Fisher, Wni., Jr. 36 98
^24 Fisher, William W. . 50 00
i860 Fisher, Mrs. W. W.
and Miss 50 00
383
'«59
Kithiaii, Jones & Co
$100 00
'8.S7
Gatis, Lieliermann & Ci>.
f 100 00
1867
KilliT, Wt-aviT & Co
250 00
1870
r;ardelle, K. U. Dr.
30 00
i»59
Kit/.>;iTaltl, H. N. . .
100 00
I»S6
Garrett. Kdward
100 00
1S67
FlaiuiK->ii. S. and J. M
500 00
1878
<;arrelt, George Sellers
30 00
■ 756
Kloison, I'Uinket . .
79 '»
'8.S7
Garrett, Isaac I'. .
300 fX>
1.SX5
Kliikwir. Hannah C
1,000 00
'875
(larrett, John B.
.50 00
■■\S7
Klin;;. IK-nry . . . .
130 00
1S67
Garrett, Ualter . .
500 00
185;
"857
Klin;;. William . . .
FlinK, Mrs Urn. .
130 00
.so 00
1856
1891
Garrett, William K
52,400 00
ifijg
Flin«. William B. .
166 67
1867
Garrett, Wm. K., Jr
500 00
■«57
KlinK. Mrs. Wm. H.
rjo 00
1806
GarriKUes. Abraham
M.
30 00
■ .•<59
Klanurl'ill. A.J. . .
100 00
1796
(iarrisjues, Kdward
27 00
'75"
KlowtT, Knooli . .
7466
'754
Garrigucs. Isaac . .
26 67
l8,S-
Folius, fk^or^i.' \V. .
100 00
'783
Garri;;nes, Sanuiel,
Jr.
26 67
1852
F.>KK. Aaron . . .
30 00
'857
(iarrison, Jolni . .
100 00
1858
Kolwill, ("hark-s S. .
50 00
'8.S7
Gatdull, Francis
R
150 00
1801
Kohvill. John . . . .
30 00
18.S8
Gaul, William . .
3,So 00
'77J
Folwi-11, William . .
90 67
1867
Gaw, Bacon & Co.
U») 00
'7S4
Forhcs, IIii;;h . . . .
26 67
'755
(George, David . .
26 67
I78i
Korhfs. William . .
53 37
'859
(k-orge, David . .
1,000 00
1852
KorlKs, W. S., M. I
30 00
18^7
George, Jesse . . .
1,000 00
185S
Korcl, John M. .
300 00
'«59
GeorKC, Rebecca
1,000 00
I7SS
Korbi-s, Standisli
26 67
"796
George, Thomas
30 00
1867
Fornt-y. John W. .
2CK) 00
1856
George, Thomas
30 00
1772
Komst. Thomas
66 66
1842
Gerhard, Benjamin
78 00
'857
Foslir. William B. .
100 00
1807
Gerhard, William .
30 00
i860
Fostir, Wm. B.,Jr. .
so 00
'835
Gerhartl, William W
.,I)r
80 00
176s
FoUK-r«ill. John, M.I)
666 66
iSj;
Gheeii, John R. . .
20O 00
'»33
Fottirall. Stiplun V,
30 00
'859
Gibbons, .'Vbraham
350 00
1770
Foiilki-. CaUb .
3466
'8.S3
Gibbons, Charles .
230 00
1784
F.nilki-. John, M.I).
32 00
'857
(;il)bons, Jane . . .
200 00
'75*<
Foiilki, Jndah . . .
.^6 00
'754
(fibbons, Joseph . ,
26 66
1857
Fox. Charles V. . . .
1,500 00
1762
(iil>bons, William .
40 00
1786
V*ix, (iC'or;;c . . .
40 00
1790
Ciibbs, Beiij.imin . .
40 00
■83s
Fo.x, Gc'orKi-, M. D. .
26 67
1796
(libbs, Josiah Will:
rd
266 67
1880
Fox, Joseph, M. I).
50 00
1761
Gibson, John . . .
52 50
I?."!'
Kox, Joseph
112 87
1848
(;ibson, John . . .
105 00
i860
Fox, Miss Mary . .
50 00
18.S8
Gibson, Son vN: Co.,}
>hn
5,7(K> 00
1819
Kox, Samuel . . . .
50 00
1867
Gibson. Rebecca
5(X) 00
'794
Fox, Sanuiel M. . . .
316 67
1821
Gibson, William, M
D.
40 00
1826
Fox, Samuel M., M.D
.10 CO
1856
Gilbert, Henry , .
200 00
1867
Fox, Samuel N. . . .
100 00
1858
(;ilbert S; Co., John
100 00
1807
Francis, Thomas W
loo 00
1866
Gilbert, Mary . . .
50 00
'75'
Franklin, Beniamin
66 67
1883
Gillespie, John, M.
I).
30 00
1802
Franklin, Walter .
30 00
'858
Gillespie, J. L. . .
so 00
1754
Franklin. William .
26 67
1856
Gillespie, William
D.
50 00
'7.S5
Franks. David . . .
26 67
1879
Gillin.^ham, Joseph K.
150 00
1759
Franks, John . . .
66 67
■859
flilpin, Mrs. Kliza .
KX) 00
1848
Fraley, Frederick . .
1,130 CO
1812
fiilpin, Joshua . .
50 00
1786
Frazier, Nalbro . . .
26 67
'8.s8
Gill)in, Henry D. .
200 00
1859
Freas, Jacob . . . .
30 00
1870
Gilpin, John F. .
550 00
1876
Freem,in, Mrs, F;iiza .
5,000 00
I86,s
f;ilpin, V. and J. F,
40 00
18.S9
FrencluV Richards
300 00
1786
Girar<l, Stephen . .
4.227 3'
1S60
French, William H. .
250 00
I8s6
Glading, William
So 00
1864
Frothin;;ham & Well
5 100 00
1776
(ilenn, James . . .
82 66
'851
Fullerlon, .Mexande
r 300 00
'8.s6
Glenn, L. N. ...
100 00
18.14
Fullerton, Alexander,.
r. 30 00
1867
Godey. Louis A.
120 00
1857
F'uKuet, Stephen
100 00
'754
Goodman. Walter .
26 66
1858
Fnrness. Brmley & Cc
). 100 00
'757
Goodwin. John, Jr.
26 67
'752
Fussell, Solomon
2667
i8s3
Gordon, (ieorge . .
30 00
Friends
720 00
'765
Gor>ion. Lord Adam .
43 60
G
'754
Gordon, Thomas
'59 23
'SS9
(iorgas, (;. W. . .
100 (K)
'769
Gale, William , . . .
213 33
'75'
Gra;mc, Thomas, M
D.
.S3 3«
1852
Halliard, James . . .
40 00
i8,S7
Graff, Eliza Ann
100 00
1754
Galloway, Joseph . .
.so 67
'763
Graff, Jacob ....
26 67
'755
Ciamble, Joseph . . .
66 67
1757
Graff, Sebastian . .
53 33
384
1769 Graham, Hciiry Hale 526 67
1859 Graham & Co., James 5000
1877 Graham, James . . . 2(x> 00
1892 Graham. John H. . . 30 00
1761 Grandom, John ... 26 67
1856 Grant, Samuel, Jr. 100 00
1754 Grant, Wilham ... 80 81
1754 Grasshold, Christian . 26 67
1865 Gratz, Miss Rebecca . 50 00
i860 Gratz, Robert H. . . 200 00
1815 Gratz, Simon .... 30 00
1754 Gray, George .... 40 00
•755 Gray, George, Jr. . . 53 33
1855 Gray, Joseph .... 26 67
1855 Grav, Robert E. . . . 800 00
1859 Grebie, Edwin . . . 100 00
1851 Greaves, James R. . . 1,020 00
1890 Green, Walter D., M.D. 30 00
1751 Greenleafe, Isaac . . 101 95
1754 Greenway, Robert . . 28 80
1859 Greeves, Elizabeth 50 00
181S Greeves, James R. . . 90 00
1865 Greeves, James R. . . 70000
1795 Greeves, Thomas . . 50 00
1852 Greeves, Thomas . . 40 00
1857 Gricner & Harkness 100 00
1801 Grellet, IVter ... 30 00
1817 Griffith. Jolm R. . . 70 00
1751 Griffith, William 6' 33
1859 Griffith, W illiam F. . 30 00
1788 Griffiths. Samuel P., M.D. 26 67
1851 Grigg, John 2,125 00
1818 Griscom, Samuel 30 00
1885 Griscom, William A. . 90 00
1756 Grath, Andrew Henry 53 33
1865 Grave & Brother . . 200 00
1855 Grave, Henry .... 100 00
1762 Growdon, Lawrence . 133 33
1755 Grubb, Nathaniel . . 27 47
1855 Gumbes, Rebecca . 350 00
1855 Gurney, Eliza P. . . . 500 00
1796 Gurney, Francis . . 30 00
H
186s Hacker, Elizabeth M. 40 00
1865 Hacker, Hannah M. . 40 00
1857 Hacker, Isaac T. . . 200 00
1845 Hacker, Isaiah . . 530 00
1865 Hacker, J. Barclay 40 00
1845 Hacker, Jeremiah . . 560 00
1865 Hacker, Morris ... 50 00
1857 Hacker, N. P. S: S. W. 100 00
1865 Hacker, Paschall 40 00
1865 Hacker, William 40 00
1845 Hacker, William E. . 60 00
1785 Haga, Godfrey . . . 126 66
1786 Haines. Caspar Wistar 2667
1796 Haines, Catharine . . 266 67
1865 Haines, Henry . . . 380 00
1866 Haines. Jane R. . . . 500 00
1886 Haines, Newbold R. . 30 00
1762 Haines, Reuben . . . 133 33
1806 Haines. Reuben . . . 100 00
1757 Hair, Eleanor .... 56 31
1856 Hall. A. Douglass, M.D. 60 00
1751 Hall. David 152 66
■775 Hall, William .... 124 80
1781 Halluwell, Israel . .
i860 Hallowell, Morris L. .
1857 Hallowell, M L., & Co.
1756 Hallowell, Thomas .
1766 Halnecker, George
1881 Hamilton, George P. .
■759 Hamilton, James . .
■759 Hamilton, Robert . .
1811 Hamilton, Talbot . .
1886 Hamilton & Sons,
William C
1886 Hamilton, William C.
1872 Hanimcrsly, George W,
1867 Hannnitt, Barnabas .
1764 Hammilt, Benjamin .
1S67 Hammitt & Neal . .
1848 Hancock, Samuel P. .
1867 Hand, James C. & Co.
1856 Hand, James C. . . .
1831 Handy, George . . .
1859 Handy. Margaret J. .
1761 Hannis, Andrew . .
1762 Hannum, John . . .
184S Hansen, Robert . . .
1857 Hansell, William S. .
1S45 Hanson. William R. .
1769 Harbeson, Benjamin
1558 Harbet & Davis . . .
1761 Harbine. Jonathan
1867 Hardie, James G. . .
1775 Hardie, Capt. Robert
1852 Harding,John,Jr.,.M.D.
1751 Harker, .■\dam . . .
1559 Harkness. .-Mfred M. .
1865 Harlan, Geo. C, M.D.
1834 Harlan, Richard . .
1769 Harnian, Jacob . . .
i8,^8 Harmer. James . . .
1867 Harmer, William . .
1863 Harmstead, George R.
i86o Harper, James . . .
1771 Harper, Thomas . .
1893 Harper, William, Jr.,
1855 Harrah, CharlesJ. . .
18.S7 Harris, Ann
1859 Harris, George W. .
1841 Harris, Joseph C. . .
1887 Harris, Marv Powers
1845 Harris, Robt. P.. M.D.
1828 Harris, Thomas, .M.D.
1836 Harris, William, .M.D.
1858 Harrison, A. W. . . .
■ 7*4 Harrison, Charles . .
1889 Harrison, Frazier&Co
1829 Harrison, George . .
1856 Harrison, George L. .
1560 Harrison, Mrs. Geo. L.
■759 Harrison, Henry . .
1858 Harrison. Joseph. Jr.
l8i6 Hart, .-Kbraham . . .
1867 Hart, Henrv, M. D. .
1786 Hart, John
1884 Hart, Marv C
1856 Hart, William H. . .
■775 Hartley. James . . .
1S83 Hartshorne, Charles .
1843 Hartshorne, Edward,M.
S28 67
50
00
100
00
26
67
26
67
30
00
266
67
53 33
30
00
60
00
200
00
250
00
250
00
■33 33
50
00
205
00
400
00
700
00
30
00
200
00
26
67
26
67
105
00
100
00
30
00
26
67
200
00
26
67
250
CO
26
67
30
00
26
67
30
00
30
00
30
00
247
79
100
00
200
00
ICO
00
100
00
40
00
50
00
384
34
100
00
200
00
30
00
250
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
CO
26
67
500
CO
300
00
100
CO
100
00
■94
01
5,000
00
200
00
100
00
66
67
30
00
400
00
36
10
■30
00
D. 30
CO
|St6 Hartslicriu-, IKiirw
M. I)
iSii Ilartslxjrm-.Jos.. M.I)
178^ HartsliDrnc, I'altison
17.S6 Harlsliiiriu-. Kiilianl
1796 Harvey, Isaar. Jr. .
I».s6 Harvey, Jusiali I.. .
1867 Harvi-v, Mrs. Julia
1807 Harviy, Pliilip Wliitl
1835 Hasillini'. Jnliii
1810 Haskitis, Tlii>?nas
1751 Hasscrt, .-Xmil
'755 Hatkinsoii, Julin
1859 Haucl, Juks
1857 Haiiji, Hirman
1828 Havin, Josluiu
1856 Hay. William .
1758 Hayilock, Kl>iii .
1783 Haydiick, Kuln-rl
1821 HaycUick, SaniiiL-l
1856 Haywood, Mrs. .
I8j8 HaywoofI, I.rwis
1846 Hazaril. .X. KiilUrtoii
1828 Hazard, KrskiiK-
1752 Hazard, Sanuul
1S64 Hazard, Sptiuir H.
1787 Hazk-hiirsl, Isaac .
■795 Head, .Ann ....
17.S4 H tad, John ....
1785 Htail, John Jr. . .
1857 Hilarton, (".. Craij;,
M. I)
iSjg Htilinan M: Rank .
1M58 Hclniiith, licornf .
1858 Hclniuth, W. S.. M.
1839 liiliniitli. Mrs. &
Williani
184.S Hiinl..!, Williani .
1847 HiiKkrson, Kdwin
iS,S7 Henderson, (korge
1760 Henderson, Williani
1762 Hendrick, .M>raliain
1.S65 Hendrie, Daniel . .
1864 Henry & Co , T. C.
1787 Henszev, Joseph
1868 Hentz, j. Henrv
1867 Henzey, Marshall
1801 Herkness, Adam
1856 Heron & Martin . .
1858 Herring, Silas F. .
'755 Htwes, Hugh . .
1758 Hewes. Josiah . . .
1859 Hewson, Addinell,
M. D
iSoi Hewson, Thomas T.
M. I)
1822 Hevlin, Rowland
Parry, M. I). . .
1856 HihbanI, Mary . .
1754 Hicks, Kdward . .
1798 Hi^Kins, Francis .
i8s6 Hildeburneit Bros.
I.SS9 Hildelnirne, Charles
1889 Hildeburne, Mrs.
Janus II
1764 Hill, Henrv ....
1857 Hill, Marshall . . .
■Id
I).
'765
$50 00
'7S6
40 00
'754
1o6 66
17S1
26 67
1846
•So 00
'8.S5
200 00
1856
100 00
'754
140 00
1810
30 00
'7.S4
so 00
'785
66 66
1865
26 67
100 00
1827
450 00
1S22
M <w
i860
400 00
'859
26 67
1768
26 67
'754
66 91
'754
5fK) 00
'^34
50 00
1806
.■50 00
1781
30 00
'797
26 67
18.S0
50 00
i,S67
26 70
1 78 1
266 67
1864
66 66
i;62
26 67
'8.=9
•8.57
200 00
1762
50 <«>
'7.S9
IIXI o<j
1S60
100 00
'856
'873
100 00
'870
100 0*)
1 7.S6
40 91
l.S;6
30 00
72 00
176.S
26 67
'859
125 00
i,S6<5
100 00
18.S7
32 00
1803
50 00
1812
30 00
I8.S9
26 67
i.ss6
100 00
1.S65
100 00
1831
26 67
186S
37' 06
1838
1867
30 00
1864
34 00
1856
1816
26 67
'758
"5 00
1856
26 67
1858
71 09
1858
100 00
1765
30 00
'8.S7
I8s6
30 00
181 1
72 00
184.S
IfXJ €X1
'8.S7
Hillhorn, .Amos S43 4s
Hillhorn, Joseph , . 383 12
HilleKas, .Michael . . 32 53
Hiltzheimer, Jacob 2833
llinckle, John . 146 67
Hinds, Rev. Willi.im I'. i,<xk) 00
llinman, Daniel II. . 100 00
Hitner, George ... 26 67
Hobart, Robert K. 50 00
Hobart, Knocli . 26 67
Ihulgdon, Sanuiel . 26 67
Hodge, H. I.enno.x,
M. D .So 00
Ho<lge, Hugh I.., M. I). 2,?o 00
Hodge, Williani I,. 50 ou
Hodgson. Mrs. M. A. 50 00
Ilotiinan, Christian J. 300 oi>
HolVinan, William . . 26 67
Hollanil, Thomas . . 26 67
Holling, Michael . . 26 67
Hollingshead, Hugh F. 30 00
Hollingsworth. Henry 40 00
Hollingswortli. Levi . 260 17
Hollingsworth. I'aschai 50 00
Hollis, Peter C. . . . 50 00
Homer, Collady it Co. 200 00
Hand, John 27 00
Hoopes & Townscnd 750 00
Hoopes, Adam ... 80 00
Hoopes, Curtis . . . i<x) 00
Hoopes, Thomas I*. . io<i 00
Hookley, Richard , . 72 00
Hooteii, lUniamiii . . 26 67
Hoover, Joseph K. 30 00
Hopkins, Edwaril M. 550 00
Hopkins, James . . . 1,590 00
Hopkins, James H. . 100 00
Hopkins. William . . 63 09
Hopkins, Win. Karton,
.M. D 40 00
H<)|)kinson. Francis . 38 66
Hopj»er, Kdward 30 00
Hopper. William . . 100 00
Horn, .Ale.\andt.r K. . 100 00
Horner, Benjamin . . 5^ 67
Horner, Joseph I*. . . 30 00
lliirner. Mrs. E. . . 200 00
HoriuT, Mrs. N. K. . 200 00
Horner Miss K. W. . 100 00
Horner, William K. M.I). 30 00
Horstnian iV Sons.W.H. 800 00
Horstman. W. J. . . 60000
Horstnian. W. H. . . 20000
Horstnian, W. J. and
S. H ^soo 00
Hoskins, Heiskell^t I'o. 100 00
Hoskins. Ji>hn (i. . . 30 00
House. Samuel . . 26 67
Hfiuston, Henry H. . i,.S,50 00
Houston. William C. 1,000 00
Howard & Co. . . . 100 00
Howard, John . 26 67
Howard, Philip R. . 200 00
Howell. .Arthur H. 100 00
Howell. lU-nianiin B. .5000
Howell i<: Brothers 505 00
Howell, (ieorge . . . yio 00
3S6
1783
Howell, HuKli .
S26 67
■ 787
1768
Howell, Isaac . . .
26 67
1801
■«57
Howell, John A. . .
100 00
1768
1.H56
Howell, Joseph . .
200 00
1765
1864
Howell tS: Co.. J(»sej
)h 200 00
1786
1X07
Howell, Jfiseph K. .
80 12
1751
1751
Howell, Joshua . .
102 66
1858
1754
Howell, Sanuiel . .
+4 66
1774
1772
Howell, Samuel. Jr.
45 90
18.55
i«S7
Howell William .
100 00
■755
■«57
Ho.xie, S. K. ...
,50 00
1859
1867
Hoyt iS: Rrotlier . .
SO 00
1807
1771
Hubley, .iVdam . .
84 2.3
1858
1782
Hubley, John . . .
26 67
1885
1765
Hudson. .Samuel
106 43
1856
1754
Hudson. William
26 67
1857
■751
Hu'^lus, John . . .
130 14
I75>
1859
Hulme, John . . .
30(j 00
■857
■756
Humphreys, Charles
38 02
1848
1759
Hum])lireys, James
7.S 51
■8.59
1757
Humphreys, Joshua
26 67
■859
1856
Humpliries, Charles
400 00
1857
■857
Humpliries, May
500 00
■855
1869
Hunt, ."Vlfred .' . .
50 00
1852
1762
Hunt, John ....
26 67
1857
1761
Hunt, Roger . . .
26 67
1859
1852
Hunt, William, M. I). ,80 00
1765
i»74
Hunter. Charles T..
Dr. I JO 00
187S
1787
HuntLT, (ieor^e, .M.I). 29 10
1893
1768
Hunter, James . .
27 33
18S5
1856
Hurley, Aaron . .
75 00
1826
1869
Hurlev, Massev . ,
5X) 00
1844
1829
Hurley. Robert M...M.I). 26 66
1864
1857
Hurley, Samuel
50 00
1752
1856
Hutchinson Benjamin !'. 150 00
1869
1859
Hutchinson, Charles
1858
Hare
650 00
'859
1867
Hutchinson, Emlen
2.50 00
1859
■834
Hutchinson, James
30 00
1752
1867
Hutchinson, James H.,
1867
M.I)
8iX) 00
1857
1859
Hutchinson, Joseph H.,
1788
M. IJ
100 00
'754
1845
Hutchinson, J. Peni-
iSl 5
berton
4,150 00
1856
1867
Hutchinson, Miss
1877
Margaretta . . .
350 00
1855
1863
Hutchinson, Samuel
100 00
1859
18^6
Hutchinson. Thomas 27 00
1870
1H69
Huttc^n, .Addison
1,000 00
18,5s
1800
Hutton, James . .
1
26 67
1776
1822
■759
Ibison. William . .
26 67
184 1
J 879
1851
1859
i860
1870
Ingersoll, Charles .
30 00
1855
Iiigersoll, James R.
200 00
1857
Ingersoll, Joseph R.
1,350 00
18,7
Ingles, Joseph I.. .
40 00
1847
1 75 1
1761
1867
Irwin, John H. . .
100 00
1779
Irwin, Matthew . .
28 46
1865
lungerich, Mrs. Kdw
C. 30 00
I7<Sii
1866
lungerich, Lewis C.
1,000 00
1820
1784
1857
lun.gerich, Louis
J
Jackman, Joseph
150 00
I7.S5
26 67
■75'
1770
1858
Jackson, Charles C.
100 00
1819
i860
Jackson, Charles M.
250 00
1765
Jackson, David. .M. I). S28 62
Jackson, Isaac 11. . . 30 00
Jackson, Rich.ird . 428 00
Jac(>bs, J^)seph ... 39 56
Jacoby, Leonard 26 67
James, Abel 130 19
James, Jeffries & Sons 100 00
James, John 26 67
James, John (). ... 33 34
James, Joseph .... 26 67
James, Kent it Santee 370 00
James, Thos.Chalkley Ur. 26 67
James, Thomas C. . . 300 00
Jamison, John, Jr, . . 50 00
Janney. Benjamin S., Dr. 100 00
J.'Uis, Lewis 100 00
Janson, L)erick ... 66 67
Jaurcstche is Car.stairs kx> 00
Jayne, David, M. 1). . 1,530 00
Jayne, David W. . . 30 00
Jayne, Eben C, . . . 80 00
Jeaiies, Joseph . . . 600 00
Jeanes, Joshua T. . . 2.10000
Jeanes, Samuel . . . 2,280 00
Jeanes, Thomas ... 50 00
JelFeries Chalkley . . 30 00
Jekyll, John 26 67
Jenks, Klizabeth Slory 5,000 cxj
Jenks, Helen C. . . . 50 00
Jenks. Helen I .50 ocj
Jenks, Jose|)h R. 1,03000
Jenks, Watson ... 40 00
Jenks, William P. . . 5,050 00
Jenney, Robert. LL.D. 26 67
Jennings. Napoleon .-\. irx) 00
Jessup, .Alfred I). . . 2,000 00
Jessup. Mrs. A. D. 100 00
John Frederick L. . . 50 00
Johns, Matthew ... 29 62-
Johns, Sidney ('•. . . io<j 00
Johnson, Israel H. . . 400 <x>
Johnson John .... 120 <«j
Joiuison, Joseph ... 26 67
Johnson, Joseph ... 30 00
Johnson, Lawrence . 800 00
Johnson, .Mary M. . . 1,80000
Johnson, Robert S. 2(x> 00
Johnson, Ruth L. . . 100 00
Johnstm, Russell H. . 30 00
Johnson, Samuel . . 500 00
Johnson, William . . 50 66
Johnston, .Alexander W. 30 00
Johnston. Wni. P., .M.I). 30 00
Jones, .Alfred .... 30 00
Jones, .Andrew M. . 530 00
Jones B. Muse ... 50 00
Jones, Mrs. B. Muse . ,50 (x)
Jones, Caleb .... 30 00
Jones. Charles . . . . 202 71
Jones, Kdward ... 26 67
Jones, Ezra 26 67
Jones, George W. . . ,30 00
Jones, Herbert ... 74 36
Jones, Isaac 394 75
Jones, Isaac 26 67
Jones. Is.aac C. ... .30 (mi
Jones, Jacob 66 67
3«7
iS67 Jones, Isaac I., Ji
1855 JoiRS, Isaac T.
1762 JiiiK-s, Jacob
1H51 Junes, Jacijl) 1*. . . .
1X03 Jones, James ....
'754 Jones, John
i88» Jones, John II. ...
'795 Jones, Jonathan . .
1X20 Jones, Jonathan .
'759 Jones, Joseph ....
1809 Jones, Josepli ....
1856 Jones, Joseph ....
iXsg Jones, Mrs. Joseph
1W6 Jones, Mrs. Mary T. .
17.% Jones, Norris ....
1S67 Jones, Owen ....
'775 Jones, Owen, Jr. . .
17X7 Jones. Richard . . .
'754 Jones, Roherl ....
'773 Jones, Kohert Streltel
1X65 Jones, Samuel ....
1865 Jones, Samuel llarvi-y
'''*57 Jones, Samuel N. . .
I.Hig Jones, Sanuiel T. . .
1S56 Jones, Sanuiel \V. . .
''^Sg Jones, Mrs. Samuel \V.
KS87 Jones, Sarah F. . . .
1803 Jones, Thomas . . .
'759 Jones, William . . .
''**55 Jones, William 1). . .
i,S47 Jordan, Antoinette
1870 Jordan, J. Kwini;, M. I).
'794 Jordan, John ....
1S46 Jordan, John 'r. . .
i86« Jordan. John W. . .
1761 Jay. (.apt Daniel .
17.S7 Joyce, Doininiclc . .
1761 Judah, .\hraliani . .
1831 Justice, Ge<>r>;e M.
'''*57 Justice, (leor^e R. .
1S58 Jones, I'hilip S. . . .
1822 J. M
'«65 J. S
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17S1 Kaijjhn, John . . .
1807 Kane, Klisha K.
1864 Kay. Alfred . . . .
1756 Kearney, Kdmund
1755 Kearsley, John, M.
1754 Keen, I'eter ...
1769 Keen, Reynold .
1859 Kellev, Charles .
1848 Kellev, Dennis .
1857 Kelto'n. Robert .
1759 Kendal Benjamin
1754 Kensil, Mattliias .
1855 Kent. William ('.
182: Kenworthy. John
1761 Keppi'l. Henry
1S69 Ketchum. J«ihn
1814 Kinilier, Knnncr .
1841 Kimber, Thomas
1856 Kimber, Thomas,
1761 KinK. Charles . .
1751 King, Joseph . .
Jr.
$Y> 00
200 00
26 67
3.330 00
50 00
26 67
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100 00
220 00
100 00
8,(.KX) 00
26 67
500 00
103 40
26 67
26 67
53 33
100 00
100 CO
200 00
30 00
530 00
50 00
30 00
26 67
88 00
275 00
30 00
30 00
26 67
230 00
30 00
"26 67
26 67
26 67
27 00
100 00
100 GO
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3A 67
110 00
30 00
34 66
80 00
62 96
7« 55
100 00
655 00
100 00
34 66
26 67
32 33
30 00
S3 33
100 00
30 00
330 00
400 00
SO 00
98 66
1801 Kini;. Reay
1893 Kinnehan. Rev. K.
1761 Kinsey, I'hilip ....
1857 Kirk. William ....
1858 Kirkbride .Ann Jenks
1S58 Kirkbride, .Ann West
1859 Kirkbride, Klizabelli
1842 Kirkbride. John . . .
1858 Kirkbride, Jos. J., M. D.
1867 Kirkbriile, l,iz/.ie H. .
1754 Kirkbride, .Malilon
1835 I Kirkbride, Thomas S..
1859] M. I)
1856 Kirkham, William . .
1856 Kirkpatrick. David
1859 Kirkpatrick, De Haven
1866 Kirkpatrick, Kdwin .
1857 Kirkpatrick, Kdwin T.
i>J57 Kirki)atrick. Roulanil
1.S67 Kirk|)alrick, William
1801 Kisselman, Fretlrick
1858 Kisterbrach, Josiah
1881 Kline. Mahlon N. . .
18,56 Kniuhl, Kdward C.
1786 Knii;IU. I'eter ....
1858 Kni;;lil. Reeve I,. . .
'755 Knowlis. John . . .
1867 KoniKmacher. .Ailam .A.
1S58 Koanes, Charles . . .
1857 Koanes. Isaac ....
1751 Koplin, Matthias . .
179S Krebs, Cieorne . . .
1762 Kreeble. (".eorge . . .
1754 Kripner, I'aulus . .
1856 KruK. Frederick \'. .
1754 Kuhl, Kdward ....
1774 Knhl. Frederick . . .
'754 Kuhl, Marcus ....
1S26 Ui Ri>che, Rene. M. D.
1856 Lanuerennc, I'. I.. .
1.S59 Lambert, John . . .
1856 Lancaster, Jacob B. .
1764 Lancaster, Joseph . .
1787 Land. Henry M, M. 1).
1.S59 I.anilreth, liaviil . .
1867 Landreth, iV Co.. I). .
1852 Lannhorne, Daniel A.
M. 1)
i860 Lapsley. Mrs. .Anna W.
1851 La|>sley. David . . .
1857 Lajjsley. Joseph B. .
1786 Large, Kbenezer . .
1865 Lamed, William H. .
I.'i57 Law. Kdward K. . .
I859 Law. Mrs. Kdwar<l K.
1864 Lawrence, Henry . .
1816 Lawrence, Mahlon
1751 Lawrence, Thomas, Jr.
I7S9 Lav, Benianiin . . .
1858 Leii, Henry C. . . .
1852 Lea, Isaac
1810 Lea, Joseph
1865 LcaminR. J. F'isher
i860 Leaniv, Miss A. . . .
?30
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26 67
'25
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'05
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140
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100
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65
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1,480
00
80
00
100
00
50
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388
1856
Leaurv. Miss iS: Sister
SHX3
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17,86
i«93
Le Coiitf, Robert G. Dr.
0"
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1.867
1802
Lee, David
42
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Leech, Josepli ....
26 67
1785
1 761
Leech, Thomas . . .
26 67
1751
1867
Leech, William . . .
500
00
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1856
Leedom, H. J
100
00
■758
1766
Leigh, Rev. George .
46
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1857
1858
Leibrandt, Frederick
250
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1856
1848
Lejee, William R. . .
1 . ' 30
00
18.S9
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Leland, Charles . . .
100
00
l8:;8
1867
Lennig, Cliarles . . .
.50
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18,S7
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Lennig, Frederick ,
50
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■893
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Lennig Fredrick . .
50
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1854
1892
Leiitz & Sons. Charles
30
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1858
1852
Leslie, James ....
27
00
1819
1856
Levick, James J.. M. D.
,1"
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■859
1857
Levick. Richard ivc Co.
100
(KJ
1 88 1
1871
Levis, Richard J., .^L D.
3"
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1848
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Levy, Lyon J
55
00
1863
1796
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40
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1864
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Lewis, Anna M. . . .
350
00
■859
1856
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400
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1761
1795
Lewis, David .
60
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1832
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.so
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6(K)
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100
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1770
Lewis, Ellis
26 67
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1852
Lewis. Francis .-Mbert
3"
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loo
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'30
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1859
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180
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Lewis, George T. . .
530
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1857
1812
Lewis, Hannah, Jr. .
100
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■857
1864
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600
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127
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1 759
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26 67
1832
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3"
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Lewis, John T. . .
1.646
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500
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130
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1856
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Lewis, Joseph Saunders
7667
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Lewis, Joseph Sannders
130
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1893
1S28
Lewis, Lawrence . .
2.. 550
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1857
1865
Lewis, Mrs. Lawrence
100
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Lewis, Lawrence, Jr.
2.80
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1812
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100
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1752
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200
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1794
1858
Lewis, Mrs. Martha R.
100
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1816
1775
Lewis, Mordecai . ,
1,048 87
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Lewis, Mordecai, Jr. .
100
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2,670
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.50
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26
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86
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50
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30
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200
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26 67
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100
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Le-\. Charles E. . . .
Liddan, .\braliani . .
Licper, Thomas . . .
Lightfoot, Thomas
Lightfoot & Walton .
Liglitfoot, William
Lincoln, Abel ...
Lindsay iS: Blackstoii
Lindsay, John ....
Linnard, James M.
Lipjiincott, George
Lippincott, Horjice
Lippincott, Jas. Dundas
Lippincott, J. K. S: Co.
Lippincott, Joshua
Lippincott S: I'arry .
Little, .^mos R. & Co.
Little iV Shannon . .
Livezey, Edward, ^LD.
Livezey, John ...
I^ivezey, Sarah M. .
Livezey, Thomas, Jr.
Llovd, Isaac S. . .
Lloyd. Maria D. . .
Lloyd, Samuel . .
Lloyd, Susan P. . . .
Lloyd, William . , .
Logan, Cieorge, M. D.
Logan, William . . .
Long, James . . •
Longstreet, Wm. W.
Longstreth, Joshua .
Longstretli, Mary .Ann
Longstreth, Morris, M.D
Longstreth, Wm. W.
Looney Robert . .
Love, John B. . . .
Love, Thomas C. . .
Loveriiig. Joseph S. .
Lowber, William T. .
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Lowe, A. C
Lowler, Edward
Lownes, James
Lownes, John .
Lownes, Joseph .
Lownes, Joseph
Lownes, Josiah H. . .
Lo.vley, Benjamin .
Lucas, Setb
Lucas, William . .
Ludlum, (ieorge . .
Ludwell, I'liilip . . .
Ludwick, Chrisloplier
Ludwig. Kneedler iS; Co.
Luke, John
Lukens, Casper P.. M.D.
Lukens, Charles. M.D.
Lukens, John ...
Lutz, David M. . . .
Lyle. James
Lynch, William . .
Lynn, John
Lvon, Capt. Charles
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i«5q
'\'>7
1S56
<><57
1.S67
■••<54
■773
'754
'775
'775
1856
17.SS
iSoi
17S.S
'754
1.S21
17S1
i«52
I.s.t9
'859
i«»5
IS,S6
1761
'•■<56
1H17
'S55
1X65
'859
1.S67
1858
'75«
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'857
'75'
'754
'755
1K27
1754
1867
1858
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'857
1801
'755
1856
'765
1848
'859
i8s6
'S45
'S45
'857
'765
M
Maa;;, J.'icol)
Macalislcr, Charlfs .
Ma<UI(K-k, 'riionias
Mail<l..<k, William I..
Manarjiff. C'liarlis .
Magcc, Janus T.
MaKic, Michail H. .
.MaKi-'t, W'iilianiS. . .
MaKi<--, T. S: C"o. . .
.Mak'din, John . . .
Malin, William C. . .
Malonc & I aviiir .
Malta, SunsuV ...
Mandt-rson, An<lri« .
MandcTson, Janus . .
Manclcrson Tliumas .
Mar^ee, Cliarli-s . . .
Markoe, Janus, M. U.
Marks, Lt-vi
Marriott, JiiSfph . . .
Marriott, Thomas . .
Marshall, liinjamin .
Marshall, Ikiijamin .
Marshall, Charks . .
Marshall, Charles, Jr.
Marshall, Christian, Jr.
Marsh.'ill. ('hristoplu-r
Marsh.ill Klizal.ith .
Marshall, John . . .
Marshall. Marv . .
Marshall. Riiliaril M.
M.irshall, Sarah . . .
Marshall, Sarah and
-Sister
Martin. J.inus ....
Mason. .'Xbrahain . .
•Mason, John ....
Mason, SanuK'l . . .
Mason, Samuel . . .
Mason. .Samuel, Jr. .
Massey. Collins .t C"o.
Massey, Houston <S: C"o.
Massey. Roliert \'. .
Massey, Samuel . . .
Massey, William . .
Massey, William \'.
Massey, Wrijjht . . .
Masters, William . .
Mather, Jose|ih . . .
Matthews, c:alel)B.,M
Matthews, lIuKh . .
.M.attliews & Moore
Mattson. C. H. ...
Maule, Kdward . . .
Maulc, Henry ....
Maule, Israel ....
Maule, Thomas . . .
Mayfield. William R.
Mavherry, Thomas
McAllister & Brother
McAllister, John . . .
McAllister. John, Jr.
MciVllistcr, Thomas II.
McAllister, William N'.
McBrlde, Patrick . .
McCall, Archibald . .
n.
I8s6
S26 67
'«59
i,(X)0 00
1761
.53 33
'«57
105 00
1864
500 00
1891
30 00
'«37
6,50 00
1781
50 on
'«59
50 «KJ
1768
26 67
1787
30 cx>
1858
loo 00
1 '7«7
uio 00
1 '«59
225 00
' 180?
100 (X)
1865
100 00
1856
100 IXI
'«57
30 tX)
'85.
26 67
'85.
214 20
1856
26 67
1851
34 30
i860
1 ,955 00
1 '«57
53 82
1761
V* 00
1762
53 ^^3
1 '7S«
40 00
1 "<56
75 00
; 17.S1
30 67
1 1 761
I.I.So 00
1 '•'<'5
630 (X3
'752
3,800 00
'765
'«59
600 00
1858
2.SO 00
18.S8
42 00
1858
100 00
1867
40 00
9<w 00
|8,S7
30 ""
18-6
7IXJ 00
1.S85
1 ,5CX5 00
1826
K)0 00
188.S
26 67
1868
125 00
1856 1
5,125 00
1867 1
26 67
1884
72 00
1 880
26 67
'7.54
1. -JO 00
'8.15
26 67
1867
.S»»0 OQ
'86s
3" 00
"7,54
7<KJ Ott
1 761
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1786
',S3 33
I8';7
66 66
1863
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1847
43 5'
1847
105 <x>
1.S6S
125 rjo
1856
22,5 00
18,84
30 00
1.S84
30 00
'7.54
'75 00
1764
106 66
'75'
.McC'.ill, Catharine
.McCall, Harry, Jr. .
McCall. Samuel
MiCallum. William
Ml Calliim >V Co.
.McCahoii. W. J.^V Co.
McClellan. CkorKe.M.ll
McClenachon, Blair .
McConkey, Uavid . .
McCracken, James
Ml C'rea, James .
McCrea, James .^. . .
MiC"ullon«h, John . .
McCurdv, John R.
.McDonald, .Malcolm
.McKweii. Thomas, M. I).
McCjee, Janu-s ....
Ml Henry. Alexander R
.Mcllvaine, HukIi . .
Mcllvaine, James .
McKean, Uorie iSc Co.
Ml Kean. Henry I'ratt
.Ml Keaii, Mrs, .' . . .
McKeown, Charles
McLane, Allen . . .
McLean .t Stewart
McMichael, John .
.Mc.Murtrie, Richard C.
McMiirlrie, William
Mcl'herson, John .
Mease, James, M.I). .
Mease, John
Me.'ise. John, Jr. . .
Medar.i, Joseph S . .
MeKaiHee & Brother .
Mefjar^jee, Charles
Menar^ee. Samuel
.Menarnee & Co..
Theodore
MeKear, Thomas J. ,
MeiHS. Arthur \'., M.I)
-MeiKS. Ale.xaniler W.
.Meisjs, Chiirles I). .M.I).
Meins, Kdward B. . ,
MeiKs, J. Aitken. M I).
Mei^s, J. Forsyth . .
Meijjs, Marv R B
Meins. William M. . .
Melchior I.eonaril . .
Mellor, Thomas . . .
.Mellor, Banes, .V Mellor
Mercer, John C. . . .
Meredith, Charles .
Meredith, Kees . . .
Meredith, Samuel . .
Merrick, Samuel \'. .
Merrick iSc Sons . . .
Meyer, Conrad . . .
Meyers, John B. . .
Meyers, Joseph B. . .
Meyers, Isaac ...
.Middleton, C. Wilmer
Middleton. How.ird W.
Mifflin, Benjamin . .
Mifflin, Ksthcr .
Mifflin, CieorKe .
$ll«>
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26
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100
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1. 30
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85 9»
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67
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f)0
3"
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1,01*)
1X1
IIX)
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330
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'.?"
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1,500
OQ
IO,(XX>
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So tM)
26 67
66 66
53
33
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.V> 67
66 66
50
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62
66
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3"
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100
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225
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100
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00
30
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3"
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780
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3"
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170
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26
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1.030
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200
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106 66
26
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2.255
00
I, SOO
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3'
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230 '
00
350 •
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10 ■
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60
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26 57
26 67
106 66
300
1761
Midliii, Jnim . . . .
S141 02
'75'
>754
Mifflin, John, Jr. . . .
26 67
■75'
1784
Mifflin, John F. . . .
32 00
1787
'75'
Mifflin, Jonathan
206 67
1765
I7«5
Mifflin, Jonatlian . .
40 00
1855
■775
Mifflin, Josepli . . .
3' '8
1855
1S19
Mifflin, Lloyd . . . .
27 00
1834
1751
Mifflin, Samnel . . .
99 06
1855
1751
Mifflin, Samuel . . .
26 67 1
'893
J 767
Mifflin, Thorntis . -
78 66
18 18
J 762
Mildred & Roberts
454 67
1865
i«59
Miles & Son, Jacob
100 00
1852
1775
Miles, Samuel . . .
36 70
1807
i.s.sb
Miller, Abraham
5(» 00
1866
1S79
Miller, Charles F. .
30 00
1844
1.S67
Miller, E. Spencer .
SO 00
1 84 1
1754
Miller, George . .
26 67
1884
1.S5S
Miller, Hiram . . .
100 00
1867
1.S92
Miller, Isaac L. . .
SO 00
1865
17.S6
Miller, James . . .
26 67
1846
iSoS
Miller, John . . .
1,55 00
1854
'•S7
Miller, John S. .
200 00
i8,S7
17«6
Miller, Maiinus .
26 67
1841
.764
Miller, Peter . .
26 67
i8s2
1S56
Miller, Richards . .
100 00
1865
1S66
Miller, Thomas . .
150 00
1 88 1
185S
Miller, William . .
120 00
1757
1856
Milne, David . . .
800 00
1796
1761
Milner, Edward . .
26 67
1796
1764
Milner, Edward . .
26 67
1865
1857
Mislcev, A
irx3 00
1867
1867
Miskev, Merrill S:
■S57
Thackara ....
500 00
1751
1848
Mitchell & Bro. . .
30 56
1801
1867
Mitchell, J. E. . . ,
50 00
1754
182s
Mitchell, J. K., M. 1
30 00
1866
18.S4
Mitchell, S. Weir. .M.
D . T,(> 00
1756
1760
Molantl, John. Jr. .
26 67
1S65
1857
Molloy, Michael . .
TOO 00
1859
1S21
Montelitis, William
40 00
1800
'75'
Moode. William .
26 67
1 76 1
1859
Moon. Mahlon . .
50 00
1754
1867
Moore iSc Canipion
IlKJ 00
1758
'754
Moore, Charles . ,
26 67
1857
1761
Moore, Charles, M 1
1 26 67
1859
i86s
Moore, Henry I). .
\ao 00
1826
1867
Moore & Son James
500 00
1855
1856
Moore, J. Wilson. M.
D. icx> 00
1848
1820
Moore, John. M.D.
30 00
i8i6
Moore, John W., M.l
) . I so 00
1780
1787
Moore, Patrick . .
26 67
1 80 1
1751
Moore, Robert . .
66 66
1864
'752
Moore, S. Preston. D
142 26
1844
1S58
Moore, Samuel, MI
). 200 00
1756
1804
Moore, Sarah . . .
I,S6 66
"893
'756
Moore, Thomas
62 69
1857
Moore, Thomas H.
50 00
1815
1754
Moore, William , .
66 66
1812
■859
Moore. William 1 1 ,
5,S50 00
1874
1859
Moorehead, Joel H.
600 00
1S67
1859
Moorehead, William
Ci. 100 00
1764
1759
Morgan, Benjamin
133 76
1806
1757
Morgan, Evan . .
178 71
1 78 1
1765
Morgan, John, Dr. .
26 67
1865
1 858
Morrell, John R. .
200 00
1761
1857
Morrell, Robert, M.I
). 100 00
■833
1761
Morrell, William, C;
pt. 30 66
1836
Morris, Anthony . .
Morris, Anthony, Jr.
Morris, Benjamin Wistar
Morris, Cadwalader ,
Morris, Catharine . .
Morris, Catharine W.
Morris, Casper, M.D.
Morris, Casper W.
Morris, Effingham li.
Morris, George . . .
Morris, George C. . .
Morris, George W. .
Morris, Gouverneur .
Morris, Hannah . . .
Morris. Henry . . .
Morris, Isaac P. . . .
Morris & Co,, I. P. .
Morris,Towne.tCo.,I I'.
Morris, Isaac W.
Morris, Israel ...
Morris, Israel W. .
Morris, Israel, Jr. .
Morris, Jacob G. . .
Morris, Jacob G., Jr
Morris, James T. .
Morris, Jane ...
Morris. John ....
Morris, John, M. D. .
Morris, John M. . . .
Morris, Jolni T. . .
Morris, J. H
Morris, Jones & Co. .
Morris, Josejili . . ■
Morris, Joseph .
Morris. Joshua
Morris. Levi ...
Morris, Luke ....
Morris, Lydia ...
Morris. P. Penibcrton
Morris, Richard Hill .
Morris, Robert . . .
Morris, Samuel . .
Morris, Samuel, Jr. .
Morris, Samuel . . .
Morris, Stephen . .
Morris, Stephen P. .
Morris, Stephen P. .
Morris, Tasker & Mor-
ris
Morris, Thomas . . .
Morris, Thomas, Ir. .
Morris, Wheeler & Co.
Morris, Wistar . . .
Morris, William . . ,
Morris, Wistar (familv
of) I
Morrison, George iSl F:v:
Morrison, William . .
Morton, Charles :M. .
Morion, Helen K. , .
Morton, John . .
Morton, John, Jr.
Morton, Robert . .
Morion, Robert P. . .
Morton, Samuel .
Morton, Samuel C
Morton, Sanuiel G., Dr.
$258 66
'65 56
26
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78
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3"
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50
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219
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1,600
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4,280
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1,030
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250
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1,000
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175
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CO
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26 67
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1810
1754
1781
1886
1886
1858
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1865
1884
Morton, TliomasCF. Dr.
Morton, Thomas S, K.,
Moses, lloraci; . .
Moss, K. L
Moss, John
Mover, Charles . . .
Mover ^t Hros. K. P. .
Miillowhy, John . . .
Mnr^atroytl, JanR-s
MurKatroytl, Thomas
Murray, Ann and
Charks Willin,; . .
Murray, Mrs. per
Chas. VViMiuK . . .
Musser, William . .
Myers, John H. ...
Myers, Joseph B. . .
Myers, Kirkpatriek .t
Co
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"M." 1.
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185(5 Neall, Daniel . .
1764 Neave & Son, Richard
1751 Neave, Samuel . . .
1760 Ne.nte, William . . .
1857 Needles. J.iseph .A. .
l8is Neill, Henrv. M I). .
1852 Neill. John M D .
1751 Nelson. John , . .
i860 Nelson, Mrs. Kolierl .
1786 Nesbit, .Alexander . .
1857 Nevins. James . . .
1856 Newhold. Charles
1828 Ncwbold, James S. .
1856 .\ewl)old, Son it Aert-
son
1867 Newluill. Boric tV Co.
184s Newhali. Paul W. . .
1856 Newhali. Thomas .A. .
1863 Newlin, J. Shipley . .
1856 Newlin. Thomas S. .
1863 Newlin. Thomas S., Jr.
1871 Newkirk. Kev.
M.itthew. Jr. . . .
1822 Nicliols()n, Lindsay
1867 Nicholson. Richard I,.
1786 Nicklin. Philip . . .
1759 Ni.xon. John
1751 Noble, Sanuu-1 . . .
1859 Norcross ^i Sheets . .
1751 Norris, Charles . . .
iSqo Norris. Charles . . .
1.S33 Norris, (Jeor^e W., Dr.
1751 Norris, Isaac ....
1857 Norris. Isaac ....
1813 Norris, Joseph P. . .
17Q4 Norris, Mary ....
1,856 Norris, Richard . . .
1863 Norris iS: Sons, Richard
1863 Norris. .Samuel . . .
1863 Norris, William K., Dr.
1865 Norton. Charles F. .
1845 Notman, John ....
, S80
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100
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100
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Oakford & Son, Charles
Oat, lieor^e R. . . .
Odenheinier, John . .
OtVev Daniel ...
OKdeii, Charles S.
t)Kden, John M. . .
Okie, J. B, .
Olden, John .
Ord, lleoiKe
Ord, John
Ord, Joseph H
Orde, (ieorne
Ormes, Samuel. M 1 1
( )rne, Henjamin ,
Orne. James il.
Orne, J. I-". .S: K. B.
Orsborne, Charles .
Osbourne, Lewis (1.
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Olio. Margaret J. . .
< 'Mseiand, John . ,
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Owen, Griffith .
Packard, Frederick A.
M. D
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Packer, Asa .
Pane, George W . . .
Pajce, G. WashiuHlon
P.iHe, William Byrd, Dr.
Palmer, John ....
Palmer M: Co.. Jonathan
Palmer, Thomas . . .
Palmer <S: Co.. Thomas
Paiicoast. M. I). . . .
Pardee, Ario ....
Panlee iS: Co., A. . .
Parke, Hannah . . .
Parke, Thomas, M. D.
Parker, Charles Collins,
M. D
Parker, Jeremiah .
Parker, Joseph
Parker. Richard
Parker. Rich.ird
Parr, William ...
P.irrish, Daviil . .
P.irrish, DiltwMi . .
Parrish. George I ).
Parrish, Isaac .
Parrish, Isaac. M. 1).
Parrish, John . .
Parrish, Josejih. .M. D.
Parrish. Samuel . .
P.irrish. William I)
Parry, Isaac
Parry .t R.indolph .
Parry, Samuel . .
Partridge. Richard
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Coates
Pascliall, Isaac . . .
Pascliall, Joseph .
Pascliall, Joseph , . .
Pascliall, Rola-rt S. .
Paschall, Sarah . . .
Pascliall, Thomas . .
Paschall, Tliuinas . .
Patterson, F.dward
Paltcrsoii, Joseph . .
Patterson, Mrs. Morris
Patton, Abraham
Patton, J. Price . . .
Paul, Daniel ...
Paul, Daniel, Ir. . .
Paul, Daniel R. . . .
Paul, Hannah ....
Paul, James W. . . .
Paul, John
Paul, John
Paul, Joseph ....
Paul, Joseph M. . . .
Paul, Sarah R. . . .
Pa.Kson, William P. ,
Peace, Ann Coleman .
Peace, Edward, M. D.
Peace, Edward Coleman
Peace, Philip Physic .
Pearne, Richard . .
Pearsall, Robert , . .
Pearson, Davis . . .
Pearson & Co., Davis
Peel, Oswald ...
Peirce, Calel) ....
Pemberton, Henry
Pemberton, Israel . .
Pembertun, Israel, Jr.
Pemberton. lames . .
Pembertor., lolin . .
Pemberton. Joseph
Peninjiton, Edward
Peninttton, Edward, Jr.
Penington, Isaac
Peniston, John F. .
Penn, Joiin ....
Penn, John, Jr. . .
Penn, Thomas and
Richard, (sonsofWi
Penn)
Pennock, Abraham I.
PennocU, Caroline
Pennock, Caspar V\'.
M. D
Pennock, George .
Pennock, Nathaniel
Pennock, Sallie VV.
Penrose, Charles
Bingham, M. I). .
Penrose, James . .
Penrose, Thomas .
Penrose, Thomas, J
Penrose, William
Pepper, Ffedrick S.
Pepper, Citorge . .
Pepper, Mrs. Cleorge S.
Pep|)er, Henry . . .
i860
Pepper, Mrs. Mary .
S30 00
$26 67
1867
Pepper, Mrs. S. N. .
70 (X)
45 .U
■837
Pep])er, William, M. D.
260 f»)
29 66
iS6s
I'ei)|)er, Will.. Jr., M.D.
.50 'H)
266 66
1866
Perkins, Benjamin, Jr.
4<j 00
100 0(J
1S48
Perot, CMiarles ....
403 00
333 33
1856
Perot, Edward . . .
300 00
34 66
1786
Perot, P^lliston . . .
423 33
200 00
■857
Perot, Elliston . . ,
I(X> 00
100 00
1 856
Perot, P'rancis ...
UK) 00
150 00
179"
Perot, John
160 00
100 00
1856
Perot, Joseph ....
160 00
26 66
■834
Perot, Sanson! ....
30 00
100 00
1867
Perot & Co., T. Morr.s
60 00
50 00
■ 856
Perot, William S. . .
100 Ot>
50 00
■ 858
Peters, p'raiicis , . .
too (X>
30 00
■751
Peters, Richard . . .
■33 33
100 00
■757
Peters, William . . .
26 67
1 00 00
1781
Peterson, Derick . .
28 67
26 67
181 1
Peterson, George . .
50 00
50 00
1864
Peterson, R. S. . . .
30 00
30 67
1765
Pettit, Charles . .
29 10
50 00
17S1
Phile, Frederick, M. I).
26 67
225 00
1857
Philler, Cieorge . . .
100 00
30 00
1888
Phillips, Ellen ....
30 00
100 00
1 888
Phillips, Emily . . .
100 00
30 00
■857
Phillips, Henry M. .
2(X) 00
50 00
1867
Phillips, Moro ....
250 00
50 00
1868
Pliipps, Sarah ....
55 "0
38 75
1787
Phvsick. Henry . . .
26 67
300 00
■794
Physick, Philip's. M. 1),
140 00
30 00
■785
Pickering. Timothy
26 67
21X) 00
■859
Pierpont, P'rancis . .
100 00
66 66
■845
Piatt, Clavton ....
30 CK>
30 00
1843
Piatt, Wil'liam ....
130 iXi
■50 00
■795
Pleasants, Israel . . .
50 <»
266 67
i860
Pleasants, Mary T. .
50 00
266 67
■767
Pleasants, Samuel . .
,84 02
119 21
■73^
Plunistead, William .
66 66
7466
■75'
Pole, John
40 00
■41 25
17,86
Pollvart, Ignatius . .
26 67
93 33
i860
Porter, William A. .
45 o"
26 67
■«59
Potter, Thomas . . .
200 00
26 67
■859
Potts, David, Jr. . ,
150 00
100 00
1761
Potts. John
106 66
80 00
1780
Potts, Jonathan, M. 1).
96 00
266 66
1767
Potts, Joseph ....
266 66
1768
Potts, Samuel ....
33 33
1861
Potts, William F. . .
250 oil
493 33
1795
Poulson, Zachariah, Jr.
nx) 00
30 00
■857
Poultney, C N. . . .
150 o<i
600 00
■856
Poultney. Charles W.
I,,S(K) 00
■856
Poultney, Lelitia . .
2(K) 00
180 00
1823
Powell John Hare . .
'35 <">
26 67
1867
Powell, Mrs J,,hn Hare
250 01 >
26 67
1864
Powell, R Hare .
2(M) (XI
50 00
■752
Powell, Samuel . . .
135 99
'759
Powell. Samuel . . .
288 (Kl
^0 00
■8.S9
Powers, Mrs Anna M.
1,050 00
26 67
1848
Powers. Thomas H. .
I,, ^40 (»
34 66
1781
Poyntell, William , .
III 00
293 33
1786
Pragers, Michael , .
26 67
26 67
■857
Pratt, D. T
30 <X>
30 act
I. So I
Pratt. Henry ....
'33 33
30 ixj
■859
Preston. Jane ....
100 (X>
100 00
1852
Price, Eli K.
140 00
30 00
1804
Price, Joseph . .
26 67
393
1S52 I'rici.-, Jiisliiia I
I.SJ2 Price. Richard . . .
'■\S" I'ricf, Stephen S. . .
iSii I'rice. William, M. I ).
1770 I'riiiHle, Jiihii . . . .
i«57 Pritclutt Jt Hau;;h . .
iSsg I'rilclRll, Tlmmas .
1S67 I'roctiir, William, Jr.
1758 Purviance, Samuel
i.S6,s Purvis, Miss Fanny K
i>S66 Purvis, Sarah .\.
1S57 Pusey, Kilwaril T. .
1761 Pusey, William . . .
i>57 oueen, James W. . .
R
1795 Ralston, Rohert . . .
1S67 Ramherger, William K.
i,H65 Rami, H. Iluwar.l. M.I).
1559 Randall, .^. I.. . .
1865 Randolph, Kdw. Tavlor
i.S2(i Randolph, Jacoh, Mil).
1S56 Randolph i^Jenks . . I
i)<67 Randol))li, Julianna .
1851 Randolph, Nathaniel
1857 Randolph Richard .
i8^i Rankin, David ... i
1864 Rathlnm, R. N. . . .
■757 Rawle, Benjamin .
17.56 Rawle, Kraiuis . . .
I7,S9 Rawle. William . . .
1763 Raw son, Christopher,
1758 Read, Andrew . . .
1788 Read, James ....
1864 Read, John M. . .
i,S57 Reath, Renjamin H.
1751 Reilman, John. M. I>.
1756 Redman. Joseph
1858 Redner, Joseph J. .
1867 Redner, Lewis 11.
1857 Reed, William B. . .
1804 Redwood, William . .
1706 Reeve, Peter ...
186.5 Reeves, Samuel J. .
1859 Rchn, William L. . .
1867 Reid, William P.
1859 ReiKle, Jacob . . .
i:6i Reillv. John
1865 Reillv & Son, P .
1857 Reillv, Philip S. . .
1867 Reillv, Rohert I..
1856 Relf.Charles P. . . .
1758 Relfe, John ...
1857 Repplier, John G. . .
1867 Repplier, J. G.&G.S.
1751 Revnell John ....
1857 Revnolds. .Anne R.
1865 Rhann. W. 11
1756 Rhea, John
1859 Rlioads, Charles . .
1864 Rhoads, Edward, M.I),
1560 Rhoads. Klizaheth .
1S64 Rhoads, Jas. E.. M. 1).
1859 Rhoads, Mary .Ashhrid^e
1751 Rhoads. Samuel . . .
S.'<o 00 I
1765
180 00
1857
50 00
.864
30 00
1758
52 00
1867
200 00
1858
1(X> 00
18.59
so 00
■857
26 57
1851
50 00
1821
360 00
1762
50 00
1848
"26 67
'751
|8,S9
I86.J
IlKJ IHJ
1858
'75'
1869
50 00
1766
100 00
1856
400 00
'857
50 00
1767
200 00
1852
30 00
'857
.200 00
1857
100 00
1806
30 00
■84.^
150 00
'85s
,200 00
I«35
150 00
'765
26 66
1866
65 12
1781
32 00
'"63
81 38
i860
26 67
18,58
93 33
"754
50 00
1864
30 00
1867
26 67
1858
14 89
1865
7' 50
1 84 1
50 00
1823
50 00
184'
100 40
1765
197 09
1881
250 00
200 00
175'
30 00
1856
50 o<j
i«4S
26 67
■ 758
100 00
'754
50 00
1874
90 00
1841
100 00
1801
26 66
1767
100 00
1858
100 00
I.S67
562 31
1856
100 00
'7,S9
100 CO
'852
.?> 87
'859
30 00
1810
30 00
'857
200 00
1856
30 00
1813
50 00
1849
50 06
1857
Rhoads, Samuel, Jr. . $4665
Rhoads, Samuel . . . 100 041
Rhoads, William G. . .^o oo
Rholiothain. Geor|{e . 26 67
Rianhard, 11. B. . . . ,50 00
Rice, John 2,o<x) 00
Richards ^: Carver .50 00
Richards, George W. 200 00
Richards, Jonathan 30 00
Richards, Mark 40 00
Richards, Samuel . . 38 o«
Richards, William II. 105 ixi
Richardson, Erancis 54 66
Richardson, Hannah 80 o<»
Richarilson, John . . 50 00
Richardson, John J. 50 00
Richarilson, Joseph 504 79
Richardson, Jose|)h (;. yt oo
Richardson, Mary , . 53 t^j
Richardson, Richard .5<m) 00
Richar<l.son iS: Co., Tims. 1,250 00
Riche, Thomas ... 26 67
Rickets. .Mrs. M. . . 50 <x>
Rickets, John T. . . 100 00
Riddle, Samuel . . . 100 00
Rid>;w;iy, Jacob . . . 500 (jo
Ridt;way, John J. . . 1,53000
Ridfjway, Thomas . . 300 <x>
Rig^s. Romulus ... 26 67
Ringold, Thomas . . 72 00
Ritchie, Crais; \). . . 70 00
Rittenhouse, I)avi<l . 34 67
Rittenhouse, Nicholas 26 67
Kitter M: Brother .^'^ *)"
Rohli, James .... 50 tx)
Roberdeau, I),aniel 8009
Robbins. Stephen . . .V) ""
Roberts it Co., A. P. . 4ix> 00
Roberts, A. S >t E. . i,<xk) (xj
Roberts, Albert E. ifxi 00
Roberts, Caleb C. . 16 66
Roberts, Charles 60 00
Roberts, Elihu . . 26 67
Roberts, George . 43 37
Roberts, CieorKe B.,
M. I) 2ix> <»>
Roberts, HuRh . . 86 14
Roberts, llunh . 100 ixi
Roberts, Mrs. HukIi . i<x) 00
Roberts, Isaac ... 26 66
Roberts. John . . .58 66
Roberts, John li.. Ml). 130 <xj
Roberts, Solomon W. 626 67
Robeson, John ... 26 66
Robeson. Th<»mas . . 53 33
Robins. John. Jr. . . 325 ix)
Robins, Stephen . . 50 (X>
Robins, Thomas . . . uxi (Xi
Rollins. Mrs. Thus. . .50 00
Robinson, Mancure 1 ,o8(^j rx>
Robinson. Thomas 28 80
Rockhill <S: Wilson . . 2ix) 00
Rogers, Charles H. . 1 ,o<x) 00
Rogers, Evans . . . 1,110 cx)
Rogers, William . . 50 cxi
Ronaldson, Richard . 6,020 <xj
Rosengarteii, Geo. 1). 325 00
394
'751
Ross, John
848
ot»
1762
i,ss6
Ross. Robert J. . .
500
CKJ
'785
'75«
Rouse, Jolin . - .
26 67
i860
1S5»
Rowlaiiti, Betijaniin .
100
00
■859
iSSi
Rowland, Edward . .
100
o<j
1820
1.S64
Rowland, James .
.SO
00
1S46
1.S60
Rowland S: Co., James
UK)
fMJ
1760
1.S64
Rowland, Nathan . .
.50
0<J
1754
1864
Rowland &Co., W illiam
PX)
CO
■844
1S58
Rowland. William
HH)
00
1781
1856
Rue. John R. . .
lew
00
■8.55
"■\i9
RuKan. Cliarles .
2rjo
00
1857
1756
Rundle, Danit-i - -
75
35
'859
i7«7
Rundle. Richaril
,,26
67
1863
1770
Rush. Beniamin. .M.l 1.
546
67
1858
1X13
Rush, James. .M.l>.
V>
00
1833
lS2«
Rush, William, M 1 1.
45
00
'8,59
I75«
Rush, William .
32
00
1857
1786
Russell, Kdwaril
26 67
1S52
1.S58
Rutter, Clement S.
HX)
00
1864
1788
Rutter. Geor,E;e
4"
00
i.s.,6
I'-^S?
Rutter, Xewhall. .S; C.
100
00
'^S7
1767
Rutter, Thomas . .
53
.^?;
■863
1858
Ryerss, Joseph W.
KXJ
00
1876
1849
A" Restored Patient"
S
ICKt
CXJ
I86i
■845
1856
1S64
Sager. Adeline Mar?;aret
5"
00
"750
Saltair, Thomas . . .
26
67
186.,
■»59
Sansoni, Hannah
500
00
17.58
1794
Sausom, Joseph . . .
26
67
1856
■751
Sansom, Samuel . .
59
47
.887
1768
Sansom, Samuel. Jr. .
32
00
1754
'783
Sansom. William . .
4'3
33
17.54
1852
Sargeant, Kitz-
1884
William, Jr
.^0
00
1856
1752
Sauer. Christopher
93
33
1863
1814
Saunders. Ann . . .
205
00
1S07
'«59
Saunders. J. iS: M. . .
l(X>
00
1868
1856
Saunders, John . .
50
00
1752
1754
Saunders, Josejjh . .
'73
00
1751
1856
Saunders. Macphersun
50
00
175S
i«55
Sauter, Charles . . .
33
33
1771
1811
Savage, John ....
.30
00
1752
1856
Savage .So Co.. J. R. .
50
00
I 700
1864
Savery. William. M. I).
.30
00
1S12
Sawyer, James . .
5"
00
1859
1780
Say, Benjamin, M. 1).
27
66
iSgo
'75'
Say, Thomas ....
107
66
i8,?4
i«59
Scattergood. Joseph .
120
iT<:)
1867 1
i«57
Scattergood, Samuel S.
.50
00
1876 1
1872
Scattergood. Thomas
.?o
00
1876
i«59
Schaffer, Josejih L. .
I IK)
00
J.S57
Schafier, William I,. .
1,50
IW
1799
1865
Schiedt. Abraham . .
30
W)
18.59
1858
Schiedt. (Jottlieb
30
00
1870
1S9.?
Schiedt. Coltlieb
579 45
1792
1S14
Schlatter. William
50
(X)
'797
1873
Schmidt. Ilenr)" . . .
.lO
00
1755
1821
Scliott, James ....
l.lO
00
17.54
1S42
Schott, James. Jr. . .
30
00
1761
1887
Scott, Anna U. . .
500
00
1834
1759
Scott, John
53
33
1762
1856
Scott, John M.
30
00
1764
'855
-Scott. Lewis .A.
90
00
1819
1858
Scull, David
.Soo
00
1858
Scull, Gideon . .
21X)
00
1.S67
Seckel, (ieorge I>avid
Seckel, Lawrence . .
Sellers & Penuock
Sellers & Co., William
Sellers. Samuel . . .
Sergeant. John . . .
Serniftn. Josi-ph . , .
Sennard. Joseph . .
Seybert, Henry . . .
Shaw. Samuel ....
Shallcross. M.C.. .Vl.li.
Shannon. Kllwood . .
Shannon. Jacob H. . .
Sharpless, Anna R. .
Sharpless Bros . . .
Sharpless, Blakey . .
Sharpless. Edward
Sharpless, Knos . . .
Shari)less, Henry G. .
Sharpless, Isaac . . .
Sharpless. John M.
Sharpless. John S. . .
Sharpless, M. V. B. .
Sharpless. Nathan
Sharpless. Samuel J.
Sharpless, Townsencl
Sharpless, William.
P. .t A
Sheatr. John T. .
Shee. Walter . .
Sheppard. Catharine
Shei)pard. Rebecca C,
Shewell, Joseph . .
Shewell. Stephen
.Shinn. James T. . .
.Shipley, Joseph . .
Shipley, .Samuel R.
Shipley, Thomas
Shipley, Thomas
Shipley, William
Shippen, Edward
Shippen, Edwartl. Jr.
Shippen, Joseph, Jr. .
Shippen, William. Ml ).
Ship])en, William. Jr..
M. D
Shober, loseph B. . .
Shober. John B., M.D.
Shober. Samvie! I..
Shoemaker, Benjamin
H
Shoemaker. 2d,
Benjamin H. ...
Shoemaker. Charles .
Shoemaker. Charles
.Shoemaker. Charles H.
Shoemaker. Geor.ge .
Slu)emaker. Jacob . .
Shoemaker, Jacob .
Shoemaker. Jacob. Jr.
Shoemaker. John . .
Shoemaker: John W.
Shoemaker. Jonathan
Shoemaker. Jonathan
Shoemaker, Nathan.
M. D
Shoemaker. Robert .
>53 33
293 33
100 00
3,200 00
30 00
100 00
77 73
26 67
30 00
30 46
^o 00
1 3(K) 00
lfX3 00
100 GO
2,SO 00
30 00
.jO CO
200 00
30 00
30 00
1 .'KX> 00
,^0 00
ifx> 00
30 00
100 00
90 00
,50 00
30 00
40 00
50 00
^o 00
'26 67
53 33
30 00
.500 00
100 00
,^0 00
50 00
'26 67
26 67
26 67
26 67
6' 33
37 33
.SO 00
30 00
126 67
2. 150 Oi»
v>
00
26 67
100
00
3"
00
26 67
100
00
26
67
KVS
85
26
67
26 67
26 67
26
67
26
67
400
00
395
lido SliDfUiaUtr, RohiTt, Jr. S.^i <)o
1857 Slioiniakir & (.1).,
Rohcrt yx) cx)
1876 Shoiniakir, Saniiul li. 30 00
l8oi Slioumakfr, Thomas . 26 67
1867 Sliortridm'. N. I'arkiT 2,000 00
1890 Sliryock, Fliirini-u V. 30 00
1891) Sliryock, W'illiani KiiIkIU 30 00
1858 SlmstL-r, I.awriiui- icx) 00
1756 Shiitf, Attnood , . .M 66
'759 Slnilf, Barnehy . 80 00
1758 Sliuti-, William . 26 67
1858 Sii'KiT, I'lUr . . . 100 <K)
1856 Silvt-r, Joseph S. . , hk.» 00
18S0 Siii^crly, William M. i,i«k)oo
1865 Simcs, Alfxamler , . 50 00
1885 Simcs, Klcanor A. . . ,soo «>
1858 Simis, Samuel . . . upo <jo
1867 Simts & Son, William
K 100 00
1835 Simmons, Rebecca 30 00
1857 Simmons. Samuel R. 150 00
1859 Simmons, Kdward hk;> 00
1756 Sims, Bnckridge *>S 73
1761 Sims, Joseph .... 91 00
1883 Sims, Joseph ... .?o 00
1801 Simpson, John 50 00
1/74 Simpson, .Samuel 26 67
1848 Siter, John .... 30 00
1768 Sitgreaves. William 26 67
1801 Skerrett, James ... 99 33
1817 Skerrett, William .\ 35 00
1858 Slade & Co., Alfred 100 00
1857 Sloan, Henry . . 100 00
1855 Sloan, Samuel . . 130 ix)
1859 Sloat, (;eor;;e B. 100 o«
1856 Small, Robert II 2cx) rx)
1858 Smith, Allien II ..\1 11. 50 00
1845 Smith, .-\le\ander II 15000
1834 Smith. Benjamin 1*. 30 00
1867 Smith, fharles . . . 2i« 00
1856 Smith, Daniel, Jr. . 2ix) 00
1863 Smith. I). C Wharton 30 00
1859 Smith. Kdrnund . . . nxj 00
1881 Smith. iMhv.ird nx) 00
1856 Smith, Kdward A.. Ml). 2ihj 00
1859 Smith, F. G., M.D. . 30 00
1855 Smith, (ieorKe, M.D. 21x100
1806 Smith, (ieor^e . , 120 00
1859 Smith, (leorjje K. , .^o 00
1859 Smith, (leor^e I'. . . iix) 00
1837 Smith, (jeor^e Roliirts 1,1,8000
1847 Smith, Henry H., M.D. 3000
1856 Smith, Jacob R. . . 450 00
1865 Smith, Isaac R. . . 30 <h>
1802 Smith, James ... 30 00
1785 Smith, James, Jr. . . 26 67
1865 Smith. James D. . . 50 00
1857 Smith. James S., Jr 100 00
1751 Smith. John .... 152 81
1760 Smith. John 26 67
1807 Smith, John 50 00
1886 Smith. John F. . . . 5,00000
1863 Smith. Jolm Jay . . . 3000
1857 Smith. John T. . . . 100 00
1767 Smith, Jonathan B. 26 67
l8i,s Smith, Joseph .Mien 30 00
1851
1868
1.S60
1856
1803
1867
1867
1761
'754
1787
1864
'S9.I
'7.S4
'856
1803
1864
1856
1867
l8<x)
'7.S4
1864
1867
■ 856
1802
'856
18S5
'754
1762
'7«5
'765
1877
1864
"752
1865
1842
1767
1869
1814
1848
'«57
1787
'«9.?
'»93
i860
1866
1776
'»59
'857
'857
'799
1871
'893
'756
'756
'7.S4
1761
'754
'845
1858
i860
'857
'855
'857
1852
1761
'758
'758
Smith, Joseph T. . .
Smith, .Mary . .
Smith, Misses . .
Smith, Newberry A.
Smith, riiilip ....
Smith, Randolph S: I'o.
Smith, Rebecca Darby
Smith, Richard . .
Smith, Robert . .
Smith, Robert ....
Smith, Robert I'earsall
Smith, Sally Roberts
.Smith. Samuel . .
Smith. Samuel F. .
Smith, Stephen . . ,
Smith, Thonias .
.Smith. Thom.is M.
Smilli, Walter .
Smith. Willet
Smith, William
Smith .t fo., W. I!
Smith & Co., W. D
Smith &Co , William S.
Smith. William W.
Smyth, l.iiulley . .
Snelleiiburn, Natliaii
Snowdeii, Isaac
Snowden, Jedediah
Siiowdeii. Leonard
Snyder, John Cieorne
Society, St. .Andrews
Solins, Sidney J
Soiimans. Peter. \1 1 1
Souder it Scui. K. .\.
Sourin. Rev.F.dwanI J.
Sonlhall, Sanuu-1
Sowers. William H
Spacknian. Samuel
SpaiiKler. C. K.
Sparks. Thomas . , .
Speak man. Tow list 11 d
Spear, James .
Spellissy, Joseph M . Dr
Spencer. Charles
Spencer, William Ci.
Spicer, Jacob ...
.Sooner, David C .
Spooner, Kdwin . . .
Spooner, William S.
Spra;;ile, Ksther
Sprankle, Wall-
Spreckles, Clans
Stamper, John
Stamper, Joseiih
Stanley, Moses .
Stanley, V
Stanley, W
Starr, Isaac . . .
Starr, Isaac, Jr. .
Starr, Mrs. Isaac
Starr, James .
Steadman. Rosa .
Steeii, Robert . .
Steiner, Jolm I'. .
Steimnetz, Daniel
Stevens, Cornelius
Stevens it Miller
M
S680 00
55 ">
200 00
500 00
30 oo
1(X> o<i
30 00
66 66
28 67
302 66
30 cx>
30 txi
37 .W
100 (x>
26 67
200 <x>
50 00
30 00
28 00
26 67
30 00
7(xi <xi
3txi (xj
30 ot)
3o<» CX)
100 00
26 67
32 00
26 67
26 67
100 00
500 Of>
32 00
200 Of>
26 67
66 66
50 00
30 00
130 (XI
2,500 00
26 67
30 (XI
30 (JO
625 00
75 «>
80 (X>
50 (X>
nxj (x>
ICXJ CXJ
62 fx)
KXJ (Xt
HXl 00
KU 33
"7 93
26 67
26 67
26 67
430 00
50 00
50 00
150 00
I .QUO 00
i(X> 00
65 C)
26 67
too 00
50 «x»
:M
'77'
Stevens, Robert . . .
$26
6;
1856
1856
Stevenson, Cornelius
200
00
1867
1856
Stevenson, Miss
1867
Frances N
300
00
1844
'754
Stevenson, James . .
26
67
1864
1781
Stevenson, Robert .
43
00
IS66
1 865
Stevenson, William .
30
00
1856
i«57
Stevenson, William E.
100
00
1857
1S42
Stewardson, ijeor^e ■
30
00
1859
1794
Stewardson. Thomas
60
00
1858
1870
Stewardson, Tliomas.Ji
. 100
00
IS65
■835
Stewardson, Thomas, M
D. 30
CO
I80I
1771
Stewart, James . . .
26
67
1756
1807
Stewart, James, M.I).
27
00
1856
'859
Stewart iV Peterson .
300
00
1856
1802
Stewart, Thomas . .
40
00
1859
1857
Stewart. William H. .
1,000
00
1859
1818
Stiles, Edward James
30
00
I85S
1843
StillC-, Alfred, M.D. .
80
00
1857
1857
Stille. Miss Maria . .
100
00
1876
1849
Stille, Mcjreton, M.I).
30
00
1859
1864
Stillman, Thorjias . .
50
00
1765
1859
Stitt & Brown ....
100
00
1859
1761
Stivers. John Casper
26
67
1859
1816
StocU, John
30
00
'857
1856
Stod<larl. Cnrwen , .
114
00
1852
1867
Stoddart. Curwen, Jr.
>^3
00
1845
1856
Stoddart, Joseph . .
113
00
1859
1859
Stokes. Cranville . .
100
00
1845
1802
Stokes, James ....
41
00
18 -,6
1S60
Stokes, Joseph W.
30
00
1859
1857
Stokes. Samuel E. .
400
00
1852
■754
Stone. Jatnes ....
26 67
1761
1856
Stone & Sons. John .
250
00
1795
1758
Stoopes. James . . .
26
67
i860
1758
Stor\'. Enoch ....
64 5S
1867
'859
Stotesbury, Richard (;.
50
00
1858
1771
Stout, Joseph ....
25
67
1858
1857
Stratton iSc Brothers .
125
00
1865
1764
Stroker. Adam . . .
26 67
1885
1892
Strawbridi;e. Justus C.
30
00
1859
1754
Stretcli, Joseph . . .
168
42
'756
1751
Stretch. Thomas . .
26
67
1865
1 75 1
Strettle. .^Kmos . . .
481
50
1754
1867
Stronj^, William . . .
100
00
1816
1857
Strou]) Sc Brother . .
100
00
'859
1830
Struthers. John . . .
40
00
1815
1858
.Struthers. Thomas
200
00
17S1
1851
Struthers, William
300
00
1856
1857
Stuart, (ieorge H. . .
600
00
1 865
1876
Sunderland, John . .
200
00
1858
1867
SuppU-e. John . ,
30
00
1814
1816
Sutler. Charles J. . .
30
00
1 864
1807
Sutter, Daniel ....
80
00
1857
1784
Swanwick, John . . .
40
00
1786
1772
Swift, Joseph ....
84 58
1865
1844
Swift. Joseph ....
1,2^5
00
1 86 1
1 76 1
Swift, Samuel - . .
26 67
1858
1S48
Svkes. Robert W. . .
30
00
1858
1775
Syng. Philip ....
44
00
1882
1867
S Miss
100
00
1817
1875
S..M
50
00
'857
1S69
Tales, George ....
100
00
1859
1852
Taskcr, Joseph R. . .
30
00
i8s8
1873
Tasker, Rebecca A. .
100
00
1766
1844
Tasker, Thomas T. .
2,530
00
'754
1852
Tasker, Thomas T., Jr.
30
00
1780
Tathain, Brothers . . $1,350 00
Tathani, (Ieorge N. . 200 00
Tathain, Henry B. . . 200 00
Tathain, William P. . 680 00
Tatum, Edward ... 30 00
Taws, Lewis .... 100 00
Taylor, Charles . . . 1,600 00
Taylor, George E. . . 300 00
Taylor, George W. . 50 00
Taylor, Gillespie & Co. 40000
Taylor, CJillespie . . 200 00
Taylor, James .... 65 00
Taylor, John .... .?4 66
Taylor. John IJ. . , , 5cj 00
Taylor, Jos. W., M. L). 200 00
Taylor, Mar5'A. . . . 100 00
Taylor, Nathan . . . 100 00
Taylor, Virginia . . 100 00
Taylor, William . . . iix) 00
Temple, Joseph E. 80 35
Tessiere, Mrs 50 00
Test, David 26 67
Thackara Jas. Allen 30 00
Thackara, William 40 00
Thaine, David ... 50 00
Thomas, George, M.D. 30 00
Thomas. George . . 2cw 00
Thomas, Isaac, M. D. 30 00
Thomas, Jacob M. . . 30 00
Thomas, Jane .... 200 00
Thomas, John D. . . 35 00
Thomas, John R. . . 30 00
Thomas Joseph ... 32 00
Thomas, Jose])!) . . . 266 66
Thomas, Joseph M. . 50 00
Thomas, Lydia . . . 100 00
Thomas, Moses ... 125 00
Thomas, Moses & Son 150 00
Thomas, Richard S. . 30 00
Thomas, Samuel A. . 1,000 00
Tliomas, William G. . 100 00
Thompson. Charles . 1 1 1 56
Thompson, Charles T. 30 00
Thompson, Christopher 40 00
Thompson. Edward . 300 00
Thompson, George . 100 00
Thompson, James B. 60 00
Thompson, Jolin . . 30 67
Thompson, John J. 400 00
Thompson, John J., Jr. 13000
Thompson, J. Edgar . 600 00
Thompson, Jonah . . 50 '.'o
Thompson, Lewis ^ Co. 100 00
Thompson, Newcomb B. 100 00
Thompson, Peter. Jr. 31 66
Thompson, Susan T. 30 00
Thompst>n, Th(»m;is . kk) chj
Thompson, Wm. M:(ieo. 100 00
Thomson. George H. 100 00
Thorn. George W. . . 41 67
Thum. George ... 40 00
Thurlow. Hughes & Co. 200 00
Tlmrlow. Paul . . . 100 00
Tilge, Henrv Sl Co. . 250 00
Tilghman. James . . 53 33
Tillbury, Thomas . . 61 51
Timmons, Dean ... 53 33
397
1755 TinkiT. JdIiii
'775 Toilil, Akxanclir .
17«7 Toilcl, John ...
1799 Tolaml, IKnry . .
1764 Towers, koliirl
1781 Toivvrs. Kobi-rt. M.I I.
1847 Tott 111', John ...
1856 Townc, John II. . .
1867 Townst-nd, F. ('•.
1859 Townsind, lliiiry .
1858 Tounsiiiil, Joseph H
i860 Townsctul. Solomon
1810 Traquair, Janus . . .
»^S7 Tri-(hck, Betijaniin S.
1867 Triinlik-, Joscpli . .
1867 Trott. (leorKf ....
1S56 Trotter, t harlis W. .
1857 Trulti-r, t harlis N. .
1856 TroltiT, Kdward II. .
1864 Trotter. (leor^e . . .
1752 Trotter. Jost-ph
1856 Trotter, Win. Henry
1867 Troutnian. (leorKe Si.
1856 Truck. John
1789 Truman, Riiliard
i8i;9 Trump. Mu liael iS; Son
1819 Tucker, A. H.. M. I).
1820 Tucker. Benjamin
1751 Tuite. Robert . .
1801 Tunis. Richard . .
1761 Turner, Joseph
1754 Turner. Peter ....
1873 Turnpenny, Kli/alieth R.
1856 Turnpenny. Joseph C".
1876 Turnpeiinv. Marv K.
1865 Tutt Charles I'.. M.I).
1802 Twells. (Jodlrey . . .
1787 Tyliout. Andrew . .
1865 Tyler, (ieorge K. .• .
1785 Tyson. Daniel ....
1856 Tvson, Job R
1864 T. S
U
1769 L'sher, Abraham . . .
1893 Valentine, John K.
1856 Vansyckle, Mrs. S. li.
1761 Vanderen, John . . .
1756 VanderspieRel, William
1859 Vandever it Bolton .
1837 Vandyke, F. A. M. I).
1796 Vasse, .Ambrose . .
1785 Vaujthn. John ....
'855 Vau.x, Eliza H. . . .
1826 Vau.'c. fieorge ....
1856 Vau.t, fleor^e ....
1819 Vaux. Roberts . . .
1856 Vaux. William S. . .
1867 V'aux. William S. . .
I8,s6 Verree S: Mitchell .
1859 Vezin, Charles . . .
1799 Vicary, William . . .
188? Vizard. Isabella . . .
17S6 Von I'huls, William
S5.? 3.;
.U '7
i8<j6
26 67
1811
26 67
1786
26 67
26 67
'754
30 00
1870
.V>o 00
'«59
50 00
i8,s6
30 00
186.)
650 00
1765
30 00
'"56
49 06
■859
iix) 00
1767
550 00
1782
240 00
1858
1,300 00
1867
100 00
1758
1,150 00
1856
250 00
1840
26 67
17-6
550 00
1856
100 00
l«65
100 00
1864
26 67
1864
100 (X)
1816
40 00
1786
.V> 00
I7«5
53 33
1761
80 00
1754
'33 33
■ 786
26 67
l^67
50 00
i«5S
1.275 00
1801
50 00
1848
30 «o
i»6S
26 67
1872
55 20
|8.S6
250 00
'755
160 00
1772
100 00
1803
50 00
1788
1771
■857
302 60
'857
'857
1786
' -.S9
30 00
1856
200 00 ;
1859
26 67 '
45 53
1870
100 00
'7.58
30 00
1807
266 66
1857
26 67
1858
200 00
is.rs
30 00
I8.S6
80 00
'857
30 00
55 00
'754
100 c»
1762
100 00
1826
100 00
'S73
146 60
'856
250 00
1806
26 67
1769
w
\\"achsmulh, John <i.
Waddell, Henry L. .
Waner, Philip jk (k-o.
Habacker . . ,
Wa^;ner. .Abraham
Wanner, Charles H.
Wanner, .Mary . . .
Warner, Tobias . . .
Wanner. Mrs. Tobias
Wanstall.-, riiom.is .
Wannvrinl't. William
Walker, John R. . .
Walker. Richard
Wall, John ...
Wallace, Kllerslie. Mil
Wallace, Henry . .
Wallace, Janus . .
Wallace, John W.
Wallace, Joshua M. I )r
Wallace, William
Walley. Sanuiel . .
Wain. .Annie . . .
Wain, Kdward . .
Wain, Henry I,. . .
Wain, Jacobs. .
Wain, Jesse
Wain, Nicholas . .
Wain, Richard .
Wain, Robert .
Wain, Rr>bert, Jr.
Wain Sallie N.
Wain. S. Morris
Wain, William
Walsh. Robert K.
W.'ilsh, Samuel
Walton, S. I).
Wartler. Benjamin
War<ler, leremiah
Warder, Jeremiah,
Warder, Jeremiah, jr.
Warder. John
Warner. .Amia
Warner, Catharine
Warner, (ieorne N.
Warner, Harriet
Warner, John
Warner, Josejih . .
Warner, Joseph
Warner. Miskev ^:
Merrill . . .' .
Warner, Redwoinl K.
Warner. Swell
Warner, William . .
Warner, William, Jr.
Warnock, C. W. . . .
Warrinnton, Joseph, Dr.
Waterman. Isaac S. .
Waterman, Osborne
& Co
Watkins, Joseph . .
Watkins. Joseph, Jr. .
Wats<iii. Charles . . .
Watson, (leorne . . .
Watson, George W. .
Watson, John
Watson, Joseph. M I).
II.
Jr.
A.
$50 oo-
40 tMt-
5.i 33
26 07
30 «>o
35"i ""
1.350 00
50 00
45 33
300 ou
80 00
26 67
26 66
30 00
100 CX]
26 67
.VV> «')
30 00
"26 67
100 00
130 00
30 00
3" O"
35 00
26 67
'33 33
26 67
26 67
S63 33
100 ou
2.234 "5
loo 00
3" O"
2,so <x»
.500 00
100 CN)
49 33
32 23
30 o»
S3 33
40 00
50 00
UX> CO
.so 00
26 67
26 67
8ot» 00
350 00
30 IKl
26 67
30 00
lOM 00
100 00
30 00
233 34
5SO 00
80 o»
32 00
30 00
70 00
300 00
176 25
26 6;
398
I8l2
■«59
1863
1856
i«S9
i«57
1858
1762
1856
1776
1848
1821
I7»6
1856
1857
1859
i860
i860
1846
1856
1845
1851
.877
1865
1859
1754
1754
1 761
1845
■758
1785
1834
1754
1864
1857
1859
1856
1856
1859
1859
1763
1856
1858
1780
1864
1856
1865
1775
1756
1774
■751
1864
1795
1756
1756
1756
1765
1857
1867
1787
•854
1858
1785
1867
1866
1852
Watson, Joseph . . .
Watson,]. \'
Watson, Lewis T. . .
Wattson, Thomas B. .
Way, J. T
Weaver, George J. . .
Weaver & Valkner .
We!)b, James ....
W'eber, John C. . . .
Webster, Noah . . .
Weightman, William 8
Weir, Silas E
Wells, Gideon Hill .
Wellsford & Wilson .
Welsh, John 2
Welsh, John, Jr. . . .
W^elsh, Josephine K. .
Welsh, Rebecca M. .
Welsh, Samuel ... 5
Welsh, Mrs. Samuel .
Welsh, William ... 2
Welsh, Samuel S:Wm.
Wentz, Catharine . . 5
Wercherer, John R. .
Werst, John
West, Charles ....
West, Charles, Jr. .
West, James ....
West Robert ....
West, William . . .
West, William . . .
West, Capt. William .
Westcott, George . .
Westcott, Gideon G. .
Whetham, James U. .
Wetherill & Bro. . .
Wetherill, CharlotteW.
Wetherill & Co., (;. I).
Wetherill, (Jeorge I).
Wetherill, Henrv M..
M. D
Wetherill, Joseph . .
Wetherill, Rachel H. .
Wetzler & Co., 1). \.
Wharton, Charles . .
Wharton, Charles W.
Wharton, Francis R.
Wharton, Henry . .
Wharton, Isaac . . .
Wharton, James . . .
Wharton, John . . .
Wharton, Joseph . .
Wharton, Joseph . .
Wharton, Kearney
Wharton, Robert . .
Wharton. Samuel . .
Wharton, Thomas . ,
Wharton, Thomas. Jr.
Wharton, Thomas F.
Wheeler, Charles . . i
Wheeler, Samuel . .
Whelen, Edward S. .
Whelen & Co., E. S. .
Whelen, Isaac ....
Whelen, Townsend & Co.
Whilden & Sons, Alex.
Whitall, lames . . .
S40 CO
I85I
100 00
1864
100 00
1858
150 00
1857
30 00
1824
100 00
1754
100 00
1796
26 67
1867
200 00
'833
9366
1855
5JO 00
1868
50 00
1869
26 67
1785
200 00
I84S
rxx) 00
1 75 1
50 00
'857
100 00
'756
100 00
1763
,072 22
1762
850 00
1762
530 00
1798
100 00
1856
000 00
1859
30 GO
1775
30 00
1858
33 33
1768
53 34
1888
125 33
1754
105 00
1762
160 00
1807
26 67
1762
30 CO
1S57
26 67
1754
50 00
1770
500 00
1751
50 00
1832
70 00
1856
50 00
1752
920 00
1828
1S65
30 00
1857
26 67
1856
30 00
1856
50 00
1883
234 66
1867
30 00
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200 00
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100 00
54 07
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13386
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100 00
1S44
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■775
26 67
1 86 1
230 00
1761
ICO 00
1806
7667
1754
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1856
100 CO
1856
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Whitall. John M. . S2,
Whitall. Tatum .Nc Co.
Whitaker. Robert
White, .Ambrose .
White, Henry . .
White. James . .
White, John, M. I),
White & Son, John R
White, Josiah . .
White, Rebecca
White. Samuel J.
White, Samuel S., l)r
White, Solomon .
White, Thomas H.
White, Townsend
White, William K.
Whitehead, James
Whitfield. Rev. CieorKe
Wliitelack, Isaac
Whitelack, James
Whitelack, Martha
Whitney & Sons. .Asa 16,7:
Whitney, Mrs. Asa
Whitpain, William
Wickersham, Morris
Wickersham. Robert
Wiegand. John . .
Wier, John . .
WikotV, John . . .
Wilcocks, Benjamin C
Wilcocks, John .
Wilco.x & Co.. James M.
Wilkinson, Anthony
Wilkinson, Brvan ■.
Willan, Robert . .
Willets, Jeremiah .
Williams, Benjamin 1
Williams. Daniel
Williams, Henry J.
Williams, Horace, Di
Williams, Howard
Williams, Isaac S. .
Williams, Isabella .
Williams. Jacob T.
Williams, John H. .
Williams, Mary Ann
Williams & Co'., R. r
&J.J.
W illiams, Samuel .
Williams, Samuel .
Williams, Stephen
Williams. Thomas R
Williamson, Isaiah \'. 50,
Williamson, Mahlon
Williamson, Passmore
Williamson, Peter .
Williamson. Samuel
Williamson. Thomas
Willing, Charles. M.n
Willing, Richanl .
Willing, Richard .
Willing', Thomas
Willing, Thomas M
Wills, Joseph . . .
Wilmer. J. Ringold
Wilnier, John R.
Wilmer, Lamljert .
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ilsoii, Kilward . .
ilson, Klwood, M. 1).
ilson, (ictir^t S. . .
ilson, James . . .
ilson, Jane G. . . .
ilson, Joseph I,a|)sley
ilsoM, Joseph I'. .
ilson, Oliver Howard
ilson, R. Sterling .
ilson, Rothmel .
ilsc^n, Thomas . .
ilsiin, William S.
ilstm & Sons, Wni.
ilstach, William I',
inder, Kdnnnul .
indrim James II.
indrim, John T. . .
inehrenner. David S.
iney, Jacob ....
irijman, Charles, M.I),
irtz. Christian . . .
irtz. William . . .
ise, Charles ....
ise, John
ishart, Thomas . .
ishart. William . .
ist.ir. nartholoniew
istar. BartlKilomew
istar, B. Wyatt . .
istar, Calel) Cresson
istar, Caspar . . .
istar, Caspar . . .
istar, Caspar, M. I).
istar, Catharine. Jr.
istar, Charles J. . .
istar, Daniel . . .
istar, Dilwyn . . .
istar, Elizabeth . .
istar, John ....
istar, John ....
istar, John ...
istar, Mifflin, M. D.
istar, Richard . .
'istar Richard . . .
istar. Richard, Jr. .
istar, Sarah ....
istar, Sarah ....
istar, Thomas . . .
istar, Thomas, M. D.
istar. William . . .
istar, William . . .
isiar. Wm. Wynne
oelppcr, David . .
oelpi>er. David, Jr.
oelpper, Georjje . .
oelpper, (icorge G.
omrath. (ieorge F.
ood. .Andrew . . .
ood. Caleb ....
ood. George B ,M.D.
ood, Horatio C. . .
ood. Horatio C, Jr.,
M. D
ood, James ....
ood. James F. . . .
S40 1X1
40 00
30 00
30 00
26 67
.SCO 00
luo 00
150 00
30 00
■30 00
500 00
50 00
100 00
100 00
500 00
26 67
500 00
5CXJ CO
125 TO
42 67
30 00
26 67
26 67
30 00
40 00
26 67
54 07
.10 67
26 67
27 00
26 67
200 00
100 00
26 67
100 00
30 00
53 .13
26 67
100 00
53 33
30 00
27 00
230 00
74 45
26 67
32 67
320 00
100 00
26 67
30 00
330 03
138 50
30 00
140 00
30 00
70 00
51 66
250 00
120 00
30 00
5.730 00
1,030 00
50 00
30 00
50 00
i;6i
'865
'754
1M6.J
1851
1864
1865
1796
1856
'857
1756
'773
1864
i860
i.S^6
'845
'7.54
i,s«7
icS6o
1S64
'859
'752
1 85 1
'857
1867
'8.S9
'859
i860
'853
1772
1 78 1
1867
1872
1872
'859
'857
1813
18.56
i860
1858
1785
1856
'755
'8.S9
1 78 1
■ 8,S7
'756
1807
1856
1856
1867
'754
1857
'754
17.S4
'777
'7.54
'7.59
1792
Wood, John
W I.John B. . .
W 1. J.iseph ....
WiMid ,V I'erot ....
Wood, Kicharil D. . .
Wo.xl «: Co., Richard D
Wood, William K. .
Wooilhouse, James, Dr.
Woodnutt, William
Woodside & Co., John
Wooley, Stephen . .
Woolmer, John . . .
Work. McConch ct Co.
Workmen, in Factory
of Code, Hopper «:
Gratz
Worrell, Albert . . .
Worrell, John R.
Worrell. Peter . .
Worth. Francis .Armilt
Wnrthinglon. Henr\* R.
Wri«ht. ICdward M.
Wri;;lit, (Jeorjje .\.
Wriijht, James . . .
Wright, James A. . .
Wright, lohn ....
\\ riKlil, R. it G. A. .
Wright, Richard . .
Wright, Samuel . . .
Wrinler, George
Wurtz, Charles S..M. I).
WynkcMip, Benjamin .
Wvnkoop, Henrv . .
W- J ■ .
W. K. R
W. M. K
V
ard. Gihnore ,N;
ardle)', Mar\' .Am
mall. Benjamin
mall. Charles .
arnall S: Cooper
arnall, Kdward
arnall, Kllis . .
arnall, Fllis . .
arnall, Francis .
'arnall, Howard
arnall, Beter, M.
eaton. William II
ork, Thomas
orke. Samuel
'onng, Alexander
'oung. Charles .
'oung. J.'imes S.
oung, William
oung, William J.
1 .
II.
S26 67
50 CXJ
26 67
3,50 00
',33" 00
100 00
50 «j
IIMJ 00
200 00
IIXJ o<i
4K 69
27 20
loo 00
85 TO
2.S «o
.V* **•>
50 00
50 CM>
53 33
510 IK>
,S<K» <^)
lS() 01 )
85 TO
50 00
45 2'
245 oi>
30 IH)
30 67
125 TO
l.So 00
39 ""
Zachary, Lloyd, M. D.
Zane, Isaac
Zane, Isaac, Jr. . . .
Zane, Jonathan . . .
Zane, N.athan . . .
Zane, William . . .
200 (Ml
30 ,„<
30 (HI
.S<K> <X)
<So 00
I.fKJO 00
160 00
Soo 00
26 67
50 00
27 33
nx> 00
38 02
30 00
900 00
i33 33
100 00
.S8 00
30 00
.80 00
40 00
'.13 .13
26 67
26 67
50 00
400
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ASSOCIATIONS, CORPORATIONS, ETC.
Associations.
iSSo Atlantic Refining Co S500 00
1864 Phuenix Iron Co 250 00
i86q I Sanitary Commission 3,ooo 00
1864 Schuylkill Navigation Co 300 00
Banks.
1.S64 City National 100 00
1864 First National 500 00
1864 Penn National 100 00
1864 Philadelphia 1,000 00
Fire Companies.
1759 Friendship 26 67
1865 Reliance 200 00
IPgj U"'°" ^'ii
Insurance.
1S64 Delaware Mutual Safety 1,000 00
1868 [ Mutual Assurance 6,000 00
1864 Mutual Life 500 00
1864 North .■\mcrica 1,000 00
1867 Philadelphia Contributionship 5,000 00
Railroads.
1857 Harrisburg, Lancaster, and Portsmouth 500 00
Ja.f Lehigh \'allev 2,500 00
10/ I J
1867 f Pennsylvania 15,000 00
'j,5 f Philadelphia and Reading 17,000 00
o_ ( Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore 6,200 00
18/ I J
Townships.
1762 Middletovvn 150 66
1774 West Nantmeal 16 00
1762 Providence 13 73
1755 Thornbury 26 67
Miscellaneous.
1807 First City Troop of Cavalry of Philadelphia, (page 236) . . 6,400 00
1855 The Humane Society, (page 92) 22,478 50
FREE BEDS IN PERPETUITY.
Memorial Tablets in the Main Hall of tlie Hospital for the Sick, contain the
following list of names of persons for whom beds have been established : —
JOHN BAIRD. JACOB P. JONES.
ALE.X.ANDER BENSO.N". CH.ARLES LENNIG.
JOHN F. BETZ. WILLIAM M.^SSEY.
COL. CHAPMAN BIDDLE. WILLIAM HILL MOORE.
ELIZABETH BINNEV. CiEORCE S. PEPPER.
HORACE BINNEV. HENRV .M. PHILLIPS.
MARIA E. BLANCHARI). JULIA ANN PHILLIPS.
WILLIAM A. BLANCHARD. MARY SHIELDS.
MARY A. BL'NTING. WILLIA.M F. SIMES.
MARY CLAYTOR. ELIZABETH MONROE SMITH.
WILLIAM WALLACE COOK. JOSEPH E. TEMPLE.
CHARLES M. ECKERT. CHARLEMAGNE TOWER.
WARWICK BAMFYLDE FREEMAN. SAMUEL WELSH.
JESSE GEORGE. HOWARD EMERICK WENTZ.
SYLVANUS W. GODON, V. S. N. MARY W HITAKER.
ELIZABETH STORY JENKS. SARAH A. WHITAKER.
WILLIAM P. JENKS. ISAIAH V. WILLIAMSON.
ANNA H. WILSTACH.
401
-'-^^i^frlll
Strvii'is <>[
M;iiiaiii-rs.
Till-: HOSPITAL ADMINISTKATION.
'I'lif history of ilie I'ennsylvania Hospital, as it has been detailed
in the earlier pages of this vohime, consists in very large part of the
acts and the achievements of the Managers, who are the representa-
tives of the corporation of the Contributors in the administration of
the affairs and government of the institution. Since the granting of
the Charter by the Provincial Government in 1751, there has been a
constant succession of active, earnest managers who have devoted
their energies and their time to the welfare of the Hospital. So
successful and efficient has been their disinterested service that it has
commanded universal commendation, both in this country and in
England, the home of the former proprietors of Pennsylvania. T'he
verdict of the community has been well summed up in an address
delivered by Dr. John Forsyth Meigs, a member of the medical staff,
on the occasion of the conclusion of the first quarter of the second
century of the existence of the Hosjiital, in 1876. Dr. Meigs says:
.\|)|>ri ri;ilivf Little could Dr. Thomas Bund, or cvc-n that many-sided genius, Franklin.
trihuli- l>v a when they began their laliors in the cause of this Hospital, foresee to what a
member of ''eight of honor and usefulness the institution would rise in the cour.se of a
the Mi<lical century and a quarter. Dr. Thomas Bond died in 1784, and Franklin in 1790.
Staff They had lived long enouKh to see the birth of their idea, and its fair progress
durin); the first thirty-odd years of its growth. But no foresight of theirs, either
practical or poetic, could have told them that, in one hundred and twenty-five
years, this institution wouhl be spending annually, in the care of the sick and
wounded, and insane patients, nearly twice as much money as its whole capital
at the time of its foinul.ition.
402
It hiis Kfowii grtal. ll luis Iniill urtat lunists, ;iii(l l.iiill lln.111 iiii|)arciitly on
the rock. It has tended an army of tlie sick. Could tlie destitute sick poor, who ^^,1,]^^.^;^ ,,f
have passed throuj;!' its gates without charge, be marshalled into a visible array, jj,. m^.j.,s „[
we should behold an army greater by three-l'old than the largest Washington ever :\i,,|j\.trsarv
commanded, and only a few thousand less than that with which Wellington (\.|^.i,ration
arrested at Waterloo the progress of the greatest and most insatiate conqueror
of the modern world.
And how has this army been lodged, and fed, and ruled ? Under what system
of administration has all this been effected ? Surely, the organization of so suc-
cessful a staff as this must be worth some study.
The power — the active energy — in this machine, lies in the Board of Managers.
This Board has but one check ujmn it, the fact that it must be elected annually
by the contributors. The contributors represent the latent heat of the machine,
which, should it become necessary, may burst into active energy of its own.
<3nce a Manager elected, he serves so long as he serves well, if he will to do so, for
the contributors do not believe, fortunately for this army ot the poor, in rotation
in office, but, the better a Manager does his work of managing, and the longer he
has served, the better the contributors like him, and the less they will disturb
him. And then — the beauty of it— to this day, he serves without pay. Were he
])aid, it is to be feared that the poor would be poorer, for then might come rota-
tion in office, and locusts and grasshoppers, who, to e.xist, would have to a]>pro-
priate some of the good things provided for the poor.
The Board of Managers, then, is the vis I'iva, the soul, heart, and mind of Disinterested
the Pennsylvania Hospital. It is like the King — it never dies. Composed of i^;il>i,rs of the
twelve men, it has cherished and ruled the Hospital for one hundred and twenty- Hoard of
five years. It elects all the officers but the Treasurer. It collects and spends Managers,
the money. It is responsible for each and every failure, and for every success.
It chooses the medical and surgical staff for the sick and wounded department,
and the physician-in-chief and the medical assistants for the insane department.
Can any one say that it has not chosen well? Is it not one of the boasts of the
Hospital, that it has always furnished to the poor, the best medical and surgical
talent to be found in Philadelphia? It has secured for the poor many of the most
distinguished medical names of the country. Bond. Cadwalader, Rush, Physick,
Norris, Pancoast. But why should I prolong the list? All Philadelphia knows
perfectly well that her ablest physicians and surgeons have been glad to serve the
Pennsylvania Hospital.
The Board governs the e.xjienditurcs. It must regulate the expenses by the
income, and, when the means do not suffice for the needs of the institution, it has
but one resource, the public, not State or city, but the general public. And we
have seen already how well this public has been satisfied with the action of the
Board, for has it not, in answer to such appeals, given large sums of money?
The Managers superintend the operations of the two departments of the
Hospital by means of visiting Conunittees or visitors. The Board appoints two
members of their body on each of these Committees, and the committees pay
regular weekly visits to each branch of the institution. The members of the
Committees inspect the wards, see the officers, hear reports, and examine
accounts. These duties are now, and always have been performed, with great
regularity. This system of visitation and inspection is of essential consequence
to both branches; to the insane department, it is vital.
I have said that the Board has but one check upiHi it, the fact that it is electetl
annually by the contributors, but I must add tlu.t the Board acts under the
original charter granted by the Provincial .^ss.nibly. hi this charter, are- several
403
provisions so excellent that I will cite llieni fur the lienefit of the reader. (Ine is
T il • to '''■'' ''"-" feasurer is elected by the ciintrilnitiirs at the same period, once a year,
.1 ■ u ■". 1 when thev elect the Managers. This ^ives to the treasurer a liiRlier (xisilion on
me Mospilai , ., . . I
- „ ^ the Hospital stalT than any other otlicer save the Managers themselves, and
invests him with a certain independent responsihility and dignity, which he
could not have, were he merely a creation of the Managers. Another provision
of the charter, which seems to me admirable, is that in which it is declared
" That no general meeting of the said contributors, nor any ]>ersons acting under
them, shall employ any money or estate, e.vpressly given or added to the capital
stock of the said Hospital, in any other way than by applying its amiual interest
or rent towards the entertainment and care of the sick and distempered poor,
that shall be from time to time brought and placed therein for the cure of their
diseases, from any jiart of the Province, without partiality or preference." This
seems to me eminently wise, since it takes from contributors. Managers, and
treasurer, the temptation to use for any purpose, it matters not how wise and
provident such purpose might appear at the time, the capital fund of the
institution.
One feature in the history of the Hospital, connected with this subject, I think
is deserving of notice, and this is that the present excellent treasurer, Mr. John
T. Lewis, who has served the instition now for 34 years, was preceded by his
father, uncle, and grandfather, three generations of the same family, whose united
term of service counts to but f<mr years less than a century. We Americans are
prone to regard with envy the stable habits of our mother country and to fancy
that America rarely exhibits families, as is so often seen in Kngland, in which
successive generations show- the solid advantages of inherited integrity and fit-
ness for public oflfice. In this Hospital, we have at least one instance of the
descent of virtue and charity from grandfather to grandson.
..,, . p . , , 1 have portrayed, too, the spotless integrity, the steady and devoted loyalty
. .1 , ■ to the right, the reputation undimmed even by a suspicion, with which its affairs
i_r ■■' 1 ' have been administered. Having shown this noble picture of what has been
rlospuill .1 . . I . II-
J .• , accomplished by this charity, shall I hesitate to advise any one who desires to see
,1 , .11 the gracious fruit of his liberality while he yet lives, or who may wish to leave a
, .' . . I lasting good behind him, not to forget that here is an institution, one of the
CI . ■, . antiquities of our young country, the history of which shows forth only the finest
uses of charity ? s » «
The Hospital is now, and ever has been, one of the embellishments of Phila-
delphia. In this city, for now so many years, its large square of ground, open to
the air and light, e.xcept for its neat and simple, but striking mass of buildings,
and its noble girdle of trees, which has so long surrounded the square, has had,
I cannot but fancy, something to do w itli the interest felt by the citizens in the
institution. The circlet of superb foliage which marked, like a crown, the house
•of the poor sick, was visible from all parts of the city, and could not be seen by
those who knew what it marked, and who had any sense of the beauty and fitness
■of things, without raising in the mind a sense of gratitude, that there the sick and
wounded who were homeless, might find a refuge, and one of pride that the city
could boast so great an embellishment.
Upon reviewing the work of the Managers, it is i)robable that
there may be many found who will echo the sentiment expressed by
Dr. Meigs in another part of the address, which has just been so freely
(juoted, when he stales that " Philadelphia is justified in the pride she
takes in the management of this Institution."
404
MANAGERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL.
ELECTED MAY, 1894.
T. Wistar Brown; Alexander Blddie; Joseph B. Townsend ; Charles Hart5n .mf.
Benjamin H. Shoemaker,
John B. Garrett; James T. Shinn; Joseph E. Gllllngham; John W. Bioje.
John T. Lewis, jr. John S. Jeni<s; Effingham B. Morris.
MANAGERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL
1751-1894.
Name
Barnes, Cornelius
Benezei. Anthony .
Bevan, Matthew L.
Biddle, Alexander
Biddle, Clement C.
Biddle. John VV. .
Biddle. William .
Bingham, William
Bond, Thomas. Dr.
Borie, Adolph E.
Brown, Frederick
Brown, Peter . .
Brown. T. Wistar
Clark, Samuel . .
Coates, Samuel . .
Collins, Zaccheus
Cope, Caleb . .
Cope, Israel . . .
Cope, Thomas P.
Cox, Isaac ....
Coxe, Tench . . .
Crosby, Joshua . . .
Crosby, Thomas . .
Dawson, Mordecai L.
Derbyshire, Alex. J. .
Dorsey, John . . . .
Doz, Andrew ....
Duche, Jacob ....
Dunn, Nathan . . .
lElected! R'^fe""'-
Time Served
Elliott, Isaac .
KIrnslie, Alex.
Falconer, Nathaniel
Farnuni. John . . -
Fisher, Samuel \V.
Fisher, Thomas
Fisher, William W.
Fieeson, Plunkett
Fling, William B. .
Fox, Joseph . . .
Fox. Samuel M. .
Franklin, Benjamin
Franklin, Thomas
Garrett, John B. .
tiibEon,John . . .
Gillin.i^hani, Jos. E.
Gordon, Thomas .
Grant. Wiliiam . .
Greenleaf. Isaac . .
Greeves, Jas. R. . .
1790
1757
1820
1868
1846
1887
1849
1765
17.SI
1864
1841
180.S
1872
1788
1785
1800
1861
1817
1809
1770
J780
17=1
1755
1844
I8S5
1797
1783
1756
1838
1S41
1820
1782
1784
1846
1812
1775
1824
I7.i7
1841
■753
1794
>7.i>
1780
1879
1885
1763
1767
1891
1758
1754
17'i6
1836
Died
793 D
758 R
S2S R
8.^5 13
8S7D
766 R
7.S2R
868R
864 D
810 D
802 D
825 R
822 R
86SR
»>28R
828 R
776 D
781 R
755 D
757 R
872 D
879 D
804 R
788 R
758 R
842 R
S42 R
827 R
783 R
790 R
872 D
817 D
776 R
838 D
7.59 R
8s6R
856 R
797 R
757 R
7S3R
884 R
764 R
770 R
766 R
756 R
771 R
838 R
I Year
9
'38'
■ 4
40
7
:i
18
27
24
7
6
16
4
Mo. Day
Remarks
1
28
2S
9
6
2
29
8
3
5
9
2
7
4
I
26
15
Present Manager.
I Present Manager.
Member of Original Board.
Present Manager.
Lost at sea on his return
from Island of New Provi-
dence, in winter of 1775-6.
II 26 Memberof Original Board.
S
29
6
Member of Original Board.
Present Manager.
Present Manager.
405
liniu Served
,KUc.c..l, ««{5;.S""
r.rcevfs.jas. R. .
i-i|.'
fUifTitls, William
17.=..'
Haines. Henry ...
'875
Hiill. William
'-85
ilarrison, Henry . .
.762
Hartshoine, Chas. ■ .
I8K,
Hurlshorne. P^Uison .
1788
lln/ard, Samuel . . .
■7,Sl
Hewcs. Josiah ....
1781
Ho<lKe, Wm. I
|8J2
HoliinKswnrlh, Hciitv
iXig
Holhiiusworth.Paschall
iSoo
Howell, Joshua ...
"779
Howell, Samuel . . ,
1784
Hubley. Adam ....
1782
Jenks.John Story . . .
l»9"
Jenks, Joseph K. . . .
iSi7
Johnson, Alex. W. . .
182.S
Johnson, Joseph . . -
i8«>
Jones. Charles ....
"7.V>
Jones, Isaac ....
■7.S2
" "
1760
" "
1764
Jones, Jacoh P
1 866
[ones, Owen. Jr. ...
17S1
Jones, Ro!)l. Strettell .
■ 77.;
Keene, Reynold ....
I7SI
Lawrence, Thomas, Jr.
'?.';.■
Lewis, lacob .....
17.'>9
Lewis, lohn T. ...
IS«1
Lewis, John T.. Jr. . .
1888
Lewis, Joseph S. . . .
I8s6
Lewis, Lawrence . . .
■«34
Lewis, Mordecai . - .
1814
1S28
Lewis, Mordecai D, .
184S
Lewis, Reeve
1811
Logan. William . . .
1770
Lownes, Joseph . , .
1804
McMurlrie, Wm. . .
1791
Mason, Samuel . . .
■81.S
Masters, William . .
'7.';7
Mease, John
1760
Mitllin, George ....
1780
Mifflin, Samuel . . .
■7.'i8
Milllin, Thomas
■ 77'
Moore, Tliotn.is ...
nfi
Morgan, Evai
■7.S1
" "
'7S3
Morrcll, William . . .
1776
Morris, KIlitiKharn B. .
189.^
Morris, Jacob G.
1844
Morris, Joseph . . .
17.S1
'• '•
I7f9
Morris, Joseph S. . . .
1811
Morris, 'I'lioinas . . .
•79.;
Morris, Tlionias . .
1817
Morris, Wistar ....
1857
Morton, John ....
17SI
Nixon, John
1766
■768
■7.51
Norris, Charles ....
Paschall, Joscpli
17S6
Keniarks
18.S4 U
■ 757 R
1 781 K
1817 D
1809 D
1840 K
1891 U
1785 R
1766 R
■772 R
■7.S2 R
■ 79s D
9
II
.S
■
■ 2
a
2
>5
10
33
8
33
4
3
/
4
10
S
9
I'leseiil Tu-asurer.
Present Manager.
2 Member of <_>riKi"al Koiiid.
I
25 '■
Pi esfhl M.inagei.
Present Matianer.
Member"! Original lioaid.
. . Present Manager.
27 ' Lost at Sea on steamer
j "Arctic."
^ I Member ofOriginal Boatd
7 '
27 ,
27 ,
" I
'' I
3 Member of Original Hoard.
» I
400
T'auJ.JoIiii
Peniberton, Israel, Jr,
Pemberton, James
Penington, Edward
Penington, Edward
Pennock, Abraham
Penrose, Thomas ,
Perot, Ellistoii . .
Peters, Richard . .
Pleasants, Israel .
Pleasants, Samuel
Poulson, Zachariah
Powell, Saimiel . .
Po\ntell, William .
Price, Joseph . . .
Red man , J oseph ,
Reeve, Peter . . .
Keynell, John . . .
Rhoads. Samuel .
Richardson, Jos. .
Roberts, Charles .
Roberts, George
Roberts, Hugh . .
Roberdeau, Daniel
Riindle, Richard .
Sayre, John ....
Seckel, Lawrence .
Sbewell, Stephen .
Shinn.JamesT. . .
Shoemaker, BenJ. H
Shoemaker, Jacob
Shoemaker, Jonathan
Smith, Geo. Roberts
Smith, James, Jr.
Smith, John . .
Smith, John J.
Smith, Robert
Stewardson, George
Stewardson, Thos
Strettell, Amos .
Swift, Joseph . .
Sr.
'Ihompson James B
Thompson, John J.
Towiisend, Edw. Y.
Townsend, Joseph B.
Turnpenny, Joseph C,
\'aux, Roberts . . . .
Wain, Robert . . .
\Valn, S Morris .
\Vatson, Cliarles .
Watson. J osejih . .
Welsh, Samuel . .
West, Wiliiam . .
Wharton, Isaac . .
Wharton, Thomas
Whitall. John M. - .
Willing, Thomas M.
Wistar, Bartholomew
Wistar, Barlbolomew
W'istar. Richard , ,
Time Served
KIccleil
Resigned 01
Died
Remarks
Vear
Mo.
Day
1S25
1844 n
iS
8
■75'
1779 i>
27
9
21
Memberof Original Hoard.
175S
177.1
iSos
1780 R
'779 R
1S20 R
22
6
. . .
'4
11
' 18
17S6
1834 R
1798 R
Resigned same day elected.
12
1789
1806 R
17
1
2fi
'75'
1752 R
10
3
Memherof Original Boaid
1796
1 '779
1800 R
4
2
1781 R
. . .
' 18 '
1806
1S08R
I
10
1778
1780 R
I
u
25
1806
1811 D
5
2
I
1S28
'845 R
'7
5
24
1766
1767 R
I
I
10
1779
1786 R
6
II
28
■752
1780 R
27
11
27
'75'
1781 R
29
10
20
Memberof Original Hoartl.
1756
1770 D
'4
6
15
■ S23
J 844 R
21
3
'774
1776 R
2
2
"28'
'75'
1756 R
4
10
2
Member ofOriginal Board
1771
17^6
.771 R
1758 R
27
28
I
11
1766
1776 R
10
I
1787
.789 R
1
11
27
1 1757
1758 R
8
I
1790
1820 R
29
8
28
.758
1760 R
2
4
1S84
1B67
I'resent Manager.
Present Manager and
President.
1776
1781 R
5
2
29
17S1
17QO R
9
I
7
1838
iS^^o R
12
3
6
.
'795
i8b5 R
10
I
29
'75'
1756 R
4
10
2
Memberof Original Board
1761
1762 R
I
. . .
1S2S
1836 R
8
6
28 "
179S
1805 R
6
II
28
IRJ2
1855 R
13
4
22
iSofi
1841 D
33
2
17
1766
1766 R
I
25
1776
1786 R
10
3
2
1R17
1872
1S17 R
23
I
'875 n
2
11
1H68
1S69 R
5
21
1869
1870
Present Manager
' 1892 b' '
21
6"
' I's '
1823
'795
1834 R-
1800 R
II
5
1
3
'S55
1S70 D
15
2
28
1824
1846 R
21
I
27
1S12
1824 R
12
5
14
\ 1856
18.70 R
34
2
3
1776
1778 R
II
28
17S1
1784 R
2
11
12
1-62
1769 R
7
I
2g
1772
1779 R
1867 R
7
16
3
21
iSli
1811 R
1
25
I78g
I79«I>
's'
7
7
1S2S
1841 D
13
5
3
1S03
1806 R
3
3
25
•107
PRESIDENTS OF THE BOARD.
Elcctct! Resigned
Year ' Monili
I.?
Joshua Crosby
Benjamin Frunkiin . . .
John Kc\ nell
Sainiitrl Rhoads ....
Peter Reeve ....
Samuel Howell ...
Reynold Keene
Josiah Hewcs
Samuel Coates . . .
Thomas Slewnrdson, Sr.
John I'aul
Mordeiai Lewis ....
LawrenLC Lewis ....
William B. Flm^ ....
Mordecai L. Dawson . .
William Biddic . ...
Wistar Morris
Benjamin H. Slioemaker
I7S1
1755
It
-■s
■75.S
1757
1
10
3
'757
1760
3
II
27
17S0
1781
I
'.;
I7h[
17V.
: r
17x6
l7^.y
l7,Sy
1790
.,
I ;
179"
ISI2
21
IQ
20
iSlj
IS25
■3
6
>7
IS25
1841
■S
6
2.^
1S41
1844
2
II
24
1844
1849
4
S
11
IS49
1856
6
7
33
1850
lSs5
l8s6
1872
16
10
^
1872
iSS;
14
;
1SS7
IS.,1
i-^'jl
In olFice
SECRETARIES OF THE BOARD.
18
"9
BetiJHiniii Franklin
John Smith ....
Isaac Grecnicaf . .
James Peniherlon .
Thomas Millliii . .
George Roberts . .
Thomas Kisher . .
Robt. Strettell Jones
Tcncli Coxe . . .
Isaac Wharton . ».
Reynold Keene . .
Samuel Coates . .
Thomas P. Cope
Roberts \'aux . .
Charles Roberts .
Bartholomew Wistar
George Roberts Sm
Georyc Slcwardsoii
William Riddle
Wistar Morris
Benj. H. Shoemaker
James T. Shinn . . .
th
1757
'7.^9
1772
1774
1776
'777
1780
17S1
■ 783
I -so
I.S12
1S28
■■Wl
'\>7
1840
l8<iO
1.861
1871
is<„
1 7.'^''
1759
1772
177.1
1776
1776
17S0
1781
17S3
1786
1S12
1S28
1834
'8.57
1S40
1850
i8.'i5
1861
1871
1800
1 n oftice
36
•5
S
9
5
5
9
'9
26
4
26
8
4
11
26
4
•J
■ 8
II
3.;
■ 1
30
.1
11
34
4
16
TREASURERS OF THE BOARD.
1 John Keynell . . .
2 Charles Norris . .
3 Hu^h Roberts . .
4 Samuel P. Moore .
5 Thomas Wharton
is Joseph King ■ .
7 Joseph Hillborn
8 Michael Hillegas .
9 Mordecai Lewis .
10 Joseph S. Lewis .
11 Samuel N. Lewis .
12 I John T Lewis . .
13 Henry Haines . .
17.SI
1753
10
3
1752
17.56
176S
1756
1768
1769
4
II
^
1769
1772
3
1772
1773
I
'773
1780
7
1780
1780
....
1780
'799
IS
s
KJ
1799
1836
26
11
18
1R26
1841
■ 4
10
20
1K41
18S1
40
8
33
18S1
In office
. . . .
408
The Administration Office.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF FORMER MANAGERS.
JosHi'A Crosby was elected at the
first Contributors' meeting, 1751. and was
chosen the first President of the Board
of Managers. He died June 27. 1755.
He was a prominent merchant of Phil-
adelphia and accumulated a fortune:
being of a humane, benevolent disposi-
tion, he gave freqnenth' and freely
during his lifetime to charitable pur-
])Oses.
On May 28. 175,^. he laid the corner-
stone of the Hospital (see page 39).
By his will, he gave to the Pennsylvania
Hospital, one hundred pounds, "for
promoting of that laudable design in the
most useful manner."
Benjamin Fra.nki.in, M. D.. elected
1751 and resigned 1757. .Among the
public services of Franklin, there was
none to which he looked with such satis-
faction as his early success in placing
the affairs of the Pennsylvania Hospital
upon a firm and enduring foundation.
He was clerk of the original Board of
management and, on the death of Joshua
Crosby, was elected President, in which
capacity he served lor two years ( I7.s,s to
17.S7). While in FZurope, on public luisi-
ness, he still kept tile interests of the
Hospital in mind and gave his time
and talents freelv to its service. He
assisted Dr. Fothergill in obtaining the
act of Parliament and favorable decision
of the Lord Chancellor of England, by
which the Hospital was niatie the
resi<luary legatee of the defunct Pcnn-
s\lvania Land Com])any, and by which
the capital stock was benefited to the
extent of several thousand iiounds. As
a member of .Assembly and afterwards as
President of the Supreme E.xecutive
Council of Pennsylvania, Franklin was
able, through his wide acquaintance and
powerful influence, t<i be of signal ad-
vantage to the Hospital in many ways,
although the individual acts which
directly contributed to the furtherance
of its interests lor obvious reasons were
of less moment to the rising Institution
than his indirect services and the friend-
shi]) of one standing in such a high
position in the comnuinity and Common-
wealth. Up to the time of his death,
.April 17, 1790, he retained his interest in
the Hospital, which owes its existence
largely to his instrumentality.
Thomas Bond, M. D., was elected at
the first Contributors' meeting and re-
resigned at the end of the first year, to
confine his service to the Me<lical Staff,
of which he was also an original mem-
ber. .A brief sketch of [)r. Bond appears
409
ainoiiK till' l>i<iKra|>lii<.'!i of |ihysiciiitis.
Thf Hospital, as has l>ft-ii already slalfd,
was lirst i)r<ijei'tr<l l>y l>r. Himtl, who
riilistcd Ik'iijaniiii Franklin's synipathy
and si-i'in'c<l his invahial>U- assistance in
t'staMishinK it n|><in a pernianunl fiinnda-
tiun.
Samikl Hazard, eli-cti-<l 1751, ru-
sisjnud 1754. was the grandson of Tlinmas
Hazard, olW.ilis, anil father of Kbenezer
Hazard, I'ostniasler-deneral. He was
Imrn in Philadelpi)ia in 1714: he resided
some years in New York, luit retnrned
to his native litv previons to 1745. He
died in i'hiladelj>liia, July 14, 175.S. He
was a prominent merchant and one of
the founders and original managers of
the Hospital. As one of the chief nii>vers
in a scheme of colonization, having for
its ultimate aim the Chrislianization of
the Indians, he expUired i'eniisyivania,
had meetings with the Indians, with
whom he bargained for liie land, and hy
his edbrls, ol>taine<l a release from Con-
necticut of its claim to this section of the
lountry.
RlcHAKi) Pktkks. elected 1751, re-
signed 1752, was a native of Liverpool,
Kn^land. He was an Knsjhsh clerKy-
nuni, who came to the colony dnrin;; the
ye.ir 17,^4, and iHcanie assisl.iiu minister
at Christ Church, I'hiladelphia.
He was secretary of the Land ( Xlice,
(174810 1760), and was jirivate clerk to
several Governors. He was also one of
the Provincial Council till his death. In
the latter part of 17V'*. was one of the
two Commissioners, on the part of Penn-
sylvania, for running a provisional
lioundary line with Maryland.
In 1762, he was invited to ofliciale in
tile I'nited Churches of Philadelphia, and
chosen Rector at the close of the year.
In 1764. he visited Kn^;Ianll and returned
at the close of 1765 to Philadelphia. The
decree of I). I), was conferred upon
him in 1770 by the I'niversity of O.vford.
In September, 177,1, on account of the
infirmities of afje, lie resisued his rector-
ship. He was one of the number who,
with Benjamin Kranklin. founded the
Pennsylv.'inia Hospital, and also the
Public .Academy. IVfiin which j;rew the
College of Philadelphia, and was one of
the orij^inal trustees of the latter. Pres-
ident ol the Board from 17.S6-64. He was
one of the incorporators of the Phila-
delphi.a Library.
He died in Philadelphia, July 10, 1776,
in the seventy-second year of hisajje and
was burie<l in front of the chancel of
Christ Church.
IsRAKt. PkmbkktuN. Jr.. elected in
17.SI. died in 1779.
His grandfather, I'hineas Pemberton,
of Lancaster, Knjjiand. came over with
Peiin and settled near the Kails of Dela
ware.
The father of Israel Pemberton was a
merchant, born in Crrove Place, Bucks
County, on February 20, i6.S,i, and died
in Philadelphia. January 19, 1754; he was
well educated aiul one of the wealthiest
merchants of his lime. Israel, Jr., the son
of Israel and Rachel Pemberton, was born
in Philadelphia in 1715, and after receiv-
ing a liberal education, eiiKaKed in Inisi
ness with his lather. He Idled several
public stations with fidelity and inte^
rity. I le w as amoiiK the foremost of those
who supportetl Peiin's peace polii:y in
opposition to some of the (iovernors.
His outspoken criticism of C.overnor
Thomas Peiiii was of such a charai'ler
that a warrant was issueil for his arrest.
Pemberton obtained a writ of habeas
corpus from the Supreme Court, and was
released on bail. Tlie C.overnor declared
this "the first instance of a //frA^'a5(Vi/'/i//v
beiiiK granted to lake a person suspected
of endeavorinjj to disturb and break the
peace of the Province out of the hands of
an ollicer before e.vaiiiinalion."
The Ciovernor issued a second warr.'int
of arrest, but there is no evidence thai
Pemberton was taken into custody. He
was such an earnest and true friend of
the Indians, that he was familiarly called
Kinj; W'ampiiiii.
In 1756, when the inhabitants were (K--
maiidin;^ a war o( e.\leriiiiii;ition a>^ainst
the Delawares ami other Indians, Mr.
Pemberton, with others, went on a mis
sion which set'ured a conference at Kas-
ton, where a treaty of peace was made.
He was one of the founders of the
" Krieiull>' .Association tor re^aininji and
preserving peace with the Indians bv
pacific measures," he was also active in
est,iblishini; the Pennsylvania Hospital,
and a member of the Kirst Hoard of
M.inas;ers. He was a member of the
Society for the Cultivation of Silk ; to
these and other benevolent organizations
he contributed liberally.
His Quaker |>rinciple5 conipelle<l him
with others to ilisapprove of the war for
independence, and in 1777 Congress, sus-
pecting that his influence would be ex-
erted against the colonies, recommended
his arrest and imprisonment. VVhere-
npon, by (»rder of the Supreme K.xecu-
tive C"ouncil of Pennsylvania, he was,
with his brothers, James and John, and
someothers, who were among the wealth-
iest and most influential Friends of the
city, arrested and without a hearing or
trial, sent to Staunton, Virginia, and re-
mained there in e.vile as prisoners for
eight months. (See " E.viles in Virginia,"
by Thomas (iilpin, iHiS).
He died in Philadelphia, .April 22, 1779,
aged sixty-four years
Samuel Khoads, fk-ctt-d 1751, n-signed
May 21, 17S1. He was tlic limrtli Prcsi-
(luMit of the Board of Macia'^ers 1 17S0-.S1 1.
His father, Jolin Khoads, and grand-
fatlier of'the same name, were Quaker
colonists from Derbyshire, Enghmd.
Samuel Rlioads was born in Philadelphia,
ill 171 1 ; he was a]>prenliced to learn the
carpenter's trade and beeanie a ^veaUhy
builder. He was one of the most faithful
and hard working of tile members of the
Hoard of Managers. In active service
since the inauguration of the Hospital,
lie was foremost in every enterprise ; all
proiects of any imptjrtLUice w'ere conlided
lo his supervision ; it was he who submit-
ted the plan for the new Hospital on
liecember 21, 1754; (see page 36). On
March 11, 175.5, lie was "appointed to
superintend the new building and pro-
vide materials," a committee being asso-
ciated with him, consisting of Joshua
Crosby, Hugh Roberts and iose])ii Ko.\.
Being a builder and a man of great
practical e.xperience and accpiaintance
among the notables of his day, he could
better accomplish matters relating to
jiolitical or administrative permits an<l
influence than any other Manager. Mr.
khoads, in 1741, was a niember of City
Councils; but tliere is no recortl of his
iiaving again held office until 1761, when
he and Franklin were chosen members
of the Assembly, also again in 1762-4,
and 1771-4. In 1761, he was b)' the Asseni-
bl\- chosen a commissioner to atteml
a noted conference with the Western
hidians, and the Si.\ Nations at Lancas-
ter, Pennsylvania. In 1774 he was elected
liy the Assembly a delegate from Pe[in-
sylvania to the Continental Con.gress : in
tile same year he was elected Mayor of
Philadelphia.
He was one of the early nienil)ers of
the .American Philosophical Society ; and
a Director for many years of the Phila-
<lelphia Library.
He died April 7, 1784, in the seventy-
third year of his age.
Ht'GH Roberts, elected in 1751, re-
signed in 1756, again elected Manager in
May. 1771, he resigned the following
month, June 3, 1771.
He was also a third Treasurci of the
Hospital (1756 to 1768).
He lived at "Pine Crove," Northern
Liberties, a part of Philadelphia. He
was a son of George Roberts and Tlioni-
asine Mickle Fo.\, and grandson of Joseph
Ko.v, who at one tinie was a speaker of
the Assembly.
On March 10, 1S03, he married Sarah
Logan, dau.ghter of James and Kslher
Smith ; she was born September 28, 1778,
and died September [6. 18O0.
Hugh Roberts died June 25, 1821, in
the se^venty-seventh year of his age.
Josi;cii MciKKis was elected in 1751,
and resigned in 1757; re-elected in 1769,
and resigned May 21, 17S1.
John SMirH w-as elected in 1751, and
resigned in 1756; again elected in 1761,
and resigned in 1762. He was the second
Secretary (1752-17561.
He was bt)ru in Burlington, N. J., a son
of Richard and a Ijrother of Samuel
Smith, author of the History of New
Jersey. He commenced his business
career in Philadelphia at the age of
twenty-one years, becoming a |>artner in
the siiipi)iiig and importing house of
Abel Jones.
In his early connection with the Penn-
sylvania Hospital, lie sent circular letters
of his own writing to many foreign cor-
respondents, soliciting aid lor this benev-
olent enterjjrise and succeeded in olitain-
ing funds by representing in a forcible
manner that the Hospital was designed
for citizens of all nations and that sailors
from all parts in need of its aid should
enjoy Its benefits.
He was the author of "The Doctrines
of Christianity, as held by the People
called IJuakers, Vindicated," in answer
to Ciilbert Tennent's sermon on "Law-
fulness of Defensive War," 2d ed. Phila.
1747, Svo.
lie was an active promoter of the first
efficient fire-in.surance company in
.America, and took out the first jiolicy
himself. He was a member of the
Philadelphia Assembly in 1750; he also
sailed the first line (jf packets to Kurope ;
anti was an active and prominent mem-
ber of society. On October 7, 1748, at
( jerniantown meeting, Philadelphia, he
married Hannah, daughter of James
Logan, the Councellor. In 1762, after
the death of his wife, who was a preacher
among I'riends, he returned to Burlington
to end his days in the place of his birth.
He was appointed by the Kin.g one of
the Council for New Jersey, in which
position he continued until his <leath.
He purchased (loxernor William h'rank-
lin's seal, "Franklin Park," .and dwfll
there during the later years of his life,
until his tieatli, which occurred March 26,
1771, in the forty-ninth year of his age.
Evan Mok<;an was elected twice, first
in 1751. resigned in 1752, again in 1753;
he resigned in 1763.
He was born in 1709; served many
years as wartlen of Christ Church, aiitl
took a very active part in the welfare of
that parish.
He was regarded by his contempor-
aries as a virtuous, sober, sensible, good
man. His obituary notice in the "Ga-
zette" (February 17, 1763) states that he
had the honor to be called by his country
to serve several years as a representative
ill llif Li-Kislaliiie. aiul was many yi-ars
a mniiaKiT of "tlu- most liiimaiu- and
l)fiicvoli-iU iiistitiiliiiii, (111' I'l'imsylvaiiia
Hospital, trcctfil li>r tht- rcri-piinn ami
curu t>f liinatirs and <itlicr diseased |ht-
sonsintliis Province." In llutirst station
he continued until liis private alTairs
demanded his resignation ; Init in the
last, he laborated alVectionately for its
promotion and advancement to the end
of his days.
In vvery character, whether public or
private, he discliarKed his duly with zeal
and steadiness. His friendships were
few. He died Kebruary, 1763, in the fifty-
fourth year of his aye.
Chari.ics XoRKis w.is elected in i-,si,
and resinned in 1752, in order to become
Treasurer (1753-1756).
He was the son of Isaac Norris, the
Councellor : was born May 9, 1712, and
became a prominent and wealth)' mer-
chant. He built a fine hcmse where the
Custom House now stancls, and resitle<l
there until his death. He ownetl the
Krouiuls to KiUh Street, which were laid
out in jxraveletl walks and llowers.
He acted as trustee, for several years,
of the General Loan Office of the Pro-
vince. He was also greatly interested in
promntiuK the welfare of the Pennsyl-
vania Hos|>ital.
He was twice married : his first wife
was Mar>;aret, a daughter of Dr. Rod-
man, of Bucks County ; his second wife,
was Mary, daughter of Joseph Parker,
Deputy Register for Chester County.
He died January 15, 1766, aged fifty-
three years.
Is.\AC Jones, elected 1752 and
resigned in 1756: again elected in 1760
resigned in 1762, and for the third time
elected in 1764 and continued in otfice
until his decea.se, ( 1773).
Mr. Jones was universally esteemed as
one of the most honest antl useful mem-
bers of the community : he was for a long
time an .Alderman, and for several suc-
cessive years. Mayor of Philadelphia.
He was President of the Courts of Quar-
ter Sessions an<l Common Pleas; and
Trustee and Treasurer of the College of
Philadelphia. In all these stations he
actpiitted himself with dignity, and integ-
rity, and gave such diligent and faithful
attention to public business, th.at he
seemed to have consideretl himself as
living only for the service of his country.
He died October i.S, 1773, aged 5;*
years.
John Rkvnki.i., elected 1752 an<l
resigned in 17.S0. He \wis the third
President of the Board of Maiiiigers
(1757-17S0I, a period of twenty-three
years. He was also the first treasurer
11751 to 17521.
He was a native of (ireat Britain and
came lo Philailelphia when twenty years
of ;»ge. He was very active*, both in
religious and civil circUs, cheerfully
employing his talents and much ol Ins
time in beneficial and philanthropic pur-
poses.
He <lied (Ictober 3, I7.'>4. aged seventy-
six years : the following obituary notice
was published at the time : " I In Kriilay
l.ist, departed this life, in the sevenlv -
si.xtli year of his age, Mr. John Rev-
nell, of this city, merchant. To enum-
erate the merits of the deceased is
not our intention — we trust they have
founil a better repository than a fugitive
newspaper could allord Ihein — the e.xcel-
lent character aiul e.xtensive usefulniss
of the man. were too well known ami loo
justly estimated, to derive any lustre
from encomium ; and ;;s long as the (»iie
or the other are retneinbered. the death
of John Reynell will be coiisi<lered and
regretted as a loss to the communil) .
His remains were deposited the day lol
lowing in ihe burial ground ol the people
called Quakers, of which Society he was
a valuable and conspicuous member."
Thom.xs I.awkknck. elecleil 1752.
resigned 1753; was born at Philadelphia,
.April 16, 1720: his father was Thomas
Lawrence, a member of the Provincial
Council. On re:iching his majority he
engaged in business with Peter Bard ; his
county-seat of 150 acres. Clairmont, was
locate<l in Northern Liberties, now a part
of Philadelphia city.
On Ocloeer 4, 174s, he was chosen a
member of Common Councils: Vendue
Master. 1752-6.1; .\lderinan 1755; and
.Mayor of the City ill i~s^ and 1764.
He was on .May 9. 1743, married to
Mary, ilaughter of Lewis Morris, of
Morrisania, Judge of the Vice-Admiralty
for New York and New Jersey.
He died on January 21, 1775. in the fifty-
fifth year oi his age. " Benevolence
marked his character and virtue in him
wore her most .idmirable <lress, being
constantly e.vercised in love toward his
family, uprighliuss in his dealings, sin-
cerity in his friendships, cheerfulness in
his conversation, and an earnest desire
to promote peace and happiness around
him."
DaNIKI, RollKKDEAf. elected 17.56,
resigned 175S; w..s again elected in 1766
and resigned in 1 776.
His father. Isaac, was a French
Huguenot ; his mother was Mary Cun-
iiingham, a descendant of the Earl tA'
(ilencairn, in Scotland. Daniel was born
in the Island of St. Christopher, W. 1.,
412
Ill 1727: !ie came with his motlier's ("amil\-
to Philadelpliia in his youth, and became
a nurihant. He was early connected
with tile Masonic Fraternity, and asso-
ciated with Franklin, Alexander Hamil-
ton and others. He was a member of
the Pennsylvania Assembly from 1756-60.
In 1765 was an elder in the Presbyterian
Church, and a friend of George Whit-
held.
When the Revolutionary war broke
out, he joined the Pennsylvania Asso-
ciators and was elected Colonel of the
Second liattalion in 1775, and made
President of the Board that governed the
Associators. He presided at a public
meeting held May 20, 1776, at the State
House, which e-verted great influence in
favor of a r-)eclaration of Independence.
While in command of his battalion he
fitted out. in jiartnership with his friend.
Col. John Bayard, two sliips as priva-
teers, one of which captured a valuable
prize, with §22,000 in silver, which he
placed at the disposal of Congress.
He was a member of the Council of
Safety, was elected on July 4, 1776. first
Brigadier-General of the Pennsylvania
troops. The Associators were at this
time called to the aid of Washington in
New Jersey. He was a member of tlie
Contineiital Congress from 1777-79, ^"'^
actively supported the Articles of Con-
federation and affi.xed his name thereto
i-in behalf of Pennsylvania.
In April, 177.S, a scarcity of lead exist-
ing in the army. General Roberdeau was
granted leave of absence by Congress in
order to w'ork a lead mine in Bedford
County, w'here he erected a stockade as
a protection against the Indians : the
expense of its construction he paid out
of his private purse.
On May 24 and 25, 1779, General Rober-
deau jiresided at a public meeting in
Philadelphia, called to consider the evils
<tf monopolizers and depreciation of the
currency. In 17S3-4, he spent a year in
England. It is related of Roberdeau that
w'hile travelling across Blackheath near
London, he was attacked by highway-
men who surrounded the carriage. " He
seized the leader, threw him down in the
bott<tni of the carriage, and called to his
coachman to <lrive on and fire right and
left. He drove into London in this man-
ner with the robber's feet hanging out of
the carriage, and delivered him up to
Justice."
After the war (General Roberdeau re-
moved from Philadelphia to .Alexandria.
Va., where he afterwards entertained
General Washington.
A short time before his death he re-
moved to Winchester, Va., where he died
January 5, 1795, in the sixty-eighth year
of his age.
Is.x.vc (iKliE.VLE.AF was elected 1756 ;
he served a period of fifteen years ; he
was also the third Secretary (■757-'759)-
He was a merchant of the City of Phila-
delphia, a worthy and respected member
of the Society of Friends.
He died July 18, 1771, in the fifty-sixth
year of his age.
JosEi-H R1CH.A.RDS0N, elected 1756
and served until his decease, 1770.
He was a jirominent merchant of the
City of Pliiladeli>liia, distinguished for
his private virtues and public spirit. He
established in 1.S13 a white lead manu-
factory, which in 1S19 passed into the
possession of Mordecai and Samuel N.
Lewis.
He served for several years as a Repre-
sentative in the Assembly of the Province
of Pennsylvania, with advantage to his
country, and acceptably filled several
other offices of public trust.
He died November 18, 1770, in the
sixty-fourth year of his age.
J.ACOB DiCHE, elected August 3, 1756,
resigned 175S.
He was the son of Anthony Duch^, a
Huguenot refugee, who came with
William Penn to .■\merica. He was born
in Philadeljihia in 1739, and was grad-
uated by the University of Pennsylvania
'" '"S"- He was licensed in 1759 by the
Bislio]) of London and became an elo-
cpient Protestant Episcopal Clergyman.
He was Rector of Christ Church, Phila-
delphia, in 1775.
He married a sister of his classmate,
Francis Hopkinson. and at the beginning
of the Revolution espoused the cause of
the Colonics. .At the meeting of the first
Congress, September 4, 1774, he was
invited to make the opening prayer.
" For his excellent Prayer, so well
adapted to the present occasion," Con-
gress gave him a vote of thanks. He
was chosen Chaplain to Congress July 9,
1776, and he gave his salary to the relief
of the families of Pennsylvania slain in
battle. He resigned the Chaplaincy in
October.
When the British held possession of
Philadelphia, he became alarmed at the
gloomy aspect of affairs and in October,
1777. wrote to Washington urging him to
discontinue further resistance. The let-
ter being transmitted to Congress,
Duche fled to England, and became
Chaplain to the Lambeth Orphan Asylum,
his estate in the Province was confiscated
and he as a traitor was banished from
this country. .
He returned to Philadelphia in 1790,
where he died. January 3, 1798, and was
buried in Christ Church.
413
Wli I.IAM Masikks, i-liLlud 1757, ri--
siK"i'<l Au;;usl ,?isl of the same yt-ar.
ill' was till- son of Thomas Masters,
Mayor of PliilatU'lphia, and l*ro\inrial
Councillor 1720-172,?. lie inlKriled five
liini(lrc-(l acres of k^'Oiik' '" Northern
Liberties, now a i>art of Philadelphia,
which was called " (Ireen Sprinjc." where
he lived and operated the Globe Mills
on the l'i>hocksink (,'reek. He repre-
sented Philadelphia in the Assembly for
many years ; was one of the Commis-
sioners to spend money appropriated for
defence of the Province ol Pennsylvania.
He married Marw daughter of Thomas
Lawrence, the Coiincellor, and died
November 24, 1760, and was bnried in
Christ Chnrcli.
Pl.lNKKTT Fl.KKSoN, elected in 17.17,
resinned 1759.
He was born in Philade1i)hia in 1712,
an<I was familiarlv known as "Squire
Fleeson." He received a ){"<"J educa-
tion.
In 1749. during the war between France
and Spain, when the inhabitants of the
city were afraid of incursions by the
privateers of the enemy, Mr. Fleeson
was I'lnsij^n of the SecontI Company of
.Associators. In 1752 he was anion); the
citizens who founded the Hibernia Kn-
Kine Company. He was a Justice of the
Peace. .-Xs a business man he was active
and accumuiate<l an ample fortune in
what wasthen known as the " upholder "
(upholstery) business. In 1765 heojiposed
the aKKressions of England, and remon-
strate<l ayainst the ta.x.ilion of the Colo-
nies an<l othiT oppressive measures,
which eventually brought about the
Revolution.
In 17.S0 he was commissioned by the
President .iiul Kxecutive Council of the
States, as President Judije of the City
Court and tilled the position for several
years, the hearings being held at the old
Court House. He died in 1791, nearly
eighty years of age.
Anthony Benkzkt, elected 1757, re-
signed I75,s.
He w.is a native of St. Quentin, France,
a descendant of a noble French family,
which (led iVom France to Holhuul in
16.S5, after the revocation of the e<lict of
Nantes, and thence to Kngland in 171.S:
here they remained si.xteen years, during
which time they united with the Society
of Friends. In November, 17,^1. they
arrivetl at Philatlel|>hia. .Anthony Bene-
zet was born January 1,5, 1713, an<l was
apprenticed with a hrm in the shipping
business. Soon after his marriage (in
1732), he left mercantile life, and in 1742
accepted the position of instructor in the
Friends' English School of Philatk-lphia.
The duties of a teacher, he ilischarged
with unremitting assiduity and delight
until near ihecloseof his li(e. Heilevoteil
consi<Ierable attention to the abolition ot
the slave trade, aiul was a strong atlvo
cate of the emancipation .and e(iucati<»n
of the coloreil population, and opened
for them an evening school.
During the Kev<ilutionary w.ir, and
the occupation of Philadelphia by tlu-
British army, he was active in alleviating
the sufferings of the prisoners. He
abantloned, towards the close t»f his lile.
the use of animal food on conscientious
grcnuuls.
lie published manv tracts, which
were gratuitously distrii>uled throughout
the country, the most important were :
" An Account of that Part of Africa
Inhabited by Negroes" {1762); "A
Cauticui to (jreat Britain and her Colo-
nies, in a short Representation of the
Calamitous State of the Knslaved Negrois
in the British I >ominions " ( 1767) : " Sonu-
Historical .^ccounl of Guinea, with an
Inquiry into the Rise and Progress of
the Slave Tratle " ( 1771 1 ; " A short .Ac
count of the Religious Society of Frienils"
(17.S0) ; " ,\ Dissertation on the Plainness
and Simplicity of the Christian Religion"
(17.S21. Also tracts against the "Use ol
Ardent Spirits," and " Observations on
the Indian N.alives of this Continent "
(17«4I-
He die<l May 3, 17S4, aged seventy-one
years.
J.AMKS Pkmbkkton, electe<I 1758, re-
signed i7>*o; was the fourth Secretary
I > 759- " 772)-
He was a son of Israel Pemberton, Sr.,
and a grandson of Phineas Pemberton,
one of the earlv ,an«l distinguished set-
tlers of Pennsylvania. He was born in
Philadelphia, .August 26, 1723. From
his youth he w.as distinguishecl for dili-
gence, integrity, and benevolence. In
1745, hetraveleil toCarolina, .and, in I74,'<.
he visited Europe and travelled nuich in
England. < >n his return he engaged
extensively in commerce, in which he
received successful returns. He was a
liberal contributor and useful nian.ager
of the Pennsylvania IIosi>it,'d.
He was not so eminent .a man among
the Friends as his brother Israel. Jr., but
was inlluential in church .and public
affairs. His unimpeachable integrity as a
merchant made him much sought after
in settling controversies in trade by arbi-
tration. He w.as one of the Burgesses
of the town of Philadelphia. He became
early interested in the welfare of the
negroes, and became one of the organi-
zers of the Pennsylvania .Abolition
Society, and of which, on Benjamin
Franklin's death, in 1790, he became
President.
4U
During the Iiulian wars lie, aided liy his
l)rothers. endeavored to restore peaee ;
many of the Indian chiefs visitinj{ Phila-
delphia were hospitably entertained by
him. One of the important objects of
his life was the distribution of religious
and instructive books. In 1756 he re-
signed his meml)ership in the Assembly,
because the service involving the con-
sideration of military atVairs was incom-
patible with his religious principles. In
1757 he published '"An Apology for the
People called the Quakers, containing
some reasons for their not complying
with Human Injunitions and Instruc-
tions in Matters relative to the Worsliip
of God." His country-seat, on the
Schuylkill River, was occupied by some
of Lord Howe's officers when the British
were in Philadelphia ; it subsequently
passed into tlie possession of the General
Government, and is now the United
States Naval Asylum.
In his ow'ii reli.gious society he was a
loved and honored member. He was
averse to war, because he was ojjposed
to the settlement of political tlifterences
by arms. He was included in the si.\-
teen or seventeen citizens of Philadeljihia
who were banished to \'irginia in 1777;
*' to keep the peace." There he spent
a couple of years and wrote out a jour-
nal, some of which has been published in
the " Friends Miscellany," Vol. VII.
He died February g, 1809, aged eighty-
five years.
Thomas \Vh.\rt(in was twice elected :
the first time 1762. resigned in 1769;
again in 1772, resigned in 1779.
He was also Treasurer of the Hospital,
(1769-72.)
Thomas Wharton, liis ancestor, emi-
grated from W'estmorelandshire, Kng-
land, to Pennsylvania, about i6N^. and
served in Common Covincils of Philadel-
phia (1713 to 1718.)
He died July 31. 171.S. leaving a large
estate to lie divitled among his children.
Joseph Wharton, the father of Thomas,
born August 4. 1707, became a prosperous
merchant of Philadeljihia. He lived at
his country-seat. Walnut Grove, on Fifth
Street near Washington .A\L-Tnie, Phil;i-
delphia, which was madt.- fatuous, after
his death, as the scene of the celel)rated
Meschianza, held there in 1778.
Thomas Wharton was born January 15,
'/^"".i'- He became a merchant of iutlu-
ence and wealth and belonged to the
Society of Friends. He was a part owner
of " TheCrhronicle." a leading newspajier
of the city.
In 1774. Washington wrote that he
" dined with Thotiias Wharton." Mr.
W'harton was one of the many Friends,
who actively o]>posed the itppressive
measures of the Knglisli GoverninenI
and was in 1765 a signer of the non-
importation agreement. When the Colo-
nies resorte<l to arms, his sympathy
was actively witlulrawn from their cause.
He became an object of suspicion to the
authorities of the Colonies, and in August
1777, he with other Friends, was arrested,
and was. on refusing to sign a ]).irole in
the luUowing mouth e.xiled to Staunton.
X'irginia, where they remained until
April, 1778. Mr. Wharton was proscribed
as an enemy of his country, and had his
jiroperty ci>nfiscated tnuier an Act of
Pennsylvania.
He died near Philadelphia in the winter
of 1782.
.\mos Strkttki.i.. elected 1766, resign
ed June 30. of the same year.
He was born in Dublin, 1720, the son
of Robert Strettell, one of the Provincial
Counsellors. In his youth, brought by
his jiarents to Philadelphia, he became an
assistant to his father in his business and
became an eminent and ititelligent mer-
chant. When his father was elected
Mayor, Amos became a representative in
General Assembly: an .^Idernum of the
cit\' : Trustee of the(»eneral Loan Office,
and of the College of Philadelphia.
On November 2, 1752, he married in
Christ Church, Hannah, daughter of
Samuel Hasell, the Counsellor ; she inher
ited, from the Bnlkleys, real estate in
Chester County, upon which Benjamin
Morris built the liouse known as the
" Knoll," located near Phoeni.vville.
He died on January 13, 1780, in the
si.vtieth year of his age.
JosKi'H Redm.\n, elected 1766; resign-
ed October 5, 1767.
He was a native of Philadelphia, and a
descendant of one of the first settlers of
the Slate ; he w as for several years elected
to the office of High Sherifi". the duties of
which he discharged with great reputation
for his equity in general and charitable
attention to the prisoners in partiiular.
He was endowed with a remarkable
sweetness of temper, and eminent degree
of humanity and benevolence, which led
him lo sympathize with and perform acts
of kindness lo the poor and distressed.
He died September 19, 1779, :»S<-il 59-
John Nixon, elected July 27, 1766;
resigned, August 25 of same year, and
.again elected in 1768 and resigned in
1772.
He was born in West Chester, Pa., m
1733 ; his gran<li>arenls emigrated to
.\merica at the close of the seventeenth
century from Wexford. Ireland. His
father. Richard, wasa shipping merchant
in 1738 and built Ni.xon's Wharf on the
Delaware River. Philaiielphia ; he was a
41;
im-niln.r of lliv City CuumilslVimi i;;!^ to
the tiiiU' uf his <kMth ; and was aCn)>tuiii
of the " Associators."
The soil siicceetled tii the Imsiness of
the father am! in 175'). ihiriiiK the excite-
ment of tile KreMi h war, lie was elected
Lieutenant of the company of which his
father had been Captain on its orxan-
ization. In 1765 he signed the non-
importation ajjreeiiient against the stamp
act, and from that time took an active
part in opposition to the usurpations of
the Crown ; he was one of the Wardens
of the Tort of I'liiladelphia in 1756; a
nieiiiher <if the committee appointetl at a
town meeliiiK held May 20, 1774. to reply
to the letter from the citizens of Boston,
carried l>y Paul Revere, and a moiuh
later was made a nieniher of the first
committi-e of correspondence; was a
delex^ile to the convention of the pro-
vinces in 1774-75-
The Associators in April, 1775, were
again called into activity and John Nixon
was made Lieutenant-Colonel of the
Third Battalion known as "the Silk
Stockings ": he was also a member of
the I'oniniittee of Safety from its organ-
ization till its dissolution, and presided
at its meetings in the absence of its chair-
man. He had charge of the defences of
the Delaware at Korl Island in May, 1776,
anil in July was in command of the
Guards of the city : he was also an alder-
man of I'liiladelphia.
On July 4, 1776, Congress adopted the
Declaratioii of Independence ; it was
ordered that on the ,stli it should be pro-
claimed in each of the Cnited .States, and
at the heail of the army, 011 the 6tli. The
Committee of Safety of Philadelphia
ordered that it should be read and i)ro-
dainied at the State House on Monday,
July Sih, at noon ; at that time and |)lace,
by popular .■ip|)ointiiient, John N'i.xon
read and publicly proclaimed the Uecla-
ration of Independence.
Col. Nixon in July took the Battalion
of Associators to .Amboy, where they
had six weeks of service. In December,
having been made Colonel, to succee<l
John Cadw'alatler. who had been com-
missioned lirigadier-C.eiieral. he marched
with his battalion to Trenton, and re-
mained with General Washington's army
until late in January, taking part in the
battle of Princeton ; he was a member of
the Navy Board in 1776, and in the winter
of 177S was with the camp at Valley
Forge w ilh the troops.
He was one of two directors of the Bank
of Pennsylvania, appointed to serve on
a commission for supi>Iying the army of
the Cnited States with provisions, and
subscribed /'.sooo for that purpose. He
was one of the organizers of the Bank of
North America in 17.H3, and its second
prcsiileiit from 1792 until his <leath ;
lie carried the colors, at the procession
celebrating the establishment of the Con-
.stilntion ol the Cnited Stales.
He died December 31, 1808, aged
seventy-five years.
Wil.Ll.vM L<»;an, elected 1770, resigned
I77.S-
He was the eldest son of James Logan,
the founder of the Loganiaii Library ill
Philadelphia. He was born at " Sleli-
ttm," the famil\' seat near GermaiUown.
now Philadel|ihia, May 14, 1718; his
ednc.'ition was superintendetl by his
father and completed in Bristol, Kng-
land.
On his return to Philadelphia, he be-
came attorney for the Peiin family with
his father. He was a member of the
Provincial Council of Philadelphia from
1743-1776; he was an advocate and |)ro-
tector of the Indians, and when the
meetings of the corporation were flis-
continued, he received them at his home.
He gave the aged a settlement called
the Indian Field, on his land, and edu-
cated their chiltlren at his own exi>eiise.
He took no active part in the Kevolu-
tioiiary war, being in Fngland at that
period. He travelled extensively in the
i'nitcd States from Philadelphia to
Georgia.
With the same spirit that actuated his
father, he (with his brother) deeded the
Loganian Library- and i)roperty to Israel
PeniberlifU, Jr.. \\illiam .Mien, Kichard
Peters and Benjamin I-'ranklin, to be with
William Logan and his brother, James
Logan, the trustees or managers, and he
acletl as Librarian until his death. He
a<lded to the collection the books
which hail been beipuatlied to his uncle,
about i3i;o volumes. The Library re-
mained unopened for some time after
the Revoluti<iti. when the Legislature of
Pennsylvania, in 171^2, annexed it to the
Philadelphia Library Company, estab-
lished by Franklin and his associates.
He died October 2.S, 1776, aged fifty-
eight years.
TiioM.vs Mii-i-i.ix, elected 1771, re-
signed 1773. He served as the filth Sec-
retary (1772-1773).
He w.as born in Philadeliihia in 1744;
his ancestors were of the Society of
Friends, and among the earliest settlers
of Pennsylvania: he graduate<l at the
College of Philadelphia, was distin-
guished for ability and classical scholar-
ship. His parents intended him for a
merchant, and. he was place<l in a count-
ing-house. He subseipuntly made a
voyage to Kurope, in 176,5, and on his
return entered into business with one of
his br*)thers.
416
Ill 1772, ulitii Init t'.\i-iUy-i-'it;lit years
of age, lie was elected one i>l the two
Burgesses, to rejireseiit IMiiladelphia in
the General Assembly of tlie Slate, and
two years afterwards, was api)ointed a
delegate from the St.ate to the Conti-
nental Congress.
Thomas Mifilin was appointed Major
of one of the Continental regiments,
thereby severing his connection witli the
Society of Kriends in which he was born
and reared.
He joined the camp at Boston, where
he distinguished himself by opposing a
detachment of British soldiers. An
officer of higli rank declared he '' never
saw a greater dis|)lay of personal bravery
than was e.xliibited on this occasion in
the cool and intrepid conduct of Colonel
Miffiin." After the withdrawal of the
British troops from Boston, Colonel
Mifflin was commissioned l)y Congress
Brigadier-General, he having discharged
most satisfactorily the arduous duties of
Quarter-Master General. By a Congress-
ional resolution of May 25, 1776, a com-
mittee was appointed to confer with
Generals Washington, Gates and Mifflin
"touching the frontiers towards Cana-
da ;" — at this time he was but thirty-two
years of age.
About this time he was commissioned
to raise the militia of Pennsylvania. His
efforts were attended with some degree
of success in Philadelphia, and at the
head of fifteen hundred enlisted men he
marclied to Trenton. General Mifflin
was again dispatched to Philadelphia to
take charge of the numerous stores in
that place ; Congress also deemed it of
importance that " General Mifflin should
make a pro.gress through several of the
counties of the State of Pennsylvania, to
rouse the freemen to the immediate de-
fence of the city and country," and
resolved " That the Assembly be re-
quested to appoint a committee of their
body, to make a tour with him, and
assist in this good and necessary work."
This important commission was accepted
and its duties discharged with his usual
ability and zeal. This was accomplished
iust before the b.ittle of Princeton, and
its victory with that of Trenton secured
.\inerican Independence. In Col. Trum-
bull's painting of the Battle of Princeton,
General Milflin makes a cons])icuous
figure in the memorable contlict ; in Feb-
ruary following. Congress bestowed upon
him the rank of Major-General.
In 17S3 he was elected by the Legisla-
ture a member of Congress, and in the
fall of the same year was made President
of that l:>od>\ in which I'apacity he re-
ceived from (leneral Washington his re-
signation as Commander-in-Chief of the
American Army, and as lUity required
on t'l's august occasion, made a rei)ly to
Washington's address.
In 1785 he was cho
a member of
the Legislature of Pennsylvania and
elected Speaker of that body. In 1788
he was President of the Sujireme E.xecu-
tiye Council of the State, imder the Con-
stitution of that period. In 17S7 he rep-
resented Pennsylvania in the convention
assembled at Pliiladcl])hia to frame a
government tor the United States ; he
was also a member and became Presi-
dent of the Constitutional Convention of
Pennsylvania in 1790, and after its adop-
tion became the first fiovernor, and held
the position nine years (1790-99). In
1799 he was elected a member of the
House of Representatives. He was a
member ot the American Philosophical
SocietN' from i76,s until his de;ith.
He died January 20, 1800, at Lancaster,
at that time the seat of the State Govern-
ment, aged fifty-six years. Ai)propriate
resolutions were passed by the Legisla-
ture, and his interment and monument
provided for at public e.\i)ense.
Edvv.\kij Penington, elected 1773, re-
signed 1779.
He was the son of Isaac Penington.
who was for many years the Sherift" of
Bucks County, Pa. Edward was born
in Pliiladelphia, December 4, 1726, was
educated in the Friends' School, and
afterwards became a merchant of the
city.
In 1761. and for several yi Jrs subse-
quently, was one of the Judges of the
Court of the Common Pleas. In 1762, by
Act of Assembly, was one of the Trustees
in whom was vested the State House
and other public buildings, ' for the use
of the freemen of their province and
their representatives ; " in 1768 elected
a member of the .American Philosophical
Society. By the action of this organiza-
tion in 1770 there was formed a " Society
for the Cultiv.ation of Silk " of which he
became treasurer.
When the news of the p.ass.age by Par-
liament, of the Boston Port Bill reached
Philadelphia. Judge Penington was one
of the members who in May 1774, assem-
bled at the " Coflee House," and formed
a committee of correspondence, anil in
July of the same year, became a member
of the Provincial Convention. When the
Revolutionary War began, his Quaker
])rincii)lesled him to join the '' non-resist-
ants." and was classed among the dis-
atfected, and in 1777, on the approach of
the British, he was arrested and sent to
Virginia. After his return, in 1790, he
was elected to the City Councils ; and
the year before his death was appointed
by the Legislature one of the commis-
sioners to distribute money among the
French refugees.
417
He was marrifd at Friends' Muctiiig,
Novi-mlR-r 26, 1754, to Sarah Shoemaker,
daughter of the Coiiiutllor.
Ill 1767, acting as Attorney for Ann
Penn, he offered I'ennsliury Manor for
sale, piibhshed a description of it, giving
right of title, and alsii some historical
events concerning; it. lie also wrote a
" I'oetical Proclamation, " being a satire
on the Conunitlee of Inspection in I'hila-
delphia.
He died September 30, 1796, aged
sixtv-nine years.
RouiCRT Strettkli. Jones, elected
1773, resigned 1781 ; he was the eighth
secretary ( I777-I7ito).
His father was one of the wealthy mer-
chants of Philadelphia and was chosen to
fill many important public offices by his
fellow citizens.
Robert w.as born July 21, 1745; he re-
ceived the degree of A. M. from the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1765. He was
one of the secretaries of the American
Philosophical Society ; a Director of the
Library Company of Philadelphia: a
member of the Committee of Inspection
and Observation for the City and Liber-
ties, August 1775, and also one of its sec-
retaries. He resided for some years in
New Jersey, and was at one time a mem-
ber of its Legislature.
On March 2,5, 1774, he was married in
Christ Church to Ann, daughter of Joseph
Sliippeii.
He died in Burlington, X. J., March 16,
1792, and was buried in St. Mary's
(iround.
Tn<)M.\s Fisher, elected 1775, resigned
1776. He acted ,is the seventh Secretary
from May 13 to July 30. 1776.
He was a son of Josluia Fisher, of
Lewes. Delaware, afterwards a merchant
of Philadeliihia. Thomas was born May
6, 1741, and on coming <if age was taken
into partnerslii]) by his father, and be-
came a prosperous merchant of the city,
accumulating sufficient wealth to enable
him to retire many years before his
decease.
During the French War he was cap-
tured at sea, and carried to Spain ; after
his rele.isc he visited England. The
father and three sons were, during the
Revolution, among those deemed inimi-
cal to the cause of Americ;i. and were
arrested and transferred to Wine luster.
Va., where they remained during the
winter of 1777-8. The three sons suc-
ceeded to the business of Joshua Fisher
&Sons, and in the same year the brothers,
Thomas and Miers Fisher, became part-
ners in the firm of Hough, Bickham &
Co., lumbermen. In iSoo Thomas be-
came a partner with Leonard Snowden
in a brewery. Thomas was owner of
two-lillhs of between 25,000 and 30,000
acres of land in what was then West-
moreland County, Pennsylvania ; and
one-half of io.ikhi acres in Chemung
Township, New York.
On March 17, 1772, he married Sarah
Logan, (laughter of William Logan, who
was born November 6, 1751, and died
January 2.s, 1796.
Thomas Fisher died on Thursday,
September 6, 1810, at his summer resi-
dence near (fermantown, aged sixty-nine
years.
Sami^ei, Powell, elected 1778, re-
signed 1780.
He was a native rtf Philadelphia, born
in 1739. I le niatriciilate<l at the College
of Philadelphia (now the University' of
Pennsylvania) and graduated A. B. in
1759-
He served sever.al years in the City
Councils ; was a justice of the Common
Pleas and Ouarter Sessions Courts, and
in 1775 was chosen Mayor, being the last
under the Charter of 1701.
After the Revolution, under the new
Charier in 1789, he was again chosen
Mayor.
In 1780 he subscribed /"s.ooo for the
provisioning of the Army. In 1792 he
was elected Speaker of the Senate of
Pennsylvania. He was a member of the
American Philosophical Society from
1773 until his death , also a Trustee of
the I'niversity of Pennsylvania; and one
of the fiiunders and in 17S3 the first
President of Philadel|)hia Society for
promoting .•\griciilture.
He was of Oiiaktr slock, but when in
London, was baptized by Rev. Richard
Peters. On his return to Philadelphia
was made Lay Deputy from St. Peter's
Church lo Convention of Protestant Epis-
copal Churches, lielil May 24, 1785. He
inherited a large est.ate, wliicli he be-
fpiealhecl to his wife, who gave the larger
part of it, including " Powelton," to her
nephew .ind adopted son, John Powel
Hare, and his descendants.
He died at Philadelphia September 29,
1793, in the fifty-fourth year of his age.
(;eor<;e MlFELIN, elected 1780, con-
tinued in office until his decease in 1785.
He was the son of John .Mifflin, the
Connci'Ilor, was a merchant of Philadel-
phia, and was for a time in partnership
with his elder brother.
On October 15, 1772, he married
Martha, daughter of Joseph Morris, a
Philadelphia merchant ; the issue of this
marriage were two children, Thcmias
and Elizabeth ; the former married
Sarah Large and Eliz.abeth was married
to Caspar Wistar.
He died July 14, 1785.
418
Tench Coxe, elected 1780, resigned
1781, was the ninth Secretary ( lyikt-iyHi ).
He was born in Philadelphia, May 22,
I755> tli^ son of William Coxe and
Frances, daughter of Tench Francis,
Attorney-General of the Province of
Pennsylvania.
His ancestry were originally from
Somersetshire, in England.
He received his education at the
College of Philadelphia. On leaving
College, he entered the counting-house
of Co.xe & Furnian, and on attaining his
majority, May, 1776, became a partner
of the house, under the name of Co.\e,
Furman & Co.\e.
He was elected by the Legislature of
Pennsylvania a Commissioner to Ihe
.■Annapolis Federal Convention, which
met on September 14, I7'^6, to discuss
the proposed Federal Constitution, etc.
The Commissioners reconunended that a
Convention should be held on the second
Monday of May, 17S7, which was ap-
proved by Congress, and the result of
the Convention which assembled on that
day was the present Constitution of the
United States.
In 17S8. Mr. Coxe was elected by the
Legislature, a member of the Continental
Congress, until the period at which the
Constitution of the United States should
go into operation. In September, 1789,
an act was passed, organizing the Treas-
ury Department. The following May,
Mr. Coxe received the appointment of
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. In
May, 1792, he was ajipointed b\' the
President, with the advice and consent
of the Senate, to the position of Com-
missioner of the Revenue : this position
he held during the rest of the administra-
tion of (ieneral Washington. In 1S03 lie
was appointed by President Jefferson,
Purveyor of the Public Supplies of the
United States, which position he held un-
til the office was abolished in 1S12.
His writings were voluminous and ex-
tended through a period of many years,
the only works which were collected and
republished in book form were : " A Brief
Examination of Lord Sheffield's Obser-
vations on the Commerce ot" the United
States, with Two Supplementary Notes
upon .American Manufacturers" ( Phila-
delphia and London, 1792I; "A View of
the United States of America" (Philadel-
phia, 1794, and London, 179.S) : "A State-
ment of the Arts and Manufactures of the
United States, for the year 1810" (Phila-
delphia, 1814).
In 1787 he published a pamphlet which
was read before the SocietN' for Political
Inquiries, at the houseof Benjamin Frank-
lin, (May II, 1787) entitled : ".An Inquiry
into the Principles upon which a Com-
mercial Svstem for the United Slates
should be Founded, to which are added
some Political Observations connected
with the subject."
.Mr. Coxe during his whole life devoted
himself to the encouragement of American
manufactures. In 1775, when but twenty
years of age, he was a member of the
United Company of Philadeljjhia, for Pro-
moting American Manufactures. In
1787, he was one of the most active of the
founders of the Pennsylvania Society for
the Encouragement of Arts and Domestic
Manufactures, which w-as instituted at
that time, and at the instance of Dr. Rush,
he delivered the inaugural address, and
subsequently he became President of the
Society. In 1S12, Congress instructed the
.Secretary of the Treasury to have com-
piled a statement of the Manufactures of
the Country. Mr. Gallatin applied to
Mr. Coxe, as the first authority among
economists, to execute the undertaking.
In 1786, Mr. Coxe having seen some
cotton growing in gardens in Maryland,
was convinced that it might be exten-
sively cultivated in this country ; the
result of an examination satisfied him
that all the region south of latitude thirty-
nine was capable of producing cotton ex-
tensively. He thenceforth employed his
pen to attract pulilic attention of the
community to the subject, with complete
success; He deserves to be named the
Father of the American Cotton Industry.
He it was also who first attempted to bring
an Arkwright machine to the United
States.
Mr. Coxe died in Philadelphia July 17,
1824, aged sixty-nine years.
Reynold Keene, elected 1781, re-
signed 1790; eleventh Secretary U783
and 17S6) and the seventh President of
Board of Managers.
He was born on the Island of Barbadoes
about 1738 and was the son of Peter
Keene. He passed most of his life in
Pliiladelphia and was elected to represent
the city and liberties of Philadelphia in
the Provincial Convention of Pennsyl-
vania. (January 23-28. 1775.)
.Alter this. Mr. Keene removed to Read-
ing, Pa. and was appointed .April 21, 1777,
a Commissioner for the County of Berks,
to audit and settle the accounts of the
militia and flying camp of the said county,
for arms and accoutrements purchased
by the officers of those corps and the
property of persons lost in actual service ;
also of those persons who have been
killed, died in the service of the States or
were made prisoners.
In 177.8. Mr. Keene returned to Philadel-
phia, then occupied by General Howe,
leaving his family in Reading ; this step
induced some suspicion of his loyalty
to the cause of the colonies, and a
419
"Venilui;" of his pLTSiinnl kuo'Is was
ordert'd l)y OjI. Ili'iiry Hallcr. Hi- was
also riciuircil l>y an ail of Central
AsSfMihly. passed March 6, i???*, to
nndir himself to the juilne of the Su-
preme Conn to abide liis trial for treason
to tile fommonwealth. Mr. Keene was
nnahle to comply with this and he
innirred the penalty, vi/. attainder as a
traitor, and he forfeited his property to
the Slate.
Subsequently, upon his petition, an
act was passe<i .'innullin^ tlie former one
so far as it regarded the person of
Mr. Keene. provided he reudereil himself
to one of the justices of the Supreme
Court ahidinn liis " trial for any treason
or misprison of treason, that he is or has
been or may be charged with." Sub-
sequently. Mr Keene was " discharjjed
from prosecution."
Mr. Keene was designated one of the
signers of Hills of Credit authorized by
our I'roviuce, F'ebruary 26, 1773; his
name, with that of Hon. Richard IV-nn,
is appended to a document respecting the
improvement of a road in tile Northern
Liberties ill 177.5.
In November. 17.^1), he was elected
alderman of Pliila<lelpliia, a position he
held the rest of the lite; by virtue of this
ofTice. he e.Nercised the functions of a
justice of the peace, sometimes sitting in
the Orphans' Court.
May s. iyc)4 he was commissioned an
associate judge of the Court of Common
Pleas for the city and c<iiiiitry.
Mr. Keene married first, October 21,
1762. his cousin. Christiana Stille. daugh-
ter of John and Sarah Stille: she died
in Reading. Ha., on November 3, 1777.
Mr. Keene was married, seconilly. by
Rev. William While. June 6, 17.S0, to
Patience, widow of Joseph Worrell, and
daughter of .Alexander Barclay, Esq., of
Philadelphia.
Mr. Keene died in Philadelphia, .-Vugust
29. iSoo, in the sixty-third year of his age
and was buried in Gloria Dei churchyard.
Jonathan Shoemakf.r, elected 17S1,
resigned 1790.
He was a native of Pennsylvania, and
a member of the Society of Friends, a
member of the first Constitutional Con-
vention of Pennsylvania, 1790, and one of
the signers.
He died December 28, 18.57, "' ''"-"
residence of his son Isaac Shoemaker.
Esq.. near the city of Baltimore. Mary-
land, in the eighty-fourth year of his age.
Isaac Wharton, elected 1781, re-
signed 1 784 ; he was the tenth Secretary
(I78i-i783»
He was a brother of Thomas Whart.m,
a Manager of the Hospital, and was born
in Philadelphia, September 15, 1745.
Eor tnany years he wasoneof the most
eminent merchants of I'hiladelphia, ami
was highly respected.
1)11 November 14, 1780, .at Friends'
Meeting he married Margaret, (hiughter
of l-'rancis Raw le.
.Mr. Wharton was a nieniber of Com-
mon Council in 1791 ; and at the time of
his decease a Director of the Bank of
the I'nited States; and President of the
Phienix Insurance Company.
He died March .51, |8>,S, aged sixty -two
years.
JosiAii IIkwics. elected 17S1. resigned
1S12, w.is the eighth i'resiclenl of the
Board of Managers (1790-1.S121. serving
for twenty-one years and eleven months.
He was a native of New Jersey, but .it
an early period of his life became a resi-
dent of Philadelphia City, where for
nearly half a century he was indus-
triously and successfully occupied in
trade and commerce.
By a scrupulously honest and upright
lile he obtained the respect and confi-
dence of his fellow-citizens, which they
manifested by hiselection in many of our
public institutions, charitable and com-
mercial.
The same benevolence which distin-
guished him through life, had its inllu-
eiice in the distribution of his estate, of
which a considerable portion was applied
to charitalile purposes.
He died .August 17, 1821, in the eighty-
ninth year o( his age.
AiJAM lUiii.KV, elected 1782, resigned
1784, was born in Lancaster County,
Pennsylvania, January 9, 1740.
He was commissioned a Major of the
Tenth Pennsylvania Regiment on Decem-
ber (■>, 1776: commaniled the Eleventh
Regiment with the rank of Lieutenant-
Colonel from June 5, 1779, and retired
on January 1, 1781. From 1785-89 he
was a member of the Assembly, and
in 1790 a State Senator.
420
His " Jiiunial uf Kvcnts in 1779" "as 1
publisiifd in tlit- Pennsylvania Arcliives
12 Scrii-s \'ul. XI I. '
Ht died in Philadelphia, May, 1798,
aged fifty-eight years.
Nathaniel Falconkr, elected 1782,
resigned 17.S3 ; re-elected in 17^4, and
and resigned 1790, as the meetings of
Board occurring at the same time as those
of Common Council, of which he was a
meml)er, they interfered with his duties
to that body.'
Captain Falconer had rendered valu-
able services to the Hospital in many
ways. At one time he commanded a
packet ])lying between Philaikl]>hia and
London, and on many occasions had
brought books for the Library, and surg-
ical instruments, besides conveying let-
ters and attending to inany affairs of im-
l)ortance for the Managers in London ;
all of which were remembered when a
vote of thanks was tendered him.
Andrew Doz, elected 1783, resigned
178S, was born October 14, 1727, and
was a grandson of Andrew Uoz, a
Huguenot, who had charge of Penn's
V'ineyard at Fairmount.
His country, his church, and the poor
shared the benefits of his charities dur-
ing his life and were rememl)ered by him
with peculiar liberality in the hour of his
death. In his will the Pennsylvania
Hospital is mentioned first as a bene-
ficiary of his valuable estate.
He died on Thursday, December 18,
1788, aged si.\ty-one years.
Samuel Howell, elected 1784, re-
signed 1789. was elected the si.\th
President of the Board of Managers from
1786-1789 and served over three years in
that position.
He was a successful business man of
Philadel])hia and in the year 1765 joined
with other merchants in a non-importa-
tion agreement to countermand all orders
for English goods until the stamp act
should be repealed. He was also one of
the Committee on Correspondence : also
a member of the Committee of Safety.
He died December 9, 1807, at his
country-seat near Frankford, Philadel-
phia. Pa.
Samuel Coates, elected 1785, and re-
signed 1825, from failing eyesight, the
effect of double cataract, having served
the Hospital forty years and four months;
he was the twelfth Secretary (1786-1812).
He was also the ninth President of the
Board and iield the pttsition from 1812 to
1825.
He was born at Philadelphia, August
24,1748. His parents were Samuel and
Mary Coates, fu-er Langdale, his ancestors
were from Leicester, Kngland. His
grandfather. Thomas Coiites, whc» came
to Philadelphia in 1684, was a merchant
and a convert to the Society of Friends.
Samuel lost both parents at an early age.
He was then taken in charge by his
uncle, John Reynell. He obtained a
gootl classical and business etlucation,
and at the age of nineteen he had charge
of and conducted a small commercial
business from April 13, 1768, to May 31,
1771. He then went into business with
his uncle, the firm being Reynell &
Coates; this continued until 1782. In
October, 1783, he associated with himself
his brother, Joseph Langdale Coates;
this continued until 1791, when he en-
gaged in the New England ("ommission
trade, which he conducted with great
activity till 1793, when the epidemic of
yellow fever made its terrible ravages in
this city, which enlisted his sympathy
and active interest in precautionary and
charitable measures. His further in-
terest in mercantile affairs gave place to
his devotion to public duties, which from
this time until his death engrossed his
whole time and attention. He, with his
family, continued in membership with
the Society of Friends, and he was regu-
lar in his attendance at Public-Worship;
He was twice married. On January 12,
1775. he married Lydia Sanders, daughter
of Joseph and Hannah Sanders. His
wife died October 24, 1789. He was
again married on Novetnber 17, 1791, to
Amy, daughter of Benjamin Hotter, one
of the earliest and most prominent of
Market Street merchants. His wife and
her two sons survived him, and four
children of his previous marriage.
He was permanently identified with
the public events of his time, his integrity,
business experience, and well-known
philanthropy made his counsel and per-
sonal services nuich sought after by his
fellow-citizens, who showed their confi-
dence in him by their call to a succession
of public duties, which occupied his
time and attention during the later por-
tion of his life.
On July 25, 1785, he was elected a
manager of the Pennsylvania Hospital,
and at a meeting of the Board of Managers
held at his residence March 3. 1786, he
was one of the conunittee appointed and
instructed to report "on a plan of
economy and on the cause of the great
expense of the house." A plan was re-
ported by which e.xpenditures might be
greatly diminished, and a better system
of responsibility created ; on the 30th he
was the first named of a committee of
three " to revise theminutesand prepare
for the annual election." In May he
was elected Secretary of the Board, .and
on May 11, 1812, he was unanimously
421
elfcctcci Presiilint of tlu- FJoard of Man-
agers, which position ht-lii-lil for Ihirtit-ii
years until incri.-asiiiK infirmitifs ol>hKi'(l
iiim to risityi Noviinhtr iX, 1S25, whi-n
thefollowiii>;ininuti- was made : "Sanuitl
Coatis, thr viniralilL- rrisiilcnt of tlio
Board, wlio has fillud the position of a
Mananir for upward of forty-one years,
and served the institution with zeal and
ability, personally atteiiiled and resi);ned
his seat in consequence of his advanced
age and many infirmities. The Board
regrets the necessity and accompanies
his retirement with sincere wishes for his
health and happiness."
lie was nominated and appointed
August ,^i, 17.S6, a member of " the over-
seers of the Public Schools founded by
Charter in the town and county of Phila-
pliia," and resigned the duty from ad-
vanced ane on June 27, 1X13. On June
6, i.SiK., Ik- was elected a Director of the
original Hank of the I'nited States, I>einK
one of the number elected to succeed
those nieiuliers who were required by
law to vacate their places, and he con-
tinued in this position until the close of
the Banlc in i.-ii2. In 17.S4 he was elected
Treasurer of the I'iiiladelphia Library
Company, and helil this position until
179?, when he reliTUinisheil it to take
charjje of the l.onanian Library, under
the same directors, and this he held until
failing eyesight coinpelle<l him to resign
on .^pril 24. 1S24. having been Treasurer
for a perio<l of thirty-two years.
In the year 1H22 double cataract at-
tacked both eyes, which in 1824 disaliled
him from writing, his enfeebled conili-
tion being such that Dr. I'hysick, the
eminent surgeon, declined to operate ;
to this affliction was added considerable
deafness ; for a year preceding his
decease he was confined to the house, the
latter half of the year mostly to his
chamber.
The termination of his life occurred
June 5. 1S30, at the age of eighty-<me
years nine months and twenty-two
days.
In the possession of the Hospital is
to be found a full length jiortrait of
Samuel Coates. painted and presented to
the institution by Sully, the eminent
artist.
The Board of Managers caused the
following memorial to lit- entered upon
the Minutes and to be published in the
daily papjers:
" .\t a special meeting of the Managers
of the Pennsylvania Hospital, held 6th
month 7th. 1H30.
"The Managers having assembled for
the purpose of following to the grave the
remains of Samuel Coates, who dietl on
the 5th instant in the eighty -second year
of his age, deem it the proper occasion to
recorri on the miiuilcs. a tribute of riispect
and alVeition for the memory of tlieir
venerable friend, as well as gratefully
though brielly to cotumeniorate and pub-
licly acknowieilge his services as the long
devoted and faithful benefactor of the
Pennsylvania Hospital.
" Residing in his youth with a relative
ijohn Kcynell) who was one of its found-
ers, he became early acipiailUed with,
and much interested in its excellent de-
sign and primitive elforts. 1 le was chosen
a manager of the institution in 17X5 and
contiiuied so for more than forty years,
during which period he acted as secretary
twenty-si.v years and as presiilent of the
Board over thirteen years.
" The increasing infirmities of declining
life, induced him to retire from olTice in
1.S25, after which time, until the late elec-
tion, when in<lisposition detained him in
his chamber, he showed an unabated at-
tachment to the concerns of the estab-
lishment, by attending and participating
in the business of the annual meetings ol"
the contributors.
" No individual ever connected withthe
administration of the Hospital bestowed
so much personal attention upon its af-
fairs; and a considerable portion of the
funds, which have enlarged the usefulness
of this noble charily, were obtained by
his impressive and unwearieil petition in
its behalf.
" The benevolence and vigor of his mind
were developed on all (iccasions, when
suflering lunnanity made the appeal.
Proofs of these generous and elTicient dis-
)>ositions. are not few, and they were
strikingly illustrated in the memorable
autumns of 1793 and I79.~<, when pestilence
(Yellow Kever) and death reigned in
Philadelphia. On the former of those
awful seasons he was assiduous in his
attentions as a manager and, by his pres-
ence and advice, encouraged an<l sus-
tained theolTicers of the house in the per-
formance of their duties, amidst the snr-
roumling consternation. ."Xud when the
members of the cf>mmittee who perilled
their lives for the relief of the sick an<l
destitute, found themselves uneipial to
the exigencies of the <iccasion, and
requested aid of their fellow-citizens,
Samuel Coates promptly olTered himself
as an assistant, and continued to extend
care over the district of the city, and to
furnish succor to the afflicted inhabitants,
until the return of his health, ;nul during
the other period of calamity, lie remained
in town attd was the only manager of this
institution found at his post throughout
the epidemic.
' The fearful circunistancesof that dis-
tressing moment, induced him to propose
to attend at the Hospital in the place of
the steward, to enable Francis Higgins,
422
who occui)it-d that station, to assist in
keeping the ronviits at tlie penitentiary,
whose escape was a])prehende(;i. threaten-
ing pUinder anil conflagration, in addition
to the sorrows which were dispensed to
our then devoted metropolis.
" The fulfilment of all these important
duties was distinguished by a remarkalile
single-mindedness, energy, and simplic-
ity of purpose, which at once proclaimed
that he sought neither influence, nor the
dispensation of patronage, nor any
worldly gain, as incident to his public
functions and benefii lent labors. In this
he was not the man of mere pretensions,
and his example is therefore full of in-
struction and worthy of imitation and
praise.
" In reference to higher and purer con-
siderations, may not those who now con-
template these estimable and beautiful
principles of his character, be permitted
to believe, that as they originated in his
reverence of the great doctrines of Chris-
tianity leading him to dedicate his life to
works of mercy and kindness, so will it
please the Author of all goodness to be-
stow upon his departed spirit, a reward
which cannol fade away.
" The Secretary is requested to cause
the above minute to be inserted in all
the newspapers."
Elliston Perot, elected 1789. re-
signed 1S06, was born March 16, 1747, in
the Island of Bermuda.
At the age of seven years, he was sent
to New York and educated by his uncle
Elliston, then Collector of Customs, un-
der whose care he spent five years at
school at New Roclielle. When his uncle
died before he completed his education,
it necessitated his return to Bermuda,
where he lived until his twenty-first year,
when, having an inclination for mercan-
tile pursuits, he returned to New York
and began business in the West India
trade.
In 1772 he entered into partnership
with his brother John, under the firm-
name of Elliston & John Perot, in the
island of San Domingo, where they con-
tinued luitil 177N, when with the prospect
of greater advantages, they removed to
St. Christophers, but their expectations
not being realized, they left that place for
St. Eustatius, then under the dominion
of the Dutch Government Here they
remained until i7.*li. when the island was
surprised and taken b\' the British fleet
and army, under Admiral Rodney and
Gen. Vau,ghn, the inhabitants being un-
aware of hostilities existing between
Great Britain and Holland. Ellist(m and
John Perot being made prisoners of war,
their goods were confiscated, and sold at
publicauction; and they were detained six
months as prisoners of war ; when liber-
ated, they went to England, and made an
unsuccessfiil attempt to prosecute the
military officers for what they consi<lered
their illegal proceedings. He remained
about three years in Europe, visiting
Holland, Ireland and France: in 1784 he
returned to the United States, and re-
commenced business witli his l>rother
John, as merchants.
In 1786, he was admitted a member of
the Societ>" of Friends, at the monthly
meeting of Philadelphia, where he resided
during the remaimier of his life.
On January 9, 1787, he was married by
Friends' ceremony, to Sarah Sansom,
only daughter of Samuel and Hannah
Sansom.
He enjoyed excellent healtli until the
autumn of 1.S20 when he was attacked
with influenza at Yellow Springs, which
left him subject to asthma.
He died November 28, 1834, aged
eighty-seven years.
S.\MUEL M. Fox, elected 1794, resigned
1797-
Mr. Fox filled many public positions,
being a member of the Corporation, and
President of the Bank of Pennsylvania ;
Director of the Philadelphia Library,
and Trustee of the University of Penn-
sylvania. His talents, integrity and in-
dustry, and his attention to the interests
of literature and art, rendered him an
e.xtremely useful member of the commu-
nity in which he spent his life.
He died Ajjril 30, 1S08.
Robert W.\i.\' elected 1795, resigned
1.800. was descended from an English
Quaker family of Settle, in the West Rid-
ing of Yorkshire. Born in Philadelphia,
February 22, 1765, he was educated at
the Friends' Academy. He inherited a
large estate and embarked in business in
with his brother, under the firm-name of
Jesse and Robert Wain, and continued
the West India and English shipping
business, wiiich had been established by
their father ; they became widely known
for many years in the East India and
China trade, which almost equalled that
of Stephen Girard.
Mr. Wain was for several years a mem-
ber of the State Legislature ; was elected
to Congress as a Federalist 1798-1801.
During the war of 1812, he built the first
cotton factory in this country ; and was
largely interested in iron works at Phoe-
nixville, Pa. He was it strong protec-
tionist, and was selected by " The Penn-
sylvania Society for the Encouragement
of Manufactures." to refute the specious
arguments used in a paper on free trade.
He published his " .Answer to the Anti-
Protective Report of Henry Lee " while
the excitement of the tariff question was
423
at its lii'iKlit. Hu was alsii the author iif
"Scvfil Litters Id Klias lliiks." wliich
attractcil ^rcat attc-ntiuii, aiul is sii|i|H>st*(l
loliavfcoiilirnuil the laith iirinaiiy ill the
oriKiiial ilixtriiiis i>f the Society of
Friends; wliile Mr. Wain was a l'"rieiul
in principles, aiul a regular atteiulant at
the nieeliiinsof that Society, he iliil not
conform to the peculiarities of their dress
and lan^ua^e.
lie was lor many years a member of
Councils, and at one time President of
Select Council, lie was also President
for many years of the Chamber of Com-
merce; of the Philadelphia Insurance
Company ; .Atlantic Insurance Ci'mpany ;
and the first Presiilent of the Mercantile
Library Company ; and a Director of the
Bank of North America; of the Philadel-
phia Library Company; a Trustee of the
University of Pennsylvania ; and by the
will of Stephen Girard, one of the Trus-
tees of his estate.
He died January 24, 1836, aged 71
years.
Jami:s Smith, Jr., elected 1795, re-
signed lSjS, was born in Philadelphia,
October 15, 1750, his forefathers were
members of the Society of Friends.
He was one of the representatives of
his godfather, James Lo>;an, in the ad-
ministration of tile alVairs of the Library,
which he had establislie<i.
When actively en^aned in mercantile
pursuits he successively officiated as a
IJircctorof the Bank of Pennsylvania and
of North America.
Me died September 16,1833, "g^'d nearly
eighty-three years.
Zaccuei's Cdi.i.ins, elected i8(», re-
signed 1822, was born in Philailelphia,
August 26, 1764. He was a member of
the Society of F'riends ; a promoter of
and Vice-President of the Academy of
N.itural Sciences ; also, of the .American
F*hilosophical Society, and an tilTicer or
member of many humane and religious
societies.
He died in Philadelphia, June 12, 1831,
at the age of sixty-six years.
Richard Wistar, elected 1803, re-
signed 1806, was born in Philadelphia,
July 20. 1756. He was a grandson of
Caspar W'istar, who emigrated fr<tni (ier-
many to America in 1717, and established
near Salem, N. J., the first large glass
manufactory in North .America, in the
management of which lie was assiste<l by
his son.
In early life, Richard Wistar devoted
Ills attention to mercantile pursuits, in
which he was very successful. In 1790
he carried on the wholesale and retail
hardware business, and invested in
ground and houses in and near Philadel-
phia which became e.xceetliiigly valua-
ble.
On March 14, 1782, he was married to
Sarah Morris, daughter of Capt. Samuel
Morris, of Philadelphia.
He ailvocateil during the Revolution-
ary war, the defense of his property, by
arms, and he also married "out of Meet-
ing," which resulted in his being dis-
owiietl by the Society of Friends. Rich-
ard Wistar became a Freemason August
27, 1779, and was held ill high esteem by
the fraternity. He w.'is an active Inspec-
tor of the Prisons; he led the way in alle-
viating the miseries of prisoners in Phila-
delphia. Before the Revolution, when
the jail was located at the southwest cor-
ner of Third aiul Market Streets, he was
in the habit of causing wholesome soup,
prepared at his own dwelling, to be con-
veyetl to the prisoners ami tlistributetl
among them. He was one of the early
frienilsaiid supportersof the Philadelphia
Library Company.
His country-seat called Hilspacli, was
located in Philailelphia, and extended
from F'ifteenth to Broad, and Spring Gar-
den to Wallace Streets.
He died in Philadelphia, June 6, 1821,
aged sixty-four years.
JosKPH LowNES was elected 1804, re-
signed 1820, a period of sixteen years.
He by forty years' diligent attention to
business, aii<i good economy, actiuired a
considerable property in addition to his
patrimonial estate.
Mr. Lownes liberality increased with
his means and he became a generous con-
tributor ill both time and money, to the
charitabli' institutions of the city ; he was
in the li.ibil of fre<|ueiitly giving alms to
the helpless poor, also of l()aiiiiig moderate
sums of money to young tradesmen, to
enable them to commence business.
He died December 16, 1820, in the six-
ty-third year of his age.
Pktkr Brown, elected 1805, continued
in office until his decease in 1810.
He was a self-made man, and although
with some peculiarities, attained some
distinction ; he was a blacksmith, and
made a fortune.
He drove .ibout in an elegant carriage,
on which was a coat-of-arms, which he
devised and adopted, rejjrcsenting a
large and small hammer, with the motto,
" By this I got you."
An Knglishman, who was both a trav-
eler an<l writer, refers to Mr. Brown, in a
book he subsequently published, and
presents an illustration of Mr. Brown's
peculiar coat-of-arms.
He died December 11, 1810, in the
fiftieth year of his age.
A^A
Zachariah Poll. son, c-luclcd 1806,
resigned iHoS.
His father, of the same name, was born
in Co|)enhaxen. Denmark, June 16, 1735,
antl was the only son of Xicliohis Poulson.
Tney both iminigratefl to Pliilailelphia in
i;-49. Nicholas Poulson resided lor some
years before his deatli at Germantowti,
now ])art of I'hiladelpliia. Zachariah,
the elder son, learned the ])rinters' trade,
in the office of Christopher Sower, the
second, who made his own types and
inks, and was a learned and accomplished
printer.
Zachariah Poulson was born in Phila-
delphia, September 5. 1761 ; he became
eminent in his business, which he learned
in the e.xtensive printing office of Joseph
Cruikshank. then on .Market Street,
Philadelphia. For many years he was
printer to the Senate of Pennsylvania ;
he printed also, in folio, the " Miiuites of
the Convention, appointed to revise and
amend the Constitution of the State " in
1789. He also printed and published
" Proud's History ot Penn.sylvania," in
1797-98 : and " Poiilson's Town and
Country .Almanac," which he printed
from 1789-1801. He issued several edi-
tions of " The American Tutor's .Assist-
ant." He printed the curious mystical
works of William Gerarde Bram, in one
octavo volume, fortheavithor ; also other
valuable books ; and, from time to time,
the "Journal of the General Conven-
tions of Delegates from the Abolition
Societies of the United .States," (from
1794-1801).
On October i, 1800, he began the pub-
lication of the " American Daily Adver-
tiser," the first daily journal in the United
States; having purchased the "good-
will," printing office, and otiier materials
of " Claypoole's .American Daily .Adver-
tiser," from David C. Claypoole, for ten
thousand dollars.
He was one of the founders and, at his
decease was President, of the Society
for .Alleviating the Miseries of Public
Prisons. For nearly fifty years he was
connected with the Library Company of
Philadelphia, twenty-one years as Libra-
rian, si.x years as Treasurer, antl thirty-
two years as Director ; liis portrait,
painted by Sully, hangs in the hall of the
Company. He was also a Director of the
Philadelphia Contributionship for the In-
surance of Houses Jrom Loss by Fire,
for thirty-four years, and was, for many
years, senior member of the Board.
He died July 31, 1S44, aged eighty-three
years.
Wii.i.iAM PovNTELi., elected 1806,
continued in office until his decease in
1811.
Possessed of an uiit'onmionly active
and intelligent mind, he discharged with
inlegrit)' and credit the varirjus tluties of
life. His public services were of a use-
ful and philanthropic description. He
was Director of several important public
institutions; and his personal eflbrts,
alteuticui and ccjunsel wi-re largely in-
strumental in promoting tiieir permanent
interests and e.xtending their usefulness.
He died September 10, 1811, in the
fifty-fifth year of his age.
Thomas Stewardson, Sk., elected
1808, continued in office until his decease
in 1841. He was elected the tenth Presi-
dent December 26, 1825, and served, as
such, untU his death.
iMr. Stewardson was a native of the
North of England, but as a resident of
Philadelphia for more than half a cen-
tury, he became one of its most honored
citizens. He was a consistent and faith-
ful member of the Society of Friends, in
which he acceptably filled the station of
Elder, and to the service of which he had
devoted the greater part of his long and
useful life.
He married Margaret B., daughter of
Reuben Haines, of Germantown, Phila-
delphia.
Respected for his disinterestedness and
integrity, he filled his various stations in
civil and religious societies with quiet
and patient diligence, and his peaceful
age and gentle death formed a beautitul
close to a well-spent life.
He died suddenly at Newport, R. I.,
July 19, 184 1, aged eighty years.
Thomas Pvm Cope, elected 1809, re-
signed 182S ; acted as the thirteenth
Secretary (1812-1828).
Thomas P. Cope was a native of Lan-
caster County, Pa. ; his parents belonged
to the Society of Friends, and his ances-
tors can be traced for many generations
among the members of this Society.
Oliver Cope, his ancestor, wasoneofthe
first purchasers from William Penn. On
the maternal side, he descended from the
Pyms, who claim as an ancestor John
Pym, the celebr.atcd Parliamentarian.
Having completed his education, Mr.
Cope was, in 1786, sent to Philadelphia to
obtain practical knowledge of business.
In 1790, he built for his own use a store
at the corner of Second Street ami Jones'
Alley (then known as Pewter Platter
-Alley). .At this place he carried on an
e.xtensive business, importing his own
goods. In 1807, he built his first ship
and named it after his native county
" Lancaster."
During successive epidemics, which
visited this city, Mr. Cope volunteered
his services, and, in 1793, was attacked
42.S
with the yellow fever. Anain, in 1797,
the same scourge visito<l the city anil
Mr. Cope, as one of the (Juarilians of the
Poor anil Manager of the Almshouse,
tlevoteil mueh of liis time in the allevia-
tion of the suflerinns of his fellow beings.
He with another citizen (Mr. YonnK, a
hookseller,) accepted from the Mayor of
the city, Hillary fiaker, the olfire of
.Minoners, to ailminister directly to the
wants of those suflerinn from destitution
in consequence of suspension of busi-
ness. Several thousand dollars were
thus expended by Mr. Cope and his col-
league, who often jiersonally carried the
food they purchased to the houses of the
sufferers. In 1807, he was again called
into public life, being elected a member
of the Legislature.
Ill 1810, Mr. Cope removed his business
to Walnut Street wharf where it was
subsecpiently carried on by his sons for
many years, the firm being successively
Thomas ]'. Cope S; Son, Thomas P. Cope
."t Sons, Henry & Alfred Cope, M. & A.
Cope & Co., and Cope Hros.
In 1821, he established the first regular
line of Packet ships between Philadel-
phia and Liverpool. Mr. Cope was con-
temporary and often the rival of Stephen
("Firard, with whom he was on terms of
intimacy and friendship, and was selected
bv the latter as one of the executors of
his will, and one of the Trustees of the
bank As a member of Select Counril
of Pliil.ailelpliia, Mr. Cope for a time was
President of the Board of Commissioners
of the Girard Estate ; and was subse
quently elected by Select Council a
Director of the C.irard College for
Orphans, which he declined. He was
also actively interested in completing the
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and
in the construction of the Pennsylvania
Railroad.
He died November 22, 1S54.
JosKPH Saundkrs Morkis, elected
181 1, continued in office until his de-
cease in 1817.
He was a prominent brewer of the city
of Philadelphia. He received In early
life a good education, and possessing a
strong, active,and well-informed mind, he
governed all his life by the strict precepts
and principles of religion and morality,
antl was widely knfiwn for his be^-vo-
lence.
He died February 16, 1817, in the forty-
fifth year of his age
Joseph Watson, elected 181 2, resigned
1S24.
He filled several important public of
fices, which gained him the esteem and
respect of his fellow-citizens. He was
mayor of the city of Philadelphia, from
1824-27, and discharged the duties of this
important office with much credit .ind
satisfactiitii, and had many Irii-nds, as la-
was possesseil of courtly, amiable, and
ple.asing manners.
He died April 9, 1841, in the fifty-
seventh year of his age
MoKliicc.M I.nwis, Jr., was twice
elected; in 1814 and resigned 1H18, again
elected 182H and resigneil in i.H4g. Dur-
ing this period, he served as the twelfth
President of the Hoard of Managers, from
.■\ugusl 26, 1844-1849.
He was one of the four sons of Morde-
cai Lewis, Sr. He entered into business
with his brother, Samuel N., under the
firm-name of M. it S. N. Lewis, as ship-
owners and commission merchants.
Their commercial relations became very
extensive and continued to be so lor many
years. In 1819, they became, by pur-
chase, the owners of a white lead manu-
factory which hall been established in
1813, iiy Joseph Kii liarilson. TIkv in-
creased the protluction i>f the works troin
one Imnilreii tons in 1819 to six hundreil
in 1S30, and one thousand in 1840. They
also commenced in 1817 the manufacture
of acetic acid, and in 1830 they made lin-
seed oil. In 1849 they est.iblislied their
own works at Richmond, (now a part ot
Philadelphia City), and increased their
business by the manufacture of red lead,
litharge, mineral, acetate of le;id and
other pigments. They were old fashioned
merchants, gentlemen of the purest
character, most admirable manners and
highest respectability.
Mr. Lewis, though actively engaged in
business, was not neglectful of public in-
terests, or of the broader interests of
humanity. In 1814, he was one of the
founders and the President of the Society,
for opening soup-liimses for the poor,
which was the pioneer association of its
kiiul ill I'liiladilphia.
(In June o, 1808, he married Klizabeth,
daughter of James and Esther Smith.
He died August 15, 1851, in the sixty-
eighth year of his age ; he was a member
of the Western District monthly meeting
of Friends.
RonKRTS Vaux, elected in 1823 re-
signed in 1814, was the fourteenth Sec-
retary (1828-1834).
He was descended from an ancient
family which emigrated from France to
Sussex Co., England. Cleorge Vaux, his
great-grandfather was born near Ryegate
in 1671. He was a physician, and a niein-
ber of the Society of Friends.
Roberts Vaux was born at Philadelphia,
January 21, 1786; his early education
was obtained at Friends' Academy. At
the age of eighteen he was pl.iced in the
426
coumiiiglioiise of Joliii Cooke, nicr-
cliant ; at the age of twenty-one he
entered mercantile hiisiness.
He was a member of tlie Society for
the Establishment and Support of Charity
Scllools as early as 1S07 ; and one of the
originators of the Public School System
of Peinisvlvania, being the first President
of the Public Scliool Board of Philadel-
|>hia, a jjosition he held for fourteen years.
He was admitted to the bar in i<Sois and
soon gained prominence in the legal i>ro-
fession. He was also a memljer of the
Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the
Miseries of Public Prisons : one of the
foiuidersof the Philadelphia Saving Fund
Society ; of the Institution for the Deaf
and Dumb, the Apprentices' Library
Company, the House of Refuge ; of the
Institution for the Instruction of the
Blind, and other benevolent institutions
of Pennsylvania.
He was one of the Commissioners of
the original Board for the erection of the
State Penitentiary for the Eastern Dis-
trict of Pennsylvania, and became a
writer of distinction on penology, and an
active worker in the prison-reform move-
ment. He was also a member of the
American Philosophical Society ; Acade-
my of Natural Sciences : Linnajan So-
ciety; Franklin Institute; the Athenaeum ;
also of a number of scientific societies of
Europe. He was appointed by the
President, with advice of the Senate, a
Director of the Bank of the United States,
in 1833 ; also designated by President
Jackson, Commissioner to treat with the
Indians. He was also oflered the mis-
sion to St. Petersburg, which he declined.
He published, in 1809, his " Eulogium
on Benjamin Ridgway Smith ; " in 1S17,
" Memoirs of the Life of Anthony Bene-
zel ; " and in 1S21 a French translation
fParis); also in 1S26, "Notices of the
Original and Successive Efforts to Im-
prove the Discijjline of the Prison at
Philadelphia."
He died at Philadelphia, Jamiary 7,
1836, aged forty-nine years.
John Paul, elected 1825. continued in
office until his decease in 1844. He was
elected July 29, 1841, the eleventh Presi-
dent, and served as such three years.
He filled many important positions in
the various departments of society, both
civil and religious ; was a prominent
member of the Society of Friends ; he on
one occasion was occu]iied for nearly
four consecutive years, in accompanying
a minister, who was engaged in a religious
visit to the meetings of Friends in Amer-
ica. For many years, he acceptably filled
the w.'ighty and responsible position of
Elder and Overseer, and was conscien-
tiously concerned to discharge the duties
belonging to these offices with fidelity
and diligence.
He died July 28, 1844, in the seventy-
third year of his age.
JosKPil RicH.AKDSON Jenks, elected
1S27, resigned 1.S2S, was born Sei)tember
16, 1767. in Middletown Township, Bucks
County, Pennsylvania. He was the son
of Thomas and Rebecca (Richardson)
Jenks ; grandson (jf Thomas and Mercy
(Wildman) Jenks and Joseph and Mary
(Pa.vson) Richardson, who were among
the early settlers of Middletown Town-
ship, Bucks County.
Tiiomas Jenks, his father, was a farmer
who was the ])roi)rietor of a fulling mill
in Bucks County, which his father had
run before him ; the mill being estab-
lished prior to 1740. He was a member
of Pennsylvania Assembly in 1775; also
of the Convention which framed the ("on-
stitution of Pennsylvania in 1790; and
was a State Senator at the time of his
death. May 30, 1799.
Mr. Jenlis's early years were spent in
Bucks County. When a young man, he
came to Philadelphia and established
himself in business on Delaware Avenue,
above Arch Street, as a flour merchant.
He was successful and prosperous, being
ranked, in 1S45, one of Philadelphia's
wealthy citizens.
He was married three times ; on Octo-
ber 10, 1792, to Sarah Watson, who died
December 5, 1800. His second marriage
was on June 6, 1809, to Ann West, who
died January 17, 1842. The issue of this
marriage was three daughters, one oi
whom died in infancy. Of the remaining
two, Hannah and Ann, the former was
married to Stacy B. Collins, of New York,
the latter to Dr. Thomas S. Kirkbride,
who was, from 1840 to 1886, Su]>erinte!i-
deiit and Physician-in-Chief to the Penn-
sylvania Hospital for the Insane. His
third marriage, on February 29, 1844, was
to Ann Ely, who died June 15, 1854.
He came of a verv long-lived famih',
his grandfather, Thomas Jenks, lived to
be nearly ninety-eight years of age.
Mr. Jenks, in person, was a rather spare
man of a little above medium hei.ght. ami
of a genial temperament ; anil throughout
his active life he was a prominent and
intluet^al citizen.
He died June 26, 1858, in the ninety-
first year of his age.
Joseph Price, elected 1828, resigned
1845, a .son of Richard and Ann Burson
Price, was born .August 21, 176S; was
married to Ann Callender. May 5, 1790.
He was a merchant, but retired from
business earlv in his married life, and
devoted mucli of his time to philanthropic
work in the prisons. He was a manager
427
of till' <ini- al Broad and Arili Streets and
was oiii- ol'tln.' Building (.'oniniittecof tlic
priscnt MoyaiiKMisiii); I'rison.
He was a l>ircrlor of the l*Iiiladeli>hia
(.'ontrilxitionship ( Ilaiidin-Hand) from
ihi.s l(» 1S46.
He died June 30, 1S46, in tile seventy-
sixth year of his ajje.
Lawrence Lewis, elected 1834, died
in 1855, was also thirteenth President in
1849, and served until his decease.
On the lather's side, Mr. Lewis was of
Welsh descent, his ancestors having emi-
grated friim Wales in the latter half of
the seventeenth century, in cons-'quence
of the persecution of the Society of
Friends, of which he was a member.
His mother's family, the Lawrences,
were Kn.nlish anti includetl many lu>nor-
al)le names, anions them. Captain James
Lawrence, of the I'nited Stales Navy,
and General Lawrence Kearney, of the
Army.
Lawrence LewMs was Ixirn in Philadel-
phia, on the 17th ol July. 1787. Soon
after his hirth, the family removed to
Bnrlin^on, N. J., in which neinhtiorhood
he liveti and received his education.
Ambitious of improvement, he came to
Philadelphia, when about twenty years
of a^e, and entered the counting-house
of his brother-in-law.
On the 4th of April, 1S17, he married
Ann Maria, dauj^hter of John Clements
Stocker, Ksq., of I'hiladelphia.
When the discovery of anthracite coal
was m.ide, .Mr. Lewis was early in the
field and became a land-owner in Schuyl-
kill County. From that time he con-
tinued to be largely interested in the
developmeut of the mineral resources of
that county.
In the municipal, financial, charitable,
and religious growth of Philadelphia,
Mr. Lewis always took a prominent
part, and he was elected a member of
Select Council. In company with Samuel
V. Merrick and others, he succeeded, in
the face of great opposition, in introduc-
ing gas into this city. .After serving as
Councilman for a number of years, he
resigned Mr. Lew is served as Director
of the Bank of the United States and Sec-
retary of the Mutual .\ssurance Com-
pany, remaining with the fornn^ com-
pany until its dissolution.
I-'or thirt\'-four years he was a Manager
of the Philadelphia Saving Fund Society,
having been chosen five years after the
Society was organized.
Mr. Lewis became a Manager of the
Pennsylvania Hospital in the year 1834,
and continued his connection with the
Institution for twenty-one years and
seven months, the latter piirlion of the
time beci>ming by s -niority. President of
the Board. To one of his sympathetit
nature the work was congenial and he
entered upon it with a zeal and enthu-
siasm, which ended only with his life,
alwa>'S co-operating witli the medical
and surgical stalf in matters relating to
the efiiciency of their work. Mr. Lewis
early perceived the ilesirabllity of se|»ar-
ating the department for the insane from
the general Hitspital.whii'h he warmly ad-
vocated, and was largely instrumental in
the purchase of the fine property on which
that department now stands. His inter-
est in the Hospital is illustrated by the
fact that one of the very last acts of his
life was to call two of his fellow-managers
to his betlside to place a substantial con-
tribution in their liands for this eminently
worthy object.
Mr. Lewis died on the 30th of Decem-
ber, 1S55, in the sLxly-ninth year of his
age.
James R. CiKEevks was elected twice,
first, 1836, resigne<l in 1838; again, 1842,
resigned 1866.
He w.as a useful citizen, and a consist-
ent member of the Society of Friends.
His impaired health, however, made it
necessary for him to withdraw from many
of the active duties of life.
Mr. Cireeves was Chairman of the
Building Committee for the erection of the
new Department for the Insane, a posi-
tion he held for four years, his servicis
being especially important on account of
his practical and mechanical knowledge,
sound judgment, liberal views, aiul ready
appreciation of the varied requirements
of the Institution. To his services much
of the excellence and completeness of
the Hospital was due.
He died September 3, 1870, in the
seventy-sixth year of his age.
George Roberts Smith, elected 1838.
resigned 1850, was the seventeenth Sec-
retary (1840-1850).
He was born November 13, iRii.
received the degree of A. \l. from
the University of Pennsylvania, and
became a member of the Philadelphia
Bar.
He made a considerate and generous
gift to the Pennsylvania Hospital for the
Department of the Insane, of a strip of
land seventy feet wide and exteniling
the whole ea.stern front of the Hospital
grounds, from Haverford Road to the
West Chester Road, containing about
three acres. The practical wisdom of
having such protection has been demon-
strated bv the fact that since his time, all
the land beyond, towards Philadelphia,
has been laid out in building lots.
He died May 9, 1868, aged fifty-six
vcars.
.]2S
Jacob G. Morris, elected i«44 and
served until his death in 1.S54.
He was born in I'liiladelphia, July 20,
1800. He connnenred his commercial
career in the counting-house of Matthew
L. Bevan. He continued in connnercial
business till 1N2X, when he retired IVoni
active business with an ample fortune,
sufficient to gratify his reasonable wants.
He married, in 1822. Lydia, daughter of
John R. Coates. In 1.S29 liis health becom-
ing impaired, he visited Europe and
travelled extensively in Great liritain and
on the continent, accompanied by his
wife and only remaining child (two having
previously died). In little over a year
with health restored, he returned to
Philadelphia. In 1835, with his wife and
daughter, he again visited dilTerent coun-
tries of Europe an<l remained abroad
until 1838; on this trip his wife died at
St. Germain, near Paris, September, 1837.
He passed considerable p;irt of the years
1847-48 in Europe with his daughter,
who in May 18=0, was married to a physi-
cian of Virginia, but her health soon
failed and in September of the same year
she died.
Again, in 1854, Mr. Morris embarked
for Europe, arrived in Liverpool and
e.xtended his journey to Norway, Sweden
and Denmark, afterwards visited Paris,
prepared for an extensive trij) through
Great Britain and Ireland. On reaching
England, betook cold, this sickness com-
pelled him to .give up his jotu'iiey through
Ireland, and he became anxious to return
home, where he might have his own friends
and physician around him. On September
2oth, 1854, he took jjassage (111 the Arctic,
which steamer, when seven days out,
while under full lu-adway, in a dense fog,
ofithe l)anksof Xewfoinidland, came into
collision with anothersteamer, and in less
than five hours went down with nearly
three hundred passeii.gers.
The activity, energy and good judg-
ment Mr. Morris, made him a desirable
manager in the charitable institutions
where his benevolent inclinations found
congenial sco]ie. He made it a rule to
expend all his income, and as his own
tastes were simple, he was enabled to
devote a great portion of it to charity.
His ancestors were members of the
Society of Friends, although he was not
himself a member ; he was in accord with
their fundamental doctrines and prin-
ciples and a constant attendant at their
religif)ns worshi]>.
Mr. Morris at the time of his death was
a manager of the Penns\'lvania Institu-
tion for the Instruction of the Blind ;
vice-president of Pennsylvania Training
School for Idiotic and Keeble-Min(le<l
Children ; and a member of the Penna.
Historical Society ; Union Benevolent I
Society : American Pliilosophical Society;
Academy of Fine .Arts : and various other
institutions. His services to the Institu-
tion for the Blind, were of a kind that
cannot be properly estimated. As he
always declined receiving any compensa-
tion, the contributors at one <if their
amnial meetings, directed the Board of
Managers "to prepare antl present to
him a suitable jiiece of plate on which
should be engraved the thanks of the
association for his valuable and gra-
tuitous services;" rarely has any one
received a testimonial that was better
deserved.
In his connection with the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital, the " Board never had a
more faithful or zealous member, always
read\' to perform any services that were
assigned to him." In 18.SI, his gift of
eleven pictures was the nucleus of the
handsome collection of oil paintings
which a<lorn the walls of the Hospital for
the Insane.
As above stated he was lost at sea oft
the banks of Newfoundland, Seirteniber
27, 1854, aged fifty-four years.
MoKDKr.M Lewis D.wvson, elected
1844, dieil 1872, was the fourteenth Presi-
dent of the Board (1856-1872; ami held
the position until the time of his death.
He was born in Philadelphia, .April 3,
1799; the second son of William Dawson,
Jr., .'uul Rachel Lewis Dawson. His
fatluT died while he was an infant, and
his mother marrying .again, much of his
boyhood was spent with his grand-p.a-
reiits. He was for several years at West-
town boarding school.
In 1821, he succeeded his grandfather,
William Dawson, in the brewing busi-
ness, the business being then located at
the corner of Chestnut and Bank Streets,
subsequently removed to the Farmers'
•429
brcwi-ry, al the corner of Tiiilh and
Fillwrt Stri-i-ls. Mr. Dawson retired
IViiin Uusiiiess in 1849. It is a fact worthy
of note ttiat the iirewin;; business of
Philaclelpliia. was, (Inriii^ the above
period, chieliy contiiicteti by members
of the Society of Friends.
Of a most hnmane and charitable
disposition, early in life Mr. Dawson
became interested in many of the philan.
thropic organizations, devoting mnch of
his time to them anil actively partici-
pating in their management. He was
deeply interested in tlie cau.se of edu-
cation, and was especially interested in
the Nortluveslern I'ulilic School, of which
he was a Director for many years.
On June 3, 1S47, he was elected by
Common Councils of Philadelphia, a
member of the first Board of Directors
of Girard College when it was organ
ized ; he served fourteen years, retiring
April 10, 1.S61, when the direction, by
act of Legislation, was placed in the
control of the Board of City Trusts.
For thirty years, he was a Director of
the Deaf and Dumb Asylum; from 1H38
to 1854 .1 Manager of the House of Ref-
uge, also of the Magtialen Asylum, and
for many successive winters he opened a
souphonse for the distribution of soup
and bre.id to the destitute poor, chiefly
maintaine<l by his private means, and
from which was established, on a more
e.xteuded scale, the one now known as
the Western Soup Society.
On October 11, 1820, when twenty one
years of age, he married i"!lizabcth,
daughter of James and I.etitia I'oultney.
Mr. Dawson was not oidy conscientiously
devoted to many large and valuable
public tru.sls, but his open-handed pri-
vate benevolences were promptly be-
stowed wherever a case of sutiering and
poverty came to his knowledge. His
sympathetic and genial nature nuide him
a welcome com])anirin to the young as
well as those of riper years.
During the late Civil War he was con-
spicuous for his loyalty ; supporting the
Government, with an unquestioned faith
in its ullini.ate triumph.
He held the highest principles of in-
tegrity and uprightness, and was a con-
sistent and faithful member of theOrlho-
cio.v Society of Friends, evincing an
earnest and pious faith, in his conduct
and conversation.
At a meeting of the Board of Managers,
in the early part of the year 1SS4, when
the proposition to erect a new Hospital
to .separate the se.ves of the Department
for the Insane, and tf) do this entirely by
voluntary subscriptions, was made, he
gave his hearty approval to the pl.in,
and showed his sincerity by making the
first .subscription of one thousand dol-
lars : he sul>se(|Uently added liberally to
this first subscription.
His death ociurred DecemIxT 8, 1872,
at the age of seventy-three years.
Ci.KMK.NT CoK.NKi.i. BiDm.K, elected
1846, died 1S55.
He was the son of Col. Clement C. Bid-
die, was born in Philadelphia, ( )ctolx*r
24, 1-84; his early education was obtained
at the .^cailemy of the Cni versify of Penn-
sylvania, on Fourth Street.
In February, 1800, he obtained a mid-
shipman's warrant, and went to sea
under the ekier Connmxlore Decatur.
During a cruise in the Mediterranean, he
was [jlacecl in charge of .1 prize, which he
brought successfully inloport. .After threx;
ye.-u-s service, he resigned froni the navy,
and afterwards visited Kugland. On his
return to Philadelphia, he commenied the
study of law under John Sargeant and
gained admission to the Bar, yet he never
engaged in legal practice, having a pre-
ference for a military life. On the 01 ca-
sion of the "Chesapeake " alVair in
1807, he anticipated war with Kngland,
and accepted a lonnnission as Captain of
Dragoons, from President Jefferson, and
was stationed at New Orleans. When
Kngland disavowed the attai'k on the
"Chesapeake," Captain Biddle resigned.
In the war of 1812, he raised in Phila-
delphia, a company of volunteers called
the State Fencibles, and was elected its
captain in July, 1812. He was only re-
cently married and not weallhy, yet he
gave, during the period of the war, his
whole time and .ibililies to the service of
his country. On the organization of the
F"irsl Regiment of \olunteer Light Infan-
try of the Pennsylvania Line, he was
elected Colonel. In the autumn of 1814
the regiment was stationed at Camp
Dupont, Delaware.
At the close of the war, Mr. Biddle
returned to Philadelphia, and was ap-
poined by the Governor a notary public,
a position he lielil for several years. He
edited the American edition of the
"Treatise on Political Kconcmy," by
Jean Baptiste Say, (translated into Eng-
lish by Prinsep) and with the addition of
notes, and a translation of the introduc-
tory essay, (which had been omitted by
the English editor!, the work was favor-
ably received and passed through several
editions. He was an influential advisor
of the government in its financial policy
at that time.
In September, 1831, the Free Trade
Convention assembled in Philadelphia,
and Mr. Biddle took an active part in its
deliberations. In 1821 he was elected a
member of the Philosophical Society of
Philadelphia. In 1834 he was President
of the Phihulelphia Savings F'und Society,
430
ail institution he had been instrumental
in cstaljlishing and over which he pre-
sided until tile time of his death. In the
spring of iJ^jX, he again visited Europe,
this jouriKv, lasted about six months.
On his return to Philadelphia, Mr. Rid-
dle's e.xcellent health continued unim-
paired until May, 1S54, after which he, for
many months, sufl'ered from a distressing
malady, which prevented him from en-
gaging actively in liis public duties, but
his deep interest in every deijartment of
the Hospital, and especially his anxiety
to advance the new buildings for the
Department for the Insane, continued
unabated, and he must long be held in
grateful remembrance by all connected
with the institution.
He died at Philadelphia, August 21,
1855, in his seventy-si.xtli year.
John Farnum, elected 1846, died in
1872.
He was by birth, education, and con-
viction a member of the Society of
Friends.
Deeply interested in every portion of
tile Pennsylvania i^Iospital, he was
especially so in the Department for the
Insane, where he was a frequent and
ever-welcome visitor.
He was one among the si.x who gave a
hearty approval to the plan to erect a
new Hospital for the Female Insane, and
showed his sincerity by at once making
a first subscription of one thousand dol-
lars in aid of the object. He subsequently
added liberally to his first subscrifjtion ;
he also offered to give five thousand,
whenever four otiier sums of a similar
sum were subscribed, which in due time
were obtained.
In his last days and in the testamen-
tary distribution of his property he
showed a generous remembrance of the
Pennsylvania Hospital.
He died June 11, 1S72, in the eighty-
second year of his age.
William Biddle, elected 1849, died
in 1887, was elected the fifteenth Presi-
dent of the Board of Managers in 1872,
and held the position until liis death. He
was a member of the Committee of the
Board of Mana,gers to erect a new build-
ing for the Male Department for the
Insane. He also was the nineteenth
Secretary of the Board (1855-1861).
He was the son of John and Elizabeth
Canby Biddle. He was born at Philadel-
phia, May 17, 1806, the fifth in descent
from William Biddle, who settled at Bur-
lington in 1680, and who was a member of
the Governor's Council, of the Assembly,
and of the Council of Proprietors o^West
Jersey Of the latter body he was for a
considerable time President. It is from
him that the large family in this city
bearing his name is descended.
The subje<t of this sketch was the
grandson of Owen Biddle, prominent in
Colonial times, and at one tinie a com-
missary in the army.
His education was obtained in the
Friends' School, and during his wliole
life he took an active interest in the edu-
cational and eleemosynary institutions of
this city. He was a prominent niember
of the Society of Friends.
He was, in 1834, elected a Director and
afterwards a Controller of the public
schools, in which cajiacity he served a
number of years. In 1840 he became
Manager of the Magdalen Asylum, and
in the same year was elected a Director
of Girard College. In the organization
of that institution he took an active part,
he was connected with it fourteen years.
He was a member of the " Society for
Alleviating the Miseries of Public Pris-
ons." He was chosen President of the
Mine Hill .Sc Schuylkill Haven Railroad
Company in 1883.
On Tuesday, June 7, 1887, he died at
Germantown, Philadelphia, aged eighty
years.
The Board of Managers of the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital, at a special meeting held
June 9, 1887, unanimously atiopted the
following minute :
"Wherkas, It having pleased Divine
Providence to terminate the earthly life of
our friend and colleague, William Biddle,
we deem it proper tt> place on our record
some fitting tribute to his memory and
of our sense of the loss which we antl the
institution c^ver which he so long anti
faithfully presided, have sustained by his
death.
" He was elected as a Manager of this
Hospital in 1849, and to the presidency
of the Board in 1872, so that for a period
431
of thirty-figlU years and mie mdiitli Ik-
lias bci'ii otficially omiicitcd willi this
tiinc' honored institution.
" During this lonj; pericxl. the interests,
enficieniy and prosperity of tliis Hospital
have ocinpied a lar^e share of his time,
his thoughts, and his lalHirs.
' Kndowed hy nature with a vigorons
and active mind, and possessinj; in an emi-
nent degree the characteristics of intig-
rity, charity, and benevolence, this Hos-
pital allorded him a field for the exercise
of all his g<iod qualities Ixith of head anil
heart, and he devoted them in its behalf
so diligently, earnestly, and etieitively,
that his loss will be deeply felt and de-
ploreil by all who have lieeii connected
with him in administering its bene-
ficience : but while expressing the sorrow
of t)ur loss, the conviction that this hon-
ored, useful, and well spent life was a
blessing to the communilv in which lie
lived and especially to the needy and
sutl'ering. and graced as that life was by
all the evidences of profound faith in the
Divine Master whom he loved and fol
lowed, the assurance that in the rest that
has come to him his works will follow
him, must bring comfort and conso-
lation to his sorrowing relatives and
friends."
The Contributors, at their annual meet-
ing, held May 7, 1888, adopted the fol-
fowing :
" The Contributors desire to express at
this time their grateful appreciation of
the services so long and so successfully
rendered by William Biddle to this Hos-
pital, and as individuals they will aflec-
tionately cherish the memory of a life of
fourscore years : which from its early
manhood was devoted to those acts of
beneficience which promote the glory of
God and the best welfare of man.
" They cordially concur with the sen-
timents expressed by the Board of Mana-
gers at the meeting held 6tli mo. 9tli,
1887."
John Micki.k Wiiitall, elected 1S51,
resigned 1867.
His ancestors in the seventeenth cen-
tury emigr.ated from Lichfield, Stafford
County, England, to this country, with
the large body of Friends who settled in
and around riiiladelphia ; his ]>areiits
were John S. and Sarah Mickle, who
married in 17.^8 and lived at Woodbury,
New Jersey. The issue of this marriage
was ten children, of whom John M. was
the seventh, four died in infancy or
childhood.
John M. Whitall was born at Wood-
bury, N. J., November 4, 1800. In 1816
he began seafaring life as an apprentice
on the ship "William Savery," in a
voyage to the East Indies. In 182.^ he
became chief mate on the s'lip " .\nier-
ica," and in 1824 took conini;ind as cap-
tain of the " New Jersey," a new vessel,
and at that time the largest in the port
of Philadelphia.
After his eleventh voyage he left the
sea and engaged in 1829 in the retail
dry-goods trade. About a year after, he
associ.ited with him John C. Capp, anil
entered the wholesale business. At the
end of five years his partner withdrew.
In the crisis of iX'ij, .Mr. Whitall deemed
it proper to reliii<|uish business, a seltle-
iiieiit with Ins I'reditors was made on the
basis of seveiitvfive per cent, of their
claims, payable in instalments. In 1850,
of his own option, he voluntarily paid in
full, principal and interest, the remaining
twenty-live ])er cent., which aiiiounteil
to over 550,000, for which he was pre-
sented by his creditors with a costly
pitcher and salver, suitably inscribed;
in the paper he was styled the " Honest
Ouaker Merchant."
In 1838, he entered into partnership
with G M. Haverstick. his brother-in-
law, and William Scattergood ; in 1818
Mr. Haverstick withdrew, and in 1845
.Mr. Scattergood, Mr. Whitall then asso-
ciated with him his brother, Kranklin ;
the business so incre.ised tlial in 1847
ground on Race Street, above Fourth,
l'hila<lel|>hia, w.is purchased for a new
warehouse, into which they removed the
following year. His glassworks were at
Millville, New Jersey.
In 1&62 Mr. Whitall became interested
in mission work among the poor. A
mission school for colored people was
started, called the" Little John Wesley,"
on Sliippeii Street ; additional room was
soon rc<|uired and the school was re-
moved to the mission church in St.
Mary Street. A Mother's Meeting, in
connection with the school, was carrieil
on. where the women attended for three
hours anil made up clothing, which was
afterwards sold to them for a small sum.
Mr. Whitall defrayed the whole expenses
of the school.
Ill July, 1867, after a service of twenty-
seven years in the glass business, he
retired. This release left him at liberty
to iiiiir more actively into different
l>ublic works.
.Mr. Whitall held many imjiortant posi-
tions. He was appointed one of the
Juilges of District Court; a Guardian
of the Poor for PhiL'idelphia I'or three
years. This appointment was renewed
in 1864, and in 1867 was elected Presi-
dent of the Board, August 19, 1867. He
was one of the executors of Dr. David
Jayne's estate in 1866 ; Overseer of
Twelfth Street Meeting, etc.
On November .s, 1830, in Friend's
Meeting House at Woodbury, N. J., he
4.32
married Mary, sixtli (lauj;litir of John
and Hannali Tateni.
He wrote several religious tracts among
which were tliose on " The True Christian
Life' and "The Interior Life of Divine
Union."
John M. Wliitall was athnired for his
bold, firm, decisive eharactei'. He was
also loveil for his warm sympathetic-
nature and, when any were in need,
these so beautifully combined as to make
him a most valuable and coniforting
friend and counsellor.
On June 12. i«77, he died at "Idle-
mere," liis sunmier residence at Atlantic
City, N. J., aged seventy-six years.
Alexandkk J. Dkkiivsiiikk, elected
1855, died i«7g.
He was born in Philadel])hia, Decem-
ber 19, 1808. His ancestors were mem-
bers of the Society of Kriends ; at an
early age he received instruction at the
Friends' School House on Fourth Street,
Philadelphia, and although not liimself a
member of this reli^ioiis l)ody, he was a
regular attendant at its meetings and an
earnest and conscientious believer in its
doctrines and principles, of which he
gave, in commercial life, an honorable
illustration.
At the a.ge of sixteen, he was appren-
ticed to Timothy Paxson ^i: Sons. Com-
mission Merchants, with whom he re-
mained, until his majority, as clerk for
the house, which was engaged in tlie flour
business. He became book-keei:)er for
the firm, and when .Mr. Paxson, the head
of the firiii, retired, in 1.S36, Mr. Derby-
shire carried on the business and asso-
ciated Mr. Watson Jenks with him. The
l)artnership continued for over ten years,
and was dissolved January, 1S46, when
Mr. Derbyshire carried on the lousiness
himself and by unremitting exertions he
laid the foundation for his future success
as a prominent merchant and financier.
He established the firm of A.}. Derby-
shire & Co., January i, 1850. associating
with him his cousin. John Derbyshire,
and erected two spacious storehouses
on North Delaware Aveime, Philadel-
phia.
Mr. Derbyshire, about this time, gave
his attention to mining and railroad m;it-
ters, and became identified with the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and
was one of its Directors at the time
Mr. Samuel \V. Merrick was President,
when the terminus of the road was at
Harrisburg. Before the Pennsylvania
Railroad was fairly organized, Mr. l)er-
byshire seeing its great a<lvantages. used
all his inlluence in the Iii>ard of Trade
to facilitate the constructi<)n of the
road. He was repeatedly elected a
Director of tlie Company, antl remained
such until about two years before his
death, when he retired after receiving a
complimentary vote for Director.
Mr. Derbyshire was never married, but
always liad around him many in whose
welfare he felt an interest, or with whf»ni
he was comiected by ties of consanguin-
it\' and whom he felt a real pleasure in
welcoming to his hospitable home.
He was a prominent citizen of Philadel-
phia, wi<lel>' known in the communit)" in
which he lived as a business-man of great
sagacity and success, but most particu-
larly from the active, earnest interest he
took in all religious and charitabU- move-
ments, having for their object the amelio-
ration of the condition of the poor and
distressed.
His connection with the Pennsylvania
Hospital commenced in the year 1855,
when, tin'ough his influence, the funds of
the Humane Society of Philadelphia, of
which he was Secretary, were transferred
to the Hospital, in trust for the benefit
of those who might come vmder its
care.
He manifested an unwavering interest
in the welfare of the diflVrent depart-
ments of the Institution, and never tired
in advancing its prosperity and promot-
ing its usefulness.
In 1853, the Department for the In-
sane being crowded, the proposition
was first made to erect another building
for males, in order to effect the sepa-
ration of the sexes. At this meeting,
with unanimous approval of the Board
of Managers, Mr. Derbyshire was made
a meniber of the collecting committee
and subsequently of the building com-
mittee and, in addition to the duties
of this great work, he constantly took
opportunities to make valuable jiresents
to the Insane and other Departments of
the Institution.
He accunml.ated a large fortune, and
always expressed great .solicitude that it
should be so applied that it should be
made to produce the best results and to
do the greatest amount of good to his
fellow-beings. After settling annuities
on several of his relatiotis and friends, he
bequeathed the residue of his large estate
to the Pennsylvania Hospital, after the
death of the last of these annuitants, with-
"out any restriction as to the mannc-r in
which it shoidd be used.
His name will be rememberetl with
gratel'ul feelings by the sick and the
unfortunate, whose necessities he so
liberally ministered unto.
He was a Director and President of
the Mine-Hill and Schuylkill Haven
Railroad. He was a meniber of Select
Councils of Philadelphia and lie was also
Secretary of the Humane Society of Phila-
-4.?,'i
clelpliin iiiilil it dissolvid and traiisfcrrrcl
its asstts to the I'lniisylvaiiia Hospital.
He died Marcli 29, i»79, in the seventy-
first year of his atce.
S. MoKKIS Wai.n, elected 1S55, served
until his decease in if<7o.
His connection with the Hospital was
at that most important i>eriod, when
it was deemed ailvisalile to erect special
Iniildin^^s lor the male insane. He not
only guvi; liberally himself, but he ob-
tained liberal subscriptions from many
wlio had both means and inclination to aid
jjood works. He lived to seethe Hospital
with all its varied arranuenienls and ap
pliances completed and in successful oper-
ation ; but the completion of this work did
not in the slightest de^jree lessen his
interest in any of the other liepartnients
of the Pennsylvania Hospital.
He wisely determined, ii\ the disposition
of his estate, to become his own e.xeciitor,
by giving durini; his lifetime so as to wit-
ness the Iienefils he was bestowinj;. .At
the period of conunencement of the civil
war, when the income of the Insane
Department had diminished in as great
ratio as its e.vpenses had increased,
Mr. Wain j;ave, for immediate use, ten
thousand dollars which he had designed
for the department for the insane "lor
the i)Uri>oseof eiidowinji two additional
free beds, and at the same time, to be
expended entirely in supplying certain
very desirable improvements and fur
niture much needed, to be <lesi>inated by
the Physician in-Chief and to be a|>pro.
ved by the Hoard of Managers."
Mr. Wain wasa meinberof the Society
of Friends, and a regular attendant of
their meetings, and a thorough believer
both in their doctrines and in their prac
tical application to all the social relations
of life He w.as never married.
He died, December 22, i,*<7o, aged sixty-
three j-ears.
W'iSTAR MoKRrs, elected 1857, con-
tinued in office until his decease in 1891.
From 1.SS7 to 1S91 he serveti as the si.\-
teenth President of the Board of Man-
agers, and had previously acted as Secre-
tary from 1S61 to 1S71.
In 1837. Mr. Morris entered the firm of
Morris. Tasker S: Co., and until a few-
years before his death he continued af
its head. In 1855 he w.as elected one of the
Directors of the Pemisylvania Railroad
Company, he subseipiently became a
Director of all of its lea.sed lines. For
some years he was the oldest Director
of the Company. He was a prominent
Friend, but was very liberal in his views.
In May. 18S8, Mr. AJorris entertained at
his house the Presbyterians both of the
Northern and Southern Churches, at their
t"enlennial Celebration, when President
Cleveland and wife were also iireseiit.
He gave liberally to charity.
He (lie<l on Monday, March 23, i8gi,
at (Ireen Hill Farm, Overbrook, near
Philadelphia, in the seventy-si.xth year of
his age.
At a special meeting of the Board of
Managers, held March 25th, the followinR
was unanimously ordered to be entered
on the minutes :
" With great sorrow we record the
death of our late President, Wislar
Morris, who for thirty-four >'ears was a
Manager of this Hospital and for the last
four years ol this long term, was Presi-
dent of this Board.
" Kndowed with great natural gifts,
possessing pre-emint iitly sound jutig-
n)ent, he acquired great experience in
business aDairs, aiul having a heart
full of l>enev(»Ience and synipatli\' f<^)r the
sick and alHicted. all these altribules.
found an appropriate field for their exer-
cise in the a<lininistrati<)n of the aHairs.
of this Institution, in the promotion of
the interests and usefulness of which,
he took a prominent part from the day of
his official connection with it, until the
close of his life.
" The latest of his connnunications to
friends, outside of his family circle, made
after his last illness had seized upon him,
w,as in reference to this Hospital, and
expressed his slning desire that the con-
templated enlargement of its acconimo-
dations shall go forward without delay."
The great interest which .Mr. .Morris had
taken in the Hospital during his life,
inspired his family after his death to
offer to defray the entire expense of
building a new surgical pavilion, to be
known as the Wistar Morris Memorial
454
Ward. Tile amount required was
$150,000. and tlie buiidinK ^vas erected
on the grounds at P^ighlh and on Spruce
Streets, as already described and illus-
trated (see page no).
Caleb Cope, elected 1861, resigned
186S, was born at Greensburg, the county-
seat of Westmoreland County, Pa.. July
iS, 1797. He was descended from an old
and distinguished family. Oliver Cope,
his father, came to this country with
the earliest Colonists and settled at
Greensburg, becoming prominent in
Revolutionary times. His father having
died during his infancy, Caleb, at the age
of eighteen, on June 11, 1815, left his
home, by stage, for Philadelphia, where
he entered the counting-house of his
uncles, Thomas P., Israel, and Jasper
Cope, who were engaged in a general mer-
chandise business and did an e.xtensive
Soutliern and Western trade. After four
years, he was admitted into the firm, and
finally succeeded Ui the entire business.
Mr. Cope, referring to this, said : " From
a fatherless boy in my uncles' establish-
ment in 1815, I rose to be senior partner
in one of the largest mercantile houses,
if not the very largest, in the United
States."
His strict attention to business was
rewarded with increased prosperity and
success, and the business of the firm
changed from a supply of general mer-
chandise to a growing and remunerative
East India and Liverpool trade in silks,
fine goods, etc. On the death of his
uncles, the firm became Caleb Cope &
Co.
He later associated with him as ]iart-
ners, Henry C. Howell and Buck John-
son, and opened one of the largest dry-
goods houses in the country. In the panic
of 1857 this house went down, the ac-
countants reporting that dishonest part-
ners had caused the failure by defraud-
ing Mr. Cope of upwards of S200 000,
Having been granted an e.\tension by his
creditors, a few years afterwards he
paid off the entire amount of the firm's
indebtedness, principal and interest, and
subsequently retired from commercial
life with a handsome competence.
He was married to his cousin, Abbie
Ann Cope, in 1838, and went to house-
keeping at the corner of Quince and
W'alnut Streets, where he became noted
for his generous hospitality, including
among his guests all the prominent visi-
tors of the city. After the death of his
wife, in 1845, he i)urchased "Spring-
brook," on the Delaware River near
Holmesburg. He distinguished himself
here by the introduction into this country
of the beautiful water lily, the Victoria
Regia, the gift of his friend. Sir William
J. Hooker, of London. He afterward sold
Springbrook to George H. Stuart, Esq.,
o( Philadeli)hia, who again s<jld it to
Edwin Forrest, the tragedian, and it has
since beccjme the " Forrest Home."
In 1864 he was married a second time,
to Miss Josephine Porter, of Nashville,
Tennessee, a student in the Academy of
Fine .'\rts, Philadelphia.
Mr. Cope was connected with many
important associations : he was the last
surviving member of the Pennsylvania
Fire Company ; he was a Director of the
Academy of Fine Arts, and for twelve
years its President; Historical Societies
of Massachusetts and Tennessee ; Phila-
delphia Board of Trade : Mercantile
Library : Institution for the Instruction of
the Blind ; .Magdalen Society ; Academy
of Natural Sciences ; and for twelve
years Manager of the Historical Society
of Pennsylvania ; and of many other
associations. He was one of the original
trustees of the Lehigh Navigation Com-
pany, and a member of St. Luke's Protes-
tant Episcopal Church. He was Manager
of the Philadeli:)hia Saving Fund, Febru-
ary 14. 1841. and the President of same
from January 4, 1S64-S8. He was. in
1839, elected a Director of the I'nited
States Bank, but witlulrew previous to
the failure of that institution. In 1S57 he
wrote a private history of the bank. He
was Treasurer of the United States Sani-
tary Commission and one of its most
active workers : at the close of the Sani-
tary Fair, he drew his check for the
l)roceeds in favor of General Strong,
amounting to over §1,035.000.
He died May 12, 1888, aged over ninety
years.
Adolph E. Borie, elected 1864, re-
signed 1868, was a representative mer-
chant of Philadelphia.
He was a descendant on his mother's
side of a familj- of refugees from San
Domingo, a large number of whom stltled
in Philadelphia. He was born in this
city, November 25. 1809, educated at the
Universit}-, in class of 1825, was sent to
France to continue his studies, and re-
turned home in 1828. He was intended
by his father for the legal profession, but
owing to his ill health this was relin-
quished, and he entered the counting-
house of his father, John Joseph Borie ;
he was for many years a member of the
firm of McKean. Borie tt Co. and acquired
a large fortune in the East India trade.
In 1848, he was elected President of the
Bank of Commerce, which position he
heldimtil i860: he was one of the founders
of the Union Club, which in 1862, became
the L'nion League, of which he was the
first vice-president. He gave large sums
towards the enlistment and care of
435
soldiers duriiiK the civil war, Imt took no
active part in political life.
(In March 5, iSAq. he became Secretary
of the Navv uniler President CIrant,
which position he resinne<l June 25, i.'<69,
to attend to private Inisiness, nuich
against the wishes of the President, lie
acconii>anied (leneral Grant durinn a
part of his tour around the world, 1.S77-.S.
He died February 5, 1880, aged sev-
enty years.
J.vcoii I'. Junks was elected a Manager
in 1866, and served until his decease, in
1885.
He was born in Philadelphia, on Second
Street, near Arch where his parents
were then temporarily residing, May 9,
1806. Much of his boyhood, as well as
of his later years, was passed in the
conntrv, either at his lilockley home or
at thai upon the Wissahickon. Hisearly
education was at the Kriends' School,
but, a few years before reacliiiin man-
hood, he became a pupil of the late John
r.ummere, whose school at linrlinKtou
had then attained ureal prominence.
Jacob 1'. Jones was greatly attached to
his old preceptor, and always spoke of
him with respect.
Machinerv and its workings, from his
bovhood, had a great charm for him. and
soon after leaving school, he visited the
principal woollen manufactories of New
Kngland, in, one of which he became an
apprentice and was for a short time en-
gaged in business lliere on liis own ac-
count. All plans of this kind were set
aside by (he failing health, and later by
the death, of his maternal uncle. Sanmel
Paul, who beipieathed to him his i>rop-
erty on the Wissahickon. For years the
Paul familv had been owners of lan<l in
Plymouth'township and its vicinity, and
had been profitably interested in the
milling business on the Wissahickon.
The ojiportunity of at once engaging in
a self-supporting business was too templ-
ing to be resisted, and the young nephew
at once took up the business which his
uncle had hitherto so successfully carried
on.
In the year 1836 was formed the firm
of Morris .S; Jonls, which afterwards be-
came Morris, Wheeler iS: Co., buyers,
sellers, and importers of iron and steel.
This association continued unchanged
for nearly a quarter of a century— in the
words of the surviving partner, their
relations in business to each other were
" perfect," while the close association
served but to strengthen the friendship of
theirearlier vears. Their place of busi-
ness was Market and Schuylkill Seventh
Streets (the latter now called Sixteenth),
then a remote, unpaved part of the
town.
Success in this and other departments
of their business brought its ample re-
muneralion, ami, in the year iSiio, Jacob
P. Jones retired from active i>arliiilialion
in a Inisiness to which for nearly tweiily-
five years he hail devoted himself with
indii'slrv and zeal. This retiring from
business, however, did not mean a life
of idleness ; on the contrary, it was used
as atlording the opporluniiv for larger
engagements in public and benevolent
work.
For nearly forty years Jacob P. Jones
was a Director in the Hank ol North
.Xmerica ; for mure than Iw eiity five years
in the Hoard of Managers of the Pennsyl-
vania Companv for Insurances on Lives
aiul (".ranting .\nnuities ; for many years
he was also a Managersof the Delaware In-
suraiiie Companv and the Western Saving
Fund, besides being actively interested in
numerous iron, railway, coal, gas and
other companies ; and was also con-
nected with the llaverford College.
For main- vears he was a Manager of
Preston Retreat, a lying in charity
founded bv the will of the late Dr.
Preston, an' uncle of his wife. Mr. Jacob
P. Jones, also, for nineteen years and
eleven months, rendered faithful service as
a Manager of the Pennsylvania Hospital.
He married, Julv i,S. 1840, Mary,
daughter of Richard and Sarah Thomas,
of Chester Valley, Pa.
Jacob P. Jones died May 20, 1885, in
his eightieth vear.
A portrait of him, a gift fnmi his
widow, Marv T. Jones, has been placed
in the Hall' of the Pine Street Hospi-
tal.
JosiCPlI C. TiknI'I;nnv, elected 1870,
died 1892.
His paternal grandparents were John
and Margaret Turnpenny, of Hrislol,
Knglaiid, and his maternal' grandparents,
Joseph and Sarah Claiborn, of Shetlield,
Kiigland. His father's name was John,
his mother's Tabitha, both members of
the Societv of Friends. He was the
youngest of four children : but two of
whom lived to c.ime to ..\merica— himself
and his brother Frederiik, who studied
medicine and graduated at the fniversity
of Pennsvlvania. .After practising for a
few year's. Dr. Frederick Turnpenny
died in 1S40.
Joseph C. Turni)ennv was born in
Sheffield, England, on the 28th of Sep-
tember. 1812. He came to this country
with his parents in 1817. He was edu-
cated at Friends' School on Pine Street
near Sec<jnd.
He entered the drug business and was
apprenticed in 1828 to Henry M. Zolli-
kofer. He graduated from College ol
Pharmacy in 1.H34, and went into business
436
fur himself in 1S34, and retired from busi-
ness in 1^69.
On November 9, 1853, he married
Elizabeth Richardson, daughter of John
and Margaret Richardson of Rockwell,
near Wilmington, Delaware.
During many years lie was an active
manager of many benevolent institu-
tions. He was for about forty years
Manager of Beck's School, Catharine
Street ; for many years Manager of the
Grandom Institute; Preston Retreat;
Howard Hospital ; Wills' Hospital ; for
twenty-five years Treasurer of the
OrthoiKedic Hospital ; and for more
than twenty years Manager of the Penn-
sylvania Hospital.
He died July 15, 1892, in Philadelphia,
aged seventy-nine years.
John J. Thompson, elected 1872, and
continued in office until his decease in
1875-
Although a Manager of the Hospital
but a short time, his deep interest, gen-
uine sympathy for the afflicted, his kind
words and liberal acts, joined to a very
genial manner, made him most highly
esteemed, and his loss sincerely deplored
by ever one who had the privilege of
knowin,g him.
Mr. Tli<:)mpson was the senior partner
of the firm of I. P. Morris & Co., of Port
Richmond Iron Works, Philadelphia.
While taking an active interest in numer-
ous benevolent enterprises, he was the
head of one of the largest manufacturing
establishments in the city, employing
hundreds of workmen and turning out
some of tlie fintst and heaviest machinerv
in the country. His establishments con-
structed the large engines for the United
States Mint : the engine for the Lake
Erie steamer "Mississippi," two Cornish
pumping engines at the Schuylkill Water
VVorks ; several iron lighthouses for the
I'nited States government, and the en-
gines for several of the monitors and
iron-clads, beside many other works of
equal importance.
In 1872 Mr. Thompson was elected a
Man.ager of the Pennsylvania Hospital,
to fill a vacancy caused by the death of
Mr. John Farnum ; he always took a
deep interest in the success and useful-
ness of the Institution.
He died May 25, 1S75, in the fifty-ninth
year of his age.
John T Lewis, elected 18S1, resigned
1888, on account of impaired health.
He had previously served as the
twelfth Treasurer, being elected Feb-
ruary 8, 1S41, resigned in 1881, when he
became Manager, making a Hospital ser-
vice of forty-seven years and one month,
of which forty years and four months he
served as Treasurer of the Hospital.
Of him an appreciative notice was given
by Dr. John F. Meigs, in his anniversary
address (see page 404).
The services of Mr. Lewis's family in
the treasuryship of the Hospital com-
menced in 1-80, constituting a period
of over one hundred successive years of
.gratuitous services ; a nephew of John
T. Lewis perpetuates the family name
in the Board of Managers.
He died March 24. 1891, aged eighty
years.
437
,.^-
\l^;.5i/ ty!
THE MEDICAL STAFF AND MEDICAL TEACHING.
The Medical Staff of a hospital consists of its corps of physicians.
Compositiuii , . . , . . , , ... , . , , .
,,l . In Its restricted sense, it conijinses only the principals, or chief physi-
Medic.-il cians and surgeons, who are personally charged with the duty of
StaiT. treating, or directing the treatment of, the i)atients within its walls. In
a wider sense, it may be regarded as including every medical officer
holding an active, professional position, in connection therewith;
including both attending and resident physicians, as well as the
consultants, specialists, and dispensary assistants. In this broad
acceptation, the Staff is one arm of the hospital service; the other
consisting of the Board of Managers, the Executive Department,
which is charged with the general administration and economy of the
household and the responsibility of directing its business interests.
The Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital are members of
the Corporation, who are elected by the Contributors at the annual
meeting; the Medical Staff, are ap])ointed annually from the
Contributors, by the Board of Managers. Inasmuch as the Board
cannot well make appointment for a longer time than it has itself to
serve, it follows that the physicians to the Hospital must be chosen
each year by the newly elected Board. It speaks volumes for the
wise and conservative management of the Pennsylvania Hosijital, that
by long custom the rule has been established of re-appointing the
former Medical Staff, each year. In case a vacancy should be created
438
by death, or resignation, of a member of the Staff during the year,
an election for his successor is held as soon as practicable. In conse-
<iuence of the mutual respect and esteem which has always existed
between the professional and administrative authorities, the history of
this Hospital is singularly free from misunderstandings and ill-feeling.
The high regard, which the first Board of Managers entertained The Board
towards the Medical Staff, appears to have been handed down, from of Managers
board to board and from father to son, until it has become a fi.\ed ='""^'11'=
, , . . . , , , , . . , Medical Staff.
tradition in this venerable institution, where the old-time considera-
tion and courtesy still mark the intercourse of the Board of Managers
with the members of the Medical Staff, as indeed, with all who are
connected with the Hospital.
As the Resident Physicians are to be considered later, with the
apprentices and students, the Medical Staff proper will now engage
attention.
Before taking up the individual biographies of the physicians,
who have served upon the Medical Staff, however, a brief reference of
a general character may be made to the standing in the community
of the physicians who first actively moved in the establishment of the
Pennsylvania Hospital and who afterwards rendered distinguished
services to the Institution. When Benjamin Franklin presented a
petition signed by thirty-three citizens, asking for an appropriation
of funds by the Provincial Assembly to establish the Hospital, he
was fully prepared to meet an objection that he knew would be raised,
" That they could not afford to pay the physicians for their attendance
upon the sick," and he carried his point by announcing that the
physicians had magnanimously offered " to attend the patients for
nothing and to supply all the medicines, for three years, at their own
expense." Although the generous offer to supply medicines gratis
was accepted at first, the Managers, becoming soon afterwards
impressed with its injustice, ordered a supply of drugs from London,
but the physicians continued to give their personal attendance without
charge. The unselfish example of the first Medical Staff has been
generally followed, not only by their successors in this hospital, but
also by the physicians engaged in serving other public hospitals,
subsequently established, in the large cities of this country.
The fact that Franklin could promise that the phjsicians would
make personal sacrifices in order to establish a hospital in the City of
Brotherly Love, warrants the supposition that the physicians had been
selected in advance. This was doubtless the case with the individual
members of the first Medical Staff. Doctor Thomas Bond, who was
the original proposer of the hospital, and whose friends were largely
439
enrolled u|iiin the list of contributors, would naturally he one of the
Tlif onVr of attending physicians, and also his brother. Dr. I'hineas liond, who
I'livsiciaiis to ^y^ closely associated with him. The most eminent ])hysicians of the
serve w ithuut ^. ^^ ^j^^ ^j^^ Thomas Graeme, Thomas Cadwalader, John Redman,
charge / » ' .^
accepted Samuel Preston Moore, and 1-loyd Zachary had also had their sym-
with tliaiiks. pathy enlisted in favor of the hosjjital by Dr. Bond and his friends,
and thev were all eager to contribute to its success, both financially
Tlie first ''"d professionally. The first Medical Staff was ajipointed October 23.
Medical .staiT. 1751, by the Managers then passing a resohiiion thanking Drs. I.lo\(l
Zachary, and Thomas and I'hineas Bond for their willingness "to
attend gratis in taking care of the sick as Physicians and Surgeons for
the first three years " and accejjting their services.
The Board, furthermore, in order to give greater dignity to ihe
rising institution, or to keep alive the interest of as many influential
persons as jjossible, also appointed a Staff of Consultants, by request-
ing "Drs. Grsme, Cadwalader, Moore, and Redman to assist in
consultation in extraordinary ca.ses." (See ])age 28 ante.)
The first consulting staff had no immediate successors, as the attend-
ing physicians discovered that they did not require siK:h assistance.
The Managers being very anxious to make no mistakes at the
beginning and desiring to lay the foundations of the new institution
ui)on an enduring basis, aiipointed a committee, which drew u]) the
following regulations with regard to the selection of jjliysicians and
surgeons, which subsequently received the sanction of the contribu-
tors and the legal representatives of the infant Commonwealth.
RULES to be observed in the Choice of tile Pliysicians an<l Surgeons of the
I'KNNSYL\'.\NIA HOSPlT.\I,, to limit and appoint their Number, Authority
and Duty, and to raise a fund for Supi)lying the said Hospital with Medicines.
IMPRI.MIS. The Managers of the said Hospital shall within ten days after
their first Meeting in the month called May Yearly, Choose Si.x Practitioners of
Physick & Surgery, to visit & take Care of the Patients in the said Hospital, &
the other Practitioners (who are at this time Members of this Cor|)or.ition) shall
have the Privilege of attending iS: observing the Practice of Those Chosen for the
Service of the Year.
2d, the Practitioners chosen shall give their Attendance at such times, and in
such manner, and be Class'd with each other, as shall be concluded and .-igreed
upon by the Managers & Practitioners.
3d, I'pon extraordinary Cases, the Practitioners in attendance shall Call in
two or more of the Practitioners, chosen for the Service of the year, to consult
with.
4th, In all such Cases, which will admit of time for deliberation, all the si.x
Practitioners, chosen for the Service of the Year, shall have timely notice thereof.
5th, If any Practitioner be removed by the Managers for neglect of Duty, or
any other Cause, or shall die, in that Case, The Man.igers shall choose another
Practitioner (who is a Member of this Corporation i to Supply his Place.
440
6th, Each Apprentice or other Student, the Practitioners shall introduce to
see the Practice of the Hospital, shall pay one English Guinea, or Thirty lour
shillings current money "pi year, to be laid out in Medicines, or such other man-
ner as the Managers think most ])roper.
7th, No Practitioner, during the Term for which he is chosen to serve the
Hospital shall Act as a Manager.
8th, The Practitioners, shall keep a fair account (in a book provided for that
purpose) of the several Patients under their Care, of the Disorders they labour
under, & shall enter in the said book the Recipes or Prescriptions they make
for each of them.
gth, No person shall be received hereafter as a Candidate to be Employed
in the said Hospital, as a Physician or Surgeon, until he be a Member of
this Corporation, & of the Age of Twenty Seven Years, hath served a regular
f/a.^^.-i!.^^M-
Reproduction
of Original
Draught of
Rules, with
Signatures.
'^'/^Ar^/^'^ f^<^^^^'
441
Appreiitiiiship In this City or Suburbs, liath studied Pliysiik it SurKi'ry Seven
years or nu^re and hatli undergone an K.xainination of Six of the Practitioners of
the Hospital in the Presence of the Managers and is approved of by them and with
respect to Strangers they sliall liave resided three years or more in this City and
shall be Kxamineil and approved of in the manner and under the Restrictions
afttresaid,
loth, These Rules shall continue in force two years and from thence to the
time of the next General Meeting of the Contributors and no Longer.
Tlie foregoiiif; rules received the approval of the Chief Justice
of Pennsylvania, the Speaker of the Assembly and the Attorney
General, as required by the Charter of the Hospital (see page lo), and
as shown in the accomiianying re|)roduction of the last page of the
original draught of the Rules taken froni the Archives of the
Hospital (see illustration on i)receding page).
Xlie The physicians, from the beginning, were encouraged to take a
Physicians very active interest in the success of the Hospital and the extension
actively Qf j[g usefulne.ss, and the Managers held frequent conferences with
interested in , . , , ■ i i ,- ■ , ■
the If- ■ r ^"^"'^ ^vnh regard to proposed methods of improving and increasing
the Hospital. ''^^ accommodations. An illustration of this is observed in the
accompanying extract from the minutes of the Managers of January
7> 1792:
The I-iinatics in the House being greatly nuiltiplicd by the Incrcaseof Inhabi-
tants in the state, since the Hospital was built, as well as by many other Causes,
it is found by Experience, that a proper separation of the Patients cannot be
made; neither can the necessities of others be relieved, whose Cases re<|uire the
aid of the Institution ; & for whom .•Applications are continually made, unless a
Building more adequate to their Numbers is provided to receive them. The
Managers it Physicians are therefore of Opinion ; that an Kxtention of the House,
as nearly as Possible to agree with the original Plan, admitting only of such
Alterations as will more conveniently accommodate the Lunatics, is indisi>ensably
needful ; for these Reasons they resolve that a Remonstrance or Petition be i>re-
sented to the general Assembly, setting forth the Necessity of completing the
Hospital. ^ requesting .Assistance to enable the Contributors to do it, in such
manner, .is to answer the humane Intentions of its original Founders — which
Petition, Bartholniew Wistar, Samuel Coates, Elliston Perot, Cornelius Barnes,
Dr. Rush, Dr. Hutchinson, and Doctor Shippen are appointed to prepare, and
when ready to call a Meeting of the M.anagers and Physicians & lay it before
them ; who, if they approve are to sign it, & have it presented in such Manner,
as they may agree to when assembled together.
The matter was kept actively under consideration and a siiecial
meeting of December 19, 1792, contains the following record :
At a special Meeting of the Managers, Physicians, and Treasurer this day, at
the house of Samuel Coates.
Present, Josiah Hewes, Samuel Clark, Owen Jones, Jr., Klliston Perot, Samuel
Coates, Cornelius Barnes, Thomas Penrose, Bartholomew Wistar, Pattison
Hartshorne, and Joseph Paschall. Managers; Mordecai Lewis, Treasurer.
Physicians, Dr. Rush, Dr. Parke, Dr. Hutchinson.
44i
Increased ac-
commodation
required.
Joseph Paschall, Saiime! Coates, Dr. Kiisli & Dr. Hutchinson report, that they
called on Thomas McKean, and William Bradford, and also at the house of Report of
Edw'd. Shippen, who was not at home; to request that they, as Judges of the Committee.
Supreme Court, would, in aid of our memorial, send a Representation to the
general .Assembly, stating the necessity of enlarging the Hospital, so as to receive
a greater number of P.atients, and requesting the Grant, which the said Memorial
solicited for that purpose.
The Judges received their Visit, in a friendly manner, e.xpressing their great
Regard for the Institution, and promised to confer with Edw'd. Shippen, their
associate Judge, the ne.xt day. They accordingly met, and agreed, (of which
they informed Dr. Hutchinson,) that they would deliver to the assembly, such a
Representation & Petition, as we requested in their official Character, on this
Condition, That, if the money was granted, and the building e.ttended, in conse-
quence of our joint Applications, a clause should be inserted to provide, that
they, the Judges, should have free liberty to commit Lunaticks therein, from
every part of the State, without the let or hinderance of anj' of the Managers ;
who nevertheless should retain the right of fi.xing the rate of Payment, for the
board ol Patients, when the funds were not sufficient to admit them as Paupers ;
and also the right (as usual) to govern the house.
If the preceeding Proposal was not accepted, they agreed cheerfully to
co-operate with us, or any of their fellow Citizens, in applying for the grant, as
private Gentlemen, but not as Judges of the supreme Court ; — which, being con-
sidered, it is the unanimous opinion of all 'present ; that the Managers have no
right, to make such covenant, to bind the Contributors ; nor can they acknowledge
the propriety of any Authorities being exercised in the Hospital, than such as
are already known; and agree with the existing Charter, and Constitution
thereof.
The Managers & Physicians, are nevertheless sensible of the kind Disposi-
tions of the Judges to promote the Interest of the Hospital and therefore request
them to exert themselves by personal .Application, in such manner, as to them,
may appear best, and most likely to obtain the object of our Petition ; which as
Citizens, they have been pleased to approve.
In response to the above petition by the Managers and Physicians
a legislative committee visited the Hospital and made the following
report, which was read at a meeting of the Managers, held ist mo.,
27th, 1794:
" The Committee appointed by the SENATE and ASSEMBLY of PEXNSYL-
VANI.A on the loth instant, to visit the HOSPIT.AL, made Report, which was
read as follows, viz. :
" That, accompanied by a Committee of the SEN.ATE, they have visited the Committee
PEN'NSYL\'.AXIA HOSPITAL, and from having examined its arraingements, and reports to the
enquired into the State of its Funds, they have Reason to believe that the Insti- Legislature,
tution is conducted with equal attention to good Order, and strict Economy. —
Several very curious anatomical Preparations, purchased from the Repre-
sentatives of the late Dr. Chovett, have since last Year, been added to
those previously collected, forming together an Exhibition which for its
utility & value we apprehend is unequalled by any of a similar nature, in the
United States : and notwithstanding the addition necessarily made to the current
Expences of the house, by reason of the Purchases, the COMMITTEE have the
pleasure of reporting that the Capital Stock has been encreased, TWO HUN-
DRED and THIRTY FOUR POUNDS 98, since an account of it was laid before
44.?
till- tirst Si-ssii)n of tlif I.;isl I.i'Kislatiiri-, — CcmsiclcraWc I'ro>;ri-ss has luiii iiiaile
Coiiimitti-e '" C'lliftinn tin- iimnks K''ii"t';<l ''>' *''<■" l-='w of the nth iif April, 1793, for
rccomiiK-iids I'^li^'xIi'iK thu 1r-ik-(Us cxpi-rii-iKi-il fruiii the Iiistitiitiun of the I'KNNSYI-N'ANIA
apprupriatiun "(ISI'ITAI., out of tlic <lil>Ls due to the loan Oflice of 1773, the sum of, five thou-
sand three hundred Pounds, having been already received, and suitalile measures
taken to expedite the C"ollection of the Remainder.
" EncouraKed by this suciess the Managers have prepared a Plan of the addi-
tional Plans intended, and ealle<l a MeeliuK of the Contributors, as well to con-
sider said Plan, as to determine how soon to conniience the erection of the
Huililin^s a^;reed on, in conformity to the prtivision of the before-inentione<l .\CT.
" Your Committee must also mention, that during the prevalence of the late
destructive Contagion in the City of Philadelpliia, altho' one infected Person was
sent to the Hospital before the nature of his Complaint was known, >Sc died soon
afterwards, yet every Precaution havinj; been used to prevent a Communication
of the Disease, neither any of the Patients, nor even those who attended the
infected Person, were in the smallest degree aU'ected by a similar Complaint ;— a
Circumstance, which in itself must convey, a stronger Evidence in favour of the
good arraingement & salubrity of the Hospital, than any Kulogium your Com-
mtttee can bestow. "
At a special Meeting held at the Mouse of Samuel Coates, ist, 2d mo., 1794.
Upon Information now cimimunicaled by the Managers present,
Resoh'ed, That it is proper to proceed as early in the present Season, as is
practicable in compleating the original plan of the hospital, by erecting the centre
House, and western-wing so far as to run up the walls thereof, and shingle the
same ; also to finish the western ward, for the accommodation of Persons afflicted
with Lunacy.
Resolved, in order the more comfortably to accommodate Patients labouring
under this afflicting malady. That the western ward shall extend in width, six
feet more than the present ward, so as to admit two rows of rooms or cells on a
floor for this purpose.
Rrsoh'id, That the Centre-House be finished with a dome, and the south
Front thereof, w ith si.\ marble Pilasters, agreeable to the Elevation now exhibited.
Joseph Swift, Oiairmaii.
Tho.mas VVistar, CItrk.
Appeal to November 26, 1795, the Board considering the importance to the
Governor public of completing the new building, which could not be effected
Miinin. without further a.ssistance from the Legislature of the State, therefore,
concluded to a.sk the Governor to endorse their request, in his
address to the General Assembly.
To Thom.\s Mifflin Esqr. : Governor of the State of Pennsvi.vania.
It being notorious that the population of Pennsylvania has incre.tsed at least
in a three-fold proportion since the Pennsylvania Hospital w.is founded in the
Year 1752 it must be obvious to a reflecting Mind that the increase of Disorders is
in some Degree in a proportionate Ratio therewith— Without ascribing it to any
uncommon cause, as may thus account for the number of lunatic Patients who are
so much multiplied among us, that for want of a suitable place to accommodate
them in, many have been confined in Gaols, or poorhouses, chained among the
sick, where they cannot be properly attended. & others have been roving about
444
the City .ind Country, incapable of maintaining; lln.'nis<.-lvi.-s, and dans<-Toiis to tlie
Community : tliis t-vil may l^e remedied, & many Citizens relieved by confining
them in convenient places where they may have the benefit of medical aid —
Under these impressions tlie Managers of tlie Pennsylvania Hospital are pre-
paring a jjetition to the next assembly to solicit money to finish the new buildings
for the purpose of taking in a greater number of |>atients ; — this subject the
Managers wish the Governor in general terms to represent to the next assembly,
and if possible to draw their attention to secure the benefit of their late Grant of
Ten thousand Pounds by such further aid as may be sufficient to complete the
buildings : without which the work that is already done will be of no advantage.
As already related (page 255) the Governor very favorably The Governor
mentioned the Hospital in his annual report, and the ultimate result '"•'™i's an
was a handsome appropriation for the jnirpose of completing the Hos- ' l''"""'^""
pital according to the original plan. In accom])lishing this result the
labors and influence of the Medical Staff were largely exercised and
due credit should be given them for their disinterested devotion to the
Hospital ; the above is only a solitary Illustration out of many
which could be cited.
The personnel of the first Medical Staff, as already observed, was
of a high character. Its members were not only eminent in their own
vocation, but they also had acquirements and accomplishments which
made them leaders in the community, and active and influential in its j^jj,],
social affairs. Dr. Lloyd Zachary is reputed to have been " one of Character
the most gifted men that ever lived in Philadelphia. He rendered "' K-^rly
incalculable services to the Hospital, which was founded in his time, •'-''" ^'^'■'*
and of which he was made first physician. In the community, there Medical
probably was not one who was more respected and beloved. * =!= * staff.
His devotion to the Hospital was never subdued, and, when he died,
his will was found to contain a liberal donation in money and books
to that institution." 1
Dr. Thomas Bond was intimate with Benjamin Franklin and
was actively interested in his schemes for general education and
philanthropy. With Dr. Zachary, he was teacher of the medical
students of the city, and inaugurated the present system of delivering
clinical lectures at the Hospital. His first lecture was deemed by the
Managers of sufli(;ient importance to warrant its insertion in full uiion
the minutes. 2 In fact. Dr. Bond was himself a member of the first
Board of Managers, this compliment being paid him in recognition of
his agency in projecting the plan of the hospital and his energy in
establishing it upon a working basis. When in November, 1776, the
Pennsylvania Hospital was set apart for the use of the Continental
■ Scharf & Westcott.
* See page462 for lecture in full.
445
troops, Dr. Thoinas Bond, assisted by his son, Dr. Thos. Bond, Jr.,
rendered efficient aid in organizing the Continental .Army Hospital
system upon a i)roper basis, and securing competent surgical and
medical aid. It was a trying time, for in addition to political troubles,
smalli)0x broke out among the soldiers, and, without vaccination, it
was impossible to prevent thecontagion froms|)reading. He vvasselected
as one of the representative citizens, by the Assembly in 1779, to serve
as one of the Managers of the newly organized University of the State
of Pennsylvania, the reputation of which ha.s since extended to every
part of the civilized world.
Early I'liysi- Thomas Wynne, of Cjer Wys, Flintshire, North Wales, a " Chir-
ciaiisoftlie nrgeon " came over in the ship "Welcome," which sailed fioni
Pro V I tictf
Deal, England, .August 30, 1682, with his friend William Penn, the
Proprietary. The services of this skilled physician were needed by
the company even before reaching their destination, for, it is recorded,
that there was an outbreak of smallpox among the passengers,
during which thirty-one of them perished. As an illustration of the
esteem in which jihysicians were held in those early days and their
social importance, it may be mentioned that Dr. Wynne was ihe
President of the first Provincial .Assembly held in Philadelphia.
Dr. Wynne's daughter married Dr. Edward Jones. Seventy years
after the founding of the city by Penn, the Hospital was organized
and, on its consulting staff, we find Dr. Thomas Cadwalader, whose
father had married Martha Jones, the grand-daughter of Thomas
Wynne. Dr. Thomas Cadwalader was therefore the great-grandson
of Dr. Wynne and he ably sustained the honor of his family by
serving as a member of the Common Council of Philadelphia from
1751 to 1774; he also was a member of the Provincial Council fiom
•755 ^" ''^^ period of the Revolution, when he became a Medical
Director in the army. In 1750, he had the honor of prejiaring the
first systematic course of Medical lectures to be delivered in a Philadel-
phia College. These facts are mentioned to illustrate the statement
that the members of the Medical Staff of the Hospital were not only
eminent in their own profession but were men of affairs and patriots.
A relative of Dr. Cadwalader's, Dr. Cadwalader Evans, a man of
note in his day, also served on the Staff of the Hospital ; being the
successor of Dr. Samuel Preston Moore. It was to Dr. Cadwalader
Colden, who early in the eighteenth century was a resident of Phila-
delphia, (but after living here for ten years removed iK'rmanenily
to New York), that Benjamin Franklin was indebted for valuable
suggestions, that eventually led to (he formation of the Scientific
Association, which developed into the present American Philosophical
446
Society. The brothers, Drs. 'I'homas and Phineas Bond, were
associated in the famous Junto, and were among the originators of I'liysicians
Franklin's more ambitious organization for "Promoting Useful •''^ ^■'^•" '^'^
Knowledge among the British Plantations in America." This Society,
which went into full operation in 1744 had the following original
members : Dr. Thomas Bond as Physician ; John Bartram, botanist ;
Thomas Godfrey, mathematician ; Samuel Rhoads, mechanician ;
William Parsons, geographer; Dr. Phineas Bond, general Natural
Philosopher; Thomas Hopkinson, President; William Coleman,
Treasurer; Benjamin Franklin, Secretary. In 1767, this was consoli-
dated with the "American Society for Promoting and Propagating
Useful Knowledge," among the members of which were the physi-
cians above mentioned, and the American Philosophical Society was
organized with Dr. Thomas Bond as the representative of the older
organization, with Dr. Benjamin Franklin as its first President. It is
interesting to trace the intimate association of Franklin with the
members of the first Medical Staff, since it led directly to the founda-
tion of the Pennsylvania Hospital, in the growth and development of
which he became so deeply interested.
Dr. John Redman, who was one of the founders and the first
President of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, was also the
medical preceptor of the American Sydenham, Dr. Benjamin Rush,
who became a member of the Medical Staff of the Hospital.
Dr. Thomas Graeme who was invited to attend the hosjjital as a High Pcr-
consultant in extraordinary cases, was a graduate of the University sonal and
of Leyden and a hiKhlv educated and accomplished phvsician. He „ "'^f. " ,
-' b . r I - standing of
was appointed Master in Chancery and, in 1731, became a p-j^st Medi-
Justice of the Supreme Court. He was the first President of the tal Stafi.
St. Andrew's Society, founded in 1749. The services of Dr. Wm.
Shippen, Jr., to medical education in this country, are acknowledged
upon another jjage and also referred to elsewhere in this history.
Enough has been recorded in this place to show that the present
members of the medical staff have good reason to think highly of
their predecessors in the service of the Institution, and may indeed
be proud of having men of such eminent attainments in science, of
such excellent achievements in civil and social affairs, and of such
high moral worth, as members of the medical staff, even in the early
days of the Hospital.
The leaders in the profession in Philadelphia, in 1751, w^ere
Thomas and Phineas Bond, Thomas Caihvalader, Lloyd Zachary,
Samuel Preston Moore, John Redman, and Thomas Graeme, who,
as already stated, formed the first medical and surgical staff of the
447
Hospital. The other noted physicians of the time were Dr. Kdward
Jones, a son-in-law of Dr. Wynne, Dr. Thomas Lloyd, Dr. Griffith Owen
and Doctors Goodson, Witt. Golden, and John Kearsley, Junior.
It is most interesting to learn that "There is scarcely one named
from old Dr. Daniel Wills (of Burlington, N. J.) down, who either
direi tly by his jjosterity, or indirectly by some act of his life, has not
influenced for good the welfare of the Pennsylvania Hosjjital." '
TliL- Cla.ssii;tl As described in Thacher's American Medical Biogra])hy, we find
atnl Siiiiiti(i<- that the ]>rofessional men of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
AitainnK-iiis ^^.^^.^ generally much better educated than most of their successors
Physicians °^ '"*^ present time. Almost without exception they were classical
scholars. Their graduating essays must be written in Latin. Travel
was essential, notwithstanding the encumbered modes of motion
to which they were subjected. Leyden, Paris, lulinburf;h, London,
Oxford, Upsal, Bonn and to some extent Vienna, Berlin, and the
Italian, schools, received and honored lliem ; they, as a rule by
their subsequent career, e(iually honoring the places which they
visited and where they sojourned. They were also men of affairs. It
is surprising what a part they took at home in |)olitics(in its broad
sense) and government. They were good soldiers, and freely offered
themselves and their services to their country in times of need.
A long roll of honor could be written to record their merits and
embalm their memories ; but it may be condensed in the single state-
ment that with them education never militated against personal good-
ness (as some people stoutly maintain that it does with most men) for
whether in ])estilence and ])lagiie, in poverty, or wealth, they vaunted
not themselves but worked faithfully " for the good of their fellow
beings, and to the glory of God.''
M. <lc- War- A distinguished visitor to this country, M. de Warville, o\cra
ville writes century ago, wrote a series of letters for i)ublication at his home, in
France, which were afterward collected in book form, and a transla-
tion of which ap])eared in England. When in l'hiladel|)hia, about
1788, he paid a visit to the Pennsylvania Hospital, and his enthusias-
tic recital of his experience and iniiiressions thereon are so graphic
and at the same time so disingenuous that no apology will be needed
for introducing, a few paragra|)hs here, especially as in them one of
the physicians is mentioned, and a high compliment is jiaid to the
entire management, both medical and administrative :
" I have seen the hospitals of France, both at Paris and in the provinces ; I
know none of tliein l>ut the one at Besanjon that can be compared to this at
' Address on the Early Physicians of Philadelphia and its Vicinity, by Dr. James J. Levicic,
read December, 1885. before the Association of Ex-Rcsideiit Physki.-ilis of the Pennsylvania
Hospital.
448
of a visit to
the Hos]>ital
Pliilacielpliia. Evvry sick and every poor person has his bed well furnished, but
without curtains, as it should be. Every room is lighted by windows placed
opposite, which introduce plenty of light.
"Blacks are here mingled with the whites and lodged in the same apartments.
This to me seemed a balm to my soul. I saw a negro woman spinning with
activity by the side of her bed. She seemed to expect a word of consolation
from the director ; she obtained it, and it seemed to be heaven to her to hear it.
On our return from the hospital we drank a bottle of cider. Compare this frugal
repast to the sumptuous feasts given by the superintendents of the poor of Lon-
don — by tliose humane inspectors who assemble to consult on making repairs to
the amount of si.v shillings and order a dinner for six guineas ! You never find
among the Quakers these robberies upon indigence, these infamous treasons
against beneficence. Bless them, then, ye rich and poor; ye rich, because their
fidelity and prudence economize your money ; ye poor, because their humanity
watches over you without ceasing.
" The hospital is fine, elegant and well kejjt. I observed the bust of Franklin
in the library and was told this honor was rendered to him as one of the principal
founders of the institution. Each one of the lunatics (about fifteen I has a cell,
with a bed, a table and a convenient window fitted with grates. Stoves are
fixed in the walls to warm the cells in winter. Tliere were no male persons among
them. Most of the patients are victims of religious melancholy or of disappointed
love. Dr. Rush has invented a kind of swing chair for their exercise. I asked
the humane and enlightened Dr. Rush why the cells were placed beneath the
ground floor, exposed to the unwholesome humidity of the earth. He told me
he had endeavored for a long time, but in vain, to introduce a change in this
particular, and that this hospital was founded at a time when little attention was
thought necessary for the accommodation of fools. I observed that none of those
fools were naked or indecent — a thing very common with us. These people
I>rfServe, even in tlieir foll\', their primitive characteristic of decency."
In a paper contributed to the first volume of the Pennsylvania
Hospital Reports (published in 1867), Professor Charles D. Meigs
gave some reminiscences of the Physicians and Surgeons who had
served the Pennsylvania Hospital. The article is sufficiently interest-
ing and appropriate to warrant the insertion of a considerable part
if it here :
Do we merely flatter ourselves, then, when we indulge the belief, that in
the United States, our venerable institution, so widely known and so long and nce'i hv
highly respected, will be looked to with much trustfulness, when coming forth, p. ..r n\-,.,c
as now, from her centurial silence, she assumes to speak as e.v calheiira and r> ^f ■
' ' D. Meigs,
claim a higher place \\\ our .American schools of medicine and surgery ? We can-
not but opine that in thus concluding to make more jiublic her inner life and
charities by the circulation of regular reports of her clinical experiences and
observations, and methods of teaching, she must become an accepted clinical
teacher not for Philadelphia alone, but for universal Medicine ; aiid that, if the
managers of this enterprise should, in time, come to send forth sincere reports of
her clinical lectures and clinical transactions, they cannot but attain an authority
equal to those of the most distinguished hospitals of the world. Hence, we may
expect that these volumes will meet with a most hearty and general welcome by
all the lovers of progress in our calling, at home and abroad ; such a welcome
will be the warmer from the fact that vast numbers [of our .American physicians
■U9
Reminis-
have hfcn stiuli'ius of the liousi-, and aftir "walking liir wards," have carried
Address by ""' '"'" ''"•' ■'•^'""''^st resions of the Creal Repuhlic, a lively memory of the
Dr MeiKS P'easaiit and profitable honrs spent within her walls ; memories of the scientific
truths ; memories of the fine diaKnoses, the sure prognoses, and tile skilful appli-
cations i>f therapeutics and surgery, whose accuracy surprised, while the bold-
ness and dexterity astonished them. Not hundreds, but thousands of thise
American physicians, have carrieil out and spread everywhere in the land the
testimonies and traditions that have made her name familiar as a household word :
we heard that household word in our remote village near a thousand miles
away, and near three-quarters of a century ago. Though she never before
thought to make herself thus an open and public dispenser of knowledge, out of,
and far from, her own boundary walls, yet how many thousands of them that
were in weakness and pain and in the fear of imminent death have, for a century
past, owed their relief and their release to her far-reaching modest, and silent
charity.
We trust it is by no means presuni|)tuous to claim for this ancient and
honored institution an un<lonbted precedence in the possession t>f the most
eminent among American physicians and surgeons ; since barely to mention the
■ names of Ur. Rush and Ur. Philip Syng Physick ought to establish that claim, for
those names areyari/*' faiillime priruipi's in American physic and surgery.
To these may rightly be addeil the venerated nanus of Kuhn, Barton, Wistar,
Dorsey, J. Rhea Barton, and James. These alone appear to us to warrant our
assumption of a former superiority in American medical teachings, while we, by
no means, are so im])ertinent as to claim a present supereminence, where the
innnense progress of American civilization has scattered broadcast over the land
the richest, the most precious treasures of science and art in our noble jirofes-
sion ; but it will not be deemed an impudence, on our part, to pretend to at least
equal rank in the actual republic of medical letters.
For our private opinion we beg to excuse ourselves, on the ground that, very
early in the century, we had the happiness and the great hap|)iness, to sit at the
feet of many of those Gamaliels who so overbore our young hearts and minds
with an intimate conviction of their virtue and wisdom that even the chill of old
age is as yet impotent to lessen the glow of our admiration an<l gratitude to such
excellent, such learned and wise masters. We but fulfil the engagement made
for us more than twenty centuries ago in tlie famous and still living Jusjurandum
of the Father of Medicine in lumoring from our earliest date of life, masters who
graciously taught us to heal sick men and women.
We esteem the greatest name of the men who, in that now somewhat distant
day, served in the Pennsylvania Hospital, was the name of Dr. Benjamin Rush,
Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania.
That eminent physician's renown was not founded alone upon his grand
career in the fatal epidemic of 1793, or in like occurrences in years following. It
depended far more upon his surpassing and most captivating eloquence, upon
his great wisdom, his learning, and the inextinguishable zeal whose fire was not
in the least assuaged at the time we attended upon his last course of lectures, at
that venerable and beautiful old age, which soon afterwards let him gently down
into an honored grave where his remains now rest, more sacred than the dust
that draws thousands of annual pilgrims to the tomb of the Imaums.
May we not stop a moment just here, to express the wish and the hope,
that ere many years shall have elapsed, the statue of that eminent American may
find its appropriate plinth in some conspicuous part of the town whose very name
is signally honored by his whole life and conversation. May all Philadelphia cry
out with one voice Placil, plaiet !
450
DR. BENJAMIN RUSH.
••«> f. autiRUHSt CO., vMiu.
Dr. Rush, by his actions and liis writings became in a certain sense and
extent the American Galen, for we tliink it cannot be doubted that he did transmit address bv
his idea, as a governing and directing element down through more than half a jjj. \iti<»s
century of American Medicine, controlling the practice of physic with an
authority during that time, as potent as was the authority of the great Pergame-
nian in the far longer series of centuries, from the second until deep into the
seventeenth. Yet even to-day the name of Galen is not blotted out ; and like
Rush's is only under the eclipse of this progressive age. They are both marking
and ineffaceable titles on the roll of history in our Medicine. In a great degree.
Dr. Rush, though so long ago joined to his fathers, still rules much of the medical
practice in many parts of the United States. His was a great mission and he
filled his station well.
When I was a boy of 12 years old, the name of Dr. Rush was a sort of myth
in my young ears and was known by all the people of yon sequestered village on
the Creek Frontier ; and when in the autumn of iiSi2, I first entered his lecture-
room in the old University building on Ninth Street, I was enrapt : his voice,
sweeter than any flute, fell on my ears like droppings from a Sanctuary and the
spectacle of his beautiful radiant countenance, with his earnest, most sincere,
most persuasive accents, sunk so deep into my heart that neither time nor change
could eradicate them from where they are at this hour freshly remembered.
Oh ! but he was a most charming gentleman I a "grave and reverend and potent
signor" in the scholar class of mankind I
Now this was one of the men who graced this old Hospital in our young days,
with his teachings, his learning, his wisdom and his manners, formed upon the
grand old style of Washington's court, of which, alas ! but a few scattered and
bowed down specimens are here and there to be seen lingering in our country.
There it was, as well as in his lecture-room, that he helped to mould and
fashion the manners and deportment of that house in a way to make it specific —
characteristical. Yet not to him alone are our thanks due for the form of this
school and its individual signiticancy. He had brave coadjutors whose ministra-
tions there and elsewhere laid on the brows of Philadelphia the Science-Crown,
that shone so far and so bright in those ])alniy days of his School of Medicine.
Dr. Kuhn, a favorite pupil of Linnaeus, w-ho learned to love him at Upsala, was
a man distinguished for learning and probity ; an honor to our calling. Dr. Philip
Syng Physick, long a pupil and assistant and trusted friend of Mr. Hunter, and
long a resident in the Hospital in Mr. Hunter's service at London, was like his
master a model of e.xactness and certainty. I never saw a man who knew so
thoroughly well all that he knew. It seemed as if his science and art were
ledgered in his brain, so that he could turn on the instant to page and line.
Dr. Physick's service in the house was continued during more thau twenty-two
years, from 1794 to 1816, when he resigned his office. His manners were to the
last degree dignified and elegant, and as he still w^ore his hair powdered and
clubbed, he bore about him a sort of traditional look, which added to the respect
which everywhere, in public and private greeted him, always reverently. In the
midst of a crowd of students more than five hundred in number assembled from
all quarters of the compass, impetuous, ingenuous hot heads from the Carolinas,
restless Georgians, bold sons of Kentucky, and buckeyes from the Northwest, or
the graver students from the North, the moment the Professor entered the lecture-
room, all was hush, with a general pleased expression murmured all over the
amphitheatre, "and car and eye attentive bent " to the mellifluous tones of his
voice, or the most admirable illustrations of surgical processes that he so pro-
fusely supplied. He was a man like a statue of marble but animated by a
promethean light and warmth. Dr. Physick was a very marking nian in our
451 •
American world of Mt'tlioini", a man aUo^ethi-r pectiliar (or ability and therefore
A<lilri-ss Iiv most rare and most highly to be prized ; lie too was one of the men who stamped
Dr. Meigs, so deeply into the old Hospital the legend on its name-shield "conservatism."
The same motives that leatl ns to remember I>r. Rush and Professor Physick,
prompt us to refer to the learned, benign, beloved Wistar ; Caspar Wistar. long
the .able Professor of Anatomy in the I'niversity of Pennsylvania, where and from
•lis honorable See, he dispensed over the land the precious doctrines, U|>on which
are based all onr hopes of usefulness and distinction in the profession of physic.
He w.as fully up to the broad level of the time anil he too carriei! there his grave,
serene, most admirable manners as examples of the p«>lite tieineanor of gentle-
men at the close of the i8th century. No student dared to behave unlike a
gentleman in his presence. How cotdd such men serve and act and connnand
so long in that house, and not leave like a beautiful ship in the sea, a long bright
w.ake of gentle light bchinil ! Here too w.as Horsey. John Syng Horsey, a nephew
of Dr. Physick, adjunct first, and next full Professor of Surgery, brought up in
his likeness, an eloquent, ardent, most able teacher, a gentleman most i>opular in
the Hospit.al and the school .alike, but too soon alas, snatched from us by the
same fat.al power that early deprived the world of the admirable Bichat.
Whoever will read Dorsey's Surgery will learn what it was that common
sense said in those limes in the art of surgery. Though we have not the least
doubt or lack of faith in the great progress of medicine in all its branches in the
nineteenth century, must we first say risiim lenealis aiiiici before we venture to
add that we early received Dorsey's Surgery as a man takes his wife, for better,
for worse, in sickness and in health, until death doth us part ; and though our
golden wedding is already past and gone, that we adhere to our eng.agement
then and there.
That eminent gentleman. Dr. Thomas T. Hewson, with whom it w.as our
privilege to enjoy a long and friendly acipiaintance, was one of the good
furtherers of onr house's name and fame. Hr. Joseph Hartshorne, a bold, highly
instructed and most dexterous surgeon ; Joseph Parrish, a model man, from the
Society of Friends; Hr. J. Rhea Barton, for thirteen years and five months the
ornament and pride of the surgical department of the Hospital, in which his
mind h.ad been trained by his very long residence as house pupil, in a depart-
ment he illustrated by his rare conservatism and .acknowledged skill: these
and many others whom we love to remember, but yet are too redundant for this
our limited space, but among them a man born for the place, and in his own, his
right place — we mean Dr. William Pepper. How can we omit the name of
Dr. William Pepper? To name him is to praise him, so extensively known .as
the admirable clinical lecturer .at the Hospital near twenty consecutive years,
subsequently as Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the University of
Pennsylvania.
Well, then, a cliilil grows up to manhood, forming anil forming, and forming
his character from <lay to day, .as a slender shoot from the buried acorn comes
forth out of the ground, and hardens and rises at last into the upper air a strong,
unswerving shaft, fit for the m.ast of some tall .admiral ; so does a man, a family,
a nation take its permanent set and holds on with it to the end.
The men we have name<l, and many before and since their day have, if not
created, at least moulde<l the character of the house ; and the result is visible
in a wise conservatism which has so long distinguished it, and kept out all r.ash-
ness ; while not moored, but anchored, she swims on the upper stratum of the
rising tide of medical progress. » » »
" Mony a pickle maks a mickle," says the Scotch proverb, and our
Dr. Physick would go down to such small things even as sore knuckles in pursuit
• 452
of useful truth, like a miser who won't iKiiore scales tho' he likes nuggets better.
" Why, young gentlemen," said lie, " I have been many clifTerent times called on AddressTby
by persons, who at great expense and inconvenience had journeyed hundreds of i>r. Meigs,
miles for the sole purpose of showing me their sore knuckles, which had annoyed
them for years and cost them large sums in fees without the least avail. The sore
knuckle had been supposed incurable. Very well, then 1 As soon as I saw an
obstinate sore ujjon a man's knuckle, how should I, how could anybody avoid
making the reflection, that the sore must have been kept up by the motion of the
joint, which opened and shut the ulcer dozens of times every day so that it could
not heal ; or that other reflection, that a sore finger, like a broken bone, requires
for its treatment nothing more than a splint." The Professor then cut from a card
a narrow piece, which he converted, by bending it, into a half-cylinder, adjusted it
to the palmar surface of the sore finger, dressed the sore with a create to prevent
the bandage from sticking to the edges of the sore, and bound it with a narrow
roller. " There ! that's all ! that will cure your finger ! " And there never was
a sore knuckle that could not be cured in a few days by keeping the ulcer at rest
by means of such a splint, for as a broken leg wants nothing but a splint, so a sore
knuckle wants nothing but a splint. He said that his patients were much sur-
prised by the rapid way in which they were cured, to effect which, you see, said
he, only a little common sense was wanting. It was this same common sense
attribute by which he was distinguished as a practitioner and as a teacher, that led
to his great success in the treatment of diseases of the joints, and particularly in
management of morbus co.xarius, which he always treated by his carved splint.
Dr. Physick was a great bleeder, and though not so ultra as Guy Patin, or
Botalli, he carried the use of venesection to a very great length. He used to tell
us that while he was resident and assistant in St. George's Hospital, at
London, a man who had fallen from a scaffold, was brought into Mr. Hunter's
ward insensible from concussion of the brain. " What shall I do for the man ? "
said the young disciple to his master. " Shall I bleed him, sir? " " Bleed him ?
bleed him, sir? No, sir; you would kill him outright. Wait, sir, until he reacts,
and then bleed him — bleed him to death, sir ! "
On this te.xt Dr. Physick founded very elaborate instructions for us who were
his pupils. A spoken word, ofttimes becomes a guiding idea for a man's
whole life, and the hospital pu|)il never forgot this one.
One day while strolling along Ninth Street near the University buildings, I
was overtaken by Professor Dorsey, who hooked arms with me and said, " Come
along with me ; I will show you a case." We entered a house in Market Street
above Ninth, where, in an upper room a man was lying on a bed, pale, breathing
very slowly, and perfectly insensible ; his pulse was soft and infrequent and he
snored a little at times. This man, said Dorsey, fell from a scaflbid, and has got
a concussion of the brain. He has no fracture of the skull, and yet see how 1 am
healing him. I have done nothing but wrap his head in this towel wrung out of
cool water.
" Is that all that you arc going to do for him. Doctor ? "
" Yes, all for the present. Don't you remember what John Hunter said to
Dr. Physick: 'Wait until he reacts, and then I shall bleed him,— of course I
will?'"
Of course we cannot pretend to know how far Mr. Hunter's strenuous expres-
sion of his opinion — as to the actual status of the brain in concussion, while the
heart is beating feebly and faintly because the cerebrospinal axis has received a
shock that half deprives it of its innervating force — was meant to go ; but it
seems clear that he must have entertained a wholesome dread of the battering
power of the reacted heart when impelling its arterial columns into the brain-
453
tfxlurt- after such a slunk aiul (Ichiliialion. Kur utirsilvi's, howfver, we do know
Aildriss l>v ^'*"'^y " '^" "'■'" " "^ '"'^^ *■' '^^'•'^ l"okf<l U|mhi tlic iiii|)iilsi<iii-f<>rci- of a lit-arl roiisctl and
Dr Mi-its '"^'li'^"""' i"t" violviil reaction as a force inily injective, packing, crowdinj;, and
disruptive, under which tissues are melted or broken down as the curtain of a
liesieKed fortress melts and crumbles ami is broken down under the drivinn. dis-
ruptive power of the siege guns. We <lo not deny that venesection may be and
even has been, sometimes recklessly practised, for we are familiar with Hcnalli
and Guy I'atin. and Valot an<l ('■u;-nault. rlid gfiiiis omne, with old Fagon at their
head ; but we have heard iJr. I'hysick. in the latter years of his life, say that his
regret as a professional man retiring from the active pur.suits of business was,
not that he had bled too much, but that persons had died under his care because
he had failed to do his whole duty in that preventive and conservative service from
want ol the needful resolution and firmness. Yet Dr. Physick was by no means
a Sangrado. In our young and doubting days we often appealed to him for heli>
and direction : and though we had scrupulously attended at his lectures and
illustrations at the University of Pennsylvania, more than once did he terrify us
by the exhibition of his dash in the practice of his art. One instance out of
many may illustrate our meaning. It was long ago that a woman fell under our
charge laboring with a terrible conjunctivitis, one so extremely violent as to
threaten her with loss of the eye through ulceration of the cornea, or by a com-
plete glaucoma to which it might perhaps have led. The Professor had filled our
mind with a conviction that he was right in pushing the use of bloodletting to
oulraiHc for the purpose of reducing the injection-force of the heart to a proper
balance with the resisting power of the minute arteries and capillaries of the
conjunctiva. He h.ad instructed us to bleed daily until this balance of forces
should be effected. Accordingly Mrs. Smith, wlm was agonized with pain, was
duly bled, to-day, to-morrow, the next day and next morning, and so on until at
last she fainted so badly that terror laiil hold on us, and we fled for shelter and
for succor to the good man's oflice in Fourth Street. He was very pale, very
sick, and very feeble ; yet, said he, "I will meet you at Mrs. Smith's at ten
o'clock to-morrow morning."
Now, I declare that my very copious and repeated bleedings, and all my
lotions and cataplasms and eye-waters had not in the least discernible degree
lessened the pain, the engorgement, or the redness of Mrs. S.'s conjunctiva. She
was half blind already, when, at ten o'clock. Dr. P. accompanied me to her
darkened chamber. " Give me a little light from yonder window," said he, after
examining the i)ulse. " Open the shutter a little wider." Then touching the li<!s
he looked into the eye, and, after the briefest glance at it, said, " That will do."
" Good morning, madam," and we left the room.
" Now, Dr. Physick," said I, " I have fully and boldly carried out your plan
in the treatment of this ophthalmia, for I have copiously bled my patient <laily
until I am ashamed and afraid to do so again, because at the last operation she
fainted so badly as to greatly alarm me. I fear I am not far from the disgrace of
losing an eye in my practice — a disaster I cannot contemplate with patience.
What can I possibly do now?" "Who is your bleeder?" "Mr. Conrad
Ripperger." " Very well ; pray. Doctor, send for Mr. Ripperger to take twelve
ounces from the arm this morning, and ask him to meet you again at ten to-mor-
row to bleed her again, provided she should not appear very much better at your
next visit."
I well remember how shocked I was by this decision, and that I told him that
it was very hard for me to be convinced, but that I willingly acknowledged his
superior wisdom and authority.
454
Mrs. S. haviiis been duly bled, Mr. Ripijertjer was on hand at the appointed
hour of the folloHUiK day ; and truer words were never spoken than these, that Address by
on looking into the eye, I could discover only faint traces of the very violent and p^ Meigs,
obstinate inflammation, for virtually she was cured already. Mr. R. did not
repeat his operation, and Mrs. Smith's eye was shortly and perfectly restored to
health.
Many and many were the instances of dangerous ophthalmia that I treated
successfully in that line afterwards — a line in which I should have continued to
fight it, were it not that I many years afterwards learned that nitrate of silver
may be so posologically adjusted as to give to its contacts a destructive, an altera-
tiveor curative, or an indifferent, force at my option. The important invention
of the applicability of nitrate of silver to all accessible superficial inflammations,
set aside the common necessity and indispensability of venesection to that degree
that might have ravished with joy and triumjih the best bleeders of the court of
Louis XIV, or of the Virgin Queen's at the courtship of the Duke D'Alenfon.
Anybody may understand this who will read Guy Patin's letters, or Botalli's
book.
If the relation of this incident should happily serve to amuse or interest the
reader as illustrating the modes of now long-gone years, we may venture to hope
that the following anecdote mav in like manner be accepted as a slight yet not
unwelcome illustration. We for our part should be very glad in the possession of
a diary filled with the whole aspects and words of the Bonds, the Jones's, the
Redmans, Kuhns, and indeed of every man who has served in the Hospital from
1755 until now.
It was in the early winter days of 1S12 that, along with a crowd of fellows
from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, as well as
the great West, we were walking the Hospital at the heels of our venerable
master, Professor Benjamin Rush. We had come out of the door of the east or
cross building in the second story and were passing now into the men's medical
ward. Dr. Rush pushed open the door and was stepping into the ward when he
suddenly stopped, and looking back upon us, the crowd, said, '■ Stop a moment,
young gentlemen, if you please ; I have an instruction to give you as we stand
here at the door." Then, pointing diagonally over the ward to its northwest
corner, he continued, " Please to look yonder, in the corner of the room where
that poor man lies who has been so long and so dangerously ill. I wish you to
note that he is now lying upon his side. Thai's all for the present. I call your
attention to the circumstance now, but purpose to explain myself more fully
when we reach his bedside in due order."
Probably not one of us had the least idea of what he meant and we continued
to press around and near him as he went from bed to bed on either side of the
ward, explaining to us the state and meaning of the symptoms and the indica-
tions, until at length we came together in the northwest corner of the ward, at
the couch of the sui)posed hopeless case of nervous fever.
The patient, ill with what in that day (so long before M. LouisI was known as
nervous, but now recognized as typhoid, fever, had been found at every successive
visit growing more and more hopelessly ill, and having been for several days pro-
foundly insensible, lying always upon the back, without power to move, led us
to expect his de.ath ; but now, when we again stood around his couch. Dr. Rush
said, " You remember, young gentlemen, th.it when we entered the ward by
yonder door, I stopped, and called your attentiou to the fact that this man was
lying on his side, as you now perceive, and this was the first time for many days.
I took it for granted that his strength was increased, as he could not have done
so else ; for a man in a low nervous fever, entirely insensible, and barely still
45.';
alive, can liy iiu iiK-ans iliaiij;i- his dorsal to a lateral <ki iiliitus. I was imuli
AcUlrtss In P''^'"'"^''li K<^"'l'-'">i^'ii. lo xl'SiTvi.- this favorable oiiieii from tliu iloor ami now yon
Dr Meijis. **''" '""' ''•'' '"'' l'"'**^' '"'• l>reatliinK, liis iinprovi-d animation, for he actually
recognizes and speaks to us, that lie is decidedly better, leading lis to expect that
the crisis is past, and that he will entirely recover ere long." The man did
recover, but we never lost any part of thai simple, undertoiied, but deep-graved
lesson in diagnosis and prognosis. If Dr. I'liysick taught us connnon sense about
sore knuckles, I>r. Rush latiglu us connnon sense on the decubitus of sick people,
on their gestures and the whole expression of the figure.
This was the way in which the good man taught us to turn " niony a pickle
into monv a niickle." The little incident fruclilied ill our intelligence for more
than fifty-five years of practice and ofltiines gui<led us, and gui<lcd us surely
and safely in the obscure and devious paths of our medical observations and
actions.
It appears to be true to say thai the hospital never has boasted herself of !ier
numerous, various, and brilliant operations in surgery, her prophetic prognoses,
or her miraculous diagnosticalions and tlieraiieutic triumphs, unless it were that
somehow the rumor got abroad that she was proud of the conservative surgery,
which if not created and carried out, was at least set ujion its plinth by Ur. J.
Rhea Barton, where we hope it may forever stand firm anil immovable.
Brief sketches of the lives and services of the members of the
Medical and Surgical Staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital from its
foundation to the present time are appended to this section. Before
taking up the biographies, it seems proper to consider briefly the
system of medical instruction and lectures at the Hospital.
The Medical ^" ''^"^ iiistory of medical education in this coimtry, the Medical
Stafl' and Staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital has played a prominent and highly
Medical honorable part.^ From the very inception of this benevolent cnter-
eaciing. p^jgg^ ^Y^^, "practice of the house" has been always held in the
highest esteem, and its value as a means of imparting instruction has
been fully recognized. The medical demonsiraiions, surgical o|)era-
tions and scientific lectures occurring within its walls, offered educa-
tional o|)portunities to medical stmlents and even to physicians of
the infant commonwealth, which were eagerly sought after, as, it
being at that time, the only place in the country where such facilities
were ofifered. Its medical library and museum, for many years, con-
tained the only considerable collection of books and of jjathological
specimens, and other suitable material for illustrating medical lectures,
to be found on this side of the Atlantic ocean.
'I'he future use of the Institution in the service of medical educa-
tion, apjiears to have been taken into consideration, as early as
April 13, 1752, when the Managers adopted a series of " Rules to be
Observed in the Choice of Physicians," in which it is stipulated
(in Article VJ) that, "Each Apprentice, or other student the Prac-
' See pages 439 /■/ seguitur.
titioners shall introduce to see the Practice of the Hospital, shall jiay
one English Guinea, or Thirty-four shillings current money, per year, The Hospital
to be laid out in Medicines." The degree of appreciation of the^e Encouraxcs
° 1 • /• 1 Medical
advantages by the j^rofession and the Managers, may be inferred Education,
from the fact that, in 1791, the Board, by formal resolution, tendered
to the President, of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, " the
use of the Books in the Medical Library of the Hospital and the
Privilege of attending the Practice of the House." Whereupon it
appears, by the correspondence, that the offer was formally accepted
by the College, with thanks.
College of Phvsichns,
December 6, 1791.
Read an extract from the Minutes of the Board of Managers of the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital, offering to tlie President of the College, for the time being, the
Use of the Books in the medical Library of the Hospital, and the Privilege of
attending the Practice of the House —
On which it was resolved, That the Secretary be directed to present the
Thanks of the College to the Managers of the Hospital for this Mark of their
polite .Attention to the College.
E.xtracted from the Minutes.
Samuel Powel Griffiths, Sfcnlaiy.
Again, in 1799, the privilege of using the Library is tendered to The use ot
" the Presidents of the University, College of Ph\sicians, Academy ""= Library
of Medicine, Medical Society and the Chemical Societv of Philadel- ' ."
' •' - privilege.
])hia," in compliance with the following formal reciuest from the
Medical Staff:
We recommend tliat the privilege of using the Library at the Pennsylvania
Hospital be given to the Presidents of the University, College of Physicians,
Academy of Medicine, Medical Society & the Chemical Society of Philadelphia,
for the time being. Subject to the Rules thereoi.
Thom.as Pakkic,
Bexj. Rush,
C. WiSTAK, Jr.NR.,
B. S. Barton,
\V. Shippen,
Philip S. Physick.
Penn'a Hosi'ITAI., June 12, 1799.
The library, it should be explained, had received some donations The Medical
and bequests of books bv physicians, but was mainly established with L't"'»''>' sup-
,.,.,,.., ,., ji ported by the
the income derived from the sale of tickets for lectures and the sums physicians,
paid by students for attending the practice of the house. The fees
from each of these were according to custom in the European hospitals,
in reality the perquisites of the medical staff; but the physicians not
only offered their gratuitous services to attend patients, but also con-
sented to lecture to students, without remuneration, (mly stipulating that
457
the fees should be devoted to tlie maintenance of a Medical Library.
A l.ir«i- and Under the judicious administration of the Managers and fostering
valuabk- ^^^^ ^f jj^^ medical staff, the Library in a short time l)ecamc the
Collection of ..,,,. , ,. , , , ^ ■ , ■
Books l"''"'^'!'^' collection of medical works of reference in this coiiniry, and
for many years subsequently it continued to be the largest individual
collection of medical books in the United States. Even at present,
it continues unique in its possession of rare and valuable works and
of many complete files of medical journals, which cannot be now
duplicated. The history of the Library has been given on another
page ; this mention is necessary in order to show its relation to medi-
cal teachini; at the Pennsylvania Hospital, to which the Library has
always been a valuable adjunct. On the other hand, no consideration
of the medical library would be com])lete without reference to the
lectures, which for a long time were delivered in the same room, and
were illustrated by the plates and models belonging to the Library
and Museum.
The first ^^ Stated at the commencement of this section, medical
Course of education in this country received its first impulse and encourage-
Leciiireson nient from the members of the medical staff of this institution.
Medicine in j-j^. 'phQp,^^ Cadwalader, the Provincial Counsellor, and afterwards
one of the ])hysicians to the Hospital, gave the first course of medical
lectures delivered in the Western hemisphere, before a cla<s of Phila-
delphia physicians and students, as already stated (page 446). One
of his hearers, Dr. William Shippen, who received his medical
training in the Province, conceived the idea of giving his own son
such superior advantages as would qualify him to continue this work
of medical teaching under better ausjjices. After completing a course
of study aliroad, Dr. William Shippen, Jr., began his ]niblic lectures
in Philadelphia in May, 1762. The lectures have become historical,
since they were the first systematic anatomical course ever given in
tliis country. It is probable, owing to Dr. Shii)]ien's predilection for
ol)stetrics, that he especially taught the ])ractical application of
anatomy to his favorite study, since Prof. T. Gaillard Thomas, in a
contribution to "A Century of American Medicine," in which he
reviews the progress of obstetrics and gynecology,' states that "in
1762 Dr. Shippen delivered a course on obstetrics." His course on
midwifery may have been sujiplementary to that on anatomy, but the
probability is that the same course of lectures is referred to under
these different titles. Atall events, Dr. William Shippen, Jr., has had
the honor assigned him of inaugurating, upon this continent, systematic
lectures upon these two, important branches of medical science.
I Supplement to the " American Journal of the Medical Sciences," Philadelphia, 1876.
458
The lectures of Dr. William Shippen, Jr., though not at first
delivered at the Hospital, were shortly afterwards, for by invitation of i^'- William
the Maragers, he attended the Museum, at stated times, "to explain ^li'PPj^". Jr.,
° , ,, * attends at
the preparations and models. ^ ^l^^^ Hospital
In order to prove the intimate connection between the Hospital Museum to
and Dr. Shippen's first course in anatomy, it is only necessary to Lecture,
recall the fact that Dr. John Fothergill, of London, (whose acquaint-
ance Dr. Shippen had made while abroad,) not only donated (July 27,
1762), the first book to the Hospital Library " for the benefit of the
young students who may attend imder the direction of the physi-
cians," but also founded the museum by his generous gift of seven
cases of anatomical drawings and casts (which were then valued at
^350). At the meeting of the Board of September nth, certain
provisional rules were adopted '* regulating admission to the Museum
and attendance at Dr. William Shippen, Jr. 's Lectures, until Dr. Fother-
gilTs desire on the subject is ascertained." Dr. Fothergill soon after,
in a letter to one of the Managers, Mr. James Pemberton, Jr., ex-
]jressed his desire and suggested that " Dr. William Shi])pen, Jr., give
a course of anatomical lectures at the Hospital, using the anatomical
drawings and casts he presented the Hospital, in demonstration. ^
It appears that it was at Dr. Shippen's suggestion that the Managers
• In the biographical sketch of Dr. William Shippen, Jr., it is noted that in 1765, Dr. Ship-
pen began a course ofleclures on midwifery to men and women both, and eslablishe<l a lying-
in-hospital, at the same time. November 17, 1S02, Dr. T. Chalkley James and Dr. Church
gave the first regular course of lectures on Obstetrics in a Medical College in thel^'niied States
and opened a lying-in ward in the Almshouse. The lying-in department of the Pennsylvania
Hospital was opened a month later.
' Dr. Fothergiirs letter is quoted to greater length in Scharf& Westcott's History of
Philadelphia. (\ 'ol. It. p. i=S6) :
" I need not tell thee that the knowledge of Anatomy is of exceeding great use to practi-
tioners in physic and surgery, and that the means of procuring suhjects with you are not easy.
Some pretty accurate anatomical drawings, about half as big as the life, have fallen into my
hands, which I propose to send to your hospital to be under the care of the physicians, and to
be by them e.xplained to the students and pupils who may attend the hospital. In the want of
rea! subjects these will have their use, atid I have recommended to Dr. Shippen to give a
course of anatomical lectures to such as may attend. He is very well qualified for the subject,
and will soon be followed by an able assistant. Dr. Morgan, both of w horn I apprehend, will
not only he useftd to the Province in their employments, but if suitably countenamcd by the
Legislature, will be able lo erect a school'of physic among you that msy draw students from
various parts of America and the West Indies, and at least furnish them with a better idea of
the rudiments of their profession than they have at present the means of acquiring on your
side of the water."
Dr. Morgan arrived two years after Dr. Shippen began his lectures, and eventually
Dr. Fothergill's hypothetical possibility became an accomplished fact, in the founding by these
accompiishetl teachers of medicine of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl-
vania, which now attracts students from various parts of America and the West Indies, in
larger numbers than the sagacious London pliysician ever dreamed of.
459
Till- M;ma-
Ki-rs acivpt
Dr. Sliippcn's
ofTtT to
atti'iul and
luctiirc ill tlie
Musi'um.
decided to treat these lectures as a source of revenue. For it is
recorded on the minutes of May 17, lyCij. that
Doct. William Sliippcn Junr. atti-mled and proposed tliat an advantaRe may
arise to the Hospital liy the .Anatomical Drawings S: casts presented by Dr. Foth-
i-r){ill. He offered his services to attend twice in a month to give some general
e.splanation thereof to such Persons who may he desirous to view them, the Board
approving ol the Doctor's Kind Intention, the following advertisement proposed
by him was agreed to be published in the Ne.xt " Gazette," viz.:
"The Generous Donation of Doctr. Fothergill of London to the I'ennsyl-
vania Hospital of a Seit of Anatomical I'aintings & Castings in plaister of I'aris
representing different views ol the several parts of the human body, being now
deposited in a Convenient Chamlier of the Hospital, as there may be many
Persons besides Students in IMiysick desirous to gain some general knowledge of
the structure of the human body.
" Dr. William Shippen Jr. proposes to attend there on the Seventh Day of the
Week the 2ist inst. at 5 o'clock P. M. and once a fortnight on the same ilay of the
week, at the same hour during the slimmer season, to ex|)lain and demonstrate to
such persons who are willing to give a Dollar each for the benefit ol the
Hospital."
To show that this was not intended as an e.xchisive priviiefje, the
Managers adopted the following general regulation :
Any Professor of .Anatomy being desirous to exhibit lectures, he is to apply to
the .Managers in attendance for Liberty.
In order to limit the attendance upon the lectures and demon-
strations to those who would be most likely to ])rofit liy them, the
following rule was adopted at the same meeting:
.All pupils attending lectures are to pay a pistole each.
As a number of " Students in Physic" were observed to be
attending the wards at the time of the attending jihysicians' visits
" with a view to imiirove themselves in experience," the M.magers
resolved (May 10, ivC),^) that
It is the unanimous opinion ul the Hoard that such ol them at Uasl who are
not apprentices to the Physicians of the House, should pay a proper Gratuity for
the Benefit of the Hospital for their jiriviledge, the consideration of Stipulating
the sum is referred to the next board after consulting w'tli y'e Physicians.
Students The minutes of the following meeting (May 31, 1765,) contain
required to a letter from the attending Physicians, which e.xhibits their disinter-
pay for estednessand liberality iri a very honorable light and at the same time
Privileges. |,fQ^.^.s j}^^^^ [j^gy „.gre fully conscious of what was due to their profes-
sional standing and dignity. The meeting evidently was the first one
after the Annual Election of Managers and Physicians:
51110 2.sih, 176).
It appears that the Physicians chosen were informed thereof and have agreed
to undertake the Service this year. .A Copy of the Minuleoriasl board respecting
460
tlif Students who attt-iul tin- w;ii<ls at tin- tinu- ul tin- visitiiiK tlic Patients having
been coninuinirated to them : Doctr. Thomas Bond an<l Dr. Cadw. Kvans now
attended and Informed The board that the several Physkians have met & con-
sidered the same & committed tlieir Sentiments tlureim to writing wliic li they
delivered & was read, it being as follows, viz. :
Pim.ADA., May 31st, 1763. physicians
Upon considering the Minute of tlie Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital recommend
made the loth of 5 mo. 1763, relative to those Stu<lents who attend the Wards of ^.],^fg{„g
said Hospital, It is our Opinion tliat each Student who is not an Apprentice to c;(„jents a
one of the Physicians attending the House shall pay si.x Pistoles as a Gratuity for j^^atuity to
that Priviledge That the Managers & Doctors in Attendance for the time being f^unj ;,
shall be the judges who are proper to be admitted or refused, .^nd further, as the ]vI(.,li(.;^|
Custom of most of the Hospitals in (ireat Britain has given such Gratuities to j jij^ary.
the I'liysicians and Surgeons attending them, we think it properly belongs to us
to appropriate the Money arising from thence. And propose to apply it to the
founding a Medical Library in the said Hospital, which we judge will tend greatly
to the Advantage of the Pupils iV the Honour of the Institution.
Thos. Bond,
ThOS. CAIJWAI,.\nER,
Phineas Bond,
Cad. Evans.
After Consideration whereof tlie board agrees to the Proposal in respect to
the terms upon which Students in Physic are to be admitted to attend the wards ;
the Gratuity for which to be paid the treasurer, and in Regard to the Proposal
for a Medical Library, that such books as are purchased should be approved of
by the Managers, as likewise the manner in which they are to be lent out.
Although Dr. Shippen's anatomical lectures were given in accord-
ance with Dr. Fothergill's stiggcstion, and the plates and casts tised
to illustrate them, and the attending physicians annually delivered ^'■»i'^ge''s
, 1 11 /-I attend
lectures m the wards to the students attendmg the practice of the p^. ^^^^y^
house, it was not until 1766, that the suggestion was made to the First Intro-
Managers by Dr. Thomas Bond, that a regular course of clinical ductory
lectures at the Hospital should be instituted. In order to secure his '-^•<""'e.
point, Dr. Bond, it seems, very judiciously invited the Managers to
meet at his house to hear his " Essay on the Utility of Clinical
Lectures." Their consent appears to have been secured, since Dr.
Bond delivered his Introductory Lecture to a course of clinical
observations, a copy of which was subsequently presented to the
Managers and deposited in the Library.'
^ That the lectures were a source of considerable revenue to the Institntion is evident
from some of the occasional entries which appear from time to time in the mitultcs of the
Board of Managers. For instance, Ftbruary 23, 1801, it is recorded that " Tlie Medical Fuiui
is to be charged with finishing and furnishing the Apothecary shop in Ihe south-east room of
the Centre building. The proceeds of lectures lo be given by Dr Physick to be appropriated
for the same purpose " January 3, 1S05, " I'bc Physicians recommend the finishing of Ihe
circular room and two private rooms adjoitring it: towards completing wliich they agree that
I300 per annum shall be appropriated for the next four or five years out of the Medical Fund."
February 27, tSo4, the Building Commitice repiint-il that "the 3d floor circular room hati
461
The Managers were forinall) invited to attend theo|)ening lecture
of Dr. Bund's course, and liked the discourse su well that they
ordered it to l;e inscribed at length upon the minutes.
(In llic 26tli of tin.- I all Miiiilh 1766, in pursiiiuiif of tlie Siinunoiis of the-
silting .Maiiagi-rs, all llii- iiiaiiaj;iTs (i-xcept Uaiiii-1 Robtrdeau & John Miase) nu-t
at tlif house of Dr. Thomas Hond toKethi-r with the followiuK Physicians, viz. :
Dr. Thomas Bond, IJr. Cadwaladi-r, IJr. Shippun, Dr. Redman, Dr. Kvans. And
Doctor Thomas Bond read in our i>resence an Kssay on the " I'tility of Clinical
Lectures, and a plan for e.xecuting the same for the benefit of the Students in
Physic, and promoting the Kood purposes of this Institution ; " which is ordered
to be inserted on tile Minutes of this Board, beinj; as follows, viz. :
Or Thos When I consider the unskilful hands the Practice of Physic & Surgery has of
Bond's In- "ecessity been Committed to, in many parts of America, it gives me pleasure to
trodii t rv '"■'''"''' *" many Worthy Young Men, training up in those professions, which,
, , ._ ' from the nature of their Objects, are the most inttristiiig to the Communitv, and
1-ecture. ^ '^ - '
yet a great pleasure in foreseeing, that tile iinparalled public Spirit, of the Good
People of this Province, will shortly make Philadelphia the Athens of America,
and Render the Sons of Pennsylvania, reputable amongst the most celebrated
Europeans, in all the liberal .Arts and Sciences. This I am at present certain of,
that the institutions of Literature & Charity, already fouiuled, Jt the School of
Physic lately open'd in this City alTord Sufiict. Foundation for the Students
of Physic to accjuire all the Knowledge necessary for their practising every
Branch of their professions, respectably, and Judiciously.
The great E.vpeiici.- in going from America, to Europe, & thence from Country
to Country, & Colledge to Colledge, in (Juust of Medical (Qualifications, is often a
Barr to the ciiltivation of the Brightest (ieniuses amongst us, who might other-
wise be Morning Stars in their jirofessions, & most useful Members of Society.
Besides every Climate i>roduces Diseases peculiar to itself, wliich re<|uire
experience to understand and Cure ; & even the Diseases of the several Seasons
in the Same Countrv, are found to differ so much some Years, from wh.at they
were in others, that Sydenham, the most Sagacious Physician that ever lived,
acknowledged that he was often ditTiculted au<l much mistaken in the treatment
of Epedemics for sometime after their appearance.
No Country then can be so proper for the instruction of Youth in the Knowl-
edge of Physic, as that in which 'tis to be practised ; where the precei>ts of never
failing Experience are handed down from Father to Son, from Tutor to Pupil.
That this is not a Speculative opinion, but real Matter of Fact, may be
proven from the Savages of America, who without the assistance of Literature
have been found possessed of Skill in the Cure of Diseases incident to their
Climate, Superior to tlie Regular bred, and most learned Physicians, S: that from
their discoveries the present practice of Physic h.as been enrich'd with some of
the most valuable Medicines now in use.
been 5iiished for some time and Lectures have been fi^iven and one operation performed
therein." A Ihousand dollars was appropriated from the Muclical Fund for this imprnvc-
ment in the means for imparting instruction at the Hospital, bill some other appropriations
from Ibis Fund had liule if any connection with either lectures or students. March 25. 1811.
Ibe east lot was fiiiisbcd with railiiiRS, and a niontb later, the whole square cast of the
Hospital was fenced in, an<l that pait of Ibe fence on Ktelitb Street, (except atiout i?o feel) was
charged also to Ibe Me<li< al Fund. The Rreatest indivi<hial dralt on the Fund was that of
528,000 for the Clinical .\nit»hilhealre, erected in 1868. while Ibe Library has iteeii established
and supported also from Ihis Fund until the present lime.
462
Therefore from Principles of Patriotism and Humanity, the Physic School
here, should meet all the protection and Encouragement, the Friends of their
Country, & Well Wishers of Mankind can possibly give it. Though 'tis yet in its
Infancy from the Judicious Treatment of it's Guardians, it is alrcadj' become A
forward Child, & has the promising appearance of soon arriving to a Vigorous Sc
Healthful Maturity. The Professors in it at present are few ; but their depart-
ments include the most Essential parts of Education ; Another, whose dis-
tinguish'd Abilities will do honour to his Country and the Institution, is E.\pected
to join them in the Spring ; .\nd I think he has little Faith who can doubt that
so good an undertaking will ever fail of .Additional Strength, & a Providential
Blessing. And I am Certain nothing would gfve me so much pleasure, as to have
it in my Power to contribute the least mite towards it's perfect Establishment.
The Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, is well Qualified for the Task ;
his Dissections are Accurate and Elegant, & his Lectures, Learned, Judicious,
& Clear.
The Professor of the Theory & Practice of Physic has had the best opportu-
nities of improvement, join'd to Genious & application, & cannot fail of giving
Necessary & instructive Lessons to the Pupils.
The Field this Gentleman undertakes is very E.xtensive, & has many difficul-
ties which may mislead the Footsteps of an uncautioned Traveller, therefore
Lectures, in which the different Parts of the Theory & Practice of Physic are
Judiciously classed and systematically e.xplain'd, will prevent many Perple.\ities
the Student would otherwise be Embarrassed with, will unfold the Doors of
Knowledge, and be of great use in directing & abridging his future Studies, Vet
there is something further wanting, he must Join E.xamples with Study, before he
can be sufficiently qualified to prescribe for the Sick ; for Language & Books
alone, can never give him Adequate Ideas of Diseases, & the best methods of
Treating them. For which reasons Infirmaries are Justly reputed the Grand
Theatres of Medical Knowledge.
There, the Clinical professor comes in to the .Aid of Speculation & demon-
strates the Truth of Theory by Facts : he meets his Pupils at stated times in the
Hospital, And when a case presents adapted to his purpose, he asks all tliose
Questions which lead to a certain knowledge of the Disease, & parts Affected,
this he does in the most exact and particular manner, to convince the Students
how many, & what minute Circumstances are often necessary to form a judgment
of the Curative indications, on which, the Safety & Life of the Patient depend,
from all which Circumstanees and the present Symptoms, he pronounces what
the Disease is, whether it is Curable or Incurable, in what manner it ought to be
treated, and gives his reasons from Authority or E.\perience for all he says on
the Occasion ; and if the Disease baffles the power of Art, and the Patient falls a
Sacrifice to it, he then brings his knowledge to the Test, & fi.ves Honour or
discredit on his Reputation by e.\posing all the Morbid parts to View, and Demon-
strates by what means it produced Death ; and if perchance he finds something
unsuspected, which betrays an Error in Judgment, he like a great & good .Man.
immediately acknowledges the mistake, and, for the benefit of survivors, points
out other methods by which it might have been more happily Treated ; — Thelattir
part of this P'ield of Tuition is the surest method of obtaining just Ideas of
Diseases. The great Boerhaave was so attentive to it, that he was not only
present at the opening of Human Bodies, but frequently attended the Slaughter
Houses in Leyden, to E.xamine the Carcases of Beasts ; and being asked by a
learn'd Friend, by what means he had acquired such uncommon Certainty in the
Diagnostics and Prognostics of Diseases, answered by " e.xamining dead Bodies,
463
Dr. Thos.
Bond's In-
troductory
Lecture.
Ilotul's In-
troiiuclory
I.i'ctiirf.
studying; Sytlt'iiliain's (jhsi-rvatinns, ami HoiK-tus's SipiiK lir* turn Anatninicntn,
_ _,, l«)tli wliici) lif hatl nail tin tiiius S: laili tinu- witli i;riatir pliaMirf. S: impnivc-
ini-iit.
But to Kivc you niori.' faniiliar iiistancis of tlii' I'lility of this practicr, let me
rt'inind st-veral of You. wlio wltl- pri'si'iit last Kail at the opening two Bodies.
(">ne of which died of .Astnialic roniplaints, the other of a Phrenzy succeeded by
a I'alsey, and ask you whether anything short of ocular deinonstr.atiou : rou'd
have given you just Ideas of the causes of the Patient's IJeath, in one we saw a
dropsy in the left sitle of the Thora.x, an<l a curious Polypus with its growing
Kimbria; of 14 Inches in length (now in the Hospital) extending from the Ven-
tricle of the Heart, far beyond the Bifurcation of the Pulmonary Artery, in the
other we found the Brain partly separated and the Ventricle on the opposite side
to that artected with the Paralysis, distended by a large Quantity of Limpid
Serum ; and you must Remember, that the state of all the Morbid parts were pre-
dicted, before they were exposed to View : which may have a further .Advantage,
by rousing in you an imiustrious pursuit after the most hidden causes of all the
Affections of the Human Body; and convince you what injury they do to the
living, who oppose a decent, painless, and well timed examin.'ition of the Oead-
Thus all the professors in the best Kuropean CoUedges, go hand in hand, and
cooperate with each other by regvdar chains of Reasoning & occasional demon-
strations, to the satisfaction & improvement of the Students.
But more is required of us in this late settled World, where new Diseases often
occurr, and others common to many Parts of H;uro|)e visit us too frequently, which
it behoves the Guardians of Health, to be very watchful of, that they may know
them well, and by an hearty Union, & Brotherly conununication of observations
investigate their causes, & check their progress. The Task is arduous, but 'tis a
Debt we owe to our Friends and our Country. The Atmosphere that Surrounds
us is fine, and the Air we breathe, free, pure, and Naturally healthy, & I am fully
persuaded we shall find on strict enquiry, when it becimies otherwise, 'tis mostly
from Contagion imported, or neglected Sources of Putrefaction, amongst our-
selves, and therefore whenever we are able to demonstrate the Causes, they may
be removed and the Effects prevented.
Our Fathers after insuring to us the full enjoyment of the inestimable bless-
ings of Religious & Civil Liberty, have settled us in a Country that afiords all the
real comforts of life, and given us the prospect of becoming one day, a great and
happy People, and I know only one Objection to a prudent Man's giving NORTH
.AMF.RIC.A the preference to any other part of the British dominions for the place
of his residence, which is, that the Climate is sometimes productive to severe
Epidemic Diseases in the Summer .S: Fall : the Country is otherwise free from
those tedious & dangerous Fevers which frequently infest most |)arts of Europe.
The last wet Summer and a short space of hot dry Weather in Autumn, caused
so many Intermittents from the Southern suburbs of this City all the way to
Cieorgia, that I may venture to assert two-thirds of the inhabitants were not able
to do the least Business for many Weeks, and some families, & even Townships
were so distress'd that they had not well persons suflTicient to attend the Sick,
<luring which Time this City was unusually Healthy, how respectable then wou'd
be the Characters of those Men, who shoul'il wipe this Stain out of the American
Escutcheon & rescue their Country from such frequent calamities.
Sufficient encouragement to make the attempt, is fimnd lx>th in History, the
Books of Physic, and our own ICxpcrience. Several instances were recorded of
places that were so sickly, as to be uninhabitable, until Princes have ordered
their Physicians to search into the causes of their Unhealthiness, and having
<liscover'd and removed them, made thereby valuable additions to their
464
Kingdoms. Was not our Antient & Great Master, Hippocrates, so knowing in
the cause of Pestilential Contagion, as to foresee an approaching Plague, and Dr. Tlios.
send his Pupils into the Cities to take care of the Sick, & has not HE, and Bond's In-
Sydenham the English Hippocrates, done infinite Service to the healing Art, and troductory
gained immortal Honors to themselves, by their Essays on Epidemics in which Lecture,
they not only accurately describe the Diseases of their Respective Countries, but
show the depraved constitution of the Air which produced each of them. Our
own E.xperience also affords much Encouragement : when I first came into this
City the Dock was the common Sewer of Filth, & was such a Nuisance to the
inhabitants about it, every Fall, that they were obliged to use more pounds of
Bark, than they have Ounces since it has been raised, and levell'd. Another
striking instance of the ."Vdvantage of Cleanliness for the preservation of Health,
affords me an Opportunity of paying a Tribute, justly due, to the Wisdom of the
Legislature of this Province, in framing the Salutary Laws for paving & regula-
ting the streets of this City, & to the indefatigable industry & Skill of the
Commissioners in e.xecuting them, whereby they have contributed so much to the
Healthiness of the Inhabitants, that I am confident the whole E.xpence will be
repair'd in ten Years, by the lessening of Physic Bills alone. A Farm within a
few miles of this City was remarkably healthy for Fifty Years, whilst the Tide
overflow'd the Low Lands, near the dwelling House, but after they were Bank'd
by Ditches so ill contrived that they often did not discharge the Water that fell
into them for a considerable time, & until it became putrid, and thereby rendered
the place as remarkably Sickly, as it had before been healthy, I was told by a
Gentleman of Veracity that he saw the Corps of One of Nine tenants that had
been carried from it in a k\v Years.
The Yellow Fever, which I take to be exactly the same distemper as the
Plague of Athens, described by Thucydides, has been five different times in this City
since my residence in it ; the causes of three of them I was luckly able to Trace,
& am certain they were the same, which produced a Gaol Fever in other Places,
& am of opinion the difference betwixt the appearance of these Fevers, arises
from the climate, & the different state the Bodies are in when they Imbibe the
Contagion; if so, the Same methods which are taken to prevent a Gaol Fever,
will equally prevent a Yellow Fever ; 'Twas in the Year Forty One, I first saw
that horrid Disease which was then imported by a Number of Convicts from the
Dublin Gaol. The second time it prevailed it was indigenous from Evident
causes, & was principally confined to One Square of the City. The third time it was
generated on Board of Crowded Ships in the Port, which brought in their Passen-
gers in Health, but soon after became very Sickly. I here saw the appearance of
Contagion like a Dim Spark which gradually encreased to a Blaze, & soon after
burst out into a terrible Flame, carrying Devastation with it, and after continuing
two Months was extinguished by the profuse Sweats of Tertian Fevers, but this
is not the ordinary course of the Contagion, 'tis usually check'd by the Cool
Evenings in Septem'r and dies on the Appearance of an October Frost.
I lately visited an Irish Passenger Vessel, which brought the People perfectly
healthy untill they came in our River. I found five of them III, and others
Unwell, & saw that the Fomes of infection was spreading among them. I there-
fore ordered the Ship to lay at Quarantine, to be well purified with the Steams of
Sulphur, & with Vinegar, directed the Bedding & Cloatliing of the People to be
well wash'd & Air'd, before any person should be permitted to Land out of her,
after which I advised separating the Sick from the Health}'. This was done by
putting twelve in different Rooms in one House, & fourteen in another, out of the
City, the conveniences of the two Houses were much the same, in one of them
little care was taken of the Sick, who were laid upon the same foul beds, they
465
(contrary to orders) brouKl't on Shore with them ; the consequence was, that all
Dr. Thos. the Family catch'il the tlistemper, it the Landlord Died. In the other my direc-
Bond's In- tions were Strictly observed, the Sick had clean Cloathes, & clean Bedding, were
troductory well attended and soon Recovered, without doing the least Injury to any person
Lecture, that visited them ; which confirms observations I had often made before, that the
Contagion of Malignant Fevers lies in the Air confinetl & corrupted, by a neglect
of Rags & other filth about the Helpless Sick, & not from their Bodies.
As each of these heads, shall be a Subject of a future Lecture, I shall at
present only mention to you further, a few of those Methods which have preserved
Individuals from prevailing diseases.
The inhabitants of Ilispaniola have found the wearing Flannel Shirts to be a
preservative against Intermitting Fevers in that sickly Island, & as that Disease
is known to arise principally from inhaling a great Quantity of the Humidity of
the Air, I make no doubt 'twould also be of use in preventing them in our low,
moist, level Countries.
We know that the Bark of Sassafras contains many Kxcellent Medicinal Vir-
tues, my Worthy Friend Mr. Peter Franklin, told nie that he being in the Fall of
the Year, in the River Nantikoke in Maryland, & on seeing the People on Shore
much afflicted with Intermitting Fevers, advised the Marriners of the Ships to drink
freely, by way of prevention, of that Aromatic and Antiseptic Medicine, but
cou'd not prevail on more than half the company to do it, & that he & all the
others who took it, enjoy'd perfect Health, whilst not a single Person of the rest
escaped a severe attack of the Epidemic Disease, I have known other similar
Instances, which 'tis needless to mention, since this is remarkably pertinent.
But I have many reasons to expect that a more agreeable & equally certain
preventive against our Autumnal Fevers, will be found in Sulphures Chalybeate
Waters, which may readily be i)rocured in most parts of America, especially
where those Diseases are most |>revalent. A Spring of this Kind at Gloucester
within a few Miles of this Place has been much used of late, and has been so very
serviceable to Invalids, it has the appearance of being a valuable Conveniency to
the City. Persons under various Diseases took Lodgings in the Village the last
Season, for the advantage of drinking the Waters at the Fountain head, & though
the Fall was more sickly than has been known in the Memory of Man, not one,
who went there for health, nor any one of the Inhabitants near the Spaw, who
drank it freely, had a touch of the prevailing Disease, whilst a Major part of
those that did not, had more the appearance of Ghosts than living Creatures.
There were two Houses, the Habitations of Father & Son, within twenty Feet of
each other, the Family of the father had suffered greatly from Intermitting Fevers
the preceeding Fall. & some of them continued Invalids 'till the middle of Sum-
mer, when they were prevailed on, to take the Waters, after which they daily
recovered Health, Bloom, & Vigour, & pass'd the sickly Season without a Com-
plaint, whilst scarcely a person in that of the Son, who did not take them, escaped
a severe Illness. 'Tis well known from experience that Mineral Waters are not
only the most Palatable, but the most Salutary parts of the Materia Medica, &
that the Effect of those which are pure & properly impregnated with Chalybeate
Principles, Strengthen digestion, brace & counteract the Summers Sun, dilute a
thick putrid Bile, I the instrument of Mischief in all Hot Climates) and immed-
iately wash away putrefaction through the Emunctories of the Bowels, Skin, or
Kidneys, and therefore appear to be natural preservatives against the Effect of
an hot, moist & putrid Atmosphere. Whether these Waters will answer my
sanguine Expectations or not, must be left to the Decision of Time. If they
should be found wanting, that ought not discourage our further pursuit, lor since
providence has furnish'd every Country with defences for the Human Bodies,
466
against the inclemencies of Heat & Cold, why shou'd we Question whether infinite
Wisdom & Goodness has made equal Provision against all other natural injuries Dr. Bond's
of our Constitutions ; Experience and Reason, encourages us to believe it has, & Lecture
that the means migiit be discovered by diligent investigation were our researches Concluded,
equal to the Task, the above instances are therefore related to convince you, that
the prevention of some of the Epidemic diseases of America is not only a laud-
able & rational Pursuit, but is more within the limits of human precaution than
has generally been imagined, & to excite your particular attention to the improve-
ment of this Humane & interesting part of your profession, in which, & all other
useful undertakings, I most sincerely wish you Success.
I am now to inform you. Gentlemen, that the Managers & Physicians of the
Pennsylvania Hospital, on seeing the great number of you attending the School
of Physic in this City, are of opinion, this e.\cellent institution likewise afiords a
favourable opportunity of farther improvement to you in the practical part of
your Profession, & being desirous it should answer all the good purposes
intended by the generous Contributors to it, have allotedto me the Task of giving
a course of Clinical, & Meteorological Observations in it ; which I chearfully
undertake (though the Season of my Life points out rela.xation and retirement,
rather than new Incumbrances, ) in hopes, that remarks on the many curious
Cases that must daily occurr, amongst an Hundred S: thirty Sick persons, col-
lected together at one time, may be very instructive to You. I therefore purpose
to meet }"OU at stated times here, & give you the best information in my Power of
the nature & treatment of Chronical Diseases, and of the proper management of
Ulcers, Wounds & Fractures, I shall show you all the Opperations of Surgery, &
endeavour, from the Experience of Thirty Years to introduce yon to a Familiar
acquaintance with the acute diseases of your own Country, in order to which, I
shall put up a compleat Meteriological Apparatus, & endeavour to inform you of
all the known Properties of the atmosphere which surrounds us, & the effects its
frequent variations produce on Animal Bodies, and confirm the Doctrine, by an
Exact register of the Weather, of the prevailing Diseases, both here, & in the
Neighbouring Provinces, to which I shall add, all the interesting observations
which may occurr in private practice, & sincerely wish it may be in my power to
do them to your Satisfaction.
Dr. Thomas Bond, seems to have always been successful in Lectures,
attracting students to his lectures. On December 29, 1766, the sitting
Managers informed the Board that Dr. Bond
Has regularly read his Clinical Lectures, agreeable to his Projjosal, and that
a number of students attend on the occasion, a List of whose names is kept by
the Steward.
On April 2, 1770, tlie minutes contain a reference to certain
students who evidently were trying to evade the payment of the fee.
A number of students having attended the lectures, who had not
conformed with the regulations, the physicians were desired to lay
before the Board, at the next meeting, an exact list of the names of
all the students who attend lectures given in this house and of the
pupils who attend them on other occasions. This was to enforce the
rules which required that each student should pay a fee before being
permitted to attend the lectures. It was also ordered that no student,
hereafter, be admitted without a certificate.
467
Ill 1774, the value iiflhe clinical lectures having been fully estab-
lished, the Managers decided to raise the fee to _;^5, to be collected
from "all students attending lectures, &:c., not ajjprentices to physi-
cians."
TIk- A])ril 28, 1783, the minutes state that the Monthly Committee
ManaKirs reported " that they confer'd with the attending Physicians, on the
' , . . ' complaint made by the Managers of the House of Emplovmeni
Physicians i j o 1 .
inay imt against the fee of three pounds ten shillings, charg'd in certain Cases
charge for at the Aims-House by two of the Doctors — which being again taken
attendance jf,tQ Consideration, the Managers ' Resolve, that in such instances,
'' . .!'" r," '' the Physicians of this House are not entitled to, and therefore should
at the Alms ■' '
House, "ot demand any fees, or reward for their Services.' "
This resolution was the cause of the retirement of Dr. Morgan
from the staff, as will be seen from the following letter :
Phii-a., May 24, 17S3.
To THE Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital :
Genllfmcn. — Your approbation in having elected me, for so many years, one
of the physicians of this Institution, demands my grateful acknowledgments.
With pleasure I look back to its origin, so honourable to its founders and
through the kindness of Providence smiling on your labors, no less salutary to
the sick, who have been received into it, than beneficial to the Community. The
blessing of many who have been ready to perish cannot fail to attend, and your
benevolent Hearts to be filled with satisfaction, when you behold the good etTects
of such disinterested Heaven-born Charity.
My Constant exertions to promote the laudable designs of this generous
undertaking, and in Conjunction with you to uphold its declining interest, by
procuring it new friends and enlarging the number of its subscribers in the worst
of Times, as well as in stirring up the friends of Medical Knowledge and Litera-
ture, to extend its advantages to the Rising Generation, and thereby to establish
its Usefulness, on a broad, solid and lasting foundation, will, I hope, be accepted
by you, as the utmost services in my power to afford. .
To these offices, my country-men and Fellow-citizens — to these, the Respect-
able Managers of the Institution ; to these every real object of Charity had an
undoubted claim, and most affectionate welcome from me.
But I beg leave to remark th.it in whatever light I view the resolution o(
your board on the 28th ulto. in respect to certain .Mms-House P.itients (I speak
it with the utmost deference to the Purity of Intentions and Supreme Wisdom of
the Managers) it appears to me to be both impolitic and injurious to the original
design of this excellent Charity, as well as incongruous with the Sentiments of
the Founders, and especially of the first Ph\'sicians of the Hospital, which I
always supposed were to perform Acts of Charity to Objects and Cases of
Charity. I never imagine they meant to subject themselves or their Colleagues
and Successors in office, to the Extra-Jurisdiction of men, whether in i)ublic or
private stations, who have no authority over them ; not that they came under
any obligation to devote their time and attention to the Cure of Diseases brought
on by Concupiscence, without fee or reward, which in my humble opinion tends
rather to the growth than diminution of Immorality. If I am not misinformed
that resolution took its rise from persons not belonging to your Board, who have
468
Resignation
of Dr. John
Morgan.
Dr. Morgan's
Letter to the
Managers.
no claim to the Services of the Hospital Physicians in behalf of those committed
to their charge; and who have and e.xercise the power of nominating, and of
paying a Ph>sician for that Duly, whose place thereby becomes a lucrative
Sinecure ; and whilst one set of Gentlemen perform the Services, without
thanks, emolument or honor, another reaps the fruit of their labors.
That this regulation should he adopted on taking only the opinion of the two
attending Physicians, without any regard paid to the judgment of the rest, on
what regards the honor and interest of each other, present of future, equally with
theirs, will not permit me, consistently with my sense of propriety, to act longer
in that Station. In any Institution that looks for support from all, every Physician
has an equal right to be consulted in regards the Faculty.
As I have no right, nor confidence to ask, the Managers of this Institution
should, on my differing in opinion, recede from a measure they have seen proper
to adopt, I will not attempt for a moment to divert them from their determina-
tion ; for although I do not willingly yield to any person in my Inclination to
serve you and to promote the good of the Undertaking, I readily resign my place
to others whose views are more conformable to your sentiments.
I shall ever revere you as Gentlemen who are engaged in the greatest and
noblest pursuits, that of seeking to relieve the calamities of our fellow creatures ;
therefore deserving the applause of the public, and commanding my sincere
Veneration, in any other way. and by every other means, I shall cheerfully con-
tribute to promote your designs, to the utmost of my power, and I trust to the
end of ray life.
I remain Gentlemen, your respectful Friend and Fellow-Citizen,
John Morg.vn.
The Managers accepted this a.s Dr. Morgan's resignation from
the Medical Staff and proceeded to elect his successor.
Dr. John Foulke applied (November 24, 1783) for the use of
one of the upper rooms of the Elaboratory to e.vhibit lectures on
" Chirurgical and Physical subjects during the season," which was
granted.
The lectures of Doctors Physick, Rush and Bond attracted large
classes of students. April 27, 1767, the Managers record on their
minutes the following :
Cash received of Doctor Thomas Bond, which he received of si.xteen students
attending his Clinical Lectures 6 months at half a Guinea Each ^13 12s.
Dr. Bond also donated a set of meteorological apparatus " for
observation of the weather and kee])ing an e.xact account of e])idemic
Diseases."
To THE Board of Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital.
Genllemen : — A considerable Number of hopefid students in Physic gave Pommunica-
such attention to the Practice of the Hospital last Year, and showed such Desire jj^^ from
of Improvement, that I. and others of my Brethren were induced to embrace p^ Thomas
several favourable Opportunities of giving them clinical observations for their g^mj
Instruction, in which we pointed out the Nature, Cau.se and Cure of the Diseases
so much to their Satisfaction, that they, and the Professors of the Physic School
have requested the Lectures may be continued this Winter, which, after consulting
Increasing
.Attendance
upon the
Clinical
Lectures.
469
and obtaining a Promise i>f Assistance from my lluspital lirdlirun, I have
Letter to promised them. Tlie Hospital is the properesl Place fur doiiiK it in, and I think
the Mann- such a Course would he reputable to the Institution and answer other nood Pur-
sers from poses ; 1 therefore rec|uest the liberty to put up a MeteoroloKical Apparatus in
Dr. Bond. (1,^. picture Room for keeping a Register of tlie Weather and an exact account of
the Kpideniic Diseases, thereby caused in this country. A Neat Copy of which,
with an account of all the curious cases which present in the lIos|>ital, I will
annually deposit in the Library for the Perusal of Posterity. I further request
you would appoint some Day this Week to see the Plan intended and give us your
Opinion of it in which you will oblige.
Your respectful Humble Servt.
Thos. Bond.
November 24, 1766.
The Minute of November 26, 1 766, referring to tliis is as follows :
That a Meteorological Apparatus maybe fixed in the room where the Anatomi-
cal PaintiuKS & Casts are deposited, ct it is recommended to the Doctors to employ
some careful & Skillful person to take down observations on the State of the Air
& Weather and duly to register the same. ' And inasmuch as the exhibiting
these Lectures judiciously performed is allowed will be an Additional improve-
ment for the Benefit of the Students in Physic, it is Agreed that each Student
attending them (except such who are Subject to the payment of the Six Pistoles
heretofore agreed to be i)aid for their attending the Wards) shall pay to the sitting
Managers or the Treasurer one Guinea P Annum for the Priviledge of attending
them & the Money arising from thence shall be apply'd towards establishing &
I)romoting the Medical Library.''
Certificate of The following is the form of a Certificate which was originally
Students who given the students in acknowledgment of their having completed the
Completed ^^^^^ ^f attendance upon the Hospital. It was drawn up by
their term of
attendance ^'- ^ '^OS. Bond:
in ospita . Amongst the Advantages arising from a collection of many Sick Persons into
one Place that of affording thereby an Opportunity to the Students in T"liysic &
Surgery of being acquainted with the Nature and Symptoms of Diseases and
being instructed in the regular method of treating them by Pliysik, Diet, manual
Operations, &c. is of great Im|)ortance to the Public, for which Reason we, the
Managers & Physicians in attendance of the Pennsylvania Hospital think it our
Duty to countenance and encourage young men in the Prosecution of their studies
there, all in our Power and to give them such Credentials of Conduct as we think
they justly merit ; In consequence of our Resolution :
This is to Certify that son of West Jersey,
entered regularly as pu])il of the Pennsylvania Hospital 1763 and
continued his attendance with Diligence and .•\pplication, to 1764
during which time we hope and have rea.son to believe he has made considerable
Progress in the Knowledge of Anatomy, and the Practice of Physic and Surgery,
therefore wishing Happiness and success we give from under our Hands and the
seal of the Corporation, this Testimonial of our Esteem and Approbation.
•These observations have been kept ever since, and have often been called for in Courts
o decide points in dispute, on account of their accuracy.
470
"^^"I'fi^^k^^i §ifiuuc\-i>c\\
"^■b- ''■' .."■,. ' ' ' ■ .'■- . ■ "' ..
■ w ;r i • ., ^ My „ _.,,. ^- — :- ;^|] ^^.^___.. -. ^— _.-.-__. '.:. _— ---
1 ■ ■ ■
'vi;i:.:.i^*ii:JSkiZi;
y'/,'/
^^
^
aniiL/'ifi/i^imii:
%!=::- -^
J
J
The form of Students' Certificate, conferring the right to attend
the Practice of the House, is shown in the illustration.
The following list of the members of one of the Early Clinical
Classes of the Hospital is not without interest :
Dr. Thos. Bond's List, April ii, 1770. The Clitiiral Piii>ils in 1769 are from
ye ist Novr. 1769 to ye ist of April 1770.
1. John Ireland of Maryland, pd.
2. Thos. Gaunt of Maryland, pd.
3. Robert Pottinger of Maryland, pd.
4. John Julian of Virginia, pd.
5. Tiiomas Grigory Johnson, Jamaica.
6. Robert Johnson of Philadelphia.
7. Thos. Park, Chester County.
8. William Barhet of the Jersey.
9. Marty, Chester County, pd.
10. Frederic Kheun of Lancaster, \iA.
11. Bodo Otto of the Jersey, pd.
12. William Wharton of Maryland, pd.
13. Joseph Hall of Maryland, pd.
14. Jolin Rowan of Philadelphia.
I have two apprentices but tlu-y never attend except on Duty.
They are John Rowan, Thos. Biddle.
Thos. Bond.
IJoth of the preceding letters to the Board of Managers and the
list of students are in Dr. Bond's handwriting.
471
It occasionally liappened that the Managers fell ii cxjictlicnt lo
Corrispon- enjoin ui)on the students, the propriety of decorous conduct and to
(lfii«- repeat the admonitions whenever it was thought necessary to preserve
,, cood order in the wards. On one occasion at least, the students
Managers o '
rid tlie \U-di- resented this and after laying their grievances before the visiting
cal Class. Managers, sent in a written communication to the Board. The
immediate cause of the remonstrance was the reading of the following
letter to the class by direction of the Managers :
Fcl)ruary 12, i8(>6.
The MaiKigirs prisciit tliiir best respects to Doctor Willi.im Shippeii and
inform him that with pleasure they will open the Museum under his special care
and direction for the henefit of the Medical Pupils now in the City and they hope
that every I'upil will feel interested in the preservation of this valualile deposit ot
the human frame and handle the subjects of it, if necessary to he handled, with
the greatest Care .'is many of them from their Kre.it delicacy are liable to lie
easily injured and cannot be replaced ;
In Passing to & fro throuKh the Mouse the Managers request the pupils to
conduct themselves quietly remembering they are in a Hospital and to act up to
the dignity of their Education and profession. And ;is the sujiport of the
Museum and Library instituted under the Patronage of the I'hysicians themselves
& by their .advisement are from the very nature of them Objects of Considerable
E.\pense ; it will be e.\pected that every pupil who has not purch.ased or is not
privileged to attend the practice of the Hospital will pay One Dollar to Doctor
Joseph Hartshorne for the Medical fund and those who have the privilege are to
produce their Certificate at the Gate. On receiving a dollar Dr. Hartshorne will
give a Certificate or ticket for Admission to all Doctor Shippen's Lectures on the
Articles of the Museum for this Season. The attending Managers further request
of Dr. Shippen that he will arrange the time of holding his Lectures so as not to
interfere with the time of the Managers visiting the House or with Doctor
Physick's Lectures therein. And if tlie Doctor will read or cause lo be read this
communication to the Young Gentlemen who propose lo attend him he will oblige
the .Sitting Managers.
JosiAH Hkwks.
E1.1.ISTON Pi;rot.
Upon receiving the [^receding communication, the students sent
the following reply :
Cfw/Z^wf';.— Being desired by the sitting Managers on Wednesday last to
bring forward this day before you what we considered as grievances, we have
selected from among them the following. Aware of the <lelicacy <)f your .Situation
We will premise that We are far from wishing to olTend and that should We err in
this it will not be the error of intention.
We wish only to State the points upon which the Students feel so universally
injured.
FIRST. — From the beginning of this Winter until now the Slu<lents have been
weekly reminded of the conduct of decorum ; — They silently overlooked these
Injuries for a while with a hope that they would cease but they have been con-
tinued ; We can draw do other Inference from their contiiuiance than th.at the
Managers suppose "blackguard" and "medical Student" synonimous terms.
In this Conclusion We are not singular. It is a received and we believe
472
a just Opinion that where so many Achnonitions are given there must still exist a
cause for them. Tliis however a part of them deny and do the Class the honor Letter to the
to say they can find no Cause of Complaint against them. Have You Laws which Managers
expressly say the Students shall have Instruction necessary for Children mingled f,.„n, ti,^
with the Advantage arising from the Hospital practice ? Or are You determined ^vicdical
at stated periods to show the class that you view them as inferior Beings and can (ji^ss
make Use of the most improper Conduct without incurring their Resentment?
SECONDLY. — The Students belonging to the class of Ur. Physick who had
no tickets to the hospital were prohibited from an Attendance to the Operation for
the large tumor on the 25th of December last. This VVe consider an Insult not
only oflered the Students but Doctor Physick, as he informed the Students in his
Introductory Lecture that the Operations in the Hospital should be performed
before them. How are We to account for this inconsistency ? You agree that
Doctor Physick has the privilege of inviting any Person to seethe Operations and
yet you request him to inform that part of his Class who had not tickets that they
could not be admitted. Perhaps Gentlemen You sujjpose our Zeal for Improve-
ment so great as to sacrifice every Consideration and submissively Acquiesce
under any Imposition for its Acquirement.
THikDLY. The Managers of the Hospital have attempted to sell us a
privilege of ."Mtending the Lectures of Dr. Shippen, a privilege We have long since
paid for, this is considered a grievance which will not be submitted to for the view
of the Museum we hold by no means indispensably necessary to the Acquirement
of a correct knowledge of Midwifery ; — The Students are not at liberty to say
they do not wish the use of the Museum but are obliged to pay the Sum demanded
or forego the advantages of Dr. Shippen's Lectures ; this We consider contrary to
the principles of Justice and are resolved unanimously not to pay the Sum
demanded. In the European Schools of Medicine if we are rightly informed the
Physicians and Surgeons are entitled to the Kmoluments arising from the attend-
ance of the Students to the Hospital, this is not the case here, the professors who
are your attending Physicians and Surgeons have given this to the Hospital, for
the establishment of a Museum and Library.
These Emoluments given you by the professors should have induced you to
have foregone the necessity of the two additional demands w^hich have given rise
to the two last mentioned Grievances.
These, Gentlemen, We lay before You as Grievances ; should they be consid-
ered such by You You will attempt an equivalent Satisfaction by a promise of
their discontinuance ; — On the contrary should You think We have no cause of
Complaint W'e the Committee are authorized in the Name of the Class to abandon
an Attendance to the Hospital as the only proper mode of securing them against
similar treatment in future ; The result of your thoughts we hope you will give
us in Writing.
Z. M.\TTHEWS,
RlCH.\KI) C. Bowi.F.s,
ROBKRT M.WO,
Joii.N Hart.
To THE MAN.\GERS.
On reading the foregoing, the following Minute was made, of
which a copy was ordered to be delivered to Doctors Rush, Physick,
and Shippen, to be read to their pupils.
473
Pknnsvi.vania IIhsimtal, February 24, 1806.
Action taken A papir williout date purporting to l>o a statenicnt of grievances signed by
by the Z. Matthews, Richard C. Bowles, Robert Mayo and John Hart in the name of the
Managers on Class of the medical Students and addressed to the Managers being deliberately
Students' considered it is agreed :
.'Communica- That Elliston Perot and Samuel Co.ates be a Committee to wait on Dr. I'hysiclc
tion. and Shippen and request them to inform their respective Classes that whatever
Construction may have been put upon the Cautions given by the Managers
respecting the observances of Good order in the House and which the Experience
of Years has proved to be necessary, the Managers never meant or inten<led to
cast a reflection upon the Students generally ; but sincerely lament that the
improper Conduct of Individuals amongst the Pupils should have given rise to a
Necessity for those Cautions and disturb the harmony which formerly subsisted
between the Managers and a respectable Class of Gentlemen whose Instruction in
Medical Science they always strove to promote by every means in their Power
and whose comfortable Accommodation in the House they have endeavoured to
provide for on every Occasion. The Managers also request that Drs. Physick
& Shippen will inform the young Gentlemen that consistently with the rules and
regulations of the Hospital they can do no other ways than keep up a clear
distinction between those pupils who acquire by purchase or other ways a right
to attend the practice of the house itc. and those who never did obtain the privi-
lege : The Grievances of the former shall always be heard and redressed if
possible.— The latter cannot complain to the Managers of violated rights which
they never possessed.
Signed by Order of a Hoard of Managers.
Samuki. Coates. Secr'y.
In this correspondence the advantage is with the Managers, but
the gentlemanly members of the Cla.ss were certainly entitled to
sympathy ; the misconduct of a few having caused all to suffer.
The only subsequent difference between the Managers and the
medical students arose many years later, when, by resolution of the
Board, women students were admitted to the regular Hospital Clinical
Lectures.
It should be remembered that for many years the clinical classes
consisted entirely of men. In the course of time, after the establish-
ment of the Woman's Medical College in Philadelphia and the legal
recognition of women graduates as regular jjhysicians, the question of
the admission of women to the privileges of attending the lectures
was necessarily forced upon the attention of the members of the Staff
' and the Managers.
The Managers, October, 1869, granted the request of the women
students, with the result shown in the following extract from the
Disturbance minutes:
durmg ^ special meeting of the Board was held November 13, 1869, in
Clinical . ,. , ... , , , ,
Lectures consequence of a serious disturbance which took place at the usual
474
Clinical Lecture, held on the 6th inst. After a free discussion the fol-
lowing was adopted : Minute
adopted with
Whereas, on October 25, 1869, the students from the Woman's Medical Col- ,
lege were authorized to attend the clinical lectures of the Hospital. And ,. , ,
Whereas, under this authority about thirty students belonging to the School conduct ot
accompanied by one of their Professors, attended the Clinic held on the5tli instant, students,
at which time a number of the male students in attendance behaved in a very
indecorous manner by hissing before the lecturer commenced the delivery of his
lecture, and after it was over, by other conduct unbecoming in any well regulated
Institution, and especially in one which has long maintained the standing of one
of the leading charities of our City and as such has enjoyed the sympatliy and
respect of our fellow citizens, therefore
Resolved, That whilst a large majority of the students took no part in this
disgraceful scene, the Managers deem it their duty to censure such as did par-
ticipate in it ; and to adopt such measure as will secure good order on future
occasions.
Resolved, That the Managers would be unwilling to deprive any student of
the important benefits to be derived from attending the clinical lectures at the
Hospital, but that this privilege can only be accorded to such as are disposed to
conduct themselves with propriety.
These resolutions were directed to be published in the daily
papers, signed by the President of the Board.
The incident referred to is concisely stated by Dr. John Forsyth
Meigs, in his address entitled, "A History of the First Quarter
of the Second Century of the Pennsylvania Hospital."
In the autumn of 1869, the Dean of the Faculty of the Female Medical College E.xtract from
applied to the Board of Managers for the admission of their students to the regular Address of
clinical courses. The Managers gave their permission on the ground that, by the 'Jr. Jonn ror-
rules of the Hospital then in use, all students of institutions recognized by the ^>''" Meigs.
State laws, were to be received to the conunon benefits of the Hospital clinical
instruction.
The women came to one of the lectures very soon after this, taking tlieir
seats in the amphitheatre in the mid.st of the regular men's class. There w.is a
scene of considerable disorder both during and after the lecture.
The event caused a good deal of agitation in the medical schools of the city,
and amongst the medical students, which extended in a slight degree to the
general public. It raised the great questions of women's rights, and of the com-
mon education of the sexes. And it showed, too, most clearly, that women were
willing, in order to obtain their end, a general medical education and a status in
the profession similar to that of men, to listen in mixed classes to descriptions of
all diseases, whether medical or surgical, and to observe any class of cases, which
might be necessary in the course of their medical education. It was a curious
and an impressive lesson, to show how long-established social habits and opinions
may be changed by the hard weight of necessity.
It was thought by many that the objection made by the medical .students, and
by the medical teachers of the old schools of the city, arose wholly from a jealous
dislike to the increased competition that might occur in the profession, should
women come to participate fully in the exercise of the medical art. I think not.
I believe the difficulty lies deeper than this. It is a psychological one, and,
strange to say, it appears to exist more decidedly in the male than in the female sex.
47.i
In the following clinical session, 1870-71, llie whole number of
Attciulance students in attendance was 206, and of these 32 were women ; whilst
"11','.". "; in the i)revioiis year, the nimiher had been coo, of which number 42
Clinical I . ' J ■
Lecturts. were women.
The matter was arranged at the meeting of the Contributors, in
May, 1871, on the |)lan of having separate clinics for the two sexes,
and, accordingly, the staff agreed to give, in addition to their regular
semi-weekly lectures to the male students, one lecture a week to the
women students.
This compromise wa.s carried out for several sessions, when the
excitement having died out, the former arrangement was restored, and
since then separate clinical instruction to women students has been
abandoned, and all the clinical lectures are now delivered before
mixed classes.
The clinical lectures instituted by Dr. Tlionias J5ond in 1766,
have been continued up to the present day, with only the temporary
interruption inseparable from the social disturbances accompanying
the War of Independence and in the incidental occupation of the
Hospital by the Colonial and British troops for their sick and
wounded. Many thousands of American physicians and successive
generations of medical students owe their medical training very
largely to the practical instruction voluntarily given by the members
of the Medical Staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital. The literature of
medical science has been enriched by numerous records of original
methods of treatment, new instruments, clinical observations upon
the effects of novel remedies and the results of operations, with
valuable medical and surgical statistics. These are contained in
innumeral)lc ])iiblished clinical lectures and contributions to journals
and are referred to in text-books on medicine and surgery used in
medical schools all over the world.
A brief review of a few of the contributions which have been
Contributions "^'^^^^ '^^ medicine and surgery, and which probably, with few excep-
to Medical tions, were first exhibited and explained to the students attending
Science by the lectures and practice of the house, may here be permitted, in spite
of its acknowledged incompleteness.
Dr. Thomas Bond devised a splint for fractures of the forearin,
which is still in use by surgeons.
Dr. Physick first recommended and ]>ractised the method of
manipulation, for the reduction of dislocations, in ])reference to
pulleys and other mechanical methods of traction. He also devised
a successful treatment of coxalgia or hip-joint disease, by rest and
immobilization of the joint, by the use of his carved sjilint. He was
476
the Medical
the first in this country to practice capillary puncture of the head for
hydrocephalus. A student of his, Dr. Harry S. Lefert, while Instruments
attendincr lectures in Philadelphia, originated the metallic suture. '"" •^I'P"'"'^'
_ , ^ , ... . .,, , ^ , tus invented
Dr. Physick is the inventor of the guillotine tonsiUotome and of tlie |^ Members
needle-forceps, which, slightly modified in form, are still in use. of the Staff.
According to the late Professor S. D. Gross, Dr. Physick introduced
the use of animal ligatures in surgery, for tying arteries after amputa-
tions, and also the practice of cutting ligatures short and permitting
The Pennsylvania Hospital Ward Dressing Carri.ige.
(The Latest, Antiseptic Model.)
them to become imbedded in the tissues and allowing them to be
absorbed. He devised a novel form of treatment of cases of ununited
fracture and successfully employed it in a patient, thus saving a
limb that otherwise would have had to be amputated.
A ward dressing carriage, introduced in 1866, was invented by
Dr. Thomas G. Morton, and at the International Exhibition, held
477
in Philadelphia, it received the honor of a certificate of award by the
IiistninK'iits, United States Centennial Commission, Se|)teml)cr 27, 1.S76.
Apparaiiis, pj. j^^^^ Sync Dorsev, in 1811, licatured the external iliacartery
tions dcvisiil '" a patient, in the surgical ward, with recovery of the case. Ihis
by MemliiTs was the first time this operation had been done in this hemisphere.
of the- Stair. Dr. J. Rhea Harton, in 1826, operated by a new and original
method for relief of anchylosis at the hip-joint, and succeeded in cor-
recting deformity and in restoring the limb to usefulness. The widely
celebrated Pennsylvania Hos])ital fracture-box and bran dressing have
also been ascribed to the practical mind of Dr. Barton. Dr. Joseph Pan-
coast made the first successful hip-joint amputation at the Hospital.
It was in a man thirty-eight years of age, with a large tumor of the
thigh ; the patient was discharged cured after forty-eight days treat-
ment in the wards.
The present method of using straps of adhesive plaster for exten-
sion and counter-extension in treatment of fractures of the thigh bone,
with the use of sandbags in the place of splints, originated in the
surgical wards of this Hospital, and was first applied by Dr. Ellerslie
Wallace, while he was a Resident Physician. In 1S72, Dr. Thomas G.
Morton devised a bed carriage, consisting of a light truck on four
wheels, upon which beds can be easily moved, and patients carried to
and from the Clinical Amphitheatre. This useful ajipliance is still
employed for this purpose (see cut).
ro —
^J^>:lv;^v^
'iSS'
i*=^
^■^'
■ V ^'\
^
The medical lectures have always illustrated the best and most
approved methods. Dr. Rush was the most prominent jjhysician of
his day and undoubtedly influenced the practice of medicine injthis
country more than any other member of his profession, either^before
478
or since his time. In his lectures and treatment " he paid very little
attention to the name of a disease and founded his treatment on its Contril)utions
nature and the conditions of the system. By this course," says '"''*-' "^'^
Prof. Bigelow', "he reduced his materia medicato a few active medi- .^j^,) Medical
cines and so prepared the way for the simplification of remedies that Science.
has been accomplislied since his day." His observations on Yellow
Fever, Cholera, Breakbone Fever, Hydrophobia, and Diseases of
Soldiers, which are still preserved, embody the views which he taught
in his lectures.
Dr. Gerhard, who, first established the essential identity of
typhoid fever as a distinct disease, was an attending physician of the
Hospital. Dr. J. K. Mitchell made many original observations,
among which is that of the occurrence of joint affections in spinal dis-
ease, which Charcot has recently so greatly extended. The use of ice
in treatment of sunstroke originated in the wards of the Pennsylvania
Hospital, being the successful treatment devised by the late Dr James
J. Levick. Anaesthetics for surgical operations by inhalation of ether,
chloroform, or nitrous oxide gas, were very promptly introduced into
the Hospital after their discovery by Wells and Morton, and are still
in daily use. In the same way, antiseptic treatment of wounds was
generally adopted, several years ago, as the practice of the House,
which is fully abreast of the best modern practice in its appliances
and treatment of the sick as well as the injured.
In the early days of the Hospital, patients were few and the Medical
Attending Physicians did not find it necessary to have skilled medical Apprentices
. ^, . , -,. .. , ., ,,-., taken into
assistants ; in the intervals of their visits, the sick were left in the .. ^ ...
' ' the Hospital
care of the matron or the nurses. Soon afterwards, the number of Service,
the sick and injured increased, as the public became acquainted with
the facilities offered by the only building especially constructed for
general hospital purposes in the province, and the Attending Physi-
cians brought with them their office students, or apprentices, to follow
the practice of the house, to apply dressings, and render other assist-
ance. The Hospital then charged a fee for each student thus admitted
to the lectures and demonstrations in order to purchase medicines and
to form a Medical Fund for the Library. In 1773, the Managers
decided to take apprentices to live in the house, in order to learn the
art of medicine, as there was no Medical College in the country
at that time. To the former class of students, the Managers had
been in the habit of giving a certificate at the termination of the term,
signed by the Managers and Medical Staff, testifying to the faithful
* Century of American Medicine, Journal of the Medical Sciences, Phila.,Jan. 1876.
479
performance of duties, and the com[)lction of the course of studies.
Mtcli.ai In the latter cases, an actual indenture was drawn up, by which the
Apprcimcc-s friends of the apjirentice regularly bound him to serve the Hospital
and Students. . .,,^ .»» ^l-
for a period of five years, the Managers on their part agreeing to
instruct him in the art of medicine, etc. (See indenture opposite.)
On leaving the Hos])ital service, the young man had a suit of
" cloathes " and an engrossed certificate, if he completed his engage-
ment satisfactorily. Besides the apprentices, there were occasionally
other resident pupils, and, as the work in the wards was not sufficient
to entirely occui)y them, the Board atlemjited to utilize their time in
preparing medicines for the house and out-|)atient department. This,
however, was soon found to be impracticable and it was decided to
engage a skilled apothecary for this work.
As already stated the Managers at first accepted the services
of medical students, who acted as assistants to the Attending Physi-
cians and Surgeons. Subsequently these resident students were made
regularly indentured apprentices. After the establishment of the
Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, the a|)pren-
tices attended lectures w'hile serving the Hospital and usually graduated
before their term as apprentices had expired. Very many of these
young men, after graduation, took a tour abroad and visited the
hos|)itals of England and Scotland, or of France and Germany, and
upon their return iiome were subsequently honored by election to the
Attending Medical Staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital. Since the
year 1824, the rule then adopted has been strictly enforced, requiring
Residents to be graduates in medicine previous to entering upon their
duties in the Hospital.
In addition to their duties in the wards the early resident phy-
Rfsidciit sicians were also liable to be called upon to visit cases wishing admis-
Physiciaiis sion into the Hospital, at their own homes, in order to determine
whether or not they could i)roperly be admitted. They also assisted
at the Clinical Lectures, and had the benefit of the teaching of the
members of the staff, in their weekly, or semi-weekly, clinical lectures,
an enviable privilege, as it must have been regarded by the outside
students, who had by their registration and fee, only obtained the
right to witness " the practice of the house " and to attend the clinical
lectures.
The first apprentice, Thomas Boulter, simply learned the "art
and mystery of the apothecary " and did not study medicine. The
first House Physician, or Medical Apprentice, was Jacob Ehrenzeller,
who was appointed in 1773 and left at the expiration of his five years
term. A period of eight years then was allowed to pass without
480
1 «■ wmn
/•-#/,
f\V,ti,ffrfth. That ,"^
Witnefleth, That •AtTn^ii Sr(i/6^ I'f' 'f'^'^^'*^
'^Vitnefleth/That
;b
Accortl, pothimiaf Ai-p«>i.iict <^^^^^^j^f.rA.'/i^i'^'i.>'^'^''^^^^'^^i^ ^
— 10 ItjnUt Aft, Tr.dc i»<i M)l(«y,^ if.d (Jfc-it^ Mwncr of an
ApPinTfcc)u faPi i^././^/ ^oM/n^ c? /%■' I'ii^lrJ /iy /u A.- f^
\ fro,inheDi/ofchcD>Khitof, for, maauiog, andiothe
full End Md Term of .V„.;5J^. y^i/. . - ■*';'' '""'l^- ^'^^^
»h,cl.Tt-m, Ihc fjid Atp.{»r,c£, his MASrr. faityfuHy fli'H f"«. b" S«rra keep,
h;,U-fulCommands every where .c^.ly obey. Helh»UoooD.m.gerol.T.CudM«Tj.
Bor fee it done by others, »i.hoo! letung or gmng Nolice .0 h.! Ii.d Mast.. 1 he (l.,U
not«»ftehisftidMA>ii.-iGood., r.or!ei:d<hrmuol«fullytoanT. He Ih.ll not commit
Fo,„ic..bn, nor con.raf. Matrimony, «,.hin -he r..d Term : At C.rd>. D.ce or any oAer
onla.tulG.mr,, he (hail nor piay. vhen*, h.. f-id M.STC. may have Damage \V,th
hi. ».•„ Good,, ror .he Good, o. otSen. ...hnut Licence o. hi, la«l M..ra. he (hall
•either !■■» nor (ell. Hethall nor ablent hunfrlf Day Jor N.ght fmmh.,la,d MA.Ta. .
Scrvcc-^ithout hi. Leave: Nor haunt Ale-ho„l«, V.vern,, or Way houte. bu. .0 all
Thingi behave himrc!lAiataithfi.lAPV>i»T.ct,oui;bt tod.
the laid .\fASTta (hali ulc theutmoL'.of Ins
tauRhtwdinftruaed, iheCtii App«ewtic. . . y ^ .
* -_j — -«.. n«,v.,.ie him lufficient Meat
Drink, f««w.'(li<v«»' Lodgings
ior an AppiCHTlcc, duruig the Caid T-™ '
//^M^/^/irmJ' //t^/ Arm ir^f-
varing ibe fji J Term Awl
EnJeavour to teich artd irftfuct, orcaolc robe
in ilic Trade or Myftcry of An O^^^^^^i
and procure and provic
./T.
fining
ioran A^pitNTicri dunngtbcCud Term of .^j^^-^v A/^ ^z*^
i^-^44^
^^A,>,
'///''■' £iT7lt-^if^
\
4..
As o for the t.ue Performance of all and fmgular the ii -enints and Agreements afore aid,
the faid ?ani« bind themlclves each unto the other firr.ly by .hele Prdeon. Ik Wjtai,,
«hereof, the la.d Fames have interchangeably fet tha Hand.aod SealshereuMO.
Ihc I
Va«
'i
Day of
DiMd
„,i- .,.,„, . ,- inthe ..-ii*? Year
of theRei^gnofoorLord GEORGE the TBIrd, King of .Jrr.-.-.gnloa. &c. and
in the Year of our LORD One Thouiand, Seven Hoidred, and Sutiy .^'V
f^n-^a-.
if
^tf^l,yl^4j.
APOTHECARY'S INDENTUR
. frVTtlWtT 00.. PNIU.
electing his successor, but, in 1786, William Gardener was indentured,
who also served for five years. Edward Cutbush was the third in order Risidcnt
r ■ , . , ■ , J -1 u 1 Pliysicians.
of succession ; he was elected in 1790 and served until 1794. when he
was graduated by the Medical Department of the University. Dr.
Benjamin Rush was a pupil of Dr. Redman and attended the lectures,
but was not an apprentice or resident within the Hos|)ital. 1 )rs. .Samuel
Betton, \Vm. P. C. Barton, Samuel Colhoun, and William Price were
graduates in medicine before becoming apprentices, as were Drs. Robert
J. Clarke, Southey S. Satchell and Charles B. Jaudon, who were
appointed to fill the unexpired terms of other apprentices.
In 1824, two Resident Physicians were elected. Dr. Caspar Wistar
for two years, and Dr. Caspar Morris, to serve for three years.
The number of Residents continued to be two until, at a meeting
held May, 1848, it was resolved to increase the number to three, each
to serve for two years. A few years later, the term was reduced to
eighteen months, and subsequently (in 1888) this was increased to
twenty months, the first four months to be spent in the Department
for the Insane and the remainder of the service divided between the
Medical and the Surgical Wards in the Department for the sick and
injured. A fourth Resident Physician was added in response to the
following :
At a meeting of the Medical Staff, held May iSth, 1S77, tlie followiiiK was
adopted :
Resolved, that we respectfully ask the Board of Managers to appoint an
additional resident Physician to the Hospital, on account of thegre.atly increased
duties required of the Residents.
Early in 1894 the Board appointed a sixth Resident Physician
and increased the term to twenty-four months.
On leaving the Hospital at the termination of the period of service
of each Resident Physician, it is customary for the Managers to ])ass a
complimentary vote acknowledging faithful service and giving the
privilege of the use of the Library and the practice of the House.
The Association of the Ex-Resident Physicians of the Penn- Association of
sylvania Hospital was organized in the year 1885, for the pur- E.\-Ri.sidcnt
pose of reviving old friendships, developing fraternal intercourse as i>snians.
Physicians, and to show the continued interest of its members in the
welfare of an institution that had contributed largely to their profes-
sional education.
Being the oldest, active Ex-Resident, Prof. Henry H. Smith,' of
Phila., was chosen, at the first meeting, President of the Association and
a Committee of Arrangements was appointed, to serve for each annual
'Died, March, 1890.
481
meeting, the Chairman of the Committee being the Senior Resident
Physician of each year. These Chairmen have been as follows: in 1885,
Dr. OrviUe Horwitz ; 1886, Dr. Thomas S. K. Morton; 1887,
Dr. Samuel B. Shoemaker; 1888, Dr. Walter D. Creen. Four other
members of the .Association, including one of the Staff, constituted
the Committee for each year.
Annual Mii-i- The annual meetings of the Association arc held in the Library
inRshi'ldat of the Hosjiital, on Pine Street, through the courtesy of the Board of
tiie liospn.i . Manj,g(.|-s^ and a simple repast (paid for by the Association) encourages
social intercourse. Occasionally, papers of general medical interest,
or connected with the history of the Institution, or its " inedited
legends," are jjresented by some member of the Association ; though
the main object of each meeting is the preservation of a Brotherhood
between the Resident Physicians of the various periods of service.
This Association has been previously referred to in these pages
(page 103).
SuUsiquciit The following Ex-Residents became widely known in Philadcl-
Carcer of pi^j^ and elsewhere for their professional skill, much of their reputa-
„, \ . tion being due to the training and knowledge thev acciuired in serving
Pnvsicians. '^ c .-^ . i o
the institution : Samuel Cooper, Thomis Horsefield, Joseph Harts-
horne, Samuel C. Hopkins, Samuel Betton, John Wilson Moore,
Benjamin S. Janney, John Rhea Barton, Benjamin H. Coates, Jason
O'B. Lawrence, 'I'homas H. Ritchie, Reynell Coates, Caspar Wistar,
Caspar Morris, George Fox, Thomas Stewardson, Jr., George W.
Norris, Thomas S. Kirkbride, Wni. W. Gerhard, John F. Meigs,
Edward Hartshorne. Many others, yet living, also illustrate the value
of the clinical experience obtained while serving as Residents in the
Hospital.
Early De.-itlis Some of the Resident Physicians who gave promise of great
amonn usefulness in their profession died soon after entering upon the active
Phvsiciaiis ^1"''^* of their profession, shortly after leaving the Hospital. Among
these was Samuel Cooper (1792-97), who ])erished while acting as
assistant jjhysician at the Yellow Fever Hospital, during the epidemic
in Philadelphia of the year 1798. Dr. Edward Rhoads (1864-65),
died with the dropsy and Bright's disease a few months after leaving
the Hospital. Horace Binney Hare (1866-67), perished with
pulmonary disease at the beginning of a most brilliant career.
Elliott Richardson (1868-70), lived to serve the Institution for
several years as surgeon to the Out-Palient Department, but died
before he had reaped the reward of his industry and application.
Edward W. Jameson (1873-75), began practice in a western city and
was stricken with pneumonia within a few years after leaving the
482
Hospital. Frank C. Hand (i<S77-78), received an appointment in the
Out-Patient Department and was preparing for active professional
life when he was suddenly called away. John G. Lee (1880-81),
lived for a longer period, and was the Physician to the Coroner's
Office for several years before his death. George T. Lewis (1882-83),
Charles Meigs Wilson (1883-84), and Samuel B. Shoemaker
(1886-87), also did not survive many years their service as Resident
Physicians in the Hospital ; the latter, having been elected to the Out-
Patient Department, died April 2, 1893, shortly after his appointment.
MEMBERS OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL STAFF
oat
65
69
4
54
40
3'
26
64
28
37
y
41
75
60
29
6t
33
43
62
13
17
66
27
18
57
68
74
70
42
Name
.^gnew, D. Hayes
Ashhurst, Jolin, Jr.
{1
Elected
March 27, 1865
May 7. 1877
May 2, 1S87
Resigned or
Died
May 29, 1 871. R
April 17, 1S84. R
In office ....
Barton, Benj Smitli . . . Jan. 29,1798
Barton, John Rhea .... .March 31, 1823
Bond, Phineas Oct. 23, 1751
Bond, Thomas , Oct. 23, 1751
' Cadwalader, Thomas® .
, Carson, Joseph . . . .
Coates, BenJ. H
Colhoun, Sanniel . . . .
Coxe,John Redman . .
Da Costa, Jacob M.
Dorsey, John Syng .
Dec. 19, iSi5,D
Aug. 29, 1S36, R
June n, 1773, D
Mar. 26. 1784, D
Oct 23,1751 May 12, 1777, R
July 30, 1849 I May 2, 1S54, R
May
May
May
12, 1828
13, 1816
10 1802
Emien, Samuel, Jr.
Evans, Cadwalader
Foulke. John ....
, Fox, George ....
: Jan 30, 1865
, , May 7, 1810
March 31, 1823
. June 4- 1759
Gerhard, Wm. W. . . .
1 Graeme, Thomas* . . .
; Harris, Thomas . . . .
I Harte, Richard H. . . .
Hartshorne, Edward
■ Harlshoine. Joseph . .
, Hewson, AddineH . . .
Hewsoii, Thos. Tickell
Hodge, Hugh L
Hunt, William
May
May
II, 1784
8, 1S48
June 30, 1S45
Oct. 23, 1751
Hutchinson, James . ,
Hutchinson, James H.
James, Thos. Chalkley
Jones, John
Kuhn, Adam .
March
Nov.
June
July
Jan.
Nov.
Nov.
Sept.
May
Nov.
May
Jan.
June
May
Aug.
Jan.
30, 1829
27. 1S93
27, 'S59
3, 1810
28, 1861
30, 181S
26, 1 832
28, 1 863
12, 1777
9, 1779
2, 1868
26, 1807
2,S, 1810
27, 1780
29, 1774
28, 1782
Levick, James J March 3, 1856
Levis, Richard J May 29,1871
Lewis, MorrisJ I Jan. 27,1890
Longstreth, Morris . . . Nov. 24, 1879
Lukens, Charles I May 11, 1829
Feb. 22, 1841, R
May 14, 1821, R
Jan. 26, 1S07, R
In office ....
Nov. 12, 1818, D
April 17, 1828, D
June 30, 1773, D
May 12, 1794, R
Mar. 27, 1S54, R
May 2, 1S6S, R
Sept. 4, 1772, D
I
Dec 8,
In office
Mar. 27,
Sept. 5,
April 30,
Mav 11,
Feb. 27,
Nov. 27,
May 2,
Sept. 5.
Dec. 26,
1840, R
iS6s, R
1S21, R
1877, R
1835. R
I<-54. R
189?, R
1778, R
1793, U
188.), D
June 2S. l8!0, R
Nov. 25, 1832, R
June 23, 1791, D
May 14, 1781, R
Jan. 29, 1798, R
Aug. 31, 1868, R
May 2, 1887, R
In office ....
In office ...
Aug. 26, 1839, R
Term of Service
Year
.Mo.
30
Day
28
18
3
>9
>4
t6
26
«9
26
24
29
1
26
■5
28
3
483
MEMBERS OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL STAFF (continued)
2 3 t
5 Eel
7>
•19
67
S8
39
II
M
36
S
10
l6
63
55
47
56
>4
32
SO
5'
J4
35
46
6
S
■5
3a
59
48
23
45
Klccltil
RfslKiied or
MciKS, Arthur \'
Meigs, Charles D
Meifis, James Aitken . . .
I Mcifis, lohn Forsvtli
Mitchell, John K
Muoie, Charles , . . .
Moore, John
Moore. John Wilson . . .
Moore, Sarnl. Preston*
Morgan, John {
Morton, Thomas G. . . .
Ncill,John. . . .
Norris, George \V.
Olio, John C. . .
Nov.
Sept.
Aug.
Feb.
May
July
May
Oct.
Oct.
June
May
Feb.
28. iSR:
30, iSj9
31, 1S68
2h. 1^59
14, 1827
26. 1773
19, iSjo
29, iS2I
23. "75'
2S, 1773
12, 1778
29, 1.S64
In office
July 30,
.Nov. q,
Nov. 2S,
May 12,
Aug. 29,
April 27,
Jan. 2>,
June 4,
May 12.
May 24,
In office
1R49, R
1879. U
is,Si, R
1S34. R
■774. R
1829, R
1827, R
17.S9. R
■777. R
■783, R
May 4, i8s2 June 27, 1859. R
Aug. 29, 1836 Sept. 28, 1863, R
June 28, 1813 Oct. 26. 1835. R
Packard, John H. . .
Pancoast. Joseph . . .
Parke, Thomas . . .
Parrish. Joseph
Peace, Edward ....
Pepper, William . . .
Physick. Philip Syng .
Price, William 1 May
Oct.
Randolph, Jacob May
Redman, John* I Ocl.
Kush, Hcnjamin 1 May
Rush. William ' May
April 17, i88.t In oflice
March 27, 18.54 Feb. 29,
May
June
Dec.
May
May
2, 1777 Ian. 27,
24, 1S16 Feb. 23.
8, 1840 Jan. 2S,
9, 1842 Dec. 27,
■ 2, 1794 June 24,
14, 1821 Oct. 29,
29, 1821 : May 12,
1864. R
■823. R
1829, R
1861, R
■8sS. R
i8l6, R
1821
■823, R
11,1835 Pcb. 29,1848,0
23. i/Si , May 8, 1780, D
26, 17S3 April 19, 1813, D
12, 1834 I Sept. 25, ■837, R
Shippen, William . . .
Shippen, William, Jr. .
Smith, Francis Gurney .
Stewardson, Thos. . . .
March ■■ 1753 , May 2, 1778, R
2,1778 May 10, 1779, R
27, 1791 May 10, 1802, R
'May 9, 1S59 Dec. 26, 1864, R
May II, 1838 I June 30, 1845, R
( May
I June
Wistar, Caspar .
Wood, George B.
3 Zacbary, Lloyd
Nov.
Ocl.
6. ^793 May
26, 1835 May
7, 1880, R
9. 1859. R
Oct. 23, 1751 Mar. i, 1753, R
Term of Service
Year Mo.
32
6
I
8
S
7
3
S
7
»7
9
45
29
3
16
23
II
8
7
Day
8
38'
II
■4
»3
29
•S
»9
•5
>3
18
>S
23
13
8
■3
17
19
■3
In addition to the above, two physicians were elected to the Medical Staff, but did not
accept the appointment, viz. ; Dr. Clarkson, May 10, 1779, and Dr. Samuel P. Griffith, May 12,
1794.
* Elected as a Member of Consulting Staff (see page 440).
484
The Library.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF HOSPITAL PHYSICIANS
Thomas Graeme, born in BaJKowan,
Perthshire, October 20, 16S8, was de-
scended from an ancient family in Scot-
land and came to America with Gov-
ernor Keith.
In 1726, he was a member of the Pro-
vincial Council ; and on the 8th of April,
1731, was appointed Judge of the Su-
preme Court of the Province, a position
which he retained until 1750. In 1751
he was appointed consulting Surgeon in
extraordinary cases, to the Pennsylvania
Hospital. He, for many years, was Col-
lector of the Port of Philadelphia. Dr.
Graeme was the first President of the St.
•Andrew's Society and was an original
member of the American Philosophical
Society.
The " Pennsylvania Gazette " of Sep-
tember 9. 1772, contains the following :
" On Friday last, September 4, 1772,
died suddenly, at his seat at Graeme
Park, Thomas firaeme, Esq., M. D., aged
eighty-four years. Naval Officer of the
Port of Philadelphia. He was descended
from an ancieiU family in Scotland, and
possessed all the natural talents of a
Gentleman, improved by a liberal educa-
tion, lie was blest with a clear Head, a
Masculine l'n<lerstanding, and a happy
Sagacity, which justly placed him for
Half a Century at the Head of his Pro-
fession, as a Physician, in this city. His
Practice was fair and honorable, dis-
tinguished as well by his Medical Abili-
ties and connnunicative Temper, as by a
natural Philaiuhropy, that led him
equally to the most aflectionate and dili-
gent .■Attendance on all his Patients, and
485
til llu> cliarilaliU- Relief of tlic mimerous
I'o.ir will) apjilii-il til liiiii. lie likewise
loiiK filled an iiiiportaiit civil iilVue, c losely
connected with the Trading Interest of
this Province ; and, liatinK C^ovetousness,
conducted himself therein with so much
justice and Mmleratinn, that he carried
to the (irave with him, a character iini-
versallv beloved for InteKrity in his
public Trust, as well as for the Amiable
Virtues of Humanity in liis private Sta-
tion. Krom Temperance, and an extraor-
dinary N'lKor of Constitution, he attained
fullness of Years.
" He was interred Sunday Forenoon,
in Christ Church-yard, in this city, and
the Ksteem in which he lived, was testi-
fied by the i;reat concourse of respect-
able rnliabitanls of all nenominalions.
who attended his funeral."
In 173S he married I lannah, daunhler
of Thomas l.ambert.
He died November 14. 1779, aged sev-
enty-two years.
SAMfKl. I'RKSTON MlHlKi:, bom ill
Philadelphia, in 1710, was the son of
Richard and Margaret 1*. Moore. His
mother was the daughter ol Samuel
Preston, the Counsellor, his father was a
physician, and for several years a Com-
mon Councilman of Philadelphia. Dr.
Moore w.as elected to the Pennsylvania
Hospital in 1751 a Consultant in extra-
ordiiiarv c.ises, and resinned in 1759.
He was the fourth Treasurer of the
Hospital and served as such from 1768 to
1769.
( Jn .^llKllst I2,I7.TO. lie married Hannah,
daughter of Doctor Richard Hill.
Dr. Moore was Trustee of the General
Loan Office and Provincial Treasurer
from December 4, 1754, to October 15,
1768.
He died July 15, 1785, in the seventy-
fifth year of his age.
John Rkoman was born in Philadel-
phia, February 27, 1722, and studied
medicine under Dr. John Kearsley, Jr.
He then visited Beriiiu<la and remained
there for several ye.irs. Subse(|Ueiilly he
resided in Kdinburgli one year ; attended
lectures, ilissections and hospitals in
Paris, and w.is graduated at Leydeii, July
15, 174S. After remainini; some time at
(iuy's Hospital, I.oiulnii, he returned to
Philadelphia and devoted himself to the
practice of medicine.
Dr. Redman was a member of Com-
mon c:ouncil in 1751 ; a Trustee of the
College of Philadelphia in 1765, and later
Thomas CAii\VAi.Ai>i:K, .M. D.. was
born in Philadelphia about 1707. After
finishing his studies lure he completed
his medical education in Kurope.
On his return to Philadelphia, he com-
menced the practice of medicine.
In 1765 he became a member of the
Provinci.-il Council. He became a member
of the American Philosophical Society in
1768, and vice-president in 1769. He
also was a Member of the Society for
Promoting Useful Knowledge ; and
Medical Director of llie Army Hos|>ital.
Dr. Cadwalader published an Kssay on
" the Iliac P.assion " in 1740, and also an
"Essay on the West India Dry Cripes,
with the Method of Curing that Great
Distemper," to which was added an " Kx-
traordinary Case in Physic, Printed and
sold by B. Franklin 1745 "
He was elected to the Medical StafT of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1751, and
resigned 1777.
the President (1786 to 1805). He was a
member of the American Philosophical
Society, a Fellow of the College of Phy-
sicians from 1787 to 1808, and its first
486
President (1786 to i8o5). He served lor
many years as Trustee of the College of
New Jersey. He was an elder of the
Second Presbyterian Church, Philadel-
phia, in 1784.
Dr. Redman was elected one of the
Considting Staff of the Pennsylvania
Hospital in 1751, an<l resigned in 17S0.
In 1759 he published " .■\ Defence of
Inoculation."
He was highly respected in the com-
munity on account of his benevolent
character and professional skill ; the fol-
lowing little gem preserved among the
papers of Dr. Benjamin Rush, who was
his pupil, shows his e.xalted views of tile
medical profession :
" Dr. Redman's Toast — The dignity
and success of the healing art ; and long
health and competent wealth, and e.\-
ciuisite happiness to the individual prac-
titioner who makes the health, and com-
fort and happiness of his fellow mortals
one of the chief ends and delights of his
life, and acts therein from motives that
render him superior to alt the difficulties
he may have to encounter in the pursuit
thereof."
Dr. Redman died March 19, 1808, aged
eighty-si.x years.
Lloyd Z.\chakv, the son of Daniel
and Elizabeth Zacliary (who was the
daughter of Thomas Lloyd, one of" The
five Commissioners appointed by Penn-
sylvania ;" also President of the Council,
and subsequently Deput\' (lovernor of
the Province), was born in Boston,
November 15, 1701.
Being orjihaned early in life, he re-
moved to Philadelphia to live with an
uncle, Mr. Hills.
After finishing his academical educa-
tion, he studied medicine under Dr.
John Kearsley, and in 1723 went to
Europe, where he remained three years.
On his return to Philadelphia, he com-
menced the [>ractice of medicine and
soon became eminent in his professi<m.
In 1729, he was made Health Officer of
the Port of Phila<iel|)hia in conjunction
with Dr. Thomas (iraeme, whom he suc-
ceeded in September, 1741 ; but resigned
the same month. He was one oi the
founders of the College of Philadelphia,
also one of the organizers of the Hospital
and a member of the first Medical Staff.
Being stricken with paralysis in March,
1753, he resigned, but his devotion to the
Hospital only ceased with his life.
His will contained the liberal be-
quest of ^350 to the Institution, with
lorty-three volumes and a numf)er of
pamphlets for the Library.
He died September 26, 1756, in the
fifty-fifth year of his age.
Thomas Bond was born in Calvert
County, Maryland, in 1712, and studied
under Dr. Hamilton, also of Calvert
County. He also travelled in Europe and
spent considerable time in the Paris
Hospitals.
Dr. Bond began practice in Philadel-
phia in 1732. He first suggested to
Franklin, about 1751, the idea of estab-
lishing a small Provincial Hospital for
the sick and injured, and lunatics, which
resulted in the founding of the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital. He was a member of
the first Medical Staff from 1751 to 1784.
In 1766, he instituted the first course of
clinical lectures in the Hospital, and
wrote some useful medical memoirs,
afterwards published in London. He
was original member and an officer of
the American Philosophical Society from
its first establishment and, in 1782, he
delivered the annual address before that
society on 'The Rank of Man in the
Scale of Being."
Dr. Bond joined St. John's, the first
lodge in .America of Freemasons, on
the third of June, 1734, and was appointed
Senior Grand Warden of the Grand
Lodge, in 1755, by Grand Master William
Allen.
.At the outbreak of the Revolution,
Dr. Bond, then past his si.xtieth year,
tendered his services to his country, in
the following letter, dated December 4,
17/6, to the Committee of Safety, which
received a favorable response and both
father and son rendered distinguished
services to the .•\merican cause by organ-
izing the Medical Department of the
Army
" When I see so many of my Friends
and valuable fellow-citizens exposing
themselves to the Horrors of War, I think
it my indispensable Duty to make a
tender of the best services in my Power,
upon condition that I can have the joint
487
assistance of my Smi in tin- )»ri-at undcr-
t.'ikiiiK, who, I am certain, you will find on
Knqiiiry. has alrcaily dislinKnisliccI him-
self in this dti>artm<.nt.
" As I am told many of the sick are
near the city, the sooner this matter is
concluded on, the better."
The " Pennsylvania Gazette" of April
3, I7.'<4, states that
" lie was one of a few gentlemen who
planned the first seminary of learning in
this city, on which was soon afterwards
engrafted to the College of Philadel-
phia, afterwards the I'niversity of the
Slate of Pennsylvania. He was, to the
last, a faitliful Trustee of it ; and when
the medical schools were liuilt on this
foundation, the gentlemen who proposed
and digested the measure thought it
necessary to the design, that it should
enjoy the aid of the Dr's. skill and experi-
ence by his delivering amiually to the
pupils a course of Clinical Lectures in
the Hospital. On this occasion, he nnisl
have received peculiar satisfaction in
being connected in his medical inslrnc
tions with an institution which at the
same time that it reflects the highest
honor on the State of Pennsylvania nut at
first with difficulties, which were removicl
by a voluntary ofier of the Doctor, and
two other eminent physicians, to give
their professional services to the pro-
jected Hospital, a promise which he has
ever since faithfiilly fulfilled, besides con
tributing to it in a pecuniary way, am!
encountering the early difficulties of the
design by serving as one of its first
Managers.
" He was a principal founder of the
American Philosophical Society ; he
always took a leading part in what tended
to the honour and usefulness of the de-
sign and was its first Vice-President, in
which station he continued to his death.
" When, of late years, some public-
spirited gcntlenien had formed them-
selves into a Humane Society, for the
recovery of persons supposed to be
drowned : they, soon after their estab-
lishment, elected FJr. Bond their Presi-
dent, with great propriety, placing at the
head of such an institution a gentleman,
whose practice was not more distin
guished by any one circumstance, than
his humane attendance on tht)Se whom he
knew to be unable to make satisfaction
for his services.
" On Sunday his remains were interred
in Christ Church burial ground, with such
an attendance of his fellow-citizens, as
was due to the memory of a gentleman,
who had gone through life inollensively
to all men : with good humour and kind-
ness to the whole circle of his acquaint-
ance : and with fidelity and afTection to
his friends."
On the tombstone in Christ Church is
the following :
"In Memory of Thomas Bond, M.I),
who practised Physic and Surgery with
signal reputation anti success nearly halt
a Century lamented and beloved by
many, respecteil and esteemed by all, and
adorned by literary honors sustained by
him with dignity. He departed this life
March 26, 17.S4. .Aged 72 years.
PlIINKAS BiiNl) was born in Maryland
in 1717. After being educated in the
place of his nativity he stutlied metlicine
ami passed a considerable time at Ley-
den, Paris, K<linliurgh. and London. In
conjunction with Thomas Hopkinson,
Tench Francis and Richard Peters, he
organized the College, now the University
of Pennsylvania, and was a member of
the first Board of Trustees.
Dr. Bond, was a member of Connnon
Council of Philadelphia from 1747 until
his death. He was one of the founilers
of the American Philosophical Society,
also of the Society of St. George anil the
Hand in Hand Fire Company.
Dr. Bond, with his brother. Dr.
Thomas Bond, took an active part in the
organization of the Pennsylvania Hos-
pital and was a mend)erof the first med-
ical staff and served from 1751 until his
decease.
He died June II, I7"3, aged fifty-six
years.
The following extract is from "The
Pennsylvania Gazette " of June 14, 1773 :
" Early on Friday morning last, to the
inexpressible grief of all who knew him,
departeil this life in his fiftvsi.xth year.
Dr. Phineas Bon<l. a gentleman long and
justly acknowledged to be of the first
eminence in his profession. Learned,
judicious, and rational, a sagacious ob-
server and diligent follower of nature ;
488
nobly raised above every low art or |
vulgar prejudice ; he soon acquired a ;
reputation alike solid and unenvied.
Honest, candid, cheerful, and sincere ; of
manners gentle, and conversation in-
structive ; manifesting the very soul of
benevolence and humanity in all his con-
duct ; he was one of those happy-tem-
pered men who could not be known with-
out being loved, and therefore hardly
ever had a patient in whom he had not a
friend. As his practice was extensive,
it is not to be wondered then, that we
have, perhaps, never had among us a
person in whose life more good men of
all ranks and denominations seemed to
have interested themselves, than in his.
This was abundantly evidenced by his
afi'ectionate fellow citizens, as well dur-
ing his last illness, as at his interment."
William Shippen, born in Philadel-
phia, October i, 1712, studied medicine
under Dr. John Kearsley, Jr.
He was a delegate from Pennsylvania
to the Continental Congress, November
20, 17-8, and again November 13, 1779.
He was a member of the American Philo-
sophical Society in 1767, and Vice-Presi-
dent in 1779. He was also a founder of
the Second Presbyterian Church of which
he was a member ; Trustee of the Col-
lege of Philadelphia, and one of its
founders, and during the greater part of
his life he was a Trustee of the College
of New Jersey.
Actuated by a patriotic desire to aid in
supplying the deficiency of means to
obtain a medical education in the Col-
onies, he gave his son the advantage of
the best training in the profession and
sent him to Europe. On his return, in
1782, he encouraged him to deliver a
course of lectures on Anatomy, and thus
prepared the way for the establishment
of a Medical School in America.
Dr. Shippen was elected to the Medical
Staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital in
1751, and resigned in 1778.
He died November 4, 1801, aged eighty
nine years.
His mode of life was simple and it was
said that up to his final illness he had
never tasted wine nor spirits. His temper
was never ruffled and his benevolence
was without stint.
C.ai>w.\lai)i;r Evans was one of the
first ])uiiils of Dr. Thomas Bond. On
completing his studies here, he sailed for
England with the view of finishing his
medical education at Edinburgh. At this
time war existed between Spain. France
and England, and the vessel in which he
sailed was captured by a Spanish priva-
teer and carried on to Hayti, where
he was attacked by a severe fever. After-
wards he went to Jamaica, where he
engaged in medical practice for about
two years, when he sailed for F;ngland.
Having resided a year at Edinburgh,
and London, he returned and com-
menced the practice of medicine in
Philadelphia.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1759, in
which position he continued until his
death, June 30, 177,5.
He was buried in Friends' (Iround at
North Wales.
John Morgan, son of Evan Morgan, a
Welshman, who had long been a resident
of the Province, was born in Philadel-
phia in 1735, and received a classical edu-
cation at Nottingham Academy, Chester
Co., Penna. He was transferred to the
College of Philadelphia and on May 17,
I757t received the degree of A. B. at
the first commencement of the institu-
tion.
He studied medicine under Dr. John
Redman for six years, thirteen months of
which he spent in the Penns\'lvania Hos-
pital as Resident Apothecary, and at the
close of his term, he devoted himself, for
four years, to military life. Although
he held a Lieutenant's commission,
April r, 175S. he acted chiefly as surgeon,
in the war between fireat Britain and her
colonies and France ; at the close of the
war he resigned from the army.
In 1760, he attended lectures and dis-
sections of Cullen and John Hunter in
London, then spent two years in Edin-
burgh under the instruction of Monroe,
Cullen. Rutherford, and Hope ; receiv-
ing in 1773 the degree ol Doctor in Medi-
cine, his thesis was an elaborate produc-
tir)n on " Suppuration and the Formation
of Pus," which was afterwards pub-
lished.
From Edinburgh, he went to Paris,
studyin.g Anatomy with M. Sue ; he had
489
acquired tin- art uf making anatuniiciil
preparations in Lonclim from "tlie two
Hunters." At a niietiuK of the Krencli
Academy of Surgery, in 1764, at Paris, lie
showed a preparation of tlie vessels of
the kichiey wliiih he had executed, and
was the tiri't to make known the art in
Paris and the South of France. He look
seat in the Royal .Academy of Surgery at
Paris, having; been made correspondent
on July 5, 17^4. l>urin^ this summer he
Iraveiletl in France, Switzerland, and
Italy, visiting the Medical Schools, Hos-
pitals, .'iiul public Institutions. He ina<le
the ac(|uaintance durinn his travels of
Morgagni, Professor of .-Vnatomy at
Padua, to whom he had letters from
Dr. Sevati, of Bologna ; from Padua he
went to Switzerlanil, and returned in
the autumn to London where he was
made a l*"ello\v of the Royal Society of
London, Licenti.ite of the Royal Coilej^e
of Physicians, London, and KdinburKli.
He returned to Philadelphia early in
1765. With Dr. Shippen, Jr., he was the
pioneer in systematic medical teaching
in America. He hail the honor of hold-
ing the first medical professorship in this
country, being elected May 3, 1765, by
the Trustees of the College of Philadel-
phia, to the Chair of Theory and Prac-
tice of Physic. .At the conniieiicement
e.xercises, which lasted twinlays. May 30
and 31, he delivered the famous Inaug-
ural Address which had been prepared
in Paris, entitled "A Discourse upon the
Institution of Medical Schuols in
America." In 1769, he saw the fruits of
his labor, for in that year five students
received the first degrees in nie(,licine
that were conferred in America. Dr. Mor-
gan was also active in establishing the
American Philoso|)hical Society. In 1773
he visited Jamaica to obtain donations
for the adv.anccment of general literature
in the College of Philadelphia in which
he was greatly interested. In October,
1773. he was app(jinle<i by Congress, Di-
rector-Cieneral and Physician-in-Chief of
the <;eneral Hospital of the American
Army. In 1777, the dissensions between
the surgeons of the (ieneral Hospital and
of the regiments, and other circum-
stances, gave rise to calumnies against
him, and he was removetl from oflicc
without an opportunity to vindicate him-
self; he subsequently applied for a
special committee for a special com-
mittee of Congress, to investigate the
charges and was honorably acquitted.
He served as a member of the Medical
Staff of the Hospital from 1773,10 1777,
and was again elected in 177S, and
served until 1783.
Dr. Morgan, it is said, was the first
man in Philadelphia to carry a silk um-
brella.
During his six years apprenticeship
with Dr. John Redman, he had served in
the Pennsylvania Hospital, and had put
up all the prescriptions of the .•\ttending
Physicians for nK»re than a year. This
early experience of Dr. Morgan in the
Apothecary shop of the Petiiisylvaiii.aHcis-
pilal, doul>tless taught him the impor-
tance of pharmacy as a s|>ecial branch of
study, and in his subsetpient practice, he
ci^nfined himself to visiting the sick and
writing prescriptions, but did not dis-
pense his own medicine. This plan has
since been generally adopted by the
representative physicians of this coun-
try, although it was a daring innovation
at the time that Dr. Morgan introduced
it.
He published " Tentamen Medicum
de Purls Confectione," ( 1763); " A Dis-
course upon the Institutiiiii of Medical
Schools ill America," 1 I7fa5i; " Four Dis-
sertations on the Reciprocal Advantages
of a Perpetual Union between (Ireat Bri-
tain and her American Colonies," (1766);
" A Recommendation of Inoculation,"
(17661 : " .\ \'iiidicalicin of Public Char-
acter in the .Station of Director-CJeneral,
etc."
He died October 15, 17S9, aged fifty-
three years.
ClI.VRi.KS MooKK, was born March 25,
1724. He graduated in Medicine at the
University of Kdinburgh, Scotland, in
'752-
In 1773. he was elected to the Peiinsyl-
v.ania Hi>spital and resigned in 1774.
He was a Fellow of the College ol
Physicians.
He subsequently practised his profes-
sion in Montgomery County, Penna.,
where he died .'\ugust ig, i.Soi, and was
buried in Friends' (irouiid at North
Wales.
Ai).\M KiHN was born in German-
town, Philadelphia. November 17, 1741 ;
his grandfather was John Christopher
Kiihn. his father, Adam Simon Kuhn,
both natives of Suabia ; they emigrated
to Philadelphia in 1733; his father was an
educated man, a successful .'iiid skillful
medical practitioner. He removed to
Lancaster where he became a magistrate
of the borough and an elder of the Luth-
eran Church.
Dr. Adam Kuhn'searly studies in medi-
cine were with his father. In 1761 he pro-
ceeded to Norway and Sweden, where he
studied botany under Liiin;eiis and other
professors tif the Cniversit\' of Cpsal,
until 1764 ; he also resided in London for
one year; then went to Edinburgh where
he received his degree of M. D. in 1767
490
from tlie University, his tliesis l)i-iii;<
" De Lavatione Frigicla."
After visitiiif; France, Holland and
Germany, he returned to America in
I76<S, and was at once appointed Pro-
fessor of Materia Medica and Botany in
the College of Philadelphia ; he com-
menced his first course of lectures in
May, three months after his arrival from
Europe. He continued in his |)osition
twenty-one \'ears, until transferred to the
chair of Practice.
In January 1774, he was one of the
physicians of the society for inoculating
the poor. He was t)ne of the founders
of the College of Physicians and its presi-
dent in 1808, and also a member of the
American Philosophical Society.
He was Professor of Theory and Prac-
tice of Medicine in the University of the
State of Pennsylvania (ij^ig) and was
transferred to the same chair in the fTni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1792, from
which he resigned in 1797.
He w-as twice elected to the Medical
Staff of the Hospital ; he served from
1774 to 17S1. and from 1782 to 1798, when
he resigned.
He married Elizabeth, daughter of
Isaac Hartman, Esq., in the Island of
St Croi.x, May, 1780.
It is said of him, " He was not remark-
able for the power of imagination ; but
in sound judgment he greatly excelled."
Dr. Kuhn's talent for observation was
profound. He was throu.gh life .1 studious
reader, a lover of nuisic from his youth ;
reniarkal>Iy abstemious and regular in
his diet and neat in his person ; he was
reserved in his general intercourse, but
affable and communicative in the com-
pany of his friends. His manners were
void of ostentation or assumption.
He died July 5 1817, in the seventy-
si.xth year of his age.
Thom.\s Parke was born in East Cain
Township, Chester County, Pa., August
6, 1749: he was student of medicine under
Or. Cadwalader Evans and received the
degree of Bachelor of Medicine from the
College of Philadelphia, June .5, 1770.
In 1 77 1 he went to London and attended
Guv's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and
then went to Edinburgh. In 1773 he re-
turned to Philadelphia and entered into
partnership with hispreceptor, Dr. Evans,
in the practice of medicine.
He was a member of the American Pliil-
oso])hical Society. President of the Col-
lege of Physicians and a Director of the
Philadelphia Library.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Hospital in 1777, and resigned in
182,^.
In .April, 1775, he married Rachel, the
eldest daughter of James Pemberton.
He died on January 9, 1835, aged eigh-
ty-five years.
J.\Mi;s HiTCHiNsox, son of Randal
Hutchinson, a liighly respected farmer and
l,ugeland owner, belongingto the Society
of Friends, was l)orn in WakefieUl Town-
ship, Bucks County, Pa., Jainiary 29, 1752.
His early education began in Burlington,
and was continued in Virginia. He re-
turned to complete a collegiate course at
the College of Philadelphia, where he
graduated with the first honors of his
class and received the degree of Bachelor
of Arts.
He studied medicine with Dr. Cadwal-
ader Evans and attended the medical
lectures of the College. In 1774 he grad-
uated as Bachelor of Medicine, when he
received a gold medal as a testimonial of
his ability and attainnients, more partic-
ularly in the department of Chemistry.
In the same year, he went to Europe and
availed himself of the instruction of Dr.
Fothergill.
491
His return home (by tlic way of Fraiiccl
ill 1777, was haslciud by llic imlitical
event of llie limes as lie was liearer of im
portaiit dispatches from Dr. Franklin,
tlien American Minister, to tile Congress
of the I'liiteil States. When on the
American c<»ast. his v»-ssel was chased by
a British ship ol war ; heinj; delcrmineil
to save his (hsi)atclies, he left in an open
boat and, landin;; nnder tire of the enemy,
succeeded in his mission. The vessel
was captured and everythiiif! beloiiKiiiK
to him, inchidiiiK a medical library, col-
lected in KiiKland and France, was lost.
On his arrival in America, he Immedi-
ately joined the .irniy as Surneon and
became Surj^eon-Cleiu-ral of Pennsylva
nia. lie was for more than a year in the
service of the I'nited St.ites and of the
State of Pennsylvania, from the latter part
of 177.S to February, 17S1 ; while Senior
Surj;eon to the F'lyin^; nos|>ital in the
Middle Department, with only six assist-
ants, he inoculated .^4qI> men at Valley
Forne. .After the battle of Momnonth,
having no duty to perform in his depart
nient, he went to Rhode Island as ;i vol
uiileer in the expedition against that
place under General Sullivan ; soon af-
terward he resigned his commission.
After the evacuation of l'hiladel|)hia by
the British army, he was one of the Com-
mittee of Safety. He frequently visited
at head(iuarters durin;.; times of diHiculty
and was often consulted by thet'ominan-
cler-in-Chief relative to the medical de-
partment.
Dr. Hutchinson held the position of
Physician to the Port of I'liiladelphi.i and,
dnriiiR the epidemic of yellow fever in
1793, his exertions day and nJKht were
unceasing, but beyond his strenijth, and
he fell a victim himself to the disease.
He was appointed in 1779, when but
twenty-seven years of ajje, one of tlie
Trustces, by the act of incorporation, of
the University of Pennsylvania. In 17S1
he refusetl the chair of Practice, and in
I7S_^ declined an invitation to the chair ol
Chemistry. In 17.S9. when (lie restitution
of the riniits of the college was in cpies-
tion, he accepted the chair of .Materia
Medica and Chemistry in the I'niversily,
and on the Ciiion of tile Si hools in 1791,
he was chosen Professor ot Cheiiiistrv.
He was a member of the .*\niencan
Philosophical Society. He was also a
Fellow of the College of Physicians.
He served two terms on the medical
stall' of the Hospital, from i777-i77Kand
from 1779 until his death.
Dr. Hutchinson was twice married.
His first wife was Ly<lia Hiddle ; his
second wife was Sidney Kvaiis Howell.
He died Se|itember5, 1793, in the forty-
second year of his age.
Wii.i.iAM Shii'PKN, Jr., was born In
Phil.Klelphia, October 21, 17,^6. He was
sent to the );ranmiar-scliool at NoltiiiK-
hain, Chester Co., Pa., an<l afterwards to
the College of New Jersey, at Princeton,
receiving his Bachelor's decree in 17.S4.
He studie<l medicine w ith his father until
175S, wlun he went to Knrope. In 1761,
he received the de>;ree of Doctor in
Medicine from the I'niversity of Kdin-
bur^h. In 176.S, he was elected Fellow
of the Royal College of Physicians of
Kdinbiirgh. During his residence in
London, he made the acquaintance ol
Dr. John Fothergill, who became greatly
interested in his future career.
.\fter three years sojourn, he returned
home. In May, 1762, he established the
first private school of .Anatomy in Phila-
delphia, delivering his intro<lu< tory lec-
ture at the State House on November
16. His lectures were continuetl at his
father's house on Fourth Street. They
were repeated during the winters 0/
492
1763-64 a"'' 1764-65. Ill 1765, he was
elected Professor of Anatomy and
Surgery in the medical school of the
College of Philadelphia, becoming the
associate of his friend and fellow-student,
Dr. John Morgan.
When the College of Philadelphia was
superseded by the University of the
State of Pennsylvania, the trustees, in
1780, elected Dr. Shippen, Professor ot
Anatomy, Surgery, and Midwifery ;
afterward he was Professor of .Anatomy
in the University of Pennsylvania until
1806, when he resigned. At the outbreak 1
of the Revolution, he was appointed
Chief Physician of the flying camp. In
March, 1777, he submitted a plan for the
organization of the hospital department,
which, with some modification, was
adopted and April ii, 1777, Congress
elected him " Director-General of all the
military hospitals of the Armies of the
United States." He resigned from the
Army on January 3, 17S1. He was a
member of the .American Philosophical
Society, Consulting Physician of Phila-
delphia Dispensary, a Fellow of the
College of Physicians, Philadelphia, and
was its president, (1S05-1808.)
He w'as elected twice to the Medicial
Staff" of the Pennsylvania Hospital, and
served from 1778 to 1779. and from 1791
to 1802, when he resigned.
Dissection of human bodies e.xcited
so much prejudice in Philadelphia,
that in 1765, Dr. Sliippen felt obliged to
publicly announce that for his dissections,
he had never taken dead bodies from
graveyards. In 1770, the e.xcitement led
to what was called "the sailor's mob,"
in which Dr. Shippen's house was
attacked, and the windows broken.
In 1765, Dr. Shippen began a course
on Midwifery to men and women both,
establishing a lying-in Hospital at the
same time.
Dr. William Shippen, Jr.'s course of
lectures in 1762, on Anatomy "for the
advantage of young gentlemen, engaged
in the study of Physics, in this and
neighboring provinces, whose circum-
stances will not permit their going
abroad for improvement, to the .Anatomi-
cal Schools of Europe," was the first
effort towards establishing systematic
medical teaching on this continent.
On December, 1762, the body of a
negro, who had committed suicide, was
handed over to Dr. Sliippen. after the
verdict of the coroner's jury ; and after
that time his anatomical museum got the
bodies of all suicides and criminals.
He died July 11, 180S, at Germaiitowii,
aged nearly seventy-two.
John Jones, son of Dr. Evans Jones
(and grandson of Edward Jones, whose
wife, Mary, was, the eldest daughter of
Dr. Thomas Wynne), was born at
Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y., in 1729.
He began the study of medicine at the
age of eighteen years, under the care of
Dr. Thomas Cadwalader.
After completing his studies in this
country, he went to Europe, in 1751,
and obtained the degree of Doctor in
Medicine from the University of Rlieims.
He remained in Paris a year and attended
the anatomical lectures of Dr. Petit and
the practice of the Hotel Dieu ; and spent
some time at the University at Leydcn,
and final!)' visited Edinburgh.
On his return, he settled at New York
and became particularly eminent as a
surgeon. In the war of 1775, he served
in the Colonial Army against the French,
and the French Coniniander, who was
severely wounded, was attended by him.
At the close of the war, he resumed
private practice, and on the establish-
ment of the Medical Department of the
King's College in New York, was
ajjpointed Professor of Surgery and gave
several courses of lectures. He left the
city in 17&0, when it was occupied by
the enemy, and settled in Philadelphia,
where he became the family physician of
Washington and Franklin.
He was a member of the American
Philosophical Society, President of the
Humane Society, and in 17S6, first
Vice-President of the College of Physi-
cians.
He served on the Medical Staff of the
Pennsylvania Hospital from 17S0 until
his death.
In the autumn of the year 1775 he
published "Plain remarks on Wounds
and Fractures" for the use of Surgeons
of the Army and Navy.
Dr. Jones was specially distinguished
as a successful lithotomist and accouch-
eur, and was generally considered
the foermost American surgeon of his
day.
He died June 23, 1791, aged sixty-two
years.
Bi;n|.\min RiSH was born on his
father's farm in Byberry Township, Pliila-
deljihia County, December 24, 1745; both
his grandfather, James Rush, who died
in 1727, and his father, John Rush, were
gunsmiths. His grandfather commanded
a troop of horse in the army of Oliver
Cromwell. On the restoration of the
monarchy, his parents, being members of
the Society of Friends, followed 'William
Peiin, in 1683, to this country.
Dr. Rush was the most eminent Amer-
ican physician and author of his day and
has been called the American Sydenham.
His services to medical science are so
familiar to all that only the briefest bio-
graphical note need be inserted here.
493
Hi- stuilk'd medicine with Dr. John
Redman. During; his seventetnlh year
lie Iranslaled the .■Vplinrisms n( llipijo-
crates into Kii>;lish, an<l recunled liis
celebrated Observations on Villow I'ever
of 1762.
In 1766, lie was gradnated at Kdin-
burgh, his thesis being " l)e Coctione
Ciborum in X'entrirnlo. " In 1768, he
went to I.iindiin and I'aris. He returned
to Hhlladel|)hia early in 1769 and at once
establisheil biniseli' in the |>racticc of
medicine.
On his return he was made Professor of
Chemistry in theCollegeof Thiladelphia ;
in the same year he was elected i'rolessor
of Theory and Practice of Medicine in
the same institution. In 17QI, theCollcKe
having l)een absorbed by tde I'niversity
of Pennsylvania, he was elected to the
Chair of Institutes, Medical and Clinical
Practice. In 1796, he received the addi-
tional professorship of the Practice of
Physic, which he held, with the two pre-
ceding chairs, until the end of his life.
In 176.S he was elected a member of the
American Philosophical Society ; one of
its secretaries in 1773; Vice-President
1797-1S01. He contributed si.\ papers to
the Transactions of the Society. Ik-
was active in aiding the establishment of
the Philadelphia Dispensary and was
one of its atten<liug physicians.
He was resident Port-Physician 1790-
'795; Fleet Surgeon of the Pennsylvania
Navy September 27, 1775-July i, 1776;
and was appointed, I'livsician (Jeneral of
the Military Hospital <if the Middle De-
partment. .\merican Army, in 1777.
He took a zealous and active part in
the Revolutionary conflict. He was a
member of the Continental Congress
from July 20. 1776, to February, 1777,
and signed the Declaration of Inde|)en-
tlence. He was also a member of the
Convention of Pennsylvania for the
adoption of the Federal Constitution,
1787; and was appointed by President
John Adams, Treasurer of the United
States Mint 1799, which office he held
until his tleath, .April 19, 1813, a period
of fourteen years.
When Dr. Rush began his lectures in
the University of Pennsylvania, his med-
ical class consisted of twenty students ;
in 1812 thirteen and. :it the last course he
delivered they aninuiiied to four hundred
and thirty. Dr. Rush favored all means
of education and every project tending
to ameliorate the condition of mankincl.
He reconnnended the establishment of
free public schools in every comity in the
State ; he was active in promoting the
interests of Dickinson College at Carlisle,
Pa. ; he advocated temperance ; he con-
demned the use of tobacco and was
opposed to capital punishment. He was
President of the American Society for
the .-Xbolition of Slavery ; President 01
the Philailelphia Meilical Society; a
l-'ellow of the College of Physicians,
and a member of many other learnecl
and benevolent institutions, both in
.\nierica and Knrope.
Ill January. 1776, he married Julia
Stockton, daughter of Hon. Richard
Stockton, N. J.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1783, and
continued in the service of the institution
until his death. He was celebrateil for his
|>unctuality and it is said th.at, during the
whole of tills period, he never missed his
daily visit and was never more than ten
minutes late. During the iiievalence of
the several pestilential epitlemics which
visited Philadelphia from 1793 to 18*15,
Dr. Rush fearlessly stood by his patients
antl his jiractice, and rendered great ser-
vice to the city authorities.
In an obituary address the following
statements were made as to his jiersonal
character: "He was amiable, kin<l and
iusiniiatiiig in his manners, familiar in
his address, prodigal of good counsel,
anti an.xious liir the happiness of every
one. To his family he was loving, tender,
and alfectionatt-. To his youthful ac-
ipiaintance, a father and a counsellor. To
his e(pials and superiors in age, a friend
and bosom companitm. Ttt the poor, he
was humane. No one ever went from
his door without assistance. In his jiro-
fessional capacity they were never neg-
lecte<l. He used to say to his chuss,
'Attend the |>oor, they are y<mr best
patients, C.od is their paymaster.' His
mind was always like a calm, sunshiny
day, clear and pleasant. No breezes of
discontent, or passion ever distiirbe<l it,
and if a cloud should lour, the genial
warmth of his understanding immed-
iately dispersed it. He w.as mild, pious,
and resigned. When death approached
he was not terrified. No loads of guilt
oppressed his conscience and he bade
adieu to this worltl only to enter a hap-
pier one. This is but a sketch of his
virtues, but it is enough to endear him to
the good and virtuous. Already have
the citizens testifieil their grief for their
loss by the maiiiur they assembled at his
funeral. Nothing of the kind has oc-
curred since the death of Franklin and
Washington. A resolution was jiresented
to the Common Council of Philadelphia
by Mr. Cutbush, voting a letter of con-
dolence to his widow, which was unani-
mously adopted."
John Foii.KK was born in 1757; he
jirepared for the degree of Doctor in
Medicine, in 1780, at the College of
Philadelphia.
494
The minutes of the College of Phila-
delpliia sliow that Mr. Foulke was exam-
ined for the Bachelor's degree June i,
1779, '^"' after the mandamus was issued,
the commencement was interdicted by
the President of the Executive Council of
i \
A
the State ; this was the bej;i"nin;< of tlic
difficulty which eventuated in the action
of the Legislature by the passage of an
act, November 27. 1779, by which the
charter of the College was abrogated,
and its property transferred to the Uni-
versity of the State of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Foulke was Lecturer on Anatomy
from 17S4-1796; a member of the Amer-
ican Philosophical Society and a Fellow
of the College of Physicians.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 17S4, re-
signed 1794.
He died in 1796, aged 39 years.
C.^SP-iVR WiSTAR was born in Phila-
delphia, September 13, 1761, and as his
parents and ancestors, on both sides,
were of the Society of Friends, he re-
ceived his education in the Public School
founded by Charter for the Town and
County of Philadelphia. When in the
year 1777, the battle of Germantown took
place, his religious principles kejit him
from entering military service, but his
humanity led him to seek the wounded
soldier, and he was active among those
wlio were administering relief His
benevolent heart was so deeply imjjressed
with the happy effects of the medical art,
that he determined to devote his life to
alleviating the miseries of mankind.
Firm in his purpose, Wistar apjilied
himself to the study of medicine, for three
years, under Dr. John Redman.
Having gone through the usual course
of study, in 1782, he received the degree
of Bachelor of Medicine from the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania. His examina-
tion in the presence of the Trustees of
the University is said to have been a
brilliant one. He went to England in
17.^3, where he remained a year, then
atteiKled lectures in Edinburgh.
For two successive years he was
elected one of the Presidents of the
Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh and
he was also elected President of the
Society for the " Further Investigation of
Natural History."
In 1786, he took his degree in Medicine
at the University of Edinburgh, after
publicly defending his thesis" DeAnimo
Demisso."
In 1788, he married Isabella Marshall,
of Philadelphia, who died in 1790 ; in
December, 1798, he married a second
time, taking Elizabeth Mifflin, a niece
of Governor Mifflin.
In the summer of 1793, while treating
cases of Yellow Fever he had himself an
attack of this disease.
In 1793 '"^ was elected one of the
physicians to the Pennsylvania Hospital.
In 17S9 he was elected Professor of
Chemistry in the College of Philadelphia.
When the rival faculties of medicine
were united in the University of Pennsyl-
vania, Wistar was elected (January,
1792) adjunct-professor of Anatomy, Mid-
wifery and Surgery.
On the death of Dr. Shippen, in 180S,
Dr. W'istar was chosen Professor in tlie
anatomical chair. He published a system
of anatomv in two volumes in 1811.
On May 7, 1810, when he resigned as
ph\'sician to the Pennsylvania Hospital,
tile following resolution entered on their
minutes was made; "The conclusion of
Dr. Wistar to withdraw at the present
time was unexpected and very much
regretted by the Managers who w'ould
have gladly embraced the opportunity of
495
giving to a long-tried, experienced and I
faitlirtil prartitionir, a fiirtlier proof of
tlu'ir ci>nri(ltni'i' in liis skill ami aWililiis
!))' rc-eU'Ctiiig him tii the olhcc he has
filled more than sixteen years siicces- |
sively, if he had not prevented them hy
declining to serve any longer. I'nder
these impressions, the Managers reliir-
tantly pari with Dr. Wistar, lieing thank-
ful for the past e.\erlions to serve the
institution, and for his kind offers to
advise and assist, if there shall be any
jiartirular reason to require it, on any
further occasion."
He was a member of the Medical
College of Philadelphia, and became
Presiileiit of the .American I'liilosophical
Societv, vice Thomas JrlVerson, in 1815.
On the death of Dr. Rush, Dr. Wistar
succeeded him as President of the Society
for the Abolition of Slavery. For the
Indians of .-Xmerica, he seems to have
felt a particular kindness. Benevolence
was perhaps the most prominent feature
of Dr. Wislar's character ; " His charity
was active, his hand ever seconding the
feelings of his heart," an exemplary man
in every respect, remarkable for his
strong, good sense, amiable deportment,
professional skill and superior quali-
fications as a teacher of Anatomy.
He was the founder of the "Wistar
parties," an attractive feature in the
social life of Philadelphia to this <lay.
At first the meetings took place on Sun-
day evenings at Dr. Wislar's residence,
at the southwest corner of Fourth and
Prune (now Locust) Streets. In 1811,
the time of the meeting was changecl
from Sunday to Saturday.
The orginal Wistar Club, which arose
from these meetings, was composed of
the membership of the American Philo-
sophical Society, of which Dr. Wistar
was once President. Chief Justice Tilg-
ham speaking of a certain committee
meeting of this Society, says, "It was
the custom after the business of the
evening was concluded, to enter upon
an unconstrained conversation upon
literary subjects. Then, without intend- ■
ing it, our lamented friend (Dr. Wistar)
would insensibly take the lead ; and so I
interesting were his anecdotes, and so
just his remarks, that, drawing close
to the dying embers, we often forgot the
lapse of time until warneil by the unwel-
come clock that we hail entered upon
another day."
It became the custom to invite Strang- 1
ers of <iistinction who might be in the
city, to the Salurd.iy evening |)arlies.
Thus, in 1S04, Dr Wislar entertained
Baron von Humboldt and his young 1
friend Bonpland. At first the entertain- j
ments were characterized by a frugal I
simplicity, but afterwards they became
more sumptuous. The meetings were
held at the house of the members in
turn. Among foreigners, the Duke of
Sa.\e-Weimar, Thackeray and many
others have been guests. It would make
a long catalogue to name the distin-
guished .Americans who have attended
these parties. The Civil War broke
them up for a lime; but they iiave lately
been revived.
In the year 1809, observing the preju-
dice in regard to vaccination, he sug-
gested the plan of a society for extend-
ing the benefits of the discovery. And
in this he was seconded by a number of
other public-spirited gentlemen, who
associateil themselves for this useful pur-
pose, and through their inlluence the city
of Philadelphia has since pro\ ided by law
for the gratuitous vaccination of the
poor in the city.
A biographer of Dr. Wislar slated that :
" As a teacher of .\nalomy it is difficult
to say in what part his chief merit con-
sisted. There were, however, some parts
of his course peculiar to himself These
were the athlition of models on a very
large scale, to illustrate small i)arts of
the human structure ; an<l the division
of the general class into a number ol
small classes, each of which he supplied
with a box of bones, in order that they
might become thoroughly acipiainted
witli the human skeleton — a subject
which is acknowledged by all to be
at the very foundation of .Anatomical
knowledge. The large size wooden
models of the sphenoid, palate and eth-
moid bones, the teni|)iiral bone, and the
labyrinth of the ear. as well as of the
brain in sections, from whi< I1 the succes-
sive classes of students to the present
day, in connection with the <lemonstra-
tions of subsequent Professors, have
benefited, were most carefiilly prepared
under the direction of Prof Wistar, by
Mr. Rush, the most celebrated carver of
his time in Philadelphia. In his museum
of models, he has bequeathed a rich
treasure to his successors in the anatom-
ical chair.
"The discovery made by him of the
mode of development of the cells of the
sphenoid bone and their attachment in
the early period of life to the ethmoid,
was one which conferred honor on him
as an investigator and disi overer, and in
which he look unalloyed satisfaction.
On the subject of that discovery he re-
ceived a few days before his death, a
letter from Professor Soemmering, of
the Kingdom of Bavaria, one of the
most celebratefi Anatomists in Kurope,
of which the following is an extract :
'The neat specimen of the sphenoid and
ethmoid bones, is an invaluable addition
to my anatomical collection, having
496
never seen them myself in such a perfect
state. I shall now be very attentive to
examine these processes of the ethmoid
bone in children of two years of age,
being fully persuaded Mr. Bertin ha<l
never met with them of such a consider-
able size nor of such peculiar structure.'
"During the years of Dr. Wistar's
Professorship of Anatomy in the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, he was indefatig-
able in the collection of anatomical pre-
parations, many of which he ordered
and purchased from Leghorne. procu-
ring some from the celebrated I'rofessor
Mascagne."
At the time of his death, in 1818, this
collection was presented to the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, where it is pre-
served with the Hornor collection in tile
Wistar and Hornor Museum.
Dr. Wistar died on January 22, 1818,
in the fifty-seventh year of his age.
PHfr.iF SvNG Phvsick was born in
Philadelphia, July 7, 1768. He entered
the Department of Arts of the University
of Pennsylvania and was graduated as
Bachelor of Arts, May, 1785.
He commenced his medical studies.
under Dr. Adatu Kuhn, and attended
the lectures delivered in the University.
In November 1788, after three and a
half years of study, he went to London,
and was a pupil of Dr. John Hunter,
who, in 1790, had him elected House-
Surgeon of St. George's Hospital where
he had access to the lectures of Clarke,
Osborne, Baillie, Home and the Cruick-
shanks. He received the diploma of the
Royal College of Surgeons of London.
He remained with and assisted Dr.
Hunter from January to May. when he
went to Edinburgh and received from
the University there, the degree of
Doctor in Medicine (May, 1792) ; his
thesis, written in Latin, '* De .Apoplexia,"
was dedicated to Dr. John Hunter.
He returned to Philadelphia, in 1792,
and commenced the practice of medi-
cine. He was soon called upon to exer-
cise his knowledge and skill in aid of
his afflicted and terror-stricken citizens,
in the epidemic of yellow fever in 1793.
In .'August, Dr. Physick offered his servi-
ces and was elected Resident Physician
in the Yellow Fever Hospital at Bush
Hill. Yellow fever again broke out in
1798, and for the second time Dr. Physick
accepted the position of Resident Physi-
cian at the City Hospital, although he
had only recently recovered from his
second attack of the disease, in which
his life was despaired of His services
were of such value to the city that the
Managers, upon his leaving the insti-
tution, presented him with some valu-
able silver plate, in acknowledgment of
"their respectful approbation of his
voluntary and inestimable services."
In iSoi, he was appointed Surgeon
Extraordinary to the Almshouse Infirm-
ary, and, soon afterward. Professor of Sur-
gery in the University of Pennsylvania.
In 1819, Dr. Physick was transferred to the
chair of Anatomy, made vacant by the
death of Dr. John Syng Dorsey ; he held
this position until 1831, when failing
health obliged him to relinquish the active
duties of a public teacher, and the Uni-
versity conferred upon him the honorary
title of " Emeritus Professor of Surgery
and Anatomy."
In October, 1831, he performed success-
fully the operation of lithotomy upon
Chief Justice Marshall, then in his seven-
ty-fifth year, and the operator sixty-three
years of age.
In 1822 he was President of the Phre-
nological Societj-, also a member of the
American Philosophical Society ; in 1S24
President of the Philadelphia Medical
Society: in 1825 member of the Academy
of Medicine of France; in 1S36 elected
Honorary Fellow of the Royal Medical
and Chirurgical Society of London.
Dr. Physick was elected to the Medical
Staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital in
1794, which position he retained until
1816. .^s an operator, he is described as
having a correct, sharp and discrimina-
ting eye ; a hand delicate in touch, dex-
terous in movement and of unswerving
firmness ; a perfect composure and self-
possession which rose in tone and deep-
ened in steadiness with the complication
of the case in hand.
Dr. Elder, in speaking of Dr. Physick,
said he is known as "the father of Amer-
ican surgery." he was a discoverer, a
thinker, a worker, but not an author; he
had an "invincible repugnance" to
appearing before the public in that capa-
497
citv. Nine or li-ii essays, iiiakiiiK about
twliity pa^is (ictavo, are the whole
Miiioiiiit of his publiraliiiiis.
He died DeciinUer li. iS57. auid sixty-
nine vears.
Bkmamix Smith Hakton was liorii
at Laiuaster. I'a., KeUniary lo. 1766; liis
mother was a sister of the ielel>rated
David RiUiiilidUse. He studied medi-
riiie uiuler Dr. Shippeii. In 1786, he
wasa sliideiit at the I'niversity of Kdin-
liurKh for two vears, and was graduated
l)V the Universitvof ("..ittinKen in 178S.
Tiu- predilection of Dr. Harton lor
Natural Ilistorv. especially for lidtanv.
very earlv manifested itself; it is said his
skill in drawinK was acquired from the
instruction of Mainr .Andre, who was
a i)risoner of war at I.anc.ister. He
obtained, from the Royal Medical Society
of K<linl.HrKh, the Harveian |>ri/.e, for
his dissertation oti "Hyoscyamus NiRer."
In the summer of 1787. he pul>lished
■' Observations on some Parts of Natural
History," to which he prefixed an account
of remarkable vestijjes of ancient date,
discovered in North .America. While
in Kngl.inil, in 17S9, he was elected a
member of the American Philosophical
Society ; he was vice-president of the
society from 1S02-1S16, and President of
the Philadelphia Medical Society from
1808-1H12. ., , , , .
In 1789, he returned to Philadelphia
and commenced the i)ractice of medi-
cine ; the same vear was appointed I'ro-
fessor of Natural Historv and Botany in
the College. He was president of the
Medical Society, and Fellow ol the Col-
lege of Phvsicians, Philadelphia. He was
elected to the Medical Staff of the Penn-
sylvania Hospital in 1798.
' Dr. Barton was the first American who
jjave to his country an elementary work on
Botany. Hisscieiitific publiiatioiis were :
" On the Fascinating Quality ascrib-
ed to the Rattlesnake," I1796;) "New
Views of the Orinin of the Tribes of
.America," (1797 ; 1 " Collections towards
a Materia Mecfica of the l"nited States,"
(1798;) " Remarks on the Speech attri-
buted by Jellerson to l.o(;an," (1798. 1
He died, December 19, 1815 in the
fiftieth ye.ir of his a^e.
JijiiN Rkdman I'lixi;. iHirn in New Jer
sey in 177,^. w.is eilucated in Philadelphi.i
under the care of his grandfather, Dr.
Redman, until his tenth year, when lie
went to Kn^land and remained until his
seventeenth year. He completed his
classical education in Kdinbnrjjh and
attended a course of medical lectures at
the l"niversity in that city.
He returned lo .America in 1790 and
was a student ol Dr. Rush, duriuR which
time he witnessed the yellow fever epi-
demic of I79,v He was graduated by the
University of Pennsylvania. He a^aiu
visited Kurope and attended the Limdon
Hospitals lor a year and afterwards
studied in Kdinburnh and Paris.
Dr. C'o.xe returned in 1796 to Philadel-
jiliia. In 1797, he became one of the
resident physicians of Bush Hill Hos-
pital, under charge of Drs. Physick and
Cathrall. In 1798 he was apoointeil
Physician of the Port of Philadelphia.
Ill 1S09, he was appointed to the C'hair of
Chemistry ; in 1819 he was transferred to
the Chair' of Materia Medica and Phar-
macy in the Medical Department of the
University of Pennsylvania.
He was elected to the Medical Staff ol
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1802 ; re-
signed 1807.
498
Or. Coxf was au e;irucst, eiitluisiastic
advocate of vaccinatiun ; aud vaccinated
his child, then an infant, at a time when
the full efiirary of the practice was still
in suspense in the public niin<L He fully
tested it. bvexposinijhini to the influence
of the snialli>o.\ :ilter vaccination, the
result of lliis hold experiment contribtited
to establish reliance in the protective
power of vaccination.
He was at one time editor of the
" Medical Museum," a periodical com-
menced in 1804, the first uniformly
issued, medical periodical in the city of
Philadelphia. He published as Editor
"The American Hispensary" in iSoS,
also a Medical Dictionary; and, later in
life, ** Exposition of the Works of Hipjn*-
crates " and an " Kssay on the f Jri.nin of
the Discovery of the Circulation of the
Blood." In 1S29, he intrfuluced and suc-
ceeded in cnltivatini; the true Jalap
plant, thus enablins; Mr. Nuttall to
determincits real character and position.
He died March 22, 1864, aj;ed ninety-
one years.
Tuo.M.vs C'li.M.KI.KV Jamics was born in
Philadelphia .^u^;ust 31, 1766, was a
descendant of Thomas Chalkley, the
celebrated Quaker preacher, and also of
Samuel Hasell. one of the Counsellors
in the projirietary jjoverument, aud
Master in Chancery of the High Court
established by Governor Keith in 1720.
His father, .M)el Janus, was one of the
leading nurchants of Philadelphia and a
l)ersonal friend of Benjamin Franklin.
His medical studies were under the
direction of Dr. Adam Kuhu. He was
graduated, in 17S7, liy the I'niversity of
Pennsylvania. In 178S he accepted the
position of Surgeon on the " Sampson,"
a mercantile vessel and sailed to the
Cape of Good Hope and Canton, with a
view of obtaining pecuniary means to
complete his studies in Europe, which hc
was enabled to do. He returned home
in the summer of 1790, and soon after
went to England, where he found his
fellow-countryman and student, Dr.
Physick, pursuing his studies at St.
("rc-orge's Hospital, by whose advice, in
1791, he entered as a house-pupil of the
Story Street Lying-in-Hospital. He went
to Edinburgh, in the spring of 1792,
where he attended the University.
In 1793 he returned to Phihulelphia,
l>ut a slKirt time before the e])idemic of
yellow fever, and was himself attacked
by the disease. In the wiiUer Hr. James
undertook the regular duties of his pro-
fession. The ensuing year he was Sur-
geon to the " Macphersou Blues," on
the Western Expedition. I'pon settling
himself again in his jjrofession he
selected obstetrics as his special depart-
ment.
In 1.802, he, in connection with Dr.
Church, commenced his first regular
course of lectures on obstetrics. In
order to give jjractical instruction, he
had, by his infiuence an<l exertions, estab-
lished a " Lying-in-ward " (the first in
the city) at the .Mmshouse. and was
elected attending .Accoucheur. In 1810,
he w'as ilected Professor of Midwifery
in the rniversity of Pennsylvania. This
was the first inilependent chair of this
branch established by the trustees,
although attendance upon the lectures
on this branch were not at thistime made
compulsory. His first regular course of
lectures on Obstetrics in the Medical
School commenced November, 1810. In
1813, the Trustees nnanimo\isly passed
the followin.g resolution : " Resolved
that hereal'ter the Professor of Midwifery
shall be a member of the Medical Faculty
anrl shall have all the power, authority,
and privileges belonging to a jirfifcssor-
ship in said Faculty, and that no person
shall be admitted hereafter as a candi-
date for the degree of Doctor of Medi-
cine in this University unless he shall
have regularly attended the lectures of
said Professor for two years."
About the year 1S21, as his health had
began to fail. Dr. James recjuested the
assistance of an .Adjunct Professor of
Midwifery ; this oflTice the trustees, in
October, 1825. established and, in Novem-
ber, elected Dr. William P. Deweestothe
position. In i."<34. Dr. James resigned
the prf)fessorship. of which he was the
founder, and had sustained for a period
of twenty-four years.
Dr. James was a Fellow of the College
of Phvsicians and president in 1835:
a member of the American Philosophical
Society and .Academy of Natural Sciences.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Pennsvlvania Hosi)ital, 1807, resigned
1 8 -IT
499
He wrote but little and only occasion-
ally read papers before tlie College of
I'liysicians. In 1S04, lie presented the
hIslDry of a case of hyilatuls. On Sep-
tember 4, iSio, he reported a case of
premature labor, artificially induced in
tile case with contracted pelvis, after the
expiration of tile seventh month, with
the gratifyiiiK result of saving Ixith
mother and cliild. This is the first rec-
ord, it is saiil, in this country, of the
scientific performance of this operation,
for which much credit is atlachetl to Or.
James. Me was one of the editors of the
" Eclectic Repertory," and contributed
very larRely to its success. He edited
Burns' "Principles of Midwifery" and
Mcrnman's "Synopsis," which were
principally used as te.xt-boolcs for medi-
cal students.
He died July 5, 1835, aged sixty-nine
years.
John Svn<; Dorsey, was born in
Philadelphia, December 23, 1783, com-
menced the study of medicine with his
uncle, Dr. I'hysick, and when a little
over eighteen years of age received the
•legree of Doctor in Medicine from the
University of Pennsylvania at its com-
mencement in 1802, the trustees having
<lispensed in his case with the rule
requiring the graduate of medicine to be
twenty-one years of age. His thesis was
"The Power of the Gastric Juice, as a
Solvent for Urinary Calculi."
In 1803, he visited England and France
to improve himself, especially in surgery;
in 1804 he returned and began to practice
in Phil.idelphia. In 1S07 lie was elected
Adjunct Professor of Surgery in the
University. In 1815 he was elected
Professor of Materia Medica and, in
1818, on the death of Dr. Wistar, he was
elected Professor of Anatomy. He
delivered an eloquent introductory
lecture on November 3, which was his
last work, for on the evening of the same
day, he was attacked with fever of such
violent type, that in one week it closed
his existence.
Elected a Surgeon to the Pennsylvania
Hospital, ill 1810, he served until his
death, November 12, 1818, in the thirty-
fifth year of his age. " Elevated to a
position alnive which he could hardly
iiscend and surrounded by all that we
most value. Providence seems to have
selected him as an instance to teach a
salutary lesson of the shortness of life,
the insignificance of things transitory,
and the importance of th.it eternity
which absorbs all being and all time."
Ill person. Dr. llorsey was eminently
handsome. His features were broad and
intellectual, his nose prominent, his lips
large, and his chin well rounded. The
eyes were blue and sparkling with
intelligence, the forehead was ample,
and the hair, which was rather
brownish, fell negligently in a large cue
over his collar, in accordance with the
fashion of the times.
JosF.PH H.\RTSH0RNE was Iwru in
Alexandria, \irginia, December 12, 1779.
After he had completed his collegi.ale
education, in the Academy at .Alexandria,
he served for a time in the counting
house of his father. He then read medi-
cine as a pupil of Doctor James Craik,
of Alexandria, Va., who was the physi-
cian to General Washington during his
last illness.
After two years of preliminary study,
on July 27, 1801, he was appointed
Resident Apprentice and Apothecary of
the Pennsylvania Hospital. He also
matriculated at the University. Doring
his five years term of service, the library
and museum of the Hospital received a
large share of his attention. He pre-
pared for publication the first alphabeti-
cal catalogue of the Hospital Library.
After several years of study in the
Hospital and attendance on lectures, he
was graduated in medicine by the
University of Pennsylvania in 1805, his
thesis being "On the Influence of the
Atmosphere in Respir.ation."
He prepared an American edition of
" Boyer's Treatise on Diseases of the
Bones, with an Original Appendix of
Recent Cases and some New Forms of
Apparatus."
In 1821 he made a voyage to Batavia as
surgeon and supercargo of an East India
Merchantman, which occupied about ten
months and was pecuniarily successful.
He soon again made a second voyage,
being absent about fifteen months. On
his return to Philadelphia, he entered on
the practice of his profession.
In iSij, he married Anna, a daughter
of Isaac Bonsall, of Philadelphia.
gaged ill the practice of his profes-
sion.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital June 20, 1813,
resigned in 183,5. The following minute
was made by the Board of Managers :
" A communication was received from
Dr. John C. Otto, resigning the position
of attending physician, after more than
twenty-two >'ears' service most accept-
ably rendered this Institution. The
Managers, on parting officially from the
Doctor, tender to him their acknowledg-
ments for his long, faithful and useful
labors ; and assure him of their cordial
regard, and best wishes for whatever
may contribute to his future happiness."
He published an " .-Iccount of an
Hemorrhagic Disposition e.tisting in
certain Families:" "A Case of Epi-
lepsy," etc.
He was elected a member of the Phila-
delphia Medical Society, of the American
Philosophical Society, and in 1824 was
made a Fellow of the College of Physi-
cians of Philadelphia.
In iSio. he was elected to the Medical
Staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital, but
resigned on account of the demands of
a large private practice. .August 27, 1S21 :
he had previously served in the Out-
patient Department from January 30,
i8og, to July 3, 1810. He died .\ugust
5, 1850, in the seventy-first year of his age.
John C. Otto was born March 14.
1774, near Woodbury, N. J. His father,
Dr. Bodo Otto, was an eminent physician
of his time and an officer in the
Revolutionary Army. Dr. Otto's grand-
father and great-grandfather were both
physicians, the former emigrated in 1752
from Germany to this country, being
then forty-three years of age, he settled
in Philadelphia. Having received a
European education, he was much
esteemed for his literary and medical
knowledge: his practice was largely
among the German population . especially
having a reputation as a surgeon. He
attended the .American army, encamped
at Valley Forge, and was in charge of
the Hospital there during the winter of
1778, although then advanced in years,
and declined all compensation for his
services.
Dr. John C. Otto was educated at the
College of New Jersey, at Princeton,
where he received the degree of .A. B. in
1792. He then came to Philadelphia,
where he commenced the study of
medicine, and became a pupil of Dr.
Rush. He received the degree of Doctor |
of Medicine in 1796, from the l.^niversity '
of Pennsvlvania, and immediatelv en- 1
Dr. Otto was a member of the .Ameri-
can Philosophical Society, the College ol
Physicians of Philadelphia, etc.
Dr. Otto died June 26, 1844, aged
seventy years.
Samuel Colhoun was born in 1787 ;
he was a medical apprentice and student
of medicine of the Pennsylvania Hos-
pital from May 11, 1809 to iSio. He was
subsequently a member of the Philadel-
phia Medical Society ; and of the College
of Physicians. He was also Professor
of Materia Medica in the Pennsylvania
Medical College.
He was elected member of the Medical
Staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital in
1816, resigned in 1821.
He died April 7, 1841, aged fifty-four
years.
Joseph Parrish was born in Philadel-
phia, September 2, 1779.
His parents being members of the So-
ciety of Friends, he was taught in their
5°i
schools, especially in the liiglivr branches,
including; I.atiii.
Although his early inclination was to-
wards the medical profession, lie enKaged
in the business of his father, who was a
hatter, until his twenty-second year,
when obtaining the consent of his parents
to a change of pursuit, he decided to
commence the sludy of medicine as a
private pupil in the olVice of Dr. Wistar.
He received the degree of Doctor of
Medicine ifk>$, from the Universitv of
Pennsylvania, his thesis being, " I'pon
the Influence of the Passions in the Pro-
duction and Cure of Disease."
At the beginning of his i)ractice, he was
appointed Resident Physician to the Yel-
low Fever Hospital. In 1S07-10 he gave
popular lectures on Chemistry ; his prac-
tice now h.ad greatly increased, lie was
Surgeon to the Philadelphia Almshouse
(1806-22): Vice-President of the College
of Physicians, lie was elected a mem
ber of the .\merican Philosophical
Society, 1815. He was President of the
Hoard of Managers of Wills Hospital
(18^2-401; and President of the Pennsv I
vania Abolition Society ; he had at <jne
time as high as thirty medical students
in his office, in the midst of his engrossing
duties.
In the autumn of 180S, he married
Miss Cow, of Burlington N. J., who sur-
vived him.
He was elected to the Medical StafT of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1S16, re-
signed in 1829.
While not a voluminous writer, he con-
tributed a number of papers on medical
and surgical subjects to the medical
periodicals.
He died March 18, 1840, aged si.xly
years.
Thomas T. Hkwsdn was born .April 9,
1773, in London ; he was the second son
of William Hewson, the celebrated anat-
omist and physiologist. In March, 1781,
when eight years old, he entered the
school of William (iilpin, at Cheani, near
London, where he resided untd the sum-
mer of 178('>. with the exception of five
months which lie spent at Passy, with
Dr. Franklin in the winter of 17S4-85.
In the summer of 1786, he came to
.\merica and entered the College of
Philadelphia, and in 1789 he took the de-
gree of A. B.
He studied medicine with Dr. John
Foulke for live years : in June, 1794, he
returned to England, and the following
September he entered St. Bartholomew's
Hospital, as one of two house surgeons.
In 179.S, he went to Edinburgh and re-
mained until 1796.
In iSoo, he returned to Philadelphia and
at once entered ujjon the practice of his
profession, lie was physician to tlieW.il-
nul Street prison from i.'<o6 to i.Mii, and
the inspectors of that institution to ccm-
memorale his distinguished professional
services among the prisoners, during the
prevalence of malignant typhus fever, in
the winter of 1S17-18, presented him with
a han<lsome silver vase, appropriately
inscribed.
In iM I, he was elected one of the Sur-
geons of the Philadelphia Almshouse.
In 1816 he was elected Professor of Com-
parative Anatomy in the University of
Pennsylvania. In 1817 he was ap|>ointed
Physician to the Orphan .Asylum; a posi-
tion he held for twenty years. He was
elected a member of the Edinburgh Med-
ical Society in 1796; .American Philosoph-
ical Society, Fellow of the College of
Physicians, Secretary, 1802-12; President,
'^J5 4** I 'ind received the high honor of
an Honorary M. D. from Ihc Harvard
University in 1822.
He contributed largely to the forma-
tion and revision of the National Phar-
macopiL'ia.
I luring the prevalence of yellow fever
in Philadelphia, on August 27, 1820, he
prolTered his services to the Board of
Health to attend the Yellow Fever Hos-
pital and his offer was accepted.
In 1822. I>r. Hewson established a pri-
vate medical school, consisting of himself
as a teacher of Anatomy and Practice;
Dr. Thomas Harris, of Surgery ; Dr.
Meigs, of Physiology and Midwifery, and
Dr. F. Bache, of (Mieniislrv and Materia
Meilica ; as thus organized the school
continued for several years, during which
|)criod Dr. Hewson gave an annual course
of anatomical lectures.
On July 5, 1834, the Board of Health
established a "Cholera Medical Board,"
composed of twelve physicians from the
city and districts ami the Port Physician.
On the loth, Dr Hewson was appointed
a member of this Board, and at its first
meeting was elected President ; in the
organization of the several hospitals and
stations, he was appointed Ph\sicran-in-
Chief. which position he filled until the
dissolution of the Board and closing of
the hospital on the thirtieth of October
folhjwing.
The Board of Health made him a hand-
some pecuniar)' acknowletlgment, ' * Not, ' '
they remark, " as a compensation for the
invaluable services rendered by him to
the sufTering poor of the city and county
during the prevalance of the recent epi-
demic ; but as an expression in pecuni-
ary form, of their high estimate of his
unremitting attention to the duties of a
situation, at once onerous and responsi-
ble, which he was induced to accept, at
their request, at a season of uncommon
alarm and excitement."
He was elected one of tlie Surgeons of \
the Medical StafT of llie Pennsylvania
Hospital in iSi8, and continued in the
position until 1835.
He married on Novembers. 1S12, Emily
Banks, of Washington, D. C.
He died February 17, 1848, aged nearly '
seventy- five years.
John Moore, was born in Upper
Merion Township. Montgomery County,
Pa.. April iS. 1778. His parents were
members of the Society of Friends ; his
elementary education was received in a
neighboring school, but mostly at home
under his elder brother's tuition, who
was a lawyer and Judge in Crawford
County. At the age of eighteen, Jolui
went to reside in the family of Dr. Wil-
son, of Bucks County, who being a classi-
cal scholar, taught liim Latin, and he
commenced the study of medicine. 1796.
In the winter of 1797. he removed to
Philadelphia and became a private pupil
of Dr. Caspar Wistar. and during the
following winter, became a member of the
Medical Society. In 179S, he was ap-
pointed Apothecary to the Philadelphia
Almshouse, but owing tn his health be-
coming impaired, he resigned his ])Osi-
tion in 1799. He shortly afterward re-
turned, remaining there until the spring
of 1800, when he receivetl the degree of
Doctor of Medicine from the University
of Pennsylvania, his thesis being " Digi-
talis Purpurea."
He commenced the practice of his pro-
fession in the vicinity of Jenkintown,
Montgomery County, Pa., in 1800, as a
partner to Dr. Samuel Glenn.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1820, as
Obstetrician, and continued to serve in
that capacitv until lie resigned in 1829.
Dr. Moore was a Fellow of College of
Physicians. He was also one of the Over-
seers of Public Schools
He died May 23. 1S36. aged fifty-eight
years.
Wir.I-i.AM Price was born September
17, 1788. He was one of the early West
Town scholars, and he left home before
lie was of age. to teach a school for colored
children, under the care of Friends, in
Philadelphia. He studied medicine with
Dr. Joseph Parrish. He was graduated
in 1813 fron) the I'niversity of Pennsyl-
vania, and served as medical ajiprentice
in the Pennsylvania Hospital from 1813-14.
He spent some three years in Paris, in
assiduous attendance upon lectures and
hospitals of that great centre of medical
teaching. Returning, he commenced the
practice of medicine in Philadelphia.
In 1821. he became a member of the
Medical Staff of the Pennsvlvania Hos-
pital ; he resigned May 12, 1823. In 1821,
by his own request, he was transferred
from the Medical to the Surgical Depart-
ment. He was diverted from the regular
pursuit of his profession and served for
several years in the Ohio Legislature ;
but resumed practice in C'incinnati, where
he lived until his death, January 27, 1S60,
aged seventy-two years.
His disposition was most kind and
social, and his manners, always gentle
and without affectation, were most
polished and attractive.
John Wh.so.v Moore was an Ap-
prentice from 1808-1S13 and " Chief
.\pothecary " (in 1810) at the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital. He received his degree
of Doctor in Medicine from the I'niversity
of Pennsylvania in 1S12 ; was a member
of the Philadelphia Medical Society ;
Fellow of College of Physicians : and of
the .\merican Medical .Association.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1.S21, re-
signed 1827.
He died June 25, 1865.
S.vMi i;i. Kmt.en was born in Chester
County. Pa.. March 6, 1789. In 1S08 he
commenced the study of medicine with
Dr. Joseph Parrish. and was graduated by
the Universitv in 1812.
The following June, he visited Europe,
and the Hospitals o( London and Paris.
.\fter the capitulation of Paris, he re-
turned to London, thence to Hollanil,
and came home, after a two years' ab-
sence, in the corvette "John .■\dams," as
bearer of despatches for the Govern-
ment. On his return, he at once com-
menced the practice of his profession in
Philadelphia. He was Secretary of the
Board of Health in 1819; Physician to the
Friends' Asylum for the Insane: and a
Fellow of the College of Physicians.
50.3
lie was elected tip the Medical Stall' of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1823, and
continued in this position until his death.
In organization of the Pennsylvania
Society for DiscouraginR the I'se of
Ardent Spirits, as well as in its adminis-
tration as manager, he took an active
part.
He died April i;, 1828, aged thirty-
nine years.
John Rhea Barton was born in Lan-
caster, I'a., April, 179O; his father, William
Barton, was a member of the bar ol Lan-
caster and was a prominent jurist. He
became the President Judge of the
judicial districts composed of Lancaster,
York and Danphln Counties. At a later
date, he discharged the duties of Pro-
thonotary in his native county, he sub-
sequently removed from Lancaster to
Philadelphia, when he was appointed
Secretary of the .American Philosophical
Society, receiving shortly after, from the
University of Pennsylvania, the honorary
degree of Master of Arts.
John Rhea Barton was educated at the
University uf Pennsylvania, where he
was graduated in Medicine in iSiS, his
thesis being "Certain Injuries of the
Bones of Children." He served as a
medical apprentice in the Pennsylvania
Hospital from i8i.? to iSiS. After com-
pleting his medical studies he was ap-
pointed one of the surgeons to the
Philadelphia .Almshouse.
He was elected on the Medical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1823, re-
signed 1836.
Ur. Barton's ingenuity and mechanical
genius was made prominent in his mani-
pulations and special management of
fractures ; the profession is indebted to
him for the "figure of eight bandage of
the head," which continues to bear his
name : he also introduced what is known
as "the bran dressing." He, in 1826,
was the first surgeon to pioneer the way
in subcutaneous osteotomy. " .As an
operator, he was cool, decided, elegant
and full of resource, using either hand
with equal facility, he seldom changed
his position when engaged in any surgical
j)rocedure."
In 1840, he retired from active practice.
His contributions to medical literature
were not numerous. In 1827, he pub-
lished in the " North American Medical
and Surgical Journal," a paper on the
" Treatment of Anchylosis by the Forma-
tion of Artificial Joints ;" in 183S a paper
entitled "Views and Treatment of an
Important Injury totlie Wrist."
Dr. D. Hayes Agnew concluded a
brief sketch of his life, with the beautiful
sentiment: "The sun sinks below the
western horizon, but long after the great
body of Ilame has passed out of sight
there lingers on the bending sky a mellow-
sheen of gi>lden glory ; and so men die
and drop out of rank, i)ut the influence
and power of their lives remain the heri-
tage of succeeding generations."
To commemorate his services to Amer-
ican Surgery and perpetuate his name,
his widow established, with the approval
of the Trustees, the "John Rhea Barton
Professorship of the Principles and Prac-
tice of Surgery " in the Medical Depart-
ment of the University of Pennsylvania
Dr. Barton died January i, 1871, aged
seventy-five years.
John KEARSLEy Mitchkll was born
March 12, 1793, at Shepherdstown, Va.
.At an early age, he was sent to Scotland
to pursue a course of Academic studies
at the University of Edinburgh, prepara-
tory to entering upon the study of medi-
cine ; he completed his collegiate course
and received tlie degree of A. B., then left
Scotland and returned to .America. Soon
after this he came to Philadelphia, and
entered the office of Dr. Nathaniel Chap-
man (1816) and commenced his pro-
fessional studies : he received the degree
of Doctor of Medicine from the University
of Pennsylvania in 1819.
In 1822 he settled in Philadelphia and
began the practice of his profession. His
services (.iuring seasons of i)estilence,
and in the City Hospitals, were twice
rewarded by Munici|)al gifts.
He was elected Lecturer on Chemistry
1823-32. 1826-JO, he lectured in the
Franklin Institute, on Chemistry applied
to the .Arts.
He was a member of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, of the
American Philosophical Society, Fellow
of College of Physicians, Pliiladel])hia,
Lecturer on Theory and Practice of Medi-
cine in Jefferson Medical College, etc.
504
Dr. Mitchell was elected to the Medical
Staff of the Hospital, 1827, and in 1834,
he was succeeded by Dr. William Rush.
He contributed to the North American
Medical and Surgical Journal, articles
upon Chronic Dysentery, based upon his
experience and treatment of this disease
as he had seen it in the East Indies (i*>28),
also "On a New Practice in Acute and
Chronic Rheumatism," and two years
afterward, another article upon the same
subject. He edited Faraday's Chemi-
cal Manipulations, with notes (1830) ;
wrote Chemical and Pharmaceutical
History and Toxicological Effects of
Arsenic (1S36); Cryptogamous Origin of
Malarious and Endemic P'evers ; with
his hyijothesis of the cause of these
diseases and of Cholera Asiatica, Plague,
and Yellow Fa^fer ; and other valuable
contributions. A collection of his essays,
including a valuable paper on Animal
Magnetism, was published in iSs.S. He
was author of " Indecision and other
Poems " (1S39) ; also of Popular Lectures
on Scientific Subjects which were trans-
lated into several foreign languages.
He died April 4, 1858, aged sixty-five
years.
Benjamin H. Coates was born Novem-
ber 14, 1797. From his early years he
showed a natural love for books, and for
science, which was so characteristic of
liim throughout life. He received an
excellent literary and classical education
at Friends' Grammar School.
He was a resident, medical student of
the Pennsylvania Hospital, from 1814
to 1S19. under the preceptorship of
Dr. Philip S. Physick. He was graduated
from the University of Pennsylvania
Doctor in Medicine, in 1818. He was a
member of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, the American Philosophical
Society, College of Physicians, American
Medical Association, President of the
Philadelphia County Medical Society,
one of the founders and Vice-President
of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
He delivered the address at the laying of
the corner stone of the Department
fur the Insane, June 22, 1836.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Hospital, 1S28, resigned in 1841.
Me died October 16, 18S1, aged nearly
eighty-four years.
Thomas Harris was born in Chester
County, Pennsylvania, January 3, 17S4.
He was the eldest son of Cieiieral William
Harris, who served with distinction dur-
ing the war of the Revolution.
In the spring of 1804, he commenced
the study of medicine and obtained his
degree in 1809, from the Univeisity of
Pennsylvania. In 1812, during the war
with Great Britain, he received from
Mr. Madison a commission as surgeon in
the navy and joined the Wasp sloop of
war, under the command of Commodore
Jacob Jones. Hardly had Dr. Harris
entered the service, when he had the good
fortune to take part in one of the most
brilliant actions of the war. A week
after sailing from New Castle, the Wasp
encountered the sloop of war Frolic, of a
superior force, and, after an action of
little more than half an hour, captured
her. An hour subsequently, however,
both ships fell into the hands of the Poic-
tiers, seventy-four, which carried them
into Bermuda. Here they remained a
few weeks, until they were exchanged.
Dr. Harris commenced the practice of
his profession in Philadelphia in 1817.
His success was brilliant and he was, for
a number of years, a lecturer on surgery.
His style was familiar, sometimes con-
versational, and his matter had the great
attraction of appearing to emanate more
from his own experience than the glean-
ings from books. Though not a great
writer, he contributed a number of
articles to different medical periodicals
and published a life of Commodore Bain-
bridge in 1837. He was elected to the
Medical Staff of the Hospital in 1829, and
resigned in 1840.
Dr. Harris died in i86r.
Charles Lukens was graduated in
Medicine from the University of Pennsyl-
vania in 1S16.
He was a Fellow of College of Physi-
cians.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1829, and
resigned 1839.
Hugh L. Hodge was born in Phila-
delphia, June 27. 1796. He received the
degree of .-V. B. in 1S14, from the College of
New Jersey, at Princeton, and graduated
505
in Medicine from the University of Penn-
sylvania in iSiS. He was soon after
appointed surgeon to a trading vessel
and made a trip to tlic East Indies ; on
his rtlurn to Philadelphia he commenced
the practice of medicine.
He was a Fellow of the College of
Physicians ; a member of the American
Philosophical Society; and one of the
original members of the American Medical
Association.
In 1S35, he was elected Professor of
Obstetrics in the University of Pennsyl-
vania, and resigned in 1863, when he was
ap|>ointed Kmeritus Professor.
He was elected to ilie Pennsylvania
Hospital (I-yingin Department), in 1S32,
and resigned in 1S54.
On November 12, 1828, he marrieil
Margaret E. Aspinwall, of New York.
Dr. Hodge was one of the editors of the
North .American Medical and Surgical
Journal. He published, in i."<6o, a work
on " Diseases Peculiar to Women " and in
1864, a treatise entitled, "The Principles
and Practice of Obstetrics," lie received
the degree of LI-. I), in 1872, from the
College of New Jersey.
He died February 26, 187?, aged sev-
enty-six years.
\Vil.i.i.\M Rush, son of Dr. Benjamin
Rush, was born in i8o<>. He was elected
a member of the Medical Start' of the
Pennsylvania Hospital in 1834, resigned
1837.
He died November 20, 1864, aged
si.xty-four years, and was buried at
Christ Church.
GKiikC.E B.xioN Woiii) was born in
Greenwich, N. J., March 3, 1797. He
received the degree of A. B. in 1815, and
of Doctor in Medicine from the University
of Pennsylvania, in 1S18.
He was a member of the Academy of
Natural Sciences; Professor of Chemistry,
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy , Pro-
fessor Materia Medica, same College,
1831-35; Felicfw of College of Physi-
cians and President 1 1S48-79) ; .\meric.in
Philosophical Society, July i829and Presi-
dent 1 1859 791 : Trustee i>fGirard College
from 1833 41 ; President of the .\merican
Medical Association iiss.SSSi; Presi-
dent National Convention for Revision of
Pharmacopieia (1850 and iSOo.)
Dr. WootI was Professor of Materia
Medica and Pharmacy from 183s to 1S50
and of Theory and Practice of .Medicine
from 1^50-60, in the University of Penn-
sylvania. He instituted anew departure
in the metho<l of leaching, by making it
demonstrative. In adilitioii to an ad-
mirable- cabinet of drawings and speci-
mens illustrative of Materia .Medica,
Dr. Wood erected a 9|)acious green-
house in his garden, for the preservation
and cultivation of medicinal plants.
Not only were his lectures rendered
more interesting, from the exhibition of
living plants, but he also richly pro\ided
materi.il for teaching, and every depart-
ment of his subject was appropriately
Illustrated by diagrams of pathological
lesions of the organs, also casts, and
models of disease, apparatus, and exten-
sive range of pathological preparations.
As a member of the College cf Physi-
cians, he took an active part, and con-
tributed live hundred dollars annually,
in order that the library might be daily
available. He also gave four thou-
sand dollars towards the erection of
a Hall, and made other generous and
liberal gifts to forward its purposes and,
by his will, gave his valuable library to
the College.
He was elected to the Medical Staft' of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1835, re-
signed 1859.
When, at the end of twenty-four years'
service, he retired from the Medical Staff,
the Managers adopted the following reso-
lutions :
"The President and Secretary are
requested to convex' to Dr. Wood the
regret of the Board at parting with him.
'Also Resolved: That the Board in
accepting the resignation of l>r. George
B. Wood desire to express their regret at
parting with one who for twenty-four
years discharged with great zeal and
iidelity the responsible duties devolving
upon iiini.
" Resolved : That the Board fully ap-
preciate the liberality of Dr. Wood
towards the erection of new buildings for
the insane, displayed when the work of
obtaining subscriptions had scarcely
commenced and which interest, we be-
lieve, continues unabated. .And that, in
his retirement from the post so long and
ablv tilled bv him, he carries witi' him
506
our best wishes for his future'prosperity
and happiness/*
The published works of Dr. Wood are :
The U. S. Dispensatory, edited in conjunc-
tion with Dr. Bache ; also a Treatise on
the Practice of Medicine; and a Treatise
on Therapeutics and Pharmacology, each
of which went through several editions.
He died March 30, 1879. in the eighty-
third year of his age.
Jacob R.^ndolph was born in Phila-
delphia, November 25, 1796. In 1S14, he
commenced the study of medicine and,
in 1817, received the degree of Doctor in
Medicine (rom the University of Penn-
sylvania. He was subsequently made
surgeon to a vessel bound to China, but
left the vessel on its arrival in England,
in consequence of severe and protracted
suffering from sea-sickness. He passed
several months in visiting Scotland and
France. On his return to Philadelphia, he
commenced the practice of his profession.
He married in 1822, a daughter of
Dr. Philip Syng Physick.
In 1830, he received the appointment
of surgeon to the Almshouse Infirmary,
or Philadelphia Hospital ; in tlie same
year he was associated with other prac-
titioners as a lecturer on Surgery, in the
" Summer School of Medicine."
He was elected a member of the Phila-
delphia Medical Society, 1S15 ; American
Philosophical Society, 1S33 ; College of
Physicians of Philadelphia. 1834-48 ; and
American Medical Association, 1847.
While abroad, in 1840, he was elected
Professor of Operative Surgery in the
Jefferson Medical Collegeof Philadelphia,
which he declined, as it required an
immediate return. After an absence of
two years, he returned to Philadelphia
and resumed the practice of his pro-
fession, principally as consulting surgeon.
In 1847, he was elected Professor of
Clinical Surgery in the University of
Pennsylvania.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Hospital, in 1S35, and continued in its-
service until his death, February 29, 1848.
at the age of fifty-one vears.
GEORtiE W. NoKKis was born in
Philadelphia, November 6, 1808. He
entered the Academical Department of
the University of Pennsylvania and re-
ceived the degree of A. B. in 1^27. He was
a pupil of Dr. Joseph Parrish and received
the degree of Doctor of Medicine, in 1S30,
from the University of Pennsylvania.
Immediately alter graduation, he was
elected resident physician of the Penn-
sylvania Hospital and served until 1833 :
the same year he went to Paris, and
attended the lectures of Dupuytren, Vel-
peau, Rou.t and Magendie. While in
Paris, he was elected a member of the
Societe Medicale d'Observation. In 1835, .
he returned to Philadelphia and began
the practice of his profession.
In 184S he was elected Professor of
Clinical Surgery in the University of
Pennsylvania : he served until 1857.
when he resigned, having been elected
Trustee of the University.
He was elected to the Staff of the
Pennsylvania Hospital in 1836, and re
signed in 1863.
Dr.lNorris's first publication, which ap
peared in 1837 in the " American Journal
of the Medical Sciences," was on Fracture -
and Dislocation of the Astragalus. He
contributed during a period of thirty
years, at intervals, a number of medical
essays, statistical papers, and details of
cases, most of which were collected and
published before his death, in a work of
one volume, entitled "Contributions to
Practical Surgery."
507
Dr. Norris was one of the Consulting i
Surgeons to the Orlhopa-dic Hospital ;
the Children's Hospital, of which he was
President of (he Board of Mana{<ers.
He was a Fellow of the College of Physi-
cians ; Vice-President (1864), member
of American Philosophical Society,
American Medical Association, Academy
of Natural Sciences, etc. President of the ,
Historical Society of Pennsylvania. I
He died March 4, 1875, aged sixty-six <
•years. !
Thomas Stewardson was born in
Philadelphia July 10, 1807 ; he attended
the William Penn Charter School, and
received the degree of Doctor of Medi-
cine from the University of Pennsylvania
in 1S30.
He was soon after elected Resident
Physician in the Pennsylvania Hospital 1
and served until April. 1S32. After com-
pleting his term of service in the Hospital, '
lie visited Paris and passed the winter in
walking the hospitals In March 1.S33,
he visited Italy and after a three months'
absence he returned to Paris. In October,
1833, he was elected a member of I
La Societe Mcdicale d' Observation In
May, 1834, he left Paris, and remained
several weeks in England and Scotland,
and returned to Philadelphia November,
He was elected to the Pennsylvania
Hospital in May 11, i^3-H, resigned on
account of ill-health in 1845.
Dr. Stcwardsoii was a Fellow of the
■College of Physicians, and a member of
the Academy of .N'atnral Sciences, Phila-
delphia, and Physician to the Philadel-
phia (Blockley) Hospital.
He w.is one of the Collaborators of
the ".American Journal of the Medical
Sciences," and edited the first .■\merican
edition of Dr. John Elliotson's Principles
and Practice of Medicine.
.•\bout 1S44, he had a severe attack of
pneumonia, follnwed by hemorrhages,
and wasadvised to seek a milder climate.
He selected Savannah, Ga., as his luture
abode. The College of Physicians elected
him an associate Fellow in i><47.
Dr. Stewardson established himself in
Savannah in 1845 and made a specialty
of the treatment of Yellow Fever. At
the end of four years, after obtaining a
large practice, he again was obliged, on
account of ill-health, to abandon it. and he
removed to Marietta. Cobb t^ounty, Ga.
In 1851 he was elected Professor of
Natural Science in the Georgia Military
Institute at Marietta, which lie resigned
after two years' service, .-^fter residing
twelve years in Georgia, he returned to
Philadelphia in the autumn of 1858,
although apparently in good health, he
did not resume the practice of his firofes-
sion. He was again elected to the College
of Physicians. He introduced into this
country the new silkwoim, Bombyx
("ynthia or Atlacus Cynthia, which feeds
on the leaves of the Ailantlius tree.
Dr. Stewardson died June 30, 1878,
aged nearly seventy-one years.
CiiARi.KS Dki.icicna Meigs was born,
in the Island of St. George, Bermuda,
February 19, 1792. He graduated A. H.
at till- University of Georgia in 1809;
after which in the same year he com-
menced the study of medicine under
l>r. Thomas Hanson Marshall Fendell,
of .Augusta, to whom he was apprenticed
for three years, at the expiration of this
time he returned, in 1812, to his home at
Athens.
He removed to Philadelphia and ma-
triculated at the University of Pennsyl-
vania in 1812, and received the degree ol
Doctor of Medicine, 1817.
In 1815, he commenced the practice of
his profession in Georgia.
He came to Philadelphia in the summer
of 1.S17, and soon became prominent in
his profession. In 1818 he receiveil the
honorary degree of M. D. from Princeton
College, N. J. ; in 1830 he commenced
and continued for six years to lecture on
Midwifery in the School of Medicine; in
1841 he was elected Professor of Obstet-
rics and Diseases <if Children in the Jef-
ferson Medical College, a position he held
from 1841-61 ; he also delivered various
public lectures and addresses.
He was elected to the Lying-in Depart-
ment of the Pennsylvania Hospital, 1838;
resigned, 1849.
Professor Meigs's literary work was
very great. He was one of the orig-
inal editors in 1826, of the " North Amer-
SoS
ican Medical and Surgicul Journal " ; he
translated and published Velpeau's Ele-
mentary Treatise on Midwifery, Transla-
tion of Colombat de L'Isere's Treatise on
the Diseases and Special Hygiene of Fe-
males, (1S45) ; author of Woman, her
Diseases and Remedies, Observations on
Certain Diseases of Children, (1850);
Memoir of Dr. Samuel G. Morton, Presi-
dent of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
(1851); of Dr. Daniel Drake, (1853);
Treatise on Acute and Chronic Diseases
of the Neck of the Uterus, on Certain
Diseases of Children, etc.
He was connected with a very large
number of medical organizations ; Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences, American Phil-
osophical Society, College of Physicians,
American Medical Association, Society
of Swedish Physicians, 1854.
On February 25, 1861, he delivered his
last lecture at the Jefferson Medical Col-
lege and retired from further active du-
ties of his profession.
He died June 22, 1869, aged seventy-
seven years.
Edward Peace, was born in Philadel-
phia, February 10, 181 1. He was gradua-
ted by the University of Pennsylvania in
1833, and was elected to the Medical
Staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital in
1840 ; resigned 1861.
Dr. Peace vvas a member of the Phila-
delphia Medical Society, the Academy of
Natural Sciences, and also a member of
the Philadelphia County Medical Society.
He died September 9, 1S79, aged sixty-
eight years.
William Pepper, born in Philadel-
phia, January 21, i8io, received his Col-
legiate education at Princeton, New
Jersey, and was graduated with the first
honors, receiving the degree of A. B.
in 1828. He studied medicine, under
Dr. Thomas T. Hewson, and received
the degree of M. D. in 1832, from tlie
University of Pennsylvania. During this
year the Asiatic Cholera made its appear-
ance in Philadelphia, and Dr. Pepper
volunteered his services and resided in
the Cholera Hospital during the epidemic.
He subsequently spent two years in
Paris, devoting himself with remarkable
industry and ability to the investigation
of disease. The friendships then formed
with some of the ablest men of the French
School, and especially with the eminent
Louis, were strong and lasting. On his
return to Philadelphia, in the latter
part of the year 1834, lie immediately
entered upon the practice of his pro-
fession and with such conspicuous success
that he steadily and rapidly rose in the
estimation of the profession and the
public until, for a number of years before
his death, he was recognized as the lead-
ing consultant in the community.
He was Physician to the Wills Hospital,
and to the Pennsylvania Hospital ; with,
the latter he was connected for twenty-six
years until the close of 1858, and during,
this long term of service took a leading,
share in the clinical teaching for which-
that institution has so long been cele-
brated. In i860, he was elected Professor
of the Theory and Practice of Medicine
in the University of Pennsylvania. He
had delivered only four annual courses
of lectures when he was forced by ill-
health to resign this position in the spring,
of 1S64.
His clinical and didactic lectures were
models of clear, forcible and practical
teaching ; and he was especially re-
nowned for his diagnostic skill and for
his judicious and successful treatment of
disease.
He was a member of the Americair
Philosophical Society and of the Philadel-
phia Academy of Natural Sciences, and
a Fellow of the College of Physicians.
His familiarity with medical literature
was extensive and accurate ; but although
he had accumulated an enormous num-
ber of records of important cases, the
constant claims of his engrossing practice
prevented him from contributing very
largely to medical literature.
He married Sarah, a daughter of Wil-
liam Piatt, Esq. He was elected to the
Medical Staff of the Pennsylvania Hospi-
tal, 1842; resigned, 1858.
He died October 15, 1864, aged fifty-
four years.
It was remarked in his memoir by
Dr. Thomas S. Kirkbride that " The
strong feature of Dr. Pepper's medical
character was the possession of analytical
acumen and decided ideas of diagnosis.
509
riiis lie carried into liis office of teacher.
As a dklaclic lecturer, he was clear, con-
cise, and complete. Thirty years of
active practice had made liiiii familiar
with disease ill its varied fiirms, and had
led liini t"i reject as useless that which
was merely speculative in medicine, while
it enabled him to speak with authority."
WlLl-HM Wool) Gkkiiari) was horn
July 23, I.S<>9, at I'hil.idelphia.
In 1823 he entered Dickinson Cullege,
Carlisle, I'a.. and graduated A. H. in
:Si6. .\fter complelinK his college course
he returned to Philadelphia ami com-
menced the study of medicine under
Dr. Joseph Parrish. Me was gr.adua-
• ted in Medicine liv the University of
Pennsylvania in the spring of 1832, his
thesis being " Kndermic Application of
Medicines. He was attached to the
Philadelphia Hospital as Resident Phy-
sician for some lime previous to his
. graduation.
In 1S31. he visited Paris and availed
liiniself of the teachings of Chomel,
.\ndral, and of Ixiiiis. Me made investi-
gations into the character of .Asiatic
cholera, smallpox, tubercular meningitis,
piu'iimonia in the young; he also col-
■ iected a portion of the materials for his
original work on typhoid and typhus
fevers, which lie afterwards completed
by establishing the specific diflerence
■ between these two diseases.
He returned to Philadelphia in the fall
of 1833 and was elected Resident Phy-
sician at the Pennsylvania Hospital in
1S34, and served until 1836. cluring which
time he made a special stinly of typhoid
fever as compared with the same disease
of Paris, and published his results
establishing the fact that they were
identical.
In 183,';, he was appointed Assistant
Professor Institutes of Medicine in the
University of Pennsylvania. The ser-
vices of Dr. Gerhard were so highly
valued by the students at the clinic of
the Phil.adelphia Hospital during the
winter of is^o, that a series of compli-
mentary resolutions were formulated and
presented to him expressive of their ap-
probation. In 1841, the system of Dis-
pensary Clinics was adopted by the
University, and established and con-
ducteti under its auspices by Drs. fier-
hard and Johnston, in the building of the
Medical Institute on Locust Street, and
there continued until 1843. when it was
transferred 10 the University Building.
In the early part of 1837, Dr. Gerhard
himself suffered from an acnte attack of
■ typhoid fever. In the winter of 1843-44,
his health was further impaired by
another attack of illness. It was deemed
advisable for him to make a trip to
Europe in the summer of 1844. After
several months absence he returned much
improved.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1845, and
resigned in 186.H.
In i.\s"lie married Miss Dobbyn, the
daughter of Major William A. Dobbyn,
formerly of the British army.
He w.as the author of various papers
in the " American Journal of Medical
Sciences," and in the " Medical E.i£am-
iiier," of which he was one of the editors
in 183S. His principal work was the
Diagnosis, Pathology and Treatment of
the Diseases of the Chest, 1S42, which
first appeared as a short treatise on the
Diagnosis of Thoracic Diseases, 1835,
but at the re<|Uest of many of his pupils
he added general symptoms and treat-
ment, with additional lectures 1846, en-
larged edition in |S6o. revised, with chap-
ters on Spotted Fever, Cerebrospinal
Meningitis, 1863. In 1S35 6, he published
.a number of reports on cases with results
of observations on various diseases in
reference to their morbid anatomy ; also
an essay on the importance of clinical
instruction: ami on "Typhoid Fever
Kpidemic in Philadelphia during the
Spring and .\utumn of 1836." Many of
his contributions to Medical Journals
were in the form of reports of clinical
lectures.
He was a member of the Philadelphia
Medical Society. College of Physicians,
.\cademy of Natural Sciences, Physician
Philadelphia Hospital, President of the
Pathological Society, and a member of
the .American Philosophical Societ\'.
Dr. Gerhard died at Philadelphia April
28, 1872, aged sixty-two years.
Gkokc-.k Fi)\. the grandson of Joseph
Fox, Speaker of the Colonial Assembly
in 1765, was born in Philadelphia, May 8,
1806. In the autumn of 1822 he entered
the University of Pennsylvania and
graduated A B. in 1825.
He received the degree of Doctor of
Medicine from the University of Pennsyl-
vania March. 1828. He was soon after-
wards elected Resident Physician of the
Pennsylvania Hospital. During the first
year of his residence in the Ilosjiital he
devised an apparatus for the treatment
of fractures of the clavicle. Fox's ap-
paratus h.as been employed during more
than half a century, is still used in and
out of the Hospital, and is described in
most text-books on surgery.
His contributions to medical literature
were few but interesting.
He was a member and Vice-President
of the Philadelphia Medical Society, of
the College of Physicians, Surgeon to
Wills Hospital, ^iember Academy 01
5'0
Natural Sciences, Jleniber American
Medical Association, Vice-President of
thePhiladelpliia County Medical Society.
Dr. Fox was theoriginator of the enter-
prise that secured to the College of Pliy-
sicians the ground for erection of the
buildings at the northeast corner of Thir-
teenth and Locust Streets, Philadelphia.
While he had able coadjutors, it was his
tact in aflairs, financial sagacity, pru-
dence and persistency that was essential
to the accom()Iishnient of the project.
In 1S4S. he was elected to the Medical
Staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital, and
resigned in 1854.
He retired fr<jm a prosperous profes-
sional career in 1854, in perfect health
and removed to a large farm at Paoli.
Chester County, Pa., where after a resi-
dence of three years, he removed to his
place on the Delaware River, above
Torresdale, where he passed the re-
mainder of his life, e.vcept an annual
winter sojourn in the city.
He died December 27, 1SS2, aged
sev6nty-si.\- years.
Joseph Carson, bom in Philadelphia,
April 19, 1S08, was of Scottish ancestry,
and his early education was received at
the Gerniantow n .Academy. At the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, he received in
1825 the degree of .^. B. ; he then entered
the wholesale drug store of Dr. Edward
Lowber, but soon withdrew ; and after
devoting a few years to botany, he com-
menced the study of medicine, as a pupil
of Dr. Thomas T. Hewson, and was
graduated fr<jm the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1S30.
He was at once elected Resident Physi-
cian of the Pennsylvania Hospital. Be-
■fore entering upon private practice he
made a voyage to the East Indies, as
Surgeon of the ship Georgiana. and vis-
ited Madras and Calcutta. He returned
to Philadelphia in August, 1S32, and com-
menced the practice of his profession.
In the thirty-third year of his age he
married Mary Goddard, who died soon
after ; later he married Mary Hollings-
worth.
After the first ten years, his practice
■rapidly increased, and he gained an en-
vied position as a practitioner of obstet-
rics. As this branch of his profession
involved great physical labor and expo-
sure, he was compelled in the midst of
his success to give it up. In 1831 he was
elected Professor of Materia Medica. in
the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy,
and held the position until 1850 : in that
year he was elected Professor of Materia
Medica and Therapeutics in the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, which he held until
1876, when he resigned and was then
■ made Emeritus Professor.
He was elected to the Obstetrical Staff
of the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1849, he
held this position until 1854, when this
department of the hospital was closed.
Dr. Carson was a member of the Phila-
delphia Medical Society, Academy Natu-
ral Sciences; Lecturer on Materia Medica
and Pharmacy in Medical Institute ; a
member of the American Philosophical
Society, American Medical Association,
National Convention for Revision of Phar-
macopoeia, i860; member Quarantine
Convention, Cincinnati. May, 1861 ;
Philadelphia County Medical Society,
President, 1862.
He died December 30, 1876, aged about
sixty-eight years.
Dr. Carson was a voluminous writer ;
he was editor of the "Journal of Phar-
• macy." from October 1836 until July,
1850, and contributed to it not less than
seventy-si.\ original papers ; while con-
nected with the same, he edited with
notes and additions, two editions of
" Pereira's Materia Medica": and in
1847 published his ** Illustrations of Med-
ical Botany," in two quarto volumes,
many of the illustrations having been
drawn and colored by himself Perhaps
the most important of all his works is his
admirable History of the Medical r)c-
partment of the University of Pennsylva-
nia, being a testimonial of his regard,
love, and loyalty to his .■\lma Mater.
John Neili, was descended on both
sides from a distinguished medical ances-
try ; he was born Philadelphia, July 9,
1 8 19.
At an early age he entered the -■Acade-
mical Department of the University of
Pennsylvania, and graduated A. B. in
1837 ; he then entered the medical depart-
ment and was graduated in 1840.
He made a voyage to the Wesl Indies,
in charge of a patient, and to recruit liis
own impaireii health ; on his relurii to
Philadelpliia in i;<42, lie hegan the prac-
tice o( his profession, and private instruc-
tion of medical students.
He was elected to the Surgical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital 1852, resigned,
iS>,sg.
He was connected professionally or
otherwise with a very large number
of medical institutions : Professor of
Surgery, Pennsylvania Medical College,
'!^54-59 ; Contract Surgeon U. S. Army,
1801-62 ; Medical Director, Home Guard ;
Surgeon Volunteers, 1S62 ; Medical Direc-
tor, 1863 ; Post-Surgeon, Philadelphia,
1865-76; Surgeon, Presbyterian Hospital ;
Professor of Clinical Surgery, 1874-75;
and subsequently Kmeritus Professor •
University of Pennsylvania.
In addition to several contributions in
the transactions of the colle.ge, he pub-
lished in " Medical Examiner," between
the years 1849-55, twelve valuable arti-
cles. To the " American Journal of Medi-
cal Sciences," from 1S42-75, he contrib-
uted seven papers ; early in his profes-
sional career he published three little
books on the Veins, .Arteries, and Nerves.
He compiled, with Dr. P'rancis niirney
Smith, a Compendium of the Medical
Sciences; and just before his fatal illness
he projected a work on the Principles of
Surgery, but passed aw;iy before his
notes on the first chapter were completed.
He died January 11, 1880, aged sixty
years.
Joseph Pancoast was born in Bur-
lington County, New Jersey, Novem-
ber 23, 1805. He was graduated in
Medicine in 1828, by the University of
Pennsylvania, and immediately began the
practice of his profession in Philadelphia.
In 1S31, having decided to devote him-
self to surgery, he commenced to teach
practical anatomy and surgery.
In 1834 he was chosen physician to the
Philadelphia Hospital, and soon afler
was elected I'hysicianin Chief to the
Children's Hospital in the same Institu-
tion, and from 1838-45 was one of the
visiting surgeons to the same hospital.
In 1.S38 he was elected Professor of
Surgery in the Jefferson Medical College,
and in 1841 was transferred to the Chair
of Anatomy, which he resigned in 1874.
He was elected to the medical staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1854,
and resigned in 1864.
Dr. I'anciiast was Surgeon to the
Philadelphia lluspital; Fellow of College
of Physicians; member of Academy of
Natural Sciences, American Medical
Association, and American Philosophical
Society.
Of his publications we note, in 1831, a
translation from the Latin, a Treatise on
the Structure, Functions and Diseases of
the Human Sympathetic Nerve, by
J. F'rederick Lobstein, to which he added
notes ; in 1S44, a Treatise on operative
Surgery which he revised and enlarged
in 1852. In 1844 he remodelled the
work originally written by Dr. Caspar
Wistar, to which Professor William K. Hor-
nor made valuable additions, entitled "A
System of Anatomy for the Use of Stu-
dents." He edited at various times,
Laennec on the Great Sympathetic
Nerve ; the Cerebro-Spinal System in
Man, and Quain's Anatomical Plates. He
also contributed numerous articles and
clinical lectures to the American Journal
of the Medical Sciences, American Medi-
cal Intelligencer, Medical F,.\aminer,
besides publishing monographs on patho-
logical and surgical subjects.
He died March 6, 1882, aged seventy-
si.N years.
James Jones Levick was born in
Philadelphia, July 28, 1824, attended
school at Haverford, and studied medi-
cine with Prof. George B. Wood. He was
graduated by the University of Pennsyl-
vania in 1847. He served the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital as a Resident Physician
and was elected to the Medical Staff in
1S56, and resigned in 1868.
He was a Fellow of the College of
Physicians, and for forty-one years
physician to the Magdalen Asylum ; was
a member of the Historical Society, Pa. ;
the American Medical Association : the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia ; the Historical Society of Penn-
sylvania, and the Philadelphia County
Medical Society. In 1884 he received an
Honorary Degree of A. M. from Haver-
ford College.
5«2
He was a frequent contributor to the
journals and his able papers on medical
subjects commanded attention in this
country, as well as abroad. He wrote, in
1861, a most valuable and important
paper on " Epidemic Influenza and Its
Treatment." Dr. Levick was an au-
thority on historical subjects, especially
on the early settlers of Pennsylvania, and
was the author of a paper on the early
physicians of Philadelphia, prepared by
request of the Association of the Ex-
Resident Physicians of the Pennsylvania
Hospital, and read by him at the first
meeting of that Association.
He was early identified with the Welsh
Society and became one of its most
prominent members, as his grandfather
liad been. His last literary work, read
before the Historical Society, was on
" The Early Welsh Quakers, and Their
Emigration to Pennsylvania."
As a teacher of medical students, in
the amphitheatre, and at the bedside of
the patient, he was unsurpassed. His
delivery was clear, concise, and thorough,
in consequence of which he was a suc-
cessful "Quiz" Master.
The Welsh mottoes which adorn the
Bryn Mawr Hotel, Pa., were devised by
Dr. Levick, who spent part of two sum-
mers in Wales, going over the country,
freshening old memories, and securing
historical data. He was a most prudent,
safe, and conservative physician, and
was constantly sought in consultation by
his fellow practioners He was a man of
excellent literary attainment and con-
siderable poetical taste. In disposition,
he was social, was a good entertainer.
He was a member of the Society 6f
Friends, in which he had a birthright.
He died on June 25, 1S93, aged sixty-
eight years.
gave a course of lectures on Obstetrics
in the Philadelphia .Association for Medi-
cal Instruction. Subsequently he lec-
tured upon (ither lopics during the time
he was connected with this organization.
He was married October 17, 1844, to
.\nn Wilcocks Ingersoll.
In 1858, he published his book on
Diseases of Children, which passed
through three editions. In 1869. he
associated with himself. Dr. William
Pepper for the fourth edition, changing
its title to "Meigs and Pepper on
Diseases of Children."
He contributed a number ol articles to
various medical journals and, by invita-
tion of the Managers, compiled a history
of the first quarter of the second century
of the Pennsylvania Hospital.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1859, re-
signed 1881.
John Forsyth Meigs was born in
Pniladelphia, October 3, 1818. His early
education was at the school of Dr. Craw-
ford. At the age of sixteen, he began the
study of medicine and, after four years
at the University of Pennsylvania, he
received the degree of Doctor of Medi-
cine, in 1838, when not yet twenty years
of age.
He was at once elected a resident
physician of the Pennsylvania Hospital
and served a period of two years. After
completing his hospital term, he in April,
1840, sailed for Europe, visiting Italy,
Switzerland, France, Belgium, England,
going east as far as Warsaw and Vienna,
and south to Naples. While in Paris, he
attended the lectures of Velpeau, Louis,
and other eminent French physicians.
In August, 1841, he returned to Phila-
delphia and commenced the practice of
his profession. In the spring of 1843, he
Besides his course on Obstetrics, he
lectured on Practice of Medicine, and on
Diseases of Children, in the Philadelphia
Association for Medical Instruction. He
was Fellow of the College of Physicians,
Philadelphia ; a member of the Academy
of Natural Sciences ; American Philo-
sophical Society, Philadelphia County
Medical Society, etc.
He died December 16, 1882, aged
sixty-four years.
Edward H.\rtshorne, the second
son of Dr. Joseph Hartshorne, was
born in Philadelphia, May 14, iSiS. He
received the degree of A. B. in 1837,
from Princeton, N. J., and of A. M., in
1S40 ; he received the degree of Doctor
in Medicine from the Ihiiversity of Penn-
sylvania, in 1840.
After graduating, he was First Assist-
ant Physician in the Insane Department
513
of the Pt-nnsylvaiiia Huspital. He next
served for two years, (1841-4;!), as resi-
dent physician i>f the general department
of the Pennsylvania Hospital; he was
also for a short period at the Friend's
Asylum for the Insane at Krankford,
near Philadelphia. In 184,5, he was
elected the first resident physician of the
Eastern Penitentiary, at Philadelphia,
and in his annual reports, gave special
attention to the elTects of separate con-
finement upon the mental as well as
physical condition of the convicts, clearly
showinii the entire absence of evidence
that this system was the cause of disease
or impairment of general health. A
second edition of this report, published
by the Inspectors in 1845, was largely
circulated in I-^ngland, and translated
and published in France, Germany.
Belgium, and Holland.
Dr. Hartsliorne, in 1844, went to Europe
and spent two years in studies and
observations at the large hospitals of the
continent, and, on his return lu>me, he
commenced the practice of his profession.
In 1850, he married Adelia C. Pearse,
formerly of Boston.
He w.is elected to the Surgical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital 1S59, resigned
1865. He was editor for one year of the
Journal of Prison Discipline, Philadel-
phia. Articles and reviews were con-
tributed by him 10 the Medical E.xamincr,
Philadelphia; American Journal of the
Medical Sciences ( 1850-1S70) ; and to the
North .\nerican Medico-Chirurgical Re-
view. He also wrote an extended notice
of Wharton and Stillf's Treatise on
Medical Jurisprudence. He delivered a
course of lectures on Medical Juris-
prudence, in connection with an -Associa-
tion of medical gentlemen, all of whom
obtained subsequent distinction as pub-
lic instructors. In iSsj, he edited, with
notes and additions, the American
Edition of Taylor's Medical Juris-
prudence.
During the civil war he was on duly
as Acting Assistant Surgeon, in the field,
after the battle of Antietani, and for one
or two years, as attending or consulting
surgeon, to the McClellan, Nicetown and
other .Army Hospitals in or near Phila-
delphia. He was actively engaged in the
organization of the Philadelphia branch of
the I'nited States Sanitary Commission,
during the war, being Secretary of its
Executive Committee. He was Secre-
tary of the First National Quarantine
and .Sanitary Convention, which met in
Philadelphia a few years before the war.
He was a Fellow of the College of
Physicians, a member of the .\cademy of
Natural Sciences, of the .American Medi-
cal Association, .American Philosophical
Society, Philadelphia County Medical
Society, Historical Society ol Penn-
sylvania and others.
He died June 22, 188s, aged sixty-
seven years.
Francis Girnkv Smith was born
March 8, 1818. Both his classical and
his medical education were received at
the University of Pennsylvania. He
graduated A. B. in is.57, and commenced
his medical studies under his brother,
Dr Thomas M. K. Smith, of Hrandywine,
near Wilmington, Del. In the spring of
1840, he received the degree of Doctor of
Medicine.
In 1 84 1, he was elected Assistant Phy-
sician at the Pennsylvania Hospital De-
partment for Insane ; but resigned after
nine months' service and commenced the
practice of his profession as an assistant
to his preceptor and brother. Dr. Thomas
M. K. Smith.
SM
On his return to Philadelphia, in i.'<42,
lie devoted himself principally to the
practice of obstetrics and diseases
peculiar to women. The same year he
was chosen Lecturer on Physiology by
the Philadelphia Association for Medical
Instruction, and he then applied himself to
lecturing and quizzing. His private class
numbered over one hundred students.
In 1S44 he married Catharine M. Dutilh,
of Philadelphia.
He was elected Pr<jfessorof Physiology
in the Pennsylvania Medical College
i"<52, this position, which greatly con-
tributed to his own rt-putation and also to
that of the institution, he held until 1863.
While occupying this position he, in 1853,
assisted by Prof. R. E. Rogers, made an
elaborate series of experiments on the
celebrated Canadian, .\lexis St. Martin,
which was published under the title of
" The Physiology of Digestion," wherein
he maintained that lactic acid was the
principal acid of the gastric juice in man.
In .\pril, i.'-56, he delivered, by request, an
address before the Linnean Association of
Gettysburg, which was the origin of his
celebrated lecture on " Life and Death."
In 1863, he was elected Professor of the
Institutes of Medicine, in the University
of Pennsylvania, succeeding Dr. Samuel
Jackson.
On December 16, 1861, Dr. Smith was
appointed Chairman of a sub-committee
with Professor Frazier, judge Hare and
Dr. J. H. B. McClellan to visit the sev-
eral camps near the city of Philadelphia
and the military hospitals in operation.
He was an associate member of the
United States Sanitary Commission and
Medical Director of Christian Street
United States Ar'iiv Hospital.
Dr. Smith founded and established the
first Physiological Laboratory in the
University of Pennsylvania, in 1S75; he
was also the first to introduce hypodermic
medication into Philadelphia, while on
service in the Hospital.
He contributed a number of articles
and translations to medical literature.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1S59, re-
signed 1864.
Dr. Smith was a member of the Phila-
delphia .Medical Society, College of Phy-
sicians, Academy of Natural Sciences,
State Medical Society of Pennsylvania,
.\merican Medical Association, American
Philosophical Society, Professor of Phy-
siology, Pennsylvania Medical College,
1852-62 ; Physician to the Episcopal Hos-
pital, 1857-65 ; Acting Assistant Surgeon,
United States Army, 1S62-65 ; Physician
to Philadelphia Orphan Asylum 1863 ;
and also Physician St. Joseph's Hospital.
He died April 6, 187S, aged sixty
years.
Adijinki.i, Hehsox was descended
from eminently medical ancestry, being
the fourth in descent from a prominent
London surgeon. He was the son of
Professor Thomas T. Hewson, who
served on the Medical Staff of the Penn-
sylvania Hospital from iSiS-35 Addinell
Hewson was born in Philadelphia, Novem-
ber 22, 1S28, and was educated at the
.Academic Department of the University
of Pennsylvania, from which he received
the degree of A. B. in 1S4S.
He at once commenced the study of
medicine as a pupil of Professor Joseph
Pancoast He was graduated in 1850
by the Jefferson Medical College.
As surgeon of a sailing vessel, he visited
Europe and became a student of Sir
William Wilde, at St. Mark's Hospital ;
he also attended lectures at the Rotunda
Hospital, Dublin.
He returned to Philadelphia in 1S51
and served in the Pennsylvania Hospital
as Resident Physician from 1851 to 1852.
He then commenced the practice of his
profession.
On November 22, 1854, he married
Rachel Macomb, daughter of William
Wetherill, M. D., of Philadelphia.
He was elected to the .Medical Staff of
the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1861, re-
signed 1877.
Dr. Hewson was a .Member of the
.Academy of Natural Sciences, Fellow
College of Physicians, Surgeon to the
Episcopal Hospital, a member of the
Philadelphia County Medical Society,
American Medical Association, 1855 ;
Pathological Society, Philadelphia, 1857 ;
Surgeon to St. George's Society, Surgeon
to Wills Eye Hospital.
He also lectured in 1855, and for several
successive years, on surgery, in the sum-
mer school of Jefferson Medical College.
At the organization of the Philadelphia
Academy of Surgery in the office of the
late Prof. S. D. Gross, on April 21. 1879,
Dr. Hewson acted as Chairman of its first
meeting.
He early adopted the administration
of electricity in the forms of primary and
secondary current, with favorable results,
in the employment of Hackley's chain
for granular conjunctivitis in 1854. He
invented a torsion forceps, and in 1865
he amputated the thigh at the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital, using torsion instead of
ligatures. In 1S67 he began the use of
the antiseptic earth treatment for wounds,
contusions, chronic and acute inflamma-
tions, tumors, and generally for surgical
dressings. In 1S66 he added sulphuretted
hydrogen gas to his earth treatment for
tumors and inflammations.
He wrote a large number of papers as
contributions to the various medical jour-
nals, etc. He edited, in iS53,at request
515
of thf aiitliur, Sir Win. WiUlf's work on
Aural Svir^;ery. DuriiiK a visit to London,
Sir William Lawrent't- presented him with
an old ciiKravinK, in which is a likeness
of William llewsun. as one of a group of
students around John Hunter. He also
edited Mncken/ie's treatise on Diseases
of the Eye. in 1855,
He died September 1 1, 1889, aged sixty
years.
Q
William Ht;.NT was born in Philadel-
phia, September 26, 1S25. fie receive<l
his education at a Friends School. In
1846 he commenced the study of Medi-
cine, in the office of the late Dr. George B.
Wood, and was Kradualed by the Univer-
sity of I'ennsylvaniain 1.S49 Shortly after-
wards (in 1.^50) he was appointed one of
the Resident Physicians at the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital, which position he occu-
pied for two years. In 1854, he was
appointed by the late Prof. Joseph Leidy,
Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, which position
he held for ten years.
In 1S56. Dr. Hunt was appointed Sur
geon to the Episco(>al H<jspital. in which
capacity he served for more than twelve
years. He was elected one of the sur-
geons to the Hospital in 1.863, and con-
tinued in the service of the institution
until L^9.s. when he resigned, having coni-
pletetl a service of over thirty years. He
also served as \'isiting Surgeon to the
Wills Hospital and the Orthopaedic Hos-
pil.il.
During the civil war, he was appointed
Acting Assistant Surgeon in the United
States Army, and on several occasions was
ordered to the front for active field duty,
but his principal service was in the Mili-
tary Hospitals in and about Philadelphia.
Dr. Hunt is a Trustee of the University
of Pennsylvania ; a Fellow of the College
of Physicians ; a member of the County
Medical Society : and Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences ; e.\-President of the Phila-
delphia Academy of Surgery, Honor-
ary Fellow of the American Surgical
Association. For many years he was
one of the associate editors of the
" Annual of the Medical Scii-nces " and
has written numerous monographs on
various medical subjects.
Thomas C;. Morton w:is appointed
Resident Physician in L'^.s?. He was
elected to the Surgical Staff, in 1864, and
continues in office.
Jacoii M. Dacosta was appointed one
of the Attending Physicians in 1865 and
continues in office.
David Havks Aii.NKW, the son of Dr.
Robert Agnew, was born in Lancaster
County, Pa.. November 24. 1818. His
early eclucation was received at Moscow
Academy and at Jefferson College, Can-
nonsburg. and conipletetl at Newark
College, Delaware.
In 1838, he was graduate<l by the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania and commenced
the practice of his profession in the coun-
try. He was subsequently induced to re-
liiHjuish his jirofession and enter the iron
business which proved unsuccessful. He
returned to Philadelphia, in 1853, and be-
gan teaching anatomy in the Philadelphia
.ScIkxjI of .-Vnatomy. on College .-X venue ;
he established about two years later the
Philadelphia School of Operative Sur-
gery.
He w.as elected, in 1854, Surgeon to the
Philadelphia Hospital, Blockley, where,
in addition to his professional services, he
founded the Pathological Museum, and,
with Dr. John L. Ludlow, was successful
in preserving for public teaching, the
valuable material found within its walls.
In 1863, he was chosen Demonstrator
of Anatomy and Assistant Lecturer of
516
Clinical Surgery in the University of
Pennsylvania. In the same year, he was
appointed one of the two Consulting Sur-
geons, U. S. A. to the Mower Hospital, at
Chestnut Hill. In 1864, was elected Sur-
geon to Wills Hospital, and in 1876,
Surgeon to Orthopedic Hospital.
He was elected to the Medical Staff of
the Hospital in 1865; resigned, 18-1 ; and '
re-elected May 7, 1877, and resigned
April 17, 1884.
In 1870, he was elected Professor of
Operative Surgery in the University of
Pennsylvania; in 1871, was the John
Rhea Barton, Professor of Principles and
Practice of Surgery, which he heid until
i8Sg. He then, on account of his health,
resigned all public positions and was
elected Emeritus Professor to the Univer-
sity, and Honorary Professor to the Uni-
versity Hospital. In 1874, he was elected
Professor of Clinical Surgery in the Uni-
versity Hospital ; the degree of LL. D.
was conferred upon hira in 1S76 by the
College of New Jersey.
In 1841, he married Margaret C. Irwin.
Dr. Agnew was a Fellow of the College
of Physicians and its President in 1890;
member .American Philosophical Society
(1872); President of the County Medical
Society, President Philadelphia Academy
ot Surgery, and of American Surgical
Association (188S): Consulting Surgeon,
Orthrp;tdic Hosijital ; and to the Ger-
mantown Hospital.
He was elected Honorary Surgeon to
the Presbyterian Hospital, Philadelphia,
1891, being the only one on whom this
title has been conferred.
.Although not a voluminous writer, yet
in the last decade, he published one hun-
dred journal articles. In 1856, he issued
"Practical .Anatomy for Dissectors," also
his Classical Monographs on " Laceration
of the Female Perineum," and on " \'es-
ico-Vaginal Fistula." As an author his
fame rests principally upon large syste-
matic work in two volumes, the " Princi-
ples and Practice cf Surgery."
He was a member of the Surgical Club,
and other social organizations.
He died March 22, 1892, in his 74th year.
James H. Hutchinson, was the
grandson of Dr. James Hutchinson. He
was born August 3. 1S34, at Cinta, near
Lisbon, Portugal, where his father at
that time was engaged in business. His
parents returned to Philadelphia while
he was yet in early childhood. He at-
tended a private school in New Haven
for four years, and then entered the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania where he re-
ceived the degree of A. B. in 1854. Then
he re-visited Europe. He returned to
Philadelphia, in 1855, and commenced his
medical studies, receivmg the degree of
Doctor of Medicine from the University
in 1858. He was elected Resident Phy-
sician in 1S58.
On the completion of his hospital ser-
vice, he again visited Europe, remain-
ing two years in the Hospitals of Paris
and Vienna. On his return to Philadel-
phia, in the autumn of 1861, he com-
menced the practice of medicine. In
1862, he became physician to the Child-
ren's Hospital, which appointment he
held until his death. He was also at this
time (1862-65) acting Assistant Surgeon
of U. S. A., serving at the Satterlee
General Hospital in West Philadelphia.
In 1862 he married Anna, daughter of
Charles Ingersoll, Esq., of Philadelphia.
He was elected to the Medical Stafl" of
the Hospital in 1868, which position he
held until his decease, 1889.
Dr. Hutchinson was President of the
Pathological Society, Physician to Epis-
copal Hospital, Vice-President of the Col-
lege of Physicians, also member of the
American Sledical Association, Academy
of Natural Sciences, and the Anterican
Philosophical Society.
He edited two American editions of
Bristowe's "Practice of Medicine";
and contributed elaborate articles, which
are still regarded as classical, on
typhoid, typhus and simple continued
fevers, to the "System of .Medicine,"
edited by Drs. Pepper and Starr He
was a contributor to the Transactions of
College of Physicians, of the Asso-
ciation of American Physicians, of the
Philadelphia Pathological Society and to
the Pennsylvania Hospital Reports, and
the American Journal of the Medical
Sciences. He was for two years editor of
the " Philadelphia Medical Times."
Dr. Hutchinson died December 26,
1889, aged fifty-five )-ears.
James Aitken Mek^s was born in
Philadelphia, July 31, 1829. ot English
and Scotch ancestrv', on his father's, and
of Scotch and German ancestry upon his
mother's, side. His early education was
obtained at public schools and he received
the degree of A. B. in 184S, from the
Central High School of Philadelphia.
In April, 1S4S, he commenced his medi-
cal studies and in October matriculated
at Jefferson College, from which he was
graduated in 1S51.
He was for many years assistant to
Dr. Francis Gurney Smith, while Pro-
fessor of Physiology in the Pennsylvania
College, and engaged in the preparation
of students forgraduaticin. In September,
1S54, he was appointed Professor of Clima-
tology and Physiology in the Franklin
Institute, and continued in this position
eight years. In iS.'^s, he was elected one
of the physicians to the Howard Hospital
517
niid sti ved as such for tliirlceii years. In
1857, he was made Professor of the Iiisti-
tiiles of Medicine, I'liiladelphia Medical
College, and continued as such until
April i85(), when he was transferred to
same chair in the. now defunct, Pennsyl-
vania CoUeRe. In iSt;o. he was physician
and clinical lecturer at Philadelphia Hos-
pital, Blockley. In 1866, he was ap-
pointed to lecture in the spring course of
lectures at Jeflerson Medical Collejje and,
in June 1868. on the resinnation of Dr.
Dun;;lison, hewaselected Professor of the
Inslilules of .Medicine and Medical Juris-
prudence, in the same institution.
Hewaselected in 186s to the Medical
Stall, and continued in the position until
his death, in 1879.
He was President (1871 ) of theCounty
Medical Society, and Secretary of the
Academy of Natural Sciences. He was a
Fellow of the College of Physicians, of tht
American Medical .Association ; and als"
of a nninher of foreign scientific societies.
When a student of medicine and after
graduation, he contributed to the Medi-
cal Examiner, clinical reports from Jef-
ferson Medical College and from the
clinical service of the Pennsylvania
Hospital, and discussions of the County
Medical Society and papers on mor-
tuary statistics of Phil.adelphia. In
1855' in Journal of Franklin Institute, he
published an article on the physiology of
stammering and its treatment by me-
chanical means. In 1856, he prepared
the first American edition of Carpenter's
work upon the microscope. In 1857,
he edited an edition of Kirke's Manual of
Physiology. He published a pajier on
"Hints to Craniographers upon the Im-
portance and Feasibility of Kstablishing
some Uniform System by which the Col-
lection and Promulgation of CranioloKical
Statistics, and the E.vchaiige of Dupli-
cate Crania, may be Promoted" ; also a
paper on '• Correlation of the \'ital and
Physical Forces."
On December 18, 1855, he prepared a de-
scriptive catalogue of the Human Crania,
which formed the "Samuel G. Morton
Collection " at the .Xcademy of Natural
Sciences of Phil.adelpliia. In the journal of
the "Academy," 1.S55, is a paper by himoii
the " Relation of Atomic Heat to Crystal-
line Forms." In 1859, he presented a paper
on the " Description of a Deformed Frag-
mentary Skull foLMid in an ancient
(Juarry Cave at Jerusalem, with an at-
tempt to determine by its configuration
alone, the Klhnical Type to which it be-
longs," which was published, as were his
"Observations \ipon the Form of the Oc-
ciput of the Various Races of .Men." His
paper on Observation U|ion the Cranial
Forms of the .American .Aborigines, based
U|>on Specimens Contained in the Morton
Collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, was also pub-
lished in the Proceediiigsof the Academy.
He also contributed a valuable paper
upon the same topic to Nolt it Gliddon's,
" Types of Mankind." He delivered the
address on laying the corner-stone of the
new edifice of tlie Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, October 30. 1862.
He died November 9, 1879, aged fifty
ve.irs.
RiciiAKii J. Lkvis, the son of Dr.
Mahlon M. Levis, was born in Philadel-
phia, June 28, 1827.
Dr. Levis received his preliminary
education in the public schools of Phila-
delphia and graduated from the Central
High School. Philadelphia, and from the
Jeflerson Medical College (in 1848).
Shortly after this he served as Surgeon
to one of the vessels belonging to Cope's
;is
Packet Line. He then established him-
self in practice in Philadelphia, and soon
became known for his proficiency in
ophthalmic and general surgery.
In 18,59, ^^ "'^s elected Surgeon to the
Philadelphia Hospital, Bleckley, which
position he held until elected, in 187 1, Sur-
geon to the Pennsylvania Hospital, in
which he served until 1SS7. He was also
Attending Surgcun to Wills Hospital,
and was elected Emeritus Surgeon on
his resignation at the end of twelve
years' active service in that institution.
During the War of the Rebellion he was
acting .Assistant Surgeon to two United
States Military Hospitals in Philadel-
phia. He was Clinical Lecturer on
Ophthalmic and Aural Surgery at the
Jefferson Medical College for many years.
When the Jefferson Hospital was
opened he was elected Attending Surgeon
and Lecturer on Clinical Surgery. For
many years, and up to the time of his
death, he was Consulting Surgeon to the
Jewish Hospital of Philadelphia. When
the Philadelphia Polyclinic and College
for Graduates in Medicine was organized.
Dr. Levis was prominent in establishing
it and was one of the original members of
the Faculty, being Professor of Clinical
and Operative Surgery. He was also
first President of the Board of Trustees.
In 1885 and i8-S6, he was elected Presi-
dent of the Philadelphia County Medical
Society and in 188S President of the
Medical Society of the State of Pennsyl-
vania.
The library of the Pennsylvania Hos-
pital contains a number of bound vol-
umes of manuscript reports of his clinics,
which were prepared by students wlio
were awarded the annual prize, which
for many years Dr. Levis offered for the
best report of this branch of his hospital
work.
His investigations of fracture of the
patella and of a fracture at the lower
end of the radius, were made during
his connection with this Hospital. His
modification of operative procedures
and of surgical instruments, which
always had the merit of simplicity, were
quite numerous and showed much origi-
nality and skill.
His presidential addresses before the
State Medical Society in 1888 on " Tra-
ditional Errors in Surgery " showed his
dislike for routine practice.
Dr. Levis retired from active practice
in 1886 and resided at " Cedarcroft,"
Kennet Square, Pennsvlvania. where he
died, November 12, i8go.
Arthir V. Meigs was appointed Resi-
dent Physician in 1872 and one of the
.Attending Physicians, in 1882, and con-
tinues in office.
John H. Pack.^rd was appointed Resi-
dent Physician in 1855 and one of the
.Attending Surgeons, in 1884, and con-
tinues in office.
John' Ashhurst, Jr., was appointed
Resident Physician in 1861 and was
elected one of the Attending Surgeons,
in 1887, and continues in office.
Morris Longstrf.th was appointed
Resident Phvsician in 1870 and one of the
Attending Physicians, in 1879, and con-
tinues in office.
Morris J. Lewis was appointed Resi-
dent Physician in 1S74 and one of the
Attending Physicians, in i8qo, and con-
tinues in office.
RiCH.\RD H. H.\rte was appointed a
Resident Physician, in 18S0, and one of
the Attending Surgeons, in 1893. and
continues in office.
;'9
MEDICAL APPRENTICES AND RESIDENT PHYSICIANS
The first Medical Aiiprt-iitice coinmciici'il his term of service in the llospital in
177J. Apprentices <ir Slutlenls of Medicine were reK"larly indentured to the
, Managers of the Hospital for a term of five years and usually graduated in
Medicine before completing; their indentured term of service. In the year
1824, the Managers adopteil the rule to elect only grachiates in Medicine as
Resident Physicians.
Those marked • are deceased.
94
140
»S
6S
=3*
150
i8»
>5*
129
•7*
12'
■S8
118
162
101
149
27'
177
20*
25*
J24
4"
II
"I*
67
•37
164
126
6,
14S
90*
Alison, Robert H.
Andrews, Thomas I
Artis, Leopold L.
Ashliursi.John, Jr. .
Bache, Thoni.is Hewson
Balfour, George ....
Barber, Amos VV. . . .
Barton, John Rhea . .
. C
Barton, William V.
Bauni, Charles . . . .
Kensoti, Theodore . .
Bettoii, Samuel ....
Bower. Collier L . .
Bradford. T. Hewson
Bradfuie, C. S. . . .
Bray, Daniel
Bryant, Thomas .
Chapman, Henry C .
Chrvslce, Waller . .
Clarice, Robert J
Claytoi, Thomas Ash
Coates, Benjamin H .
Coates, Reyncll
I Colhoun, Samuel .
; Collins, Stacy Budd
' Cooper, Samuel . .
Cox, \Villiani C. . .
i Croll, Mercer B
I Culbush, Edwaio
Darrach, James
Davis, Gwilym G. .
Downs, Norton
Dul.es, Charles W.
Dunton, William K.
Ecroyd, Henry, Jr. .
Ehreiizeller. Jacob
Elmer, William, Jr.
1871
1864
1882
1861
1852
1S18
1884
1813
1872
1866
1882
1862
1853
1819
1885
1818
6
I 6
(Resi giied)
9
1809
1800
1879
1880
1810
1813
1808
1808
.887
1888
;iii
'188?
1871
1872
1806
1807
1867
1884
1820
1892 1
1814 I
1819 I
1809
1877 1
1792
1872
1879
1790
1853
1881
1889
1877
l8S4
1884
'773
1864
1869
1886
1821
1810 I
1878
■797
1873
Elccteil III Hosp. Stall, 18S7.
I Elected to ilosp. Stuff, 18.13;
I resiKiied, 1836.
Elected to Ilosp. Slalf, i8.'S ;
resigned, 1841.
Elected to Hosp. Staff, 1S16;
resij;ne<l, 1H21,
IS-'
1
I.S.
6
■ 882
1
4
1890
1
8
Resd
1855
1
8
1885
,
5
7
When
Elected
Term
Served
Xame
Remarks
123
26*
72
68
35*
2*
109
41*
138
16&
61*
143
>59
166
73
36*
122*
98*
60
54
132
48*
55
8*
97
63*
5°:
9*
120
5*
151
172
74
62
104*
78*
IIS*
14'
29*
133
"3
121
40*
2I»
163
S4*
6*
134*
165
59*
Fisher, Henry M.
Flanner, Thomas .
Fleming. Ardrew
Forbes, William S.
Fox, George, Jr.
Fox, Joseph M. .
hardener, William ,
Gerhard, George S.
Gerhard, William W.
Gillespie, John
Gillam, William G.
Gobrechl, William H.
Grayson, Charles M. 1'.
Green. Walter D. . .
Gummey, Frank Bird
Hall, A. Douglass , .
Hamersley, Ralph . .
Hand, Frank C. .
Hare, Horace Binnev
Harlan, George Cuvicr
Harris, Robert P. . .
Harte. Richard H. .
Hartshorne, Edward . .
Harlshorne, Henry
Hartshorne, Joseph
Herbert, Theodore .
Hewson, Addinell -
79* I Hodge, H. Lenox
Hollingsworth, Samuel 1-
Hopkiiis, Samuel C . .
Hopkins, William Barton
Horsefield. Thomas .
Horwitz. Orville . .
Howell, William V .
Humphreys, George H
Hunt, William ....
Hunter. Charles T. .
Hutchinson, James . .
Hutchinson, James H.
Jameson, Edward W.
Janney, Benjamin S.
Jaudon, Charles B. . .
Jiminez, Salumino M.
Jordan, Ewing . . . .
Kirkbride, M- Fran<
Kirkbride, Thomas S.
Lawrence, Jason O'B.
LeConte. Robert G.
Lee, Charles Carioll .
Lee, George
Lee, John Grigg . .
! Leidy, Joseph. Jr. . .
i Levick, JamesJ . . .
60 ' Lewis, Franc s \V,
1877
1819
1855
18.53
1828
1879
1820
I8.S7
1855
1830
1878 I 1880
1791
1872
1836
1883
1891
1851
1884
1889
1786
:87i
1834
1881
1890
l8so
18S3
1887
1889
1856 1S57
1829 1830
1S77 j 1878
1S66 1867
1S59 1S60
Elected to Hosp. Staff, 1R4S :
resigned, 1S.S4.
Elected to Hosp. StafI, 1S45:
resigned, 1S68.
1845
isSo
1841
1847
18S:
1843
1S48
1806
1
4 Elected to Hosp. Staff, 1893.
. . ; Elected to Hosp. Staff, 1859 :
[ resigned, 1S65.
! . I Elected to Hosp. Staff, iSio :
resigned, 1S21.
1866
1867
,
I
1851
1852 1
Elected to Ho=p. Staff, 1861
resigned, 1&77.
Elected to Ho'ip Staff, 1832:
18SS
i860 I 9
resigned, I^S4-
1842
■ 843
• ■ ■ 5
1H04
1808
4 . . .
1K75
1S77
2 1 • • •
1794
1799
5 1 • • •
18SS
1S86
1 ' 4
1S91
1S56
1858
1 6
1850
1852
2
Elected to Hosp. Staff, 1863
resigned, 1S93.
1869
1870
1
1799
1804
5
1858
1859
'
'
Elected to Hosp. Stall, 186S
died, 1SS9.
1873
l«75
I 4
1808
1813
5 • ■ •
1823
1S24
... 10
1880
1S81
I 4
1872
i«73
7
1876
1878
2
1833
J835
2
1S14
1815
6
188S
1890 , I
li
1 861
1862
I
6
179S
1802
4
1S80
1 881
I
4
1889
1891
I
8
1849
1 851
2
3
Elected to Hosp. Staff, 1S56
resigned, 1S68.
1849
1850
I
. . .
MI*
"7
Il6
83*
53*
106
83
142*
127
99*
III
45*
33*
■35
>?■
JJ»
13*
S*
3:*
75
•54
NaiiK*
, Lewis, Georj^c i . -
Lewis. Morris J . . . .
Lippiiicott. J. Aubrey
Livezey, E iward . .
' Loi^n. John D. . . .
Longstrelh, Morris . .
McCall, Charles A. . .
McCrea, James A. . .
McIIvaine, Edward S.
Mcllwain, Charles H.
I ,
Markoe. James. Jr. . ,
Meigs, Arthur V. . .
Meigs, John Forsyih .
Mifflin. Charles . . .
Mifflin, Houston . .
Miller. Morris Booth .
Miller, Warwick P. .
Moore, John Wilson .
Morgan. William McKcnnan
Morris, Caspar ....
Morton. Thomas G. .
Morton, Thomas S. K
NelT, Joseph S. . .
Norris, George W.
Norris. Herbert
Norris, Williant F.
136 Owen, John J.
157
71
33*
152
64
95
176
19*
Si*
U7
155
93*
66*
102*
ftS'
24*
119
49*
28*
87
169
57*
167
»S3
160
156;
77*
Packard, Frederick A
Packard, John H.
I'aut. John KoHtnan
1 Penrose, Charles B.
Penrose, Richard A
Pepper, William, Jr.
1 Phillips, Horace
Price, William . . .
Reed. Thomas B.
Reeves, J Howard
Rhoads, Edwanl G.
Rnoads. Edward . .
Rhoads. James K. .
Richardson, KIHotl .
Richardson, Joseph G
Ritchie, Thoman H.
kitz. Charles M.
Roherts, John B. . .
Robinson, Moore
Sargent, Fitzwilliam
Satchel), Southey S.
Silvery. William . .
Scott, J. Allison . .
Sergeant, Spencer
Shuplcss. William T
Shobcr. lohn B. . .
Shoemaker, Har\'ey
Shoemaker, Samuel B
Smith, Albert H. .
1 When
Term
1 Elected
Served
«
jz 1
■B
E
c
! s
s
b.
H
>
s
18H)
■S83
Res'd
1S74
1875
I
■V3
•875
I
'e'
'Si9
1861
I
6
lS44
1846
2
1870
1871
I
' 'e'
1S60
1861
.
9
fiiS
1837
3
18S3
1883
9
1873
1879
I
1867
186S
6
1872
1874
6
, 1838
1840
i8j6
1838
1881
1881
4
.891
1892
8
1815
1810
ist^ ; 1813
■S47
1848
4
1S..4
1827
1x57
1858
4
1S.S5
18S7
4
1S78
1879
.
1830
1833
1867
1868
5
1861
1863
6
1881
1882
1887
18S8
4
1855
1856
6
1825
1836
5
iiWS
1886
4
.S5I
1853
1S65
i8£6
' '&'
1892
I8I3
1814
'859
1861
6
.Ǥ;
.885
3
18S6
1887
4
1S64
1S65
6
18S2
1854
4
is<)8
1870
I
6
1862
1863
9
1SI9
1823
rV.S
1869
'■V5
1877
" 6"
T842 1842
8
1S43 ' 1845
1S23 1824
. . .
1S62 1863
6
1H90 1892
8
1S48
1850
ISS9
1890
ISS5
1885
IS86
1887
IS.S8
1889
1886
1887
i-^s?
■ 850
Elected to Hosp. SlafT, 1S90.
Elected to Hosp. Staff, 1879.
Elected to Hosp. Staff. 18S2.
Elected Ic. Il.isp. Staff, 1859;
resigned. 18S2.
Elected to Hosp. Staff. 1821 ;
resided. 1827.
Elected to Hosp Staff, 1864.
Elected to Hosp. Staff, 1836;
resigned, 1863.
Elected to Hosp. Staff, 18S4.
Elected to Hosp. Staff, i8ji :
resigned, 1823.
When
Elecled
44'
173
"75
37*
46
58*
47
146
91
Smith, Henry H
Smith, Lawrence S. . . .
Spellissv, Joseph M. - . .
Stewardson, Tliotnas, Jr.
Still*, Alfred ...
Stille, Moreton . .
Stocker, Anthony E.
Tavlor, William Johnson . 1.S83
Thornton. Philip 1S06
Trotter, Spencer 1 1S.S3
Tyson, James 1^63
105 Van Harlingen, Arlluii C. . r 1869
•I
51* Wallace. Ellcrslie . . . .
43* Wallace, Joshua M. . . .
34* Washington, James A. . .
76* Wells, William Lehman .
161 Westcott, Thompson S. . .
130 Wetherill, Henry M-, Jr. .
170 Williams, Charles B. . . .
96 Williams, Horace . . -
139 Wills, Joseph H
70 Wilson, Augustus . .
I45» Wilson, Charles Meigs . .
!07 Wilson, James C
174 Wilson, Richard
30* Wistar, Caspar
39* Wistar, Mimin
92 Wistar, Thomas
89 Wood. Horatio C. - .
114 Woodbury, Frank . . . .
'843
i8.i6
1S27
1857
18S8
1879
1890
1S65
18S2
1854
1SS3
1870
1S92
1824
1S32
1S63
.863
■873
884
808
885
864
871 I
844
838
829
857
Remarks
Elected to Hosp. Staff, 183S
resigned, 1845.
6
II
Appointed Officer of Hygiene
and Librarian, 1874 ; re-
signed, 1875.
523
PHYSICIA\S-1N CHIEF AND SUPtRlN TENDEN TS OF
DEPARTMENTS FOR THE INSANE
KiRKBRiDE, Thomas
CuAriN, John B .
Years Mont
IS
43 J
III ofiici;.
ASSISTANT PHYSICIANS OF THE INSANE DEPARTMENT
|6
13
■s
l8
4
3*
II
J4
I
17
S«
35/
10/
9
5
14
36
>9
37
7
Name
Bartlis, William H.
Beitler. Daniel
Bradner, J . Roe . .
, Brush, Edward A. .
Carson, Frank
Cur«eii. Jolin
Pranklin. Charles M.
Given, Robert A. . .
Hall, James ....
Harrison, William H.
Hartshorne, Edward .
Hess, Robert J. .
Jones, S Preston . . .
Josselyn, Eli E. .
Lee, J. Edwards . .
Longshore, William S.
Mendenhall, ThoniasJ
Moon. William P. . .
Moulton, Albert R. .
Nunemaker, Henry B.
Phillips, Horace . . .
Smith, Edwaid A. . .
Smith, Francis Gurney
Wethcrill, Henry M.,Jr.
Wilson, John T
When
Term
Elected
Served
e
C
X
P
s
b.
H
>
S
1871 1
1863
1869 i
1884 j
■875 I
1844
18&I
1S43
1863 !
1887 1
1841 1
1875
I8.S9 '
1&87
18S9 I
"851 1
1862 I
i860
1849
1868
1891
1879
1884
1867
1871
1891
1881
■ 349
1887
1844
l8«3
1894
1841
1S79
1884
1887
1856
l8«8
|86>
l8si
1883
1894
1856
I84I
1863
:84i
6
I88I
1867
iSM
?
Kfinarks
524
Tlie Hospital Pharmac\'.
APOTHECARIES, STEWARDS, AND MATRONS.
The first medicines and medical supplies for the patients in the
wards of the Hospital were contributed by the members of the
Medical Staff; but this arrangement was only temporary.
At a meeting of the Board of Managers, held December, 1752,
in order to pay for a large order of drugs shipped from London, it was
Agreed that the Managers, each of them in their Turns solicit Subscriptions
from the rich widows and other Single Women in Town, in order to raise a Fund
to pay for the Drugs.
The appeal was not in vain (see page 267) but the resolution was
adopted not to rely upon such expedients in future, but to restrict the
purchase of medicines to the ainounts actually in hand and available
for the purpose.
A complete stock of drugs necessarily involved the idea of a place Drug-Shop
to keep them, accordingly it was agreed '-to put up a partition in Established,
the East back-room of the Hospital, with shelves, drawers, etc., for a
shop." It further involved the idea of an aj^othecary, who should be
employed to prepare and compound the medicines and administer
them agreeably to the prescriptions of the jjhysicians and surgeons,
and who would be able to give security for the faithful performance
of his duties. In 1752. Jonathan Roberts was recommended by
525
Dr. Bond as a good man for this ])osition and he was accordingly
empowered to employ him. After receiving his appointment, he
served the Hosi)ital acceptahly for two years and a (jnarter. His
successor was John Morgan, who was a pupil of Dr. Redman. .After
thirteen months' service, he resigned May i, 1756, his letter to the
Board, stating in the formal phra.seology of the day "that having a
prospect of business more advantageous than his present employment,
he desired to be discharged."
John Bond, a nephew of Dr. Thomas Bond, was the third
apothecary. He entered upon his duties and released his predecessor
May 6, 1756. .\fter a service of a little over two years, Dr. John
Bond also "found a prosjject of more Advantageous Business, etc.,"
and accordingly resigned May 17. 1758.
Dr. Cadwalader recommended James .\shton Bayard '• a.s a sober
young man suitable to be so employed," and joined in an obligation
for the faithful performance of his duty, and he was accordingly
elected to the vacancy.
Mr. Bayard served for one year and sent in his resignation,
asking to be- discharged. In this emergency, the i)hysicians were
invited to consult about choosing an apothecary for the ensuing year
as it was now believed that the work of the .Apothecary shop could
_ « "^^ |jg satisfactorily performed by medical students, as a part of their dutv.
Students to ■' ' ' '
serve as Accordingly the following minute was ado|)ted in 1758:
Apothecaries. And considering the advantage a young student of Physic and Surgery may
receive by being employed as the Apothecary, it will not be expedient to continue
the salary to the Apothecary.
Apparently the experiment of having the medicines comj)ounded
by the resident medical students, was not satisfactory and had to be
abandoned, the managers finding it necessary to have .some responsi-
ble person to fill this important office and jiossibly more economical
in the end.
On recommendation of Dr. Redman, the board accepted the
offer of John Moland, Jr., to serve gratis for the year, but after he was
appointed, he found that his health would not permit him to serve.
.\fter an unsatisfactory, or at least inconclusive, conference with
another candidate, the Hoard of Managers decided 10 advertise
Advertise- in the " Gazette," "that an Apothecary is wanted in the service of
mentforan the Hospital." Among the applicants was Dr. George Weed, of
Apothecary. Haddonfield, N. J., who, having received the endorsement of the
Medical Staff, was waited upon at his house. The steward and
matron had each given notice of their intention to leave, which made
it necessary that these vacancies should be filled immediately.
The Medical Staff presented the following communication, con-
taining a recommendation, which has since been adopted in other
hospitals :
In order that the Business of the Hospital may be less burdensome to Appointment
ourselves, and more thoroughly performed we propose that tliere may be a of a Dresser
Surgeryman, as in English Hospitals, to prepare the Dressings as we direct, to be Proposed,
ready on all Occasions whereby we could, or our Apprentices in our Absence,
dress the Patients with more ease and advantage than has been posssible for us to
do, without such preparation.
We also think it a matter of great Consequence not only to the Institution, and Also of a
the Patients in the Hospital, but to the Pupils who attend, that the Apothecary Competent
be a person of fidelity, and skill in the various branches of his business ; as it is Apothecary,
impossible for any who have not been conversant in matters of the kind, to
be competent Judges of the latter Qualification, we request no person may be
chosen, without having first obtained our recommendation.
.Moreover, we crave leave to represent, that the Apothecary's Shop is very
defective in furniture, necessary to preserve the Virtues of the Medicines, and to
keep them separate and also in sundry things, essential, for preparing, com-
pounding and dispensing, what is prescribed, in the most accurate, efficacious
manner.
And lastly, if your fund admitt of it, we think a small Laboratory wou'd be A Pharma-
of singular use ; as such an Apothecary wou'd have a considerable share of ceutical
leisure, and might prepare most of the chemical, and the botanical Medicines, Laboratory
avoiding any temptation to adulterate ; and we should have many of them. Suggested,
cheaper, genuine, fresh, and possessed of their full virtues.
July 30, 1767. Th. Bond, Phineas Bond, Thos. Cadwalader.
The necessity for obtaining a qualified apothecary was the subject
of another communication to the Board of Managers from the Medical
Staff", sent in a few months later :
Gentlemen : — According to your desire we have had several Conferences
about an Apothecary for the Pennsylvania Hospital and think it absolutely neces-
sary that a person properly Qualified for that Business should be procured as
soon as you conveniently can ; We are of Opinion that the best way will be to
apply to some Person in England whose Judgment and good will to the Institution
may be depended upon for a Recommendation of such a Person. This can be no
Difficult matter as some of you have Connections with People eminent in the
Medical way in England. For our Parts we think no properer persons can be
thought of than Dr. Fothergill and W. Bevan. The intended .\pothecary may be
informed that he is to do Duty in the House as is Customary in small Hospitals in
England Ours containing One time with Another from 150 to 180 Sick. He
should be so well skilled in the Affairs of Chymistrj' as to be able to Manage a
small Laboratory if it should be found necessary.
In order to obviate any fears of his having toogreat Employment, he may be
informed that the Business of Dressing Is to be done by us, or our Pupils under
our strict inspection for their greater Improvement, & to the general Benefit of the
Sick.
We have thought of some few Regulations to be made in the Shop, but as we
have reason to believe an Apothecary will be had in the Spring we think it best to
postpone the Execution of them until his Arrival.
Tho.mas Cadwalader, Thomas Bo.nd, Phineas Bond.
October 5, 1767.
527
An Eiiglisli
Apothecary lo
be imported.
Letter to Ur.
FotherRill
requesting
him to
engage an
Apothecary
for the
Hospital.
The English
Apothecary
Arrives.
It was luixv generally admitted that the services of a qualified
.\|iothecary were indispensable and the suggestion of the i)hysirians,
to iin|iort a druggist from England, was accordingly ado|>ted.
In this emergency, as in many others, the Managers turned to
their friend, Doctor Fothergill in London :
Pmi.AD.A , Novr. i8th, 176;.
.ff«/>^(-/crf AriVz/rf .-—The Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital gratefully
sensible of the distinguished proofs they have received of thy benevolence in pro-
moting that useful Charity. & thy Friendship in assisting them, are Kncouraged to
lay themselves under a fresh obligation, iS: have deputed us to ask the favour of
thy kind assistance in a matter which the present State of the Institution
requires.
Our Matron who had been in the Service several Years with Credit to herself,
& satisfaction of the Managers, died last winter much regretted, her Husband,
the Apothecary not being so fully Qualified as we could wish, left the Service, by
consent, a few Months Since.
We have been so happy as to supply the place of the Matron, to content, but
we are in want of an .Apothecary of abilities superior to the last ; and appre-
hending we can be served better from Great Britain than here, none having offered
fully approv'd has determined the Managers to seek one from your side ; Their
instructions to us thereon are so fully Expressed by their minutes of which we
send Extracts annexed, we think it unnecessary to add much on that he.i<l, than
to desire if thou shouldst succeed in obtaining one on the terms therein men-
tioned, thou wouldst be pleased to Engage him to come over in the first Ship;
Wni. Logan jun'r who was lately here on a Visit to his Parents, informed us of a
Young Man who served his .Apprenticeship and lived with Joseph Fry at Bristol,
whom he thought would willingly accept of theofler ; if, on enquiry thou approves
of him, the Character we have received of him gives us reason to think he may
suit ; Should he be otherwise engaged, we hope some i>erson in the Circle of thy
knowledge, may be met with to suit us, at the same time we may venture to add
it will be no unfavourable prospect to a Young Man desirous of promoting him-
self; It is agreed he should be a Single person, & must consent to live in the
House.
We have the pleasure to inform thee, that the Pennsylvania Hospital, con-
tinues to be Conducted with Care, and encreases in reputation S; utility ; Doct'r
Thos. Bond's Clinical Lectures last Winter were attended by a number of young
Students, & as he intends pursuing them this Season, we hope they will prove
further Instructive;
Inclos'd we send thee a copy of the Doctor's Introductory Lecture last Year, &
that of the Present
We are very respectfully, on behalf of the .Managers, Thy Obliged Friends,
Tnos. Wh.\rton.
James Pembertgn.
To Dr. John Fothergill.
In tlie interval, John Davis was appointed October 26, 1767, to
serve until the ex|)ected English Apothecary should arrive. May 30.
1768, Robert Slade entered upon the duties as Steward and Apothe-
cary, his j)assage money jQG, 6s., from Bristol, being paid by the
Managers. On July 14, 1769, the following minute appears :
S2S
Died Robert Slade, steward and Apothecary to the Hospital, and was buried Funeral
the 15th in St. Peter's Church Yard, his Funeral being attended by the Managers of the
Doctors and a number of Reputable Inhabitants. Apothecary.
The following communication from the Medical Staff was sent to
the Managers, early in May 1770 :
- ' ,« dC .J^^ee^t.^' //*^ ^M i^JtX £X.^ X:/ «/%fit^./>*t(-Jl*i^'S-i*^' ^-^
: -T«'V «r— yj*^ /■*''* ^.'/.'V .■<'J^I^ A//.- ^^fayy^^/f^i^j^
'■»''l4^ l^^, ^^■',, fXr^y .f>yt^;>ty^^t ^f.k
'.*.•* A- ^y'-'V^. ,w^j> -Vrfrt '
/;
io
ai'tjTrvLSW
Reproduction
,i j^ '. i-t A ' J .. '. *'• of Autograph
■' . ^^'^tij^'y/.A.^tt^t^ iA^t4>YA^ Xifj/t* rii^- '^it^ '^^^^*■'*l<*'.*^tRv^'•
% ... ■ \ , J ^ ' T r~ r^- ■ . Coniniunica-
"- f ■:. ,, , /~/i. ■ ■ ■ • / , > / •, , r- j>" "• tion from
^^ia^ifc^^^:^^.^.2M^-^^M>rMf^^,/.,~jaXK^f^~Tn^-*s^ Medical Staff.
''.^.-'-./« ■,.<w<^^.-'^*.5« — ^^l-f^^ ^^jJji^/U^ J^^t>r,fiJ li^ ^/^Mt^'/^l^(,Y/T^t^
After conferring with the Medical Staff, the Managers again
addressed an application to Dr. Fothergill, giving their views with
much'clearness as to the needs of the Hospital. In response to this Another
letter^ from the Board, Dr. William Smith was sent from England, f ';"''\'^"'>'
who delivered his credentials May 16, 1770, and the articles ot f^„,„ E„g,a„d
agreement were drawn up and signed.
529
The following extract from the minutes, shows the carefulness of
the managers, in requiring a formal contract with the new a|)othe-
cary, so as to avoid any future misunderstanding :
Doctor William Smith just arrived from London, in the Ship, Pennsylvania
Packet, Cap. Kalkner, attended and delivered Letters from Timothy Bevan &Son,
and Dr. John KotherKill, together wilh the Articles of Agreement Entered into by
them, on behalf of the Managers, by which he Undertakes to serve us in the
Station of an Apothecary on the Terms therein set forth, Viz:
"Articles ok agrekment indented made it concluded on the Twentieth day of
March in the year of our Lord One Thousand Seven hundred & Seventy,
and in the Tenth Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, George the
Third, by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King
defender of the Faith & so forth. Between William Smith at piesent of
London Apothecary of the one part, & Timothy Bevan & Son of London
Druggists, for and on the part and behalf of Israel Pemberton Samuel
Rhoads iV James Pembcrlon and the other Governors of an Hospital
eslal)lished in the City of Philadelphia in North .\merica, of the other part ,-is
follows :
Formal " First the said William Smith doth covenant promise and agree, to it with
Contract the said Timothy Bevan and .Son, their E.xecutors S: .Administrators, by these
made with Presents, That he the said William Smith shall and will Plmbark on board such
Apothecary, ship or Vessel in the River of Thames bound for Philadelphia, as the said
Timothy Bevan S: Son shall order & direct, i)roceed & Sail therein to Philadelphia
aforesaid, & immediately on his Arrival there. Enter into the service of the
Governors of the Hospital established as aforesaid, in the Capacity or Station of an
Apothecary to the said Hospital, & in that station continue & serve for, during, &
unto the full End and Term of three Years, to Commence & be accounted, from
the time of his Arrival at Philadelphia aforesaid, during which Term, the said
William Smith, shall and will administer, do, perform & execute, according to
the best & utmost of his power, skill & knowledge, whatever shall be needful and
necessary to be Administered, done, performed and Executed, in, about, or con-
cerning the Patients of the said Hospital, and shall and will behave himself in an
Orderly, Civil it obliging manner to the Governors of the said Hospital, for the
time being, and as one in his Capacity or Station ought to do. In Consiijeration
whereof, the said Timothy Bevan & Son, for & on the part Sc behalf of the said
Isr.ael Pemberton, Samuel Rhoads, & James Pemberton and the other Governors
aforesaid. Do covenant, promise & Agree, to & with the said William Smith, his
Executors & Administrators, by these Presents, That they the said Timothy
Bevan & Son, or the said Israel Pemberton, Samuel Rhoads and James Pember-
ton, and the other Governors, their, some or one of their Executors or Adminis-
trators shall and will, not only pay for the Passage of the said William Smith to
Philadeli)hia aforesaid, and immediately on his Arrival there, take & receive him
into the service and station of an Apothecary to the Hospital befoie mentioned,
and find it provide for the said William Smith, good & sufficient Meat, Drink,
Washing & Lodging, during the Term of three Years to Commence as aforesaid,
such as is necessary usual and customary for one in his Station or Capacity there,
Bit Also shall S; will well and truly pay, or Cause to be paid to the said
William Smith, his Executors, Administrators or Assigns, the full and just Sum
of One hundred Pounds Currency of Philadelphia, a Year, for each it Every of
the said three Years, by Even it Equal half yearly Payments in each Year, & so
in proportion for a greater or lesser time than a Year, in full for such service to
530
be done & performed as aforesaid. And It is hereby mutually covenanted
& agreed by & between tlie said William Smith, & the said Timothy Bevan & Son
on behalf of the Governors aforesaid, That in case it shall happen that the said
William Smith shall be minded or desirous to quit the Service & employ
herein before agreed on, or that the Governors of the Hospital established as
aforesaid, shall be minded to Discharge the said William Smith from such
service & employ, at any time before the end or expiration of the Term
of three Years herein before mentioned, That then & in such Case, it shall
be lawful for him or them so to do, upon giving Six Months warning or Notice
thereof in writing, under his or their hands, to the Party or Parties therein
concerned of such his or their desire or intention. Provided always and it is
hereby agreed, that in Case such warning or notice shall be given by the said
William Smith within the first Year of his servitude. That then it shall be lawful
for the Governors of the said Hospital to deduct and detain out of his Salary or
Wages whatever Sum or Sums of Money the said Timothy Bevan & Son, or the
said Governors shall have advanced & paid to, or for the Passage of the said
William Smith to Philadelphia aforesaid ; and that in Case the said William Smith
shall give such Notice or warning after the first Year, and before the Expiration
of the second Year of his said Servitude, that then it shall be lawful for the said
Governors to detain S: deduct out of his Wages, one half part of Whatever Sum
or Sums of Money, shall have been expended or paid as aforesaid for his Passage
to Philadelphia, anything herein before contained to the contrary notwithstanding.
AND to the performance hereof the said William Smith, and the said Timothy
Bevan & Son on behalf of the Governor's aforesaid, DO severally bind and oblige
themselves, their several cS: respective Executors & Administrators reciprocally,
each unto the other in the Penal Sum of One hundred Pounds Sterling, firmly by
these Presents. In Witness whereof the said Parties have hereunto set their
hands & Seals the day and Year first above written.
William Smith "Seal."
Timothy Bev.\n & Sox "Seal."
SEALED & DELIVERED, (being first duly
Stampt) in the PRESENCE o(
Thomas Graham.
William Tudman.
After reading the Above Articles the board Adjourned to meet again To Mor-
row Morning.
William Smith Apothecary, attended, & Agreed to Enter into the service,
and to use his best Endeavours to perform the same for the General benefit of the
Institution, concerning which some remarks were made for his Government
therein.
Thos. Boulter's term as ajiprentice having expired August 26, i 77 1 ,
asuit of apparel was provided for him, and he was engaged as Assistant
Apothecary, and on the resignation of Dr. Smith, March 12, 1773,
he was directed to supply the place " until a more suitable jierson
can be provided."
The same year, the Managers decided to select an Apothecary
after a competitive examination, accordingly this was duly conducted
by the Medical Staff, which made the following report and recommen-
dation :
Tile English
.■\pothecary
enters upon
his duties and
subsequently
resigns^
53'
■:-/»*"■«. v'.r
I
y
i^riK -e^
/rriC. /77
-fJnhJ^^AA^
//>?<!»
Report of Medical Stall on Examination of Apothecaries
Medical James Hutchison was selected, and entered upon his duties
Apprentices May 17, 1773 > ^"^ was succeeded by James Dunlap, June 17, 1775.
In the meantime, a medical apprentice had been taken, Jabob Ehren-
zeller's indenture, to serve five years, having been executed June i,
1773. James Dunlap resigned at the exi)iration of the year for which
he was appointed and a certificate was given him, the Managers being
well satisfied with his conduct.
532
to act as
Apothecaries
About this time, there appears to have been some dissatisfaction
with the management of this department and the Steward, John Story, The Steward
was directed to attend to the Apothecary's duties. Mr. Story appears to =»"^"<ls to the
. , 11 r <- , • 1 • 1 i-. r T^ Apothecary's
have had no small amount of confidence in his ability, for on Decern- j^jj^g
ber 26, 1778, he offered to combine in himself, the functions of Physi-
cian, Librarian and Apothecary, in addition to those of the Steward.
It appears that Mr. Story must have actually exercised these several
functions, or thought that he had, for on November 15, 1779, he sent
to the Board an account for wages as Physician, Resident .Apothecary,
and Librarian, but as the Managers could find nothing upon the
minutes authorizing this e.vpenditure, it does not appear that they
allowed it.
February 29, 1780, Peter Yarnall, who applied to the Board for An Apothe-
the office of Apothecary, " for which he expects no wages, only to "-'•'"■>' Volun-
be provided with board and lodging," was chosen as Apothecary and J^"" '.
Librarian. Three months later Dr. Yarnall received permission to
employ Thomas Hughes as an assistant,
Said Hughes to be allowed his board and lodging in the Hospital and the
value of a Spanish Milled dollar in paper currency per month, Dr. Yarnall to
furnish him with necessary clothing.
The following year, June, 1781, Gustavus Fred Kielman, an
Apothecary, was recommended by the physicians, and it was agreed
to employ him and that he " be found in meat, drink, washing, and
lodging." He resigned at the end of sixteen months.
Dr. Hartley succeeded Dr. Kielman, and served for fifteen
months.
May II, 1784, Dr. Natlianiel B. Waters offered to serve for one
year without salary and was accordingly appointed at the end of the
year. At the end of three years' service, he resigned and a certificate
was given him, the Board conferring upon him the privilege of
attendance upon the practice of the house, and also the free use of the
library.
At this time, the Board again decided to permit the duties of the Medical
Apothecary to be performed by the apprentices, Dr. Waters offering Apprentices
to assist without pay, when at leisure. Wm. Gardner, who was '"*'^"'^'.
' -' Apothecaries.
appointed Apprentice and assistant July 30, 1787, succeeded to the
office, and served until the end of his apprenticeship, March 28,
1 79 1, when he turned over the office to Edward Cutbush, another
resident student, who had begun his apprenticeship, September 27,
1790. Wm. Gardner was duly presented "with the use of the
library and the privilege of attending the practice of the house
at pleasure."
533
The indentures of Samuel Cooperwere executed January i, 1792,
Terms of and, two years later, he signed a receipt for instruments, anatomical
Mtdical A[>- prei)araiions, and books [irepared by Dr. lidward Cutbush, and was
prentices and j^^^^Ugj ^ Apothecary. In November, 1 794, Thomas Horsefield was
Aputlivcaries. f j
employed as assistant, and an agreement approved and executed.
Permission was given to Mr. Horsefield to attend Dr. Barton's lectures
on Botany.
Samuel Cooper's term of ajjprenticeship expired in August, 1797,
when Thomas Horsefield took charge of the pharmacy. A vote of
thanks was subsequently given to Dr. Cooper " for his services, espe-
cially for his great care of patients during the yellow fever," also the
privilege for life of the library and practice of the House. On Novem-
ber 26, 1798, Dr. Cooper died and bequeathed his whole estate to the
Hospital, after making provision for binding out his young negroes.
The following certificate of a medical apprentice was signed by
Dr. Craik, who had been Physician to President Washington.
A'
"^
M^^d
<^€^u'2
In 1800, when the centre building was comi)leted, the apothecary
shop was transferred to the south room opposite the administration
office, where it has since remained.
.S.34
The apprenticeship of Thomas Horsefield would have expired
November 24, 1799, but on October 28th, he was released and per- Medical
mitted to leave, in order to accept a position as surgeon on the ship pprentices.
" China," which was about to sail. A certificate was given to
Dr. Horsefield. George Lee, a pupil of Dr. Samuel Duffield, was
accepted as an apprentice October 30, 1797. At a meeting held
July 28, 1800, Dr. Wm. Hartshorne made application to have his son
Joseph admitted as apprentice when Dr. Lee's term should expire.
Dr. Lee's health being poor, he was recommended a sea voyage and a
change of occupation. He was subsequently released from his
indentures, his faithful services commended, and he was given the usual
privileges of house and library. Dr. Jas. Hutchinson, Jr., supplied the
]jlace of Dr. Lee, from 1799 to 1804.
At the expiration of five years service as resident pupil,
Dr. James Hutchinson, Jr., delivered the books, etc., to Joseph
Hartshorne, who served until the expiration of his term of five years,
in 1806, when the usual certificates and the privileges were voted.
This method of combining the offices of medical apprentice and Office of
apothecary was continued nominally until 1824, when the office of "^ "^^ .
J • J J i_ Apprentice
medical apprentice was discontinued, and it was decided to choose ai,oiisi,e(]
graduates in medicine only for resident physicians. As early as 1820, and Resident
however, vacancies were filled by graduates in medicine by the Physicians
election at this time of Robert J. Clark, M. D., to fill the unexpired o"ly chosen
■> ' ' •■ since 1824.
term of Thomas Planner.
The Board, in 1824, at length adopted the plan of internal
administration, which has been in satisfactory operation for the last
seventy years, by appointing an educated pharmacist and relieving
the medical staff and the resident physicians from all responsibility
in this department. Graham Hoskins, a qualified pharmacist, was g„aiified
elected in 1821. After two years service, he was succeeded by Pliarmacisis
Robert Harris, who served only ten months, and who in turn was Appointed.
followed by Samuel C. Sheppard, who remained fourteen months.
The successor, Newberry Smith, Jr., appointed in 1825, served
four years, and Franklin R. Smith succeeded him in 1829. He
served for two years, when Dr. John Conrad was chosen to fill the
position. From 1831 to 1870, Dr. Conrad faithfully performed the
duties of the office, and won the affectionate regard of all who came
in contact with him. The following resolutions were adopted by the
Board upon receiving his resignation :
Resolt'c-il, tiiat in accepting the resignation of Dr. John Conrad who for 39
years has held the situation of Apothecary to the Institution, Ihe Board desire to
express their sense of the faithful and satisfactory manner in which he has
535
Dr. John
Conrad,
Pharmacist,
resigns.
Aclion of
Society of
E.x- Resident
Physicians.
A Botanical
Garden.
discharged llie duties devolving upon him, and in addition to these he has
devoted much time and attention to the care of the garden and greenhouse.
Kesolved, That in parting from Dr. Conrad the Board desire to express their
sincere wishes for his future welfare and to hope that he may be favored with the
enjoyment of health.
Resolved, That the hospitalities of the House and the use of the Library and
garden be ofl'ered to his acceptance at any time he may desire.
Dr. Conrad was born June 21,
1810, was a graduate of the JefTer-
son Medical Cullege, 1850, and
died October 15, 1881.
On his retirement from the
Hospital, a number of the intimate
medical friends of Dr. Conrad made
lip a purse of §1500, which they
presented to him as a tangible
token of their regard.
On the twenty-first of Feb-
ruary, 1883, at a meeting of the
Medical Staff, ex-Resident Physi-
cians and friends in the Library, a
portrait of Dr. Conrad was pre-
sented to the Hospital by the committee, and the following minute
was adopted :
From 1831 until 1870, Dr. Conrad was the Apothecary of this house in the
department for the sick. The list of Resident Physicians during that time includes
seventy names ; some of this list are dead, it would be invidious to state how
many have won more than a local reputation, but whether widely known or not,
or whether living or dead, is there one among them who ever forgot John Conrad ?
He was learned not only in his art, but in Science, in Literature, and in
Language. He was a lover of poetry, of flowers, and of children. His delights
were with his garden, his books and his friends. His cares were mostly sympa-
thies for others. He never married, yet his love for man and woman never died.
His Memory long will live alone.
In all our hearts a mournful light,
That broods above the fallen Sun
And dwells In Heaven half the night.
Tiie interest shown by Dr. Conrad in the garden and especially
in his roses, was a matter of frecpient comment, and recalls the fact
that the physicians had in previous years attempted to establish a
botanical garden which deserves a few words of recognition.
To carry out the project of establishing a "Botanic Garden"
suggested by the physicians and surgeons, the Board of Managers
resolved February 26, 1769 :
That a convenient part of the lot westward of this House may be allotted
towards planting a Botanic Garden.
This Garden was at first proposed as an adjunct to the " Elabora-
tory," which was built during the summer of 1769. It is mentioned A Botanical
in a letter written by the managers to Dr. Fothergill about this time, C'^'''^'^"
in which they reported progress as follows :
We have been at a considerable expense this summer in building a House
and Purchasing the Apparatus for an Elaboratory, expecting a considerable sav-
ing m the Expense of Medicines.
The proposed garden was to furnish the necessary plants to be
used in the preparation in the Elaboratory of various tinctures, etc.,
needed for the patients. Although a measure intended to promote
economy, it is evident that such a garden could not be supplied with
sufficient quantity and variety of plants to meet in any practical
degree the requirements of the physicians' prescriptions, but it might
have considerable value from a scientific and educational standpoint.
The garden continued in this unformed condition for over five years,
at least it is not again mentioned during that time, in the minutes.
On May 9, 1774, the monthly committee was instructed to inform the
physicians.
That if they will meet and agree on a list of such medical books, as are neces-
sary to be added to the Medical Library, the Board is willing, out of the funds
allotted for that purpose, to apply such Sum as may be necessary for purchasing
them, and they are likewise desired to communicate their Sentiments of the
best Method of obtaining a compleat Collection of Plants and Herbs to furnish our
Garden in such manner that the proposal long since made of having a good
Botanical Garden may be eflecled.
From which it may be inferred that the garden at this time was
far from being complete, if any steps had really been taken towards
its establishment.
The Committee reported :
That a conference had been held with the physicians in regard to the Garden
and that the latter decided " to give their opinion in writing."
This communication was read at a meeting held June 27, 1774 :
To THE Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital. The Sueees-
Gciillemeti — VVe are pleased with your proposal generously to execute a plan tion approved
of a Botanical Garden formerly agreed upon for the benefit of the Pennsylvania by the Medi-
Hospital, which we think may be made useful to that noble Institution and it pal Staff,
appears to us that the present Garden and Lot of Ground Northward of the Hos-
pital, within the Square, will be most fit for the purpose.
We doubt not you will join in opinion with us that the sooner a skillful
Botanical Gardener is engaged the better.
We are Gentlemen, Your very ready Friends,
Thos. Cadwalader, Thos. Bond,
William Shippen, John Redman,
John Morgan.
June the 7th, 1774.
537
n Botanical
C;ar<len
Abandoiifd.
Scion of the
Treaty Elm.
That the garden was allowed to fall into distise seems probable,
The idea of for Dr. Bond, Jr., A. D. G. of the Continental Hospital, July 22,
1778, agreed with the Managers for the renting of the Klaboratory,
but no further mention is made in the minutes of the Botanical Garden.
It is ])resumable that experience showed that tlie jjroduction from this
source would not justify the expense of providing a gardener exclu-
sively for the care of medicinal plants, the design was finally aban-
doned and the jilot laid out in flower beds.
All the engravings of the Hospital show the presence of large
trees around the buildings. In Mr. Malin's " Some Account of the
Hospital," ])iiblished in 1832, it is said that it is surrounded on the
borders of the square by majestic forest trees, which he stated were
'• Button wood, or Occidental Plane, trees, the largest growth of the
North American forest; they were planted in the year 1756 by Hugh
Roberts, one of the first Managers of the institution." Within the
grounds, attention has also been directed to the setting out of trees,
under the shade of which the patients were permitted to rest, or take
exercise in the well laid-out garden. Among the trees most deserving
ot notice is an elm which has an interesting history.
The minutes of the Hosjiital,
dated May 26, 1810, state that
"a scion from the root of a tree
called the Great Kim of Kensington,
said to have been the same tree under
which William I'enn, the projjrietor
of Pennsylvania, held the first treaty
with tlic Indians, was ])resented by
.Matthew N'anduzen, and i)lanted by
I'eter Brown, Eaq., near the centre of
the westernmost lot belonging to the
Hospital ; for which Peter Brown is
requested to return to Matthew Van-
duzen the thanks of the Managers,
and to procure a box to defend it
from injury. The parent tree was
blown down in a late storm."
The " westernmost " lot extended
from Ninth to Tenth and from Spruce
to Pine Streets. When Clinton Street
was opened, the curb-line required
the removal of the historic elm ;
for some time an effort was made to
.'■;*!?
538
preserve tlie tree by paving around it, but finally, in 1841, it was cut
down. Then it was that Mr. Charles Roberts, one of the Managers, The
and the Steward, Mr. Malin, secured cuttings, several of which were ^^^'^ ^
. Elm.
planted within the grounds now included in the Hos]>ital inclosure.
One developed into the now magnificent tree, which stands only a few
feet distant from the southeastern end of the new Memorial buildings.
One branch which at first grew well, was subsequently blown down.
Another was planted in the grounds surrounding the Insane Depart-
ment in West Philadelphia, where it now stands a well grown tree. ^
* Another scion of the Treaty Elm stands iti the yard surrounding the Friends' Meeting
House in Twelfth Street, between Market an'i Chestnut. The branches of this beautiful tree
spread themselves out to the roof of the Meeting House. In this house, under the branches
of this elm, a few years ago, a meeting was held, in which representati\ es of the Sioux,
Arapahoe, Comanche and other Western Indians, had a loving council with the Friends, the
descendants and brethren in faith of those who were with Penn, two hundred years ago,
under the old elm at Shackamaxon.
When the Treaty Elm was blown down, in iSro, it was determined by its rings that it was
at least two hundred and eighty-three years old. During the Revolutionary War, when the
British occupied the city and firewood was extremely scarce, the Treaty Tree was several
times in danger of the woodman's axe, but was saved by the British oflicers on account of its
history. General Senicoe, who had command of the troops at one time, ordered a squad of
British soldiers to protect it day and night. When the tree was blown down, many persons
sought, as relics pieces, of its wood, which were carved into chairs, canes, penholders, and
various other articles. A pitcher was also made out of its wood, which was regarded at tliat
period as a marvelous piece of carving. The Philadelphia Association of Coopers purchased
it and presented the relic to General Jackson after the battle of New Orleans. This pitcher is
preserved, with other objects of interest, at the Hermitage Museum in Teimessee.
After the Treaty Elm was blown down, no effort was made to mark the spot until 1827,
when an association of citizens, organized for the commemoration of historical subjects,
connected with the history of Pennsylvania, and called the Penn Society, was formed. The
first move this organization made was to obtain the right of placing a small marble monu-
ment on an enclosure of ground on Beach Street, Kensington, near where the great elm
stood. This memorial was the first public monument erected in Philadelphia, and is, there-
fore, of double interest. It is a plain block of marble, upon a marble base, about four feet
high and in the shape of a truncated pyratiiid, sloping from the base. The inscriptions on
the stone are as follows :
On the North. On the West.
Treaty Clrouml
of
Placed by the
William Penn
Penn Society,
and the
A. U. 1S27,
Indian Natives,
To Mark the Site
1682.
or the Great Elm Tree.
T'nhroken Faith.
•
William IViHi.
IV■Ilns^■lvania
P.orn 1644.
Founded i6S:
by
Died 171S.
Deeds of Peace.
( >n the South.
< >ii the East.
539
Giiiiii Malm
a Failhfiil
Mr. Malin ciUi/rcil the institution as Clerk March 29, 1.S24, and
William remained in its service for nearly sixty years. At the expiration of this
time, on account of his advanced age, he was relieved from duty by
St "■•" 1' ^^*^ IJoard, which, in consideration of his faithful, devoted, and long
service pensioned him, and offered him a home in the hospital
during the remainder of his life. He died of pneumonia, in his
ujKirtments at the Hospital, August 2, 1887. When he first came to
this country as an immigrant from England, in 1823, he was obliged
to work as driver of a brewer's wagon, and out of his savings he
returned, before the end of a year, to his parents, his passage-
money to .\merica. He was fortunate in finding more congenial
occuiiation in the Hosi)iial. He numbered the books in the library
and made a catalogue, which he
"" presented to the Board J.nnuary 26,
1829, and it was ordered published.
In September of the same year,
it was issued, together with an intro-
ductory sketch, also ))repared by
him, of the history of the Medi-
cal Library. Two years later, by
direction of the Managers, Mr.
.\lalin compiled a small work enti-
tled, " Some Account of the Penn-
sylvania Hosjiital ; its Origin,
Objects, and Present State," which
was also published by the Board. In
1840, when the Department for the
I nsane was ojiened in West Philadel-
phia, he was a))pointed Steward and assisted in organizing the new
administration. Nine years later, he was made Steward and practically
Superintendent of the Department for the Sick and Injured, which
position he filled until 1883, when he was retired from active duty.
.About this time, he was complimented by having a dinner given in
his honor by the Association of Ex- Resident Physicians, many of
whom had lieen a.ssociated with him during his long service in the
institution. The library was used in which to hold the banquet, there
were flowers and speeches, and the faithful Steward occupied the seat
of honor. On this occasion, a life-size portrait of Mr. Malin in oil
was unveiled and formally presented to the Hospital by the Associa-
tion of Ex-Resident Physicians. (See also page 102.)
On his retirement from his active duties, the following minute
was made the fact and the action of the Board thereon :
540
At a stated meeting of the Board of Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital,
held 2d month, 26th, 1883, the following was unanimously adopted : Action
The resignation of our Steward, William G. Malin, of his ofTicial connection taken by
with our Institution, which was continued for fifty-nine years, imposes the duty the Board on
which we freely recognize, of placing on our records some testimonial of our Mr. Malin's
appreciation of his services to the Pennsylvania Hospital, during the long period resignation,
through which those services were rendered. Therefore,
Resolved, That while we have accepted the resignation of our friend William
G. Malin, which he has felt constrained to offer by reason of the infirmities of
advancing age, we accompany that acceptance with the declaration that it is
difficult to over-estimate the value to this Hospital cf his intelligent, assiduous
and faithful discharge of all the duties of the various official positions which he
has held in this Institution for almost three-score years.
Entering the service of this Hospital as Clerk in 3d month, 1S24, he was, on
the ist of 4th month, 1825, elected Librarian ; and on the ist of the ist month,
1841, to the office of Steward, and from thenceforth has been continually re-elected
to the latter office. During all this period, by the unanimous judgment of all the
successive members of this Board, as also of the Physicians and Surgeons, who,
from time to time, have composed our staff, and under whose observations his
labors in this Institution have been rendered, he has fulfilled the arduous and
unremitting duties of his position to their entire satisfaction, and has impressed
upon every one concerned for the welfare of the Hospital, the profound assurance
that all his dealings have been characterized by the most scrupulous integrity,
and the most sedulous care for the interest of our Institution and its inmates.
Resolved, That we deem this Institution and the many thousands of patients
who have occupied its wards while its Stewardship was in the hands of our
friend, William G. Malin, very fortunate in having had his large experience and
watchful attention, constantly exercised for their benefit : and we recognize and
acknowledge it as a great blessing that a kind Providence has prolonged his days,
his health and his usefulness, through so exceptionally long a term.
Resolved, That in severing the official relations which he has thus so long
held, to this Hospital, our friend may be assured that he possesses the confidence
and affectionate regards of every member of this Board ; and we e.vpress our
sincere desire that in the home which we offer him, in the Hospital for whose
prosperity and elficiency he so long and well labored, he will find all the comfort
and kind consideration, which he so eminently deserves.
Resolved, That a copy of the foregoing Preamble and Resolutions be engrossed,
signed by the President, Treasurer, and all the Members of this Board, and pre-
sented to William G. Malin.
William Malin, the grandfather of Mr. Malin, \va.s a resident of Blogra|>hical
Preston Capes, Northamptonshire, England, where his son, John Sketch of
Malin, was born, who removed to Woodford Halse, and married ^'"';'"'
Mary, the daughter of John Giinn, of Banbury ; of this union William
G. Malin sprang, a scion of good English stock. His parents were
religious and of Moravian connection. The grandfather on the
mother's side was a descendant of Olaf Rolfson, a noted Viking and
Vice Jarl under the Earl of Orkney and Caithness ; the youngest son
of the adventurous Norseman was named C'unni and hence the
54'
Gimti Malin.
surname (Juiin arose in the family that claimed through its founder
Biographical relationship to the " Lords of the Isles" and "Kings of Man,"
Sketch of famous in story and song.
_ ,, ' William (lunn Malin was born in Woodford, near Byfield, North-
Gunn .Malm, ' ^ '
amptonshire, Kngland, November 7, 1801; he had scant schooling at
Eydon, as his father intended to e<|uip him for no higher station than
that of market carrier to Banbury and Deventry. Being impressed
with the idea that he was destined for better things, he took
passage in a sailing ship, the " Massasoit," for Baltimore, but a storm
drove the vessel into the port of Boston, by which means he pro-
videntially escaped the danger of yellow fever which was then epidemic
in his orginal place of destination. He made his way toGermantown,
now a i)art of the city of Philadelphia, and found occupation tempora-
rily. A year later, he considered himself most fortunate in receiving
the appointment as Clerk and subsequently was appointed Librarian.
His handwriting was very legible and so regular that it was almost
like engraving. Mr. Malin was largely self-educated and was a
modest and diligent student. He loved books, especially old black-
letter English volumes, preferably Bibles and works relating to the
history of the Moravian Church, of which he was a life-long and con-
sistent member. Much of his leisure time was occupied in poring
over his choice possessions, which included works in Latin, Danish,
Dutch, French, German, Italian, with which he made so much pro-
gress as to be able to translate the portions in which he took the most
interest. .\t his death, he bequeathed his library in trust for the
Moravian Church, at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and it was regarded
as a particularly valuable collection, since it possessed unique copies
and rare works on the early history of the Church, the fruit of many
years' patient studying of catalogues and correspondence with dealers
in all parts of the world and, the expenditure of money which cost
much self-denial to save. As a result of his wide reading, Mr. Malin
was a well-informed man and, although he did not seek conversation,
being rather reserved in his manner, yet he showed by his remarks
that he had good judgment and possessed a mind conversant with a
multitude of sul)jects in art, literature, and popular sciences.
In his intercourse with Managers and Physicians he was always
most courteous, cheerful, and cordial in his manner. His long
association with the physicians of the institution was unmarred by any
unjjleasantness, in fact, in consequence of his uniform amiability of
demeanor, many of the residents and members of the Medical Staff
became his life-long, cherished friends. Mr. Malin, soon after his
transfer to the Pine Street Hospital in 1849, married a lady who had
542
formerly been an inmate of the institution ; but she died in a little
over a year afterwards and without offspring; he did not marry a
second time.
Although Mr. Malin's tastes did not incline towards medical
studies, he showed great interest in the treatment of the insane. As
the result of his observations, he presented to the Board of Managers,
in 1828, an article on the necessity of providing a separate asylum for
the insane ; and again, in 1834, a paper on employment of the insane.
Mr. Malin's views possessed so much originality and force as to lead
the State Committee on Lunacy to publish these papers in its annual
report for the year 1884. Copious extracts have also been made from
these papers on another page of this history. (See page 154).
Mr. Malin was buried August 5, 1887, in the Woodlands Ceme-
tery, Philadelphia, and his collection of historical and Bohemian
books have a permanent resting place in the library of the Moravian
Brethren's Church, at Bethlehem. His portrait is in the hall of the
Hospital, just at the entrance of the office where he lived for so
many years.
APOTHECARIES.
Jonathan Roberts . . .
John More;an
John Bona
James Ashton Bayard .
George Weed, M. D.* .
John Davis
Robert Slade, M D.* .
William Smith, M D. .
Thomas Boulter . . .
James Hutchison . .
James Dunlap . . . .
John Story*
Peter V'arnall, M. D. .
Gustavus F Kielnian
When Elected ! Resigned
Dec.
May
May
May
May
Oct.
May
May
March
May
June
June
Feb.
June
James Hartley i Dec.
Nicholas B. Waters .
(Medical Apprentices)! .
Graham Hoskins ....
Robert Harris
Samuel C. Sheppard . .
Newberry Smith. Jr. . .
Franklin R. Smith . . .
John Conrad
Jacob K. Hecker . .
Charles Wirgman . . .
Jacob K. Hecker ....
Benjamin Shoemaker, Jr.
Joseph V. Taylor ....
May
July
Feb.
Feb.
Jan.
March
April
May
July
Sept.
Oct.
March
Feb.
7. 1752 •
19. '755 ■
6, 17.56 ■
17. 175S ■
14, 1760 .
26, 1767 .
30. 176S ■
16. 1770 .
12. 1773 ■
17. 1773 ■
17. 1775 ■
17, 1776 .
28, 1780 .
30, 1781 .
31, 17.S2 .
II, 17S4 .
30, 17S7 .
17, 1S21 .
17, 1*^23 .
26, 1824 .
28, 1825 .
2, 1K29 .
9. '831 .
25, 1870 .
28, 1874 .
30, 1876 .
31, 1884 .
23, 1891 .
May
May
May
May
Oct.
May
July
March 17
May 17
June 17,
June 17,
Feb. 28,
June 30,
Dec. I.
May II,
July 30,
Feb. 17,
Feb. 17,
Jan. 26.
March 28,
April 2,
May 9,
May 30,
Sept. 28,
Oct. 30,
March -^i,
Feb. 23,
In office .
1755
■756
■758
1759
1767
1768
1769
1773
1773
177.S
1770
1780
■7-1
1782
1784
1787
1821
1823
1824
■ 82s
1829
1831
1870
1874
1876
I^84
1891
Term of Ser\'ice
Year Mo. Day
3
33
39
4
17
II
23
4
J4
«9
•7
* Also served as Stewards.
t From 1787 to 1821, the Medical Apprentices acted as Apothecaries.
543
STEWARDS.
Names
J nnalliaii Norton Oct. 13.1737
M;ilthcw Taylor ....... Nov. 29,1758
Kl:/;ihclli GartlneriMalron) . . Nov. 27, 1759
<;iorKe Weed, M. D.* May 14,1760
Marv Ball (Matron) Oct. 27, 1767
kol>crt Sl.ide, M. l>.*t May 30,1768
Siirah Harlan ^Matron) July 14,1769
William Smith, M.D May 16,1770
John Saxton Feb. 24,1773
John Story* '\ Feb. 27, 1776
Joseph llcnszey Feb. 26, 17S0
l-'raticis lllKgins I Jan. 30t '796
William Johnston j Nov. 11,1803
Francis II ig:Kinst . ! Aug. 11,1808
S.imuel Mason I Feb. 17, 1813
Isaac Hnnsall March 13, 1826
Allen Clapp , Oct. 11, 1839
William G Malinf I May 8,18.19
Kichard Cadbury | April 1,1883
Hcniamin lloopes i Nov. 29, 1886
J<>iiath:in (>. Williams [Aug. 31. 1S91
RcsiKiie 1
Term of Service
Year
Mo I Day
Nov. 29 1759
Nov. 27, I7S9
May 14, 1760
Del. 27, 1767
May 30, 1768
July 14,1769
May 16, 1770
March 17, 1773
Feb. 27, 1776
Feb. 26, 1780
Jan. 3o> >796
Nov. 11,1803
Aug. ii,ilio8
Frb. 4, 1R13
March 13, 1H26
Oct. n, i8;o
March 25, 1849
March 29, 1S83
Oct. 28, 1886
AuR. 31, 1891
In office . . .
I
■
■
S
S
7
1
10
10
■ ■ ■
Iti
17
'.1
i
'4
3
1
3
• *
7
I
a
3
4
"5
7
4
4
■ 3
4
IS
33
3
4
■ I
9
9
5
• ' 6'
5
10
6
9
28
15
21
2
• Also acted as Apothecaries,
t Died.
Names
MATRONS.
Term ol Service
Elizabeth Gardner*
Esther Weedt
Mary Ball*
Sarah Harlan 't
Sophia Saxton
Mary Story
Deborah Henszeyt
Mary Falconer
Ann Henszcy
Hannah Hif^gins
Abigail Johnston Nov
Hannah Hij^gins Aug
Mary Mason Feb.
Ann Honsallt March
MarRarel Clappt Sept.
Margaret Robinson March ii,
Elizahelh Ctapp June 29,
Etizaheth Hooton May
Harriet P. Smith May
Mary D. Sharpless J Sept
Anna M. Morris , Ju'y
Adelai'le S. Thomas Dec.
Rebecca B. Brown i June
E. Josephine Crossthwaite ... June
Rachel A. Bunting Jan.
Kuth A. Cassidy April
Mary R. Satterthwaite Jan
* .^cted at times also as Stewards. f Died.
J On account ol faithful service, the Managers voted her a home for life.
544
SOME REMINISCENCES.
For a number of years, while Captain George Taylor was gate- The Gate-
keeper, he kept a large white parrot, which greeted every visitor with keeper and
a " How d'ye do?" or "Good-by." The students often stopped to his bird
'' C'rocicic '*
speak to the parrot and taught it some phrases which it learned to use
very appropriately. One sentence, which referred to the janitor's
habits of over-indulgence in spirits, nearly had serious consequences,
because the Captain, overhearing the personal comment of the bird
that " the old man's full again," chased the culprit around the garden
until he caught it and then handled it so roughly that, in consequence,
it lost the sight of one of its eyes. The following short sketch will
interest those who remember the old gatekeeper and his companion.
" Crockie" was a large, white, Australian cockatoo, with a sulphur
yellow crest. It was brought to the Hospital by Cajstain Taylor in 1849
and for over thirty years was a conspicuous feature at the gate-house.
On the death of its owner, which occurred about 1879, ^^ ^'^ ^^^^
to a dealer, who, two years later, disposed of it to Mr. Cox, of Ger-
mantown, who purchased the parrot on account of its historical asso-
ciations. Mr. Cox presented it to the Philadelphia Zoological Garden,
where it died, in March, 1S92, at the estimated age of more than ninety
545
years. This bird liad unusual i)0\vers of articulation and a sufficient
GatekeeocT's """''I'C'' of jjhrases at ils command to make it a very amusing
pets, companion for the old gate-keeper, and it retained its conversational
attainments up to the last. Crockie was emotional and indulged in
hearty fits of laughter, but as soon as any one of his audience joined
in the merriment, he would burst out into a torrent of abuse, with
violent screaming and croaking and (lapping of his wings.
Captain Taylor was succeeded by Alexander McConaghy, who
kept a mocking-bird, a tame squirrel and other pets at various times,
which greatly interested visitors and especially the children, of whom
the old man is still very fond. Alexander was formerly a jiatient and
had a leg am]nitated at this hospital which precluded him from
more active employment. He is now an invalid and a permanent
resident in the Hospital, by invitation of the Board of Managers, in
recognition of his many years of faithful service.
On October 25, 1763, John Reynell, the Treasurer, reported
that he had received a letter from Klias Bland, of London, dated
July 1 2th, in which he wrote:
The first Fire "I have put on Board the Brittania, Captain Simble, a small fire Engine, which
Appar.itus. plea.se to present in my Name to the Managers of the Pennsylva. Hospital, shall
be pleased to hear it delivered in good order & works well the person who had
the fitting it for Service Desires the inclosed directions may be regarded."
On May 30, 1791, the Steward was directed to have "the fire
engine played every month at the meetings of the Board."
546
After the Managers had purchased additional ground to the east,
south and west, it was agreed, September 27, 1813, to
permit the Washington Fire Engine Co. to erect an Engine House on the north Ground
side of the Western vacant Lot. Samuel W. Fisher is requested to prepare a leased to the
Lease for one Year stipulating the Payment of a small sum as an Acknowledge- Washington
ment of their tenancy. Fire
It was thought that the proximity of the Fire Company would be "'"'' *"
an additional protection in case of fire in the Hospital, though every
precaution was taken against accident, as the following minute shows:
As great danger to the Buildings & to the lives of the Patients S: others may Precautions
be apprehended from the unseasonable use of lights and fires within the hospital, against Fire.
it is hereby, Feb. 28, 1814, made the Special Duty of the Watchman & he is
strictly enjoined to extinguish all the lights and fires every evening on com-
mencing his rounds. And to take care that none be permitted during the
remaining part of the night e.tcept such as shall be Authorized for the Accommo-
dation of the Sick, the Attendants on the dead or such as may be necessary in
the Apothecary's Shop for the Use of the Resident Physician and the Apprentices
of the House.
The only fire,' which ever happened and threatened to be serious,
was on the night of January 9, 1834; the record states:
About one o'clock last midnight a fire occurred in the South-west room,
which was providentially extinguished without injury of any of the |)alients or
much damage to the Building.
The adjustments of the losses with the Hand-in-Hand and Green
Tree Insurance Companies were satisfactorily completed in due time.
The cause of this fire was not stated on the minutes, but it may have
been caused by defects in the heating apparatus.
' On October 27, 1766, there was a chimney-fire, which, however, did no damage, but
which led to the adoption of precautions to prevent such an accident from again occurring.
347
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA
HOSPITAL.
DEPARTMENT FOR THE SICK AND INJURED.
Attending Physicians and Sirgeons. — i. The medical practitioners
■chosen to serve this Hospital shall be classed with each other, and give their
attendance at such seasons as shall be concluded and agreed upon by themselves,
with the sanction of the Managers.
2. The Physicians and Surgeons on duty shall visit their respective wards
daily from 9 to 12 o'clock in the forenoon; and at such other times as may be
necessary for the faithful performance of their duties, and the two Surgeons
simultaneously on duty shall take charge of separate wards as follows : one
taking the Lower Surgical Ward and the Women's Surgical Ward, and the other
the Upper Surgical Ward.
They may also on the Fourth and Seventh day (Wednesday and Saturday)
of every week from 10 to 12 o'clock A. M., deliver clinical lectures to such students
of medicine as may have acquired the right to attend them.
3. The clinical lectures at the Pennsylvania Hospital shall be free to all
students of medicine.
4. Except in cases of emergency, no important surgical operation shall be
performed without a previous consultation, of which all the Surgeons shall have
due notice.
5. The Physicians and Surgeons shall have power to establish rules for the
regulation of their respective wards, subject to the approval of the Managers, to
be framed and hung up therein.
6. No Surgeon or Physician, without the consent of the Attending Managers,
•shall be entitled to contract any debt or liability against or in the name of the
Hospital, for any surgical, medical, or mechanical supplies for the treatment or
relief of any patient.
7. During the temporary absence of either the Attending Physician or
Surgeon, he may appoint one of the Out-Patient Physicians or Surgeons, who
shall during his absence have charge of the ward and perform all the duties per-
taining to the office of the Attending Physician or Surgeon, save the performing
of important operations when the services of any of the Attending Surgeons can
be obtained, except in great emergencies. When the absence is to be a pro-
longed one, the Out-Patient Physician or Surgeon so appointed shall be a substi-
tute for the absentee, subject to the approval of the Attending Managers.
8. All professional services in the Hospital shall be gratuitous and any phy-
sician or surgeon accepting an appointment upon the staff shall thereby waive all
claim for compensation in money and perform his duty as a charity to the sick
and disabled patients under his care, and for the advancement of medical and
surgical science.
549
9- Till- nitnibcrs of the Surgical Staff arc iiistruclid to restrict tlit assistants
to he employed in tlie operations conducted, either in the Wards, or Lectiiri'-room
of this Hospital, to the Jiesidetils regularly elected for service therein.
Resident Physicians. — i. Candidates for the office must be graduates of
medicine at the time of their application.
2. All the Resident Physicians who shall hereafter be elected for ther services
in this Hospital shall be deemed to hold their original election on probation for a
period of two months, and, only alter a vote of the Board confirniinK their election
at and after the e.xpiration of such probationary )>eriods, shall their election for
the full term provided by the Rules of the Hos|)ital be held to be complete.
Such probationary term, however, to be considered a portion of their term, if so
confirmed.
3. The Resident Physicians shall have charge alternately of the medical and
surgical wards, for such periods, and in such manner as shall be agreed upon by
the physicians and surgeons, and approved by the Managers. They shall regu-
larly visit the patients under their charge, every morning and evening, and to the
best of their skill administer to their relief. They shall accompany the attending
Physicians and Surgeons in their daily visits, report to them all new cases which
may have been admitted in their absence, and regulate the practice according to
their orders ; and (permission of the friends of the decedent being first obtained)
make such autopsies as may be desired.
4. It shall be the duty of the Resident Surgeons to see, as soon as practicable,
every case of accidental injury, applying for admission to their respective wards,
and in no case to act on the representation of a nurse or other subordinate. And
if admission is unnecessary, or the patient refuses to remain, the Resident is
expected to administer to the immediate exigencies of the case before he dis-
misses it, and shall keep a record thereof. And when cases are sent from the
wards of the Hospital to the Out-Patient Department for treatment, the diagnosis
shall accompany each case signed l>y the Resident Physician.
5. No case of fracture shall be treated by the Resident Physician unless such
patient shall be willing to remain in the Hospital until the case be examined by
the attending Surgeon at his next visit, who shall decide whether such case
shall remain in the Hospital or be transferred to the Out-Patient Department.
6. It shall be the duty of the Resident Physician before retiring for the night
to visit such patients as may require special care through the night, and give
instructions in reference to the care of the patients to the nurse in charge at the
bed-side. The visits to be made before 10.30 i'. M.
7. It shall be the duty of the Resident Physicians on being called by the male
nurse, watchman or other messenger, to go at once to the point where his medical
aid is required, and no female nurse shall he expected personally to summon a
Resident Physician from his room between the hours of 10 P. M. and 6 A. M.
8. They shall also make written records of all circumstances attending the
cases of those admitted into the Hospital, according to the form prescribed by
the Attending Physicians and Surgeons and approved by the Board, which shall
be carefully preserved by the Hospital Clerk for future reference and additional
record. And the same when made shall belong exclusively to this Hospital and
be bound in proper books or files to be furnished by the Steward, and they shall
report every operation performed in the Hospital, within one week thereafter.
9. They shall promptly report to the Steward or Head Nurse, all instances
of neglect of duty.
10. It shall be the duty of the Resident Physicians to report to the Clerk, as.
soon as practicable after admission, the name, age, diagnosis, place of nativity.
occupation, and social state {single, married, or widowed) of every patient
admitted into their respective wards.
11. It sliall also be the duty of the Residents to write, legibly, the diagnosis
of each case on the admission card suspended over the bed of the patient, as
soon after admission as practicable.
12. The Senior Resident who has charge of the Lower Surgical Wards shall
have the instruments kept in order and be accountable therefor during his term
of service. He shall preserve an inventory of them, which, together with the
instruments, he shall deliver to his successor. No instrument of any kind is to
be loaned to any one without the written order of the Attending Surgeon on
duty, and a record of such loans shall be pre.served.
13. There shall at all times be, on the premises of the Hospital, two of the
Resident Physicians, one in the Medical and one in the Surgical Wards.
14. No Resident shall engage in the teaching or practice of his profession, or
in any other occupation out of the Hospital, nor shall he charge or receive a fee
for attending patients therein, while acting as Resident Physician thereof
15. It shall be the duty of each Resident Physician to notify the Curator and
Pathologist of e\ery post-mortem examination he makes. When the exigencies
of the case do not allow of notice being sent beforehand, the Resident Physician
must, in all cases, send such notice at the earliest practicable moment sub-
sequently.
16. The Resident Physicians shall hand to the Clerk within one week after
the discharge of each patient, the complete history of the case.
17. It shall be the duty of each Resident to preserve all desirable specimens,
taken post-mortem or otherwise, from the patients under his care, and hand
them, properly laljeled, to the Curator.
18. It shall be the duty of the Resident Physicians to add to the notes of
their cases, the record of the post-mortem e.\aminations that have been made
by the Pathologist, wliich must be given to the Resident Physicians by him in all
such cases.
19. The Physician or Surgeon on duty shall have the power of appointing a
substitute for a Resident who may be unable to attend to his duties from sickness
or absence, subject to the approval of the Attending Managers ; such appoint-
ment and its approval in all cases to be entered on the minutes of the latter.
20. Only those Resident Physicians who have been elected, and have served
for the full term of twenty months, to the satisfaction of the Board, shall be
entitled to receive certificates.'
21. At Clinical Lectures, and at other times, when important Surgical Opera-
tions are to be performed, the Operating Surgeon shall have command of the
services of the Surgical Residents and also, if necessary, of those of the Medical
Residents, when their services are not required by the Physician on duty.
The respective duties of the Residents at such times are to be regulated by
the Surgeon.
22. The two Senior Residents may deliver a course of lectures on medical and
surgical nursing before the female nurses, during the winter months.
23. The followMng shall be the method of sending for the Surgeons in cases of
emergency :
A note briefly describing the nature of the case shall be sent by the Resident,
under whose care it comes, to the Surgeon on duty. Three other notes.
' This rule was adopted in 1S87 ; since that date the number of Residents has been increased.
The term of service is now twenty-four months, the first four months of which must be
passed in the Male Department for the Insane.
adtlressud respcctivily i<> tin- iillui Siir^i^^iis and iiiili)Siil in cnvi-lopes witli the
Hospital imprint on tlitin, shall he- si-nt witli the first note in order that the Sur-
geon niav at once use both them and the messenKer to call a consultation, if he
considers it necessary to do so. At any ordinary absence of the Surgeon, in
whose ward the case has occurred, the messenger must be instructed to leave the
note ; but if he .iscertains that the absence is to be a prolonged one, the notes
must go to the'other Surgeon on duty.'
The same course must be observed towards the Physician, as to notes, should
a case of emergency arise in the medical wards.
24. The Residents shall not publish reports of cases, nor e.xhibit pathological
specimens at meetings of societies, xvithout previously obtaining the consent of
the Physician or Surgeon under whose care the cases have been treated.
IxsTRfMENT M.VKKR.— The Instrument Maker shall visit the Hospital on
Fourth and Seventh days, at 12 o'clock, and more frequently if desired by the
Surgeon on duty. Me shall e.Kamine the condition of all the instruments and do
all the necessary repairs, and shall he held responsible for the instrmnents always
being in proper order.
After the removal of any instrument or instriniients from the case, whether
used or not, they shall not be returned, but placed in the case appropriated for
their temporary reception, and in no instance shall an instrunieiit be returned to
the case by any one except the instrument maker, wlio shall first carefully examine
each instrument which has been removed since liis previous visit, and, after any
necessary repairs, he shall then return the instruments ti> their proper places.
The Resident in charge of the Lower Surgical Ward shall have charge of the
instruments, and except in extreme cases, no loan of instruments shall be made
to any one but the Physicians or Surgeons of the House, and in any such case the
instruments must be returned within forty-eight hours. A record of any instru-
ment so loaned shall be kept in the same manner as is done with books loaned
from the Mediial Library, and on its return, the same shall be noteil on the
record .
The Instrument Maker shall, at his regular visit, register in a book kept for
that purpose, a description of such instruments as are missing from the case and
not accounted for in the record of loaned instruments, and make such report to
the Senior Resident Surgeon, whose iliitv- it shall be to inquire at once as to the
cause of their absence.'
Patholoijicai. MisKf.M. — .Ml specimens, pathological or normal, which
occur in the practice of the Hospital, both surgical and medical, from posltiiorlem
examination or otherwise, which may be deemed worthy of preservation by the
Curator, shall be considered the property of the Hospital and be deposited in the
Museum.
The Curator, with the sanction of the Committee, shall be furnished with
such necessary implements, from time to timf, for the Museum, as may be
required. The Steward shall be authorized to pay all bills, consequent upon the
formation of the Museum, which have been previously approved by a member of
the Committee. The Steward shall allow an assistant to aid the Cur.itor at such
times as may be requireil.
Curator. — i. The Curator shall have entire charge of all the specimens
belonging to or deposited in the Museum, and he shall be responsible for the
same.
' Since 1882, the Surgeons have been nutified by telephone.
' At present, the Clinic Nurse has charge of the instruments under the supervision of the
Senior Resident Physician.
2. He shall keep a register in which the history of all the specimens shall be
recorded, together with a catalogue of the same.
3. It shall l)e the duty of the Curator to have mounted all the specimens,
either as wet or as dried preparations, as the case may recjuire.
4. The Curator shall have notice given him by the Resident Physicians of
e\ery posl-niorlciii examination made in the Hosi)ital, so that he may be present
at such e.xaminations and judge what specimens may be interesting for the
museum. A description and history of all such specimens shall be recorded as
far as practicable and a report of them be laid annually before the Board of
Managers by the Curator, as well as any other information connected with this
department.
5. The presence on the occasion of f>ost-motle»i examinations of any others
than those upon whom official duty is devolved by the rules of the Hospital, and
necessary attendant, will not be allowed.
ApoTHEc.VKV. — I. He shall reside in the Hospital and perform all the
duties appertaining to his department. He shall regularly preserve every pre-
scription of the physician ; and no medicine or other article shall be delivered by
him to any person, unless prescribed in due form.
2. He shall keep records of all medicines purcliased by direction of the
Committee.
3. He shall keep a Meteorological record noting the measurement of the
thermometer, barometer, and other meteorological instruments at stated times of
each day.
4. He shall not absent himself from the Hospital without notifying the
Steward, and having his place supplied by one of the Resident Physicians, or
such other persons as shall be approved by the Committee, nor shall he permit
patients or others (except officers of the Institution ) to occup>' the shop.
Ci.ERK AND LiBR.\KiAN. I. He shall prepare the monthly, annual, and other
accounts; and generally perform such duties as appertain to his office, or may be'
assigned to him by the Managers or Steward.
2. He shall have the care of the Medical Library, subject to the rules for the
management thereof.
3. He shall receive from the Resident Physician a history of each case, and
report to the Board at its monthly meeting the number of cases whose record is
reported, and the number of whom no report has been made, designating those
in whose charge the rejiorts are deficient.
Out-Patient Department. — i. There shall be four Physicians and five
.Surgeons elected for the Department, one of each being on duty.
2. The Medical service shall be from 11 to 12 o'clock daily. The Surgical ser-
vice shall be from 10 to 11 o'clock daily. The Eye and Ear service shall be on
Third, Fifth and Seventh day from 2 to 3 o'clock p. M. The Throat and Nose service
shall be on Third, Fifth and Seventh day from 2 to 3 o'clock p. m. The Orthopaedic
service shall be on Second, p'ourth and Sixth day from 12 to i p. m. The Gynte-
cological service sliall be from 12 to i o'clock daily. The Mental and Nervous
diseases service shall be on Second day and on Sixth day, from 3 to 4 o'clock p. m.,
and shall be conducted by the Assistant Physicians of the Hospitals for the
Insane.
3. The Physicians and Surgeons shall have the charge of, and prescribe for,
all patients applving at the Out-Patient Dei)arlment of the Hospital for relief,
and when any such cases shall require or desire indoor treatment, they shall be
referred to the Attending Physician or Surgeon on duty, at their visiting hours.
553
4. When the Attending Physician or Surgeon shall deem it best, cases shall
be transferred from the war<ls o( the H»S|iitnl to the charge ol the Out-Patient
Department, and the Physicians and Surxeons of that branch of the Hos-
pital practice shall be entirely responsible for the future treatment of such
cases.
5. It shall be the iluty of the Physicians antl Surgeons atlminislering medical
or surgical treatment in the OutPatient Department, to keep a record in a proper
book, (to be furnished by the Ste\var<l for the purposel, of the attendance of all
the Physicians and Surgeons administering treatment as aforesaid, in the above
named department.
6. The names of all the applicants for relief, with complete records of the
cases, shall be kept l)y the Physicians and Surgeons in books prepared for that
purpose ; and .it the close of each year the statistics shall be incorporated in a
report which shall be made to the Board of Managers.
7. The Rules and Regulations of the Board in reference to leave of absence
of the Medical and Surgical Staff of the Hospital, shall be applied to the
Physicians and Surgeons of the Out-Palient Department.
3. Monthly reports of the number of cases treated in the different sections of
the Out-Patient Department, shall be prepared an<l sent to the Board at its stated
meetings.
Steward, Matron, and Hkah Nirsk.— i. The Steward shall have the
general care of the buildings of this Hospital, and purchase the fuel, furniture,
food, and stores of all kinds, subject to the direction of the .Attending Managers ;
he shall keep regular accounts of receipts and e.tpenditures, to be vouched and
laid before the Board. He shall hire the Gate-keeper, Engineer, Gardener,
Assistants, and Domestics, and discharge them should occasion arise therefor.
He shall pay especial attention to heating and ventilating the Hospital building
in winter and to its forced ventilation in summer, to the proper running of the
.engine, and attending to his duties, by the Engineer.
2. The Matron shall have the immediate charge of the house-keeping. She
shall observe the manner in which the Domestics and others perform their duties,
and report to the Steward any instances of neglect or improper conduct.
She shall have the general oversight and direction of the Domestics, and
shall superintend and direct the cooking and distribution of food ; and in
conjunction with the Steward shall see that the supply is abundant and well
cooked.
3. The Head Nurse's duty shall be in the wards and their appurtenances, to
superintend the dietetic arrangements for the sick and hurt an<l have immediate
supervision of those employed therein, as well as to see that the proper tempera-
ture, ventilation, cleanliness, and good order of the bedding, clothing, and other
articles used therein are maintained ; that the nurses are careful in the perform-
ance of their duty ; and that the sick are faithfully and promptly attended to in
accordance with the direction of the Medical .Staff. Her absence from the
Hospital shall be by the approval of the .Attending Managers.
She shall select suitable Nurses, refer them to the .-Vttending .Managers, with
their credentials, and, if approved, appoint them to their respective positions,
reporting to the Steward their names, and the rate of w.iges to be paid, before
they enter upon their duties; and, if any change is made by transferring Nurses
from one ward to another, thereby necessitating a change of wages, she shall
report the changes so made to the Steward on the same day ; and she shall take
cognizance of charges or comi)laints that may be made against any nurse for
inattention to professional duties, neglect or ill-treatment of patients, or Improper
554
behavior in the Hospital, investigate the same, and if substantiated, she shall
with the approval of the Steward or Attending Managers discharge the offender
and report the discharge to the Steward without delay.
Nurses. — It is the duty of the nurses faithfully to attend to the patients
under their charge and to obey implicitly the directions of the Attending and
Resident Physicians and Surgeons in regard to them, to see that patients behave
with propriety, and observe all the regulations of the Institution, and to report
any irregularity or breach of rule to the Steward, or Head Nurse.
1. A graduate nurse is placed in charge of every department of the Hospital,
and her orders are to be strictly and respectfully obeyed by the pupil nurses
under her charge. The nurses on night duty are subject to the orders of the
Night Superintendent, to whom they are to apply in all cases of difficulty.
2. All nurses are required to treat the patients with the utmost gentleness.
No nurse is allowed to employ herself with any sort of needlework for her own
use, or to read any book, save one of a professional character, when on duty.
Nor are they allowed to employ a patient in any way, for their own personal
service.
3. Nurses must not, under any circumstances, leave the Hospital without a
pass, bearing the signature of the Head Nurse.
4. Nurses are not allowed to visit any department without leave from the
Head Nurse, nor are they allowed to have friends to visit them in the wards, or
to take them round the Hospital without permission. They will not invite them to -
remain all night, or to partake of any meal without leave from the Head Nurse.
5. Nurses are expected to conform strictly to the uniform worn in the
Hospital. No jewelry to be worn. All washing clothes to be plainly marked.
6. Nurses who are unable to go on duty in the morning, must at once inform
the Night Superintendent. No nurse will be allowed to go off duty without
reporting herself to the Head Nurse.
7. Every nurse is e.xpected to retire to her own room at 10 p. M., and all
lights to be turned out at 10.30. After this time perfect silence is to be observed.
8. The hours for meals, classes, and duty must be strictly observed, and
nurses exceeding the time allowed on an evening pass, will be deprived of the
indulgence for a certain time. Pupil nurses rise at 6 A. M., breakfast, 6.30. On,
duty, 7 A. M. Dinner, 12 noon. Supper, 6 p. M. Recreation hour, between 2
and 6 p. m. Off duty, 8 p. M. Leave of absence, one afternoon from 12 noon and
one evening from 4 p. M, in each week, is given.
9. A nurse is not allowed to order any article, or rejiair, from the .Matron,
Steward, or Carpenter, on her own responsibilit)'. All such orders must bear the
signature of the Head Nurse.
The term and course of instruction shall embrace a period of two years, the
first two months of which shall be probationary.
Candidates for admission must be women between twenty-one and thirty-five
years, and possess a good common-school education : and must furnish a physi-
cian's certificate of sound health, and two certificates of good character, with
mental and physical capacity for the duties of nurses, satisfactory to the Head
Nurse and the Managers of the Hospital. Applicants possessing a superior edu-
cation and refinement take precedence.
The fitness for the work, and the propriety of retaining or dismissing pupils at
the end of the two months at trial, are determined by the authorities in charge of
the School, under the Direction of the Managers; and the same authorities can,
in like manner, discharge them, in case of misconduct or inefficiency, at any
time.
555
Ill compensation for tlii-ir survices nurses will receive in the first year Sio.oo
per month after tile first trial month ; and ill the second year Ji 2.00 per month,
besides their lx>ard and washing, antl instructions.
When the full term of tuo years is completed, the nurses thus trained shall
receive (after final e.xamiuationsi diplomas, certifying to their period of traininf;,
their proficiency, and good character.
Watchman Axr> Nu.ht Nirsks.— The Watchman shall conimence his duty
at eight o'clock i'. M., and pass hourly through the wards until daylight. The
Night Nurses shall remain all night in the Wards. They are strictly enjoined to
attend to the safety of the krtchen fires, and shall extinguish all lights in the wards
not directed l>v the Physicians. Steward. Matron, or Head Nurse. They shall
administer such medicines .as may be entrusted to them by the Resident Physician
or Surgeon, to be given in the night to patients. They are also ref|uiredto report
to the Steward all irregularities they may observe during the night.
Gatekkki'EK. — 1. The gatekeeper shall not admit any person into the
Hospital after 10 o'clock r. M., e.vcept in cases of recent accident.
2. He shall not allow any patient to pass from the Hospital without an order
from the Steward.
3. He shall immediately report to the Steward all cases of persons attempting
to bring in liquor, or coming in into.xicated, and all other irregularities falling
under his notice.
4. He shall not allow any perstni to take into the Hosjiital any li<]uor, provi-
sions, or medicines for any |>atient, nurse, or domestic therein.
Gexkrai. Rri.KS. — i. The Resident Physicians, Apothecary, t'lerk and Li-
brarian, and Head Nurse, are enjoined to be regular at their meals. .\s punctu-
ality in this matter is considered essential to the discipline of the Hospital, the
Steward is required to report frequent breaches of this rule to the .Attending
Managers.
2. All lights, e.xcept in the wards, entries, Steward's, Matron's, Head
Nurse's, Physicians' and Nurses' rooms, are required to be extinguished at
10 o'clock I'. M. No reading in bed at night is to be allowed, by either patients
or any person connected with the establishment in any capacity.
3. Smoking is positively prohibited in all, or any part of the I-Iospital. other
than the offices, and in the private rooms of the officers.
4. All officers, attachtes, and servants of the Hospital shall leave and enter
the Hospital by the gate on Eighth Street ; all other openings into the grounds
must be kept securely fastened.
5. A newly elected Resident Physician shall be notified by the Clerk to meet
the Attending Managers at their next visit following, to receive instruction and
advice .as to his duties, etc.
Ad.missio.s and niscHAkc.i-; UK I'ATiKNTs. — I. Persous accidentally woundeil
or otherwise injured, shall be received at all hours, subject to such rules as the
Managers shall from time to time enact ; provided always, that the accident or
iniury ha]>pen in Pennsylvania, and the i)atient is brought t*) this Hospital within
twenty-four hours after its occurrence.
2. .'Vll patients brought to the Hospital shall be examined either by the
Attending Physician or Surgeons or the Residents, and shall be retained in the
Reception Ward until the Resident having charge shall direct their transfer to
one of the other wards. And it shall be the duty of the Resident, on the request
• of the Gatekeeper, or any messenger sent by him, to examine wilhoul delay any
case which may be deemed of urgency, in order to determine tlie question of
admitting the patient to the Hospital.
3. The admission in all cases to be by printed certificates of name, age, place
of nativity, occupation, social state (single, married, or widowed), and the
diagnosis under the signature of the doctor admitting ; and the Steward shall
also, whenever practicable, require security for the clothing of the patient, and
his or her removal when discharged.
4. All a|)plications for admission shall, as far as is practicable, be made at the
Hospital in the forenoon.
5. No person having any infectious or contagious disease shall be admitted
to this Hospital.
6. No incurable case of cancer, or any other form of incurable disease, shall
be admitted into the Hospital on the free list, e.\cept as the Hospital may be in
the receipt of funds, directed to be applied for such cases.
7. No person having a venereal disease or manla-a-potu shall be admitted as
a free patient.
8. Pay patients may be admitted by the Steward on the certificate of a
Hospital Physician at the rate of not less than one dollar per day, except in cases
of mania-a-potfi or alcoholism, the lowest charge for which shall be two dollars
per day.
9. All patients shall give security for the payment of their board.
10. All patients shall be discharged as soon as they are cured ; and all charity
patients whose cases, after a reasonable time of trial, shall be judged incurable,
shall be discharged.
11. All discharges, e.xcept for misconduct, which are hereinafter provided
for, shall be made under the direction of the Attending Physician or Surgeon.
12. All admissions and discharges shall he registered by the Clerk and
reported to the Attending Managers, on their weekly visits, to be entered by
them on their minutes.
Free Beds. — A contribution of J5000 to the permanent fund of tlie Hospital
will endow a free bed in the Pine Street Hospital, to be named, unless otherwise
directed, after the donor.
Ambul.\n"ce. — The Ambulance shall akcays be in readiness to answer a call
and it shall be sent out whenever directed by a member of the Surgical or Medical
Staff, or by any member of the Board.
Patients. — i. The patients are required to conduct themselves with
decorum towards each other, the officers of the Hospital, nurses, and attendants.
They shall not smoke tobacco or play at any games of chance in the Hospital.
2. No venereal patient shall be placed in any other ward than those especi-
ally appointed for that class of patients, to which they shall be strictly confined.
3. No liquors, provisions, or medicines of any kind, shall be furnished to any
of the patients b\' their friends ; and no patient shall be permitted the use of any
diet prepared in the House other than that which may be ordered by the proper
officers.
4. No patient shall be allowed to leave the Hospital while under treatment,
except by special permission of the Physicians and Steward.
5. Such free jjatients, as are able, shall give assistance in nursing or otherwise
when required to do so by a Resident Physician, Steward or Head Nurse.
6. If any breach occur in any of the above rules, the offender shall be liable
to be discharged by the ."Mtcnding Managers, or, in tlieir absence, by the Steward,
who shall report to them.
557
7. W'htii any patient shall desire to see a minister or teacher of religion, the
same is to be communicated to the Resident Physician in charge, and, if it be not
deemed improper in a medical point of view, the Physician or Steward shall
notify the individual whose presence is required.
Visitors. — i. Visitors to patients will be admitted on Second day (Monday)
Fourth (lay (Wednesday) and Si.vth day (Friday), between the hours of 2 and
4 o'clock ; at other times a special order for admission from a Manager or the
Steward will be required.
2. Those admitted to visit i)atients shall nut be permitted In ramble over the
house and grounds, but shall be directed to the apartments in which the person
sought for may be found.
3. No visitor shall lodge in the Hospital, without permission from the
Steward.
4. No visitor under the influence of liquor shall be admitteil into the wards.
Thi: Mepicai. I,iiiR.\RV. — 1. The Librarian shall see that all the books are
properly lal)eled and numbered, and shall keep a complete catalogue of them in
numerical order; also a list of all persons entitled to use the Library. He shall
attend on every Second, Fourth, and Seventh day from 9 to 10 o'clock A. M., and
from 3 to 4 1'. .M., for the purpose of lending out aiul receiving books ; he shall
examine those returned, and, if uninjured, immediately replace them on the
shelves. He shall keep an account of all fines and forfeitures incurred, and settle
with the Steward for the same (piartcr-yearly.
2. The books shall only be lent to the following persons, viz. : the Managers,
Treasurer, Physicians, and Surgeons of the Hospital ; and gentlemen who may
have filled cither of those oflices for a period of not less than five years; the
resident officers of the Institution ; and such other persons as hold a certificate of
■ right, or may hereafter acquire one.
3. The sum to be paid for the privilege of using the Library during life, con-
formably with its rules, shall be twenty-five dollars. The temporary use of the
Library may be obtained by the payment of three dollars per annum ; the right
to be in no case transferable.
4. Every person entitled to use the Library shall, before taking out books,
sign a conditional bond or obligation, as security for his due observance of the
rules of the Library, and for the value of such books as may be lost or injured by
him. A deposit of ten dollars shall also be required of those having but a temporary
right to take out books.
5. No person shall be allowed to take out more than two volumes at one time
without the special i)ermission of the Library Committee ; nor shall any book be
kept out longer than four weeks. On its return the Librarian may renew the
loan, if no other applicant requires the book.
6. A fine often cents per week shall be paid for every book kept beyond the
limited time, and if a book be not returned within three months it maybe deemed
lost, and the borrower shall, in addition to its value, pay such fine, not exceeding
ten dollars, as the Library Committee shall direct.
7. In case any book is returned injured, the borrower shall pay for the injury
or replace the book. And if one or more books belonging to a set be lost, the bor-
rower shall take the remaining volume-sand pay the value of the set in addition to
such fine as may be determined by the Library Committee.
8. Periodicals can only be taken out of the Library when bound.
9 The Library Committee may permit scientific men to use the books of the
Library- for limited periods — subject to its rules — but to not more than six persons
at one time.
SS8
10. Rare and costly folio and quarto books with engravings are not to be lent
out of the Library without a special written order of the Library Committee.
11. In all cases of doubt in regard to the construction of these rules, or their
violation, the judgment of the Library Committee shall be conclusive; provided
always that in cases of gro.ss misconduct, or refusal to comply with the rules, the
Board of Managers reserve the power of declaring the rights of the offender for-
feited, and prohibiting his future access to the Library.
12. The Steward shall be authorized to pay all bills which have been
approved by the Library Committee.
DEPARTMENT FOR THE INSANE.
The officers of tlie Pennsylvania Hospital Department for the Insane, shall
consist of a Physician-in-Chief and Superintendent, for the whole establishment,
and one or more Assistant Physicians, also a consulting Gynfecologist, and a
Steward and a Matron for each department.
The Physician-in-Chief. — i. The Physician-in-Chief and Suijerinteiulent
of the Hospital for the Insane, shall be the official head of that department ; and,
under the instructions of the Board of Managers, shall have the general
superintendence and control thereof and of all persons employed on the
premises.
2. He shall reside upon the premises, and devote his whole time to the
promotion of the interests of the Institution and the welfare and comfort of the
patients.
3. He shall have the sole direction of the medical, moral, and dietetic treat-
ment of the patients, and his directions respecting them are to be implicitly
obeyed by all persons about the establishment.
4. He shall have the power to select and dismiss at his pleasure all tlie
attendants and other persons employed in the care of the Insane, and the sole
direction of their duties. With the sanction of the Attending Managers, he shall
from time to time make such regulations for the government of the attendants,
and all others engaged in any way about the Institution, as he may deem
salutary.
5. He shall have the general direction of the farm, gardens, and grounds of
the Hospital ; and may make contracts with the farmer and others employed
thereon, and with the tenants, (subject to approval by the Board of Managers.)
6. He shall obtain as far as practicable, a complete history of tlie case of
every patient admitted into the Hospital, and shall keep or cause to be kept, for
the use of the Institution, a register of the same, and as full a record of the sub-
sequent treatment and results as he may deem likely to promote the interests of
science, and tend to improve the treatment of the insane.
7. He shall furnish to the Board of Managers annually, at its stated meeting
in the fourth month (April) in each year, a detailed report of the operations of
the Hospital, with tabular statements of the cases treated during the preceding
twelve months, and of its actual condition ; witli such other observations as he
may deem useful or interesting.
8. All correspondence respecting the patients, shall be under his direction.
9. He shall exercise a vigilant supervision of all expenditures, and as far as
he can, shall indicate by some mark on all bills or receipts, that no purchases
have been made or expenses incurred without his approval, or at least without
his knowledge.
559
The Assistant Physicians. — i. The Assistant Physicians shall n-sitlt in the
Hospital and under, the direction of the Physician-in-Chief and Superintendent,
shall devote their whole time to its service, and carry out to the best of their
abilities, all the instructions of that officer.
2. They shall prepare and superintend the administration of all medicines
prescribed for the patients ; preserving in a l>ook provided for the purpose, every
prescription, with the name of the patient, and shall keep or assist ill keeping
such records, and performing such other duties as may be re<|uired by the
Physician-in-Chief and Superintendent.
3. They shall be as much as possible among the pnlieiits, visiting them
regularly every morning and evening, and as often as they can at other hours,
and do all in their power to contribute to their comfort anil welfare : they shall
have a general supervision of the attendants, and shall promptly report to the
Physician-in-Chief and Superintendent, all instances of neglect or of improper
conduct on the part of any one connected with the Institution, that may come to
their knowledge.
4. It shall also be the duty of one of the Assistant Physicians to attend at
the Out-Patient iJepartnient on Pine Street for consultation on Mental and
Nervous diseases.
5. They shall not absent themselves from the Hospital without the knowledge
and consent of the Physician-in-Chief and Superintendent, and the Attending
Managers.
Thk Stewards. — i. Under the instructions of the Physician-in-Chief and
Superintendent, the Stewards shall have a general oversight of the buildings,
grounds, and farm, and shall see that they are at all times kept in perfect order
and repair, and that all persons employed about the same perform their duties
faithfully.
2. Under the direction of the Physician-in-Chief and Superintendent and
subject to the instructions of the Attending Managers, they shall purchase furni-
ture, fuel, clothing, stores, and all other necessary articles, and shall be respon-
sible for their safe keeping and economical use.
3. They shall collect all moneys due the Institution for board of patients, etc.,
as they become due, and shall keep plain and accurate accounts of the receipts
and e.xpenditures. They shall furnish transcripts thereof, approved by the
.\ttending Managers, to be laid before the Board at each of their stated meetings.
They shall also keep a regular register of the names and of the dates of admission
and discharge of every patient.
4. Subject to the authority given to the Physician-in-Chief and Superinten-
dent, and under his instructions, they shall hire, pay, and discharge all persons
employed about the premises.
5. They shall pay particular attention to the cpiality of the provisions pro-
vided for the use of the Institution, and the manner in which they are cooked and
served. They shall visit the dining-rooms during meals, and see that all things
appertaining to them are disposed in a neat and becoming manner, that good
order and perfect cleanliness are preserved in every part of the house coming
under their notice, sh.-ill promptly report to the Physician-in-Chief and Superin-
tendent all instances of neglect or improper conduct that they may observe, and.
as far as practicable, see that the warming and ventilation of the buildings are
properly regulated.
The Matrons. — It shall be the duty of the matrons to have the immediate
charge of the housekeeping. They shall observe the manner in which the atten-
dants and others perform their duties and report to the Physician-in-Chief and
560
Superintendent any instance of neglect or improper conduct coming under their
notice. They shall have the general oversight and direction of the domestics,
and shall superintend and direct the cooking and distribution of food, and, in
conjunction with the Stewards, shall see that the supply is abundant, varied, well-
cooked, and neatly served, in all the dining-rooms of the establishment, which
they shall visit as often as possible at the hours for meals. They shall also set-
that the bedding, clothing, etc., of the patients are always kept clean and in
good order. They are e.xpected to devote their whole time to the service of the
Institution, and under the instructions of the Physician-in-Chief and Superin-
tendent, to spare no efforts to promote its prosperity.
General Riles. — All persons engaged, in any way, about the Institution,
shall be careful to conform to the regulations made for the government of the
Hospital, and at all times do what they canto promote its prosperity. No smok-
ing of tobacco by any thus employed, shall be allowed within the enclosures, nor
in the vicinity of the barns or other outbuildings ; nor shall any persons be
employed who are addicted to the use of spirituous liquors.
All lights, e.xcept in the wards, entries. Steward's, Matron's, and Physicians'
rooms, are required to be e.xtinguished at ten o'clock p. m. No reading in bed
at night is to be allowed, either by patients or by any person connected with the
establishment in any capacity.
Ao.Missiox OF Patients. — i. Before any patient can be admitted into this
Hosi)ital, a request in writing to that effect from some near relative or friend, and
a certificate of said patient's insanity, signed by two respectable graduates of
medicine, shall in all cases be required, in the mode prescribed by the laws of
Pennsylvania.
2. Neither idiots nor persons having mania-a-potfi. shall be received intcv
this Hospital.
3. A limited number of insane persons in indigent circumstances, whose cases
are recent, and such as are believed to offer a fair chance of cure, shall be
admitted as patients by the Attending Managers, for a period not exceeding three
months for each case, and shall be treated without any charge. If promising
favorably, and on the recommendation of the Physician-in-Chief and Superin-
tendent, the period may be extended at the discretion of the Board. Security for
the removal of such patients when discharged, and for their clothing whilst in
the Hospital, shall be required of some responsible resident of the city of Phila-
delphia, or its vicinity. The number of these patients shall from time to time be
regulated by the Board of Managers, and is now fixed at fifty.
4. Patients paying board may be admitted by any member of the Board of
Managers, under the following rules.
5. The rate of board shall be regulated by the pecuniary ability of the
patient, or of the friends of the patient, and the class of accommodations
required. The lowest rate shall be nine dollars i>er week. They shall not be
admitted for a less period than three months, for which time the board shall be
required to be paid in advance at the time of admission ; and if taken away
K«r;//'^<f before the expiration of that period, contrary to the advice and consent
of the Physician-in-Chief and Superintendent of the Hospital, the amount as
above paid in advance shall be considered forfeited, and no part thereof shall be
returned. Four weeks' board shall be retained in all cases. All payments shall
be made quarterly in advance. Security of some responsible resident of the city
of Philadelphia, or its vicinity, shall in all cases be obtained, for the payment of
board and all other expenses whilst in the institution, and for the performance
of the foregoing conditions.
^61
6. U'lifii special attendants are desired tliey are always tii lie provided
by the Physician of tlie Hospital, and the charge therefor to he added to the
board.
AiiMlssioN OF Visitors. — The Boartl of Managers— reco^nizinK the <Uity of
shielding the insane from all improper ex|«)siire, and resartHns their riKht of
protection from the gratification of an idle curiosity on the part of strangers just
as great, while residents of a hospital, as in their own dwellings— have adopted
the following regulations for the admission of visitors :
1. Visitors are not to be admitted before lo o'clock A. M., after sunset, nor on
the First d,iy of the week. They are not to be admitted on the afternoon of
Seventh day (Saturday) unless on special business with the Attending Managers,
or one of the officers of the house.
2. All parts of the Ilo.spital tiol occupied hv f>alienls may be shown and e.x-
plained during the hours for the admission of visitors.
3. No visitor, unless in company with a Manager, can be taken into tlie
wards, without permission from the I'hysician-in-Chief, or, in his absence, from an
Assistant Physician : and when visitors are allowed in the wards, they must
always be accompanied by one of these officers, by the Steward or Matron,
or by some person delegated by the Physician for the purpose.
4. As this Hospital cannot be allowed to become a resort for idle curiosity, it
is hoped that the friends of patients, and all others, will carefully avoid prolong-
ing their visits unnecessarily. And those employed in the care of patients, or in
the domestic departments, are to avoid inviting company to the Hospital.
5. The Ple.isure Carriages and other contrivances for the anuisement of
patients, are not to be used by visitors ; nor are they to enter the museums or lo
pass through the pleasure grounds, except by special permission.
6. It is expressly forbidden to furnish any inmate of this Hospital with
tobacco in any form ; or to deliver to, or receive from a patient, any letter,
parcel, or pack.ige, without the knowledge and approbation of the Physician.
7. Funds for the use of the patients are to be placed in the han<ls of the
Stewards, to be used only under the direction of the Physician.
S. Under ordinary circumstances, carriages are not to enter the enclosures.
When for any purpose they have been taken to the centre buildings, they are
never to be left standing there ; and drivers are always expected to remain with
their vehicles outside of the gateway.
562
OFFICERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL.
At the 143d Annual Meeting of the Corporation, held 5th month "th, 1S94, the
following Contributors were elected to serve as Managers for the ensuing year :
BEN'JAMIN H. SHOEMAKER, JOHN B. GARRETT,
ALEXANDER BIDDLE, JOHN \V. BIDDLE,
JOSEPH B. TOWNSEND, JOHN T. LEWIS, Jr.
T. WISTAR BROWN, JOHN S. JENKS,
CHARLES HARTSHORNE, JOSEPH E. GILLINGHAM,
JAMES T. SHINN, EFFINGHAM B. MORRIS,
HENRY HAINES, Trtasunr.
Benjamin H. Shoemaker, /"rw/V/irw/. ■) „^ , , „ . , .,
„ ,, _ > Officers of the Board of Managers.
James T. Shinn, Secretary. i ■" ■' Jo
Arthur Biddi.e, Esq., Solicitor.
Attending Physicians — J. M. Da Costa, M. D. ; Morris Loncstreth, M. D. ;
Arthur V. Meigs, M. D. ; Morris J. Lewis, M. D.
Attending Surgeons — THOMAS G. Morton, M. D.; John H. Packard, M. D. :
John Ashhurst, Jr., M. D. ; Richard H. Harte, M. D.
Resident Physicians — Thomas A Claytor, M. D. ; Thomas F. Branson,
M. D.; John H. Gibbon, M.D.; James P. Hutchinson, M. D. ; Francis R.
Packard, M. D. ; Thomas S. Kirkbride, Jr., M. D.
Pathologist, Curator, and Microscopist — Henry M. Fisher, M. D.
Dispensary Physicians — Henry M. Fisher, M. D. ; Frederick A. P.ackard,
M. D. ; Joseph Leidy, M. D. ; J. Allison Scott, M. D.
Dispensary Surgeons — W. Barton Hopkins, M. D.; Walter D. Green,
M. D. ; Robert G. LeConte, M. D. ; Thomas S. K. Morton, M. D.
Eye and Ear — George C. Harlan, M. D. ; Peter N. K. Schwenk, M. D.
Throat and Nose — ALEXANDER W. MacCoy, M. D.
Gynecological — T. Hewson Bradford, M. D. ; J. Montgomery Baldy, M. D.
Mental and Nervous — A. R. Moulton, M. D. ; Henry B. Nunem.aiHER,
M. D. ; Eli E. Josselyn, M. D.; Horace Phillips, M. D.
Steward — JONATHAN G. Williams.
Clerk and Librarian — Daniel D. Test.
Apothecary — JOSEPH Y. TAYLOR, Ph. G.
Matron — Mary R. Satterthwaite.
Head A^urse — ELIZABETH S. Collier.
DEPARTMENT FOR THE INSANE.
PAysicianin- Chief— ]omi B. Chapin, M. D.
DEPART.MENT FOR MEN.
First Assistant — A. R. MouLTON, M. D.
Second Assistant — Horace Phillips, M. D.
Steward — George Jones.
Matron — HaNNAH P. Saeger.
DEPARTMENT FOR WOMEN.
First Assistant — H. B. Nunem,\cher, M. D.
Second Assistant — E. E. JossELY.N, M. D.
Gyncecologist — A. Victoria ScottHaensler, M. D.
Steward — George Jones.
563
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(564)
INDEX
Academy of Fine Arts 315
Acadians 221
Accounts lor Assembly 35i 45
to be published annually 11
Act Establishing Lying-in Department233
of Incorporation 248
Legislative . 291, 292
establishing the Hospital 10
Special 88. 93, 100
to Encourage Establishing a Hos-
pital, etc 10
to remit duty on West's Painting . 313
Adams, John Quincy 313
Address by Dr. Charles D. Meigs . . 449
by Dr. J. Forsyth Meigs 403
by Dr. Benjamin H. Coates .... 121
by Gov. John Penn 50
by Gov. Richard Penn 55
to Proprietors 15
Administration, The Hospital .... 402
Admission Card, Form of 20S
Fee to Hospital 153
Rules for 80,556,561,562
Admissions, Decline of 185
Agent in England, Franklin appointed 42
Agnew. Dr D. Hayes 516
Allen, Xath'I ..." 9
Allen, Robert, seizes cows and hay . 296
Allen W'm 9, 210, 51, 32
Almshouse, The City 582
E.\changing lots with ... 275
Lying-in Ward at 234
Patients from ... 218
patients attended by members of
Medical Staff" 468
American .Medico Psychological Asso-
ciation 198
Amphitheatre, New Clinical . . .98, 99
Amusement for the Insane, 169, 171, 173
180, 191
AnjEsthetics 479
Annual Report 92
Annuity granted 137
Antiseptic treatment 479
Apothecaries, English 528, 529
List of 5+3
Apothecary 351
Contract with 530
Physicians desire a qualified . . . 527
Shop, location of 534
Apothecaries, Stewards, and Matrons 525
Students as 526, 532
Apparatus designed by Medical Staff 476
Dr. Bond presents Meteorological . 469
Fire 546
Appeal to the Public . . 45, 48
Apprentices . . 82
Medical 479
Appropriation by Assembly . 7
recommended 444
Archer, Elizabeth 84
Armitt, John 9
Armitt, Stephen 9
Arrison Estate recommended . . .117
Art, Works of, of Hospital . . . 305, 343
Articles in Corner-stone .... 120, 176
Ashhurst, Jr , Dr. John 519
Assembly, .Act of 56
appropriates Fines to Hospital . 64, 65
comes to Relief 49,56,58
Grant by the 49, 65, 66, 77, 78
grants Appropriation 7
Original petition to 3
Assistants, Female Board of .... 84
Association of E.x-Resident Physicians,
102, 4S1
Atlee, Chief Justice 14S
Attendants upon the Insane ... 168
Atwood, William 9
Autopsies . . 212
Bankrupts, Estates of 254
Barnes, Cornelius 442
Barton. Dr. Benj. Smith, So, 353, 457, 498
Barton's bedstead, Dr. J. Rhea, ... 82
Barton, Dr. J. Rhea .... 197, 478, 504
Barton. Dr. \V. P. C 520
Bartram, John, Botanist 447
Bayard, Jas. .Ashton, Apothecary . . 526
Bed-carriage, Morton's 478
Bedstead invented bv Dr. John Rhea
Barton 82
Benezet, .Anthony . 414
Bettle. William .'.... • ■ 9'
Betton, Dr. Samuel . 4S2
Bevan, Matthew L. . S.s, 86
Bevan, Silvanus . 13. 16, 17
Biddle, Clement C. . . . 430
Biddle, Geo. W. . .110
Biddle, William . . 175, 431
565
Hi>;kr. (iovirnor U illiuni 304
Bills of Credit 265,266
Uonalioii by SiK'itrs of 49
BiiiiK'V, Esq., Horace 115, 217
BiniK-y. Mr., 011 Coroner's Duties . . 213
Biograpliical Sketches of former
Manaj;ers 409
Biographical Sketches of Physicians 485
Birth, first in the Hospital 234
Blancharcl Buil<lin« for Nurses' Home 107
Blanchard, The Misses 365
Blockley Hospital 220
Blooillettinn for Insanity . . 125, 163 178
Board of Female Assistants .... 85
Board, Organization of 40
Bond, John, .-Xpolhecary 526
Bond, Dr. I'hineas . . 9, 28, 447, 488, 527
Bond, Dr. Thomas 9, 25, 27, 28, 33, 77,
203, 206, 223, 279, 283, 327, 402, 409,
439. 445. 446, 447. 487. 529-
Bond, Dr. Thomas, J r 60,61,62
Bond's Introductory Lecture, Dr.
Thos 462
Bond, Drs. Thos. and I'hineas . 345, 366
Book, First, presented 346
Books Missing .... . . 352
Borie, Adolph E. . . . . 435
Botanical Garden 536
Boulter, Dr. Thos 480
.■\pothecary 531
Bradford, William 443
Branson, Will 9
Brief Account of Hospital by Benj.
Franklin, Extract from 7
Brief View presented to Assembly . 65
British .\rmy in Philadelphia • . 57
British Prisoners as patients ... 62
Brown, Mary D 365
Browne, Peter ... 81, 289, 295, 334, 424
Bryan, Chief Justice 148
" Bunch of Cirapes" 76
Bunting, Miss Rachel A 104
Busti, Mr. Paul 118,120
Cadwalader, Mrs 83
Cadwalader, Dr. Thos. 28, 32, 486, 446
458, 330. 527, 529
Calhoun, Dr. F ... 84
Calhoun, Jane A 365
Calhoun, Mary M. 365
Candlestick presented 336
Capit.al Stock not to be Expended . 1 1
Decrease of 57
Care of Sick and Insane Poor . ... 4
Carriages 337
Carson, Dr. Joseph 237,511
Carter, Dr 356
Case, a sad 152
Catalogue of Museum 363
of Library 351, 352, 353, 355
Raisonn^ 355
Cathrall, Edward 9
Cavalry Fund . ... 237
Cells . . 39, 128
Centre Building 91
Clinic Room in 78
Library removed 348
Certificate, Engraved . . . 324, 328, 329
for Students 470, 471, 479
of Insanity 134, 148
Chains around Penn's Statue . . 329, 334
for Lunatics 126
Chair. Dr. Rush's Tranquillizing . . i6r4
Chapin, Dr. John B 102, 185
on Insanity 160
Chapman, Dr. Nathaniel .... 107, 234
Character of Medical Staff
445. 448, 456
Charitable Women 267
Charity Bo.\ 365
Boxes 263, 264
Patients 203, 217
Charter and Grant of Land 18
of the Hospital 9
of Privileges 333
of Proprietaries not accepted ... 21
Chauncey, Chas., Esq 296
Opinion of 86, 87, 290
Chew, Benjamin 83
Cholera Epidemic 74
Chovet, Dr. Abraham 331, 359
Christ Healing the Sick 305
Church, Dr . . 234
City Troop 236, 237
Civil War 226
Clajip, Wm. R 342
Clark, Samuel 442
Clarke, Dr. John Y 337
Classical Attainments of Early Phy-
sicians 448
Classification of Insane 115
Class of Dr. Thomas Bond in 1770 . 471
Clay, Henry 313
Clergymen in the Hospital 96
Clinics at .Almshouse 220
Clinical .Xmphitheatre 112
Lectures 476
Out-patient Service 109
Teaching, Dr. Bond on 462
Clock, Ritlenhonse 337
Closing of Lying-in Ward 238
Coal introduceil 78
Coates, Amy 84, 121, 505
Coates, Dr. Benj.imin H 121, 139
Coates, John Reynell 331, 343
Coates, Samuel, Account of Yellow
Fever 72
Coates, Samuel, 71, 73, 77, 83, 139, 152,
225, 256, 259, 262, 295, 298, 297, 296,
326, 33', 352, 421,442, 474.
Coates, Portrait of Samuel . . 139, 342
Coffee House 50, 75
Colden, Dr. Cadwal.ader . 446, 448
Coleman, William A 447
College of Philadelphia 58
College of Physicians 92, 325
Colhoun. Dr. Samuel . . 501
Collier, Miss Eliz.-ibethS 106
Collins, Isaac 91
Collins, Zaccheus, 208, 236,289, 295, 342,
343, 362, 424
Cold Water 206
Colomb, Dr 79
Colored Patients 202, 449
566
Commitments for Insanity, 127, 133, 145,
1 48
Committee on Rules of Order .... 25
Report on Franklin's Accounts . 68
of Safety 58
Companions for the Lunatics . 148, 151
" Conestoga Waggon " 55,76
Congress banishes Friends to Virginia 59
Memorial to 301
Conrad, Dr. John, Apothecary . . . 535
Constitution of Pennsylvania .... 304
Contagious Diseases 203
Continental Money 56, 249
Contract with Apothecary 530
Contract, a Life 136
Contributions 365
Contributors 377
approve Plan of Hospital 37
authorize purchase of Real Estate 117
authorize Sale of Ground 290
decline Franklin's Conditional Be-
quest 6g
Government of Hospital vested in
the 10
incorporated 11
In failure of Succession of .... 11
List of 377
meet m Hospital 40
Powers and Duties of 365
to Elect Managers and Treasurers
Annually 10
to the Pennsylvania Hospital . . . 377
urge Removal of Insane to West
Philadelphia . . 91
Cook, Wm. W 365
Coolidge, R. H., Med. Inspector
U. S. A 95
Cooper, Dr. Samuel, Apothecary . . 534
Cooper, Sir Astley, Portrait of . . . 342
Cope, Caleb 435
Cope, Israel 85, 85
Cope, Mary 84
Cope, Thomas Pvm, 83, 85, 86, 296, 297,
425
Corner-stone 39> 4°. '20, 175
Coroner, Office of 213
Corporation of Contributors to the
Pennsylvania Hospital 10
Correspondence about Site of Hospi-
tal 16
Councils of Philadelphia City exempt
Vacant Lots from Taxation . . . 299
Court House 75
Supreme, decides that the Hos-
pital is a Public Charity .... 188
Cows, Hay, etc., sold for Taxes . . 296
Coxe, Dr. John Redman ... So, 498
Coxe, Tench 419
Craik, Certificate by Dr. Jas 534
Cramond, Henry 365
"Crockie," The Gatekeeper and . . 545
Crosby, Joshua, 9, 13, 22, 24, 25, 27, 32,
39, 40, 409
Crosby, Thos 265
Curators of Pathological Museum . . 364
Cutbush, Dr. Edward 4S1, 533
(hitler, Dr. Manasseh, Journal of . . 162
DaCosta, Dr. J. M 516
Davis, John, Apothecary 528
Daveni)ort's Tavern 76
Dawson, Josiah 365
Dawson, Mordecai L 175, 429
Death of Benjamin Franklin .... 67
of a Manager and a Physician from
Yellow Fever yi
of Joshua Crosby, first President . 40
Deaths of ex-Resident Physicians . . 482
Deceased Patients 211, 212
Deed for Hospital Lot 270, 273
Delaware County Farm 293
Delusions as to Insanity 169
Denny, Wni., Lieutenant-Governor . 40
Department for the Insane, 89, 113, 115
116, 122, 243, 559
Department, Lying-in, 233, 235, 236, 238
Out-Patient 245
Derbyshire, Alex. J. . 92, 175, 365, 433
Diagnoses, Peculiar .... 204, 205, 206
Dials, Clocks and Spring 339
Diary of Samuel Coates 139
Diet 211
Disappointment, as a cause of
Insanity 142
Discharge Statement 242
Disorderly Conduct of Students . . 475
Dispensary Service 107
for Mental Disease 186
Dollars 205
Donaldson, John 236
Donations 365
from City Troop 236
of Ground from the Penns . . . 51, 54
of Real Estate 26
Donations, Unusual 268
Dorsey, Dr. John Syng. 107, 208, 341, 342
478, 500
Doz, Andrew 266, 421
Dream of Samuel Coates 73
Dressing Carriage, Morton's . . 478
Dressers, Appointment of 527
Drugs 525
ordered from England 43
Dunlap, James, Apothecary 532
Dunlap, John 236
Duche, Jacob 413
Duelling 152
East Wing 36, 113
Medical Library in 348
Economy, Committee on 67
Abolished 85
Edwards, Howard ... ... 96
Elaboratory 60
Elm, Scion of Treaty 538, 539
Enilen, Dr. Sam'l 503
Engravings presented 325, 330
Engraved Prints of the Hospital, 321, 330
Entertainments 96
Entrance changed to Eighth St. . . 91
Epidemic, jirevents meetings . . .70, 71
Estate, Limitatii>n of 11,248
Eulogium on Franklin . . 67
Evans, Dr. Cadwalader . . 446, 489
Evans, Jonathan ... 9
567
Evolution in Care and Treatment of
Insane i6o
Excliange of Property »78
Executive Council arrests Managers 59
Exilius, John. En>;raver 329
Examination of Apothecaries .... 532
Falconer, Nathaniel 65, 421
Farnum, John 365, 431
•■ Father Yard" 95
Female Board of Assistants .... 84
Female Department. New Entrance . 190
Fielding, Robert 337
Financial .'\ffairs and .Administration, 247
Financial Difficulties 57, 59, 63
Fines granted 249
of NIanasjers 40, 41
Fire in the Hospital .547
Engine . . 546
Insurance . . 50
Precaution a);ain>t 54
Firemen. I'rovision for Injured ... 97
First .Admission to Lying-in Ward 235
Child born 234
Meeting of Managers . 13
Fischer, Dr. Emil ... 355
Fisher's Island Purchased 5
Fisher, Dr. Henry M 99, 363
Fisher, Joseph, Esq 9, 180, 365
Fisher, Sam'l W. . . 297, 298
Fisher, Thom.xs . . 418
Fisher, William W. . .120
Fisher, Redwood ... 342
Fling, \Vm. B ,?oi
Fleeson, Plunkett 414
Forbes, Louis L 96
Fothergill. Dr. John, 50, 75, 250, 323, .^45
.-,46, ,^56 363, 459, 528
Foulke, Dr 69. 70. '30, 469. 494
Foundling Hospital 233, 234
Fox, Dr. George . ,sio
Fox, Samuel M. . 423
Fraley, Frederick 91
Francis, Tench 32
Franklin, Benjamin, 25, 32, 33, 34, 40, 41,
42, 67, 209, 250, 263, 264, 345, 402,
499. 403, 445. 446, 447-
Account of the Origin of the Hos-
pital by 6
.\utobiography of, Extract from . . 6
a Zealous Worker for the Hospital 7
" Brief .\ccount " 35
Dr. Bond Secures the .Assistance of 6
His success in Obtaining Legislative
Assistance 6
Inscription for Corner-stone by . . 40
"Junto" 447
Legacy of 67, 68
letter by . . 20
Portrait of 247
"Rise and Progress" and "Some
Account of Pennsylvania Hos-
pital" ... .24
Square ... 24
Statue of . i''2
the First Clerk . . 13
writes the Petition 9
Freas, Monlecai Lewis 267
Free Beds Established 401
French Hospital 79
Neutrals 221
Friends' Hospital Proposed .... 4
Meeting-House 55. 76
Friends as Non-Combatants .... 58
Funeral Expenses 211
Furniture. Memorial . . . 305
Gallatin, .Albert 233, 309
(Jarden, l'ropi>sed Botanical .... 536
Gardner, Dr. Wm., .\|>othecary . . .533
(Jarrett, John B 103
Address of 317
Garrett. Washington Evans 109
Garrett. Wm. E 365
tiarrison. Nicholas 321
Geary, (iov.JohnW 100, 101
Gerhard, Dr. Wm. W. . . . iq6, 479, 510
George, Jesse . 365
Gibson, James . ,^62
Gilpin, Joshua . . . 3o(s
Girard's Child, Stephen 138
Stephen 236, 365
Wife of Stephen 138
Godfrey, Thomas 447
Godon, Sylvanus W 365
"Golden F"leece " . . 76
Goodson, Dr 448
Gordon, Tlioni;is . 249
Graeme, Dr. Thos. . 5, 9, 28, 32, 447, 485
(Irand Central Theatre Fire .... 106
Grant by Assembly claimed to be a
Loan 6.1
Greenleaf, Isaac . . . 413
(ireeves. Jas. R. . . '75,428
GrilTitts. William 9, 267
Grigg, John W. . . . .36,5
Gropengiesser, J. L. . . 337
Ground contributed 249
don.Uiiin of, by the Penns . . .51, 54
given to City by Managers .... 192
offered by Proprietors 17. 18
purchased in West i'hiladelphia . 89
purchased 36, 270, 289, 302
selected by Proprietors, rejected as
unsuitable 20
sold 284
Gymnastic Building 190
Gyna;cologist, Consulting 186
Hall, William 266, 350
Ilallani Theatrical Co., of London,
perform for the benefit of the
Hospital 43
Hamilton, Gov., Committee to wait
upon 34
Letters to the Penns from . . . . 13, 14
Hard Money required 57. 59
Hare, Dr. Horace Binney 99
Harris, Dr. Thomas 505
Harte. Dr. Richard H 519
Ilartshorne, Dr. Edward 513
Ilartshorne. Dr. Joseph, 84, 342, 352, 500
535
Resigns 201, 202
56S
Hartshonie, Paltisun 8i, 442
Hazard, Sam'l 9. 25
Henzey, Joseph 337
Hermit, A Lunatic 134
Hessians wounded 5.S
Hewcs, Josiali, 56, 259, 263, 266, 326, 420,
442
Hewson, Dr. Addinell 515
Hewson, Dr. Thomas T 452, 502
Hintze, Miss Anna A 105
History of Hospital, Frankhn's ... 34
Continuation of 48
Hockley, Richard 249, 250, 321
Hodge.' Dr. Hush L 237, 505
Holden, Isaac, Architect 165
HolHngsworth, Paschall 208
Home fur Nurses and Training School 104
Hood, Nathaniel P 365
Hornor, Mary 84
Hoskins, Graham, .■\])Otliecary . . . 535
Hopkins, Samuel 352, 361
Hopkinson, Francis S 249
Hopkinson, Thomas 447
Horsefield, Thomas, Apothecary, 534, 535
Hospital Accommodation in the
Province 3
Building Lots fur 2SS
Enlargement of 109
first proposed by Friends .... 4
in difficulties 56, 57
Need of a General 5
opened ... . . 32
Plan of ,56, 37. 38
remodelled 91
seized by British Troops . . 57, 59
Seal . . ■ 33, 34
The Pennsylvania, a Charily . . 294
Tax 293
House of Employment 82
Howell, Samuel . . 266. 350, 421
Hubley, Adam 420
Hulet, Engravc-i 321
Humane Society . . .92
Hunt, Dr. William 102, 516
Hutchinson, Dr. James ... 442, 491
Hutchinson. James, Apothecary, 532, 535
Hutchinson, Dr. James H 517
H)am, Thomas, Letter from 17
Ice Houses 89
Immigrants, Treatment of Sick . 4. .5
Improved Condition of Insane . . . 166
Indians 205
Indiviilual Treatment 187
Infection Spread by Defective Quar-
antine 4
Inglis, John 9
Inoculation for Smallpox 212
Inquest, Law of Coroner's 212
Insane, .■\musements for the 159, 149, 169
Customary Legal Methods for the 4
Departments 113, 289, 301
Department, Medical Officers of . 524
Dr. Rush's Views on Treatment of,
149. 163
Patients on Free List 217
Work for the, 149, 151, 155, 157, 158, 180
Insane Patients Removed 89
Trained Nurses for 169
Treatment of, 125, 145, 147, 163, 167, 178
Insanity as a Disease 169, 177
Samuel Coates on 139, 152
Inscripti<jn on Penn's Statue .... 333
Insurance against Fire 50
Interments in Hospital Grounds . . 138
Irwin, Miss Frances 104
Jacobs, Dr. Wm. Stevens 361
James, Dr. Thomas Chalkley,
201, 234,'237, 342, 499
Jaudon. Dr. Chas. B 481
Jeanes, Wm. C 365
Jenks, Joseph R 85,86,427
Johnston, Alex. W 86, 120
Johnson, Joseph 85, 86
Johnson, Martha 84
Jones, Dr. Edward 446, 448
Jones, Dr. John 493
Jones, Isaac 413
Jones, Jacob P 436
Jones, Owen, Jr 442
Jones, Robert Strettell 59, 418
Junto, The 447
Kearsley, Dr. John, Jr 448
Keble, John 365
Keble, Will of John 290
Keene, Reynold .... 77, 263, 283, 419
Keeper of insane 147
Key, John 89
Kielman, Gustavus Fred, Apothecary 533
Kinsey (Judge) Mansion hired, 28, 32, 113
Kirkbride, Dr. Jos. J 175
Kirkbride, Mahlon 35
Kirkbride, Dr. Thomas Story,
169, 175, 178, iSo, 184, 196, 202
Koplin Donation 269, 366
Kuhn, Dr. Adam 451, 490
Laboratory, Pharmaceutical .... 527
Latimer, George 228, 229
Law Regulating Election of Managers 29
Lawrence, Thomas 412
Lazaretto .5
Lecture-Room, Circular . 349
Lectures 79, 82
at Hospital 459, 460
by Dr. Chovet 360
Disturb.nue at 475
Dr. Wm. Shippen's 358
Illustrated, for Insane Department
1-3, 191
in Museum 364
to Nurses 105
to Patients iqi, 173
Legacies, Donations, and Contribu-
tions 365
Form for 268
Legacy, Franklin's 67
Legal Opinion 213, 290, 294
Legislative Committee, Visit of
35, 43, 53- 54, 60
Legislature Grants /"2000 26
Address to 256, 259
Committee Reports to 443
569
Legislature, Memorial to, . 391, 294, 296,
297, 3"o, 30'
Leprous Patient 204
Letters, Gov. Hamilton to Tlios. Penn,
Esq 13, 14
A. Walker, Jr., British Agent, to
the .Managers 225
Benjamin Kranklin (Re|>rochiction) 335
Benjamin West to Managers
306, 307, 309, 310, 312
Committee of Managers to Trustees
of University X3
Correspondence between Managers
and Philadelphia City Alms-
house and House of Employ-
ment 218
Directors of .Academy of Fine Arts 315
Dr. Jas. Craik lo Managers .... 534
Dr. J. C. Lettsom to Managers
322, 324, 326
Dr. John Fothergill to James Pem-
berton 356
Dr. John Fothergill to Managers . 459
Dr. John Morgan to Managers . . 46S
Dr. Rush to the Managers .... 147
Dr. Thomas Bond to Managers . . 469
Dr. Thomas T. Hewson to Man-
agers 325
Elias Bland to John Reynell, Man-
ager 546
Father of Mary Elizabeth Doer to
the Managers 134
(ieorge Latimer, Collector of the
Port, to the Managers . . 228
Gov. Thom.is McKean to Mana-
gers 325
Humane Society to the Managers . 92
Henry S. Drinker to Managers . 336
1 1 yam and Bevan to Managers . 17, 23
L Melcher to Samuel Rhoads ... 62
James Traquair to .Managers . 340, 341
John Hulme to Managers 336
J. R. Ingersoll to Managers .... 316
Joseph Mauntz, to the Managers . 136
Joseph Sansom to Managers . . . 332
Jos. Reed, Secretary of Trustees
University of Pennsylvania, to
Managers 362
Joshua Gilpin to Managers . . 308, 309
Managers to Benjamin West . 307, 308
Managers to Dr. John Fothergill
358, 359. 528
ALinagers to Governor Mifflin . . . 444
Managers to Hyani and Bevan
16. 20. 21. 23, 24
Managers to John Penn, Esq. . . .332
Managers to Matthias Koplin ... 26
Managers to Medical Class . . 472, 474
Managers to Peter Wynne, Esq. . 350
.Managers to Proprietaries . 15, 52, 53
.Managers to Win. Strahan .... 347
Matthias Koplin to Christopher
Sauer 26
Medical Staff to Managers
529. 532, 537
Medical Students to Managers . . 342
Letters, Overseers of Poor of Chester
Ciiunty to the Managers . . .137
Peter Miilileiiberg, Collector of the
I'cirt. to the .Managers 229
Physicians to Managers 527
Proprietors by the Slan.igers ... 15
Saml. Powel Griffitts. Secretary of
College of Physicians, to Man-
agers 457
Shipping .Agents to Managers . . .311
Students lo Board of .Managers . . 472
Surg, (ien'l Henry II. Smith to the
Managers . . • 92
The Guardians of the Poor to the
Managers 207
The Man.agers to the Collector . . 229
The Managers to Gov. Mifflin . . 255
riie Medical Stall to the Managers 83
Thomas Penn to Hyam and Bevan 17
Thos. Wagstafie to Man.igers • . . 339
Trustees of I'niversity of Pennsyl-
vania to Managers . . • .... 82
William Lewis to Managers . . .285
Wm. C>. Malin to the Managers . 154
Wm. Meredith to Managers .... 268
with Collector of the Port .... 330
with John Sargeant, President of
Preston Retre.at 237
with War Offlce in regard to Sol-
dier Patients 224
W'oman's Hospital to the Mana-
gers . . . . • 105
Lettsom. Dr. . 322, 323, 325, 346, 351, 352
Levick, Mrs. Elizabeth W 221
Levick, Dr. James J 479,512
Levis, Dr. Richard J 518
Lewis, Hannah .... .84
Lewis. Joseph Saunders . 81
Lewis, Jacob 129, 131, 274
Lewis, Jos. L. 296
Lewis, John S 437
Lewis, Lawrence 291, 428
Lewis, Mordecai . .71, 86, 117, 120, 124
LewMs, Mordecai, Jr 426, 442
Lewis, Dr. Morris J 519
Library and Pathological Museum . 345
Lights and Fires 547
Lloyd, Dr. Thos 448
Lo.an Office Funds 254, 262
Lodge 114
Logan, Dr. William . . . .265,356,416
London Coffee House 50, 75, 76
Longevity, Instance of 135
Longstreth, Dr. Morris 363, 519
Lord Chancellor's decision 251
Love, as a cause of disease 204
Lownes, Joseph . . . .289,298,331,424
Lukens, Dr. Chas 237, 505
Lun.itic Department removed . . .115
Lunatics 3, 114,132, 133
Lunatics, First Provided for by the
Hospital 3
Lunatic Patient, First 32
Lunatic Patients, Free 217
without Public Provision 3
Lying-in Department . . . 202, 232, 349
570
Madd-Shirt 147
Male Department opened 177
Malin, Mr., on Treatment of Insane,
'54, 157
Malin, Win. G., a Faithful Steward,
102, 353, 354, 540
Managers' action on Theatrical Bene-
fit 43
address to the Proprietors .... 15
appeal for Subscriptions 45
arrested by E.\ecutive Council . . 59
banished to V'irginia 59
chosen .Annually by the Contribu-
tors 10
Economy of 33
Fines of 40, 41, 64, Si
First Board of 12
greeting to Gov. Denny 41
Law Regulating. Election of ... 29
meet at Coffee House 5°, 75
meet at " Conestoga Waggon " . . 55
Pennsylvania Hospital 405
punctuality 25
suspend Meetings on account of
Yellow Fever 70
visit Museum 363
Mandamus applied for and refusal . 100
Mania, Treatment of 125
Marine Hospital Service .... 226, 232
Martial Law, Hospital under . . . 223
Mason, Samuel 91
Masters. William 414
Maternity Ward 232
Matrons, List of 544
McConaghy, Ale.xander, Gatekeeper, 545
McKean, Chief Justice 148
McKean, Thomas 325, 443
Medical and Surgical Reports . . . loi
Medical Apprentices 82
as Apothecaries and Resident
Physicians 520, 532
Medical Fund 212
Medical Library 90, 457
Medical School first suggested by
Dr. Fothergill 357
Medical Staff 80. 83, 201
Medical StafT and Medical Teaching, 438
456
Medicine, First Course of Lectures
on 458
Meeting in Hospital, First 40
of Contributors must be held .Annu-
ally in Philadelphia, in May . . 10
Meigs, Dr. Arthur V 519
Meigs, Dr. Charles D 237, 509
Meigs, Prof Chas. D., Address by . . 449
Meigs, Dr. James .^itken 517
Meigs, Dr. John F., Address by ... 98
Meigs. Dr. John Forsyth . . 363, 402, 513
on Women Students 475
Memorial Furniture 305
Pavilions 109, iii
Tablet, Dr. Kirkbride's 290
to Legislature 77
Mental and Nervous Department . . 102
Mental Diseases, Dispensary Service, 186
Meredith, VV' . 83
Meredith, Reese . . 9
Meredith, William .... 268
Meteorology, Dr. Bond on 414
Microscopist Appointed 99
Midwifery Neglected ... 232
Mier, Thos. and Sam'l . 537
Mifflin, Appeal to Governor 444
Mifflin, George ... . . 418
Mifflin, Governor . 255, 256
Mifflin. John .... ... 9
Mitchell, Dr. John K 479, 504
Mifflin, Thomas 55, 233, 416
Military Duty, Exemption from ... 66
Ministration to the Sick 95
Money, First Grant by Legislature . 26
from Signers of Paper Money, . . 267
Gold and Silver, required . . .57, 59
Hard 249
Second Grant by Legislature ... 49
Moore, Dr. Charles 490
Moore, Dr. John Wilson . . 202, 237, 503
Moore, Dr. John 503
Moore, Dr. Samuel Preston,
28, 32, 266, 446, 486
Moore, Thos 283
Morgan, Dr. . 459
Morgan, Dr. John, as Apothecary . 526
Biography of . ... 489
Resignation of . . 46S
Morgan, Evan 249,411
Morris, A., Jr . . 9
Morris, .^nth. ... .9
Morris, Dr. Benjamin . . . 347
Morris, Dr. Caspar 481, 522
Morris, Catharine W. . ... 84
Morris, Deborah . . 356
Morris, Jacob G 429
Morris, Joseph 264, 411
Morris, Joseph Saunders 426
Morris, Luke 9
Morris, Robert, Esq., Financier
General 63
Morris, Samuel 236
Morris, Thomas S 81
Morris, Wistar 91, 364, 434
Mortgage on Hospital Property ... 83
Payment in Depreciated Currency
Refused 58
Morton, Charles M 96
Morton, Dr. Thomas G.,
102, 103, 362, 363, 477, 478, 516
Morton's Ward Dressing Carriage . 477
Muhlenberg, Peter ... . . 229, 230
Musical Instruments 337
Museum and Library 345, 356
Mutual -Association Co. 98
Neill, Dr. John 511
Nicholes, Monument to Charles . . . 139
Ni.Non, John 415
Norris, Charles . . . ■ ... . 9, 412
Norris, Dr. George W 507
Norris, Isaac 11, 32, 210, 211
North House 60
North Wing 170
571
Niirsfs' Hdmh.'. NiH Building for . . io6
Nurses, Rules for 555
Nurses' Training School 104
Obstetrical Cases 234
Occupation for the Insane
149. '5', '55. "S"
Old London CoflTee House . . . . 50, 75
Opening of Insane Department, 122, 176
Ord. (Jeo. B 365
Ordinance Exempting Lots from
Taxation 299
Otto, John C S4, 342, 501
Out- Patient Department 245
Service of 107
Owen, Dr. driffith . 448
Packard, Dr. John H. . . . 519
Painting, Christ Healing the Sick . . 305
Pancoast, Dr. Joseph 512
Paper Money S6. 57. 59
Signers of 266, 267
Parke, Dr. Thomas . 84, 442
Experience of . . . 141
Parrish, Dr. Joseph '<4, 501
Parsons, William 447
Paschall. Joseph 283, 442
Pathological ^insl^In 345
Chemist . . 99
Patient, first . 32
Patients . . 2oi
Kmploymeiit of ... -33
Free insane
Crateful
Interesting
Movement of (Table 1 . .
protected from Intrusion
removed to Pine Street Hospital
170
33
204
241
130
42
Rules for Admission of ... . 556, 561
Rules for 32, 208, 211
Paul, John 117. 120,427
Paul. Hannah 84
Peace, Dr. Edward 510
Peale, Ch.is. Wilson 78
Pemberton, James . 414, 528
banished to Virginia 59
Pemberton, Israel . . 9, 25, 28, 266, 282
banished to Virginia 59
Pemberton, Israel. Jr 410
Penal Notes required to Secure Sub-
scriptions .... 25
Pcnington, Edward 2S2. 334, 353, 417
Penn's Chair . 336
Penn Family . 249
Penn, John . 330
Penn, John, Esq.. .\d(he.ss to Gov. . 50
Penn, Thom.is. Letter from 17
Thomas and Richard . . . . 13, 321
Thomas and Richanl, Grant of
Land 20, 273, 274, 276
Penn, Richard .... 15
Penn, William 39, 330, 331
Bust of 340, 344
Penrose, Thos 442
Pennsylvania .\svlum for Deaf and
Dumb . ' . . 286
Pennsylvania Hospital, Arguments
in favor of 3
Hospital Charter 9
Hospital and Lun.atics 3
Hospital. Marks an Epoch in Treat-
ment of the Ins:ine 4
Hospital, a Public Charily ... 188
Hospital Property Non-taxable . . 304
Hospital. Selection of a Site for . . 13
Hospital Training School for Nurses
104, 269
Hospital well conducted 185
Land Company 55, 250, 251
Legislature Exempts Hospital Prop-
'■-'■<>■ 30'. 3"3
Pepper, George S. . . 365
Pepper, Dr. William 363, 509
Pep|>er, Dr. Wm. ... ... 452
Perot, Elliston 423, 442
Pest House and Lazaretto 5
Peters. Richard 25, 410
Petition, .\ pathetic 134
to Assembly . 45, 49, 63, 65, 66, 87, 259
for a Provincial Hospital 3, 8
Pharmacy, The Hospital 525
Philadelphia .\lmshouse 5
Contributionsliip 50, 97
Councils, Petition to 298
Early Quarantine at Port of . . 4, 5
Hospital . ... 220
Yellow Fever in 70, 74
Physicians, Biographical Sketclies
of 485
Early, of Province 446
interested in Welfare of Hospital . 442
must Visit Patients before A<lniis-
sion ... .So
ofl'er to Attend Patients Gratis . . 9
Resident ... 480
to give Proof of Skill 28
to Out-Patient Department .... 246
Physical Restr.iint 127, 178
Plivsick, Dr., .Anecdote of 452
Physick, Dr. Philip Syng,
80, 144, 342. 343, 361, 476, 497
Picture House 310,319
altered for Nurses . . . 105
leased .92
Pinel 160. 168
Pine Street Hospital . 35, 113
opened 42, 113
Pioneer, Pennsylvania Hospital the 161
Plan of Hospital Approved . . 36, 37, 38
Plans for .\lter.itions 90
Plate p^ngravings 324
Pleasants, Isr.iel •71
Pletcher. Miss Rachel . 105
Plumstead, Wm 9
Poetry by Insane Patient 142
Poisoning by Poke Root 221
Pollock, Governor Jas 94
Polly, an Insane P.itient 141
Poor Guardians .... 207, 210, 219
House 321
Patients 79
Patients' Debts Cancelled .... 137
572
Poor, Sick and Insane, without Cart-
previous to Establishment of the
Pennsylvania Hospital . ... 7
Potts, Jonathan, (ieneral .... 60
Poulson, Zachariah 353, 425
Powell, Samuel 418
Practice of the House 456
Pratt's Royal Standard Tavern . . 27
Precautions against Yellow Fever . 69, 71
President, Franklin Elected .... 40
Price, Joseph 86, 427
Price, Dr. William 202, 503
Prints, Engravings, and Statuary . . 321
Prisoners of War as Patients .... 62
Private ApartuKiits 39
Prize Money Granted, Unclaimed 66, 249
Property of Insane Department . . 195
levied Upon and Sold for Ta.ves . 295
Proprietors, .Address to 15
Province, Early Physicians of ... . 446
Provincial Assembly Grant 248
Hospital Proposed . . .... 3
Public Houses, a Cause of Disease . 207
Puerperal Fever in Maternity Ward . 238
Pupils of Physicians 80
Quarantine, First in Philadelphia . . 4
Randolph, Dr. Jacob 507
Real Estate, Limit E.xtended, 93,269,301
Redman, Dr. 28, 32, 351, 357, 360, 447,486,
525, 529
Redman, Joseph 415
Redemption Servants 81
Registrars Appointed 102
Removal of Insane Patients ... 89
Religious Work ill the Hospital . . 95, 96
Report of Building t'ommittce . 176, 177
Reports, .\nnual 166, 169
of Cases loi
Resignation of Dr. Conrad 536
Residence of Mr. Busti 118
Resident Physicians 190
Early 480, 481
List of 520
Rules for .550
to Keep Records 101
Resignation of Dr. John Morgan . . 46S
Retreat loS, 114
Revenue from Medical Teaching . . 461
of Hospital 248
Revolution, Hospital during the . .223
Revolutionary War 58
Period 56
Reynell, John . 9, 211, 249, 264, 412, 546
Rhoads, Samuel, 9, 36, 37, 42, 59, 129, 131
2n, 236, 249, 264, 411, 447
Richardson, Joseph 9, 413
Richardson, Dr. Joseph G 99
Rittenhouse Clock 337, 338
Ritz, Dr. Charles M 363
Roberdeau. Daniel 42, 264, 412
Roberts, Charles 85
Roberts, Hugh 25, 416
Roberts. Jonathan 525
Royal Standard Tavern 13, 75
Rules and Regulations . . 549
Rules for Nurses in Training .... 104
for Choice of Phjsicians . . . 440, 456
for Patients 81, 208, 211
for the Library 350, 351
Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 78, 80, 295, 442, 447
451,481,493
Bust of 231, 343
Portrait of 342
Services of . . . 143, 145, 146, 148, 161
on Treatment of Insane . 149, 162
Rush, Dr. William 506
Sacred Concert 263
Sailors 220, 227, 232
Sale of Lots 2S4
Sanitary Commission, U. S. Contribu-
tion from 96
Sanson!, Beulah . . . . 84
Sansom, Sam'l 9
Satchell, Dr. Southey S 5
Sauer, Christopher, Letter to . . . . 26
Scotchman, Pride of a 341
Seal of Hospital 33. 34
Seamen 94, 95, 96
of U. S. Navy 227
Seckel, Lawrence 81
Separation of Male and Female Wardsi74
Sermon by Rev. Geo. Whitfield . . . 262
Servants, Domestic, Purchased ... 81
Seymour, Engraver 328
Shields, Mary 183, 365
Shippen, Edward 443
Shippen, Joseph 9
Shippen, Dr. Wm (42, 458, 489
Shippen, Dr. William. Jr., 50, 75, 233, 345
356, 447, 459. 460481. 492
Shoemaker, Benj. H no, 319
Shoemaker, Jonathan 426
Slioemaker, S 9
Slioemaker, Dr. Samuel B 483
Shunk, Gov. Francis R. ... 303
Sick Strangers 3
and Insane Poor, Early Provision for 4
Sims, Jos 9
Site of Hospital, Selection of . . . 13, 16
Slade, Robert, .Apothecary 528
Slaves 131, 203
Sloan, Samuel, Architect 175
Smith, Dr. Francis Gurney 514
Smith, Franklin R., Apothecary . . 535
Smith, George Roberts . . 289, 291, 428
Smith, Dr. Henrv H 102, 481
Smith, Jas., Jr. .' 424
Smith, John 411
Smith, John, Jr 117, 120
Smith, John J 86
Smith, Miss Marion E 105
Smith, Newberry, Jr., .Apothecary . 535
Smith, Robert 71
Smith, Samuel . 9
Smith. Dr. Wm. .Apothecary . . . 529
Smith. Rev. William 58, 67
Snyder. Simon 329
Society Square 269, 275
Soldiers 94, 95, 96
admitted. Wounded 58
Convalescent, as Patients . . 61. 62
573
SoUliiTs as I'atitiits . . 222, 223, 224. 226
Special Practice RecoRiiizcd . . 201, 202
S|>iitfor(l. Geo 9
Spruce Street, Widening of 100
Staff, Meniliers of Medical and
Surgical 483, 563
Hospital 43.S, 440, 456
State House, First Meeting of
Contributors Held in 74
State Legislative (Vranls 249
Statement, with Regard to Theatrical
Benefit 43
Statistics, Insane Department . . . 243
Statistical Table of .Admissions and
Discharges 240
Statue of \Vm. Penn .... 329, 3,51, 332
Steps Towards Establishing Hospital 4
Steward E.xcused from Military
Service 66
Stewards, List of 544
Stewardson, Dr. Thos 508
Stewardson, Thomas, Sr. . . 83, 295, 425
Stone in Bladder 206
Story, John, Steward and Apothecary 533
Stout, Henry T 365
Straight Jacket 147
Strangers 210
excluded 153
Streets not to be Opened 292
Strettell, Amos 9. 4'5
Strickland, \Vm 328
Students to .Mtend Almshouse Clinics 220
certificates 330
Disorderly Conduct of . ... 470, 475
offended 472
to Pay for Privileges 460, 467
Subscriptions 35
Notes for 25
solicited 25
to Lying-in Department 236
Suicide 14S
Sully, Thomas 342
Sunderland, John 175
Sunstroke 479
Surgeons Elected 202
to Out Patient Department .... 246
Surgery in the Pennsylvania Hospital, loi
Swift, Joseph 59, 444
Tasker, Thomas 91
Taxation of Hospital Real Estate . . 293
Taylor, Capt. George, gatekeeper . . 545
Temporary Hospital considered . . 27
Terms of Medical Apprentices . . 534
Thanks of Board of Physicians . . 28
Theatrical Plav for the Hospital ... 43
Thomas, Dr. f . Gaillard 458
Tliomi>son, John J 437
Title, Clearing of 284
Townsend. Joseph B no
Training School 107, 169
Transfer of P.iticnts 165
Traquair, James 339, 340, 341
Treasurer Chosen Annually by the
Contributors 10
to give Security 27
Treatment of Insane, 125, 145, 147, 163,
167, 178
Medical and Moral 167, 180
Results of
Treaty Elm
Troop of Cavalry. First City
Tucker. \V. E., Engraver .
Tuke, William .....
Turnpenny, Joseph C. . .
Tyson Farm purchased . .
Ty|)hoid Fever
166
538. 539
• ■ »36
• 3.?o
. . 160
• 436
"93
479
I'nderwriters' Fines 267
United States Taxes 300, 302
University of Pennsylvania, 82, 325, 234,
362
Use of Library 457
Vaccination, Free 212
of Poor 81
Vaux, Richard, Mayor 175
Vaux. Roberts 426
Visitors, .\dmission of 562
Foreign 103
Gratuities from 54
restricted 130
W.igstaffe, Tlios 339
Walker, Alexander, Jr 63, 225
Wallace, Dr. Ellerslie 478
Wain, Robert 71, 423
Wain, Robert, Jr 267
Wain, S. .Morris 434
Walnut Street Prison, Yellow Fever
in 73
Wards, Additional 171
The "Fisher" 180, 182
Mary Shields' 183, 184
Warming .Apartments for the Insane, 153
War of the Rebellion 94
Warville, M. de. Description of
Hospital by 448
Washington's Birthday Celebration 86
Washington, Bust of 341
Washington, Dr 338
Washington Fire Company 546
Water, Schuylkill, Introduced . . . 8r
Waters, Dr. Nathaniel B., Apothe-
cary 533
Watson, Joseph 426
Webster, Noah, Lectures for the
Hospital 263
Weed, Dr. George 145
Apothecary 526
Welsh, Samuel 175, 365
Welsh, William 91
West, Benjamin 80, 305, 319
West's Painting 305, 313, 317
West Philadelpliia Purchase . . 289, 301
West Wing Completed 78
Western Wing 114, 144
Wharton. Is.aac 420
Wharton. Robert, Mayor . . 73, 289, 528
Wharton, Thomas 415
Banished to \'irginia 59
Wharton, Thomas, Jr 223
574
Whitall, John M i75i 432
White, Rev. William 58
Whitfield, Rev. George 262
Widows and Single Women .... 267
Williamson, Isaiah \' ,365
Williamson, The I. \'., Building, 191, 192
Wistar, Bartholomew . S6, 117, 120, 442
Wistar, Caspar .... 295, 234, 361, 495
Bust of 343
Wistar, Caspar, Jr So
Wistar, Richard 425
Wistar, Thomas 444
Wolf, Governor George 89
Woman Visitors, Board of .... 84, 97
Woman's Hospital Nurses 104
Medical College Students .... 474
Women, Charitable 267
Students 474
Wood, Dr. Geo. B. . 175, 506
Address of . . . 172
Wood. Horatio C 91
Works of Art 305
VV'ynne.Thos., " Chirurgeon " 24, 446 448
Yard, Edmund J 95
Yarnall, Peter, Apothecary 533
Yellow-Fever 69, 71, 74
in Philadelphia 69, 70, 74
in the Hospital 71
notes by Samuel Coates 72
patients 69
York Retreat 160, 168
Zachary, Lloyd, Dr. 9, 28, 366, 440, 445
487.
Zachary, Dr., Library of, presented . 347
Zane, Sarah 337, 348
M^fe^^
575