PilBiifiiiiiiiiiiii^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/constitutionofstOOnewyrich CONSTITUTION i^.^^ M/^Qo /* <^^ i^oaI OV THH STATE OF NEW YOEK, / ADOPTED IN 1846. COMPARATIVE ARRANGEMENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS OP OTHER STATES, CLASSIFIED BY THEIR SUBJECTS. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OP A COMMITTEE OP THE NEW YORK CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OP 1887, BY FRANKLIK B. HOUGH. ALBANY : WEED, PARSONS & COMPANY, PRINTERS. 1867. ^ I / /^JJ 7«f- PREFACE. Previous to tlie meeting of the present Constitutional Convention, a summary of tlie various provisions found in tlie existing Constitutions of tlie several States had l)een prepared by Dr. Franklin B. Hough, with the design of aftbrding facilities for comparison and reference in tlie revision of the Constitution of the State of New York. This suunnai-y was examined by several delegates to the Convention, and soon after organization the undersigned were appointed a committee to take into consider- ation tlie expediency of printing in bill form the present Constitution of New York, with such comparative references as might be proper. This committee after a careful examination of tlie plan proposed by Dr. Hough, approved of its general arrangement, but recommended a more extended list of references, a specilication of tlie page, in the volume of Constitutions forming the first volume of the " Manual," where the subject reterred to W(juld be found in its proper connection, and the adoption of the exact phraseology used in the several Constitutions whenever practi- cable. A concise statement was thought proper in cases where it might be desirable to present the various provisions upon particular subjects at a single glance. It would have lieen desirable to include in this connection references to legal decisions upon constitutional points, l)ut tlie brief time allowed for the preparation, upon the plan as modified, rendered this altogether impracticable. From tiie blending of several subjects into one section, which in other cases are stated sejiarately, a strict classification could not in all cases be secured, but to render this inconvenience less sensible, an extended index has been ]>repared, which will obviate ninch of the difficulty of reference. As a general rule, provisions of a strictly local cliaracter, and such as refer to circumstances and conditions that have ])asse., 9. [Same except " government " in place of " Union,"] 7«. 151. — And secure to ourselves and to our posterity the rights of life, liberty and property ; invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and estab- lish the following Constitution and form of govern- ment. Ala. 72. — Having the right to establish for ourselves a Con- stitution in conlbrmity with the Constitution of the United States of America, to secure to ourselves and our posterity the protection and blessings of the Federal Constitution, and the enjoyment of all the rights of liberty and the free pursuit of happiness, do agree to continue ourselves as a free and indepen- dent Slate, by the name and style of -, and do ordain and establish the following Constitution for the government thereof Ark. 83. — In order more eifectually to define, secure and per- petu;;te the liberties, rights and privileges which they have deriv,;d from their ancestors, hereby, after a careful consideration and revision, ordain and establish the following Constitution and form of civil govern- ment Gt. 107. — In order to secure to ourselves and our posterity the enjoyment of all the rights of life, liberty and property, and the pursuit of happiness, do mutually agree, each with the other, to form the following Constitution aiid form of government in and for the said State. Fla. 128. — In order to form a permanent government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility and secure the blessing of liberty to ourselves and our posterity — acknowledging and invoking the guidance of Almighty God, the author of all good government, do ordain and establish this Constitution. Oa. 142. — To the end that justice be established, public order maintained, and liberty perpetuated, we, the people of. lad. 109; Or. 447. — Grateful to the Supreme Being for the blessings hitherto enjoyed, and feeling our dependence on Him for a continuation of those blessings, do ordain and establish a free and independent government by the name of Iowa, 182. — Grateful to Almighty God for our civil and religious privileges, in order to insure the full enjoyment of our rights as American citizens, do ordain and establish this Constitution. Kan. 198. — We, the representatives of the people of , in Convention assembled, to secure to all the citizens thereof the enjoyment of the rights of life, liberty and property, and of pursuing happiness, do ordain and establish this Constitution for its govern- ment. Ky. 209. — We, the people of the State of , grateful to Almighty God for our civil and religious liberty, and taking into our serious consideration the best means for establishing a good Constitution in this State, for the sure foundation and more permanent security thereof, declare : Md. 253. — Acknowledging, with grateful hearts, the goodness of the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe in affording us an opportunity so favorable to the design ; and imploring his aid and direction in its accomplishment, do agree to form ourselves into a free and indejiend- ent State, by the style and title of . J/e., 239. — The end of the institution, maintenance and admin- istration of Government, is to secure the existence of the body politic, to protect it, and to furnish the individuals who compose it with the power of enjoy- ing in safety and tranquility, their natural rights, and the blessings of life ; and whenever these great objects are not obtained, the people have a right to alter the government, and to take measures necessary for their safety, prosperity and happiness. — The body politic is formed by a voluntary associa- tion of individuals ; it is a social compact, by which the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all shall be governed by certain laws for the common good. It is the duty of the people, therefore, in framing a Con- stitution of government, to provide for an equitable mode of making laws, as well as for an impartial interpretation and a faithful execution of them; that eve7-y man may, at all times, find his security in them, We, therefore, the people of , acknowledging, with grateful hearts, the goodness of the great Legis- lator of the Universe, in affording us, in the course of His providence, an opportunity, deliberately and peaceably, without fraud, violence or surprise, of entering into an original, explicit and solemn compact with each other ; and of forming a new Constitution of civil government for ourselves and posterity ; and devoutly imploring His direction in so interesting a design, do agree upon, ordain and establish the fol- lowing Dedaraiion of Rights and Frame of Oovern- ment, as the Constitutio.v of the Commonwealth OF . Afass., 279. — Gratcfiil to God for our civil and religious liberty, and desiring to perpetuate its blessings, and secure the same to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution. Min., 319. — Grateful to Almighty God, the Sovereign Ruler of Nations, for our State government, our liberties, and our connection with tlie American Union, and acknowledging our dependence upon Him for the 2 continuance of those blessings to us and our posterity, do, for the more certain security thereof, and for the better government of tliis State, ordain and estabhsh this revised and amended Constitution. Mo., 346. — That the general, great, and essential principles of liberty and free government may be recognized and established, and that the relations of this State to the Union and government of the United States, and those of the people of this State to the rest of the American people, may be defined and allirmed, we do declare : Mo. 34'). — Grateful to Almighty God for our freedom, in order to secure its blessings, form a more perfect gov- ernment, insure domestic tranquility and promote the general welfare, do establish this Constitution. Neb. 370 ; (nearly identical), Xev. 379 ; Ohio, 432 ; iris. 559. — Grateful to Almiglity God for the civil and relig- ious liberty which He hath so long permitted us to enjoy, and looking to Ilim for a blessing upon our endeavors to secure and transmit the same unim- paired to succeeding generations, do ordain and estab- lish this Constitution. X. J., 411. — That the general, great and essential principles of liberty and free government may be recognized and established, we declare. Miss., 334. — Acknowledging, with gratitude the grace and beneficence of God in penuitting us to make a choice of our form of government, do ordain and establish this Constitution. Tcx., 505. — That the general, great and essential principles of liberty and free government may be recognized and established, we declare. Ala., 72 ; Ct., 107 ; Fl, 129; IU.\Go; Pa., 407; rea;.. .505; Term., m). [A simple declaration of establishment ] Del., IIG ; Pa. 461 : S. C, 482. [Authority of U. S., recited.] Tenn., 490. [No preamble.] Cat, La., Md., Mich., N. 11, N. C, R. I., Vt, Va., W. Va. INHERENT RIGHTS. — The free inhabitants of each of these States, paupers, vagabonds and fugitives from justice excepted, shall be entitled to all the privileges of free citizens. Art. Confed., 3. — All men are born free and equal, and have certain natural, essential and unalienable rights; among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties ; that of acquiring, pos.sessing and protecting property ; in fine, that of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness. Mass., 280; (nearly similar) Neb., 370; Nev., 379; N. //., 398 ; N. J., 412 ; Ohio, 432 ; Pa., 467 ; Vt., 521; Va., 531; Wis., 559. — Therefore, no male person, born in this country, or brought from over sea, ought to be holden, by law, to serve any person, as a servant, slave or apprentice, after he arrives to the age of twenty-one years, nor female, in like manner, after she arrives to the age of eighteen years, unless they are bound by their own consent after they arrive to such age, or Bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs or the like. R, 521. — No attainder shall work corruption of blood, nor, except during the life of the oft'cnder, forfeiture of estate. The estates of those wlio destroy their own lives shall descend or vest as in case of natural death, and if any person be killed by accident, no forfeiture shall be thereby incurred. Del, 117. — The estate of such persons as may destroy their own lives shall not for that offense be forfeited, but descend or ascend in the same manner as if such per- son had died in a natural way. Nor shall any article which shall accidentally occasion the death of any person be henceforth deemed a deodand, or in any wise forfeited on account of such misfortune. N. II., 409 ; Vt. 526. — That the estates of suicides shall descend, or vest, as in cases of natural death ; and that, if any person shall be killed by casualty, there shall be no Ibrfeiture by reason thereof. Ala., 73 ; Ky., 224. ■ — Emigration from the State shall not be prohibited. Ala., 74; Iml., 171; Ky., 224; Or, 448; Pa., 4G3. — Nor sliall any irce white citizen of this State ever be exiled under any pretence whatever. Miss., 335. — -That all the people have a natural and inherent right to emigrate from one State to another that will receive them. Vt., 522. — No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid! unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. U. S., 13. — Tlie General Assembly shall have power to authorize the levying of a capitation tax. Fl., 137. — Capitation tax shall be equal throughout the State, upon all individuals subject to the same. N. C, 430. — No poll-tax shall be assessed for other than county purposes. Arlc, 93. — The General Assembly may, whenever they shall deem it necessary, cause to be collected from all able- bodied, free white male inhabitants of this State, over the age of twenty-one years and under the age of sixty years, who are entitled to the right of suffrage, a capitation tax of not less tlian fifty cents, nor more than one dollar each. III., 163. - — That the levying of taxes by the poll is grievous and oppressive, and ouglit to be prohibited ; that paupers ought not to be assessed for the support of the Gov- ernment, but every other person in the State, or persons holding property therein, ought to contribute liis i^roportion of public taxes for the support of Gov- ernment, according to his actual worth in real or personal ])roperty ; yet fines, duties or taxes may properly and justly be imposed or laid with a politi- cal view, for tlie good government and benefit of the community. Md., 254. — No special privileges or immunities shall ever be granted by the Legislature, which may not bo altered, revoked or repealed by the same body ; and this power shall be exercised by no other tribunal or agency. Kan., 197. — That a long continuance in the Executive Depart- ments, of power or trust, is dangerous to liberty ; a rotation, therefore, in those departments, is one of the best securities of permanent freedom. Md. 255. — Government is instituted for the common good; for tlie protection, safety prosperity and happiness of the people ; and not for the profit, honor or private interest of any one man, family or class of men; therefore, the people alone have an incontestable, imalienable and indefeasible right to institute govern- ment, and to reform,- alter or totally change the same, when their protection, safety, prosperity and happi- ness require it. Mass., 2^0; (nearly similar), Miii., 319; A^CT., 379; R, 520; Fa., 531 ; A! //., 399. — No man, nor corporation or association of men, have any other title to obtain advantages, or particu- lar and exclusive privileges, distinct li'om those of the community, than what rises from the consideration of services rendered to the public ; and this title being in nature neither hereditary, nor transmissible to children or descendants, or relations by blood, the idea of a man born a magistrate, law-giver or judge, is absurd and unnatural. Mass., 280. — No title of nobility or hereditary distinction, privi- lege, honor or emolument, shall ever be granted or confirmed ; nor shall any ollice be created, the appointment to wliich shall be for a longer time than during good behavior. Me., 240. — No office or place whatsoever in government shall be hereditary — the abilities and integrity requisite in all not being transmissible to posterity or relations. A' //., 399. — That the Legislature shall not grant any title of nobility or hereditary distinction, nor create any office, tlie appointment of which shall be for a longer term than during good behavior. P«., 408; X C, 488. — No title of nobility shall be granted ; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, sliall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. U. S., 13. — That no person ong:ht to hold at the same time more than one office of profit created by the Consti- tution or Laws of this State; nor ought any person in pubhc trust to receive any present from any foreign prince, or State, or from the United States, or any of them, without the approbation of tliis State. Mel, 255. — Ko hereditary emoluments, privileges or honors shall ever be granted or conferred in this State. Ct., 108; (nearly similar), FL, 130; Kan., 197; Ky., 224; N. C, 422; Or., 448. — No hereditary distinction shall be granted, nor any office created or exercised, the appointment to which shall be for a longer term than during good beha- vior; and no person holding any office under this State, shall accept of any office or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. Del, 117. ■ — That no title of nobility, or hereditary distinction, privilege, honor, or emolument, shall ever be granted or conferred in this State ; and that no office shall be created, the appointment of which shall be for a longer term than during good behavior. Ala., 74. — That no title of nobility or hereditary honors ought to be granted in this State. Md , 25G ; Ind., 171. — All freemen, when they form a social compact, have equal rights; and no man, or set of men, is entitled to exclusive, separate public emoluments or privileges, but in consideration of public services. A';/., 223 ; Tex., 505. — Economy being a most essential virtue in all States, especially in a young one; no pension should be granted but in consideration of actual services ; and such pension ought to be granted with great caution by the Legislature, and never for more than one year at a time. N. II., 401. — The powers of government reside in all the citi- zens of the State, and can be rightfully exercised only in accordance with their will and appointment. W. Va., 54G. — None but citizens of the United States shall be appointed to any office of trust or profit in this State. La., 233. — That absolute, arbitrary power over the lives, liberty, and property of freemen, exists nowhere in a republic — not even in the largest majority, /u/., 223. — No authority .shall, on any pretense whatever, be exercised over the people or members of this State, but such as shall be derived from and granted by them. N. T. (1777), 2G. — The people of this State have the sole and exclusive right of governing themselves as a free, sovereign and independent State, and do, and forever hereafter shall exercise and enjoy every power, jurisdiction and right pertaining thereto, which is not or may not hereafter be by them expressly delegated to the United States of America, in Congress assembled. N. II, 399. — Nor are the people botmd by any law but such as they have in like manner assented to, for their com- mon good. VI., 522. — That every citizen of this State owes paramount allegiance to the Constitution and government of the United States, and that no law or ordinance of this State in contravention or subversion thereof can have any binding force, ^h., 340. — That this State shall ever remain a member of the American Union; that the people thereof are a part of the American nation ; and that all attempts, from whatever source and upon whatever pretext, to dis- solve said Union, or to sever said nation, ouglit to ho resisted with the whole power of the State. Mu., 340. — The Constitution of the United States and the laws made in pursuance thereof being the supreme Law of the land, every citizen of this State owes paramount allegiance to the Constitution and Government of the United States, and is not bound by any law or ordi- nance of this State in contravention or subversion thereof. Md., 254. — But the paramount allegiance of every citizen is due to the Federal government, in the exercise of all its Constitutional powers as the same have been or may be defined by the Superior Court of the United States ; and no power exists in the people of this or any other State of the Federal Union to dissolve their connection therewith, or perform any act tend- ing to impair, subvert or resist the supreme authority of the United States. The Constitution of the United States confers full powers on the Federal government to maintain and perpetuate its existence, and whensoever any portion of the States, or the people tliereof, attempt to secede from the Federal Union, or forcibly resist the execution of its laws, the Federal government may by warrant of the Constitu- tion employ armed force in compelhng obedience to its authority. Nev., 379. — Every member of the community has a right to be protected by it in the enjoyment of his life, liberty, and property. He is therefore bound to contribute his share in the expense of such protection, and to yield his personal .service, when necessary, or an equivalent. A'!//. 399; (nearly similar), 17,520. — Protection to person and property is the duty of government. Ga. 142. — All political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit ; and they have, at all times, the unalienable right to alter, reform, or abolish their form of government, in such manner as they may think expedient. Tex.TMa; (nearly similar) Ohio 473 ; Pa. 407 ; S. C. 487 ; N. C. 421 ; Mo. 340 ; N. U. 399. — That we hold it to be self-evident that all men are created equally free; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, the enjoyment of the proceeds of their own labor, and the pursuit of happiness. Md., 253. — That the people of this State, by their legal Repre- sentatives, have the sole, inherent and exclusive right of governing and regulating the internal police of the same. Vi., 521. — That all government of right originates from the people, is founded in compact only, and instituted solely for the good of the whole ; and they have at all times the unalienable right to alter, reform or abolish their form of government in such manner as they may deem expedient. Md., 253. — 'I'hat all men, when tliey form a social compact, are equal in rights; and that no man or set of men, are entitled to exclusive public emoluments, or privileges, from tlie community. C/., 107 ; Or., 447 ; J/ms., 334. — Tliat all men when they form a social compact, are equal, and have certain inherent and indefeasible rights, amongst which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty; of acquiring, possessing and protecting property and reputation, and of pur- suing their own happiness. Arh.. 84; Fl, 129. — That the people of this State ought to have the sole and exclusive right of regulating the internal government and police thereof. Md., 253. — All power residing originally in tlic people, and being lierived from them, the several magistrates and officers of government, vested with authoritj-, wliether legislative, executive or judicial, are the substitutes and agents, and are at all times accountable to them. Mas%., 280. — All men are by nature free and independent, and have certain unalienable rights, among which are tliose of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness. Co'., 90 ; (substantially similar). III, 165 ; Iowa, 183 ; Kan., 196; Me., 239; Mo., 390. — When men enter into a state of society they sur- render up some of their natural rights to tliat society, in order to procure the protection of others!, and with- out such equivalent the surrender is void. N. II., 398. — Through Divine goodness all men, have, by nature, the rights of worshipping and serving their Creator according to the dictates of their consciences, of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of acquiring 1 S 2. The trial by jury in all ca5es in which it has been heretofore used, shall 2 remain inviolate forever (') ; but a jury trial may be waived by the parties in 3 all civil cases in the manner prescribed by law.(-) and protecting reputation and property, and, in pen- ernl of attaining objects suitable to their condition, witliout injury by one to another ; and as these riglits are essential to their welfare, for the due exercise thereof, power is inherent in them ; and therefore all just authority in the institutions of political society is derived from the people, and established with their consent, to advance their happiness: And they may for this end, as circumstances require, from time to time, alter their Constitution of government. Del., IIO. — The General Assembly shall not grant to any citi- zen, or class of citizens, privileges, or immunities, which, upon the same terms, shall not equally belong to all citizens. Ind,\"\. — That no man, and no set of men, are entitled to ejcclusive, separate public emoluments or privileges, but in consideration of public services. Ala.,'i2\ Tex., 508; Va, 531; .V. C, 421. — The Legislature shall pass no law requiring a prop- erty qualification for office. Ixi., 235. — We declare that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain una- lienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of liappiness ; that all jiower is inherent in the people ; and that all free governments are, and of right ought to be, founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace, safety and well being. For the advancement of these ends, the people liave, at all times, an indefeasible right to alter and reform their government. Ind. 170. — All political power is inherent to the people. Gov- ernment is instituted for the protection, security and benefit of the people ; and tlicy have the right to alter or reform the same whenever the public good may require it. Col., 96 ; (nearly similar) lova, 183 ; Kan.. 197; Ky., 223; J/m., 334; N J., 412; Or., 447 ; «. /, 473 ; Tenn., 490 ; Va., 531 ; Vt., 521. — That all power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace, safety and happiness. Ill , 1G5; i/?., 239. — They have, therefore, an unalienable and indefeas- ible right to institute government, and to alter, reform, or totally change the same, when their safety and happiness require it. Me., 239. — That all persons invested with the Legislative or Executive powers of Government are the trustees of the public, and as such accountable for their conduct ; wherefore, whenever the ends of Government are perverted, and public liberty manifestly endangered, and all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people may and of right ought to reform the old or establish a new government. The doctrine of non- resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish and destructive of the good and hap- piness of mankind. Md., 254. — That the people of this State have the inherent, sole, and exclusive right of regulating the internal government and police thereof, and of altering and abohshing their Constitution and form of government, whenever it may be necessary to their safety and hap- piness ; but every such right should be exercised in pursuance of law, and consistently with the Consti- tution of the United States. Mo., 340. — That every foreigner who comes to settle in this State, having first taken an oath of allegiance to the same, may purchase, or, by other just means, acquire, hold, and transfer land, or other real estate, and after one year's residence be deemed a free citizen. N. C, 426. Naturalization of foreigners allowed. N. Y., (1777), 3.3. — That all political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit ; and that, therefore, they have at all times an inalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform or abolish their form of government in such manner as they may deem expedient. Ala. 72 ; (substantially similar), Ark: 8i;Ct. 107; Ft. 129. RIGHT OP TRL\L; TRIAL BY JURY. (1) [Thus far in Constitution of 1821, with the follow- ing addition :] " And no new court shall be instituted, but such as shall proceed according to the course of the common law ; except such courts of equity, as the Legislature is herein authorized to establish." P. 41. (2) [Similar provision], jY T., (1777), and Mimi., 319; Mich., 307; Mv. 379. — Tlie Legislative Assembly shall so provide that the most competent of the permanent citizens of the county shall be chosen for jurors; and outof the whole number in attendance at the court, seven shall be drawn by lot as grand jurors, five of whom must concur to find an indictment; but the Legislative Assembly may modify or abolish grand juries. Or., 454. — The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate ; and shall extend to all cases at law, without regard to the amount in controversy ; but a jury trial may bo waived by the parties in ad eases, in the manner prescribed by law. Wis. 500. — That the inhabitants of are entitled to the common law of England, and the trial by jury according to the course, of that law, and to the benefit of such of the English statutes as existed on the fourth day of July, seventeen hundred and seventy-six, and which, by experience, have been found applicable to their local and other circumstan- ces, and have been introduced, used and practiced by the courts of law or equity, and also of all acts of Assembly in force on the first day of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-four, except such as may have since expired or may be inconsistent with the provi- sions of this Constitution, subject, nevertheless, to the revision of and amendment or repeal by the Legislature of this State ; and the inhabitants are also entitled to all property derived to them from or under the charter granted by His Majesty Charles the First. Md., 253. — That no person shall be accused, arrested, or detained, except in cases ascertained by law, and according to the forms which the same has prescribed ; and that no person shall be punished, but by virtue of a law established and promulgated prior to the oflTense, and legally applied. Ala., 73. — That the right of trial by jury shall remain invio- late; and .shall extend to all cases at law, without regard to the amount in controvers}'. III., 165. ■ — That the trial of facts where they arise is one of the greatest securities of the lives, liberties and estate of the people. Md , 254. — No person shall be held to answer for treason, felony or other crime not cognizable by a justice, unless on presentment or indictment of a grand jury. IK Va., 547. — The Legislature may authorize a trial by a jury of a less number than twelve men. Mich., 304. — No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or properly, except by due process of law. Ga., 142. — In criminal prosecutions, the verification of facts, in the vicinity where they happen, is one of the greatest securities of the life, liberty and property of the citizens. Mas.i., 251. — That the ancient mode of trial by jury shall be held sacred, and the right thereof remain inviolate, subject to such modifications as may be authorized by this Constitution. Kij., 223. — The Jurors of this State shall be white men, pos- sessed of such qualifications as may be prescribed by law. Fl, 140. — Trials of issues proper for the cognizance of a jury, in the Supreme and County Coui'ts, shall be by jury, except where the parties otherwise agree; and great care ouglit to be taken to prevent corruption, or partiality, in the choice and return, or appointment of juries. 'Vt., 526. — Tliat no person shall be debarred from prosecuting or defending, before any tribunal in this State, by liimself or counsel, any civil cause to which lie is a party. Ala., 73. — Every court in which ary person shall bo sum- moned to serve as a gi'and or petit juror, shall require him, before he is sworn as a juror, to take such oath, in open court; and no person refusing to take the same shall serve as a juror. Mn., 350. — No line shall be laid on any citizen of this State, that sliall exceed fii'ty dollars ; unless it shall be assessed by a jury of his peers, who shall assess the fine at the time they find the fact, if they think the fine should be more than fifty dollars. Tenn , 497. — In all cases of law or equity, where the matter in controversy shall be valued at or exceed twenty dol- lars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved. Tex, 512. — That no freeman shall bo imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties, or privileges,, or outlawed or exiled, or in any manner deprived of liis life, liberty, or property, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land. ///., 166; Md., 255; (nearlv similar), N. C. 422; Tex. 506. — Tliat when any issue in fact, proper for the cogni- zance of a jury, is joined in a court of law, the parties have a right to trial by jury, which ought to be held sacred. Vt., 522. — No person shall bo held to answer for an offense unless on the presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in eases of impeachment, or in eases cognizable by justices of the peace, or arising in the army or navy, or in the miUtia when in actual ser- vice in time of war or pul)lic danger. Me., 240 ; X. J., 412; li. I., 473; Provided, That Justices of the Peace shall try no person, except as a court of inquiry, for any offense punishable with imprison- ment or death, or fine above one hundred dollars. III. 160. — That no ! iceman shall be put to answer any criminal charge but by presentment, indictment, or impeachment. Tenn., 491 ; N. C, 422. — Tlio trial of crimes and misdemeanors, unless here- in otherwise provided, shall be by jury, and sliall be held publicly and without unreasonable delay, in the county where the alleged offense was committed, unless upon petition of the accused and for good cau.se shown, or in consequence of the existence of war or insurrection in such county, it is removed to, or instituted in, some other county. In all such trials the accused shall be informed of the character and cause of the accusation, and be confronted with the witnesses against him, and shall have the assistance of counsel for his defense, and compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. W. Va., 547. — In all criminal ca.ses whatever the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts. Ind., 170. Under the direction of the court as to the law, and the right of new trial, as in civil cases. Or., 448. — In all controversies concerning property, and in all suits between two or more persons, except in cases in whicli it has heretofore been otherways u,sed and practiced, the parties have a right to a trial by jury ; and this method of procedure shall be held sacred, unless, in causes arising on the high seas, and such as relate to mariners' wages, the Legislature shall hereafter find it necessary to alter it. Mass. 281. — Every man being presumed innocent, until he is pronouncL'd guilty by the law, no act of severity which is not necessary to secure an accu.sed person shall be permitted. R. 1 , 473. — The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate; .4/a., 73; Ct , 108; but the General Assembly may authorize trial by a jury of a less number than twelve men in inferior courts; Keb., 370; but no person shall be deprived of lile, liberty, or property, with- out due process of law. Iowa, 183. — That every freeman restrained of his liberty is entitled to a remedy, to inquire into the lawfulness thereof, and to remove the same, if unlawful ; and that such remedy ought not to be denied or delayed. N. a, 422. — Every person is entitled to a certain remedy in the laws, for all injuries or wrongs which he may receive in his person, property, or character ; he ought to obtain justice freely and without being obliged to purchase it ; completely and without denial ; promptly and without delay, conformably to the laws. Mill. 319; N. H., 899; R. I., 473; 'Vt, 521; Wis., 560. — The Legislature shall provide by law a suitable and impartial mode of .selecting juries ; and their usual number and unanimity, in indictments and convic- tions, shall be held indispen.sable. Me., 240. — That no freedman shall be convicted of any crime, but by the unanimous verdict of a jury of good and lawful men, in open court, as heretofore used. N. a, 422. — In all civil suits, and in all controversies concerning property, tlie jiarties shall have a right to a trial by jury, except in cases where it has heretotbre been otherwise practiced; the party claiming the right may be heard by himself and his counsel, or either, at his election. Me., 240. — It is essential to the preservation of the rights of every individual, his life, liberty, property and char- acter, that there be an impartial interpretation of tlie laws and administration of justice. It is the rio-lit of every citizen to bo tried by judges as free, impar- tial and independent as the lot of humanity will admit. It is, therefore, not only the best policy, but for the security of the rights of the people, and of every citizen, that the Judges of tlie Supreme Judi- cial Court should hold their offices as long as they behave themselves well, and that they should have honorable salaries ascertained and established by standing laws. Miss., 282. — That no person shall be put to answer any crimi- nal charge, but by presentment, indictment or impeachment, except in sucli cases as tlie Legislature sliall otherwise provide ; but the Legislature shall pass no law whereliy any person shall be required to answer any criminal charge involving the life of the accused, e.xeept upon indictment or presentment by a Grand Jury. Fl., 129. — In every criminal prosecution, the accused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial by an im- partial jury, which may consist of less than twelve men in all courts not of record ; to be informed of the nature of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnes.ses in his favor, and have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Mich., 307. — That, in all criminal prosecutions, the accused has a right to be heard by himself and counsel, to demand the nature and cause of the accusation, to have a copy thereof, to be confronted by the witnesses against him, to have compuKsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and, in all prosecutions by indictment or information, a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the county or district in which the oflense was committed; and that he shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor be de- prived of his life, liberty or property, but by due course of law. Ala., 73; (nearly .similar), A'y., 223. --That all courts shall be open; and that every per- son, for any injury done him, in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall have a remedy by due course of law, and right and justice administered, without sale, denial or delay. Ala., 73 ; Ki/., 223. — The statutes of limitations shall not be pleaded upon any claim in the hands of any person whom- soever, not sued upon when such claim was not barred by the statutes of limitation on the 10th day of January, 1861. Fl, 141. 6 — No law of this State providing that claims or demands against the estates of decedents shall be barred if not presented within two years, shall be considered as being in force within tliis State between tlie lOtli day of January, 18G1, and the 25th day of October, 1865. FL, 141. — In all criminal prosecutions and in cases involving the life or liberty of an individual, the accused shall have a right to a speedy and pubhc trial by an impar- tial jury ; to be informed of the accusation against him : to have a copy of the same when demanded ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for his witnesses ; and to have the assistance of counsel. Neb., 370. — That in all prosecutions for criminal offenses, a per- son hath a right to be heard, by him.sclf and his coun- sel ; to demand the cause and nature of his accusa- tion ; to be confronted with the witnesses ; to call for evidence in liis fivvor, and a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the country, without the unani- mous consent of which jury, he cannot be found guilty ; nor can he be compelled to give evidence against himself; nor can any person be justly deprived of his liberty except by the laws of the land, or the judgment of his peers. 17., 5li2. — That, in controversies respecting property, and ni suits between man and man, the ancient trial by jury of twelve men is preferable to any other, and ought to be held sacred. Va.. 532. — In suits at common law, where the value in con- troversy exceeds twenty dollars, the right of trial Ijy jury, if required by either party, shall be preserved. No fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-exam- ined in any ease thaii according to the rules of the common law. W. Va., 547. —The trial by jury, as heretofore used in this State, and the liberty of tlie press, shall be forever inviola- bly preserved. But the General Assembly shall have power to determine the number of persons who shall constitute the jury in the inferior and District Courts. S. a, 488. — No person shall be taken, or imprisoned, or dis- seized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or out- lawed or exiled, or in any manner deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by due process of law; nor shall any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, ever be passed by the General Assembly. S. C, 487. — That no freeman shall bo taken or imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or out- lawed or exiled, or in any manner destroyed or deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land. Tenn., 491. —No person, in time of peace, shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law. W. Va., 547. — In Older to reap the fullest advantage of the ines- timable privilege of the trial by jury, great care ought to be taken that none but qualified persons should be appointed to serve ; and such ought to [be] fully compensated for their travel, time and attendance. JV: //., 400. — That no person can, for an indictable offense, be proceeded against criminally by information, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the mihtia when in actual service in the time of war or public danger, or by leave of court, for oppression or misdemeanor in ofhce. Mo., 347. — That in all controversies at law, respecting property, the ancient mode of trial by jury is one of the best securities of the rights of the people, and ought to remain sacred and inviolable. N. C, 422. — The right of trial by jury shall be secured to all, and remain inviolate forever ; but a jury trial may be waived by the parties in all civil cases, in the manner to be described by law ; and in civil caiios if three- fourths of the jury agree upon a verdict, it shall stand and have the same force and effect as a verdict by the whole jury : Provided, The Legislature, by a law passed by a two-thirds vote of all the members elected to each branch thereof, may require a unanimous verdict notwithstanding this provision. iVev., 379. — The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate ; but the Legislature may authorize the trial of civil suits, when the matter in dispute does not exceed fifty dollars, by a jury of six men. jV. J., 412. — In all controversies concerning property, and in all suits between two or more persons, except in cases in which it has been heretofore otherwise used and practiced, the parties have a right to trial by jury; and this method of procedure shall be held sacred, imless, in cases arising on the high seas, and such as relate to mariners' wages, the Legislature shall tliink it necessary hereafter to alter it. N. II., 400. — In criminal prosecutions, the trial of the facts in the vicinity where they happen is so essential to the security of the life, liberty and estate of the citizen, that no crime or offense ought to be tried in any other county than that in which it is committed; except in cases of general insurrection in any partic- ular county, when it shall appear to the Judges of the Superior Court that an impartial trial cannot be had in the county where the offense may be committed, and upon their report, the Legislature shall think proper to direct the trial in the nearest county in which an impartial trial can bo obtained. JV. //, 400. — That no person shall, for any indictable offense, be proceeded against criminally by information ; except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service, or by leave of the court, for misdemeanor in office. Provided, That the Legislature in case of petit larceny, assault, assault and battery, affray, riot, unlawful assembly, drunk- enness, vagrancy, and other misdemeanors of like character, may dispense with an inquest of a grand jury, and may authorize prosecutions before Justices of the PcKce, or such other inferior court or courts as may be established by the Legislature ; and the proceedings in such cases shall be regulated by law. J/(.s.s., 335 ; (nearly similar), Ala., 73. — No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense enless on the presentment or indictment of a grand jury except in cases of impeachment, or in cases cognizable by Justices of the Peace, or arising in the army or navy, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war, or public danger ; and no per- son for the same offense shall be put twice in jeopardy of punishment, nor shall be compelled in any crimi- nal case to be a witness against himself All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sure- tics, except for capital offenses, when the proof is evident or the presumption great; and the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require. Neb., 370. — The House of Delegates may inquire, on the oath of witnesses, into all complaint?, grievances and offenses, as the Grand Inquest of the State, and may commit any person, for any crime, to the public jail, there to remain until discharged by due course of law ; they may examine and pass all accounts of the State, relating either to the collection or expenditure of the revenue, and appoint auditors to state and adjust the same ; they m.iy call for all public or offi- cial papers and records, and send for persons whom they may judge necessary in the course of their inquiries concerning affairs relating to the public interest, and may direct all office bonds, which shall be made payable to the State, to be .sued for any breach thereof. Md., 262. 1 S 3. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, 2 without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed in this State to 3 all mankind ; (') and no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness 4 on account of his ojnnions on matters of religious belief; f) but the liberty of 5 conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentious- 6 ness, or to justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this State.(') (I). [The clause relating to incompetency of wit- nesses on account of religious belief, is not included in N. y. Constitution of 1821.] (2). Ltd., 170; Ohio, 432; S. C, 488. (3). Cal, 96 ; Cl., 107 ; J/ws., 334 ; JSfev., 379. [A preamble giving reasons]. N. K, (1777), 32. RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. — Congress shall make no law respecting an estab- lishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof U. &, 18. — That religion, or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence ; and, therefore, all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience ; and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love and charity towards each otlier. Va , 532. — That no person within this State shall, upon any pretense whatever, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worsliipping God in the manner most agreeable to his own conscience ; nor be hurt, molested or restrained in his religious profession, sentiments or persuasions, provided he does not dis- turb others in their religious worship. Ala., 72. — Tliat all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God ac(;ording to the dictates of their own consciences; and no man can, of right, be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his con- sent; that no human authority can, in any case what- ever, interfere with the rights of conscience; and that no preference shall ever be given to any religious establishment or mode of worship. Ark., 84 ; III., 1G5; T; 7m., 490; Pa., 467 : TVj-., 506; J/o., 346. — But nothing herein shall be construed to dispense with oaths and affirmations. Religion, morality and knowledge, however, being essential to good govern- ment, it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to pass suitable laws to protect every religious deno- mination in the peaceable enjoyment of its own mode of public worship, and to encourage schools and the means of instruction. Ohio, 432; A'ei., 371. — That no religion shall be established by law ; that no preference shall be given by law to any religious sect, society, denomination, or mode of worship, that no one shall be compelled by law to attend any place of worship, nor to pay any tithes, taxes, or other rate, for building or repairing any place of worship, or for maintaining any minister or ministry; that no religious test shall bo required as a qualification to any office or public trust under this State ; and that the civil rights, privileges and capacities of any citi- zen shall not be in any manner affected by his reli- gious principles. Ala., 72. — That no other test or qualification ought to be required on admission to any ofliee of trust or profit than such oath of allegiance and fidelity to this State and the United States as may be prescribed by this Constitution, and such oath of office and qualification as may be prescribed by this Constitution, or by the laws of the State, and a declaration of belief in the Christian religion, or in the existence of God, and in a future state of rewards and punishments. Md., 25. — That the civil rights, privileges or capacities of any citizen shall in no wise be diminished or enlarged on account of his religion. Ark., Si; Kt/., 223. — The right to worship God according to the dic- tates of conscience shall never be infringed ; nor shall any person be compelled to attend or support any form of worship ; nor shall any control of, or interference with, the rights of conscience be per- mitted ; nor any preference be given by law to any religious establishment or mode of worship. No religious test or property qualification shall be required for any office of public trust, nor for any vote at any election ; nor shall any person be incom- petent to testify on account of religious belief Kan., 187. — And whereas, the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God, and the cure of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their functions ; therefore, no minister of the gcspel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall at any time hereafter under any pretense or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or mditary office or place within this State. N. Y., (1777), 33, (1821,) 41. — Therefore no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatever, shall be eligible to a seat in either House of the Legislature. Tenn.. 498 ; (similar provision), /^a., 229 ; ^V. C, 425 ; Ta.,'536. — No liccn.sed minister of the Gospel shall be required to perform military duty, work on roads, or serve on juries in this State, rec, 514. — No sectarian instruction shall be imparted or tol- erated in any school or university that may be estab- lished under this Constitution. Nev., 391. ■ — Tlierefore no minister of the gospel, or public preacher of any religious persuasion, whilst he con- tinues in the exercise of his pastoral functions, shall be eligible to the office of Governor, Lieutenant- Governor, or to a seat in the Senate or House of Representatives. S. C, 484; Tfec., 509. — The Legislature shall not diminish or enlarge the civil or jjolitical rights, privileges and capacities of any person on account of his opinion or belief con- cerning matters of religion. Mich., 304. — No man shall lie compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever ; nor shall any man be enforced, restrained, molested or burdened in his body or goods, or otherwise suffer, on account of his religious belief; but all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion, and the same shall in no wise affect, diminish or enlarge their civil capacities. And the Legislature shall not prescribe any religious test whatever ; or confer any peculiar privileges or advantages on any sect or denomina- tion ; or pass any law requiring or authorizing any religious society, or the people of any district within this State, to levy on themselves or others, any tax for the erection or repair of any house for public worship, or for the support of any church or ministry ; but it shall be left free to every person to select his religious instructor, and to make for hi.s 8 support, such private contract as he shall please. Fa., 537 ; TK Va., 547. — The militia of this State shall, at all times here- after, be armeil and disciplined, and in readiness for service; but all such inhabitants of this State, of any religious denomination ■whatever, as from scruples of conscience, may be adverse to bearing arms, shall he excused therefrom by paying to the State an equiva- lent in money ; and the Legislature shall provide by law for the collection of such equivalent, to be esti- mated according to the expense, iu time and money, of an ordinary, able-bodied militia-man. N. Y., (1821), 41. — Among the natural rights, some are in their very nature unalienable, because no equivalent can bo given or received for them. One of this kind arc rights of conscience. K. II., 398. —No person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness on account of his opinions on matters of religious belief Mich., 307. — As the public worship of God, and instructions in piety, religion and morality, promote the happiness and prosperity of a people, and the securit)' of a republican government, therefore the several religious societies of this Commonwealth, whether corporate or unincorporate, at any meeting legally warned and holden for that purpose, shall ever have the right to elect their pastors or religious teachers, to contract with them for their support, to raise money for erect- ing and repairing houses for public worship, for the maintenance of religious instruction, and for the pa\-- ment of necessary expenses; and all per.sons belonging to any religious society shall be taken and held to be members, until they shall fde with the clerk of such society a written notice declaring the dissolution of tlieir membership, and thenceforth shall not be liable for any grant or contract which may be thereafter made or entered ir.to by such society ; and all relig- ious sects and denominations, demeaning themselves peaceably, and as good citizens of the Connnonwcalth, shall be equally under the protection of tlielaw ; and no subordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall ever be eslabli.shed by law. Mass., "iOG. — That there shall be no establislunent of any one religious church or denomination in this State in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretense whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judg- ment, nor be obliged to pay for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, con- trary to what lie believes right and has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform ; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship : Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed io exempt preachers of treasonable or seditious discourses from legal trial and punish- ment. N. a, 425. — That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences; that no man shall be com- pelled to attend, erect or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent; that no human authority ought, in any case whatever, to control or interfere with the rights of conscience; and that no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious societies or modes of worship. Ky., 223. — -Perfeci freedom of religious sentiment, be and the same is hereby secured, and no mliabitant of this State, shall ever be molested in person or property^ nor prohibited from holding any public ofBce or trust on account of his religious opinion. Oa., 142. — That no person shall be molested for his opinions on iiny subject whatever, nor suffer any civil or poli- tical incapacity, or acquire any civil or political advantages, in consequence of such opinions, except in cases provided for in this Constitution. Mi^s. 334. — All men shall be secured in the natural right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences. Ind., 170 ; J/e., 239; Or, 447. — And no one shall be hurt, molested or restrained in his person, liberty or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dic- tates of his own conscience, nor for his religious professions or sentiment.s, provided he does not dis- turb the public peace, nor obstruct others in their religious worship ; — and all persons demeaning them- selves peaceably, as good members of the State, shall be equally under the protection of the laws, and no subordination nor preference, of any one sect or denomination to another, shall ever be established by law, nor shall any religious test be required as a qualification for any office or trust under this State ; and all religious societies in this State, whether incor- porate or unincorporate, shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their public teachers, and contracting willi them for their support and main- tenance. Me., 239. — No law shall, in any case whatever, control the free exercise and enjoyment of religious opinions, or interfere with the rights of conscience. Ind., 170; Or., 447. — Nor can any man, who is conscientiously scru- pulous of bearing arms, be justly compelled thereto, if he will pay such equivalent. A"! II., 399 ; (nearly similar), Ala., 74; Tex., 514; III, 1C3 ; Ind, 180; Vt., 522. — The Legislature shall pass laws, exempting citizens belonging to any sect or denomination of religion the tenets of which are known to be opposed to the bearing of arms, from attending private and general musters. Tenn., 408. — That no person who acknowledges the being of _ God and a future state of rewards and punishments, shall, on account of his religious sentiments, be dis- qualified to hold any office or place of trust or profit under this Commonwealth. I'a., 467. — No person who shall deny the being of God, or the truth of the Christian religion, or the divine authority of tlie old or new Testament, or wlio shall hold religious principles incompatible with the freedom or safety of the State, shall bo capable of holding any ollicc or place of trust or profit in the civil depart- ment within this State. N. C., 430. — No person wlio denies the being of a God shall hold any office in the civil department of this State, nor be allowed his oath in any court. Ark., 93; [Tenn., 498]. — No person who denies the being of a God, or a future state of rewards and jiunishments, shall hold any office in the civil department of this State. Miss., 342. — No contract of marriage, if otherwise duly made, shall be invalidated for want of conformity to the requirements of any religious sect. Cal., 104. — It being the duty of all men to worship the Supreme Being, the Great Creator and Preserver of the universe, and their right to render that worship in the mode most consistent with the dictates of their conscience, no person shall by law be compelled to join or support, or be classed with or associated to any congregation, church, or religious association. But every person now belonging to such congrega- tion, church, or religious association, shall remain a member thereof until he shall liave separated himself therefrom in the manner hereinafter provided. And each and every society or denomination of Christians in this State sliall have and enjoy the same and equal powers, rights and privileges, and shall have power and authority to support and maintain the ministers or teachers of their respective denominations, and to build and repair houses for public worship by a tax on the members of any such society only, to be laid by a major vote of the legal voters assembled at any society meeting, warned and held according to law, or in any other manner. Cl., 112. — If any person shall choose to separate himself from the society or denomination of Christians to which he may belong, and shall leave a written notice thereof with the clerk of such society, he shall thereupon bo no longer liable for any future expenses which may be incurred by said society. Ct., 1 12. — That all men have a natural and inalienable right 9 to -worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own conscience, [K C, 722,] and that no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious establishment or mode of worship in this State. Fl., 124. — The Legislature shall pass no law to prevent any person from worshipping Almighty God according to the dictates of his own conscience, or to compel any person to attend, erect or support any place of relig- ious worship, or to pay tithes, taxes or other rates for the support of any minister of the Gospel or teacher of religion. Mich., 307. — Although it is the duty of all men frequently to assemble together for the public worship of the Author of the Universe, and piety and morality, on which the prosperity of communities depends, are thereby promoted ; yet no man shall, or ought to be com- pelled to attend any religious worship, to contribute to the erection or support of any ]ilace of worship, or to the maintenance of any ministry, against his own free will and consent, and no power shall or ought to be vested in or assumed by any magistrate, that. shall in any case interfere with, or in any man- ner control the rights of conscience, in the free exercise of religious worship : nor shall a preference be given by law to any religious societies, denomina- tion or modes of worship. Del, 1 IC. — The General Assembly .shall make no law respect- ing an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; nor shall any person be ccm- pelled to attend any place of worship, pay tithes, taxes, or other rates for building or repairing places of worship, or tlie maintenance of any minister or ministry. loiva, 183. — No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office, or public trust, under tliis State. Del, 116; III, 165; Ind., 170; Iowa, 183; Or., 447; Ohio, 432 ; K J., 912 ; Neb., 371 ; Tex., 505 ; Teyin., 490 ; Win., 5G0. — Tliat every gift, sale or devise of land, to any min- ister, public teacher or preacher of the Gospel, as such, or to any religious sect, order or denomination, or to or for the support, use or benefit of, or in trust for any minister, public teacher, or preacher of the Gospel, as such, or any religious sect, order or denom- ination, and every gift or sale of goods or chattels to go in succession, or to take place after the death of the seller or donor, to or for such support, use or benefit ; and also, every devise of goods or chattels, to or fur the support, use or benefit of any minister, public teacher or preacher of the Gospel, as such ; or any religious sect, order or denomination, without the prior or subsequent sanction of the Legislature, shall be void ; except always any sale, gift, lease or devise of any quantity of land not exceeding five acres, for a church, meee ting-house or other house of wor- ship, or parsonage, or for a burying-ground, which shall be improved, enjoyed or used only for such pur- pose, or such sale, gift, lease or devise shall be void. Md., 255. — Tliat every gift, sale, or devise of any land to any minister, public teacher, or preacher oi' the Gospel, as such, or to any religious sect, order or denomina- tion ; or to, or for the support, use or benefit of, or in trust for, any minister, public teacher or preacher of the Gospel, as such, or any religious sect, order or denomination ; and every gift or sale of goods or chattels to go in succession, or to take place after the death of the seller or donor, to or for the support, use or benefit ; and also every devise of goods or chattels, to or for the support, use or benefit of any minister, public teacher or preacher of the Gospel, as such, or any religious sect, order or denomination, shall be void ; except any gift, sale or devise of land to a church, religious society or congregation, or to any person or persons in trust, for the use of a church, religious society or congregation, whether incorpo- rated or not, for the u.ies and purposes, and within the limitations of the next preceding clause of this article. Mo., 347. — No money sliall be appropriated or drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious sect or 3 society, theological or religious seminary, nor shall property belonging to the State be appropriated for any such purpose. Mich., 304. — No preference shall be given by law to any chris- tian sect or mode of worship. Ct., 107. — No preference shall ever be given by law to Jiny religious sect, or mode of worship. Miss., 334. — No preference shall be given by law to any creed, religious society, or mode of worship ; no man shall be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry, against his consent. Ind., 170. — The rights, privileges, immunities and estates of religious societies and corporate bodies shall remain as if the Constitution of tliis State had not been altered or amended. Pa., 46G; Del, 125. — No ordained clergyman or ordained preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of hold- ing any civil oflice in the State, or of being a member of either branch of the Legislature while ho continues in the exercise of the pastoral or clerical functions. Del, 125. — That no person shall be compelled to erect, support or attend any place of worship, or maintain any min- ister of the Gospel or teacher of religion ; but what- ever contracts any person may enter into for any such object ought, in law, to be binding and capable of enforcement, as other contracts. Mo., 347. — No money shall be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious or theological institution. Ind., 170; Or., 447. — The Legislature may authorize the employment of a chaplain for the State prison ; [Mich., 303], but no money shall bo appropriated for the payment of any religious service, in either House of the Leg- islative Assembly. Or., 447. — If any person sliall declare that he has conscientious scruples against taking an oath, or swearing in any form, the said oath may be changed into a solemn affirmation, and be made by him in that form. Mo., 350. — The mode of administering any oath or affirmation .shall be such as may be most consistent with, and binding upon the conscience of the person to whom such oath or afiirmation may be administered. Ind. 170; 0;-., 447. — That the manner of administering an oath or affirmation to any person ought to be such as those of tlie religious persuasion, profession or denomina- tion of which he is a member, generally esteem the most elTectual confirmation by the attestation of the Divine Being. Md., 256. — Tlie manner of administering an oath or afTirma- tion shall be such as is most consistent with the con- science of the deponent, and shall be esteemed by the General Assembly the most solemn appeal to God. Ay., 220. — No person, while he continues to exercise the functions of a clergyman, priest, or teacher of any religious persuasion, society or sect, nor wliile he holds or exercises any office of profit under this Com- monwealth, or under tlie government of the United States, shall be eligible to the General Assembly, except attorneys-at-law, justices of the peace, and militia officers : Provided, That attorneys for the Commonwealth, who receive a fixed annual salary, shall be ineligible. Ky., 212. — No person shall be deprived of any of his rights, privileges, or capacities, or disqualified from the per- fc^-mance of any of his public or private duties, or rendered incompetent to give evidence in any court of law or equity, in consequence of his opinions on the subject of religion ; and any party to any judicial proceeding shall have the right to use as a witness, or take testimony of, any other person not disqualified on account of interest, wlio may be cognizant of any fact material to the case ; and parties to suits may be witnesses, as provided by law. Iowa, 183. — That, as it is the duty of every man to worship God in such manner as he 'thinks most acceptable to him, all persons are equally entitled to protection in their rehgious liberty ; wherefore, no person ought, 10 by any law, to be molested in his person or estate, on account of his religious persuasion or profession, or for liis religious practice, miless under the color of religion any man shall disturb the good order, peace, or safety of the State, or shall infringe the laws of morality, or injure others in their natural, civil or reli- gious riglits ; nor ought any person to be conipelied to frequent or maintain, or contribute, unless on con- tract to maintain, any place of worship or any ministry ; nor shall any person bo deemed incompe- tent as a witness or juror who believes in the existence of a God, and that under his dispensation such person will be held morally accountable for his acts, and be rewarded or punished tlierefor, either in this world or the world to come. Md., 255. — It is the right as well as the duty of all men in society, publicly, and at stated seasons, to wor-ship the Supreme Being, the great Creator and Preserver of the universe. And no subject shall be hurt, molested or restrair.ed, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and sea- son most agreeable to the dictates of his own con- science ; or ior his religious profession or sentiments ; provided he doth not disturb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious worship. jl/a.ss., 280. — As the happiness of a people, and the good order and preservation of civil Government, essentially depend upon piety, religion and morality ; and as tJiese cannot be generally diffused through a commu- nity, but by the institution of the pubhc worship of God, and of public instructions in piety, religion and morality ; Therefore, To promote their happiness, and to secure the good order and preservation of thei» Government, the people of this Commonwealth have a right to invest their Legislature with ]iower to authorize and require, and the Legislature sliall, from time to time, authorize and require the several towns, parishes, precincts, and other bodies politic, or relig- ious societies, to make suitable provision, at their own expense, for the institution of the public worship of God, and tor the support and maintenance of pub- lic protestant teachers of piety, i-eligion and morality, in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily. Mast., 280. — The right of every man to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of his own conscience, shall never be infringed, tfor shall any man be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry, against his consent. Nor shall any control of, or intc-rference with the rights of conscience be permitted, or any preference be given by law to any religious establishments, or modes of worship. Nor shall any money be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of religious societies or relig- ious or theological seminaries. Wis., 5G0 ; (nearly similar), Min., 320. — And the people of this Commonwealth have also a right to, and do, invest their Legislature with author- ity to enjoin upon all the subjects an attendance upon the instructions of the public teachers aforesaid, at stated times and .seasons, if there be any on whose instructions they can conscientiously and conveniently attend. Mass., 280. Provided, noticithstanding. That the several towns, parishes, precinct.", and other bodies politic, or religi- ous societies, shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their public teachers, and of con- tracting with them for their support and maintenance. Mass., 280. — And all moneys, paid by the subject, to the suppo'rt of public worship, and of the public teachers afore- said shall, if he require it, be uniformly applied to the support of the public teacher or teachers of his own rehgious sect or denomination, provided there be any on whose instructions he attends ; otherwise it may be paid toward the support of the teacher or teachers of the parish or precinct in which the said moneys are raised. Mass., 280. — And every denomination of Christians, demeaning themselves peaceably, and as good subjects of the Commonwealth, shall be equally under the protection of the law ; and no subordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall ever be established by law. Mass., 280. — That no religious corpoi'ation can be established in this State ; except that by a general law, uniform throtighout the State, any church, or religious society, or congregation, may become a body corporate, for the sole purpo.se of acquiring, holding, using, and dis- posing of so much land as may be required for a house of public wor.ship, a chapel, a parsonage, and a burial ground, and managing the same, and con- tracting in relation to such land, and the buildings thereon, through a board of trustees, selected by themselves ; but the quantity of land to be held by any such body corporate, in connection with a house of worship or a parsonage, shall not exceed five acres in the country, or one acre in a town or city. Mo., 347. — There shall be no establishment of one religious sect in preference to another ; no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any oflioe or public trust; and no person shall be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles. N. J., 412. — As morality and piety, rightly grounded on evan- gelical principles, will give the best and greatest secur- ity to government, and will lay in the licarts of men the strongest obligations to due subjection ; and as a knowledge of these is most likely to be propagated through a society by the institution of the public worship of the Deity, and of public instruction in morality and religion ; therefore, to promote those important purposes, the people of this State have a right to empower, and do hereby fully empower the Legislature to authorize, from time to time, the several towns, parishes, bodies corporate, or religious societies within this State, to make adequate provisions, at their own expense, for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety, religion, and morality. N. 11, 399. — The rights, privileges, immunities and estates of both civil and religious societies and of corporate bodies, shall remain as if the Constitution of this State had n"t been altered or amended. »S'. C, 488. — No religious test or amount of property shall ever be required as a qualification for any office of public trust under the State. No religious test or amount of property shall ever be required as a qualification of any voter at any election in this State ; nor shall any person be rendered incompetent to give evidence in any court of law or equity in consequence of his opinion upon the subject of religion. Minn., 320. ■ — That all men have a natural and inahenable right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own con.sciences and understandings, as in their opinion shall be regulated by the word of God ; and that no man ought to, or of right can be compelled to attend any religious worship, or erect or support any place of worship, or maintain any ministry, con- trary to the dictates of his conscience ; nor can any man be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right as a citizen on account of his religious sentiments or peculiar mode of religious worship ; and that no authority can, or ought to bo vested in or assumed by any power whatever, that shall in any case inter- fere with or in any manner control the rights of conscience in the free exercise of religious worship ; nevertheless, every sect or denomination of Christians ought to observe tlie Sabbath or Lord's day, and keep up some sort of religious worship whicli to them shall seem most agreeable to the revealed will of God. Vt. 521. —But the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, nor to justify practices inconsistent with the good order, peace, or safety of the State, or with the rigiits of others, i/o. 34G; 5. C, 488. — Every individual has a natural and unalienable right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience and reason ; and no subject shall be hurt, molested or restrained in his person, liberty or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience, or of his religious profession, sentiments, or persuasion : 11 1 ^i. The privileges of the writ of Iwibeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless 2 when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require its suspension('). Provided, He doth not disturb the public peace, or disturb others in their religious worship. -.V //, 398. Provided notwithstanding, That the several towns, parishes, bodies corporate, or religious societies, shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their own public teachers, and of contracting with them for their support and maintenance. And no person, or any one particular religious sect or dcnom- mation shall ever be compelled to pay toward the sup- port of the teacher or teachers of another persuasion, sect or denomination. N. II., 399. — And every denomination of Christians demeaning themselves quietly, and as good subjects ol the State, shall be equally under the protection of the law ; and no subordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall ever be established by law. — And nothing herein shall be understood to affect any former contracts made for the support of the ministry ; but all such contracts shall remain and be in the same state as if this Constitution had not been made. N. IL, 399. — No person shall be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping Almighty God in a manner agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ; nor under any pretense whatever be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his faith and judg- ment; nor shall any person be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or other rates for building or repairing any church or churches, place or places of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or has deliberately and voluntarily engaged to perform. N. J., 412. — Whereas, Almighty God hath created the mind free, and all attempts to influence it by temporal punishment; or burdens, or by civil incapacitations, tend to beget habits of hypocrisy and meanness; and, whereas, a principal object of our venerated ancestors in their migration to this country and their settlement of this State, was, as they expressed it, to hold forth a lively experiment that a flourishing civil State may stand and be best maintained with full liberty in religious concernments ; we, therefore declare that no man shall be compelled to frequent or to support any religious worship, place or ministry whatever, except in fulfillment of his own voluntary contract; nor enforced, restrained, molested or bur- dened in his body or goods; nor disqualified from holding any of&ce ; nor otherwise suffer on account of his religious belief; and that every man shall be free to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, and to profess, and by argument to maintain, his opinion in matters of religion ; and that the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge, or affect his civil capacity. R. I., 473. — In order effectually to secure the religious and political freedom established by our venerated ances- tors, and to preserve the same for our posterity, we do declare that the essential and unquestionable rights and principles hereinafter mentioned shall be establislied, maintained, and preserved, and shall be of paramount obligation in all legislative, judicial, and executive proceedings. R. I., 472. — No charter of incorporation shall be granted to any church or religious denomination. Provision may be made by general laws for securing the title to church property, so that it shall be held and used for the purpose intended. 11'. Va., 557. — -The General Assembly shall not grant a charter of incorporation to any church or religious denomina- tion, but may secure the title to church property to an extent to be limited by law. Va., 518. — No person shall be rendered incompetent as a witness or juror in consequence of his opinions on matters of religion, nor be questioned in any court of justice touching his religious belief to affect the weight of his testimony. Or., 447. — No person shall be rendered incompetent to give evidence in any court of law or equity in conse- quence of his opinions on the subject of religion. Wis., 500. (1). U. S., 13; a: Y., (1821)42; Ala. 73; Ark., 84 ; Cal, 96 ; Del, 117; Oa., 142 ; PI, 1G6 ; Ind., 171 ; Kan., 197 ; La., 233 ; Mich., 304 ; Pa., 4G8 ; Mo., 347 ; Nev.. 379; A: /., 412 ; OWo, 432 ; Or., 448; S. C, 487; re«»., 491; Tfa;., 508 ; W. Fa., 540; Mss., 335. WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS — EX POST FACTO LAWS— EXEMPTION FROM SEIZ- URES AND SEARCHES. — The writ of habeas corpus shall in no case be sus- pended. It shall be a writ, issuable of right ; and the General Assembly shall make provision to render it a speedy and effectual remedy in all cases proper therefor. Vt., 529, — Retrospective laws are highly injurious, oppressive and unjust. No such laws, therefore, should be made, either for the decision of civil causes or the punish- ment of offenses. N. II., 400. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended ,or refused when apjjlication is made as required by law, unless in case of rebellion or invasion, the pub- lic safety may require it. Iowa, 184. ■ — The privilege and benefit of the writ of habeas corpus shall be enjoyed in this Commonwealth, in the most free, easy, cheap, expeditious and ample manner ; and shall not be suspended by the Legisla- ture, except upon the most urgent and pressing occasions, and for a limited time, not exceeding twelve months. Mass., 293 ; y. II., 410. — No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. U. S., 13; Ark.. 84; CW., 97 ; Iowa, 184; Me., 240; Min., 320; Neb., 371; Xev., 380; Miss., 335 ; Va., 537, nor vested rights be divested, unless for purposes of public utiHty, and for adequate compensation previously made. La., 234. That no CJ; pos( facto law, or law impairing the obligations of contracts shall ever be made. Ala., 73 ; Ark, 84 ; Cal, 97 ; Ft., 129 ; III, 160 ; Ind., 171 ; Iowa, 184; A'y., 224 ; La., 233 ; Me., 240; Va., 537 ; R. I, 473 ; Tenn., 491 ; Mich., 304 ; Pa., 408 ; Miss., 335; Mo., 348; Nev., 380; Tex., 506; Or., 448; TV. Va., 547 ; TI 'is., 560. — That retrospective laws punishing acts committed before the existence of such laws, and by them only declared penal or criminal, are oppressive, unjust and incompatible with liberty; wherefore no ra post facto law shall ever be made. F7., 129 ; X C, 422 ; Md., 254; Tenn., 497. — Ex post facto laws, laws impairing the obligation of contracts, and retroactive laws injuriously affecting any right oi^ the citizen, are prohibited. Ga., 142. — Laws made to punish for actions done before the existence of such laws, and which have not been declared crimes by preceding laws, are unjust, oppres- sive and inconsistent with the fundamental principles of a free government. Mass., 282. ■•—Writs of error shall never be prohibited by law. Wis., 561. — The writ of error shall be a writ of right in all capital cases, and shall operate as a supersedeas to stay the execution of the sentence of death until the further order of the Supreme Court in tlie premises. Xeb., 371. — The right of the people to be secure in their per- sons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable seizures and searches, shall not be violated ; and no warrant shall issue but on probable cause, supported by oath or afiirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons and things to 19 be seized. Cal., 97 ; Ga., 143 ; Ind., 170 ; Iowa, 183 ; Kan., 197; La., 233; ^/ss., 319; Neb., 371; iVeu., 380; a: J., 412; OAio, 433; Or., 447; iJ. /, 473; W. To., 547 ; Wis., 5G0. Every subject has a right to be secure from all unreasonable searches and seizures of his person, his houses, his papers, and all his possessions. All war- rants, therefore, are contrary to this right, if the cause or foundation of them be not previously supported by oath or affirmation, and if the order in the warrant to a civil officer, to make search in suspected places, or to arrest one or more suspected persons, or to seize their property, be not accompanied with a special designation of the persons or objects of search, arrest or seizure ; and no warrant ought to be issued but in cases, and with the formalities prescribed by the laws. Mass., 281. — No person 'shall be accused, arrested or detained, except in cases ascertained by law, and according to the form which the same has prescribed ; and no per- son shall be punished but in virtue of a law estab- lished and promulgated prior to the offi^nse, and legally applied. Miss., 335. — That the people shall be .secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions, from unreasonable seizures or searches ; and that no warrant shall issue to search any place, or to seize any person or thing, without describing them as nearly as may be, nor ■without probable cause, supported by oath or affirma- tion. Ala., 72; Ark.,%i; Ct, 107; Del, 116; Fl., 129; in, 165; Me., 239; Min., 335; Mo., 347; Pa., 467 ; Tex., 506. — That all warrants, without oath or affirmation, to search suspected places, or to seize any person or property, are grievous and oppressive ; and all gen- eral warrants to search suspected places, or to appre- hend suspected persons, without naming or describing the place, or the person in special, are illegal, and ought not to be granted. Md , 255 ; and that gen- eral warrants, whereby any officer may be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of the fact committed, or to seize any person or persons not named, whose ofTenses are not particularly described and supported by evidence, are dangerous to liberty, and shall not be granted. Ark., 84 ; lU., 165 ; (nearly similar), K C, 422; Va., 532; R, 522; Term., 490. Every subject has a right to be secure from all unreasonable searches and seizures of his person, his houses, his papers, and all his possessions ; There/ore, All warrants to search suspected places, or arrest a person for examination or trial, in prosecutions for criminal matters, are contrary to this right, if the cause or foundation of them be not previously sup- ported by oath or affirmation ; and if the order in a warrant to a civil officer, to make search in sus- pected places, or to arrest one or more suspected per- sons, or to seize their property, be not accompanied with a special designation of the persons or object of search, arrest or seizure, and no warrant ought to be issued but in cases and with the formalities prescribed by law. K H., 400. MILITARY RIGHTS AND RESTRICTIONS. — The military shall in all cases and at all times be kept in strict subordination to the civil power. Ark., 85; Cal,d6; Ct., 108; Del.,!!! ; Fl., 180; III, 1G6; Ind., 171 ; Iowa, 184; Ky., 224 ; Md., 255 ; Neb., 371 ; N. C, 422 ; Miss., 335 ; Or., 448 ; Pa., 468 ; W. Va., 547; Mich., 314; Min., 220; NX, 412; R. I, 474; Nev., 380; N. JJ, 400; S. C, 487 ; Tex., 500; WU., 561 ; Vt., 522. — The law martial shall be used and exercised in such oases only as occasion shall necessarily require. R. I., 474. — That every citizen has a right to bear arms in defense of himself and the State. Ala., 74. — Every citizen has a right to keep and bear arms for the common defense ; and this right shall never be questioned. Me., 240 ; Pa., 468. — That no standing army shall be kept up, without the consent of the General Assembly ; and in that case no appropriation for its support shall be for a longer term than one year ; and that the military shall, in all cases and at all times, be in strict subordi- nation to the civil power. Ala., 74. — That the rights of the citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the State shall not be questioned; but the General Assembly may pass laws to prevent persons from carrying concealed arms. Ky., 224. — The people have a right to keep and to bear arms for the common defense. And as, in time of peace, armies are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be maintained without the consent of the Legislature ; and the military power shall always be held in an exact subordination to the civil authority, and be governed by it. Mass., 281. — The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. R. I, 474. — That the free white men of this State shall have a right to keep and to bear arms for their common defense, ^rfe, 85; J/o., 346; Tenn., 492. — The people shall have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and the State. Cl., 108 ; Ind., 171; (of lawful authority of the State), Mo., 346; Miss., 335 ; Mich., 314; N. C, 422 ; Tex., 506 ; Vt, 522. — The people have the right to bear arms for their defon.se and security ; but standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, and shall not be tol- erated, and the mihtary shall be in strict subordina- tion to the civil power. Kan., 197; N C, 422; Or., 448; Ohio, 432. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar- tered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war. but in a manner prescribed by law. U.S., 18; Ala., 74; Ark., 85; Cal, 96; Ct., 108; Dd., 117; Fl, 130; lU., 166; Ind., 171 ; Iowa, 184 ; Kan. 197 ; Ky., 224 ; Me., 240 ; Md., 255 ; Mass., 282; Mich., 314; Miss., 335; Nev., 380; N. II., 400; N J., 412; Ohio, 433; Or., 448; Pa., 465; R. /., 474 ; Tenn. 492 ; Tex., 517. [By a civil magistrate]. Del. 117; iV: //., 399. — That no citizen of this State shall be compelled to bear arms, provided he will pay an equivalent, to be ascertained by law. Tenn., 492. • — That the military is, and in all cases and at all times, ought to be, in strict subordination to the civil power; that no soldier can, in time of peace, be quartered in any house witliout the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in such manner as may be prescribed by law ; nor can any appropria- tion for the support of an army bo made for a longer period than two years. Mo., 348. — No standing army shall be kept up by this State in time of peace. Cal, 96; Del, 111; Fl, 130; Iowa, 184; Kij., 224; Me., 240. —That standing armies are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be raised or kept up without the con.sent of the Legislature. Md., 255 ; N II., 400 ; Pa., 468 ; J/iis., 335; Fa., 533 ; A^eri., 380; 17., 522. — A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arm.s. shall not be infringed. Qa , 142 ; Va., 532. — That a well-regulated militia is the proper and natural defense of a free government. Md., 255 ; N. H., 400. — That the sure and certain defense of a free people is a well-regulated militia; and, as standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to freedom, they ought to be avoided, and as the circumstances and safety of the community will admit ; and that in all cases the military shall be kept in strict subordina- tion to the civil authority. Tenn., 491. SLAVERY— RIGHTS OF COLORED PERSONS. — Neither .slavery nor involuntary servitude, unless for the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the 13 United States, or any place subject to their jurisdic- tion. U. S., 20 ; [similar provision, with preambles and provisos, in some]. Ala., 74 ; III. ; Cal. 97 ; FL, 140; Ga., 143 ; III, IGG; Ind,, 171 ; loioa, 184; Kan., 197 ; La., 225 ; Mich., 314 ; Md., 2,55; Miss., 343 ; Mo., 3G4; A': C, 431; Ohio, 413; J/o.. 34G ; Wis., 559; iVei., 370; A'ey., 380; Tex., 518; Fa., 357; It. I., 473; r«ra., 503; J/m., 319; Oc, 459. — The Legislature shall make no law recognizing the right of property in man. La., 225. — No indenture of any negro or mulatto, made and executed out of the bounds of the State, shall be valid within the State. Iml, 171. [A Constitutional guaranty of right of property in the slave and its increase, and prohibition against their emancipation.] Ky., 221. — That no person can, on account of color, be dis- qualified as a witness; or be disabled to contract, otherwise than as others are disabled ; or be pre- vented from acquiring, holding and transmitting property; or be liable to any other punishment for any offense, than that imposed upon others for a like offense ; or be restricted in the exercise of religious worship ; or be hindered in acquiring education ; or be subjected, in law, to any other restraints or dis- qualifications, in regard to any personal rights, than such as are laid upon others under like circum- stances. Mo., 34G. — All contracts made with any negro or mulatto coming into the State, contrary to the provision of the foregoing section, shall be void ; and any person who shall employ such negro or mulatto, or otherwise encourage him to remain in the State, shall be fined in any sum not less than ten dollars nor more than five hundred dollars. 'Ind., 180. — Nor shall any male person arrived at the age of twenty-one years, nor female arrived at the age of eighteen years, be held to serve any person as a servant, under any indenture or contract hereafter made, unless sucli person shall enter into such inden- ture or contract while in a state of perfect freedom, and on condition of a bona fide consideration received or to be received for their services. Ark., 88. — Nor shall any indenture of any negro or mulatto hereafter made and executed out of this State, or if made in this State, where the term of service exceeds one year, be of the least validity, e.xeept those given in the case of apprenticeship, which shall not be for a longer term than until the apprentice shall arrive at the age of twenty-one years, if a male, or the age of eighteen years, if a female. Ark, 88. — The marriage relation between white persons and persons of African descent is forever prohibited, and such marriage shall be null and void ; and it shall bo the duty of the General Assembly to enact laws for the punishment of any officer who shall knowingly issue a license for the celebration of such marriage, or any officer or minister of tiie gospel who shall marry such persons together. Oa., 150. — It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, at its next session, and from time to time thereafter, to enact such laws as will protect the freedmen of this State in the fuU enjoyment of all their rights of per- son and property, and guard them against any evils that may arise from tlieir sudden emancipation. Ala., 78. — Be it ordained, that on and after the ratification- of the Constitution, no person, save under the military arm of the Federal government, sliall be permitted to bring within the limits of this State any indentured or freed negro or mulatto ; nor shall any negro or mulatto not now in the State lie ever permitted to reside within its limits, save by authority of the government of the United States, or under some proclamation of the President. Ark., 95. — Afi-icans and their descendants shall be protected in their rights of person and property by appropriate li!gislation ; they shall have the right to contract and be contracted with ; to sue and be sued; to acquire, hold and transmit property ; and all criminal prose- cutions against them shall be conducted in the same manner as prosecutions for like ofienses against the white race, and they shall be subject to like penalties. Tex., 518. — Africans and their descendants shall not be pro- hibited, on account of their color or race, from testi- fying orally, as witnesses, in any case, civil or criminal, involving the right of injury to, or crime against any of them, in person or property, under the same rules of evidence that may be applicable to the white race ; the credibility of their testimony to be determined by the court or jury hearing the same ; and the Legislature shall have power to authorize them to testify as witnesses in all other cases, under such regulations as may bo prescribed, as to facts hereafter occurring. Tex., 518. — Any person who shall, after this Constitution shall have gone into effect, detain in slavery any person emancipated by the provisions of this Constitution, shall, on conviction, be fined not less than five hundred dollars nor more than five thousand dollars, or be imprisoned not more than five years ; and any of the judges of this State shall discharge, on habtas corpus, any person so detained in slavery. Md., 266. — The General Assembly shall pass no law, nor make any appropriation to compensate the masters or claimants of slaves emancipated from servitude by the adoption of this Constitution. Md., 264. — The General Assembly shall have no power to make compensation for emancipated slaves. Mo., 354. — The General Assembly shall, at the first session under the amended Constitution, pass such laws as will effectually prohibit free persons of color from immigrating to and settling in this State; and effect- ually prevent the owners of slaves from bringing them into this State for the purpose of setting them free. Ill, 169. — No negro or mulatto shall come into or settle in the State after the adoption of this Constitution. Ind., 180. — All fines which may be collected for a violation of the provisions of this article, or any law which may hereafter be passed for the purpose of carrying the same into execution, shall be set apart and appropri- ated for the colonization of sucli negroes and mulattoes and their descendants, as may be in the State at the adoption of this Constitution, and may be willing to emigrate. Ind., 180. — All the inhabitants of the State, without distinc- . tion of color, are free, and shall enjoy the rights of person and property, without distinction of color. FL, 140. — Persons emancipated by ordinance can not be apprenticed except in pursuance of laws. Mo., 362. — Courts of competent jurisdiction may apprentice minors of African descent on like conditions provided by law /or apprenticing white children. Fa., 537. — Nothing in this Constitution shall prevent the General Assembly from passing such laws in relation to the apprenticeship of minors, during their minority, as may be necessary and proper. III., 1G9. TREASON. —ATTAINDER. — BANISHMENT.— CONFISCATION OF ESTATES. — Treason against the State shall consist only in levy- ing war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. [Mo., 34S.] No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court. U. S., 16; Ala., 73; Ark., 93; Cal, 97; Ct, 113 ; Del, 121 ; FL, 140 ; Ind., 171 ; Iowa, 184 ; Kan., 197; K/., 219; Im., 233; Me., 240; Mich., 307; Mm., 342; M«.n., 319; Neb., 374; A''ei;., 380 ; N. J., 412; Or., 448; fex, 515 ; W. Fo,, 547 ; Ws., 560. — Treason shall be puni.shed, according to the charac- ter of the acts committed, by the infliction of one or more of the penalties of death, imprisonment, fine, or confiscation of the real and personal property of the offender, as may be prescribed by law. W. Va., 547. — No person shall be attainted of treason or felony by the Legislature. CL, 108; Ky., 224; Masf., 282; Mo., 348; Pa., 465; VL, 525. It 1 § 5. Excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive fines imposed('), nor 2 shall cruel and unusual ijunishments be inflicted ('), nor shall witnesses be 3 unreasonably detained^). — No conviction can work corruption of blood ; that there can bo no forfeiture of estate for any crime, except treason ; and tliat the estates of sucli persons as may destroy their own lives shall descend or vest, as in eases of natural death. Mo., 'US; Tenn., 491. — Tliat no attainder .f?.,217; Ca., 142;/oira, 184; Aan., 197 ; Me.. 240; Nev., 379; Neb., 370. (3). Fl, 129; Ind., 170; La., 233; Miss., 337; Mill., 317; Mo., 347; K C, 422; N.J., 412; Wis., 660; Va., 532; S. C, 488; K H., 400; Pa., 468; R. I., 473; Tenn., 491; Or., 448; Ohio, 432; Tex., 606 ; TT. Va., 547. EXCESSIVE BAIL.— PUNISHMENT FOR CRIMES. — That all prisoners shall be bailable by. sufficient securities, unless in capital oflenses, where the proof is evident or the presumption great. Ah.., 73 ; Arh., 84; Cal, 96; lU., 166; Iowa. 184; Kan., 197; Ky., 11\; Mich., 307; Ohio, 432; Pa., 4G8. — That all penalties shall be reasonable, and propor- tioned to the nature of the offense. Ark., 84 ; Ind -- 170; Hi., 166; ia., 233 ; J/c, 240 ; W. Fa., 547. — The true design of all punishment being to reform, not to exterminate mankind. ///., 166. — The penal code shall be founded on the principles of Reformation, and not of vindictive justice. Ind., 170; Or., 448. — And all prisoners, unless in execution, or com- mitted for capital offenses, when the proof is evident or presumption great, shall be bailable, by sufficient sureties ; nor shall excessive bail be exacted for bail- able offenses. — Sanguinary laws shall not be passed. Me., 240. — That sanguinary laws ought to be avoided as far as it is consistent with the safety of the State; and no law to inflict cruel and unusual pains and penalties ought to be made in any case, or at any time here- after. Md,, 254. — All courts shall be open, and every man for an injury done him in his reputation, person, movable or immovable possessions, shall have remedy by the due course of law [Tenn,, 506], and justice administered according to the very right of the cause and the law of the land, witliout sale, denial, or unrea.sonable delay or expense ; and every action shall be tried in tlie county in which it shall be commenced, unless when the judges of the court in wliich the cause is to be tried, shall determine tliat an impartial trial there- for cannot be had in that county. Del, 116. — No person shall be subject to corporal punishment under military law, except such as are employed in the army or navy, or in the militia when in actual service, in time of war, or public danger. Me., 240 ; Tenn,, 491. — All punishments ought to be proportioned to the offense. Or., 448; R. I., 473. — No wise Legislature will afli-^c the same punishment to the crimes of theft, forgery, and the like, which they do to those of murder and treason. Where the same undistinguishing severity is exerted against all offenses, the people are led to forget the real distinc- tion in the crimes themselves, and to commit the most flagrant with as little compunction as they do the lightest offenses. For the same reason a multi- tude of sanguinary laws is both impolitic and unjust; the true design of all punishments being to reform, not to exterminate mankind. N. II., 40t). — All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for capital offenses, when the proof is evi- dent, but this provision shall not be so construed as to prohibit bail after indictment found, upon an examination of the evidence by a Judge of the Supreme or District Court, upon the return of a writ of habeas corpus, returnable in the county where the offense is committed; [or to such other counties as the same may by consent of parties be made return- able]. Tex., 506. — All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for capital offenses, when the proof is positive or the presumption great ; [Mo., 347 ; Miss., 335 ; Nev., 379 ; N. C , 426; Or., 447] ; and when persons are confined on accusation for sucli offenses, their friends and counsel may at proper seasons have access to them. Del, 117. — All prisoners shall, before conviction, bo bailable, by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses, where the proof is evident, or the presumption great ; and the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be su.spended. unless when in case of rebellion or invasion, tlie public safety may require it, nor in any case but by the Legislature. Ci, 108; substantially similar, Fl, 129 ; Me., 240 ; R. L 473. — All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for capital offenses, where the proof is evident or presumption great ; or, unless after conviction for any offense or crime punishable with death or impris- onment at hard labor. La., 233. — No person, before conviction, shall be bailable for any of the crimes which now are or have been denominated capital offenses since the adoption of the Constitution, when the proof is evident or the presumption great, whatever the puni.shment of the crime may be. jl/e.,252. — No person can in any case be subjected to law- martial, or to any penalties or pains, by virtue of that law, except those employed in the army or navy, [ Vt., 522 ; N. II., 401], and except the militia in actual service, but by authority of the JiCgislature. Mass., 282. — In the construction of jails, a proper regard shall be had to the health of prisoners. Del, 117 ; Pa., 468. 16 1 § 6. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous 2 crime (except in cases of impeachment, and in cases of militia when in active (') 3 service ; and the land and naval forces in time of war, or which this State may 4 keep, with the consent of Congress, in time of peace, and in cases of petit larceny, 5 under the regulation of the Legislature), unless on presentment or indictment 6 of a grand jury ; and in any trial in any court whatever, the party accused 7 shall be allowed to appear and defend in person and with counsel as in civil 8 actious.f ) No person shall be subject to be twice put in jeopardy(^) for the same 9 offense ; nor shall he be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against 10 himself,(') nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due i)rocess of law ; 11 nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.(^) — Ko person arrested or confined in jail shall be treated with unnecessary rigor. Tenn., 491. — No commission of oyer and terminer or jail delivery shall be issued. Del, 117. — That no person, except regular soldiers, mariners, and marines in the service of this State, or militia when in actual service, ought in any case to be sub- ject to, or punishable by, martial law. Md., 255. IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT. No person shall bo imprisoned for debt [Tex., 50G] in any civil action on mesne or final process, unless in cases of fraud [Neb., 371 ; Ohio, 433 ; Kan., 197 ;] and no person shall be imprisoned for a militia fine in time of peace. C'al, 97 ; Iowa, 184. — That imprisonment for debt cannot e.xist in this State, except for fines or penalties imposed for viola- tion of law. Mo., 348. — No person shall be imprisoned for debt. Md., 246. — § 11. Imprisonment for debt shall not be allowed in this State, except when an allegation of fraud on the part of the debtor shall be clearly proved. Ark, 9.3. — In any action, or in any judgment founded upon contract, unle-ssjn cases of fraud; nor shall any per- son be imprisoned for a militia fine in time of peace. N. J., 412. — Except in cases of fraud or absconding debtors. Or., 448. — That the person of a debtor, when there is not strong presimiption of fraud shall not be detained in prison, after delivering up his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Miss. 335 ; Aj., 224. — That the person of a debtor, where there is not strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up his estate for the benefit of his creditor or creditors in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Ala., 73 ; Tenn., 491. That the person of a debtor, where there is not strong persumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up his estate for the benefit of his creditors in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Pa., 4G8 ; It. I., 473 ; VL, 526. — Shall not bo continued in prison after delivering up bona fide all his estate, real and personal, for the use of his creditors, in such manner as shall hereafter be regulated by law. — No person shall bo imprisoned for debt arising out of or founded on a contract expressed or implied. Mick, 307 ; Wis., 560. — Except in cases of fraud or broach of trust, or of moneys collected by jjublic officers, or in any profes- sional employment. No person shall be imprisoned for a militia fine in time of peace. Mich., 307. — The privilege of the debtor to enjoy tlie necessary comforts of life sliall be recognized by wholesome laws, exempting a reasonable amount of property from seizure or sale, for the payment of any debt or liability hereafter contracted. Wis., 560. — The privilege of the debtor to enjoy the necessary comforts of life shall be recognized by wholesome laws, exempting a reasonable amount of property from seizure or sale for payment of any debts or lia- bilities hereafter contracted ; and there shall be no imprisonment for debts except in cases of fraud, libel, or slander, and no person shall be imprisoned for a militia fine in time of peace. Nev. 380. — No person shall be imprisoned for debt in this State, but this State shall not prevent the Legislature from providing for imprisonment, or holding to bail persons charged with fraud in contracting said debt. A reasonable amount of property shall be exempt from seizure or sale, for the payment of any debt or liability ; the amount of such exemption shall be determined by law. Min., 320. — The person of a debtor shall not be detained in prison, after delivery, for the benefit of his creditors of all his estate, not expressly exempted by law from levy and sale. Oa., 143. — No person shall be imprisoned for debt, unless upon refusal to deliver up his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law, or in cases where there is strong presumption of fraud. Ill, 166. — The privilege of the debtor to enjoy the necessary comforts of life, shall be recognized by wholesome laws, exempting a reasonable amount of property from seizure or sale for the payment of any debt or liability hereafter contracted; and there shall be no imprisonment for debt, except in case of fraud. Ind., 170. (1) [Actual.] N. T., (1821) 42. (2) In every trial on impeachment or indictment, the party accused shall be allowed counsel as in civil actions. N. Y., (1821) 42. (3) Ind., 170 ; Kan., 197. Of life or limb. N. Y., (1821), 42; Ala., 73; Arh., 84; Fl. 129; III, 166; il/c, 240; rerett., 491; Miss., 335; Tex., 506; U. S., 16 ; Ky., 223. (4) This section was embraced in 1821, except as above noted. Also, Cat, 96 ; Nev., 360. (5) Ind, 170; Kan., 197; Md., 255; Mich., 307; W. Va., 547 ; Or., 447 ; U. S., 16. 16 SECOND TRIAL— RIGHT OF SPEEDY TRIAL. — That no person, after liaving been once acquitted by a jury, can, for the same offense, be again put in jeopardy of life or liberty ; but if, in any criminal prosecution, the jury be divided in opinion, the court before which the trial shall be had nuvy, in its discretion, discharge the jury, and commit or bail the accused for trial at the next term of said court. Mo., 347. — No person, for the same offense, shall be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall a person be again put upon trial for the same offense, after a verdict of not guilty ; and the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. Tex., 506. — No subject shall be liable to be tried, after an acquittal, for the same crime or offense. Nor shall the Legislature make any law that shall subject any person to a capital punishment (except for the govennnent of the army and navy, and militia in actual service) without trial by jury. iV. //., 399. — That no person shall for any indictable offense, be proceeded against criminally by information ; except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; or by leave of the court for oppression and misdemeanor in office. No person shall for the same oflense be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall any man's property be taken, or applied to public use, without the consent of his representa- tives, and without just compensation being made. Pa., 467. — No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense, unless on the presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases of impeachment, or in cases cognizable by Justices of the Peace, or arising in the army or navy, or in the militia wlicn in actual service in time of war or public danger; and no per- son for the same" offense shall be put twice in jeopardy of punishment, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses, when the proof is evident or the presumption great ; and the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when, in case of rebellion or inva- sion, the public safety may require. Wis., 560. — No person shall, after acquittal, be tried for the same oirense. All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses, when the proof is evident or presumption great. N. J., 412. — No person shall be put in jeopardy of life or liberty more than once for the same offense, save on his or her own motion for a new trial after conviction, or in case of a mis-trial. Oa., 142. — Prosecutions shall be by indictment or information. The accused shall have a speedy public trial, by an impartial jury of the parish in which the offense shall have been committed. He shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself; he shall have the right of being heard, by himself or counsel ; he shall have the right of meeting the witnesses face to face, and shall have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. He shall not be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense. La., 233. — No person shall for any indictable offense be pro- ceeded against criminally by information, except in cases arising in the land and naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or pub- lic danger, and no person shall be for the same oflense twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall any man's property be taken or applied to public use without the consent of his representatives, and with- out compen.sation being made. Del, 116. — In all criminal prosecutions the accused .shall have the right to a public trial by an impartial jury, in the county in which the offense shall have been com- mitted ; to be heard by himself and counsel ; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, and to have a copy thereof; to meet the wit- nesses face to face, and to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. Ind., 170 Kan., 197. — All offenses less than felony, and in which the pun- ishment does not exceed a fine of one hundred dollars, or imprisonment for thirty days, shall be tried sum- marily belbre a Justice of the Peace, or other officer authorized by law, on information under oath, with- out indictment or the intervention of a grand jury, saving to the defendant the right of appeal ; and no person shall be held to answer for any higher criminal oflense, unless on presentment or indictment by a grand jury, except in cases arising in the army or navy, or in the militia when in actual service, in time, of war or public danger. Iowa, 184. — All persons, for injuries suft'ered in person, reputa- tion, or property, shall have remedy by due course of law, and justice administered without delay. Kan., 197 ; substantially the same, Me., 240. — That every man, for any injury done to him in his person or property, ought to have remedy by the course of the law of the land, and ought to have justice and right freely without sale, fully without any denial, and speedily without delay, according to the law of the land. Md., 254. — Every subject of the Commonwealth ought to find a certain remedy, by having recourse to the laws, for all injuries or wrongs which he may receive in his person, properly or character. He ought to obtain riglit and justice freely, and without being obliged to purchase it; completely, and without any denial; promptly, and without delay, conformably to the laws. Mass., 281. — No jierson shall be debarred from prosecuting or defending any civil cause for or against him or her- self before any tribunal in this State, by him or her.sclf, or counsel or both. Miss., 335. — No subject shall be held to answer for any crime or offense until the same is fully and plainly, sub- stantially and formally described to him ; or be compelled to accuse or furnish evidence against him- self And every subject shall have a right to produce all proofs that may be favorable to himself; to meet the witnes.ses against him face to face, and to be fully heard in his defense by himself and counsel. And no subject shall be arrested, imprisoned, despoiled or deprived of his property, immunities or privileges, put out of the protection of the law, exiled, or deprived of his life, liberty, or estate, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land. N. II., 399. — No man in a court of common law, shall be com- pelled to give evidence criminating himself. R. I, 473. — That no freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed or exiled, or in any manner destroyed or deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the law of the land. /'7., 129. — That no man shall be put to answer any criminal charge, but by presentment, indictment or impeach- ment, except as hereinafter provided. Ark., 84. — No person shall be arrested, detained or punished, except in cases clearly warranted by law. Ct., 107. — In all criminal prosecutions the accu.scd shall have a right to be heard by himself and by counsel [or both. Fl.^ ; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted by the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process to obtain witnesses in his favor; and in all prosecutions by indictment or information [or presentment. /''/.], a speedy public trial by an impartial jury [of the county or district where the offense was committed. Ft.] He shall not be compelled to 'give evidence against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property but by due course of law. And no per.ereafter. W. Va., 557. — The Legislature shall have power to extend this Constitution and tho jurisdiction of this State over any territory acquired by compact with any State, or with the United States, the same being done by consent of the United States. La., 235. PERPETUITIES— MONOPOLIES. — That perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to tho genius of a republic, and shall not be allowed ; [A^ C, 422; Tenn., 491], nor shall any hereditary 1 §16. Ko purchase or contract for the sale of lands in this State, made since 2 the fourteenth day of October, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, 3 or which may hereafter be made, of, or with the Indians, shall be valid, unless 4 made under the authority and with the consent of the Legislature. 1 § 17. Such parts of the common law, and of the acts of the Legislature of 2 the colony of New York, as together did form the law of the said colony, on 3 the nineteenth day of April, one thousand seven hundred atul seventy-five, 4 and the resolutions of the Congress of the said colony, and of the Convention 5 of the State of New York, in force on the twentieth day of April, one thou- 6 sand seven hundred and seventy-seveu,(') which have not since expired, or been 7 repealed or altered, and such acts of the Legislature of this State as are now 8 in force, shall be and continue the law of this State, subject to such alterations 9 as the Legislature shall make concerning the same. But all such parts of the 10 common law, and such of the said acts or parts thereof as are repugnant to 11 this Constitution are hereby abrogated,f) and the Legislature, at its first session emoluments, privileges or honors, ever be granted or conferred in tliis State. Ark., 84:; FL, 130. — Nor shall the law of primogeniture or entailments ever be in force in this State. Tex, 506. — That monopolies are odious, contrary to the spirit of a free government and the principles of commerce, and ought not to be suffered. Md., 250. — That no hereditary emoUimcMts, privileges or honors, Bhall ever be gi-anted or conferred in this State. Miss., 335; Ohio, 433; Term., 4!)-2. — That no title of nobility, or hereditary emolument, privilege, or distinction, can be granted, ilo., 348. — No law shall be pasijed granting to any citizen, or class of citizens, privileges or immunities which, upon the same terms, shall not equally belong to all citi- zens. Or., 448. — The rights of primogeniture shall not be re-estab- lished, and there shall not fail to be some legislative provision for the equitable distribution of the estates of intestates. S. C, 488. — No perpetuities shall be allowed, except for elee- mo.synary purpose. Cal, 104; Ner., 392. — That the future Legislature of this State shall regulate entails, in such a manner as to prevent per- petuities, N. 0., 420 ; Vi., 52G. RIGHTS OF ALIENS. (1). N. Y., (1821) 4.3. — No distinction shall ever be made between citizens and aliens in reference to the purchase, enjoyment, or descent of property. Kan., 197 ; Neb., 371 ; Wii., 5G0. —Foreigners who ai-e, or who may hereafter become hcmafide residents of this State, shall enjoy the same rights in respect to the possession, enjoyment, and inheritance of property, as native born citizens. Out, J7; /owa, 184; JVei>., 380; Mc;i,314. — White foreigners, wlio are or may hereafter become residents of tiiis State, shall enjoy tlie same rights in •aspect to tlie possession, enjoyment and descent of property as native-born citizens. And the Legislative Assembly shall have power to restrain and regulate the immigration to this State of persons not qualified to become citizens of the United States. Dr., 448. CONTINUANCE OP LAWS AND GR.4NTS. (I). On this day the first Constitution went into operation. (2). Thus far in the Constitution of 1821, p. 43; sub.>Jt,anlially embraced in Constitution of 1777, 31. — All laws wliicli, on the (irst day of June, one thou- sand seven hundred and ninety-two, were in force in the State of Virginia, and which are of a general nature, and not local to that Stale, and not repugnant to tliis Constitution, nor to the Laws which have been enacted by the General A.ssembly of this Common- wealth, shall be in force within this State, until ihey shall be altered or repealed by the General .\.'Jsembly. — All laws and parts of liwsin force in the Territory at the time of the acceptance of this Constitution by Congress, not inconsistent with this Constitution, shall continue and remain in full force until they expire or shall be repealed. Kan,'li)\; W'/.'!,571. — All laws now in force in this State, and not repug- nant to this Constitution, shall remain and be in force, until altered or repealed by the Legislature or shall expire by tlieir own limitation. Me, 'J-19; Tern., 419. — All .statute laws of this StaU; now in force, not inconsistent with this Constitution, shall continue ia fo-ce untd they shall expire by their own limitation, or be amended or repealed by the General As.semhly ; and all writs, prosecutions, actions, and causes of action, except as hennn or otherwise provided, shall continue; and all indi^'tment-s which .shall have been found, or may hereafter \m; found, (or any crime or oQen.se committed before this (Jonsti ution takes effect, may be proceeded upon as if no change had taken place, except as hereinidter specified. Mn.. 302. — All laws in force in the Teiritory of Oregon when the Constitution takes efTect, and consistent there- with shall continue in f irce until altered or repealed. Or, 4(;0. — .\11 the laws of this State existing at the time of making this Con-titution, and not inconsistent with it, shall remain in force, unless they shall be altered by future laws; and all actions and prosecutions now pending shall proceed as if this ConstiVillia hid not been made. Del, 125. 26 12 after the adoption of this Constitution, shall appoint three Commissioners, 13 whose duty it shall be to reduce into a written and systematic code the whole 14 body of the law of this State, or so much and such parts thereof as to the said 15 Commissioners shall seem practicable and expedient. And tlie said Commis- IG sioners shall specify such alterations and amendments therein as they shall deem 17 proper, and they shall at all times make reports of their proceedings to the 18 Legislature, when called upon to do so; and the Legislature shall pass laws 19 regulating the tenure of office, the filling of vacancies therein, and the com- 20 pensation of the said Commissioners, and shall also provide for the publication 21 of the said code, prior to its being presented to the Legislature for adoption. — All fines, penalties, forfeitures, obligations and escheats, heretofore accruing to the State of , and not made unlawful by the Constitution or laws of the United States, shall continue to accrue to the use of the State. Fl, 140. —The General Assembly may grant aid to said dis- tricts out of the funds arising from the swamp and overflowed lauds, granted to the State by the United States for that purpose or otherwise. La., 236. — No person shall be prosecuted in any civil action or criminal proceeding, for or on account of any act by him done, performed, or executed, after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and sixty- one, by virtue of military authority vested in him by the government of the United States, or that of this State, to do such act, or in pursuance of orders re- ceived by him from any person vested with such authority ; and if any action or proceeding shall have heretofore been, or shall hereafter be, instituted against any person for the doing of any such act, the defendant may plead this section in bar thereof Me., 360. — AH the laws, which have heretofore been adopted, used and approved, in the Province, Colony or State of , and usually practiced on in the courts of law, shall still remain and be in full force, until altered or repealed by the Legislature ; such parts only excepted as are repugnant to the rights and liberties contained in this Constitution. Mass., 293. — All laws which have heretofore been adopted, used and approved in the province, colony or State, and usually practiced on in the courts of law, shall remain and be in full force until altered and repealed by the Legislature, such parts thereof only excepted, as are repugnant to the rights and liberties contained in this Constitution ; Provided, That nothing herein con- tained, when compared with the twenty-third article in the bill of rights, shall be construed to affect the laws already made respecting the persons or estates of absentees. N. H., 410. — All laws of this State, in force on the first day of September, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, and not inconsistent with this Constitution, shall continue in force until amended or repealed. Ohio, 444. — Nothing contained in this Constitution shall impair the validity of any debts or contracts, or affect any rights of property, or any 8bits, actions, rights of action, or other proceedings in courts of justice. Tenn., 499. — The common laws and statute laws now in force not repugnant to this Constitution, shall remain in force until they expiio of their own limitation, or be altered or repealed by the Legi.^lature ; and all writs, actions, causes of action, prosecution, contracts, claims, and rights of individuals and of bodies corpo- rate, and of the State, and all charters of incorpora- tion, shall continue, and all indictments which shall have been found, or which may hereafter be found, for any crime or offense committed before the adop- tion of this Constitution, may be proceeded upon as if no change had taken place. The several courts of law and equity, except as herein otherwise provided, shall continue with the like powers and jurisdiction as if this Constitution had not been adopted. N. J. 420. — Such parts of the common law as are now in force in the Territory of Wisconsin, not inconsistent with this Constitution, shall be and continue part of the law of this State until altered or suspended by the Legislature. Wk., 575. . — The compact with the State of Virginia, subject to such alterations as may be made thereiq agreeably to the mode prescribed by the said compact, shall be considered as part of this Constitution. Ky., 220. [Corresponding provisions in many States, with refer- ence to territorial grants, rights and privileges.] • — All laws of force in this State at the adoption of this Constitution, and not repugnant hereto, shall so continue until altered or repealed, except where they are temporary, in which case they shall expire at the times respectively limited for their duration, if not continued by act of the General Assembly. S. C, 487. ^The laws, public records and the judicial and legis- lative written proceedings of the State shall be pro- mulgated, preserved, and conducted in the language in which the Constitution of the United States is written. La., 233. REVISION OF THE LAWS. — At its first session, after the adoption of this Con- stitution, the General 'Assembly shall appoint not more than three persons, learned in the law, whose duty it shall be to revise and arrange the statute laws of this Commonwealth, both civil and criminal, so as to have but one law on any one subject; and, also, three other persons, learned in the law, whose duty it shall be to prepare a code of practice for the courts, both civil and criminal, in this Commonwealth, by abridging and simplifying the rules of practice and laws in relation thereto ; all of whom shall, at as early a day as practicable, report the result of their labors to the General Assembly, for their adoption or modi- fication. Ky., 221. — No general revision of the laws shall hereafter be made. When a reprint thereof becomes necessary' the Legislature, in joint convention, shall appoint a suitable person to collect together such acts and parts of acts a.'sare in force, and without alteration, arrange them under appropriate heads and titles. The laws so arranged shall be submitted to two commissioners 27 1 § 18. All grants of laud within this State, made by the king of Great 2 Britain, or persons acting under his authority, after the fourteenth day of 3 October, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, shall be null and void ; 4 but nothing contained in this Constitution shall affect any grants of land 5 within this State, made by the authority of the said king or his predecessors, 6 or shall annul any charters to bodies politic or corporate, by him or them made 7 before that day ; or shall affect any such grants or charters, since made by 8 this State, or by persons acting under its authority ; or shall impair the obli- 9 gation of any debts contracted by this State, or individuals, or bodies cor- 10 porate, or any other rights of property, or any suits, actions, rights of action, 11 or other proceedings in courts of justice.(') appointed by the Governor, for examination, and if certified by them to be a correct compilation of all general laws in force, shall be printed in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Mich., 314. — The Legislature, at its first session after the adop- tion of this Constitution, shall provide for the appoint- ment of three commissioners, whose duty it shall be to inquire into, revise and simplify the rules of prac- tice, pleadings, forms and proceedings, and arrange a system adapted to the courts of record of this State, and report the same to the Legislature, subject to their modification and adoption ; and such commis- sion shall terminate upon the rendering of the report, unless otherwise provided by law. Wis., 567. — The Legislature shall never adopt any system or code of laws by general reference to such system or code of laws ; but in all cases shall specify the several provisions of the laws it may enact. La., 234. — It shall also be the duty of the General Assembly, within five years after the adoption of this Constitu- tion, and within every subsequent period of ten years, to make provision by law for the revision, digesting and promulgation of all the public statutes of this State, both civil and criminal. Ala., 77. — Within five years after the adoption of this Con- stitution, the laws, civil and criminal, shall be revised, digested and arranged, and promulgated in such man- ner as the General Assembly may direct, and a like revision, digest and promulgation shall be made within every subsequent period of ten years. Ark., 93; nearly similar, Tex., 516. — The Legislature shall, as soon as conveniently may be, provide by law for ascertaining what statutes and parts of statutes shall continue to be in force within this State; for reducing them and all acts of the General Assembly into such order, and publishing them in such manner, that thereby the knowledge of them may be generally diffused ; for choosing Inspectors and Judges of elections, and regulating the same in such manner as shall most effectually guard the rights of the citizens entitled to vote ; for better securing personal liberty, and easily and speed- ily redressing all wrongful restraints thereof; for more certainly obtaining returns of impartial juries; for dividing lands and tenements in sales by Sheriffs, where they will bear a division, into as many parcels as may be without spoiling the whole, and for adver- tising and making the sales in such manner, and at such times and places as may render them most ben- eficial to all persons concerned ; and for establishing schools, and promoting arts and sciences. Del , 125. — The General Assembly, at its first session after the adoption of this Constitution, shall provide for the appointment of three Commissioners, whose duty it shall be to revise, simplify and abridge the rules, practice, pleadings and forms of the courts of justice. And they shall provide for abolishing the distinct forms of action at law, now in use, and that justice shall be administered in a uniform mode of pleading, without distinction between law and equity. And the General Assembly may also make it the duty of said Commissioners to reduce into a systematic code the general statute law of the State ; and said Com- missioners shall report the result of their labors to the General Assembly, with such recommendations and suggestions as to abridgment and amendment as to said Commsssiouers may seem necessary or proper. Provision shall be made by law for filling vacancies, regulating the tenure of office and the compensation of said Commissioners. Iiid., 177. — The Legislature shall provide for the speedy publi- cation of all strtute laws of a general nature, and such decisions of the Supreme Court as it may deem expedient; and all laws and judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person ; Provided, That no judgment of the Supreme Court shall take effect and be operative until the opinion of the court in such case shall be filed with the clerk of said court. Nev., 392. — The Legislature, in cases not provided for in this Constitution, shall prescribe by general laws the terms of office, powers, duties, and compensation of all public officers and agents, and the manner in which they shall be elected, appointed, and removed. W. Va., 548. (1) Substantially embraced in Constitution of 1777. 32. Identical with § 15, Article VII, Constitution of 1821. p. 43. DUELING. — Any citizen of this State who may hereafter be engaged either directly or indirectly in a duel, either as principal or accessory before the fact, shall forever be disqualified from holding any office under the Constitution and laws of this State. Iowa, 183. — [Oaths concerning dueling requu:ed of public officers], .ffy., 219. — [Prohibitions against the practice.] Ala., 77 ; Ct., 112; //id., 171; Z'an.,202; Ky.,220; Or., 449 ; Va., 537 ; W. Va., 548 ; Wis., 570. 28 FUNDAMENTAL PRTNCIPLES — RESERVA- TION OF RIGUTS. — A frequent recurrence to the AindaTnental princi- ples of the Constitution, and a constant adherence lo those of piety, jusiice, moderation, temperance, industry and frngality, are absolutely necessary to preserve the advantages of liberty, and to maintain a free government. Tlie people ought, consequently, to have a particular atten I ion to all tliose principles, in the choice of their ofScers and representatives; and they have a right to require of tlieir lawgivers and magistrates an exact and constant observance of them, in the formation and execution of the laws necessary for the pood administration of the Com- monwealth. Ma.'!.'!., 282 ; N B., 4U\ ; F<,523. — This enumeration of certain rights shall not bo construed to deny or dispaiage others retained by the people, [ n. S., 19]. and to guard against any encroach- ment on the rights hereby retained, or any transgres- sion of any of the high powers by this Constitution delegated, we declare, that everything in this article is excepted out of the general powers of govern- ment, and shall forever remain inviolate, and that all laws contrary thereto, or to the following provisions, shall be void. Ala, 74; Tr7in.. nOO. — The declaration of rights hereto prefixed, is declared to be a part of the Constitution of this State, and shall never be violated on any pretense whatever. Tenn , 500. — To guard against transgressions of the high powers ■which v\e have delegated, we declare, that every- thmg in this article is excejited out of the general powers of government, and shall forever remain inviolate ; and that all laws contrary thereto, or con- trary lo this Constitution, shall be void. Ay., 224; Mie.1., SM : Tenn., 500. — That a Irequent recurrence to fundamental princi- ples is absolutely neces.«ary to preserve the blessings of liberty. M., 130; HI, 160; A': C, 422. — The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the Slates respectively, or to the people. V. S., 19. — No law shall be passed, the taking eflfeet of which shall be made to depend upon any authority, except as provided in this Constitution. Jnd, 171; Or., 448. — Provide!, that laws locating the capital of the State, locating county seats, and submitting town and city corporate acts and other local and special laws, may take effect or not, upou a vote of the electors interested. Or , 448. — That no free government, or the bh ssings of liberty, can be preserved to any people, but by a firm adher- ence to justice, modenition, temperance, frugality, and virtue, and by a frequent recurrence to funda- mental principle.'!. F((., 532 ; lF/.s,5(il; A'' 6, 371. — Legislative acts in violation of the Constitution are void, and the judiciary shall so declare them. Ga., 142, — That no power of suspending laws or the execu- tion of laws, unities by or derived from the Legisla- ture, ought to be exercised or allowed. Md., 254: ifis.i, 335. — The power of su.=pending the laws, or the execu- tion of the law.s, ought never to be exercised but by the Legislature or by auihurity derived from ii to be exercised in such particular cases only as tlie Legis- lature shall expres Iv provide for. Mass, 282; N. C, 422; a;,//., 400; l>(., 522; Fa. 532. — No power of su.spending laws shall be exerc'.sed but by the authority of the Legislature. Di-l, 117; (Similar provisions) Ind.. 171; La., 233; Me., 240; OAt", 433; 0»-., 448; /"o., 468; TfeE, 506. — We declare, that everything in this article is reserved out of the general powers of government hereinafter mentioned. Det., 117. — The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not he construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people U. S, 19. — This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage otlieia retained by the people [Iowa, 184; JTara., 197; Afrf., 256; Mn.. 320; Neh., 371 ; Aeu., 380 ; N. J, 413 ; Ohio, 433 ; Or., 445 ; R. /., 474 1, and to guard against any encroachments on the rights herein retained, or any transgression of any of the higher powers herein delegated, we declare that everything in this article is excepted out of the general powers of the government, and shall forever remain inviolate; and that all laws contrary thereto, or to the other provisions herein contained, shall be void. Ark,9ih; Qa., 143. — The Legislature shall assemble for the redress of public grievances;, and for making such laws as the public good may require. A^. //., 4U0. — The declaration of the political rights and privi- leges of the inhabitants of this Slate, is hereby declared to be a part of the Constitution of this Com- monwealth, and ought not to be violated on any pretense whatsoever. Vt... 527. — That to guard against transgressions upon the rights of the people, we declare that everything in this article is excepted out of the general powers of government, and shall forever remain inviolate [Tex., 507]; and all laws to the contrary thereto, or to the following provisions, shall be void. FL, 130; (aualo- gous provisions) Pa., 468. * HOMESTEAD EXEMPTIONS. — The Legislature shall protect by law from forced sale a certain portion of the hom.'Stead and other propiirty of all heads of families. CaL, 104. — A homestead to the extent of one hundred and sixty acres of farming land, or of one acre within the limits of an incorporated town or city, occupied as a residence by the family of the owner, together with all the improvements on the same shall be exempted fi-om forced sale under any process of law, and shall not be alienated without the joint consent of both husband and wife, when that relation exists ; bu* no property shall be exempt from sale for taxes, or for the payment of obligatiims contracted for the purchase of said premises, or for the erection of improvements thereon; Provided, The provisions of this section shall not apply to any process of law obtained by virtue of a lien given by the consent of both husband and wife. Kan , 206. • — Laws shall be passed by the General Assembly to protect from execution a reasonable amount of prop- erty of a debtor, not exceeding in value the sum of five hundred dollars. Md., 204. — The per.sonal property of every resident of this State, to consist of such property only as shall be designated by law, shall be exempted to the amount of not less than five hundred dollars from sale on execution, or other final process of any court, issued for the collection of any debt contracted after the adoption of this Constitution. Mich., 313. — Every homestead of not exceeding forty acres of land, and the dwelling house thereon, and the appur- tenances to be selected by the owner thei eof and not included in any town plat, city, or village; or instead thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot in any city, village, or recorded town plat, or such parts of l()t,-< as shall be equal thereto, and the dwelling-house thereon and its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any resident of the State, not exceeding in value fifteen hundred dollar,'!, shall be exempt from forced sale on execution, or any other final process from a court for any debt contracted after the adoption of this Constitution. Such exemption shall not extend to any mortgage thereon lawfully obtained; but such mortgage or other alienation of such land, by the owner thereof, if a married man, shall not be valid without the signature of the wile to the same. Mich., 313. — The homestead of a family, after the death of the owner thereof, .«hall be exempt fi-om the payment of his debt-s, contracted after the adoption of this Con- stitution, in all cases, during the minority of his children. Mich., 313. 29 — If the owner of a homestead die, leaving a widow, but no children, tlie same shall be exempt, and the rents and profits thereof shall accrue to her benefit during the time of her widowhood, unless she be the owner of a homestead in her own right. Mich., 313. — A homestead as provided by law, shall be exempt from forced sale under any process of law, and shall not be alienated without the joint consent of husband and wife where that relation exists ; but no property shall be exempt from sale for taxes, or for the pay- ment of obligations contracted for the purchase of said premises, or for the erection of improvements thereon ; Provided, The provisions of this section shall not apply to any process of law obtained by virtue of a lien given by the consent of both liusband and wife ; and laws shall be enacted providing for the recording of such homestead within the county in which the same shall be situated. Nev., 383. — The homestead of a family not to exceed two hun- dred acres of land, (not included in a town or city) or any town or city lot or lots, in value not to exceed two thousand dollars, shall not be subject to forced sale for any debts hereafter contracted, nor shall the owner, if a married man, be at liberty to alienate the same, unless by the consent of the wife in such manner as the Legislature may hereafter point out. Tex., 516. — The Legislature shall have power to protect by law, from forced sale, a certain portion of the property of all heads of families. Tex.., 510. — The Legislature shall have power to provide by law for [exemption] from taxation, two hundred and fifty-dollars' worth of household furniture, or other property belonging to each family in tliis State. The., 516. — All property used exclusively for State, county, municipal, scientific, religious, benevolent, and chari- table purposes, and personal property to the amount of at least two hundred dollars for each family, shall be exempted from ta.xation. Kan., 214. PROPERTY OP MARRIED WOMEN. — All property, both real and personal, of the wife, owned or claimed by marriage, and that acquired afterward by gift, devise, or descent, shall be her separate property ; and laws shall be passed more clearly defining the rights of the wife, in relation as well to her separate property as to that held in com- mon with her husband. Laws shall also be passed providing for the registration of the wife's separate property. Cai, 104 ; A'eo., 383; Tex., 516. — The Legislature shall provide for the protection of the rights of women in acquiring and possessing property, real, personal and mixed, separate and apart from the husband ; and shall also provide for their equal rights in the possession of their children. Kan., 206. — The General Assembly shall pass laws necessary to protect the property of the wife from the debts of the husband during her life, and for securing the same to her issue after her death. Md., 266. — The real and personal estate of every female, acquired before marriage, and all property to which she may afterward become entitled, by gift, grant, inheritance or devise, shall be and remain the estate and property of such female, and shall not be liable for the debts, obligations, or engagements of her hus- band ; and may be devised or bequeathed by her as if she were unmarried. Mich., 313. — The property and pecuniary rights of every married woman, at the time of marriage, or afterward, acquired by gift devise, or inheritance, shall not be subject to the debts or contracts of the husband, and laws shall be passed providing for the registration of the wife's separate property. Or., 458. 8 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. — The State shall be and remain one of the United States of America. The Constitution of the United States, and the laws and treaties made in pursuance thereof, shall be the supreme law of the land. W. Va., 546. — The people of this Commonwealth have the sole and exclusive right of governing themselves as a free, sovereign and independent State; and do, and forever hereafter shall, exercise and enjoy every power, jurisdiction and right, which is not, or may not hereafter be by them expressly delegated to the United States of America, in Congress assembled. J/fm., 280. —That the Legislature sliall pass no law providing for an alteration, change or abolishment of this Con- stitution, except in the manner therein prescribed and directed. Md., 256. — Suits may be brought against the Commonwealth in such manner, in such courts, and in such cases, as the Legislature may, by law, direct. Pa., 467. — All civil officers, whose authority is limited to a single judicial district, a single election district, or part of either, shall be appointed, hold their office, be re- moved from office, and, in addition to liability to impeachment, may be punished for official miscon- duct, in such manner as the General Assembly, previous to their appointment, may provide. 8. C., 487. — No person shall hold or exercise, at the same time, more than one civil office of trust or profit, except that of Justice of the Peace. La., 234. — The Legislature shall pass no law excluding citizens of this State from office for not being conversant with any language except that in which the Constitution of the United States is written. La., 235. — All officers elected or appointed under this Consti- tution may be removed fi-om office for misconduct, incompetence, neglect of duty, or other causes, in such manner as may be prescribed by general laws; and unless so removed, shall continue to discharge the duties of their respective offices, until their successors are elected or appointed and qualified. W. Va, 548. — The Legislature may determine the mode of filling vacancies in all offices for which provision is not made in this Constitution. La., 235. — No mechanical trade shall hereafter be taught to convicts in the State prison of this State, except the manufacture of those articles, of which the chief supply for home consumiition is imported from other States or countries. Mich., 314. — To deter more effectually from the commission of crimes, by continued visible punishments of long duration, and to make sanguinary punishments less necessary, means ought to be provided for punishing by hard labor, those who shall be convicted of crimes not capital, whereby the criminal shall be employed for the benefit of the public, or for the reparation of injuries done to private persons ; and all persons, at proper times, ought to be permitted to see them at their labor. Vt., 526. — The Legislature shall not pass any act authorizing the grant of license for the sale of ardent spirits or other intoxicating liquors. Mich., 304. —Laws may be passed regulating or prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquor within the limits of this State. IK Va., 558. — The Legislature shall provide by law that the fur- nishing of fuel and stationery for the use of the State. Mich., 303. — It shall be the duty of the General Assembly at its next session, and from time to time thereafter as it may deem proper to enact laws prohibiting the intermarri.ige of white persons with negroes, or with persons of mixed blood, declaring such marriages null and void ah initio, and making the parties to any such marriage subject to criminal prosecutions, with such penalties as may be by law prescribed. Ala., 77. — The inhabitants of this State shall have liberty, in seasonable times, to hunt and fowl on the lands they hold, and on other lands not inclosed, and in like 30 AETIOLE II. 1 Section' 1. Every male citizen of the age of twenty-oue years who shall 2 have been a citizen for ten days and an inhabitant of this State one year 3 next preceding an election, and for the last four months a resident of the 4 connty where he may offer his vote, shall be entitled to vote at such election 5 in the election district of which he shall at the time be a resident, and not 6 elsewhere, for all officers that now are or hereafter may be elective by the 7 people; but such citizen shall have been for thirty days next preceding the 8 election, a resident of the district from which the officer is to be chosen for 9 whom he offers his vote. But no man of color, unless he shall have been for 10 three years a citizen of this State, and for one year next preceding any eleo- 11 tion, shall have been seized and possessed of a freehold estate of the value of manner to fish in all boatable and other waters (not private property), under proper regulations to be hereafter made and provided by the General Assem- bly. VL, 527. — The people shall continue to enjoy and freely exer- cise all the rights of fishery, and privileges of the shore, to which they have been heretofore entitled, under the charter and usages of this State. But no new right is intended to be granted, nor any existing right impaired by this declaration. R. I., 473. — The Legislature is forbidden to pass any laws im- posing disabilities, or impairingcivil rights, on account of acts done in late rebellion. S. C, 489. — That, for redress of grievances, and for amending and strengthening the laws, elections ought to be often held. iV. C, 422. — The rate of interest in this State shall not exceed six per centum per annum, and no higher rate shall be taken or demanded ; and the General Assembly shall provide by law all necessary forfeitures and pen- alties against usury. Md., 265. — The Legislature shall fix the rate of interest ; and the rate so established shall be equal and uniform throughout the State. Tfenn., 499. QUALIFICATIONS OF ELECTORS FORMERLY REQUIRED IX NEW YORK ASSEMBLY. — 1777. That every male inhabitant, of full age, who shall have personally resided within one of the counties of this State for six months immediately preceding the day of election, shall at such election be entitled to vote for representatives of the said county in Assembly; if, during the time aforesaid he shall liave been a freeholder, possessing a freehold of the value of twenty pounds, within the said county, or have rented a tenement therein of tlie yearly value of forty shillings, and been rated and actually paid taxes to this State : provided, always, that every person who now is a freeman of the city of Albany, or who was made a freeman of the city of New York, on or before the fourteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, and shall be actually and usually resident in the said cities respectively, shall be enti- tled to vote for representatives in Assembly, within his said place of residence. P. 27. — [Senate and Governor.] Freeholders possessed of freeholds of the value of one hundred pounds charged thereon. P. 28. — 1821. Every male citizen of the age of twenty- one years who shall have been an inhabitant of this State one year next preceding any election, and for the last six months a resident of the town or county where he may offer his vote, and shall have, within the year next preceding the election paid a tax to the State or county assessed upon his real or personal property, or shall by law be exempted from taxation, or, being armed and equipped according to law shall have performed within that year military duty in the militia of this State, or who shall be exempted from performing militia duty in consequence of being a fireman in any city, town or village in this State, and also, every male citizen of the age of twenty-one years, who shall have been for three years next pre- ceding such election, an inhabitant of this State, and for the last year a resident in the town or county where he may offer his vote, and shall have been, within the last year assessed to labor upon the public highways, and shall have performed the labor, or paid an equivalent therefor, according to law, shall be entitled to vote in the town or ward where he actually resides, and not elsewhere, for all officers that now are or hereafter may be elective by the people ; but no man of color, unless he shall have been for three years a citizen of this State, and for one year next preceding any election shall be seized and possessed of a freehold estate of the value of two hundred and fifty dollars, over and above all debts and incum- brances charged thereon ; and shall have been actually rated, and paid a tax thereon, shall be entitled to vote at any such election. And no person of color shall be subject to direct taxation unless he shall be seized and possessed of such real estate as aforesaid, p. 37. [Property qualification abrogated in 1826], p. 45. QUALIFICATIONS OF AGE, CITIZENSHIP AND RESIDENCE. [Age 21, ill every State except Delaware, where it is 22 years.] Citizen of United States. Ala., 82 ; Ark., 82., Ct., Ill; Fl., 135; Oa., 149; Ind , 171; Iowa, 184; Ky., 218; Xa., 227; Me.,2i0; JM, 256 ; Miss., 33G; A fo., 31 12 two hundred and fifty dollars over and above all debts and incumbrances 13 charged thereon, and shall have been actually rated and paid a tax thereon, 14 shall be entitled to vote at such election. And no person of color shall bo 15 subject to direct taxation unless he shall be seized and possessed of such real 16 estate as aforesaid : Provided, that in time of war no elector in the actual 17 military service of the United States, in the army or navy thereof, shall 18 be deprived of his vote by reason of his absence from the State, and the Leg- 19 islature shall have power to provide the manner in which, and the time and 20 place at which such absent electors may vote, and for the canvass and returns 21 of their votes in the election districts in which they respectively reside or 22 otherwise. 350; Neb., 373; iVev., 380; N. J., 413; N. C, 428; Ohio, 438; Or., 448; B. I., 474; Term., 495; Tra., 507 ; TTVs., 561. Citizen of U. S. 2 years after naturalization, if of foreign birth. Afass., 300. Citizen of State. Gt., Ill; Ga., 149; III, 162; Mich., 307 ; W. Va., 547. Citizen of State 2 years. S. C,, 48G. Residence in U. S. 1 year. 325. Eesideuce in State 3 months, ife., 240 ; Afich., 308. do do 4 months. Minn., 325. do do 6 months. CaZ., 97 ; /nd, 171; /ou»a, 184; Kan., 202; iVe;;. 380; Or., 448. Residence in State 1 year. Ala., 82; CL, 115; Del, 120; Fl, 135; III, 1C2 ; La., 227; Md., 256; Mass., 294; Miss., 336; Mo., 350; N. J., 413; Ohio, 438; P«., 404; R. /., 474 ; Tex., 507; FC, 525; Va., 633; IV.T'a., 567; Ms., 561. If formerly a resident of State 6 months, after return entitles to vote. Pa., 464. Residence in State 2 years. Oa., 149 ; Ki/., 218. do do time to be provided by law. Neb., 371. Residence in State 1 year (if alien) after declaring intentions to become a citizen. Iiul, 171 ; Mo., 350; Or., 448. Residence in State 2 years (if alien). S. C, 486. do do no time mentioned after decla- ration, jl/mn., 325 ; Neh.,'il\.; llw., 561. Resident in county 1 month. Del, 120 ; Neb., 380 ; W. Va., 547. Residence in the county 2 months. Iowa, 184 ; Mo., 350. Residence in county 3 months. Ah., 82 ; La., 227. do do 4 months. Miss., 336. do do 5 months. N. J., 413. do do 6 months. Fl, 135 ; Oa., 149; J/c/., 256; Tenn.,4aa; Tkc., 507 ; Fa., 533. Residence in county 1 year. Ky., 212. do do time to be fixed bylaw. Neb., 371 ; Ohio, 138. Residence in town 4 months. Miss.. 336. do do 6 months. O., Ill, 115; i?. /., 474; Tex., 507; Va., 533. Residence in town — time to be fixed by law. Ohio, 438. Residence in district 10 days. J/Jc/i., 308 ; Minn., 325; P«., 404. Residence in district 30 days. Cal, 97 ; Kan., 202 : Nev., 380. Residence in district 6 months. Fl, 135; Oa., 149; Mass., 294; S. C, 484; Tex., 507. Residence in district 1 year. Ki/., 218; iV: C, 428. do do time to be fixed by law. Ohio, 438. QUALIFICATIONS OF ELECTORS. — Every free white male citizen, of the age of twenty- one years, who has resided in the State two years, or in the county, town or city, in which he offers to vote, one year next preceding the election, shall be a voter; but such voter shall have been, for sixty days next preceding the election, a resident of the precinct in which he offers to vote, and he shall vote in said pre- cinct, and not elsewhere. Ky., 210. — Shall have paid, by himself, master or guardian, any State or county tax, which shall, within two years next preceding such election, have been assessed upon him, in any town or district of this Common- wealth ; and also, every citizen who shall be by law exempted from taxation, and who shall be in all other respects qualified as above mentioned, shall have a right to vote in such election of Governor, Lieuten- ant-Governor, Senators and Representatives ; and no other person shall be entitled to vote in such elections. Mass., 294. — And every white male of foreign birth of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who shall have resided in the United States one year, and shall have resided in this State during the six months imme- diately preceding such election, and shall have declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, conformably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization, shall be entitled to vote in the township or precinct where he may reside. Lid., 171. — Every white male inhabitant residing in the State on the twenty-fourth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-five ; every white male inhabitant residing in this State on the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and fifty, who has declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, pursuant to the laws thereof, six months preceding an election, or who has resided in this State two years and six months, and declared his intention as aforesaid. Mich., 307. — And who has paid all taxes assessed to him, after the adoption of this Constitution, under the laws of the Conmionwcalth after the re-organization of the county, city or town where he offers to vote. Va., 533. — And having within two years next before the elec- tion paid a county tax, which shall have been assessed at least si.x months before the election, shall enjoy the right of an elector ; and every free white male citizen of the age of twenty-one years, and under the age of twenty-two yeai-s, having resided as aforesaid, shall be entitled to vote without payment of any tax. Del, 120. 32 — And the qualifications of electors of the Governor shall be the same as those for Senators ; and if no person shall have a majority of votes, the Senate and House of Kepresentatives shall, by joint ballot, elect one of the two persons having the highest number of votes, who shall be declared Governor. N. II., 405. — And every white male of foreign birth, of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, wlio shall have resided in the United States one year, and shall have resided in this State during the six months imme- diately preceding such election, and shall have declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States one year preceding such election, conformably to the laws of the United States on the subject of natural- ization, shall be entitled to vote at all elections authorized by law. Or., 448. — A plurality oi' the votes given at an election shall constitute a choice, where not otherwise directed in this Constitution. Cat., 105 ; Neb., 373 ; Nev., 392. — All elections ought to be free ; and all the inhabi- tants of this Commonwealth, having such qualifica- tions as they shall establish by their frame of govern- ment, have an equal right to elect officers, and to be elected for public employments. Mass., 281 ; N. II., 399. — All elections shall be free and equal. Ark, 84; Dd., 116; lU., 165; Ind., 171; Ky., 223; Miss., 347, N. H., 399 ; Or., 448 ; Pa., 467 ; Ttnn., 490 ; Va., 532. — All elections should be free and open. Mo., 347. —No property qualification for eligibility to office, or for the right of suffrage shall ever be required in this State. Fl, 129. — That elections of members to serve as Representa- tives in General Assembly ought to be free. N. C, 422. — Every person of good character, who comes to settle in this State, having first taken an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the same, may purchase, or by other means acquire, hold, and transfer land, or other real estate, and after one year's residence shall be deemed a free denizen thereof, and entitled to all rights of a natural born subject of this State ; except that he shall not be capable of being elected Governor, Lieutenant-Governor. Treasurer, Council- lor, or Representative in Assembly, until after two years' residence. Vt., 527. — Every citizen shall be entitled to equal representa- tion in the government, and in all apportionments of representation, equality of numbers of those entitled thereto shall, as far as practicable, be preserved. W. Va., 546. — And who is really and truly po3sessed in his own right of real estate in such town or city of the value of one liundred and thirty-four dollars, over and above all incumbrances, or which shall rent for seven dollars per annum, over and above any rent reserved, or the interest of any incumbrances thereon, being an estate in fee simple, fee tail, for the life of any person, or an estate in reversion of remainder, which qualifies no other person to vote, the conveyance of which estate, if by deed, shall have been recorded at least ninety days, shall hereafter have a right to vote at the election of all civil officers, and on all ques- tions in all legal town or ward meetings, so long as he continues so qualified. And if any person herein- before described shall own any such estate within this State, out of the town or city in which he resides, he shall have a right to vote in the election of all general officers and members of the General Assem- bly, in the town or city in which he shall have had his residence and home for the term of six months next preceding the election, upon producing a certifi- cate from the clerk of the town or city in which his estate lies, bearing date within ten days of the time of his voting, setting forth that snch person has a sufficient estate therein to qualify him as a voter, and that the deed, if any, has been recorded ninety days. iJ. 7,474. ' ' —Every male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, who has had his residence and home in tliis State two years, and in the town or city ia which he may offer to vote six months next pre- ceding the time of voting, whose name is registered pursuant to the act calling the Convention to frame this Constitution, or shall be registered in the office of the clerk of such town or city, at least seven days before the time he shall offer to vote, and before the last day of December in the present year ; and who has paid or shall pay a tax or taxes, assessed upon his estate within this State, and within a year of the time of voting, to the amount of one dollar, or who shall voluntarily pay, at least seven days before the time he shall offer to vote, and before the said last day of December, to the Clerk or Treasurer of the town or city where he resides, the sum of one dollar, or such sums as, with his other taxes, shall amount to one dollar, for the support of public schools therein, and shall make proof of the same, by the certificate of the Clerk, Treasurer, or Collector of any town or city where such payment is made ; or who, being so registered, has been enrolled in any military company in this State, and done military service or duty therein, within the present year, pursuant to law, and shall (until other proof is required by law), prove by the certificate of the officer legally commanding the regi- ment, or chartered, or legally authorized, or volunteer company, in which he may have served or done duty, that he has been equipped and done duty according to law, or by the certificate of the commissioners upon military claims, that he has performed military service, shall have a right to vote in the election of all civil officers, and on all questions in legally organ- ized town or ward meetings, until the end of the first year after the adoption of this Constitution, or until the end of the year eighteen hundred and forty- three. R. /., 474. — But no compulsory process shall issue for the col- lection of any registry tax ; Provided., That the registry tax of every person who has performed military duty according to the provisions of the preceding section, shall be remitted for the year he shall perform such duty ; and the registry tax assessed upon any mari- ner, for any year while he is at sea, shall, upon his application, be remitted ; and no person shall be allowed to vote whose registry tax for either of the two years next preceding the time of voting is not paid or remitted, as herein provided. R. I., 475. — And have paid all taxes which may have been requifed of them, and which they have had an oppor- tunity of paying agreeable to law, for the year pre- ceding the election, Oa., 149. — No property qualification shall be necessary to the holding of any office in this State, except the office of Senator in the General Assembly, and the office of Assessor, Inquisitor on lands, and levy Court Com- missioner, and except such oflices as the General Assembly shall by law designate. Del., 125. — No property qualification for eligibility to office, or for the right of suffrage, shall ever be required by law in this State. Miss., 335. — No possession of a freehold, or of any other estate, shall be required as a qualification for holding a seat in either branch of the General Court, or in the Ex- ecutive Council. Ma.is., 297. [Freehold qualifications.] N. T., (1777), 27, 28; (1821), 37 ; (abolished in 1820, p. 45). Formerly in Ct., $7, annually 111; N. II., 402; N. C, 50 acres, 424. — [Property qualification without regard to color.] N. Y. (1777), 27. — [Residence in State at time of adoption of Consti- tution, gives right to vote,] Mich., 307. — And within two years paid a State or county tax, which shall have been assessed at least ten days before the election, shall enjoy the rights of an elector. But a citizen of the United States, who had previously been a qualified voter of this State, and removed therefrom and returned, and who shall have resided in the election district, and paid taxes as aforesaid, shall be entitled to vote, after residing in the State six months ; Provided, That white freemen, citizens of the United States, between the ages of twenty- one and twenty-two years, and having resided in the State one year, and in the election district ten days , 33 as aforesaid, shall be entitled to vote, although they shall not have paid taxes. Pa., 446. — White male citizens of Mexico at time of treaty of 1848, who have elected to become citizens of the United States, declared electors. Vol., 07. — That all elections ought to be free, and without corruption, and that all freemen, having a sufficient evident common interest with and attachment to the community, have a right to elect and be elected to office, agreeably to the regulations made in this Con- stitution. VI. 521. — Must be taxpayer two years. Del., 120 ; within two years, Pa., 454 ; not specific, Oa., 149 ; Mass., 294; N. a, 424. — No property qualification for eligibility to office, or for the right of sufl'rage, shall ever be required in this State. Fl, 129. — That the right of the people to participate in the Legislature is the best security of liberty and the foundation of all free government; for this purpose elections ought to be free and frequent, and every free white male citizen having the qualifications pre- scribed by the Constitution, ought to have the right of suffrage. Md., 254. — No person shall be eligible to any civil office, (ex- cept the office of school committee), unless he be a qualified elector for such office. R. I., 479. -From and after that time, every such citizen, who has had the residence herein required, and whose name shall be registered in the town where he resides, on or before the last day of December in the year next preceding the time of his voting, and who shall show by legal proof that he has for and within the year next preceding the time he shall offer to vote, paid a tax or taxes assessed against him in any town or city in this State, to the amount of one dollar; or that he has been enrolled in a military company in this State, been equipped and done duty therein, according to law, and at least for one day during such year, shall have a i-ight to vote in the election of all civil officers, and on all questions in all legally organ- ized town or ward meettngs. R. I., 475. — All persons who have been or shall hereafter, previous to the ratification of this Constitution, be admitted freemen, according to the existing laws of this State, shall be electors. Gt, 1 1 1. — Every white male citizen of the United States, and every white male person of foreign birth who may have declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, according to law, not less than one year nor more than five years before he offers to vote, who is over the age of twenty-one years, who is not disqualified by or under any of the provisions of this Constitution, and who shall have complied with its requirements, and have resided in this State one year next preceding any election, or next preceding his registration as voter, and during the last sixty days of that period shall have resided in the county, city, or town where he oflfers to vote, or seeks registration as a voter, shall be entitled to vote at such election, for all officers, State, county, or municipal, made elective by the people ; but he shall not vote else- where than in the Mo., 350. — And the inhabitants of plantations unincorporated, qualified as this Constitution provides, who are or shall be empowered and required to assess taxes upon themselves toward the support of government, shall have the same privilege of voting for Councillors and Senators, in the plantations where they reside, as town inhabitants have in their respective towns; and the plantation meetings for that purpose shall be held annually, [on the same first Monday in April], at such place in the plantations respectively, as the Assessors thereof shall direct : which Assessors shall have like authority for notifying the electors, collecting and returning the votes, as the Selectmen and Town Clerks have in their several towns, by this Constitu- tion. And all other persons living in places unincor- porated (qualified as aforesaid), who shall be assessed to the support of government by the Assessors of an adjacent town, shall have the privilege of giving in their votes for Councillors and Senators in the town 9 where they shall be assessed, and be notified of the place of meeting by the selectmen of the town where they shall be assessed, for that purpose, accordingly. Mass., 284. — The qualifications of voters and the limitation of the elective franchise, may be determined by the General Assembly, which shall first assemble under the amended Constitution. Tenn., 504. — The General Assembly shall have power to regulate by law, not inconsistent with this Constitution, all matters which relate to the Judges of Election, time, place and manner of holding elections in this State, and of making returns thereof Md., 256. — The Selectmen and Town Clerk of the several towns shall decide on the qualifications of electors, at such times and in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Ct, 112. — [Militia service formerly a qualification of electors for Assembly.] N. F. (1821), 37; a, 112. — [Electors required to take an oath of allegiance.] N. Y. (1777), 27; Ct., 112, 115; Md.,2&6; Mo.,Sid, 350 ; Va., 534. — Every man of the full age of twenty-one years, having resided in the State for the space of one whole year next before the election of Representative, and is of a quiet and peaceful behavior, and will take the following oath or affirmation, shall be entitled to all the privileges of a freeman of this State: "You solemnly swear (or affirm) that whenever you give your vote or suffrage, touching any matter that con- cerns the State of Vermont, you will do it so as in your conscience you shall judge will most conduce to the best good of the same, as established by the Con- stitution, without fear or favor of any man." Vt, 525. PROVISIONS CONCERNING COLORED PER- SONS AND INDIANS. — No free negro, free mulatto, or free person of mixed blood, descended from negro ancestors to the fourth generation inclusive (though one ancestor of each generation may have been a white person), shall vote for members of the Senate or House of Commons. N. C, 428. — Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent the Legislature, by a two-thirds concurrent vote, from admitting to the right of suf- frage Indians or the descendants of Indians, in such special eases as such a proportion of the legislative body may deem just and proper. Cal., 97. — [Indians not taxed, excluded from voting.] Ma., 240 ; Tenn., 507. — [Narraganset Indians excluded from voting.] R. I., 475. — Civilized persons of Indian descent and not belong- ing to any tribe, may vote. Mich., 307; Wis., 562. — Persons of mixed white and Indian blood who have adopted the customs and habits of civiUzation, may vote. Min., 325. — Persons of Indian blood residing in this State, vrho have adopted the language, customs and habits of civilization, after an examination before any District Court of the State, in such manner as may be pro- vided by law, and shall have been pronounced by said court capable of enjoying the rights of citizen- ship within the State. Min., 325. -Persons of Indian blood who have once been de- clared by law of Congress to be citizens of the United States, any subsequent law of Congress to the con- trary notwithstanding. IFis., 562. — Colored persons expressly excluded from voting. Ind., 171; Or., 449; Tfes., 507. — Excluded from elections by the word "white." Ala., 82; Ark, 8a; Cal., 97; Ct, 111, 115; Del, 120; Fl, 135; (7a,, 149; III., 162; Ind., 171; Iowa, 184; Kan., 201 ; K^., 215; La., 227 ; iV! Ji, 413 ; Me., 240; Md., 256; Mich., 307; Min., 325; Mo, 350; Neb., 371; Nev., 380; Ohio, 438; Or, 448; Pa., 464; S. C, 436; Knn., 495; Fa, 533 ; W. Va., 347. —The word " white," not used. Mass., 281 ; JV. K, 403; jB. Z, 474; Ft, 525. 34 — Freemen are voters, and the word "white" not used. iV. C, 424. — Legislature may provide for election of such other persons, citizens of United States, as by mihtary ser- vice, by taxation to support the Government, or by intellectual fitness, may bo deemed entitled thereto. La., 227. — [Freemen of color excuse^ from military duty, and from poll tax.] Tenn., 495. — That no person shall be disqualified from voting in any election on account of color, who is now, by the laws of this State, a competent witness in a court of justice against a white man. All free men of color shall be exempt from military duty in time of peace, and also from paying a Iree poll tax. Tenn., 495. — [The word " white," stricken out.] Wis. 561. — [Proposition pending to strike out " white."] Kan. LITERARY QUALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS. — Every person shall be able to read any article of the Constitution, or any section of the statutes of this State, before being admitted as an elector. Ct., 115. . — No person shall have the right to vote, or be eligible to office under the Constitution of this Common- wealth, who shall not be able to read the Constitu- tion in the English language and write his name : Provided, however. That the provisions of this amend- ment shall not apply to any person prevented by a physical disability from complying with its requisi- tions, nor to any person who now has the right to vote, nor to any person who shall be si.\ty years of age or upwards at the time this amendment shall take effect. ^fasF., 222. — After the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, every person who was not a qualified voter prior to that time shall, in addition to the other qualifications required, be able to read and write in order to become a qualified voter ; unless his inability to read or write shall be the result of a physical disability. Mo., 351. SOLDIERS' VOTE. — The right of suffrage shall be enjoyed by all per- sons otherwise entitled to the same, who may be in the military or naval service of the United States ; Provided, The votes so cast shall be made to apply to the county and township of which said voters were bona fide residents at the time of their enlistment ; Provided, further. That the payment of a poll tax, or a registration of such voters shall not be required as a condition to the right of voting. Provision shall be made by law regulating the manner of voting, hold- ing elections, and making returns of such elections, wherein other provisions are not contained in this Constitution. Nev., 380. — Any qualified voter who may be absent from the place of his residence, by reason of being in the vol- unteer army of the United States, or in the militia force of this State, in the service thereof, or of the United States, whether within or without the State, shall, without registration, be entitled to vote in any election occurring during such absence. The votes of all such persons, wherever they may be, may be taken on the day fixed by law for such election, or on any day or days within twenty days next prior thereto ; and the General Assembly shall provide by law for the taking, return and counting of such votes. Every such person shall take the same oath that all other voters may be required to take in order to vote. Mo., 351. Whenever any of the qualified electors of this Commonwealth, shall be in any actual military ser- vice, under a requisition from the President of the United States, or by the authority of this Common- wealth, such electors may exercise the right of suffrage in all elections by the citizens, under such regulations as are, or shall be prescribed by law, as fully as if they were present at their usual place of election. Pa., 472. [Entitled to vote in district where ho resides.] Or in case of volunteer soldiers, within their several military departments or districts. Ark., 85. [Regulation for soldiers' vote similar to that of New York.] Ct, 115; Mich., 308. [Special and minute provision for soldiers' vote.] Md., 278. — Officers and privates in army, and marines of the navy of United States, and seamen, excluded from voting. S. a, 486. — The provisions of this ordinance in regard to the soldiers' vote shall apply to future elections under this Constitution, and be in full force until the Legislature shall provide by law for taking the votes of citizens of said Territory in the army of the United States. Nev., 398. — The General Assembly shall also provide by law for taking the votes of soldiers in the army of the United States serving in the field. Md., 256. — Every elector of tliis State who shall be in the military service of the United States, either as a drafted person or volunteer, during the present rebel- lion, shall, when absent from this State, because of such service, have the same right to vote in any election of State officers. Representatives in Congress, and electors of President and Vice-President of the United States, as he would have if present at the time appointed for such election, in the town in which he resided at the time of his enhstment into such service. This provision shall in no case extend to persons in the regular army of the United States, and shall cease, and become inoperative and void, upon the termination of the present war. The Gen- eral Assembly shall prescribe by law, in what man- ner and in what time the votes of electors absent from this State in the military service of the United States, shall be received, counted, returned and can- vassed. Cl., 115. — For the purpose of taking the vote of the electors of said Territory who may be in the army of the United States, tlie Adjutant-General of said Territory shall, on or before the fifth day of August next fol- lowing, make out a list in alphabetical order, and deliver the same to the Governor, of the names of all the electors, residents of said Territory, who shall be in the army of the United States, stating the number of the regiment, battalion, squadron or battery to which ho belongs, and also the county or township of his residence in the said Territory. Nev. 397. — No soldier, seaman, or marine, in the army or navy of the United States, or of their allies, shall be deemed to have acquired a residence in the State in conse- quence of being stationed within tliesame; nor shall any soldier, seaman, or marine have the right to vote. Kan. 202. — No soldier, seaman or marine, in the army or navy of the United States, shall be deemed a resident of this State, in consequence of being stationed at any military or naval place within the State. AJa., 82 ; Ark, 85; III, 162; (nearly similar), Bel, 120; Fl, 1.35; III, 162; Ind., 174; loioa, 184; Me., 240; Mich., 308; Min., 326; KJ.,4:Vi; Ohio, ^38; Or., 449; Fa., 534; IK Fa., 546 ; 11%., 462. — No officer, soldier, or marine, in the regular army or navy of the United States, shall be entitled to vote at any election in this State [i/m., 350], and no soldier, sailor, or marine in the army or navy of the United States shall be entitled to vote at any election created by this Constitution. Tex , 507. — Any other person in the employ or pay of the United States, unless he be a qualified elector of the State previous to his appointment or enlistment as such officer, soldier, seaman or marine, in the regular army or navy of the United States, or of the revenue service, shall be considered a resident in the State in consequence of being stationed within the same. Fl, 135. — Electors of this State, who, in time of war, are absent from the State, in the actual military service 35 1 § 2. Laws may be passed excluding from the right of suffrage all persons 2 who have been or may be convicted of (') bribery, (') larceny, or of any 3 infamous crime ; and for depriving every person who shall make, or become 4 directly or indirectly interested in any bet or wager, depending upon the 5 result of any election, from the right to vote at such election.^ ) of the United States, being otherwise qualified, shall have a right to vote in all elections in the State for electors of President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, and general officers of the State. The General Assembly shall have full power to provide by law for carrying this article into effect ; and until such provision shall be made by law, every such absent elector on the day of such elections, may deliver a written or printed ballot, with the names of the persons voted for thereon, and his christian and surname, and his voting residence in the State, written at length on the back thereof, to the officer commanding the regiment or company to which he belongs; and all such ballots, certified by such commanding officer to have been given by the elector whose name is written thereon, and returned by such commanding officer to the Sec- retary of State within the time prescribed by law for counting the votes in such elections, shall be received and counted with the same effect as if given by such elector in open town, ward or district meet- ing ; and the clerk of each town or city, until other- wise provided by law, shall, within five days after any such election, transmit to the Secretary of State a certified list of the names of all such electors on their respective voting lists. li. /, 481. -But persons in the military, naval, or marine ser- vice of the United States, or this State, shall not be considered as having obtained such established resi- dence by being stationed in any garrison, barrack, or military place, in any town or plantation. Me., 240. — No person in the military, naval or marine service of the United States shall be deemed a resident of this State by reason of being stationed therein ; but citizens of this State, when in the military service of the United States, shall be permitted to vote under such regulations as may be prescribed by the General Assembly, wherever they may be stationed, the same as if they were within their respective cities, coun- ties or districts. No person shall have the right to vote who is of unsound mind or a pauper, or who has been convicted of a bribery in an election, or of any infamous offense. Va., 534. EXCLUSION FROM THE RIGHT OF SUF- FRAGE. [Idiots excluded]. Del, 120; Iowa, 184; Kan., 202; Afd., 256; J/w., 326; Nev., 380; N. J., 413; Ohio, 438 ; Or., 449 ; R. I., 475 ; Wis., 562. [Lunatics excluded]. Del, 120 ; Iowa, 180 ; Kan., 202; Md., 256; Min., 326; Nev., 381; N. J., 413; OAto, 438; Or., 449; ^. /, 475; W. Fa., 547; Wis., 562. [Paupers excluded]. K Y., (1821), 37 ; Cal, 97 ; La., 227; Me.,2i0; Mass., 294; N. 11, 403; N. J., 413; R. l, 475; S. C, 486; W. Va., 547. [Persons under guardianship excluded]. Kan., 202; Jl/e., 240; Mass.,-2di; Min., 326; TFis., 562. [Persons under interdiction excluded]. La., 227. [Persons excused from paying taxes at their own request]. N. II., 403. [Prisoners excluded]. Cal., 97. [Chinamen excluded]. Or., 449. — Persons residing on lands ceded by this State to tlie United States, shall not be entitled to exercise the privileges of electors. R. I, 475. — If any person shall give, or offer to give, directly or indirectly, or hath given or offered to give, since the fourth day of July, eighteen hundred and fifty- one, any bribe, present, or reward, or any promise, or any security for the payment or delivery of money or any other thing, to induce any voter to refrain from casting his vote, or forcibly to prevent him in any way from voting, or to procure a vote for any candidate or person, proposed or voted for as elector of President and Vice-President of the United States, or Representative in Congress, or for any office of profit or trust created by the Constitution or laws of this State, or by the ordinances or authority of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, the person giving or offering to give, and the persons receiving the same, and any person who gives or causes to be given an illegal vote, knowing it to be such, at any election to be hereafter held in this State, or who shall be guilty of or accessory to any fraud, force, surprise, or bribery to procure himself or any other person to be nominated to any office, national, State, or municipal, shall, on conviction in a court of law, in addition to the penalties now or hereafter to be imposed by law, be forever disqualified to hold any office of profit or trust, or to vote at any election thereafter. Md., 257. — But the foregoing provisions in relation to acts done against the United States shall not apply to any per- son not a citizen thereof, who shall have committed such acts while in the service of some foreign country at war with the United States, and who has, since such acts, been naturalized, or may hereafter be nat- uralized, under the laws of the United States, and the oath of loyalty hereinafter prescribed, when taken by any such person, shall be considered as taken in such sense. Mo., 349. — Whoever shall be convicted of having directly or indirectly, given or offered any bribe, to procure his election or appointment to any office, shall be dis- qualified for any office of honor, trust or profit under this State ; and whoever shall give or offer any bribe to procure the election or appointment of any other person to any office, shall, on conviction thereof, be disqualified for a voter, or any office of honor, trust or profit under this State, for ten years after such conviction. Mo., 350. — -The Legislature may pass laws to deprive persons of the right of suffrage who shall be convicted of bribery at elections. N. J., 413; W. Va., 547. — Every person shall be disqualified from holding office, during the term for which he may have been elected, who shall have given or offered a bribe, threat, or reward, to procure his election. [Or., 449 ; Cat, 104; Kan., 202; Tex., 515.] Or procured any other person to offer a bribe. Ark., 86 ; R. I., 479. — Every person shall be disqualified from serving aa Governor, Senator, Representative, or from holding any other office of honor or profit in this State, for tlie term for which he shall have been elected, who shall have been convicted of having given or offered any bribe to procure his election. Ala., 81 ; Ft, 136. — Or has ever, with a view to avoid enrollment in the militia of this State, or to escape the performance of duty therein. Mo., 348. — Or, having ever voted at any election by the people in this State, or in any other of the United State.s, or in any of their Territories, or held office in this State, or in .any other of the United States, or in any of their Territories, or under the United States, shall 36 thereafter have sought or received, under claim of alienage, the protection of any foreign government, through any consul or other officer thereof, in order to secure exemption from military duty in the militia of this State, or in the army of the United States. Mo., 349. — And no person shall ever be admitted to hold a seat in the Legislature, or any office of trust or im- portance under the government of this Common- wealth, who shall, in the due course of law, have been convicted of bribery or corruption, in obtaining an election or appointment. Mass., 242. — No person shall ever be admitted to hold a seat in the Legislature, or any office of trust or importance under this government, who, in the due course of law, has been convicted of bribery or corruption in obtaining an election or appointment. N. H., 410. — All elections, whether by the people, or the Legis- lature, shall be free and voluntary ; and any elector, who shall receive any gift or reward, for his vote, in meat, drink, moneys, or otherwise, shall forfeit his right to elect at that time, and suffer such other pen- alty as the law shall direct ; and any person who shall directly or indirectly give, promise, or bestow, any such reward to be elected, shall thereby be rendered incapable to serve for the ensuing year, and be sub- ject to such further punishment as a future Legislature may direct. Vt., 526. — Any person who shall be convicted of the embez- zlement or defalcation of the public funds of this State, or who may be convicted of having given or offered a bribe to secure his election or appointment to office, or received a bribe to aid in the procure- ment of office for any other person, sliall be disqual- ified from holding any office of profit or trust in this State ; and the Legislature shall, as soon as practica- ble, provide by law for the punishment of such defalcation, bribery, or embezzlement, as a felony. Nev., 582. — No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of public money shall be eligible to any office of trust or profit until he shall have accounted for and paid over according to law, all sums for which he may be liable. 6a., 143 ; lad., 172 ; Mkh., 303 ; Or., 449. — No person who may have collected, or been in- trusted with pubhc money, whether State, county, township, or municipal, shall be eligible to the Legis- lature, or to any office of honor, trust or profit, until he shall have duly accounted for and paid over such money according to law. J^/., 130; Iowa,\?,Q; Mo., 353; N. C, 425; OAio, 433 ; ^nn., 494; Tex., 509; W. Va., 550. — Any elector who shall receive any gift or reward for his vote, in meat, drink, money, or otherwise, shall suffer such punishment as the laws shall direct. And any person who shiill directly or indirectly give, promise, or bestow any such reward to be elected, shall thereby be rendered incapable, for six years, to serve in the office for which he was elected, and be subject to such further punishment as the Legislature shall direct. Tenn., 498. — Or person convicted of a crime which now excludes bini from being a witness, unless pardoned or restored by law to the right of suffrage, shall enjoy the right of an elector. A'! /, 413. — No person who, since the first day of June, 18G1, has given or shall give voluntary aid or assistance to the rebellion against the United States, shall be a citizen of this State, or be allowed to vote at any election held therein, unless he has volunteered into the military or naval services of the United States, and has been or shall be honorably discharged there- from. W. Va., 548. — Every person who shall give or accept a challenge to fight a duel, or shall knowingly carry to another person such cliallenge, or who shall agree to go out of the State to fight a duel, shall be ineligible to any office of trust or profit. Ark., 93; Ind., 171; Nev., 392; On, 449; CL, 112; Kan., 202; Or., 449 ; Va., 537 ; TV: Va., 548 ; Wis., 570. — Any inhabitant who may hereafter be engaged in a duel, either as principal or accessory before the fact, shall be disqualified from holding any office under the Constitution and laws of this State, and shall not be permitted to vote at any election. Mich., 308. [Rigid exclusion of those who have participated in the rebellion.] Md., 256 ; Mo., 348 ; Nev., 380. [Amnesty of President required in case a person has served in rebel array.] A'ev., 380. [Service in the United States army restores those who had lost their franchise by rebellion.] Mo., 350. [Bribery specified as cause of disqualification.] ^?a., 82; Ct., 112; Fl, 135; La., 233; Miss., 342; Mo.,3b2; 0/uo, 438; i2. /., 475; TVw., 562, and some others. [Forgery, specified.] Ala.,82; CaZ., 104; Ct, 112; Fl, 136. [Fraudulent bankruptcy.] Ct., 112. [Felony.] Del, 12\ ; Miss., 325; TV! Ta., 547, &c. [Larceny.] Wis., 561. [Theft.] Ct. 112. [Perjury.] Ala., 82; Ct., 1 12 ; Fl, 135 ; lU., 154; La., 233 ; Mo., 352 ; Ohio, 438, &c. [Treason.] La., 233; Miii., 32G; Nev., 380; W. Va.. 547 ; Wis., 527. Treason or felony committed in any State.] Nev., 380. [Crimes punished by imprisonment in penitentiary.] Or., 447. [Crimes punishable by hard labor.] La.., 227. ["Other high crimes," and "infamous crimes."] Ala.,82; Cal, 97, lOi; Ct., 112 ; Fl, 135; III, 162; Iowa, 184 ; Kan , 202 ; Min., 322 ; Mo., 352 ; Ohio, 438; iJ. /., 475; Tenn., '^95; TFis., 662. [Right lost as above may be restored.] Qa. 143 ; Aare., 202; Md., 256; Mss., 326; R. L, 475; Wis., 626, &c. [Exclusion on account of crimes, applied to those over 21 years of age.] Md., 256. — The Legislature may impose the forfeiture of the right of suffrage as a punisliment for crime. Del.. 120 ; III, 162. PRIVILEGES OF ELECTORS. — No elector shall be obliged to do militia duty on the day of election, except in time of war or public danger, or attend court as a suitor or witness, [Mich., 308], nor work on the public roads, [ Va., 545 ; W. Va., 548; Cat., 97; III, 162; Iowa, 184; Me., 241 ; Mils., 336 ; Or., 449 ;] nor serve as a juror. Va., 534. — Every elector, in all cases, exctpt treason, felony, or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during his attendance at election, and in going to and returning from the same. Ala., 82 ; Cat, 97 ; Del, 121; III, 162; Iowa, 184; Ind., 172; Kan,, 202; Ky., 210; La., 227; Me., 241; Mich., 308; Mo., 251; Ohio, 438; Or., 449; Pa., 464; Tenn., 495 ; Tex., 507 ; Va., 646. — Privilege from summons. Tenn., 495. — Privilege from service of civil process. Ci., 112: Nev., 381 ; Va., 634 ; W. Va., 548 ; Min., 326. 37 1 §3. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained 2 or lost a residence, by reason of his presence or absence, while employed in 3 the service of the United States ; (') nor while engaged in the navigation of 4 the waters of this State, or of the United States, or of the high seas ; {') nor 5 while a student of any seminary of learning ; nor while kept at any alms 6 house, or other asylum, at public expense ; nor while confined in any public 7 prison. (^) Md., (1). Ill, 102; (2). Cal, 97. (3). Cal, 97; Mick, 308 Min iVei;., 381; Or., 449; dc. 171 ; R. L, 415 ; Wis., 562. 326; Mo., 351; RESIDENCE OF ELECTORS. — All civil officers for the State at large shall be voters of and reside within the State ; and all district or parish officers shall be voters of and reside within their respective districts or parishes, and shall keep their offices at such places therein as may be required by law. La., 233. — No person shall be entitled to vote at any election held in this State except in the parish of his resi- dence, and in cities and towns divided into election precincts, in tlie election precinct in wliich he resides. La., 227 ; Md., 250. — No voter, on removing from one parish to another within the State, shall lose the right of voting in the former until he shall have acquired it in the latter. La., 227. — But a person who shall have acquired a residence in such county or city entitling him to vote at any such election, sliall be entitled to vote in the election district from wliich he removed, until he shall have acquired a residence in the part of the county or city to which he has removed. Md., 256. — All persons residing upon Indian lands within any county of the State, and qualified to exercise the right of suffrage under this Constitution, shall be entitled to vote at the polls wliich may be held nearest their residence, for State, United States, or county officers : Provided, That no person shall vote for county officers out of the county in which he resides. Wis., 571. — All qualified electors shall vote in the election pre- •cinct in the county where they may reside, for county officers, and in any county in the State for State offi- cers, or in any county of a congressional district in which such electors may reside, for members of Con- gress. Or., 449. [Electors allowed to vote for State officers, any- where in the State.] Tex. 507. — That any one entitled to vote in this State in the county where he resides, may vote for the adoption or rejection of this constitution in any county in this State. Ark., 85. — And every person, qualified as the constitution pro- vides, shall be considered as an inhabitant for the pur- pose of electing and being elected into any office or place within this State, in the town, parish or planta- tion where he dwelleth and hath his home. A^ H., 403. — All persons qualified to vote in the election of Sen- ators shall be entitled to vote within the district where they dwell, in the choice of Representatives. N. K, 402. — Nor shall the residence of a student at any Semi- nary of learning, entitle him to the right of suffrage in the town or plantation where such seminary is established. Me., 240. — And any such qualified elector, who may happen to be in any county, city or town other than that of his residence at the time of an election, or who shall have moved to any county, city, or town within four months preceding the election, from any county, city, or town in which he would have been a qualified elector had he not so removed, may vote for any State or district officer, or member of Congres.s, for whom he could have voted in the county of his residence, or the county, city or town from which he may have so removed. Miss., 336. — And to remove all doubts concerning the meaning of the word " inhabitant,'' in this Constitution, every person shall be considered as an inhabitant, for the purpose of electing and being elected into any office or place within this State, in that town, district or plantation where he dwelleth or hath his home. Mass., 284. — It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to pass laws to punish with fine and imprisonment any person who shall remove into any election district or precinct of any ward of the city of Baltimore, not for the purpose of acquiring a bona fide residence therein, but for the purpose of voting at an approach- ing election, or who shall vote in any election district or ward in wliich he does not reside (except in the case provided for in this article), or shall at the same election vote in more than one election district, or precinct, or shall vote or offer to vote in any name not his own, or in place of any olher person of the same name, or shall vote in any county in which he does not reside. Md., 258. [Provision relating to students similar to N. Y.] Me., 240. [Absence on business of State not a disqualifica- tion.] Cal, 105; Ind., 171; Wis., 562. — Temporary absence from the State shall not cause a forfeiture of residence once obtained. Ala., 94. — Absence on business of this State, or of the United States, or on a visit, or necessary private business, shall not cause a forfeiture of a residence once obtained. Ark., 93 ; Miss., 343. — Ab.sence on the business of this State, or of the United States, shall not forfeit a residence once ob- tained, so as to deprive any one of the right of suffrage, or of being elected or appointed to any office, under the exceptions contained in this Consti- tution. Ky., 220 ; Tex., 515. 10 88 1 g 4. Laws shall be made for ascertaining by proper proofs the citizens who 2 shall be entitled to the right of suffrage hereby established.(') (1). K Y., (1777), 37 ; Kan., 202. REGISTRY OF VOTERS— REGISTRATION OP BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS. — The Legislature may provide for a registry of voters. They shall prescribe the manner of conduct- ing and making returns of elections, and of determining contested elections; and shall pass such laws as may be necessary and proper to prevent intimidation, dis- order or violence at the polls, and corruption or fraud in voting. W. Va., 548. — The General Assembly shall immediately provide by law for a complete and uniform registration, by election districts, of the names of qualified voters in this State; which registration shall be evidence of the qualification of all registered voters to vote at any election thereafter held ; but no person shall be ex- cluded from voting at any election, on account of not being registered, until the General Assembly shall have passed an act of registration, and the same shall have been carried into efl'ect; after which, no person shall vote, unless his name shall have been registered at least ten days before the day of the election; and the fact of such registration shall be no otherwise shown, than by the register, or an authentic copy thereof, certified to the judges of election by the registering officer, or other consti- tuted authority. A new registration shall be made ■within sixty days next preceding the. tenth day prior to every biennial general election ; and after it shall have been made, no person shall establish his right to vote, by the fact of his name appearing on any previous register. Mo., 35G. — The General As.sembly shall provide for the peri- odical registration in the several counties, cities and towns of the voters therein ; and for the annual regis- tration of births, marriages and deaths in tlie white population, and of the births and deaths in the colored population. Va., 539. — The General Assembly shall provide by law for the registratioQ of births, marriages and deaths, and shall pass laws providing for the celebration of marriage between any persons legally competent to contract marriage, and shall provide that any persons pre- vented by conscientious scruples from being married by any of the existing provisions of law, may be married by any Judge or Clerk of any Court of Record, or any Mayor of any mcorporated city in this State. Md., 264. [The Recorder, in addition to the duties incident to the recording of inventories, and other papers relating to estates, and to deeds and other writings, attends to the registering of births, marriages and deaths, and issuing of marriage licenses]. W. Va., 554. — The General Assembly shall pass laws for the pre- servation of the purity of elections by the registration of voters, and by such other means as may be deemed expedient; and to make effective the provisions of the Constitution disfranchising certain persons, or disqualifying them from holding office. Md., 264. — Until such a system of registration shall have been established, every person shall, at the time of offering to vote, and before his vote shall be received, take an oath in the terras prescribed in the next succeed- ing section. After such a system shall have been established, the said oath shall be taken and sub- scribed by the voter at each time of his registration. Any person dechning to take said oath shall not be allowed to vote, or to be registered as a qualified voter. The taking thereof shall not be deemed con- clusive evidence of the right of the person to vote, or to be registered as a voter ; but such right may, not- withstanding, be disproved. And, after a system of registration shall have been established, all evidence for and against the right of any person as a qualified voter, shall be heard and passed upon by the register- ing officer or officers, and not by the judges of election. TliQ registering officer or officers shall keep a register of the names of persons rejected as voters, and the same shall be certified to the judges of election; and they shall receive the ballot of any such rt jected voter offering to vote, marking the same and certifying the vote thereby given, as rejected; but no such vote shall be received, unless the party offering it take, at the time, the oath of loyalty hereinafter prescribed. Mo., 349. — The Legislature shall provide by law that the names and residence of all qualified electors shall be regis- tered, in order to entitle them to vote ; but the registry shall be free of cost to the elector. La., 227 ; Md. 256. — But no person shall be excluded from voting at any election on account of not being registered until the General Assembly shall have passed an act of regis- tration, and the same shall have been carried into effect, after which no person shall vote unless Iiis name appears on the register. Md., 25G. — Provision shall be made by law for the registration of the names of the electors within the counties of which they may be residents, and for the ascertain- ment by proper proofs of the persons who shall be entitled to the riglit of suffrage, as hereby established ; to preserve ths purity of election, and to regulate the manner of holding and making returns of the same; and the Legislature shall liave power to prescribe by law any other or further oaths as may be deemed necessary as a test or electoral qualification. Nev., 381. — The General Assembly .shall have full power to provide for a registry of voters ; to prescribe the man- ner of conducting the elections; the form of certifi- cates; the nature of the evidence to be required in case of a dispute as to the rightof any person to vote, and generally to enact all laws necessary to carry this article into effect, and to prevent abuse, corruption and fraud in voting. [R. I., 475.] Provided, however, That the General Assembly may, by requiring a registry of voters, or other suitable legislation, guard against frauds in elections and usurpations of the right of suffrage; may impose disqualification to vote as a punishment for crime, and may prescribe addi- tional qualifications for voters in municipal elections. S. C, 486. MANNER OF HOLDING AND REPORTING ELECTIONS. — The General Assembly shall have power to regu- late by law, not inconsistent with this Constitution, all matters which relate to the judges of election, time, place, and manner of holding elections in this State, and of making returns thereof Md,, 265. — Each of the boards cf judges shall safely keep one poll-book and tally-list, and the ballots cast at each election ; and shall, within ten days after such elec- tion, cause the other poll-book and tally-list to be transmitted, by the hands of a sworn officer, to the clerk of the board transacting county business in their respective counties, or to which the county may be attached for municipal purposes. Kan., 207. — Laws shall be made to support the privilege of free suffrage, prescribing the manner of regulating and conducting meetings of the electors, and prohilaiting, under adequate penalties, all undue influence therein, from power, bribery, tumult and other improper con- duct, ^^a., 74; Cat, 104; CT., 112; /7., 136; La., 233; Miss., 342; Afe, 383 ; Or, 449; rex, 515. — Laws may be passed to preserve the purity of elections, and guard against abuses of the elective franchise. Mich., 308. 39 — Elections for Senators and Representatives shall be general tliroughout the State, and shall be regu- lated by law. Tex., 509. —The manner of calling and conducting the meetings for the choice of Representatives, and of ascertaining their election, shall be prescribed by law. M and all such appointments and all votes given for 5 any such member for any such office or appointment shall be void. May, at Newport, and an adjournment from the same shall be holden annually at Providence. Ji. /., 481. — The first session of tlie General Assembly shall commence on the first Monday in October, one thou- sand eight hundred and thirty-five; and forever thereafter the Generl Assembly shall meet on the first Monday in October next ensuing the election. Ihnn., 493. [Legislature meet second Tuesday of October.] Vt, 523. — The General Assembly shall meet annually and not oflener, unless convened by the Governor in the manner prescribed in this Constitution. Va., 536. — No session of the General Assemblj', after the first under this Constitution, shall continue longer than sixty days, without the concurrence of three-fifths of the members elected to each House, in which case the session may be extended for a further period, not exceeding thirty days. Va., 536. — The Legislature shall meet once in every year, and not oftener, unless convened by the Governor. The regular sessions shall begin on the third Tuesday of January. IK. Va., 551. — When, for any cause, the Legislature, in the opinion of the Governor, cannot safely meet at the seat of government, the Governor, by proclamation, may convene them at another place. W. Va., 551. — No session of the Legislature, after the first, shall continue longer than forty-five days, without the con- currence of three-fourths of the members elected to each branch. W. Va., .551. — The Legislature shall meet at the seat of govern- ment, at such time as shall be provided by law, once in each year, and not oftener, unless convened by the Governor. Wis., 563. LEGISLATORS TO HOLD NO OTHER OFFICE— NON-ACCOUNTING HOLDERS OF PUBLIC MONEY NOT ELIGIBLE. — No member of the Legislature shall receive any civil appointment from the Gcivernor and Senate, or from the Legislature during the term for which he shall have been elected. N. T. (1821), 36. — No person being a member of Congress, or holding any judicial or military oflice under the United States, shall hold a seat in the Legislature. And if any per- son shall, while a member of the Legislature, be elected to Congress, or appointed to any ofiice, civil or mihiary, under the government of the United States, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat. N. Y. (1821), 36. — No person who holds any lucrative office under the United States, or under this State, or under any other State or government (except Postmasters, offi- cers in (he militia to whose office no annual salary is attached. Justices of the Peace, Members ot the Court of County Commissioners, Notaries Public and Commissioners of Deeds, excepted), no person who has been convicted of having given or offered any bribe -to procure his election; no person who has been convicted of bribery, forgery, perjury, or other high crime or misdemeanor which may bo by law declared to disqualify him; and no person who has been a collector of public moneys and has failed to account for and pay over into the treasury all sums for which he may be by law accountable, shall be eligible to the General Assembly. Ala., 75. — ^No Senator or Representative shall, during the term for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under this State, except such offices as may be filled by elections by the people. Ala., 76. — No person who now is, or shall be hereafter, a col- lector or holder of public money, nor any assistant or deputy of such holder or collector of public money, shall be eligible to a seat in either House of the Gen- eral Assembly, nor to any office of trust or profit; until ho sliall have accounted for and paid over all sums for which he may have been liable. Ark., 86 ; A'l/., 212; AT/., 261. — No Senator or Representative shall, during the term for which ho shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office under this State which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been incr'iased during his continuance in office, except to such office as shall be filled by the election of the people. Ark., 86; (nearly similar), Col., 98; Fla., 136; Ind., 174; Iowa, 186; Ay., 211; Miss., 3i8; ;t/o., 353 ; Oc, '452 ; Fa., 536. — No Judge of the Supreme, Circuit, or inferior courts of law, or equity. Secretary of State, Attor- ney-General of the State, District Attorneys, State Auditor or Treasurer, Register or Recorder, Clerk of any court of record. Sheriff', Coroner or Member of Congress, or any other person holding any lucrative office under the United States or this State (militia officers, Justices of the Peace, Postmasters and Judges of the county court excepted), shall be eligi- ble to a seat in either House of the General Assem- bly. Ark, 86. — No judge of the superior court, and of the supreme court of errors; no member of Congress; no person holding any office under the authority of the United States ; no person holding the office of Treasurer, Secretary or Comptroller; no Sheriff or Sheriff's deputy, shall be a member of the General Assembly. Ct, 113. — Provided, That this prohibition shall not extend to members of the first Legislature. Afe., 244. — No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he sliall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office under this State, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during such time. No person concerned in any army or navy contracts, no member of Congress, nor any person holding any office under this State or the United States, except tlie Attorney- General, officers usually appointed by the Courts of justice respectively. Attorneys at law, and officers in the militia, holding no disqualifying office, shall, dur- ing his continuance in Congress or in office, be a Senator or Representative. Dei., 118. — No person elected to the General Assembly shall receive any civil appointment within this State, or to the Senate of the United States, from the Governor, the Governor and Senate, or from the General As.«embly, during the term for which he sljall have been elected; and all sucli appointments, and all votes given for any such member for any such office or appointment, .shall be void ; nor shall any member of the General Assembly be interested, either directly or indirectly, in any contract with the State, or any county thereof, authorized by any law passed during the time for which he shall have been elected, or during one year after the expiration thereof. III., 152 ; Mick, 302. «5 1 § 8. No person being a Member of Congress, or holding any judicial or 2 military office under tlie United States, shall hold a seat in the Legislature. 3 And if any person shall, after his election as a Member of the Legislature, be 4 elected to Congress, or appointed to any office, civil or military, under the 5 Government of the United States, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat. — No member of Congress, nor person holding or exercising any office of trust or profit under the United States, or either of them, or under any foreign power, shall be eligible as a member of the General Assembly of this Commonwealth, or hold or exercise any office of trust and profit under the same. Ky., 220 ; La., 233. — No Senator or Representative shall, during the term for which he was elected, nor for one year thereafter, be appointed to any civil office of profit under this State, which shall have been created, or the emolumenis of which shall been increased during the time such Senator or Representative was in office, except to such offices as may be filled by the election of the people. Im., 229 ; Nev., 382. — No person who, at any time, may have been a col- lector of taxes, whether State, parish or municipal, or who may have been otherwise intrusted with public money, shall be eligible to the General Assembly, or to any office of profit or trust, under the State gov- ernment, uptil he shall have obtained a discharge for the amount of such collections, and for all public moneys with which he may have been intrusted. La, 229. — No Senator or Delegate, after qualifying as such, notwithstanding he may thereafter resign, shall, dur- ing the whole period of time for which was elected, be eligible to any office which shall have been crea- ted, or the salary or profits of which shall have been increased during such term, or shall, during said whole period of time, be appointed to any civil office by the Executive or General Assembly. Md., 262. — No person holding any civil office of profit or trust under this Slate, except Justices of the Peace, shall be eligible to the office of Senator or Delegate. Md., 261. — No person holding the office of Judge of tlie Supreme Judicial Court, Secretary, Attorney-General {Solicitor-General], Treasurer or Receiver-General, Judge of Probate, Commissary-General — President, Professor or Instructor of Harvard College — Sheriff, Clerk of the House of Representatives, Register of Probate, Register of Deeds, Clerk of the Supreme Judicial Court — [Clerk of the Inferior Court of Com- mon Pleas] or officer of the customs, including, in this description, naval officers — shall, at the same time, have a seat in the Senate or House of Repre- sentatives; but their being chosen or appointed to, and accepting the same, shall operate as a resignation of their seat in the Senate or House of Representa- tives ; and the place so vacated shall be filled up. And the same rule shall take place iu case any Judge of the said Supreme Judicial Court, or Judge of Probate, .shall accept a seat in Council; or any Coun- ■cillor sliall accept of either of those offices or places. Ma.is., 292. — No person holding any office under the United States (or this State), or any county office, except Notaries Public, officers ot the militia and officers elected by townships, shall be eligible to or have a seat in either House of the Legislature, and all votes given for any such person shall be void. Mich., 301. — No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he is elected, huld any office under the authority of the United States, or the State of Minnes()ta, except that of postmaster ; and no Senator or Representative shall hold an office under the State, which had lieeu created, or the emoluments of which had been increased during the session of *he Legislature of which he was a member, until one year 17 after the expiration of his term of office in the Legis- lature. Minn., 321. - — No member of either House of the Legi.slature shall, after the commencement of the first session of the Legislature after his election, and during the remainder of the term for which he is elected, be eligible to any office or place, the appointment to which may be made in whole or in part by either branch of the Legislature. Miss., 338. — No member of the Legislature shall, during the term for which he was elected, be appointed or elected to any civil office in the State which. shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during the term for which he was elected. Neb., 372; (nearly similar), N. J.. 414; Pa., 462; Wii., 563. — No Justice of the Supreme Court, nor judge of any other court. Sheriff, Justice of the Peace, nor any per.son or persons possessed of any office of profit under the government of this State, shall be entitled to a seat either in the Senate or in the General A.ssembly ; but on being elected and taking his seat, his office shall be considered vacant ; and no person holding any office of profit under the government of the United States shall be entitled to a seat in either house. N. J., 414. — That no Judge of the Supreme Court of law or equity, or Judge of Admiralty, shall have a seat in the Senate, House of Commons or Council of State. N. C, 425. — No person who shall hold any office or place of trust or profit under the United States, or any department thereof, or under this State, or any other State or Government, shall hold or exercise any other office or place of trust or profit under the authority of this State, or be eligible to a seat in either House of the General Assembly; Provided, That nothing herein contained shall extend to officers in the militia or Justices of the Peace. N. C, 430. — No person holding office under the authority of the United States, or any lucrative office under the authority of this State, shall be eligible to, or liave a seat in the General Assembly ; but this provision .shall not extend to township officers, Justices of the Peace, Notaries Public, or officers of the militia. Ohio, 433. — No Senator or Representative shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, or for one year thereafter, be appointed to any civil office under this State which shall be created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increa.sed during the term for which he shall have been elected. Ohio, 434. —And no member of Congress or other person holding any office (except of attorney at law and in the militia), under the United States or this Common- wealth, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in Congress or in office. Pa., 462. — No judge of any court of law or equity, Secretary of State, Attorney-General, Register, Clerk of any Court of Record, or person holding any office under the authority of the United States, shall have a seat in the General Assembly ; nor shall any person in this State hold more than one lucrative office at the same time ; Provided, That no appointment in the militia, or to the o^ffice of Justice of the Peace, shall be considered a lucrative office, or operate as a dis- qualification to a seat in either House of the General Assembly. Teiin., 494. — No Senator or Representative shall during the time for which he was elected, be eligible to any X 66 1 § 9. The elections of Senators and Members of Assembly, pursuant to the 2 provisions of this Constitution, shall be held on the Tuesday succeeding the first 3 Monday of ISTovember, unless otherwise directed by the Legislature. office or place of trust, the appointment to which ia vested in the executive or the General Assembly, except to the office of trustee of a literary institu- tion. Tenn., 493. — No person shall be eligible to a seat in the General Assembly whilst he holds any office of profit or trust under this State, the United States of America, or any of them, or under any other power, except officers m the militia, army or navy of tliis Slate, magistrates, or justices of inferior courts, while such justices receive no salaries ; nor shall any contractor of the army or navy of this State, the United States of America, or any of them, or the agents of such contractor, be eligible to a seat in either House. And if any member shall accept or exercise any of said disqualifying offices, he sliall vacate his seat S. C.,484. — No Senator or Representative shall, during the term for which he may be elected, be eligible to any office of profit under this State, which shall have been created or the emoluments of which may have been increased during such term ; and no member of either House of the Legislature shall, during the term for which he is elected [although he may resign his seat as such member, shall] be eligible to any office or place, the appointment to which may be made, in whole or in part, by either branch of the Legislature ; [nor shall members of either House vote for a member of their own body, though he resign his seat in the same, for Senator in the Con- gress of the United States ;] nor shall members thereof be capable of voting for a member of their own body, for any office whatever, except it be [for Speaker of the House of Representatives and Presi- dent for the time being of the Senate, who shall be elected from their respective bodies]. Tex., 5(J8. — No minister of the Gospel, priest of any religious denomination, or salaried officer of any banking cor- poration or company, and no attorney for the Com- monwealth, shall be capable of being elected a member of either Hou."* of the General Assembly. The removal of any person elected to either branch of the General Assembly from the city, county, town or district for which he was elected, shall vacate his office. Va., 536. — No person holding an office of profit under this State or the United States, shall be a member of the Legislature. W. Va., 550. — No person being a member of Congres.s, or holding any military or civil office under the United States, shall be eligible to a seat in the Legislature; and if any person shall, after his election as a member of the Legislature, be elected to Congress, or be appointed to any office, civil or military, under the government of the United States, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat. Wis., 5G3. VACANCIES IN OFFICE OF MEMBER OR SENATOR. — When vacancies happen in either house, the Gov- ernpr, or the person exercising the powers of Gover- nor f(ir the time being, shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. Ala , 7C ; (nearly similar). Ark., 86; Cal.,d8; De'.,28; tfa., 147; /«., 153; /nA, 175; Juwa, 185; Ky.,2\'l; Atich.,ZOb; Minn., Z22; Miss., 337; Mo., 353; Neb., 373; Nev., 382; A^. H., 402; iV.C, 4-28; Or., 453; Tea:., 508; m>., 563. — If the office of Representative, or the office of Senator become vacant before the regular expiration of the term thereof, a Representative or Senator shall be elected to fill such vacancy, and shall hold the office for the residue of said term. Dd., 118. — When there is a vacany in either house of the General Assembly, and the General Assembly is not in session, the Governor shall have power to iss e a writ of election to fill such vacancy ; which writ -hall be executed as a writ issued by a speaker of either House in case of vacancy. Del., 1 18. — Any vacancy in the Senate shall be filled by elec- tion by the people of the unrepresented district, upon the order of a majority of the Senators elected. Mass., 300. — Whenever the seat of a member shall be vacated, by deatli, resignation, or otherwise, the vacancy may be filled by a new election. Me., 242. — When vacancies happen in either House, the- Speaker shall issue writs of election to fill such. vacancies. Pa., 4G2. — Vacancies from any cause, in the Senate or House of Representatives may be filled by a new election. R. I., 479; (nearly similar.) Kan., 199. — .\nd should the Governor fail to issue a writ of election to fill such vacancies, the returning officer for the district or county shall be authorized to order an election for that purpose. Tex., 508. — The General Assembly shall make provision bylaw for filling vacancies that may occur in either House by the death, resignation (or otherwise) of any of its members. Fl, 122. ■ — All vacancies which may happen in either House shall, for tlie unexpired term, be filled by election, as shall be directed by law. U/iio, 434. — Each House shall direct writs of election for sup- plying vacancies occasioned by death, resignation, or otherwise ; but if vacancies occur during the recess of the Legislature, the writs may be issued by the Gov- ernor, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. N. J., 414. — If any election district shall neglect to choose a member or members on the day of election, or if any person chosen a member of either Hou.se shall refuse to qualify and take his seat, or shall resign, die, depart the St, 433; Pa., 412; R. I., 476; Vt., 528; Va., 536; W. Va., 551 ; Wis, 562; Miss., 337: S. C, 483. — Two-thirds of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a sm.dler number may atljourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent membei-s, in such manner and under such penalties as each hous(! shall provide. Ark.,8ti; 111., 152; /«rf., 173; Or, 460; Tenn.,A'd'i; fax., 508. — Each House shall judge of the elections, returns, and quahfications ot its own members ; and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and shall be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as shall be deemed expedient. Del., 118; Me., 243. — A quorum being in attendance, if either House fail to effect an organization within the first five days thereafter, the members of the House so failing shall be entitled to no compensation from the end of the said five days until an organization shall have been effected. Ind., 173. — Not less than a majority of the members of each House of the General Assembly shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and shall be authorized by law to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as may be pre- scribed thereby. Ky., 211; La., 228. — Not less than one hundred members of the House of Representatives shall constitute a quorum for doing business; but a less number may organize temporarily, adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members. Mass., 292. — Not less than sixteen members of the Senate shall constitute a quorum for doing business. Mass.. 285. — A majority of the members of the House of Repre- sentatives shall be a quorum for doing business; but when less than two-thirds of the Representatives elected shall be present, the assent of two-thirds of those members shall be necessary to render their acts and proceedings valid. N. H., 403 ; Or., 460. — That neither House of the General Assembly shall proceed upon public business, unless a majority of all the members of such House are actually present. N. a, 420. — The mode of organizing Ihe House of Representa- tives, at the commencement of each regular session, shall be prescribed by law. iVeft., 372; OAw, 434. — The organization of the two Houses may be regu- lated by law, subject to the limitations contained in this Constitution. R. I., 476. POWERS OF THE LEGISL.^TURE— ORGANI- ZATION • AND BUSINESS OF THE TWO HOUSES. — That the Senate and House of Commons, ■when met, shall each have power to choose a Speaker, and their other officers; be judges of the qualifications and elections of their members ; sit upon their own adjournments from day to day ; and prepare bills to be passed into laws. The two Houses shall direct writs of election, for supplying intermediate vacan- cies ; and shall also jointly, by ballot, adjourn them- selves to any future day and place. N. C, 424 — The presiding officer shall be styled the President of the Senate, and shall be elected viva voce from their own body. Qa., 144. — The presiding officer of the House of Representa- tives shall be styled the Speaker, and shall be elected viva voce from their own boiiy. Ga., 1 45. — The Senate shall appoint tlieir president and other officers, and determine their own rules of proceed- ings. And not less than seven members of the Sen- ate shall make a quorum for doing business; and 68 when less than ei^ht Senators shall be present, the assent of five, at least, shall be necessary to render their acts and proceedings valid. N. IL, 404. — Each House shall have all powers necessary for a branch of the legislative department of a free and independant State. /hA, 173; Or, 451. — The General .Assembly shall continue to exescise the powers they have hitherto exercised, unless pro- hibited by the Constitution. R. /., 476. — B". it ordninel, That the Legislature of this State shall have full and complete, ample and plenary power and right to a.soertain, adjust and settle, any and all pecuniary liability and indebtedness of this State, or the citizens thereof, to the government of the United States of America, under and by reason of the revenue laws of the latter, either past, present or future ; and to provide by law or otherwise, in such way and manner, and on such terms as the Legislature may in its opinion, deem or declare to be most wise, judicious and expedient, for the ascertainment, adjust- ment and present or idtimate .settlement and pay- ment of the same ; herehy intending to confer, and actually conferring upon the Legislature of this State, full and abisolute power, and right to pledge and use the faith and credit of the State, and to do and per- form whatever is or may be necessary, proper or expedient in the premises aforesaid. Adopted, August 24, 18G5. Miss., 345. — And further, full power and authority are hereby given and granted to the said General Court from time to time, to make, ordain and establish all man- ner of wholesome and reasonable order.s, laws, stat- utes and ordinances, directions and instructions, either with penalties or without, so as the .same be not repugnant or contrary to this Constitution, as they shall judge to be for the good and welfare of this Commonwealth, and for the government and ordering thereof, and of the subjects of the same, and and for the necessary support and defense of the government thereof; and to name and settle annually, or provide by fixed laws, for the naming and settling all civil officers within the said Commonwealth, the election and constitution of whom are not hereafter in this form of government otherwise provided for ; and to set forth the several duties, powers and limits of the several civil and military oflicers of this Com- monwealth, and the forms of such oaths or affirma- tions as shall be respectively administered unto them for the execution of their several offices and places so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this Constitution ; and to impose and levy proportional and reasonable assessments, rates and taxes upon all the inhabitants of, and persons resident, and estates lying within the said Commonwealih; and also to impose and levy rea.sonable duties and excises upon any produce, goods, wares, merchandise and com- modities whatsoever, brought into, produced, manu- factured, or being within the same, to be issued and disposed of by warrant, under the hand of the Gov- ernor of this commonweath, for the time being, with the advice and consent of the Council, for the public service, in the necessary defense and support of the government of the said Commonwealth, and the protection and preservation of tlie subjects thereof, according to such acts as are or shall be in force within the same. Mass., 283. — They may administer oaths and affirmations in matters depending before them ; redress grievances, impeach State criminals, grant charters of incorpora- tion, constitute towns, boroughs, cities and counties ; they may annually, on their first session after their election [in conjunction with the Council] (or oftener if need be), elect judges of the Supreme [and several County and Probate] Courts, [Sheriffs and Justices of the Peace,] and also [with the Council] may elect Major-Generals and Brigadier Generals, from time to time, as often as there shall be occasion ; and they shall have all other powers necessary for the Legisla- ture of a free and sovereign State. But they shall have no power to add to, alter, abolish or infringe any part of this Constitution. Vt., 523. DECISIONS UPON QUALIFICATION OF MEM- BERS—PUNISHMENT FOR DISORDERLY CONDUCT. — Each House may determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish members for disorderly behavior, and, with the consent of two-third.s, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offense; and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the Legislature of a free and independent State. Ala., 7G; CT., lOJ; Z>e?., 118; /owa, 185; J/m., 337; Neb., 372; Pa., 462; Tenn., 403. — Each House may, during the session, punish by imp'isonment any person, not a member, for disre- spectful or disorderly behavior in its presence [Tenn., 493], or for obstructing any of its proceedings; Pro- vided, That such imprisonment shall not, at any one time, exceed forty-eight hours. Ala.,'iG; Miss., 337 ; 71-x., .508. — And each House may punish, by fine and imprison- ment, any person not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the House, by any disoj-derly or con- temptuous behavior in their presence during their session, but such imprisonment shall not extend beyond the final adjournment of that session. Ark., 86. — Bich House, during the se.ssion, may punish, by imprisonment, any person not a meniber, for disre- spectful or disorderly behavior in its presence, or for obstructing any of its proceedings, provided such imprisonment shall not extend beyond the end of the session. Fl., 132. — Each House shall determine the rules of its own proceedings, and may, with the concurrence of two- thirds of all the members elected, expel a member. Cat, 98. — Each House may deterrhine the rules of its own proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the consent of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same cause. Fl., 132; Ind., 173; Ki/., 211; La., 2J8; Ark.,8G; Me,2i3; Md., 2C>-2; Or., 451; R. /, 475; \V. Va., 551; Fa., 536; Wis., 5G> ; Tkc., 508. — Each House shall be the judge of the election returns and qualifioarions of its own members ; and shall have power to punish them for disorderly behavior or misconduct, by censure, fine, imprison- ment or expulsion ; but no member shall be expelled except by a vote of two-thirds of the House from which he is expelled. Ga., 145. — Each House may punish, by imprisonment, not extending beyond the session, any person not a member, who shall be guilty of a contempt by any disorderly behavior in its presence; or who, during the session, shall threaten injury to the person or estate of any member, for anything said or done in either House ; or who shall assault or arrest any witness going to or returning from, or who shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, any person arrested by either House. Oa., 14.5. — Each House may determine the rules of its pro- ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members elected, expel a member, but not a second time for the same cause ; and the reason for such expulsion shall be entered upon the journal, with the names of the members votmg on the question. III., 152. — Each House may punish, by imprisonment, during its session, any person not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the House, by any disorderly or contemptuous behavior in their presence: Provided, such imprisonment shall not, at any one time, exceed twenty-tour hours. ///., 153; Lid., 173; Or., 451; Min., 322. — Each House of the General Assembly shall judge of the quahfications, elections, and returns of its members; but a contested election shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law. Ky., 211; La., 228; Pa., 262. — Each House may punish, by imprisonment, any person not a member, for disrespectful and disorderly behavior in its presence, or for obstructing any of its 69 proceedings. Such imprisonment shall not exceed ten days for any one olFense. La., 228. — Each House may punish, by imprisonment during the session of the General Assembly, any person not a member, for disrespectful or disorderly behavior in its presence, or for obstructing any of its proceed- ings, or any of its officers in the execution of their duties; provided such imprisonment shall not, at any one time, exceed ten day.s. Md., 2G2 ; (similar except term of imprisonment which may not extend beyond the period of session) J/e., 24.3 ; Nev., 3H2. — The House of Representatives shall be the judge of the returns, elections and qualifications of its own members, as pointed out in the Constitution ; shall choose their own Speaker, appoint their own officers, .and settle the rules and order of proceeding in their ' own House. They shall have authority to punish by imprisonment, every person, not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the House, by any disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence ; or who, in the town where the General Court is ■sitting, and during the time of its sitting, shall threaten harm to the body or estate of any of its members, for anything said or done in the House; or who shall assault any of them therefor ; or who shall assault or arrest any witness, or other person, ordereil to attend the House, in his way in going or returning; or who shall rescue any person arrested by the order of the House, i/a.ss., 286. — The Senate shall have the same powers in the like cases; and the Governor and Council shall have the same authority to punish in like cases ; Provided, That no imprisonment, on the warrant or order of the Governor, Council, Senate, or House of Repre- sentatives, for either of the above described offenses, be for a term exceeding thirty days. Mass., 286. — Each House shall be a judge of the election returns, and eligibility of its own members. Cat. 98 ; Mass., 286; M/iB., 321; IK Fa., 551. — Each House may determine the rules of its pro- ceedings, sit upon its own adjournment, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the con- currence of two-thirds, expel a member, but no member shall be expelled a second time for the same offense. Minn., 321. — Each House shall choose its own officers, deter- mine the rules of its proceedings, and judge of the qualifications, election and return of its members, and may, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members elected, expel a member. No member shall be expelled a second time for the same cause, nor for any cause known to his constituents antece- dent to his election. The reason for such expulsion shall be entered upon the journal, with the names of the members voting on the question. Mich., 302. — Each House shall appoint its own officers; shall judge of the qualifications, elections and returns of its own members, may determine the rules oi its pro- ceedings ; may arrest and punish, by fine, not exceed- ing three hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding ten days, or both, any per- son, not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the House, by any disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its pre-sence during its session ; may pun- i.«h its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-tliirds of all the members elected, may expel a member ; but no member shall be expelled a second time for tlie same cause. Mo., 353. — Each House shall choose its own officers, determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirdii, may expel a member. iV! J., 414. — Each House shall judge of the qualifications, elec- tions and returns of its own members, choose its own officers (except the President of the Senate), deter- mine the rules of its proceedings, and may punish its members for disord'-rly conduct, and, with the con- currence of two-thirds of all the members elected, expel a member. Nev., 382. — The House of Representatives .shall choose their own Speaker, appoint their own officers, and settle 18 the rules of proceedings in their own House; and shall be judge of the returns, elections and qualifica- tions of its members, as pointed out in this Constitu- tion. They shall have authority to punish by imprisonment every person who shall be guilty of disrespect to the House in its presence by any dis- orderly and contemptuous behavior, or by threatening or ill-treating any of its members ; or by obstructing its deliberations ; every person guilty of a breach of its privileges in making ar^'ests for debt, or by assault- ing any member during his attendance at any session ; in assaulting or disturbing any one of its officers in the execution of any order or procedure of the House ; in assaulting any witness or other person ordered to attend, by and during his attendance of the House, or in rescuing any person arrested by order of the House, knowing them to be such. N. H., 403. — The Senate, Governor and Council shall have the same power in like cases ; provided that no imprison- ment by either, for any offense, exceed ten days. N. //, 403. — The Senate shall be final judges of the elections, returns and qualifications of their own members, as pointed out in this Constitution. N. II.. 404. — Each House, when assembled, shall choose its own officers; judge of the election, qualifications, and returns of its own members; determine its own rules of proceeding, and sit upon its own adjournments. Or., 450. — Each House, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, shall choose its own officers, may deter- mine its own rules of proceeding, punish its mem- bers for disorderly conduct, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member, but not the second time for the same cause; and shall have all other powers necessary to provide for its safety and the undisturbed transaction of its business. Ohio, 434. — Each House shall choose its own officers, determine its rules of proceeding, punish its members for disor- derly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same cause. S. C, 483. — Each House may punish, by imprisonment, during its sitting, any person, not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the House by any disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence; or who, during the time of its sitting, shall threaten harm to body or estate of any member for anything said or done in either House, or who shall as.sault any of them therefor, or who shall assault or arrest any wit- ness or other person ordered to attend the House, in his going thereto, or returning therefrom, or who shall rescue any person arrested by order of the Hou,se. 5. C, 484; i/os.?., 286. — They shall have power to choose their Speaker, their Clerk and other necessary officers of the House ; sit on their own adjournments; prepare bills and enact them into laws ; judge of the elections and qualifications of their own members ; they may expel members, but not for caiLses known to their con- stituents antecedent to their election. Vl., 523. — Each House shall judge of the election, qualifica- tion and returns of its members, may punish them for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same olfense. Va., 536. — Each branch shall have the power necessary to provide for its own safety, and the undisturbed transaction of its business, and may punish, by imprisonment, any person, not a member, for disre- spectful behavior in its presence ; obstructing any of its proceedings, or any of its officers in the discharge of his duties ; or for any assault, threatening or abuse of a member for words spoken in debate. But such imprisonment shall not extend beyond the termina- tion of the session, and shall not prevent the punish- ment of any offense by the ordinary course of law. W. Va., 551. — Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members. Ark., 86; Neb., 373; N. J., 414; Ohio, A?,Z; FL, 132; Wis., 562 ; III., 152 ; Iowa, 185 ; Miss., 337 ; S. C, 483. 70 1 g 11. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the 2 same, except such parts as may require secrecy. The doors of each House 3 shall be kept open, except when the public welfare shall require secrecy. 4 Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than 5 two days. — Each House shall establish its own rules, and shall be judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members. Kan., 199. EACH HOUSE MAY CHOOSE ITS OWN OFFICERS. — That the Assembly, thus constituted, shall choose theirown speaker, bejudgesoftheirown member.', and enjoy the same privileges, and proceed in doing busi- nes.«, in like manner, as the assemblies of the colony of New York of right formerly did. N. Y., (1777), 21. — At the first regular called session after each general election for Representatives, the Senate shall choose a President and its other officers, and the House of Representatives shall choose a Speaker and its other officers; and the officers so chosen shall be entitled to hold their respective offices until the next general election for Representatives. Each House shall judge of the qualifications, elections, and returns of its own members; but a contested election shall be determined in such manner as may be by law pro- Tided. Ala., 76. — The House of Representatives, when assembled, shall choose a Speaker, Clerk, and other officers. The Senate shall choose its Clerk and other officers, except the President. Ct , 109. - Each House shxll choose its Speaker and other officers; and also each House whose Speaker shall exercise the office of Governor, may choose a Speaker pro tempore. FL, 132. — The Senate and House of Representatives, when assembled, shall each choose a Speaker and other officers (the Speaker of the Senate excepted). Each House shall judge of the qualifications and election of its members, and sit upon its own adjournments. Ind., 173; III, 152. — The House of Representatives shall choose its Speaker and other officers. Ky., 210. — The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker, Clerk, and other officers. Me., 242 ; Mass., 2S6. — The Senate shall choose their President, Secretary, and otlier officers. Me , 242. — The Senate shall choose its own President, appoint its own officers, and determine its own rules of pro- ceedings. Mass., 285. — The House of Representatives shall elect its pre- siding officer, and the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives sliall elect such other officers as may be provided by law. Min., 321. — The House of Representatives shall choose their own Speaker, appoint their own officers, and settle the rules of proceedings in their own House. N. K, 403. — Each House shall choose its Speaker and other officers, and the Senate shall also choose a Speaker pro tempore, when the Speaker shall exercise the office of Governor. Pa., 462. — The House of Representatives shall have authority to elect its Speaker, Clerks, and other officers. The senior member from the town of Newport, if any be present, shall ])reside in the organization of the House. R. /, 477. — The House of Delegates shall choose its own Speaker, and in the absence of the Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, or when he shall exercise the office of Gov- ernor, the Senate shall choose from their own body a President pro tempore, and each House shall appoint its own officers. Va., 536. — The House of Representatives, when assembled, shall elect a Speaker and its otlier officers, and the Senate shall choose a President for the time being and its other officers. Each House shall judge of the qualifications and elections of its own members, but contested elections shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law. Tex., 508. — The Senate shall choose from their own body a President, and the House of Delegates one of their own number as Speaker. Each branch shall appoint its own officers and remove them at pleasure ; and shall determine its own rules of proceeding. IF. Ya., 551. — Each House shall choose its own officers, and the Si-nate shall chose a temporary President, when the Lieutenant-Governor shall not attend as President, or shall act as Governor. Wis., 5G2. — The elective officers of the Legislature, other than the Presiding officers, shall be a Chief Clerk and a Sergeant-at-Arms, to be elected by each House. Wis, 571. — The Senate and House of Representatives, when assembled, shall each choose a Speaker and its other officers, be judges of the qualifications and election of its members, and sit upon its own adjournments from day to day. Tenn., 493. — The Senate shall have the like powers to decide on the election and qualifications of, and to expel any of its members; make its own rules, and appoint its own officers, as are incident to, or are possessed by, the House of Representatives. Yt., 528. JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS — RIGHT OF RECORDING PROTEST. — And the journals of all their proceedings shall be kept in the manner heretofore accustomed by the General Assembly of the colony of New York; and (except such parts as they shall, as aforesaid, respec- tively determine not to be made public), be, from day to day (if the business of the Legislature will permit) published. A^ Y. (1777), 28. — Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the same, except such parts as may require secrecy. The doors of each House shall be kept open, except when the public welfare shall require secrecy. Neither Ho;]se shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days. N. Y. (1821), 35. — -Each House shall keep a journal of its own pro- ceedings, and cause the same to be published imme- diately after its adjournment, excepting such parts as, in its judgment, may require secrecy ; and the yeas and naysof the members of either House, on any ques- tion, shall, at the desire of any two members present, de entered on the journals. Any member of either House shall have liberty to dissent from, and protest against, any act or resolution which he may think injurious to the public or to an individual, and liave the reasons of his dissent entered on the journals. Ala., 76. — They shall each, from time to time, publish a jour- nal of their proceedings, except such parts as may require secrecy; and the yeas and nays upon any n qaestion shall be entered on the journal at the desire of any five members. Ark, 86 (nearly similar) Md., 252. — Each House shall keep a journal of its own proceed- ings, and publish the same ; and the yeas and nays of the members of eitlier House on any question shall, at the desire of any three members present, be entered on the journal. CaL, G8 ; Miss., 337 ; Nev., 382 ; Tex., 508 ; (similar, except request of two mem- bers), III., 152. —Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the same, when required by one-fifth of its members, except such parts as, in tlie judgment of a majority, require secrecy. The yeas and nays of the members of either House shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journals. CL, 109; Me., 243; (nearly similar), Mch., 302. — Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish them immediately after every session, except such parts as may require secrecy, and the yeas and nays of the members on any question shall, at the desire of any member, be entered on the journal. Del, 118. — Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and cause the same to be published immediately after its adjournment; and the yeas and nays of the mem- bers of each House shall be taken a-;d entered upon the journals upon tlie final passage of every bill, and may by any two members, be required upon any other question ; and any member of either House shall have liberty to dissent from or protest against any act or resolution which he may think injurious to the public, or an individual, and have the reasons of his dissent entered on the journal. Fl, 132. — Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings and publish them immediately after its adjournment. The yeas and nays of the members, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of the members pres- ent, be entered on the journals. The original jour- nals shall be preserved (after publication) in the office of the Secretary of State ; but there shall be no other record thereof Oa., 145. — Whenever this Constitution requires an act to be passed by two-thirds of both Houses, the yeas and nays on the passage thereof, shall be entered on the journals of each. Oa., 145. — Any two members of either House shall have lib- erty to dissent and protest against any act or resolu- tion which they may think injurious to the public, or to any individual, and have the reasons of their dis- sent entered on the journals. III., 152; Mm., 312. — Any member of either House shall have the right to protest, and to have his protest, with his reasons for dissent, entered on the journal. Ind., 174; (nearly similar,) Mich., 302; N. C, 426; Or. 451. — Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the same. The yeas and nays on any question shall, at the request of any two members, be entered, together with the names of the members demanding the same, on the journal; Provided, That, on a motion to adjourn, it sliall require one-tenth of the members pressnt to order the yeas and nays. Ind., 173. — Every member of the General Assembly shall have the liberty to dissent from or protest against any act or resolution which he may think injurious to the public or any individual, and have the reasons for his dissent entered on the journals; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any ques- tion, shall, at the desire of any two members present, be entered on the journals. Iowa, 1 85. — Each House shall sit upon its own adjournment, keep a journal of its proceeJings, and publish the same. Imoa, 185; Afin., 321. — Each House shall keep and publish a journal of its proceedings. The yeas and nays shall be taken and entered immediately on the journal, upon the final passage of every bill or joint resolution. Neither House, without the consent of the other, shall adjourn for more than two days, Sundays excepted. Kan., 199. — Any member of either House shall have the right to protest against any act or resolution ; and such protest shall, without delay or alteration, be entered on the journal. Kan., 199. — Each House of the General Assembly shall keep and publish, weekly, a journal of its proceedings, and the yeas and nays of the members on any question shall, at tlie desire of any two of them, be entered on their journal. Ki/., 211 ; La., 228. — Each House shall, from time to time, publish a journal of its proceedings, except such parts thereof as may, in its opinion, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays on any question shall be taken and entered on the journal, at the desire of any two members. Whenever the yeas and nays are demanded the whole list of members shall be caUed, and the names of absentees shall be noted, and pubhshed with the journal. Mo., 353. — Each House shall keep a correct journal of its pro- ceedings, which shall be published. At tlie desire of any three members in the Senate, or any five mem- bers in the House, the ayes and nays shall be entered upon the journal and on the passage of every bill, in either House, the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered upon the journal, and no law shall be passed in either House without the concurrence of a majority of all the members elected thereto. Neb., 372. — Upon a motion made and seconded, the yeas and nays, upon any question, shall be taken ami entered on the journals; and that the journals of the pro- ceedings of both Houses of the General Assembly shall be printed and made public, immediately after their adjournment. jV. C, 426. — The journals of the proceedings, and all public acta of both Houses of the Legislature, shall be printed and published immediately after every adjournment or prorogation ; and upon motion made by any one member, the yeas and nays upon any question shall be entered upon the journal ; and any member of the Senate or House of Representatives shall have a right, on motion made at the same time for that pur- pose, to have his protest or dissent, with the reasons, against anv vote, resolve or bill passed, entered on the journal. JV. K, 403. — Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. JV! J., 414. — Any member of either House shall have the right to protest against any act or resolution thereof; and such protest, and the reasons therefor, shall, without alteration, commitment, or delay, be entered upon the journal. Ohio, 434. — Each House shall keep a correct journal of its pro- ceedings, which shall be published. At the desire of any two members the yeas and nays shall be entered upon the journal ; and, on the pa.ssage of every bill, in either House, the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays and entered U[ion the journal; and no law shall be passed, in either Hou.se, without the concurrence of a majority of all the members elected thereto. Ohio, 434. — Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings. The yeas and nays on any question shall, at the request of any two members, be entered, together with the names of the members demanding the same, on the journal ; Provided, That, on a motion to adjourn, it shall require one-tenth of the members present to order the yeas and nays. Or., 450. — Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish them weekly, except such part as may require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the mem- bers on any question shall, at the desire of any two of them, be entered on the journals. Pa., 462. — Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings. The yeas and nays of the members of either House shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. li. I, 476. — Any member of either House of the General Assembly shall have liberty to dissent from, and pro- test against, any act or resolve which he may think injurious to the puljlic or to any individual, and to T2 have the reasons for his dissent entered on the jour- nals. Term., 404. —The votes and proceedings of the General Assem- bly shall be printed (when one-third of the members think it necessary) as soon as convenient after the end of each session, with the yeas and nays on any question, when required by any member (except where the vote shall be taken by ballot), in which case every member shall have a right to insert the reason of his vote upon the minutes. Vt, o'H. — Each House of the General Assembly shall keep a journal of its proceedings*, which shall be published from time to time, and the yeas and nays of the members of either Hou.se, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. No bill shall become a law until it has been read on three dilTerent days of the session in the House in which it originated, unless two-thirds of the members elected to that House shall otherwise determine. Va., 537. —On the passage of every act which imposes, con- tinues or revives a tax, or creates a debt or charge, or makes, continues or revives any appropriation of public or trust money or property, or releases, dis- charges or comnmtes any claim or demand of the State, the vote shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for an^i against the same .shall be entered on the journals of the respective Houses, and a majority of all the members elected to each House shall be necessary to give it the force of a law. Va., 538. — On the passage of every bill, the votes shall be taken by yeas and nays, and be entered on the journal ; and no bill shall be passed by either branch without the affirmative vote of a majority of the members elected thereto. W. Va., 551. — Each branch shall keep a journal of its proceeding, and cause the same to be published from time to time ; and the yeas and nays on any question, if called for by one-fifth of those present, shall be entered on the journal. W. Va., 551. — The yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall, at the request of one-sixth of those present, be entered on the journal. Wis., 563. — Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the same, except such parts as require secrecy. The doors of each House shall be kept open except when the public welfare shall require secrecy. Neither House shall, without con.sent of the other, adjourn for more than tliree days. IlVs., 562. SESSIONS TO BE OPEN UNLESS THE PUBLIC WELFARE REQUIRES SECRECY. — That the doors, both of the Senate and Assembly, shall at all times be kept open to all persons, except when the welfare of the State shall require their debates to be kept secret. N. Y. (1777), 28. — The doors of each House shall be kept open, except on such occasions as in the opinion of the House may rebuire secrecy. Ah., 70; Cal, 08; Ct., 109; Del., 118; Ft., 133; I»d., 173; Ioiva,l8a; Md., 262; Mich, 302 ; Min., 322 ; J/o., 353 ; Nev., 382 ; (except the Sen- ate in Executive Session,) A^ei'., 382. — The doors of each House shall be open, except on such occasions of great emergency as in the opinion of the House may require secrecy. Miss., 337. — The doors of the galleries of each House of the Legislature shall be kept open to all persons who behave decently, except when the welfare of the State, in the opinion of either branch, shall require secrecy. N. II., 402. — The proceedings of both Houses shall be public, except in cases which, in the opinion of two-thirds of those present, require secrecy. Ohio, 434. — The doors of each House and of committees of the whole shall be kept open, except in such cases as, in the opinion of either House, may require secrecy. Ark., 86; Itt., 153; Or., 451 ; Pa., 420; Tenn., 493. — The doors of each House shall be kept open. Tex., 508. — The doors of the house in which the General Assembly of this Commonwealth shall sit, shall be open for the admission of all persons who behave decently, except only when the welfare of the State may require them to be shut. Vt., 524. ADJOURNMENTS BY THE LEGISLATURE. — Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they may be sitting. Ala., 76; Cal, 98; Del., US; M, 133; Oa., 145; Iowa, 185; hid., 173; Mieh., 302; Ky., 211; La., 228 ; Miss., 337 ; Net)., 382 ; N. Y., 414 ; Or., 450 ; Pa., 462; S. C, 484; Tenn., 493; Tex., 508; Vt., 528; Va., 536. [Adjournments limited to two days.] Me., 244; Ma.is., 280; Kan., 199; Mo., 354 ; R. I., 475; N. B., 404; W. Va., 551. — Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days at any one time, nor to any other place than that in which the House shall be sitting, without the concurrent vote of two-thirds of the members present. Md., 262. — The Legislature, on the day of final adjournment, shall adjourn at twelve o'clock at noon. Mich., 303. — Neither House shall, during a session of the Legis- lature, adjourn for more than three days (Sundays exccjited), nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be assembled, without the con- sent of the other House. Minn., 321. — That neither the Assembly nor the Senate shall have the power to adjourn themselves, lor any longer time than two days, without the mutual consent of both. K Y. (1777), 28. — Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days, Sundays excluded ; nor to any other place than that, in which the two Houses shall be in session. Ohio, 437; III., 153. ADJOURNMENTS BY THE GOVERNOR — POWER OF EXECUTIVE TO PROROGUE THE LEGISLATURE. — In case of a disagreement between the two Houses with respect to the time of adjournment, the Gov- ernor shall have power to adjourn the Legislature to such time as he may think proper; provided it be not beyond the next time fi.xed for the meeting of the next Legislature. Ala., 79; Ark, 89; Cat., 100; Ct., 110; Ft., 131; /«., 158; Iowa, 188; Miss., 341; Tex., 513. — And in case of disagreement between the two Houses, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper, not exceeding four months. A'^., 213; La., 235; Pa., 463. — In ca.se of disagreement between the two Houses, on a question of adjournment, the Governor may adjourn them. Oa., 145. — In case of disagreement between the two Houses in respect to the lime of adjournment, he may adjourn the Legislature to such time as he may think proper, not beyond its regular meeting. Kan., 198. — The Governor, with advice of Council, shall have full power and authority, during the session of the General Court, to adjourn or prorogue the same at any time the two Houses shall desire ; [and to dis- solve the same on the day next preceding the last Wednesday in May; and, in the recess of the said court, to prorogue the same from time to time, not exceeding ninety days in any one recess;] and to call it together sooner than the time to which it may be adjourned or prorogued, if the welfare of the Commonwealth shall require the same ; and in case of any infectious disteiniier prevailing in the place where the said court is next at any time to convene, or any other cause happening whereby danger may arise to the health or lives of the members from their 73 attendance, he may direct the session to be held at some other the most convenient place within the State. [And the Governor shall dissolve the said General Court on the day next preceding the last Wednesday in May.] Mtu^s., 287. — In cases of disagreement between the two Houses, with regai-d to tlie necessity, expediency or time of adjournment or prorogation, the Governor, with advice of tlie Council, shall have a right to adjourn or prorogue the General Court, not exceeding ninety days; as he shall determine the public good shall require. Mass., 287. — In case of disagreement between the two Houses in respect to the time of adjournment, he shall have power to adjourn the Legislature to sucli time as he may think proper, but not beyond the regular meet- ings thereof. Neb., 374. — In case of a disagreement between the two Houses with respect to the time of adjournment, the Gov- ernor shall have the power to adjourn the Legislature to such time as he may think proper; Provided, It be not beyond the time fixed for the meeting of the next Legislature. Nev , 385. — In cases of disagreement between the two Houses with regard to the time or place of adjournment or prorogation, the Governor, with advice of Council, shall have a right to adjourn or prorogue the General Court, not exceeding ninety days at any one time, as he may determine the public good may require, and he shall dissolve the same seven days before the said first Wednesday of June. And in case of any infec- tious distemper prevailing in the place where the said court at any time is to convene, or any other cause whereby dangers may arise to the health or lives of the members, from their attendance, the Governor may direct the session to be holden at some other, the most convenient place within the State. JV! II., 405. — The Governor, with the advice of the Council, shall have full power and authority, in recess of the General Court, to prorogue the same from lime to time, not exceeding ninety days in any one recess of said court; and, during tlie sessions of said court, to adjourn or prorogue it to any time tlie two Houses may desire, and call it together sooner than the time to which it may be adjourned or prorogued, if the welfare of the State should require the same. N. II., 406. — In case of disagreement between the two Houses in respect to the time of adjournment, he shall have power to adjourn the General Assembly to such time as he may think proper, but not beyond the regular meetings thereof (J/iio, 43ti. — In case of disagreement between the two Houses of the General Assembly respecting the time or place of adjournment, certified to him by either, he may adjourn them to such time and place as he shall think proper; Provided, That the time of adjournment shall not extend beyond the day of the next stated ses- sion. M. I., 477. — And in case of disagreement between the two Houses, with respect to adjournment, the Governor may adjourn tliem to such time as he shall think proper. Vt., 5'28. [The Governor had power under the N. Y. Con- stitution of 1777, to prorogue the Legislature for any period not to exceed sixty days in a year.] 224. — He may, on extraordinary i^ccasions, convene the Legislature; and, in case of disagreement between the two Houses with respect to the time of adjourn- ment, adjourn them to such time as he sliall think proper, not beyond the day of tlie next annual meet- ing; and if, since their last adjournment, the place where the Legislature were next to convene shall have become dangerous from an enemy, or contagious sickness, may direct the session to be held at some other convenient place within the State. Me., 24-5. — He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General Assembly, and should either House remain without a quorum lor three days, or iu case of disa-. greement between the two Houses with respect to 19 the time of adjournment, may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper, not beyond the fourth Monday of November then next ensuing. ny or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session of the General Assembly, and for filteen days before the commencement and after the termination of each session ; and lor any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. Ark., 86. — Members of the Legislature shall, in all cases except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest, and they shall not be subject to any civil process during the session of the Legis- lature, nor for fifteen days next before the Commence- ment and after the termination of each session. Cat, 98 ; Wi«., 563. — The Senators and Representatives shall, in all cases of civil process, be privileged from arrest during tiie session of the General As.sembly, and for four days before the commencement and after the termination of any session thereof. And for any speech or debate in either House they shall not be questioned in any other place. Ct., lO'J. — The members of both Houses shall be free from arrest during their attendance on the General Assem- bly, and in going to and returning therefrom; except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace. And no member shall be liable to answer in any other place for anything spoken in debate in either House. Oa., 145. — Senators and Representatives in all cases except treason, felony or breach of the peace, sliall be privi- leged from arrest during the session of tlie General Assembly, and in going to and returning from the same. Iowa, 185. — For any speech or debate in either House the mem- bers shall not be questioned elsewliere. No member of the Legislature sliall be .subject to arrest, except for felony and breacli of the peace, in going to and returning from the place of meeting, or during the continuance of the session; neither sliall he be sub- ject to the service of any civil process during the session, nor for fifteen days previous to its commence- ment. Kan., 200. — The members of the General Assembly shall, in all cases except treason, felony, breach or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attend- ance at the sessions of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. Del, 118; III., 153; A'//., 211 ; La., 228; Me., 244; Min., 321 ; Mo., 353; A'./, 414; Ohio, ^U; Pa., 462 ; Tenn.. 493. — That freedom of speech and debate, or proceedings in the Legislature, ought not to be impeached in any court of judicature. Md., 254. — No Senator or Delegate shall be liable, in any civil action or criminal prosecution whatever, for words spoken in debate. Md., 262. ■ — No member of the House of Representatives shall be arrested, or held to bail on mesne process, during his going unto, returning from, or his attending the General Assembly. Mass., 286. — Senators and Representatives .shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be priviledged from arrest. They shall not be subject to any civil process during the session of the Legis- lature, or for fifteen days next before the commence- ment and after the termination of each ses.sion. They shall not be questioned in any other place for any speecli in either House. ..1/ic/i., 301 ; Ind., 172. — Senators and Representatives shall in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be priviledged from arrest during the session of tlij Legislatiu'e, and in going to and returning from the same, allowing one day for every twenty miles such member may reside from the jilace at which the Leg- islature is convened. Miss., 337. — Members of the Legislature shall in all cases, except trt-ason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest, nor shall they be subject to any civil proces.^, during the session of the Legislature, nor for fifteen days next before the commencement, and after the termination of each session. Neb., 372. — No member of the Legislature shall be liable in any civil action or criminal prosecuiion whatever, for words siioken in debate. A'ei., 372; IKs., 563. — Members of the Legislature shall be privileged from arrest on civil process during the session of the Legislature, and for filteen days next before the com- mencement of each session. Nev., 382. — The freedom of deliberation, speech and debate, in either House of the Legislature, is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation of any accusation or prosecuiion, action or com- plaint, in any other court or place whatsoever. Mass., 282; A^ //., 400; Vt., 522. — No member of the House of Representatives or Senate shall be arrested or iield to bail on mesne process, during his going to, returning from, or attendance upon the Court. N. II., 403. — The person of every member of the General As.semlily shall be e.\empt from arrest, and his estate from attachment, in any civil action, during the session T6 1 § 13. Any bill may originate in either House of the Legislature, and all 2 bills passed by one House may be amended by the other. 1 g 14. The enacting clause of all bills shall be " The People of the State of 2 New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows," and no 3 law shall be enacted except by bill. of the General Assembly, and two days before the commencement, and two days after the termination thereof, ami all process served contrary liereto, shall be void. For any speech in either House, no member shall be questioned in any other place. R. I., 476. — The members of both Houses shall be protected in their persons and estates during their attendance on, going to, and returning from tlie General Assembly, and ten days previous to the sitting, and ten days after the adjournment thereof But these privileges shall not be extended so as to protect any member who shall be charged with treason, felony or breach of the peace. S. C, 484. — The Senators and Representatives shall, in all cases, except in treason, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during tlie session of the Legis- lature, and in going to and returning from the same, allowing one day for every twenty miles such member may reside from the place at which the Legislature is convened. Tex., 5C8. — For words spoken in debate, or any report, motion, or proposition made, in either branch, a member shall not be questioned in any other place. W. Va., 551. — Members of the Legislature shall, in all ca.ses e.xcept trea.son, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session, and for ten days before and after the same. W. Va., 551. ORIGIN OF BILLS. — Any bill may originate in either House of the Legislature; and all bills passed by one House may be amended by the other. A^ Y. (1821), 36; Kan., 199; (nearly similar), Ala., 76; Ark., 86; Cal, 98; Fl, 133; ill, 153; L>wa, 185; Mich., 302; J/m., 337; Mn., 354; A^e6.,373 ; Nev., 382; Ohio, 434; renn.,4!)9; Tex., .508; Fa., 537; IK Fa., 551; Tri?.,563. — All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may pro- pose or concur with amendments as on other bills. U. S., 11. — All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but may be amended or rejected by the Senate as other bills. A'a., 76; (nearly simdar), Man!<., 286; Min., 321; MUt., 338; iV:.H:, 403; A^/, 414; Pa., 462; S. C.,484; Ff , .523. — All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may pro- pose alterations, as on other bills, and no bill from the operations of which when passed into a law revenue may mcidentally arise, shall be accounted a bill for raising revenue ; nor shall any matter or clause what- ever, not immediately relating to and necessary for raising revenue, be in any manner blended with or annexed to a bid for raising revenue Del., 118. — Bills may originate in either House, but may be amended or rejected in the other, except that bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Repre- sentatives, lad., 173; Or., 451. — All bills for rai.sing revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may pro- pose amendments, as in other bills; Proviled, That they shall not introduce any new matter, under color of amendment, which does not relate to raising revenue. iTy., 212; i^a., 229. — Bills, orders or resolutions may originate in either House, and may be altered, amended or rejected in the other ; but all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propo.se amendments, as in other cases; Provided, That they shall not, under color of amend- ment, introduce any new matter, which does not relate to raising a revenue. Me., 244. — Any bill may originate in either House of the General As,-iembly, and be altered, amended or re- jected by the other; but no bill shall originate in either House during the last ten days of the session, nor become a law until it be read on three different days of the session in each House, unless three-fourths of the members of the House where such bill is pend- ing shall so determine. Md., 202. — No new bill shall be introduced into either House of the Legislature after the first fifty days of the ses.sion shall have expired. Mich., 303. — After a bill has been rejected, no bill containing the same substance shall be passed into a law during the same session. Tenn., 493. — After a bill or resolution has been rejected, by either branch of the Legislature, no bill or resolution con- taining the same substance shall be passed into a law during the same session. Tex., 508. STYLE OF LAWS. — That the style of all laws shall be as follows, to wit : " Bi il enacted by the People of the State of , reprciented in Senate and Assembly." N. Y. (1777), 31 ; (nearly similar), Nev., 383. — The style of the laws of this State shall be : "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of ." Ark.,8-; Ind.,lT2; /own, ISo; JM, 262; Tenn.. U3. — The style of their laws shall be: " Be it enacted by the Senate and House oj Representatives, in General Assembly convened." Ct., 108. — The style of the laws shall be : " Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of , in General Assembly convened." Ala., 75; Fl, 132. —The style of the laws of this State shall be : "Be it enacted by the People of the State of , represented in the General Assembly." HI., 153. — The enacting clause of all laws shall be, " Be it enacted by the Leyiilature of the Stale of ." Kan., 200; Min., 322; Miss., 330; Neb., 371; W. Va., 549; Tex., 507. — The enacting style, in making and passing all acts, statutes and laws, shall be : "Be it enacted by the Sen- ate a"d House of R-^presentatioes, in General Court assembled, and by authority of the same." Mass., 293. — The style of their acts and laws shall be: "Be il enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in Legislature ass,sembled." Me., 241. — The style of the laws of this State shall be : "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Slate of , as follows :" Mo., 354; Ohio, 434. -The enacting style in making and passing acta, statutes and laws sh dl be : "Be it enacted by the Sen- ate awl House of Representatives, in General Court convened." N. H, 410. — The laws of this State shall begin in the following style: "Be it enacted by the Senate and General Assem- bly of the State of ." N. J., ilo. — The style of every bill shall be: " Bs it enacted by the Lejislatioe Assembly of the Slate of ." Or., 449. 76 1 g 15. No bill shall be passed unless by the assent of a majority of all the 2 members elected to each branch of the Legislature, and the question upon the 3 final passage shall be taken immediately upon its last reading, and the yeas 4 and nays entered on the journal. ■ —The style of their laws shall be : " It is enacted by the Oeneral Assembh/ as follows." R. I., 475. — The style of the laws of this State, in future to be passed, shall be : "His hereby enacted by the Oentral Assembly of the State of ." R, 524. —The style of the laws of this State shall be: "The People of the State of , represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows." Wis., 5G3; Cat., 97. — And no law shall be enacted except by bill. Lid., 172; Aan., 200; Or., 449. PASSAGE OF BILLS. — No bill shall have the force of law, until on three several days it be read in each House, and free dis- cussion be allowed thereon, unless in cases of urgency, four-fifths of the House in which the same shall be depending, may deem it expedient to dispense with the rule ; and every bill having pa.ssed both Houses, shall be signed by Uie Speaker and President of their respective Houses. Ala., 76; Fl.. 133. — Every bill for an act shall be read three times before each House, twice at length, and in no Ciise shall a bill be read more than twice on one day ; and the vote upon the passage of any law shall, in all cases, be taken by yeas and nays, and by recording the same; and every bill having passed both Houses, shall be signed by tlie President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Ark., 86. — Every bill, before it shall pass, shall be read three times, and on three separate and distinct days in each House, unless in cases of actual invasion or insurrec- tion. Oa., 145. — Every bill shall be read on three different days in each House, unless in case of urgency, tliree-fourths of the House where such bill is so depending, shall deem it expedient to dispense with this rule; and every bill having passed both Houses, shall be signed by the Speakers of their respective Houses. III., 153. — On the final passage of all bills, the vote shall be by ayes and noes, and shall be entered on the journal ; and no bill shall become a law without the concur- rence of a majority of all the members elect in each House. III., 153. — Every bill shall be read by sections on three several days in each House, unless, in case of emergency, two-thirds of the House where such bill may be depending shall, by a vote of yeas and nays, deem it expedient to dispense with this rule ; but the reading of a bill by sections, on its final passage, shall in no case be dispensed with ; and the vote on the piissage of every bill or joint resolution shall be taken by yeas and nays. Ind., 173. — Every act and joint resolution shall be plainly worded, avoiding as far as practicable the use of technical terms. Ind., 173; Or, 451. — No bill shall be passed unless by the assent of a majority of all the members elected to each branch of the General Assembly, and the question upon the final passage shall be taken immediately upon its last reading, and the yeas and nays entered on the journal. Iowa, 186 ; Mo., 354. — Every bill shall be read on three separate days in each House, unless in case of emergency. Two- thirds of the House where such bill is pending may, if deemed expedient, suspend the rules; but the reading of the bill by sections, on its final passage, shall in no case be dispensed with. Kan., 199; (nearly similar), Min., 322. — No bill shall have the force of a law, until, on tliree several days, it be read over in each House of the General Assembly, and free discussion allowed thereon, nnloss, in cases of urgency, four-fifths of the House whfcrc the bill shall be depending, may deem it expedient to dispense with this rule. Ky., 212; La., 229; Miss., 337. — No bill shall become a law unless it be passed in each House by a majority of the whole number of members elected, and on its final passage the ayes and noes be recorded. Md., 262. — Every bill and joint resolution shall be read three times in each House, before the final passage thereof. No bill or joint resolution shall become a law with- out the concurrence of a majority of all the members elected to each House. On the final passage of all bills, the vote shall be by ayes and nays, and entered on the journal. Mich., 303. — No bill shall be passed by either House of tlic Leg- islature upon tlie day prescribed for the adjournment of the two Houses. But this section shall not be so construed as to preclude the enrollment of a bill, or the signature and pa.ssage from one House to the other, or the reports thereon from committees, or its trans- mission to the executive for his signature. Minn., 322. — No law shall be passed unless voted for by a major- ity of all the members elected to each branch of the Legislature, and the vote entered upon the journal of each House. Minn., 322. — Every bill shall bo fully and distinctly read on three different day.s. unless, in case of urgency, three- fourths of the House in which it shall be pending, shall dispense with tliis rule. Neb., 372 ; Ohio, 434. — Every bill shall be read by sections, on three several days, in each House, unless, in case of emer- gency, two-thirds of the House, where such bill may be pending, shall deem it expedient to dispense with this rule ; but the reading of a bill by sections on its final pa.ssage shall, in no case, be dispensed with, and the vote of the final passage of every bill, or joint resolution, shall be taken by yeas and nays, to be entered on the journals of each House; and a major- ity of all the members elected to each House shall bo necessary to pass every bill or joint resolution, and all bills or joint resolutions so passed, shall bo signed by the presiding officers of the respective Houses, and by the Secretary of the Senate and Clerk of the Assembly. Nev., 382. — All bills and joint resolutions shall be read three times in each House, before the final passage thereof; and no bill or joint resolution shall pass, unless there be a majority of all the members of each body per- sonally present and agreeing thereto ; and the yeas and nays of members voting on such final passage shall be entered on the journal. N. J., 414. — Every bill shall be read by sections, on three several days, m each House, unless, in case of emer- gency, two-thirds of the House where such bill may be depending shall, by a vote of yeas and nays, deem it expedient to dispense with this rule ; but the read- ing of a bill by sections on its final passage shall in no case be dispensed with, and the vote on the passage of every bill or joint resolutions shall be taken by yeas and nays. Or., 451. — No bill shall be pa.ssed by the Legislature granting any powers, or privileges, in any case, where the authority to grant such powers, or privileges, has been, or may hereafter be, conferred upon the courts of this Commonwealth. Pa., 472, — No bill shall have the force of law until it shall have been read three times, and on three several 77 1 S 16' ^o private or local bill, which may be passed by the Legislature, 2 shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title. days, in each House, has had the seal of the State affixed to it, and has been signed in the Senate House by tlie President of the Senate and tlie Speaker of the House of Representatives. S. C, 484. — No bill shall become a law until it has been fully and distinctly read on three different days in each branch ; unless in cases of emergency, three-fourths of the members present dispense with tliis rule. W. Va., 551. — That whenever the Assembly and Senate disagree, a conference shall be held, in the preference of both, and be managed by committees, to be by them respectively chosen by ballot. N. Y. {ITil), 28. SIGNATURE OF BILLS. — Every bill having passed both Houses, shall be care- fully enrolled, and shall be signed by the presiding officer of each House. Any presiding officer refusing to sign a bill wliicli shall have previously passed both Houses, sliall thereafter be incapable of holding a seat in either branch of the Legislature, or hold any other office of honor or profit in the State, and in case of such refusal, each House shall, by rule, provide the manner in wliich such bill sliall be properly certified for presentation to the Governor. Minn., 322. — The presiding officer of each branch shall sign, before the close of the session, all bills and joint reso- lutions passed by the Legislature. W. Va., 551. — The presiding officer of each House shall sign pub- licly, in the presence of the House over which l.e presides, while tlie same is in session and capable of transacting business, all bills and joint resolutions passed by the Legislature. Neb., 372 ; Ohio., 434. — That all bills shall be read three times in each House, before tliey pass into laws, and be signed by the Speakers ot both Houses. N. C, 424. — Every bill, when passed by the General Assembly, and sealed witli the great seal, shall be presented to the Governor, who shall sign the same in the presence of the Presiding Officers and Chief Clerks of the Senate and House of Delegates. Every law shall be recorded in the office of the Court of Appeals, and, in due time, be printed, published and certified under the great .seal to the several courts, in the same manner as has been heretofore usual in this State. Md., 2G3. — And every bill having passed both Houses shall be signed by the Speaker and President of their respect- ive Houses. Iowa, 185. — All acts shall be signed by the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representa- tives; and no bill, ordinance or resolution intended to have the effect of law, which shall have been rejected by eitlier House, shall be again proposed under the same or any other title, without the con- sent of two-thirds of the House, by which the same was rejected. Oa., 145. — On the passage in either House of the Legislature of any law, which imposes, continues or renews a tax, or creates a debt or charge, or makes, continues or renews an appropriation of public or trust money, or releases, discharges or commutes a claim or demand of the State, the question shall be taken by yeas and nays, wliich shall be duly entered on the journal ; and tliree-fiftlis of all the members elected to such House, sliall in all cases be required to constitute a quorum therein. Wii., 568. — Every bill shall be read once on three different days, and be passed each time in the House where it originated, before transmission to the other. No bill shall become a law, until it shall be read and passed on three different davs in each House, and be signed by their respective speakers. Tcnn., 493. 20 — Every bill shall be read on three different days in each House, unless two-thirds of the House, where the same is pending, shall dispense with this rule ; and every bill, having passed both Houses, shall be signed by the Speaker of the House of Representa- tives, and by the President of the Senate. Mo., 354 (nearly similar), Tx.,'oOS. — .\ majority of all the members elected to each House shall be necessary to pass every bill or joint resolution ; and all bills and joint resolutions so pas.sed shall be signed by the presiding officers of the respect- ive Houses. Ind., 174; Or., 451. — A majority of all the members elected to each House, voting in the affirmative, shall be necessary to pass any bill or joint resolution. Kitn., 199. — No law sliall bo enacted except by bill. Wis., 563 ; Kev., 383. — All laws shall be passed by original bill. Md., 262 ; Kati., 200. LAWS TO EMBRACE BUT ONE SUBJECT. — Each law enacted by the Legislature shall embrace but one subject, and matter properly connected therewith, which subject shall be briefly expressed in the title. Nev., 332. —Every act or resolution having the force of law shall relate to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title. S. C, 484. — No law shall embrace more than one subject, which shall be expressed in its title. Minn., 323; (nearly similar) Kan., 199; Md., 262; Ky., 212; Mich., 303 ; Neb., 'iTl ; Ohio, 434 ; Pa., 472 ; La., 234 ; re,-c.,51G. — No private or local bill, which may be passed by the Legislature, shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title. Wis. 563 : III., 153. —Nor shall any law or ordinance pass, which refers to more than one subject matter, or contains matter different from what is expressed in the title thereof. Ga., 145. — Every act shall embrace but one subject and mat- ters properly connected therewith; which subject shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in the title. Ind., 173; loioa, 186. — Each law shall embrace but one subject, which shall be described in the title ; and no law, nor any section of any law, shall be revised or amended by reference only to its title and number, but the law or seciion revised or amended shall itself be set forth at full length. Ala., 75. — To avoid improper influences which may result from intermixing in one and the same act such things as have no proper relation to each other, every law shall embrace but one object, and that shall be expressed in the title. N. J., 415. • — Every law enacted by the Legislature shall embrace but one object, and that shall be expressed in the title; and no law shall be revised or amended by reference to its title ; but in such case, the act revised, or section amende 1, shall be re-enacted and published at length. Cal, 99. — No law, enacted by the General As-sembly, shall relate to more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title; but if any subject embraced in an act be not expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as is not so expressed. Mo., 354. 78 RESTRICTIONS UPON LEGISLATION— GEN- ERAL LAWS. — The General assembly shall not pass special laws divorcinf; any named parties ; or declaring any named person of age ; or authorizing any named minor to sell, lease, or incumber his or her property ; or pro- Tiding for the sale of the real estate of any named minor or other person, laboring under legal disability, by any executor, administrator, guardian, trustee, or other person; or changing the name of any person; or establishing, locating, altering the course, or aflect- ing the construction of roads, or the building or repairing of bridges ; or establishing, altering, or vacating any street, avenue, or alley in any city or town ; or extending the time for tiie assessment or collection ol taxes, or otherwise relieving any assessor or collector of taxes from the due performance of his official duties ; or giving effect to informal or invalid wills or deeds; or legahzing, except as against the State, the unauthorized or invalid acts of any officer ; or granting to any individual or company the right to lay down railroad tracks in the streets of any city or town ; or exempting any property of any named person or corporation from taxation. The General Assembly shall pass no special law for any case for which provision can be made by a general law ; but shall pass general laws providing, so far as it may deem necessary, lor the cases enumerated in this sec- tion, and for all other cases where a general law can be made applicable. Mo., 354. — The General Assembly shall not pass local or special laws in the following cases : For the assessment and collection of taxes for State, county or road purposes ; For laying out, opening and working roads or highways ; For changing the names of persons ; For the incorporation of cities and towns; For vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys or public squares ; For locating or changing county seats. In all the cases above enumerated, and in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general and of uniform operation throughout the State ; and no law changing the boundary lines of any county shall have eflect until, upon being submitted to the people of the counties aflfected by the change, at a general election, it shall be approved by a majority of the votes in each county, cast for or against it. loiva, 186. — The Legislative Assembly shall not pass special or local laws in any of the following enumerated cases ; that is to say — Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of Justices of the Peace and of Constables; For the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors ; Regulating the practice in courts of justice ; Providing for changing the venue in civil and criminal ca,ses ; Granting divorces ; Changing the names of persons ; For laying, opening and working on highways, and for the election or appointment of Supervisors ; Vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and pub- lic squares ; Summoning and empanneling grand and petit jurors ; For the assessment and collection of taxes for State, county, township or road purposes ; Providing for supporting common schools, and for the preservation of school funds ; In relation to interest on money ; Providing for opening and conducting elections of State, county, or township officers, and designating the places of voting ; Pi'oviding for the sale of real estate belonging to minors, or other persons laboring under legal disa- bilities, by executors, administrators, guardians, or trustees. Or., 451 ; (nearly similar) JVei;., 383; Ind., 174; i/A, 263. — The Legislature shall not audit nor allow any pri- vate claim or account. Jfich., 303. [In addition to the list of most of restrictions above recited, the Constitution of Maryland has the follow- ing: Giving eflect to informal or invahd deeds or wills ; refunding money paid into the State Treasury, or releasing persons from their debts or obligations to the State, unless recommended by the Governor or officers of the Treasury Department; or establish- ing, locating, or affecting the construction of roads, and the repairing or building of bridges. And the General Assembly shall pass no special law for any case for which provision has been made by an exist- ing general law. Tlie General Assembly, at its first session after the adoption of this Constitution, shall pass general laws providing for the cases enumerated in this section, and for all other cases where a general law can be made applicable]. Md., 263. —In all cases enumerated in the preceding section, and in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general, and of uniform operation throughout the State. Nev., 383 ; Ind., 174. —All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation throughout the State ; nor shall any act, except such as relates to public schools, to be passed take efTect upon the approval of any other authority than the General Assembly, except as otherwise pro- vided in this Constitution. Ohio, 435. — In all cases where a general rule can be made applicable, no special law shall be enacted. Kan., 200. — The General Assembly shall not pass any private law, unless it shall be made to appear tliat thirty days' notice of application to pass such law shall have been given, under such directions and in such manner as shall be provided by law. jV. C, 428. — The General Assembly shall not have power to pass any private law or alter tlie name of any person, or to legitimate any persons not born in lawful wed- lock, or to restore to the rights of citizenship any person convicted of any infamous crime; but shall have power to pass general laws regulating the same. N. C, 428. — All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform , operation. Cal, 96 ; Kan., 200. — All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation ; the General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen or class of citizens privileges or immuni- ties which upon the same terms shall not equally belong to all citizens. Iowa, 183. — Every statute shall be a public law, unless other- wise declared in the statute itself Ind., 174 ; Or., 451. — No special law shall be enacted for the benefit of individuals or corporations, in cases which are pro- vided for by a general law, or where the relief sought can be given by any court of this State. Ala., 78. — The General As.sembly shall pass a general law prescribing the manner in which names of persons may be changed, but no special law for such purpose shall be passed ; and no law shall be made allowing minors to contract, or manage their estates. Fl., 133. — No private or special law shall be passed authoriz- ing the sale of any lands belonging in whole or in part to a minor or minors, or other persons who may at the time be under any legal disability to act for themselves. N'. J., 415. — The Legislature shall have no power to grant leave of absense to a judicial officer, and any such officer who shall absent himself from the State for more than ninety consecutive days, shall be deemed to have vacated his office. Nev., 388. SUSPENSION OF LAWS. — That no power of suspending laws shall be exercised, except by the General Assembly, or by its authority. Ala., 73; A'y., 223. — No law of a general nature, unless otherwise pro- vided for, shall be enforced until sixty days after the passage thereof Miss., 342. 79 1 S 17. The Legislature may confer upou the boards of sui)ervisors of the 2 several counties of the State, such further powers of local legislation and 3 administration as they shall from time to time prescribe. — The Legislature shall have no power to suspend any general law for the benefit of any particular indi- vidual, nor to pass any law for the benefit of individu- als inconsistent with the general laws of the land; nor to pass any law granting to an individual or individuals, rights, privileges, immunities, or exemp- tions, other than such as may be, by the same law, extended to any member of the community, who may be able to bring himself within the provisions of such law ; Provided always, The Legislature shall have power to grant such charters of corporation as they may deem expedient for the public good. Tenn., 499. — And no public act of the General Assembly shall take effect or be in force, until the expiration of sixty days from the end of the session at which the same may be passed, unless, in case of emergency, the Oeneral Assembly shall otherwise direct. III., 153. RE-ENACTMENT OF LAWS. — No act shall ever be revised or amended by mere reference to its title ; but the act revised, or section amended, shall be set forth and published at full length. 7nd., 173; Za., 234; JVew., 382; Or., 451 ; Tex., 51G; Va., 537. — And no law shall be revived or amended unless the new act contain tlie entire act revived, or the section or sections amended, and the section oT sections so amended shall be repealed. Kan., 199; Neb., 172; Ohio, 434. — And no law nor section of a law shall be revised or amended by reference to its title or section only, and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly, in amending any article or section of the code of laws of this State, to enact the same as the said article or section would read when amended; and whenever the General Assembly shall enact any public general law, not amendatory of any section or article in the said code, it shall be the duty of the General Assem- bly to enact the same in articles and sections, in the same manner as the said code is arranged, and to pro- vide for the publication of all additions and alterations which may be made to the code. Md., 262. — No law shall be revived, altered or amended by reference to its title only ; but the act revised, and the section or sections of the act altered or amended, shall be re-enacted and published at length. Mich., 303. — No act shall be revised or re-enacted by mere refer- ence to the title thereof; nor shall any act be amended by providing that designated words thereof shall be struck out, or that designated words shall be struck out and others inserted in lieu thereof; but in every such case the act revived or re-enacted, or the act, or part of act, amended, shall be set forth and published at length, as if it were an original act or provision. Mo., 354. MEMBERS OF LEGISLATURE FORBIDDEN TO ACT AS COUNSEL. — No Governor, member of Congress, or of the Gen- eral Assembly of this State, shall receive a fee, be engaged as counsel, agent or attorney in any civil case or claim against this State, or to which this State shall be a party, during the time he shall remain in office. FL, 13G. — No member of the General Court shall take fees, be of counsel, or act as advocate in any cause before either branch of the Legislature, and upon due proof thereof, such member shall forfeit his seat in tlie Leg- islature. N. II., 402. — No member of the General Assembly shall take any fee, or be of counsel in any case pending before either House of the General Assembly, under penalty of forfeiting his seat, upon proof thereof to the satisfac- tion of the House of which he is a member. R. I., 476. — No member of the [Council] {Senate), or House of Representatives shall directly or indirectly receive any fee or reward to bring forward or advocate any bill, petition, or other business to be transacted in the Legislature, or advocate any cause as counsel in either House of Legislation, except when employed ia behalf of the State. VL, 525. PUBLIC PRINTING;— STATE PAPER. — All public printing shall be let on contract, to the lowest responsible bidder, by such executive officers, and in such manner, as shall be prescribed by law. Kan., 206. — The printing and binding the laws and journals, all blanks, paper and printing for the executive departments, and all other printing ordered by the Legislature, shall be let by contract to the lowest bidder or bidders, who shall give adequate and satis- factory security for the performance thereof The Legislature shall prescribe by law the manner in which the State printing shall be executed, and the accounts rendered therefor; and shall prohibit all charges for constructive labor. They shall not rescind nor alter such contract, nor release the person nor persons taking the same, or his or their sureties, from the performance of any of the conditions of the con- tract. No member of the Legislature, nor officer of the State, shall be interested directly or indirectly in any such contract. Mich., 303. — The Legislature shall not establish a State paper. Every newspaper in the State which shall publish all the general laws of any session within forty days of their passage, shall be entitled to receive a sum not exceeding fifteen dollars therefor. Mich., 304. -The printing of the laws, journals, bills, legislative documents, and papers for each branch of the Gen- eral Assembly, with the printing required for the Executive and other departments of State, shall be let on contract, to the lowest responsible bidder, by such executive officers, and in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Ohio, 443. — There shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at the same times and places of choosing members of the Legislative Assembly, a State Printer, who shall hold his office for the term of four years. He shall perform all the public printing for the State which may be provided by law. The rates to be paid to him for such printing shall be fixed by law, and shall neither be increased nor diminished during the term for which he shall have been elected. He shall give such security for the performance of his duties as the Legislative Assembly may provide. Dr., 457. — There shall be published by the Treasurer, in at least one newspaper printed at the seat of govern- ment, during the first week of January in each year, and in the next volume of the acts of the Legisla- ture, detailed statements of all moneys drawn from, the treasury during the preceding year, for what purpo.ses, and to whom paid, and by what law authorized, and also of all moneys received, and by what authority, and from whom. Minn., 327. 80 AETIOLE IV. 1 Sbctiox 1. The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall 2 hold his oflBce for two years ; a Lieutenant-Governor shall be chosen at the 3 same time and for the same term. — The General Assembly shall provide, by law, that the fuel and stationery f'urnislied for the use of the State, the copying, printing:;, binding, and distributing the laws and journals, and all other printing ordered by the General Assembly, shall be let, by contract, to the lowest responsible bidder ; and that no member of the General Assembly, or other officer of the State, shall be interested, either directly or indirectly, in any such contract; Provided, That the General Assembly may fix a maxinmm price. Ill, 104. EXPENSES OF THE LEGISLATURE. — The General Assembly shall provide, by law, that the fuel and stationery furnished for the use of the State, the copying, printing, binding, and distributing the laws and journals, and all other printing ordered by the General Assembly, shall be let by contract, to the lowest responsible bidder; and that no member of the General Assembly, or other officer of the State, shall be interested, either directly or indirectly, in any such contract ; Provided, That the General Assembly may fix a maximum price. lU., 154. — Ko book or other printed matter not appertaining to the business of the session shall be purchased or subscribed for, for the use of the members of the General Assembly, or be distributed among them at the public expense. Ud., 2G2. — The Legislature may provide by law for the pay- ment of postage on all mailable matter received by its members and officers during the sessions of the Legislature, but not oa any sent or mailed by them. Mich., 302. — The Legislature shall provide by law that all stationery required for the use of the State, and all printing authorized and required by them to be done for their use, or for the State, shall be let by contract to the lowest bidder ; but the Legislature may estab- lish a maximum price. No member of the Legislature, or other State officer, shall be interested either directly or indirectly, in any such contract. Keb., 373. — All stationery required for the use of the State shall be furnished by the lowest responsible bidder, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law ; but no State officer or member of the Legislative Assembly shall be interested in any bid or contract for furnish- ing such stationery. Or., 456. — The Legislature shall provide by law that all sta- tionery required for the use of the State, and all print- ing authorized and required by them to be done for their use, or for the State, shall be let by contract to the lowest bidder; but the Legislature may establish a maximum price. No member of the Legislature, or other State officer, shall be interested, either directly or indirectly, in any such contract. Wis., 5(i3. — That an appropriation may be made for the pay- ment of such actual expenses as the members of the Legislature may incur for postage, express charges, newspapers, and stationery, not exceeding the sum of sixty dollars for any general or special session, to each member. Nev., 383. LEGISLATION BY SUPERVISORS. [Limited powers conferred upon Boards of Super- visors.] Kan., 200; Mick., 304, 309; W. Va. 554- Wis., 5C3. ' CHOICE OF UNITED STATES SENATORS. — In the year in which a regular election for a Sena- tor of the United States is to take place, the mem- bers of the General Assembly shall meet in the hall of the House of Representatives on the second Monday following the meeting of the Legislature, and proceed to said election. La., 229. — Members of the Senate of the United States from this State shall be elected by the two Houses of the Legislature in joint convention, at such times and in sucli manner as may be provided by law. Minn., 323. — In all elections for United States Senator.*!, such elections shall be held in joint convention of both Houses of the Legislature. It shall be the duty of the Legislature which convenes next preceding the expiration of the term of such Senator, to elect his succes.sor. If a vacancy in such senatorial represent- ation from any cause occur, it shall be the duty of the Legislature then in session ot at the succeeding ses- sion thereof, to supply such vacancy. If the Legis- lature shall at any time, as herein provided, fail to unite in a joint convention within twenty days after the commencement of the session of the Legislature for the election of such Senator, it shall be the duty of the Governor, by proclamation, to convene the two Houses of the Legislature in joint convention within not less than five days, nor exceeding ten days from the publication of his proclamation, and the joint convention, when so assembled, shall proceed to elect the Senator, as herein provided. Mev., 384. — And in the election of United States Senators and in these cases the vote shall be taken " vtva voce " Ohio, 435. — It shall be the duty of the two Houses, upon the request of either, to join in grand committee, for the purpose of electing Senators in Congress, at such times and in such manner as may be prescribed by law for said elections. R. I., 476. [The Legislature shall proceed as early as practica- ble to elect Senators to represent this State in the Senate of the United States, and also provide for the election of Representatives to the Congress of the United States.] Tex., 509. EXECUTIVE POWER— HOW VESTED. — The supreme executive power of this State shall be vested in a Governor. N. Y. (1777), 28- Del 119; a, 109; Ga., 146; III, 157; Ind,17i; Kan!, IPS ; Me., 244 ; Mass., 286 ; Mich., 304 ; Mks., 340 ; Neb., 374; N. J., 415; Ohio, 435; Or., 452; Pa., 463; Tenn.,Aai; R. I., 417 ; Fa., 539 ; W. Va., 551 ; Wis., 563. — The supreme executive power of this State shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled " the Governor of ." Ala., 18 ; Ark, 88 ; Cal.,\00; Fl,rM; Iowa, 187; ATy., 213 ; ia., 229 ; Mo., 355 ; N. II., 405; JVey., 384; S. C, 485; Tex., 512. — And whose title shall be, His Excellency. N. II. 405. ' — Who shall be styled, the Oovemor of the Common- wealth of Massachusetts ; and whose title shall be, His Excellency. Mass., 286. — Tbe supreme executive power shall be vested in a Governor, or, in his absence, a Lieutenant-Governor and Council. Vt, 523. — The Executive Department shall consist of a Gov- ernor, Secretary of State, Auditor and Treasurer, who 81 1 S 2. No person except a citizen of the United States sball be eligible to 2 the office of Governor, nor shall any person be eligible to that oflSce, who shall 3 not have attained the age of thirty years, and who shall not have been five 4 years next preceding his election, a resident within this State. shall be chosen by the electors of the State on the second Tuesday of October, and at the places of vot- ing for members of the Legislature. Neb., 373. — The Executive Department shall consist of a Gov- ernor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer and an Attorney-General, who shall be chosen by the electors of the State {Mux., 323), on the second Tuesday of October, and at the places of voting for members of the General Assem- bly. Ohio, 435. — The Supreme Executive power of the State, shall be exercised by the Governor, or, in case of his absence or disability, by the Lieutenant-Governor ; who shall have all the powers and perform all the duties vested in, and enjoined upon, the Governor and Council, by the eleventh and twenty-seventh sections of the second chapter of the Constitution, as at present established, excepting that he shall not sit as a judge in case of impeachment, nor grant reprieve or pardon in any such case ; nor shall he command the forces of the State in person, in time of war or insurrection, unless by the advice and consent of the Senate; and no longer tlian they shall approve thereof Tlie Gov- ernor may have a Secretary of civil and military afBairs, to be by him appointed during pleasure, whose services he may at all times command; and for whose compensation, provision shall be made by law. \% 520. — The Executive power of the State shall be vested in a Governor, whose term of office shall commence on the second Wednesday of January next ensuing his election, and continue for four years, and until his successor shall have qualified, but the Governor chosen at the first election under this Constitution shall not enter iipun the discharge of the duties of the office until the expiration of the term for which the present incumbent was elected, unless the Said office shall become vacant by death, resignation, removal from the State, or other disqualification of said incumbent. Md., 258. — The E.xecutive Department shall consist of a Gov- ernor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, Attorney-General and Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, who shall be chosen by the electors of the State at the time and place of voting for members of the Legislature, and shall hold their offices for the term of two years from the second Monday of January next after their election, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Kan., 197. QUALIFICATIONS OF GOVERNOR. Citizenship: Native of the United States. Ala., 78: Me., 244; Fa.. 539. Citizen of the United States 2 years. Cal, 100; loiva, 188. 5 years: Ind., 174; J/d.. 259; Jl/tcA., 304. 10 years: Fl, 130; S. C, 485. 12 years: Del, 119; 00,147. 14 years: /ZZ., 1.58. 20 years : J/ass , 340 ; iV: J., 416. Time not specified : Ky., 213 ; i/iw , 323 ; Mo., 355; Or., 452 ; Teim., iOi; Tex, 512; Wis., 56i. Citizens of State. La., 329; Miss., 320; Tenn., 494; Pa., 463 ; Va., 539. Residence: Resident of State (actual), Me., 244. 1 year: Min., 323. 2 years: Cal, 100; luwa, 188; Mich., 304 ; Nev., 384, 3 years : Or., 452. 4 years : Ala., 7«; Ark., 88; VL, 520. 5 years: Fl, 130; Ind., 174; La., 229; Min., 340. 6 years: Del, 119; Oa., 147; AY, 213; Tex., 512. 7 years: Mo.,35t; 21 N. S, 405; K J., 416; Pa., 463; Tenn., 494. 10 years: III, 154; S. C, 485. Age: At least 25 years : Cal, 100; Min., 323; Nev., 384. 30 years: Ala., 78; Ark., 88; Ct , 107; Del, 119; Fl, 130; Ga., 147; Ind., 174; Iowa, 188; Me., 244; Md., 259; Mich., 304; J/w,?,, 340; N. H, 405; N. J., 416; Pa., 403; 8. C, 485; Tenn, 49 1; Ttx., 512; Va., 539. At least 35 years: ///., 158; Ky., 213; i«r., 229; Mo.,355. CoVir and sex: Must be a white male. Mo., 355. Freehold qualijications : To the value of £1,000. Mass., 286. GOVERNOR TO HOLD NO OTHER OFFICE. — No member of Congress or person holding any office under the United States, or this State, shall execute the office of Governor. Del, 119; Ind., 175; ia,, 229; Mich., 305; Pa, 4.36; Tenn., 495; except as herein provided, Cal, 100; Iowa, 188; Kan 198; A''f6., 374; iVey., 385; O/jio, 436; 0;-., 452. — And no person shall hold the office of Governor, and any other office or commission, civil or military (except in the militia), under this State or the United States, or any of them, or any other power, at one and the same time. S. C, 485. — Neither the Governor nor Lieutenant-Governor shall be eligible to any other office during the term for which he shall have been elected. Ind., 176. — The person acting as Governor shall not be elected or appointed to any other office during his term of service. W. Va., 551. — No person holding the office of Governor shall hold any other office or commission, civil or military. Tex., 514. — No person elected Governor or Lieutenant-Gov- ernor shall be eligible to any office or appointment from the Legislature, or either House thereof, during the time for which he was elected. All votes for either of them for any such office shall be void. Mich., 305. — No person shall at one and the same time hold the office of Governor and any other office or commis- sion, civil or military, either under this State, the United States, or any other State or Government. Ala., 79. — No person shall hold the office of Governor or Lieutenant-Governor, and any other office or com- mission, civil or military, either in this State or under any State, or the United States, or any other power, at one and the same time. Ark., 90. — No Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, or Judge of the Supreme Judicial Court,, shall hold any other office or place under the authority of this Common- wealth, except such as by the Constitution they are admitted to hold, saving that the judges of the said court may hold the offices of Justices of the Peace through the State; nor shall they hold any other place or office, or receive any pension or salary from any other State, or government, or power, whatever. Ma.is., 292. — No person shall hold the office of Governor and any other office or commission, civil or military, either in this State, or under any State, or the United States, or any other power, at one and the same time, except the Lieutenant-Governor or the Speaker of the House of Representatives, when he shall hold the office as aforesaid. Fl, 130. 1 g 3. The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor shall be elected at the times 2 and places for choosing members of the Assembly. The persons respectively 3 having the highest number of votes for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, 4 shall be elected ; but in case two or more shall have an equal and the highest 5 number of votes for Governor, or for Lieutenant-Governor, the two Houses of 6 the Legislature, at its next annual session, shall, forthwith, by joint ballot, 7 choose one of the said persons so having an equal and the highest number of 8 votes for Governor or Lieutenant-Governor. TERM OF GOVERNOR. One year: Ct., 109; Me., 244; Mass., 286; N. K, 405; R.I.,^T!\ Fi., 522. Two years: N. K, (1821), 37; Ala., 78; Ga., 146; Iowa, 188; A'an., 197; Mich., 304; Minn., 323; Miss., 340; Mo., 355; Neb., 373; N. C, 429; Ohio, 435 ^ W. Va., 551; Wis., 563. Three years: N. Y., (1777), 24; N.J.,i\Q; Pa., 463. Four years : Ark., 88 ; Cat, (amendment of 1862) ; Del, 119; FZ., 130; III, 152; Lid., 175; Ky., 213; io., 229; i/A,258; JVeu., 384; Or., 452; & C, 485; Tow., 494; Jkc., 512; Fo., 539. ELIGIBILITY TO SUBSEQUENT TERMS. Ineligible fornexttenn: Dd., 119; Oa., 146; Ky., 213; AT. J:, 416; S. C.,485; Fa., 539. May hold 8 years in 12: Arh., 88; Or., 452; Tex., 512. 4 years in 8: III, 192; Ind., 174. 4 years in 6 : Ala., 78; Me., 358; Miss., 340; iV. C, 429. 6 years in 9: Pa., 463. 6 years in 8 : Term., 494. COMMENCEMENT OF GOVERNOR'S TERM. Istday of January: Mich., 318; N. T. (1821), 44; N. C, 429. 1st Monday of January: Mb., 373. 2d Monday of January: III, 152; Iowa, 188; Ind., 175 ; La., 229. 1st Wednesday of January : Me., 244. 3d Tuesday of January: ^ /, 415; Pa., 463; Del., 119, 1st Thursday aftier organization of Legislature, or as soon thereafter as practicable : Tex., 512. 4th day of March : W. Va., 551. 1st Wednesday of May : Ct, 109. 3d Monday of November : ^/iss., 344. 5th Tuesday after election: Ky., 213. 1st Monday of December : Cal, (amendment of 1862). Time to be fixed by law : Or., 452. — The term of of5ce of the Governor, Lieutenant- Governor, and Treasurer of the State, respectively, shall commence when they shall be chosen and quali- fied, and shall continue for the term of one year, or until their successors shall be chosen and qualified, or to the adjournment of the session of the Legisla- ture, at which, by the Constitution and laws, their successors are required to be chosen, and not after such adjournment. Vt., 530. GOVERNOR'S POWERS AS COMMANDER-IN- CHIEF. — The Governor shall be general and Commander-in- Chief of all the militia, and admiral of the navy of the State. N. Y. (1821), 38. — The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief of the militia, the army and navy of this State. Cal, 100 ; (nearly similar), Fl, 130; Ga., 147; Iowa, 188; K J., 416. — He shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army of this State, and of the militia thereof, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States. Ark, 89; Ct., 110; Del, 119; III., 158; La., 230; Miss., 341; Mo., 355; Nek, 374; Nev., 384; Ohio, 430; Pa., 463; Me., 244; R. I, 477; S. C, 485 ; Teiin.. 494 ; Tex.. 512. — Tlie Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief of the military and naval forces, and may call out such forces to execute the laws, to suppres^i insurrections and to repel invasions. Mich., 304 ; Min., 323 ; Or., 452 ; Ind, 175; Kan., 203. — He shall be Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval forces of the State ; have power to embody the militia to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, and enforce the execution of the laws. Va., 539. — But he need not command in person, unless advised to do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. Mo., 3.5.5. —He shall have power to call forth the militia to exe- cute the laws of the State, to suppress insurrections, and to repel invasions ; and shall appoint his Aid-de- Camp. Ala., 79. - The Governor, for the time being, shall be Captain- General and Commander-in-Cliief of the militia ; and in the recess of the General Assembly, shall have power, by and with the advice of the Council of State, to embody the militia for the public safety. N. a, 424. — The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval forces of the State, and may call out the militia to repel invasions, suppress insurrections, and enforce the execution of the laws ; but shall not take the command in person without the consent of the General Assembly. Md., 259. — He shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of this Commonwealth, and of the militia thereif, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States ; but he shall not com- mand personally in the field, unless advised so to do by a resolution of the General Assembly. Ki/., 213. — He shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of this State, and of the militia thereof, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States; and when acting in tiie service of the United States, the General Assembly shall fix his rank. Ala., 79. — But he shall not march nor convey any of the citi- zens out of the State without their consent, or that of the Legislature, unless it shall become necessary, in order to march or transport them from one part of the State to another, for the defense thereof Me., 244. — The Governor of this Commonwealth, for the time being, shall be the Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy, and of all the military forces of the State, by sea and land; and shall have fiill power, by him- self or by any commander, or other officer or officers, from time to time, to train, instruct, exerci.se and govern the militia and navy ; and, for the special defense and safety of the Commonwealth, to assem- ble in martial array and put in warlike posture the inhabitants thereof, and to lead and conduct them, and with them to encounter, repel, resist, expel and pursue, by force of arms, as well by sea as by land, within or without the hmits of this Commonwealth, 88 1 ^4:. The Governor shall be Oommander-in-Chief of the military and naval 2 forces of the State. He shall have power to convene the Legislature (or the 3 Senate only) on extraordinary occasions. He shall communicate by message 4 to the Legislature, at every session, the condition of the State, and recommend 5 such matters to them as he shall judge expedient. He shall transact all neces- 6 sary business with the officers of government, civil and military. He shall and also to kill, slay and destroy, if necessary, and conquer, by all fitting ways, enterprises and means ■whatsoever, all and every such person and persons as shall, at any time hereafter, in a hostile manner, attempt or enterprise the destruction, invasion, detri- ment or annoyance of this Commonwealth; and to use and exercise, over the army and nav}', and over the militia in actual service, the law martial, in time of war or invasion, and also in time of rebellion, declared by the Legislature to exist, as occasion shall necessarily require ; and to take and surprise, by all Vfsiys and means whatsoever, all and every such per- son or persons, with their ships, arms, ammunition and other goods as shall, in a hostile manner, invade or attempt the invading, conquering or annoying this Commonwealth ; and that the Governor be intrusted with all these and other powers incident to the offices of Captain-General and Conmiander-in-Chief, and Admiral, to be exercised agreeably to the rules and regulations of the Constitution, and the laws of the land, and not otherwise. Provided, That the said Governor shall not, at any time hereafter, by virtue of any power by this Con- stitution granted, or hereafter to be granted to him by the Legislature, transport any of the inhabitants of this Commonwealth, or oblige them to march out of the limits of the same, without their fi'ee and voluntary consent, or the consent of the General Court ; except so far as may be necessary to march or transport them by land or water, for the defense of such parts of the State to which they cannot other- wise conveniently have access. Mass., 287 (nearly Bimilar), N. K, 406. — The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief of the military forces of the State ; shall have power to call out the militia to repel invasion, suppress insurrection and enforce the execution of the laws ; shall conduct in person or in such manner as may be prescribed by law, all intercourse with other States; and during the recess of the Legislat\u-e, shall fill temporarily all vacancies in office, not provided for by this Constitu- tion or the Legislature, by commissions, to expire at the end of thirty days after the commencement of the succeeding session of the Legislature. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; communi- cate to the Legislature at each session thereof the condition of the State, and recommend to their con- sideration such measures as he may deem expedient. He shall have power to remit fines and penalties in such cases and under such regulations as may be pre- scribed by law ; to commute capital punishment, and, except when the prosecution has been carried on by the House of Delegates, to grant reprieves and par- dons after conviction ; but he shall communicate to the Legislature, at each session, the particulars of every case of fine or penalty remitted, of punishment commuted, and of reprieve or pardon granted, with his reasons for remitting, commuting or granting the same. W. Va., 552. — -The Governor shall be Captain-General and Com- mander-in-Chief of the forces of the State ; but shall not command in person, except advised thereto by the Council, and then only so long as they shall approve thereof And the Lieutenant-Governor shall, by virtue of his office, be Lieuttnant-General of all the forces of the State. Fa., 524. — When the Governor shall be out of the State in time of war, at the head of a military force thereof, he shall continue Commander-in-Chief of all the mili- tary forces of the State. Mich., 305. — But when the Governor shall, with the consent of the Legislature, be out of the State in time of war, and at the head of any military force thereof, he shall continue Commander-in-Chief of the mihtary forces of the State. Nev., 385. GOVERNOR TO COMAIUNICATE BY MESSAGE. — That it shall be the duty of the Governor to inform the Legislature, at every session, of the condition of the State, so far as may respect his department ; to recommend such matters to their consideration as shall appear to him to concern its good government, welfare and prosperity, to correspond with the Con- tinental Congress, and other States; to transact all necessary business with the officers of government, civil and military ; to take care that the laws are faithfully executed, to the best of his ability, and to expedite all such measures as may be resolved upon by the Legislature. A'! Y. (1777), 29. — He shall frum time to time give to the General Assembly information of the State of the Govern- ment, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he may deem expedient. Ala., 79; Ark, 89; Cal, 100; Ct., 110; Del., 120; Fl, 131; III., 158; Iiid., 175; loiva. 188; Kan., 198; Ky., 213; La., 230; Me., 245 ; Md., 260; MicJi., 304; Min., 323; Miss., 341 ; Mo., 355; Neb., 374; Nev., 386; Ohio, 436; Or., 452; Pa., 463; S. C, 485; Tenn., 495; Tex., 513; Va., 539; W. Fa., 552; TF&., 564. GOVERNOR TO TRANSACT BUSINESS WITH OTHER STATES— HE MAY REQUIRE RE- PORTS FROM PUBLIC OFFICERS. —He may require from the Secretary of State the Comptroller of Public Accounts, and the State Treas- urer, information in writing on any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. Ala., 79. — He shall transact all necessary business with officers of government, and may require information in writ- ing from the officers of the Executive department upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. Cal., 100; Ind., 175; Iowa, 188: J/ic/i., 304; A'c!'., 384; Or, 453; Wis., 564. — He may require any information, in writing, from the officers of the Executive department on any sub- ject relating to the duties of their respective offices. Arh:,80; Ct., 110; Del., 120; Fl., 130; /H., 158; A'an., 198; Ky., 213; La., 230; Me., 245; Miss., 341; A^c6., 374; Ohio, 435; Pa., 463; S. C, 485; Temi., 495; Tex., 513. — Conduct, either in person or in such other manner as shall be prescribed by law, all intercourse with other and foreign States. Va., 539. — The officers of the Executive department, and of all public State institutions, shall at least ten days preceding each regular session of the Legislature, severally report to the Governor, who shall transmit such reports to the Legislature. Kan., 198; (ten days before shall transmit, &o.,) Ohio, 430. — It shall be the duty of the Governor semi-annually, 84 7 expedite all snob measures as may bo resolved upon by the Legislature, and 8 shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed. He shall, at stated 9 times, receive for his services a compensation to be established by law, which- 10 shall neither be increased nor diminished after his election or during his con- 11 tinuance in office. and oflener if he deem it expedient, to examine tlio bank bool:, account bool^s and official prooeeilinffs of the Treasurer and Comptroller of the State. Md., 260. — He may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the Executive depart- ments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. Lid., 175; Minn., 323; R, 540; W. Va., 552. — And may also require the opinion in writing of the Attorney-General upon any question of law con- nected with his official duties. Va., 540; IK Va., 552. — He shall transact all necessary business with the officers of government, civil and military. He shall expedite all such measures as may be resolved upon by the Legislature, and shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed. He shall at stated times receive for his services, a compensation which shall neither be increa.sed nor diminished during the term for which he shall have been elected. N. Y. (1821), 38. [The Governor and Council.] Are to correspond with other States, transact business with officers of Government, civil and military, and to prepare such business as may appear to them necessary to lay before the General Assembly. APPOINTING POWER OF GOVERNOR. — He .shall appoint all officers whose offices are estab- lished by this Constitution, or shall be established by law, and whose appointments are not herein other- wise provided for. Dei, 119. — The Governor shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate (a majority of all the Senators concurring), appoint all officers whose offices are established by this Constitution, or which may be created by law, and whose appointments are not otherwise provided for ; and no such officer shall be appointed or elected by the General Assembly. Ill, 158. — The appointing power shall remain as heretofore, and all officers in the appointment of the Executive Department shall continue in the exercise of the duties of ther respective otfices until the Legislature shall pass such laws as may be required by the eighth section of the sixth article of the amended Constitu- tion, and until appointments shall be made under such laws; unless their commissions shall be super- seded by new appointments, or shall sooner expire by their own limitations, or the said offices shall become vacant by death or resignation, and such laws shall be enacted by the first Legislature under the amended Constitution. Pa., 469. — The Senate shall vote on the confirmation or rejec- tion of the officers to be appointed by tlie Governor with the advice and consent of the Senale, by yeas and nays; and tlie names of the Senators voting for and against the appointments, respectively, shall be entered on a journal to be k^-pt for that purpose, and made public at the end of each session, or before. La., 229. — All civil officers appointed by the Govenor and Senate .shall be nominated to the Senate within fifty days from the commencement of each regular session of the General Assembly, and their term of office, except in cases otherwise provided for in tliis Consti- tution, shall commence on the first Monday of May next ensuing their appointment, and continue for two years (unless sooner reraovrd from ofiict), and until their successors respectively qualify according to law. Md., 259. — A person once rejected by the Senate shall not be re-appointed by the Governor to the same office during the same session or the recess thereafter. [Ga., 147; JM, 259.] — Unless at the request of the Senate. Md., 259. — He shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint all officers whose offices are e-tablished by the Constitution, and whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for; Provided, however. That the Legislature shall have a right to prescribe the mode of appointment to all otlier offices established by law. La., 230 ; Md., 259. — The Governor, and in his absence the Lieutenant- Governor [with the Council (the major part of whom including tlie Governor or Lieutenant-Governor, shall be a quorum to transact business)], shall have power to commission all officers, and al.so to appoint officers except where provision is or shall be otherwise made by law, or this frame of government; and shall sup- ply every vacancy in any office occasioned by death or otherwise, until the ollice can be filled in the man- ner directed by law, or this Constitution. Vt., 529. — He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint a State Librarian and Notary Public, and such olher officers as may be provided by law. He shall have power to appoint commissioners to take the acknowledgment of deeds, or other instruments in writing, to be used in this State. Min., 323. — He shall have^ower to fill all vacancies that may happen in such judicial offices during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session ; Provided, That in acting on executive nominations the Senate shall sit with open doors, and in confirming or reject- ing the nominations of the Governor the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays. Pa., 463. — Nominations to fill all vacancies that may have occurred during the recess, shall be made to the Sen- ate during the first ten days of its session. And should any nomination so made be rejected, the same individual shall not again be nominated during the session to fill the same office ; and should the Gov- ernor fail to make nominations to fill any vacancy during the session of the Senate, such vacancy shall not be filled by the Governor until the next meeting of the Senate. Tex., 514. — The Governor and Council shall have a negative on each other, both in the nominations and appoint- ments. Every nomination and appointment shall be signed by the Governor and Council, and every nega- tive shall be also signed by the Governor or Council, who made the same. N. //., 40G. — And this Convention do further, in the name and by the authority of the people of this State, ordain, detcu'inine and declare. That by the true construction of the twenty-third article of the Constitution of this State, the right to nominate all officers other than those who by the Constitution are directed to be otherwise appointed, is vested concurrently in the person administering the government of this State for the time being and in each of the members of the Council of Appointment. GENERAL POWERS OF GOVERNOR. — The Governor shall have power, an^l it shall be his duly, except at such times as the Legislature may be in session, to examine into the condition and adminis- tration of any public office, and the acts of any public officer, elective or appointed; to remove from office for gross neglect of duty, or for corrupt conduct in office, or any other misfeasance or malfeasance therein, either of the following officers, to wit: The Attorney- General, State Treasurer, Commissioner of the Land Office, Secretary of State, Auditor-General, Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, or members of the State Board of Education, or any other officer of the State, except legislative and judicial, elective or appointed ; and to appoint a successor for the remain- der of their respective unexpired terms of office, and report the causes of such removal to the Legislature at its next session. Mich., 310. — The Governor, for the time being, ishall have power to draw for and apply such sums of money as shall be voted by the General Assembly, for the contingencies of government, and be accountable to them for the same. He also may, by and with tlie advice of the Council of State, lay embargoes, or prohibit the exportation of any commodity, for any term not ■exceeding thirty days, at any one time in the recess of the General Assembly ; and shall have the power of granting pardons and reprieves, except where the prosecution shall be carried on by the General Assembly, or the law shall otherwise direct ; in which •case, he may, in the recess, grant a reprieve until the next sitting of the General Assembly ; and he may exercise all the other executive powers of govern- ment, limited and restrained, as by this Constitution is mentioned, and according to the laws of the State. And, on his death, inability, or absence from the ■State, the Speaker of the Senate, for the time being, and in case of his death, inability, or absence from the State, the Speaker of the House of Commons shall •exercise the powers of Government after such death, or during such absence or inability of the Governor, or Speaker of the Senate, or until a new nomination is made by the General Assembly. N. C, 424. — He shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe- cuted. Afa, 79; Ark. 89; Cat, 100; Ct, 110; Del, 120; Fl, 131; Ind., 175; Iowa, 188; Kan., 19G; Ky., 213; La., 2:!0; i/A, 259; J/c, 245; Mich, 304; Min., 323 ; Mins., 341 ; Mo., 3.55 ; Neb., 434; Nev., 384 ; Ohio, 435; Or., 452; N. J., 416; Pa., 463; R. I., 477; S. a, 485; Teim., 495; Tex., 513; Va., 539; \V. Va., 552 ; Wis., 564. — To take care that the laws be distributed. Mo., 355; — And shall be a conservator of peace throughout the State. Mo., 355. SALARY OF GOVERNOR. — He shall, at stated times, receive a compensation for his services, which shall not be increased or di- minished during the term for which he shall have been elected ; nor shall he receive, within that period, ■any other emolument from the United States, or any one of them, or from any foreign power. Ark, 89. — -The Governor and Council shall be compensated for their services, from time to time by such grants as the General Court shall think reasonable. N. H., 407. — As the public good requires that the Governor should not be under the undue influence of any of the members of tlie General Court, by a dependence on them for his support — that he should, in all cases, act with freedom for the benefit of the public — that he should not have his attention necessarily diverted from that object to his private concerns — and that he should maintain the dignity of the Commonwealth in the character of its Chief Slagistrate — it is necessary that he should have an honorable stated salary, of a fixed and permanent value, amply sufficient for those purposes, and established by standing laws; and it shall be among the first acts of the General Court, 22 after the commencement of this Constitution, to es- tablish such salary by law accordingly. Mans, 288. — He shall, at stated time-s, receive a compensatioa for his services, which sliall not be either increased or diminished du -ing the term for which he shall have been elected. AJa., 78; Del, 119; lad., 176; Fl, 1.30; Ky., 213; J/e., 244; Miif..,Zil; Mo., 355; K J., 416; Pa,., 463; R. I., 477; 8. C, 535; Tean., 495. — The compensation of the Governor, Lieutenant- Governor, Senators and Representatives shall be established by law, and shall not be varied so as to take effect until after an election, which shall next succeed the pa-sage of the law establishing said com- pensation. Ct., 1 10. — The Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney-General and Sur- veyor-General, shall each, at stated times during their contmuance in office, receive for their services a com- pensation, which shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which they shall have beea elected; but neither of these officers shall receive for his own use any fees for the performance of his offi- cial duties. Cal, 101. —Salary $1,000. Mich., 308; Neb., 374. do 1,250. Wis., 564. do 1,500. Ill, 158; Or., 457. do 2,000. W. Va., 552. do 2,500. Minn., 323. do 3,000. (.Minimum.) Fl, 130. do 4,000. Md.,2W; Nev..Z^Z; Tex.,b\2. do 5,000. Va.., 539. do 8,000. La., 230. do 10,(100. Co/, 106. — The President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall, during the time they respectively administer the government, receive the same compensation which the Governor would have received if he had been employed in the duties of his office. Ala , 80. — The Lieutenant-Governor shall while he acts as President of the Senate, receive for his services the same compensation which shall be allowed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and no more; and during the time he administers the gov- ernment as Governor shall receive the same compt-n- sation which the Governor would have received had he been employed in the duties of his office and no more. The President for the time being of the Sen- ate shall, during the time he administers the govern- ment, receive in like manner the same compensatioa which the Governor would have received had he been employed in the duties of his office. If the Lieutenant-Governor shall be required to administer the Government, and shall, whilst in such adminis- tration die, resign, or be absent from the State, dur- ing the recess of the Legislature, it shall be the duty of the Secretary of State to convene the Senate, for the purpose of choosing a Pi-esident for the time being. Tex., 513. — The Governor shall have a competent S'llary, whicli shall not be increased nor diminished during the time for which he shall have been elected ; neither shall he receive within that time any other emolument from the United States, or either of them, nor from any foreign power. Oa., 146. — During his continuance in office shall receive no other emoh'ment from this or any other government. Fa., 539; W. Fo., 552. — The Governor shall reside at the seat of Govern- ment, and receive a salary of fifteen hundred dollars per annum, which shall not be increased or dimin- ished ; and he shall not during the time for which he shall have been elected, receive any emolument from the United States, or either of them. Ill, 158. — Until the Legislature shall otherwise direct, in ac- coriance with the provisions of this Constitution, the silary of the Governor shall be ten thousand dollars per annum; an 1 the salary of the Lieutenant-Gov- ernor shall be double the pay of a State Senator; and the pay of members of the Legislature shall be six- teen dollars per diem while in attendance, and sixteen dollars for every twenty miles travel by the usual 86 1 §5. The Governor shall have the power to grant reprieves, commutations 2 and pardons, after conviction, for all offenses except treason and cases of 3 imi)eachment, npon such conditions and with such restrictions and limitations; 4 as ho may think proper, subject to such regulations as may be provided by 5 law relative to the manner of applying for pardons. Upon conviction for G treason, he shall have power to suspend the execution of the sentence until route from their residences, to the place of hnlding the session of the Legislature, nnd in returning there- from. And the Legislatui-e shall fix the salari'^s of all olfii-ers, other than those elected by the people at the tirst election. Cal., 106. (1) JV: F. (1821), 38. PARDONING POWER. — He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, and grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment. Pa., 463 ; Teiin., 494. — He shall have power to grant reprieves and par- don.s, alter conviction, for oQenses against the Siate, except in cases of impeachment. Attn., 323. — He shall have power to grant reprieves after con- Tiction, in all cases except those of impeachment, until the end of the next session of the General Assembly (/J. /, 477) and no longer. Ct., 110. — The pardoning power shall be vested in the Gov- ernor, under regulations and restrictions prescribed by law. Kan., 1 98. — He shall have power, with the advice and consent of the Council, to remit, alter conviction, all forfeit- ure and penalties, and grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment. J/e.. 245. — In all criminal and penal cases (except of impeach- ment), after conviction, he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, and remit fines and forfeit- ures, under such rules and regulations as shall be pre- scribed by law. Fl, 131. — He shall have power to grant reprieves for offenses against the State, except in cases of impeachment, and to grant pardons, or to remit any part of a sen- tence, in all cases after conviction, except for treason, murder, or other capital offenses, in which cases he may respite the execution, and make report thereof to the next General As.*embly. Ga., 147. — The Governor or person administering the govern- ment shall have power to suspend the collection of fines and forfeitures, and to grant reprieves to extend until the expiration of a time not exceeding ninety days alter ccmviction ; but this power shall not extend to cases of impeachment. A': /., 416. — The Governor, Justices of the Supreme Court, and Alt'irney-General, or a major part of them, of whom the Governor shall be one, may, upon such conditions and with such limitations and restrictions as they may think proper, remit fines and forfeitures, com- mute puni.-;hments, and grant pardons afer convic- tions in all ca.ses, except treason and impeachments, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law relative to the manner of applying for pardons Nev., 385. — In all c'iminal and penal eases, except those of treason and impeachment, he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, and to remit fines and forfeitures, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law; and in cases of treason, he shall have power, by and with the advice and con.«ent of the Senate, to grant reprieves and pardons, and in the recess of the Senate he may respite the sentence until the end of the next ses.sion of the General Assembly. Aln., 79 ; Ark., Xd ; Tex., 513 ; Mm., 341. — The Governor shall have the power to grant reprieves, conmiutations and pardons, after convic- tion, for all offenses except treason and cases of impeachment, upon such conditions and with such restrictions and limitations as ho may think proper, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law relative to ihs manner of applying for pardons. He shall, at each session oi the Genei'al Assembly, com- mimioate to that body each case of reprieve, commu- tation or pardon granted ; stating the name of the convict, the crime of which he was convicted, the sentence and its date, the date of the commutaiion. pardon or reprieve, and the reasons for granting the same [i/o., 355; Or., 453 (nearly similar), III., 158; Cal., 100; Ind., 175; Iowa, 188; Mick. 305; Nev., 385; Ohio. 436; Wis., 564], and also the names of all persons in whose favor remission of fines and for- feitures shall have been jnade, and the several amounts remitted; Provided, however. That the Gen- eral As.semb!y may, by law, constitute a council, to be composed of officers of State, without whose advice and consent the Governor shall not have power to grant pardons in any case, except .such as may by law be left to his sole power. Ind., 175. — Upon conviction for treason, he shall have the- power to suspend the execution of the .sentence until the case shall be reported to the Legislature at its next meeting, when the Legislature shall either pardon, or commute the sentence, direct the execution of the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. Cal, 100; III, 158; Ind., 175; Wis-., 504; Iowa, 188; Mich., 305; Afe, 385; Or.. 453 ; Ohio, iSG. — He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law ; and shall report to the General A.ssembly at its next meeting, each case of reprieve, commutation, or par- don granted, and the reasons therefor; and also all persons in whose favor remission of fines and forfeit- ures shall have been made and the several amounts remitted. Iowa, 188; Or., 453. — He shall have power to grant reprieves and par- dons, except in cases of iuipeachment, and in ca.ses in which he is prohibited by other articles of this Con- stitution, and to remit fines and forfeitures for offenses against the State; but shall not remit the principal or interest of any debt due to tlie State, except in cases of fines and forfeitures; and before granting a Ho'te pro.':equi, or pardon, he shall give notice in one or more newspapers of the application made for it, and of the day on or after which his decision will be given; and in every case in which he exercises this power, he shall report to either branch of tlie General Assembly whenever required, the petitions, recommendations and reasons which influenced his decision. Md., 260. — He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons after conviction (except in cases of impeachment), in such manner, on such terms and under such restric- tions as he shall think proper, and he shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, unle.^s otherwise directed by law. It shall be his duty to report to the General Assembly at the next regular session |liere- after all pardons granted by him, with a full state- ment of each case and the reason moving him there- unto. S. a, 485. 8t 7 the case sball be reported to the Legislature at its next meeting, when the 8 Legislature shall either pardou or commute the sentence, direct the execution 9 of the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall annually communicate 10 to the Legislature each case of reprieve, commutation or pardon granted; 11 stating the name of each convict, the crime of which he was convicted, the 12 sentence and its date, and the date of the commutation, pardon or reprieve.(') — He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures and to grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment. He sliall set fortli in writinfif. fully, the groimds of all reprieves, pardons and remissions, to be entered in the register of lii.s official acts, and laid before the General Assembly at their next ses- sion. Del, 120. — The Governor, or person administering the gov- ernment, the Chancellor, anre the Senate by impeachment of the House, shall be in the Governor, by and with the advice of Council; but no charter of pardon granted by the Governor, with advice of Council, before conviction, sh.all avail the party pleading the same, notwilh-standing any general or particular expressions contained therein descriptive of the otfense or offenses intended to be pardoned. JV. //., 406. — He sh dl have power to remit fines and forfeitures, grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of im- peachment. In cases of treason, he shall have power to grant reprieves until the end of the next session of the General As.sembly, in which tlie power of par- doning shall be vested; but he shall have no power to remit the fees of the clerk, sheriff, or Common- wealth's attorney, in penal or criminal cases. Ky , 213. — The power of pardoning offMi.ses, except such as persons may be convicted of before the Senate, by an impeachment of the House, shall be in the Gove nor, by and with the advice of council ; but no charter or pardon granted by the Governor, with advice of the council, before conviction, shall avail the party plead- ing the same, notwithstanding any general or par- ticular expressions contained therein, descri;itive of the offen.se or offenses intended to be pardoned. Mass., 287. — He shall have power, after conviction^ to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, for all crimes and offenses except treason and cases of impeachment, upon such conditions as he may think proper; sub- ject, however, to such regulations as to the manner of applying for pardon as may be prescribed by law. Neh., 374. — He shall communicate to the Legislature at every regular session each case of reprieve, commutation or pardon granted ; stating the name and crime of the convict, the sentence, its date and the date of the commutation, pardon or reprieve, with his reasons therefor. Neb., 374. — The Governor, liy and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall hereafter exclusively exercise the pardoning power, except in cases of impeachment, to the same extent as such power is now exercised by the General As.-. — And in case of liis absence, or impeachment, or •when he shall exercise the office of Governor, the Senate shall choose a president pro tempore. Ohio, 436; Inva. 188. — The Senate shall choose a President pro tempore, to preside in case of his absence or impeachment, or ■when he shall hold the office of Governor. Kan.. 19S; (nearly similar), Iiid , 175; Neo., 385; Min., 3^4; J/rf., 2.59; i^a., 230; S. C, 485. — If, by rea-sembly ; and they may draw upon the treasury for such sums as may be appropriated by tlie House of Representatives; they may lay embargoes, or prohibit the exportation of any commodity for any time not exceeding thirty days, in the recess of the House only. They may grant such licenses as shall be directed by law ; and shall have power to call together the General As.sembly, when necessary, before the day to which they shall stand adjourned. The Gov- ernor or Lieutenant-Governor and the Council, shall meet at the time and place with the General Assem- bly ; fthe Lieutenant-Governor shall, during the pres- ence of the Commander-in-Chief, vote and act as one of the Council; and the Governor, and in his absence the Lieutenant-Governor shall, by virtue of their offices, preside in Council, and have a ca.sting, but no other vote. Every member of the Council shall be a Justice of the Peace for the whole State, by virtue of his office. The Governor and Council shall have a Secretary, and keep fair books of their proceedings, wherein any Councillor may enter his dissent, with his reasons to support it. And the Governor may appoint a Secretary for himself and his Council. Va., 52-1. — Every bill which may have passed the Legislature shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor. If he approve it he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it with his objections, to the House in which it originated, which shall enter the same upon the journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, it again pass both Houses by yeas and nays, by a majority of two- tnirds of the members of each House present, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the Governor's objections. If any bill shall not be returned within ten days after it sliall have been presented to him (Sundays excepted), the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Legislature, by adjournment, prevent such return. Ca/., 98; (nearly similar), Mc/*., 302; La., 2:30; JVeu, 384; Or., 4.53 ; Pa., 462 ; (nearly .similar except in time,) Fl, 131; Iowa, 185; 1/e., 243; Nek, 374; N. II., 405; Tex., 513; Wis., 504. — The Governor shall have the revision of all bills passed by both Houses, before the same shall become laws, but two-thirds of each House may pass a law notwithstanding his dissont ; and if any bill should not be returned by the Governor within five days (Sundays excepted) after it has been presented to him, the same shall be law, unless the General Assembly by their adjournment, .shall prevent its re- turn. He may approve any appropriation, and dis- approve any otlier appropriation in the same bill, and the latter shall not be effectual unless passed by two-thirds of each House. Ga , 147. — If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within ten days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in hke manner as if he had signed it, unless the Gen- eral Assembly shall, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case the said bill shall be returned on the first day of the meeting of the General Assem- blv, after the expiration of said ten days, or be a law. ///., 159. — If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within three days (Sundays excepted), after it .shall have been presented to him, it shall be a law without his signature, unless the general adjournment shall prevent its reiurn, in which case it shall be a law, unless the Governor, within five days next after such adjournrneni, shall file such bill, with his objec- tions thereto, in the office of the Secretary of State, who shall lay the same before the General Assembly at its next session, in like manner as if it had been returned by the Governor. But no bill shall be pre- sented to the Governor within two days next previous to the final adjournment of the General Assembly. I,id., 175. — Any bill submitted to the Governor for his approval during the last three days of a session of the General Assembly, shall be deposited by him in the office of the Secretary of State within thirty days after the adjournment, with his approval if approved by him, and with his objections if he disapproves thereof. loiva, 185. — Every bill and joint resolution pa.ssed by the House of Representatives and Senate shall, within two days thereafter, be signed by the piesiiling officers and presented to the Governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it to the House of Representatives, which shall enter the objections, at 95 large, upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider the same. It', after such reconsideration, two-tliirds of the members elected sliall agree to pass tlie bill or resolution, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the Senate, by which it shall lilised by him officially, and shall be called " the great seal of the State." Tenn., 495; (nearly similar,) Cat, 100; Ind., 181; Iowa, 189; .Kara., 198; Ms.s., 341 ; A%6., 374; Nev., 385; N. J.; ^20; Ohio, 433; Or., 4.59. — There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept by the Secretary of State, and be used by him officialUy, and shall be called by him the great seal of the State of Minnesota, and shall be attached to all official acts of the Governor (his signature to acts and resolves of the Legislature excepted,) requiring authentication. The Legislature shall provide for an appropriate device and motto for said seal. Min., 329. — The great seal of the State shall be deposited in the office of the Secretary of State, and shall not be affixed to any instrument of writing, but by order of the Governor or General Assembly, and that used previously to the year 1861, shall be the great seal of the State. . Ga., 148. — The State Seal last heretofore used (until altered by the General Assembly), shall continue to be the Great Seal of the State, and shall be kept by the Governor for the time being, and used by him offic- ially. Fl, 131. — There shall be a great seal of the State, which shall be kept and used by the Governor officially ; and the seal now in use shall continue to be the great seal of the State, until another shall have been adopted by the General Asseml")ly. Ala., 79. — There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him officially, the said seal shall be a star of five points encircled by an olive and live oak branches, and the words " The State of Texas." Tex., 513. — The Secretary of State shall be the custodian of the seal of State, and shall authenticate therewitli all official acts of the Governor, his approbation of laws excepted. The said seal shall be called the ''great seal of the State of M ssouri ;" and the emblems and devices thereof heretofore prescribed by law shall not be subject to change. Mo., 356. — .\11 commissions shall be in the name of the State, shall be sealed with the great seal, and be signed and tested by the Governor. Del, 119. • — That all commissions and grants shall run in the name of the State of North Carolina, and bear test, and be signed by the Governor. N. C, 426. — All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the State of , be sealed with the State seal, and signed by the Governor. Tenn., 4; (nearly similar,) La., 231; Pa., 466; S (7.,487. — All Commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the State ; shall be sealed with the great seal of the State, signed by the Governor, and attested by the Secretary of State. Ala., 81 ; (nearly simi- lar,) Ark, 89; Cal, 100; Ct., 110; Fla., 131; III, 159; Iowa, 189;- Kan., 198; Mich., 305; Mw , 341; iVei, 379; Nev.,'i8h; OAw, 43(i; Or, 459 ; r«x., 513. — Ail communications shall be in the name and by authority of the State of Rhode Island and Provi- dence Planiatiiins; shall' be sealed with the State seal, signed by the Governor, and attested by the Secretary. R. I, 477. — All Commissions shall be in the name of the Com- monwealth, signed by the Governor, and attested by the Secretary or his deputy, and have the great seal of the Commonwealth affixed thereto. Mass., 293; (nearly similar,) A'". H., 409. — Commissions and grants shall run in the name of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and be attested by the Governor, with the seal of the Commonwealth annexed. Va., 540. — All commissions shall be in the name of the State, signed by the Governor, attested by the Secretary or his deputy, and have the seal of the State thereto affixed. Me., 247. — All official acts of the Governor, his approval of the laws execepted, shall be authenticated by the great seal of the State, which shall be kept by the Secretary of State. Mich., 305. — The Governor shall commisssion all officers not otherwise provided by law. All commi.ssions shall run in the name and by the authority of the State of , be sealed by the State seal, signed by the Gov- ernor, and attested by the Secretary of State. Mo., 357. • — All public commissions and grants shall run thus: "The State of Maryland," &c., and shall be signed by the Governor, with the seal of tlie State annexed; all writs and process shall run to the same style, and be tested, sealed and signed as usual; and all indict- ments shall conclude " against the peace, government and dignity of the State." Md., 267. — All commissions shall be in the name of the free- men of the State of Vermont, sealed with the State seal, signed by the Governor, and in his absence, the Lieutenant-Governor, and attested by the Secretary; which seal shall be kept by the Governor. Vl., 526. — It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide a great seal for the State, which shall be kept by the Secretary of State ; and all official acts of the Gov- ernor, his approbation of the laws excepted, shall be thereby authenticated. Wis., 571. — .\11 grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the State of New Jersey sealed with the great seal, signed by the Governor o person administering the government, and counter 97 ARTICLE V. 1 Sectiox 1. The Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer and Attorney- 2 General, shall be chosen at a general election, and shall hold their oflSces for 3 two years. Each of the officers in this article named (excei)t the Si)eaker of 4 the Assembly), shall at stated times, during his continuance in office, receive 6 for his services a compensation, which shall not be increased or diminished 6 during the term for which he shall have been elected; nor shall he receive, to 7 his use, any fees or perquisites of office, or other compensation. signed by the Secretary of State, and shall run " The State of New Jersey to , greeting." N. J., 420. — The Governor shall use his priyate seal until a State seal is provided. Kan., 207. — He sliall commission all officers of the State. S. C, 485. — All civil officers elected or appointed pursuant to the provisions of this Constituiion, shall be commis- sioned by the Governor. N. J., 419. — And the Governor shall issue commissions to the Auditor, Register, Treasurer, President of the Board of Internal Improvement, SuperintOident of Public Instruction, and such other officers as he may be di- rected by law to commission, as soon as he has ascer- tained the result of the election of those officers re- spectively. Ky., 221. STATE OFFICERS. — The Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney-General, Surveyor-General and Commis- sary-General shall be appointed as follows: The Senate and Assembly shall each openly nominate one person for the said offices respectively ; after which they shall meet together, and if they shall agree in their nominations, the person so nominated shall be appointed to tlie office for which he shall be nomi- nated. If they shall disagree, the appointment shall be made by the joint ballot of the Senators and members of Assembly. The Treasurer shall be chosen annually. The Secretary of State, Comptroller, Attorney-General, Surveyor-General and Commis- sary-General sliall hold their offices for three years, unless sooner removed by concurrent resolution of the Senate and A.ssembly. N. Y. (1821), 39. — A Secretary of State, a Comptroller of Public Accounts, and a State Treasurer, shall be elected by a joint vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, each of whom shall continue in office during the term of two years, shall perform all the duties that may be required of him by law, and receive such compen- sation as may be by law provided. Ala., 81. — There shall be elected a Secretary of State by the quahfied voters of the State, who shall continue in office during the term of four years, and until his successor in office be duly qualified ; he shall keep a fair register of all official acts and proceedings of the Governor, and shall, when required, lay the same, and all papers, minutes and vouchers relative thereto, before the General Assembly, and shall perform such other duties as may be required by law. Ark, 89 ; Fl.,13l. — A Secretary of State, a Comptroller, a Treasurer, an Attorney General, and a Surveyor General, shall be elected at the same time and places, and in the same manner as the Governor and Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, and whose term of office [four years] shall be the same as the Governor. Cal, (amendment of 1862.) 25 — The Secretary of State shall keep a fair record of the official acts of the legislative and executive departments of the Government, and shall, when required, lay the same, and all matters relative thereto, before either branch of the Legislature, and shall perform such other duties as shall be assigned him by law; and that no inconvenience may result to the public service from the taking eSect of the amendments proposed to said Art. V., by the Legis- lature of 18<;l, no officer shall be superseded or sus- pended thereby, until the election and qualification of the several officers provided for in said amend- ments. CaL, (amendment of 1862.) — The Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney-General and Surveyor-General shall be chosen by joint vote of the two Houses of the Legislature, at their first ses- sion under this Constitution, and thereafter shall be elected at the same time and places, and in the same manner as the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor. Cal. (Amendment of 1862.). — A Secretary shall be chosen next after the Treas- urer, and in tlie same manner ; and the votes for Sec- retary shall be returned to, and counted, canvassed and declared by the Treasurer and Comptroller. He shall have the safe keeping and custody of the pubho records and documents, and particulai-ly the acts, reso- lutions and orders of the General Assembly, and re- cord the same ; and perform all such duties as shall be prescribed by law. He shall be the keeper of the seal of the Slate, wliich shall not be altered. Cl., 111,114. — A Secretary shall be appointed and commissioned during the Governor's continuance in office, if he shall so long behave himself well. He shall keep a fair register of all the official acts and proceedings of the Governor, and .shall, when required by either branch of the Legislature, lay the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers, relative thereto, before them, and shall perform such other duties as shall be enjoined on him by law. He shall have a compensa- tion for his services to be fixed by law. Del., 120. — Tliere shall be a Secretary of State, a Comptroller- General, a Treasurer, and Surveyor-General, elected by the General Assembly, and they shall hold their offices for the like period as the Governor, and shall have a competent salary, which shall not be increased or diminished during tlie period for which they shall have been elected. The General Assembly may at any time consolidate any two of these offices, and require all the duties to be discharged by one officer. Oa., 148. — There shall be elected by the qualified electors of this State, at the same time of the election for Gov- ernor, a Secretary of State, whose term of office shall be the same as that of the Governor, who shall keep a fair register of the official acts of the Governor, and, when required, shall lay the same, and all papers, minutes and vouchers, relative thereto, before either branch of the General Assembly, and sliall perform such other duties as shall be assigned him by law, and shall receive a salary of eight hundred dollars per annum, and no more, except fees; Provided, 98 That if the office of Secretary of State should be vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise, it sliall be the duly of the Governor to appoint anotiier, who shall hold his office until another Secretary shall be elected and quahfied. Ill, 159. — There shall be elected by the voters of the State, a Secretary, an Auditor, and a Treasurer of State, ■who shall severally hold their offices for two years. They shall perform such duties as may be enjoined by law ; and no person shall be eligible to either of said offices more than four years in any period of six years. Irtd., 176. — The Governor and the Secretary, Auditor and .Treas- urer of State, shall, severally reside, and keep the public records, books and papers in any manner relating to their respective offices, at the seat of government Ind., 176. — The Secretary of State, Auditor of State, and Treasurer of State, shall be elected by the qualified electors, who shall contmue in office two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified ; and perform such duties as may be required by law. Iowa, 189. — The Executive Department shall consist of a Gov- ernor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Audi- tor. Treasurer, Attorney-General, and Superintendent of Public Instruction, who shall be chosen by the electors of the State, at the time and place of voting for members of the Legislature, and shall hold their offices for the term of two years from the second Monday of January, next alter their election, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Kan., 197. — Should either the Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, Attorney-General, or Superintendent of Public Instruction, become incapable of performing the duties of his office for any of ihe causes specified in the thirteenth section of this article, the Governor shall fill the vacancy until the disability is removed, or a successor is elected and qualified. Every such vacancy shall be filled by election at the first general election that occurs more than thirty days after it shall have happened ; and the person chosen shall hold the office for the unexpired term. Kan., 198. — The Governor shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint a Secretary of State, who shall be commissioned during the terra for which the Governor was elected, if he shall so long behave himself well. He shall keep a fair' reg- ister, and attest all the official acts of the Governor, and shall, when required, lay the same, and all papers, minutes and vouchers relative thereto, before either HouiC of the General Assembly ; and shall perform such other duties as may be required of him by law. Ky., 214. — The General Assembly shall direct by law, how persons who now are, or who may hereafter become securities for public officers, may be relieved or dis- charged on account of such securityship. Ky., 220. — There shall be a Secretary of State, who sjiall hold his office during the term for which the Governor shall have been elected. The records of the State shall be kept and preserved in the office of the Sec- retary ; he shall keep a fair register of the official acts and proceedings of the Governor, and when necessary shall attest them ; he shall, when required, lay the said register, and all papers, minutes and vouchers relative to his office before either House of the Gen- eral Assembly, and shall perform such other duties as may be enjoined on him by law. La., 231. — The Secretary of State, Trea.surer of State and Auditor of Public Accounts, shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State ; and in case of any vacancy caused by the resignation, death or absence of the Secretary, Treasurer or Auditor, the Governor shall order an election to fill said vacancy. La., 231. — The Secretary of State, the Treasurer and the Auditor shall receive a salary of five thousand dollars per annum each. La., 231. —The General Assembly shall have the right of abol- ishing the office of State Engineer, by a majority vote of all the members elected to each branch, and of substituting a Board of Public Works in lieu thereof, should they deem it necessary. La., 236. — The Secretary of State shall be chosen annually, at the first session of the Legislature, by joint ballot of the Senators and Representatives in Convention. Me., 245. — The records of the State shall be kept in the office of the Secretary, wl.o may appoint his d<'puties, for whose conduct he shall be accountalile. Me., 215. —He shall attend the Governor and Council, Si-nate and House of Representatives, in person, or by his deputies, as they sliall resipectively require. J/e.,245. — He shall carefully keep and preserve the records of all the official acts and proceedings of the Governor and Council, Senate and House of Representatives, and when required, lay the same before either branch of the Legislature, and perform such other duties as are enjoined by this Constitution, or sliall be required by law. Me., 240. — A Secretary of State shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, who sliall continue in office, unless sooner removed by the Governor, till the end of the official term of tlie Governor from whom he received his appointment, and shall receive an annual salary of one thousand dollars. Md., 2(i0. — The Secretary of State shall carefully keep and pre- serve a record of all official acts and proceedings which may at all times be inspected by a committee of eiilier branch of the General Assembly, and shall perform such other duties as are now or may here- after be prescribed by law, or as may properly belong to his office. MU., 260. — The Secretary, 'I'leasurer, and Receiver-General, Auditor, and Attorney-General, shall be chosen annually, on the day in November prescribed for the choice of Governor; and each person then cliosen as such, duly qualified in other respects, shall hold his office for the term of one 3'ear fiom the third Wednes- day in January next thereafter, and until another is chosen and qualified in his stead. The qualification of the voters, the manner of the election, the return of the votes, and the declaration of the election, shall be such as are required in ihe election of Governor. In case of a failure to elect either of said officers on the day of November aforesaid, or in case of the decease, in the meantime, of the person elected as such, such officer shall be chosen on or before the third Wednesday in January next thereafter, from the two persons who had the highest number of votes for said offices on the day in Noveiribi-r aforesaid, by joint ballot of the Senators and Representatives in one room ; and in case the office of Secretiry, or Treasurer and Receiver-General, or Auditor, or Attorney-General shall become vacant, from any cause, during an annual or special session of the General Court, such vacancy shall in like manner be filled by choice from the people at large ; but if such vacancy shall occur at any other time, it sliall be supplied by the Governor lay appointment, with the advice and consent of the Council. The person so chosen or appointed, duly qualified in other respects, shall hold his office until his successor is chosen an 1 duly qualified in his stead. In case any jierson chosen or appointed to either of the offices aforesaid, shall neglect, for the space of ten days after he could other- wise enter upon his duties, to qualify himself in all respects to enter upon the discharge of such duties, the office to which he has been elected or apiioiiited shall be deemed vacant No person shall be eligible to either of said offices unless he shall have been an inhabitant of this Commonwealth five years next preceding his election or appointment Mass, 292. — The records of the Commonwealth shall be kept in the office of the Secretary, who may appoint his dep- uties, for who.se conduct he shall be accountable ; and he shall attend the Governor and Council, the Senate and House of Representatives in person, or by his deputies, as they shall respectively require. Ma.is., 298. — There shall be elected at each general biennial elec- tion a Secretary of State, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, a State Treasurer, a Commissioner of the 99 Land Office, an Auditor-General, and an Attorney- General, for the term of two years. They shall keep their offices at the seat of government, and shall perform such duties as may be prescribed by law. Mkh., 308. — Their term of office shall commence on the first day of January, one thousand eiglit hundred and fifty- three, and of every second year thereafter. Mich., 308. -The Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and Com- missioner of the State Land Office shall constitute a Board of State Auditors to examine and adjust aU claims against the State, not otherwise provided for by general law. They shall constitute a Board of State Canvassers to determine the result of all elec- tions for Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and State officers, and of such other officers as shall by law be referred to them. Mich., 308. — The E.xecutive Department shall consist of a Gov- ernor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Au- ditor, Treasurer, and Attorney-General, who shall be chosen by the electors of the State. Min., 323. — The official term of the Secretary of State, Treasu- rer, and Attorney-General shall be two years. The official term of the Auditor shall be three years, and each shall continue in office until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. Min., 323. — The salary of the Secretary of State for the finst term shall be fifteen hundred dollars per annum. The Auditor, Treasurer, and Attorney-General shall each, for the first term, receive a salary of one thousand dol- lars per annum. And the further duties and salaries of said executive officers shall each thereafter be pre- scribed by law. jl/m., 323. — The Governor shall have power to fill any vacancy that may occur in the office of Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, Attorney-General, and such other State and district officers as may be hereafter created by law, until the next annual election, and until their successors are chosen and qualified. Min., 323. — The Secretary of State shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State, and shall continue in office during the term of two years. He shall keep a fair register of all the official acts and proceedings of the Governor, and shall, when required, lay the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers relative thereto, before the Legislature, and shall perform such other duties as may be required of him by law. Miss., 341. — A State Treasurer and Auditor of Public Accounts shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State, who shall hold their offices for the term of two years, unless sooner removed. Miss., 342. — The official term of Secretary of State, Auditor of Public accounts, State Treasurer and Attorney- General shall commence on the first Monday of Jaiuiary next after tlieir election ; but the Attorney- General shall hold his office as heretofore, for the term of four years. On the first Monday of Octo- ber, 1858, and biennially thereafter, an election shall be lield for all county, district and ministerial officers, except officers who may then be entitled to hold over after January, 1859, or until the time of holding another election, and the official terms of all such offi- cers then and thereafter elected shall commence on the first Monday of January next after this election ; but all such othcers elected in 1855, or previously, wliose official terms, in the absence of this provision, would expire in November, 1857, sliall continue in office until the first Monday of January, 1859. Miss., 344. —There shall be a Secretary of State, a State Auditor, a State Treasurer, and an Attorney-Gene- ral, wlio shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State, at the same time in the same manner, and for the same term of office as the Governor. No per.son shall be eligible to either of said offices, unless he be a white male citizen of the United States, and at least twenty-five years old, and shall have resided in this State five years next before his election. The Secretary of State, the State Auditor, the State Treasurer, and the Attorney-General, shall keep their respective offices at the seat of government, and shall perform such duties as may be required of them by law. Mo., 356. — The Secretary of State shall keep a register of the official acts of the Governor, and when necessary, shall attest them, and shall lay copies of the same, together with copies of all papers relating thereto, before either House of the General Assembly, when- ever required to do so. Mo., 356. — Contested elections of Secretary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer, and Attorney-General, shall be decided before such tribunal, and in such manner as may be by law provided. Mo., 356. — The Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer of State, shall severally perform such duties as shall be pre- scribed by law. Neb., 374. — The Secretary of State and Treasurer shall hold their offices for two years, and the Auditor for four years. Their terms of office shall commence on the second Monday of January next after their election and continue until their successors are elected and qualified. Neb., 373. — The Secretary of State shall receive during his con- tinuance in office an annual compensation of si^c hun- dred dollars ; the State Treasurer, four hundred dol- lars; and the State Auditor, eight hundred dollars. Neb.. 374. — A Secretary of State, a Treasurer, a Controller, a Surveyor-General, and an Attorney-General shall be elected at the same time and places, and in the same manner as the Governor. The term of office of each shall be the same as is prescribed for the Governor. Any elector shall be eligible to either of said offices. Nev., 385. — The Secretary of State shall keep true records of the official acts of the Legislature and Executive Department of the government, and shall, when required, lay the same, and all matters relative thereof, before either branch of the Legislature. Nev., 385. — The Secretary of State, State Treasurer, State Con- troller, Surveyor-General, Attorney-General, and Superintendent of Public Instruction, shall perform suoh other duties as may be prescribed by law. Nev., 38G. — Thj salary of the Secretary of State shall be three thousand six hundred dollars per annum ; the salary of the State Controller shall be three thousand six hundred dollars per annum the; salary of the State Treasurer shall be three thousand six hundred dollars per annum ; the salary of the Surveyor-General shall be one thousand dollars per annum ; the salary of the Attorney-General shall be two thousand five hundred dollars per annum ; the salary of the Superintendent of Public Instruction shall be two thousand dollars per annum; the salary of each Judge of the Supreme Court shall be seven thousand dollars per annum ; the salaries of the foregoing officers shall be paid quarterly out of the State treasury. The pay of State Senators and members of Assembly shall be eight dollars per day for each day of actual service, and forty cents per mile for mileage going to and returning from the place of meeting. No officer mentioned in this section shall receive any fee or perquisites to his own use, for the performance of any duty connected with his office, or for the perform- ance of any additional duty imposed upon him by law. New., 393. — The Secretary, Treasurer and Commissary-General shall be chosen by joint ballot of the Senators and Representatives, assembled in one room. N. U., 408. — The records of the State shall be kept in the office of the Secretary ; and he shall attend tlie Governor and Conned, the Senate and Representatives, in per- son or by Deputy, as they may require. N. H., 408. — The Secretary of State shall at all times have a Deputy, to be by him appointed ; for whose conduct in office he shall be responsible ; and in case of the death, removal, or inability of the Secretary, his Deputy shall exercise all the duties of the office of Secretary of State, until another shall be appointed. N H., 408. — The Secretary, before he enters upon the business of his office, shall give bond, with sufficient sureties, in 100 a reasonable sura, for the use of the State, for the punctual perforiiance of his trust. N. II., 408. — The State Trea.>, 218; Miss., 342; Ohio, 434; R. I., 480. — When the Governor is impeached the Chief Justice shall preside. [Ct, 113] ; but have no vote thereon. N. H., 405. — The power of impeachment shall be vested in the House of Representatives. Fl, 136; La., 232. — All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate; when sitting for that purpose the Senators shall be upon oath or affirmation ; and no person shall be con- victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. FL, 136; Oa., 144; Kq., 218; J/e., 243; J/«w., 342; Pa., 464; «C., 487; Tex., 518; Vt, 529. — Judgment in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than removal from office, and disquali- fication to hold and enjoy any office of honor, profit or trust, within this State; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. Ga., 144 ; La., 232 ; Me., 243 ; N. IL, 405 ; A'! Ji, 4 1 9 ; N. a, 4J9; Pa., 464; Tex., 518; Vt., 529; W. Va., 548; Wis,bQ>b. - -The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeaching ; but a majority of all the mem- bers elected, must concur in an impeachment. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate ; and when sitting for that purpose, the Senators .shall be upon oath, or affirmation, to do justice according to law and evidence. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators elected. lU., 153. — The Governor and all other civil officers shall be liable to impeachment for misdemeanor in office dur- ing their continuanoo in office, and for two years thereafter. /«., 150; N. J. iiO. — All State officers shall, for crime, incapacity, or negligence, be liable to be removed from office, either by impeachment by the House of Representatives, to be tried by the Senate, or by a joint resolution of the General Assembly, two-tliirds of the members elected to each branch voting iu either case therefor. Iiid., 170. — All State, county, township, and town officers may be impeached or removed from the office in such man- ner as may be prescribed by law. Imi, 170. — The Governor, Judges of the Supreme and District Courts, and other State officer.s, shall be liable to im- peachment for any nii.sdemeanor or m.ilfeasance in office; but judgment iu such cases shall extend only to removid from office, and disqualification to h'dd any ofiice of honor, trust or profit under this State; but the party convicted or acquitted shall, nevertheless, be liable to indictment, trial and punishment accord- ing to law. All other civil officers shall be tried for misdemeanors and malfeasance in office, in such man- ner as the General Assembly may provide. Iowa, 187. — The judges of all courts shall be liable to impo.ich- ment; but for any reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground for impeachment, the Governor shall remove any of them, on the address of a major- ity of the members elected to each House of the General Assembly. In every such ca,se the cause or causes for which such removal may be required shall be stated at length in the addres.s, and inserted in the journal of eacii House. La., 232. — Impeachments of the Governor, Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, Attorney-General, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Auditor of Public Accounts, and the Judges of the Inferior Courts, Justices of the Peace excepted, shall be tried by the Senate; the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, or the senior judge thereof, shall preside during the trial of sucli impeach- ment. Impeachments of the Judges of tlie Supreme Court shall be tried by the Senate. When sitiing as a court of impeachment, tlie Senators shall be upon oath or affirmation, and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of a majority of the Senators elected. La., 233. — Tlie House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment Ky , 218; J/e., 242; Miss., 342; Pa., 464; li. I., 480; Tmn., 495. — Tliey [the Ilonsej shall have the sole power to impeach all persons who have been or may be in office. Ga., 145. — All officers against whom articles of impeachment may be preferred .shall be suspended from the exer- cise of their functions during the pendency of such impeachment; the appointing power may make a provisional appointment to replace any suspended officer until the decision of the impeachment. La., 232; Ti-x., 518. — Every person holding any civil office under this State, may be removed, by impeachment, for misde- meanor in office; and every person holding anv office may be removed by the Governor, with the advice of the Council, on the address of both branches of the Legislature. But, before such address shall pass either House, the causes of removal shall be stated and entered on the jdurnal of the House in which it originated, and a copy thereof served on the person in office, that he may be admitted to a hearing m his defense. Me., 247. — The House of Delegates shall have the sole power of impeachment in all cases, but a majority of all the members elected must concur in an impeachment; all impeachments shall be tried by die Senate, and when sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or affirmation to do justice according to the law and evidence, but no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Senators elected. Md., 262. — The House of Representatives shall be the grand inquest of this Commonwealth ; and all impeach- 109 ments made by them shall be heard and tried by the Senate. Mass., 286; N. 11, 403. — The Senate shall be a court, with full authority to hear and determine all impeachments made by the House of Representatives, against any officer or offi- cers of the Commonwealth, for misconduct and mal- administration in their offices ; but previous to the trial of every impeachment, the members of the Senate shall, respectively, be sworn truly and impartially to try and determine the charge in question, according to evidence. Their judgment, however, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and dis- qualification to hold or enjoy any place of honor, trust or profit, under this Commonwealth; but the paty so convicted shall be, nevertheless, liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to the laws of the land. Mass., 28-5. — The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeaching civil officers for corrupt conduct in office, or for crimes or misdemeanors; but a majority of the members elected shall be necessary to direct an impeachment. Mick., 309. — Every impeachment shall be tried by the Senate. When the Governor or Lieutenant-Governor is tried, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside. When an impeachment is directed, the Senate shall take an oath or affirmation truly and impartially to try and determine the same according to the evidence. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members elected. Judgment in case of impeachment, .shall not extend further than removal from office ; but the party convicted shall be liable to punishment according to law. Mich., 310. — When an impeachment is directed, the House fo Representatives shall elect from their own body three members, whose duty it shall be to prosecute such impeachment. No impeachment shall be tried until the final adjournment of the Legislature, when the Senate shaU proceed to try the same. Mich., 310 Tenn., 495. — No Judicial officer shall exercise his office after an impeachment is directed, until he is acquitted. Mich., 310. ■ — The Governor may make a provisional appoint- ment to fill a vacancy occasioned by the suspension of an officer until he shall be acquitted, or until after the election and qualification of a successor. Mich. 310. — For reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground for the impeachment of a judge, the Gov- ernor shall remove him on a concurrent resolution of two-thirds of the members elected to each House of the Legislature; but the cause for which such removal is required shall be stated at length in such resolution. Mich., 310. — The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment, through a concurrence of a majority of all the members elected to seats therein. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate; and when sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be upon oath or affirmation to do justice according to law and evidence. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the mem- bers present. Min., 322. — The Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, Attorney-General, and the Judges of the Supreme and District Courts, may be impeached for corrupt conduct in office, or for crimes and misde- meanors ; but judgment in such case shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit in this State. Tiie party convicted thereof shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. Min., 329; A'-ffc, 373. — No officer shall exercise the duties of his office after he shall have been impeached, and before his acquit- tal. Min., 329. — On the trial of an impeachment against the Gov- ernor, the Lieutenant-Governor shall not act as a member of the court. Min., 329. — No person shall be tried on impeachment before he 28 shall have been served with a copy thereof at least twenty days previous to the day set for trial. Min., 329. — The Assembly shall have the sole power of im- peachment. The concurrence of a majority of all the members elected shall be necessary to an impeach- ment. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate, and when sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be upon oath or affirmation to do justice according to law and evidence. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside over the Senate while silting to try the Governor or Lieutenant-Governor upon impeachment. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators elected. Nev., 388. — The Governor and other State and Judicial officers, except Justices of the Peace, shall be liable to im- peachment for misdemeanor or malfeasance in office, but judgment in such case shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to hold any office of honor, profit, or trust under this State. The party, whether convicted or acquitted, shall nev- ertheless be liable to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. Nev., 388. — The Senate shall be a court, with full power and authority to hear, try and determine all impeachments made by the House of Representatives against any officer or officers of the State for bribery, corruption, mal-practice or mal-administration in office; with full power to issue summons or compulsory process, convening witnesses before them ; but previous to the trial of any such impeachment, the members of the Senate shall respectively be sworn, truly and im- partially to try and determine the charge in question acording to evidence. And every officer impeached for bribery, corruption, mal-practice or mal-adminis- tration in office shall be served with an attested copy of the impeachmeut and order of the Senate thereon, with such citation as the Senate may direct, setting forth the time and place of their sitting to try the impeachment ; which service shall be made by the Sheriff, or such other sworn officer as the Senate may appoint, at least fourteen days previous to the time of trial ; and such citation being duly served and returned, the Senate may proceed in the hearing of the impeachment, giving the person impeached, if he shall appear, full liberty of producing witnesses and proofs, and of making his defense by himself and counsel; and may, also, upon his refusing or neg- ecting to appear, hear the proofs in support of the im- peachment, and render judgment tliereon, his non- appearance notwithstanding ; and such judgment shall have the same force and effect as if the person impeaclied had appeared and pleaded in the trial. N. II., 404. — The members of the Council may be impeached by the House and tried by the Senate for bribery, corruption, mal-practice or mal-administration. N. H., 407. — Provided, nevertheless, That whenever they [the Senate] shall sit on the trial of any impeachment, they may adjourn to such time and place as they may think proper, although the Legislature be not assem- bled on such day or at such place. N. II., 401. — Any judicial officer impeached shall be suspended from exercising his office until his acquittal. N. J., 417. — The House of As.sembly shall have the sole power of impeaching, by a vote of a majority of all the members; and all impeachments shall be tried by the Senate ; the members when sitting for that pur- pose to be on oath or affirmation " truly and impar- tially to try and determine the charge in question according to evidence ;" and no person shall be con- victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members of the Senate. N. J, i\7. — The House of Commons shall have the sole power of impeachment. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. No person shall be convicted upon any impeachment, unless two-thirds of the Senators present shall concur in' such con- viction ; and before the trial of any impeachment, 110 1 § 2. There sball be a Court of Appeals, composed of eight judges, of whom 2 four shall be elected by the electors of the State for eight years, and four 3 selected from the class of Justices of the Supreme Court having the shortest 4 time to serve. Provision shall be made by law for designating one of the 5 number elected as Chief Judge, and for selecting such Justices of the Supreme C Court, from time to time, and for so classifying those selected, that one shall 7 be elected every second year. the members of the Senate shall take an oath or affir- mation truly and impartially to try and determine tlie charge in question, according to evidence. JV. — The Governor, Judges of the Supreme Court, and Judges of the Superior Courts, and all other officers of this State (except Justices of the Peace and militia officers), may be impeached for willfully violating any article of tJie Constitution, raal-administration or corruption. N'. C, 429. — That the Governor and other officers offending against the State, by violating any part of this Con- stitution, maladministration, or corruption, may be prosecuted, on the impeachment of the General Assembly, or presentment of the Grand Jury of any court of supreme jurisdiction in this State. N. C., 425. — Public officers shall not be impeached; but incom- petency, corruption, malfeasance, or delinquency in office may be tried in the same manner as criminal offense.o, and judgment may be given of dismissal from office, and such further punishment as may have been prescribed by law. Or., 455. — The Governor, and all other civil officers under this Commonwealth, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office. Pa., 464. — A vote of two-thirds of all the members elected shall be required for an impeachment of the Gover- nor. Any officer impeached shall thereby be sus- pended from office until judgment in the case shall have been pronounced. R. I., 4H0. — All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate; and when sitting for that purpose, they shall be under oath or affirmation. No person shall be convicted except by vote of two-thirds of the members elected. When the Governor is impeached, the Chief or Pre- siding Justice of the Supreme Court for the time being, shall preside, with a casting vote in all prelim- inary questions. R. I, 480. — The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor and all civil officers shall be liable to impeachment for high crimes and misdemeanors, for any misbehavior in office, for corruption in procuring office, or for any act which shall degrade their official character. But judgment in such cases shall not extend further than to removal from office, and di.squahfication to hold any office of honor, trust or profit under this State. The party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. S. a, 4^7. — The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeaching, but no impeachment shall be made unle.ss with the concurrence of two-thirds of the House of Representatives. S. C, 487. — All impeachments .shall be tried by the Senate; when sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be upon oath or affirmation. No person shall be con- victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators sworn to try the officer impeached. Tenn., 495. — The Governor, Judges of the Supreme Court, Judges of Inferior Courts, Chancellors, Attorneys for the State, ^nd Secretary of State, shall be liable to impeachment, whenever they may, in the opinion of the House of Representatives, commit any crime in their official capacity, which may require disqualifi- cation ; but judgment shall only extend to removal from office and disqualification to fill any office tliere- after. The party shall, nevertheless, be liable to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, accord- ing to law. Tenn., 49(i. — Impeachments of the Governor, Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, Attorney-General, Secretary of State, Trea.s- urer, Controller, and of the Judges of the District Court, shall be tried by the Senate. Tex., 518. — Impeachment of Judges of tlie Supreme Court shall be tried by the Senate; when sitting as a Court of Impeachment, the Senators shall be upon oatli or affirmation ; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators present. Tex., 518. — Tlie Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Judges and all others offending against the State by mal-adminis- tration, corruption, neglect of duty, or other high crime or misdemeanor, shall be impeachable by the House of Delegates, and be prosecuted before the Senate, which shall have the sole power to try impeachments. Va., 537. — Every officer of State, whether judicial -or execu- tive, shall be liable to be impeached by the General Assembly, either when in office or after his resigna- tion or removal for maladministration. Vt., 529. [The right to impeach State criminals is enumer- ated among the powers of the House]. Vt., 523. — -The Senate may sit during the recess of the Legis- lature for the trial of impeachments. W. Va., 548. — .\ny officer of the State may be impeached for mal- administration, corruption, incompetence, neglect of duty, or any high crime or misdemeanor. The House of Delegates shall have the sole power of impeach- ment. The Senate shall have the sole power to try impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or affirmation ; and no per- son shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. TV! Va , 548. — The court for the trial of impeachments shall be composed of the Senate. The House of Representa- tives shall havfa the power of impeaching all civil offi- cers of this State for corrupt conduct in office, or for crimes and misdemeanors; but a majority of all the members elected shall concur in an impeachment. On the trial of an impeachment against the Gov- ernor, the Lieutenant-Governor shall not act as a member of the court. No judicial officer shall exer- cise his office after he shall have been impeached, until his acquittal. Before the trial of an impeach- ment, the members of the court shall take an oath or affirmation truly and impartially to try the impeach- ment according to evidence ; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the menibers present. Wis., 565. JUDICIAL POWER— HOW VESTED. — The judicial power of this State shall be vested in one Supreme Court, Circuit Courts to be held in eacli county of the State, and such inferior courts of law and equity, to consist of not more than five mem- • hers as the General Assembly may, from time to time, direct, ordain and establish. Ala., 80. Ill — The judicial power of this State shall be vested in one Supreme Court, in Circuit Courts, in County Courts, and in Justices of the Peace. The General Assembly may also vest such jurisdiction as may be deemed necessary in Corporation Courts, and when they deem it expedient, may establish Courts of Chancery. Ark.. SO. — The judicial power of this State shall be vested in a Supreme Court, in District Courts, in County Courts, in Probate Court.';, and in Justices of tlie Peace, and in such Recorders' and other inferior courts as the Legislature may establish in any incorporated city or town. Cessment, toll, or municipal fine, or in which the demand, exclusive of interest or the value of the property in controversy, exceeds three hundred dollars ; also in all other civil cases not included in the general subdivisions of law and equity, and also on questions of law alone in all criminal cases in which the offense charged amounts to felony. The court shall also have power to issue writs of mandamas, certiorari, prohibition, quo war- ranto, habeas corpus, and also all writs necessary or proper to the complete exercise of its appellate jurisdic- tion. Each of the justices shall have power to issue 121 writs of habeas corpus to any part of the State upon petition by or on belialf of any person held in actual custody, and may make such writs returnable before himself or the Supreme Court, or before any district court of the State or before any judge of said courts. Nev., 38G. ■ — The District Courts in the several judicial districts of this State shall have original jurisdiction in all cases in equity ; also, in all cases at law which involve the title, or the riglit of possession to, or the possession of real property or mining claims, or the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, toll or municipal fine, and in all other cases in which the demand, exclusive of interest, or the value of the property in controversy exceeds three hundred dollars; also, in all cases relating to estate of deceased persons, and the persons and estates of minors and insane persons, and of the action of forcible entry and unlawful detainer ; and also in all criminal ciises not otliervvise provided for by law. They shall also have final appellate jurisdiction in cases arising in Justices' Conns, and such other inferior tribunals as may be established by law. The District Courts, and the judges thereof, shall have power to issue writs of mandamiis, injunc- tion, quo warranto, certiorari, and all other writs proper and necessary to the complete exercise of their jurisdiction, and also shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpxis on petition by, or on behalf of, any person held in actual custody in their respective districts. Nev., 387. — -The Legislature may vest in the Circuit Courts or Courts of Common Plea.s, within the several counties of this State, chancery powers, so far as relates to the foreclosure of mortgages and sale of mortgaged premises. N. Y., 415. — The several Judges of the Suprrae Court, of the Common Pleas, and of such other courts as may be created, shall, respectively, have and exercise such power and jurisdiction, at chambers, or otherwise, as may be directed by law. Ohio, 438. — It [the Supreme Court] shall have original jurisdic- tion in quo warranto, mandamus, habeas corpus and procedendo, and such appellats jurisdiction as may be provided by law. Ohio, 437. — The District Court shall have like original jurisdic- tion with the Supreme Court, and such appellate juris- diction as may be provided by law. Ohio, 437. — The jurisdiction of the Courts of Common Pleas, and of the Judges thereof, shall be fixed by law. Ohio, 437. — The General Assembly shall have no power to pass, but may, by general laws, authorize courts to carry into effect, upon such terms as shall be just and equitable, the manifest intention of parties, and offi- cers, by curing omissions, defects and errors, in instru- ments and proceedings, arising out of their want of conformity with the laws of this State. Ohio, 435. — The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction only to revise the final decisions of the Circuit Courts ; and every cause shall be tried, and every decision shall be made by those judges only, or a majority of them, who did not try the cause, or make the decision in Circuit Court. Or., 454. — All judicial power, authority and jurisdiction not vested by this Constitution, or by laws consistent therewith, exclusively in some other court, shall belong to the Circuit Courts; and they shall have aopellate jurisdiction, and supervisory control over the County Courts, and all other inferior courts, offi- cers and tribunals. Or., 454. — The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court shall extend over the State, and the judges thereof shall, by virtue of their offices, be Justices of Oyer and Terminer and General Jail Delivery, in the several counties. Pa., 4G5. — The Supreme Court, and the several Courts of Conunon Plea", shall, iDeside the powers heretofore usually exercised by them, have the powers of a Court of Chancery, so far as relates to the perpetuating of testimony, the obtaining of evidence from places not within the State, and the care of the persons and estates of those who are non compotes mentis. And 31 the Legislature shall vest in the said courts such othe powers to grant relief in equity, as shall be found nece.ssary ; and may, from time to time, enlarge or diminish those powers or vest them in such other courts as they shall judge proper, for the due admin- istration of justice. Pa., 4G5. — The President of the Court in each circuit within such circuit, and the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas within their respective counties, shall be Jus- tices of the Peace, so far as relates to criminal matters. Pa., 4G5. — The several courts shall have such jurisdiction as may, from lime to time, be prescribed by law. Chan- cery powers may be conferred on the Supreme Court, but on no other court to any greater extent than is now provided by law. P. I., 479. — The Supreme Court, established by this Constitu- tion, shall have the same jurisdiction as the Supreme Judicial Court at present establislied, and .shall have jurisdiction of all causes which may be appealed to, or pending in the same; and shall be held at the same time and places, and in each county, as the present Supreme Judicial Court, until otherwise prescribed by the General Assembly. P. I., 48L — The jurisdiction of this [the Supreme Court], shall be appellate only, under such restrictions and regulations as may from time to time be prescribed by law; but it may possess such other jurisdiction as is now conferred by law on the present Supreme Court. Said courts shall be held at one place, and at one place only, in each of the three grand divisions in the State. Tenn., 496. — Judges shall not charge juries with respect to mat- ters of fact, but may state the testimony and declare the law. Tenn., 49G. — The jurisdiction of such inferior courts, as the Legis- lature may from time to time establish, shall be regu- lated by law. Tenn , 49G. — The Legislature shall have the right to vest such powers in the courts of justice, with regard to private and local affairs, as may be deemed expedient. Tenn., 499. — The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be co-extensive with the limits of the State; but in criminal cases below the grade of felony, and in appeals from interlocutory judgments, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Legislature shall make; and the Supreme Court and the judges thereof, shall have power to issue the writ of habeas corpus, and under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, the said court and the Judges thereof, may issue the writ of mandamus, and such other writs as may be necessary to enforce its own jurisdiction. The Supreme Court shall also have power upon affidavit, or otherwise, as by the court may be thought proper, to ascertain such matters of fact as may be necessary to the proper exercise of its jurisdiction. The Supreme Court shall sit for the transaction of business, from the first Monday of October until the last Saturday of June of every year, at the capital, and at not more than two other places in the State. J&r., 510. — The District Court shall have original jurisdiction of all criminal cases ; of all suits in behalf of the State to recover penalties, forfeitures and escheats ; of all cases of divorce; of all suits to recover dam- ages for slander or defamation of character ; of all suits for the trial of title of land ; of all suits fur the enforcement of liens; of all suits for the trial of the right of property, levied on by virtue of any writ of execution, sequestration or attachment, when the property levied on shall be equal to, or exceed in value one hundred dollars ; and of all suits, com- plaints or pleas whatever, without regard to any dis- tinction between law and equity, when the matter in controversy shall be valued at, or amount to, one hundred dollars, exclusive of interest ; and the said courts and the judges thereof shall have power to issue writs of injunction, certiorari, and all other writs necessary to enforce their own jurisdiction, and to give them a general superintendence and control over inferior tribunals. The District Courts shall 122 have appellate jurisdiction in cases orifrinating in inl'ei'ioi' coui'ts, wliich may be final in such cases as tlie Legislature may prescribe ; and orif^inal and appellate jurisdiction and general control over the County Court established in each county, lor appoint- ing guardians, granting letters testamentary and of administiation ; for settling the accounts of execu- tors, administrators and guardians, and for the trans- action of business appertaining to estates ; and original jurisdiction and general control over execu- tors, administrators, guardians and minors, uniler 8 ich regulations as may be prescribed by law. 2'ex., 510. — The District Courts shall not have original jurisdic- tion, except in cases of habeas corpv.i, mandamus and prohibition. Va., 542. — The Circuit Courts shall have the supervision and control of all proceedings before justices and other inferior tribunals, by mandamus, prohibition or certi'irari. They shall, except in cases confided exclusiveh' by this Constitution to some other tribu- nal, have original and general jurisdiction of all mat- ters at law, where the amount in controversy, exclu- sive of interest, exceeds twenty dollars, and of all cases in equity, and of all crimes and misdemeanors. They shall have appellate jurisdiction in all cases, civil and criminal, where an appeal, writ of error or stipersedeas may be allowed to the judgment or pro- ceedings of any inferior tribunal. They shall also have such other jurisdiction, whether supervisory, original, appellate or concurrent, as may be prescribed by law. II'. Va , 553. — The Circuit Courts shall have power, under such general regulations as may be prescribed by law, to grant divorces, change ihe names of persons, and direct the sales of estates belonging to infants and other persons under legal disabilities, but relief shall not be granted by special legislation in such cases. W. Va., 557. — The Supreme Court, except in cases otherwise pro- vided in this Constitution, shall have appellate juris- diction only, which shall be co-extensive with the State; but in no case removed to the Supreme Court, shall a trial by jury be allowed. The Supreme Court shall have a general superintending control over all inferior courts; it shall have power to is,sue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and other original and remedial writs, and to hear and determine the same. Wis., 565. — The Circuit Courts shall have original jurisdiction in all matters, civil and criminal, within this State, not excepted in this Constitution, and not hereafter prohibited by law, an appellate jurisdiction from all inferior courts and tribunahs, and a supervisory con- trol over the S3me. They shall also have the power to issue writs ot habeas corptt.'s. mandamus, injunction, ;embly. R. T., 479. CHANGE OF VENUE. — The General Assembly shall not change the venue in any criminal or penal prosecution, but shall provide for the same by general laws. Ay., 212. — The Legislature shall provide by law for all change of venue in civil and criminal cases. La., 234. — The General Assembly shall provide by law for the indictment ami trial of persons charged witli the com- mission of any felony in any county other than that in which the offense was committed, whenever, owing to prejudice, or any other cause, an impartial grand or petit jury cannot be impanneled in the county in whicli sucli oflense was committed. Mo., 362. — The Legislature shall provide for a change of venue in civil and criminal cases, and for the erection of a penitentiary at as early a day as practicable. Tex., 316. — All criminal cases shall be tried in the county where the crime was committed, except in cases where a jury cannot be obtained. Oa., 148. COSTS. —No costs shall be paid by a person accused on a bill being returned ignoramus, nor on acquittal by a jury. Del, 125. — At any time ]iending an action for debt or damages, the defendant may bring into court a sum of money for discharging the same, and the costs then accrued, and the plaintiff not accepting thereof, it shall be delivered ibr his u.se to the Cleric or Prothonotary of the court: and if, upon the final decision of the cause, the plaintiff shall not recover a greater sum than that so paid into court for him, he shall not recover any costs accruing after such payment, except where the plaintiff is an executor or administrator. Del, 123. — The Legislature shall by law provide that on the entry or commencement of any suit in the District Court, the party so commencing or entering such suit, shall, before the same is commenced or entered, pay to the Clerk of the District Court the sum of five dollars; and in like manner on the entry or com- mencement of any suit in the Supreme Court, shall pay the sum of ten dollars to the clerk thereof, which money so paid, sliall be for the use of the State, and shall be paid by .said clerks to the proper offices designated by law, as by law may be required ; which money so received shall be held and esteemed as a judiciary fund, and to be applied in payment of the salaries of the Justices of the Supreme Court. Which amounts so paid shall be taxed as costs against the unsuccessful party, and collected as other costs; Provided, the Legislature may provide, by law for dispensing with tlie payment of said sums of money in cases where the party so commencing or entering suit shall be really unable to pay the same, and the amount shall in all cases be taxed and collected as other costs; Provided, also, That the Legislature shall have power whenever the amount so received shall exceed the .salaries of the Judges of the Supreme Court, to reduce the amount to be paid so that the gross amount will not exceed such salaries. Ntb., 375. 123 1 § 7. The judges of the Court of Appeals and justices of the Supreme 2 Court shall severally receive at stated times, for their services, a compensation 3 to be established by law, which shall not be increased or diminished during 4 their continuance in oflBce. 1 § 8. They shall not hold any other oflice or public trust. All votes for 2 either of them, for any elective oflBce (except that of justice of the Supreme 3 Court, or judge of the Court of Appeals), given by the Legislature or the 4 people, shall be void. They shall not exercise any power of appointment to 5 public office. Any male citizen of the age of twenty-one years, of good moral 6 character, and who possesses the requisite qualifications of learning and 7 ability, shall be entitled to admission to practice in all the courts of this State. SALARIES OF JUDGES — PROHIBITION AGAINST FEES. — The judges of the Supreme Court, Circuit Courts and Courts of Chancery, shall, at stated times, receive for their services a coiipensation, which shall be fixed by law, and which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office; but they shall receive no fees or perquisites of office, nor hold any office of profit or trust under this State, the United States, or any other power. Ala., 80. — The Judges of the Supreme Courts and Circuit Courts shall, at stated times, receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, which shall not be diminished during the time for which they are elected. Ark., 91. — The presiding Judge of the Probate and County Court, and Justices of the Peace, shall' receive for their services such compensation and iees as the Gen- eral Assembly may from time to time by law direct. Ark, 91. — No judicial ofiicer except a Justice of the Peace, Recorders and Commissioners, shall receive to his own use any fees or perquisites of office. Cul. (as amended in 1802.) — The Justices of the Supreme Court, District Judges, and County Judges, shall severally, at stated times during their continuance in ofiice, receive for their services a compensation, which sliall not be increased or diminished during the term for which they shall have been elected; Provided, Tr.at County Judges shall be paid oit of the county treasury of their respective counties. Ca/. (as amended in 18G2.) — And receive for their services a compensation which shall be fixed by law and paid quarterly, and shall not be less than the following sums, that is to say : — the annual salary of the Chief Justice shall not be less than the sum of one thousand two hundred dollars ; and the annual salary of the Chancellor shall not be less than the sum of one thousand one hundred dollars; and the annual salaries of the Associate Judges, respectively, shall not be less than the sum of one thou.«and dollars each. Del., 123. — The judges shall have salaries adequate to their services fixed by law, which shall not be diminished nor increased during their continuance in office; but shall not receive any other perquisites or emolu- ments whatever, from parties or others, on account of any duty required of them. Gn., 149. — The Judges of the Supreme Court .sliall receive a salary of twelve hundred dollars per annum, payable quarterly, and no more. Tlie Judges of the Circuit Courts shall receive a salary of one thousand dollars per annum, payable quarterly, and no more. Ill, 160. — The Judges of the Supreme Court, and Circuit Courts shall at stated times, receive a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continu- ance in office, hid., 177; Mo., 359. — The salary of each Judge of the Supreme Court shall be two thousand dollars per annum ; and that of each District Judge, sixteen hundred dollars per annum, until the year 1860, after which time they shall severally receive such compensation as the Gen- eral Assembly may by law prescribe ; which compen- sation shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which they shall have been elected. Iowa, 189. — The Justices of the Supreme Court and Judges of the District Courts shall, at stated times, receive for their services such compensation as may be provided by law, which shall not be increased during their respective terms of office; Provided, Such compensa- tion shall not be less than fifteen hundred dollars to each justice or judge, each year. Kan., 201. — The Judges of the Circuit Courts shall, at stated times, receive for their services an adequate compen- sation, to be fixed by law, which shall be equal and uniform throughout the State, and which shall not be diminished during the time for which they were elected. Ky., 216. — The Chief Justice shall receive a salary of seven thousand five hundred dollai-s, and each of the Asso- ciate Justices a salary of seven thousand dollars annually, uniil otherwise provided by law. The court shall appoint its own clerks. La., 231. — The judges, both of the Supreme and Inferior Courts, shall receive a salary, which shall not be diminished dui'ing their continuance in office; and they are prohibited from receiving any fees of office or other compensation than their salaries for any civil duties performed by them. La., 232. — The Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court shall, at stated times, receive a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office, but they shall receive no other fee or reward. Me., 246. —The salary of the Justices of the Court of Appeals shall be three thousand dollars each per annum, pay- able quarterly. Md., 267. — The salary of each Judge of the Circuit Court shall be twenty-five lumdred dollars per annum, pay- abh^ quarterU', and shall not be increased or dimin- ished during his continuance in oflice. Md., 268. — And no fees or perquisites, commission or reward of any kind, shall be allowed to any judge in this State, besides his annual .salary or fixed per diem for the discharge of any official duty. Md., 26G. 124 ^Permanent and honorable salaries shall also be established by law for the Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court. Mass., 289 ; (nearly similar), N. 11, 407. And if it shall be found that any of the salaries aforesaid, so established, are insufficient, tliey shall, from time to time, be enlarged, as tlie General Court shall judge proper. Mass., 289. — The Judges of the Circuit Court shall each receive an annual salary of one thousand five hundred dol- lars ; the State Treasurer shall receive an annual salary of one thousand dollars ; the Auditor-General shall receive an annual salary of one thousand dollars ; the Superintendent of Public Instruction shall receive an annual salary of one thousand dollars ; the Sec- retary of State shall receive an annual salary of eight hundred dollars; the Commissioner of the Land Office shall receive an annual salary of eight hun- dred dollars; the Attorney-General shall receive an annual salary of eight hundred dollars. They shall receive no fees or perquisites whatever, for the per- formance of any duties connected with their offices. It shall not be competent for the Legislature to increase the salaries herein jjrovided. Mich., 308. — Each of the Judges of the Circuit Court shall receive a salary payable quarterly. Mich., 30G. — The Judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall be men learned in the law, and shall receive such compensation, at stated times, as may be pre- scribed by the Legislature, which compensation shall not be diminished during their continuance in office, but they shall receive no other fee or reward for their services. Minn., 324. — The judges of said court shall receive for their ser- yices a compensation to be fiked by law, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Miss., 330. — The salary of the Justices of the Supreme Court shall be two thousand dollars each per annum and no more ; and all other judicial officers shall be paid for their services in fees to be prescribed by law. N. J., 376. — No judicial officer, except Justice of the Peace and City Recorders, shall receive to his own use any fees or perquisites of office. Nn\, 387. — The Justices of the Supreme Court and District Judges shall each receive quarterly, for their services, a compensation to be fixed by law, and which shall not be increased or diminished during the term for •which they shall have been elected, unless a vacancy occurs, in which case a successor of the former incum- bent shall receive only such salary as may be provided by law at the time of his election or appointment; and provision shall be made by law for setting apart from each year's revenue a sufficient amount of money to pay such compensation; Provided, That District Judges shall be paid out of the treasuries of the counties composing their respective districts. Nev., 387. — The Judges of the several District Courts of this State shall be paid as hereinbefore provided, salaries at the following rates per annum : First Judicial Dis- trict (each judge), $6,000 ; Second Judicial District, §4,000; Third Judicial District, $5,000; Fourth Judi- cial District, $.5,000 ; Fifth Judicial District, $3,600; Sixth Judicial District, $4,000 ; Seventh Judicial Disirict, $6,000; Eighth Judicial District, $3,600; Ninth Judicial District, $5,000. Nev., 395. — The salary of any Judge in said judicial districts may, by law, be altered or changed, subject to ihe provisions contained in this Constitution. Nev., 395. — Such of the six judges as shall attend the court shall receive, respectively, a per diem compensation, to be provided by law. N. J., 417. — That the Governor, Judges of the Supreme Coiirt of law and equity, Judges of Admiralty, and Attor- ney-General, shall have adequate salaries during their continuance in office. N. C, 425. — The Judges of the Supreme Court and of the Court of Common Pleas, shall, at stated times, receive for their services such compensation as may b3 provided by law, which shall not be diminished or increased during their term of offii'c, but they shall receive no fees or perquisite.^. Ohio, 431. — The Judges of the Supreme Court shall each receive an annual salary of two thousand dollars. They shall receive no fees or perquisites whatever for the performance of any duties connected with their respective offices, and the compensation of officers, if not fixed by this Constitution, shall be provided by law. Or., 457. — The Judges of the Supreme Court shall receive a compensation for their services, which shall not be diminisheil or increased during their continuance in office. R. I., 480. — The Judges of the Supreme and inferior courts shall, at stated times, receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, which shall not be increased or diminished during the time for which they are elected. They shall not be allowed any fees or perquisites of office, nor hold any other office of trust or profit under this State or the United States. Tenn., 496. — Judges shall be commissioned by the Governor, and shall receive fixed and adequate salaries, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. The salary of a Judge of the Supreme Court of Ap- peals shall not be less than three thousand dollars, and that of a Judge of the Circuit Court not less than two thousand dollars per annum, except that of the Judge of the fifth circuit, which shall not be less than fifteen hundred dollars per annum, and each shall receive a reasonable allowance for necessary travel. r«., 542. — Judges shall be commissioned by the Governor. The salary of a Judge of the Supreme Court of Ap- peals shall be two thousand, and that of a Judge of a Circuit Court eighteen hundred dollars per annum, and each shall receive the same allowance for neces- sary travel as members of the Legislature. W. Va., 553. — Each of the Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall receive a salary, payable quarterly, of not less than one thousand five hundred dollars annually. Wis., 566. TERM OF OFFICE OF JUDGES. — The Chancellor, the Judges of the Supreme Court, and first Judge of the County Court in every county, hold their offices during good behavior, or until they shall have respectively attained the age of sixty years. — The Chancellor and Justices of the Supreme Court shall hold their offices during good behavior, or until they shall attain the age of sixty years. N. Y. (1821). 40. — The Judges of the several Courts of this State shall hold their offices for the term of six years ; and the right of any judge to hold his office lor the full term hereby prescribed shall not be affected by any change hereafter made by law in any circuit or district, or in the mode or time of election. Immediately after such election by the people, the Lieutenant-Governor and Speaker of the House of Representatives shall proceed, by lot, to divide the judges into three classes. The commission of the first class shall expire at the end of four years; of the second class, at the end of six ycar.s ; and of the third class at the end of eight years; so that one-third of the whole number shall be chosen every four, six and eight years. Arl:, 91. — The District Judges shall hold their offices for the term of six years from the first day of January next after their election. The Legislature snail have no power to grant leave of absence to a judicial officer and any such officer who fliall absent himself from the State for upwards of thirty consecutive days, shall be deemed to have forfeited his office. Cal, (as amended in 1862.) — The County Judges shall hold their offices for the term of four years (roni the first day of January next after their election. Cai, (as amended in 1862.) 125 — In order that no inconvenience may result to the pubHc service from the taking effect of tlie amend- ments proposed to said article six by tlie Legislature of 18fjl, no officer shall be superceded thereby, nor shall the organization of the several courts be changed ■ thereby, until the election and qualification of the P several officers provided for in said amendments. Cat, (as amended in 1862.) — The Chancellor and Judges shall respectively hold their offices during good behavior. Del., 123. — On the first Monday in December, one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, the term of office of Judges of the Supreme Court, State's Attorneys, and of the Clerks of the Supreme and Circuit Courts, shall expire ; and on the said day, the term of office of the Judges, State's Attorneys, and Clerks elected under the provisions of this Constitution, shall com- mence. Ill, 1G8. — All judicial officers shall hold their offices until their successors shall have qualified. Kan., 201. — The Judges first elected shall serve as follows, to wit : one shall serve until the first Monday in August, 1852 ; one until the first Monday in August, ISui; one until the first Monday in August, IS.'SG, and one until the first Monday in August, 1858. The judges, at the first term of the court succeeding their election, shall determine, by lot, the length of time ■which each one shall serve ; and at the expiration of the service of each, an election in the proper district shall take place to fill the vacancy. The judge having the shortest time to serve shall be styled the Chief Justice of Kentucky. Ky., 215. -The Judges of the Circuit Court shall, after their first term, hold their office for the term of six years from the day of their election. They shall be corn- misisioned by the Governor, and continue in office until their successors be qualified, but shall be removable from office in the same manner as the Judges of the Court of Appeals; and the removal of a Judge from his district shall vacate his office. Ky., 216. — The first election of County Court Judges shall take place at the same time of the election of Judges of the Circuit Court. The Presiding Judge, first elected, shall hold his office until the first Monday in August, 1854. The Associate Judges shall hold their offices until the first Monday in August, 1852, and until their successors be qualified ; and afterwards elections shall be held on the first Monday in August, in the years in which vacancies regularly occur. Ky., 217. — All judicial officers now in office, or who may be hereafter appointed, shall, from and after the first day of March in the year 1840, hold their offices for the term of seven years from the time of their respective appointments, unless sooner removed by impeach- ment or by address of both branches of the Legisla- ture to the Executive, and no longer, unless re-ap- pointed thereto. Me., 252. — The present Judges of the Circuit Courts shall continue to act as Judges of the respective Circuit Courts within the judicial circuits in which they respectively reside, until the expiration of the term for which they were respectively elected, and until their successors are elected and qualified, viz. : the present judges of the first, second, third, fourth, sixth and eighth judicial circuits, as organized at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall continue to act as judges respectively of the first, second, fourth, fifth, ninth and twelfth judicial circuits as organized under the Constitution ; and an election of judges of the third, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth and eleventh judicial circuits shall be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-four. Md., 2G8. — On the first day of January, in the year one thou- sand eight hundred and fifty-two, the terms of office of the Judges of the Supreme Court, under existing laws, and of the Judges of the County Courts, and of the Clerks of the Supreme Court, shall expire on the said day. Mich., 316. — The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the electors of the State at large, and their term, of office shall be seven years, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Minn., 324. — The office of one of said Judges shall be vacated ia two years, and of one in four years, and of one in six years, so that at the e.xpiration of every two years, one of said judges shall be elected as aforesaid. Miss., 338. — The Judges of the Supreme Court shall hold office for the term of six years, and until their successors shall be duly elected and qualified, except as herein- after provided. Mo., 357. — The Judges of the Supreme Court and District Judges provided to be elected at the first election under this Constitution, shall qualify aud enter upon the duties of their respective offices on the first Mon- day of December succeeding their election. Nev.. 395. — The tenure that all commissioned officers shall have by law in their offices shall be expressed in tlieir respective commissions. All judicial officers, duly appointed, commissioned and sworn, shall hold their offices during good behavior, excepting those concern- ing whom there is a different provision made in this Constitution. N. H., 408. — It is essential to the preservation of the rights of every individual, his life, liberty, property and charac- ter, that there be an impartial interpretation of the laws and aflministration of justice. It is the right of every citizen to be tri;d by judges as impartial as the lot of humanity will admit. It is, therefore, not only the best policy, but for the security of the rights of the people, that the Judges of the Supreme Judicial Court should hold their offices so long as they behave well ; subject, however, to such limitations on account of age as may be provided by the Constitution of the State ; and that they should have honorable salaries, ascertained and established by standing laws. N. H., 401. — The Justices of the Supreme Court and Chancellor shall hold their offices for the term of seven years ; shall, at stated times, receive for their services a com- pensation, which shall not be diminislied during the term of their appointment ; and they shall hold no other office under the government of this State or of the United States. N. J., A\9. — Immediately after the court shall first assemble, the six judges shall arrange themselves in such manner that the seat of one of them shall be vacated every year, in order that thereafter one judge may be annu- ally appointed. N.J.,in. — They [the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas], shall hold their offices for five years; but when appointed to fill vacancies, they shall hold for the unexpired term only. N. J., 419. — The Judges of the Supreme Court shall, immediately after the first election under this Constitution, be classified by lot, so that one shall hold for the term of one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years and one for five years ; and at all subsequent elections, the terra of each of said judges shall be for five years. Ohio, 437. — The Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas shall, while in office, reside in the district for which they are elected ; and their term of office shall be for five years. Ohio, 437. — The judges first chosen under this Constitution shall allot among themselves their terms of office, so that the term of one of them shall expire in two years, one in four years, and two in six years; and thereafter one or more shall be chosen every two years, to serve for tlie term of six years. Or., 454. — The Judges of the Supreme Court, of tlie several Courts of Common Pleas, and of such other courts of record as are or shall be established by law, shall be nominated by the Governor, and by and with the consent of the Senate appointed and commissioned by him. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall hold their offices for the term of fifteen years, if they shall so long behave themselves well. Pa., 464. — The Associate Judg3s of the Courts of Common 126 Pleas shall hold their ofBces for the term of five years, if they shall so long behave themselves well. Pa., 4G4. — The commissions of the Judges of the Supreme Court who may be in office on the first day of Janu- ary next, shall expire in the follcwing manner: — The commission which bears the earliest date shall expire on the first day of January, Anno Domini one thou- sand eight hundred and ibrty-two ; the commission next dated shall expire on the first day of Jaunary, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and forty- five; the commission next dated shall expire on the first day of Januarj', Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight; the commission next dated shall expire on the first day of January, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one; and the commission last dated shall expire on the first day of January, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four. Pa., 4G9. — The commissions of the President Judges of the several judicial districts, and of the Associate Law Judges of the First Judicial District shall expire as follows : — The commissions of one-half of those who shall have held their offices ten years or more, at the adoption of the amendments to tlie Constitu- tion, shall expire on the twenty-seventh day of Feb- ruary, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine; the commissions of the other half of those who shall have held their offices ten years or more, at tlie adop- tion of the amendments to the Constitution, shall expire on the twenty-seventh day of February, one thousand eight hundred and forty-two; the first half to embrace tliose whose commissions shall bear the oldest date. The commissions of all the remaining judges who shall not have held their oflices for ten years at the adoption of the amendments to the Constitution, shall expire on the twenty-seventh day of February next after the end of ten years from the date of their commissions. Pa., 469. — The Legislature, at its first session under the amended Constitution, shall divide the other Associ- ate Judges of the State into four classes. The com- missions of those of the first class shall expire on the tw^enty-seventh day of February, eighteen hundred and forty ; of those of the second class on the twenty- seventh day of February, eighteen hundred and forty- one ; of those of the third class on the twenty-seventh day of February, eighteen hundred and forty-two ; and of those of the fourth class on the twenty- seventh day of February, eighteen hundred and forty-three. The said classes, from the first to the fourth, shall be arranged according to the seniority of the commissions of the several judges. Pa., 469. — For each circuit a judge shall be chosen in the manner hereinbefore provided, who shall hold his office for the term of eight years unless sooner removed in the manner prescribed by this Constitu- tion. He shaU, at the time of being chosen, be at least thirty years of age, and shall have resided in the State one year next preceding his election, and during his continuance in office sliall reside in the circuit of which he is judge. Va., 541. — For each section a judge shall be chosen in the manner hereinbefore provided, who shall hold his office for the term of twelve years unless sooner removed in the manner prescribed by this Constitu- tion. He shall, at tlie time of his being chosen be at least tliirty years of age, and shall liave resided in the State one year next preceding his election, and during his continuance in ofilce he shall reside in the section for which he is cho.sen. Va., 542. — Judges and all other officers, whetlier elected or appointed, shall continue to discharge the duty of their offices after their terms of service have expired, until their successors are qualified. Va., 543. — For each circuit a judge shall be elected by the Toters thereof, who shall hold his office for the term of six years. During his continuance in office he shall reside in tiie circuit of which he is judge. IF. Va., 553. JUDGES MAY HOLD NO OTHER OFFICE. — That the Chancellor, and Judges of the Supreme Court shall not, at the same time, hold any other office, excepting that of delegate to the General Con- gress, upon special occasions; and that tlie first Judges of the County Courts, in the several counties, shall not, at the same time, hold any other office, excepting that of Senator, or Delegate to the Gene- ral Congress. But if the Chancellor, or either of the said judges, be elected or appointed to any other office, excepting as is before excepted, it shall be at his option in which to serve. N. Y. (1777), 30. —Neither the Chancellor nor Justices of the Supreme Court, nor any circuit judge, shall hold any other office or public trust. All votes for any elective office, given by the Legislature or the people, for the Chancellor or a Justice of the Supreme Court, or Circuit Judge, during his continuance in judicial office shall be void. N. Y. (1821), 41. — They shall not be allowed any fees or perquisites of office, nor hold any other office or trust or profit under this State or the United States. Ark, 91. — Tlie Justices of the Supreme Court and the District Judges and County Judges, shall be ineligible to any other office than a judicial office during the term for which they shaU have been elected. Cal, (as amended in 18G2.) — Tliey shall hold no other office of profit, nor receive any fees or perquisites in addition to tlieir salaries for business done by them. Del, 123 — Tlie Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall not be eligible to any other office or public trust, of profit in tliis State or the United States, during the term for wliich they are elected, nor for one year thereafter. All votes for either of them for any elective office (except tliat of Judge of the Supreme or Circuit Courts), given by the General Assembly, or the people, shall be void. Ill, 160. — No person elected to any judicial office sliall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be eli- gible to any office of trust or profit under £ne State, other than a judicial office. Lid., 177. — And such justices or judges shall receive no fees or perquisites, nor hold any other office of profit or trust under the authority of the State, or of the United States, during the term of office for which such justices and judges shall be elected, nor practice law in any of tlie courts in tlie State during their continuance in office. Kan., 201. — The Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court shall hold no office under the United States, nor any State nor any other office under this State, except that of Justice of the Peace. Me., 240. — No person holding tlie office of Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court, or of any inferior court, Attorney-General, County Attorney, Treasurer of the State, Adjutant-General, Judge of Probate, Reg- ister of Probate, Register of Deeds, Sheriffs or their deputies, Clerks of the Judicial Courts, shall be a member of the Legislature ; and any person holding either of tlie foregoing offices, elected to and accept- ing a seat in the Congress of the United States, shall thereby vacate said office ; and no person shall be capable of holding or exercising, at the same time, within this State, more than one of the offices before mentioned. J/e., 247. — No judge of any court of this Commonwealth (except the Court of Sessions), and no person hold- ing any office under the authority of the United States (Postmasters excepted), shall, at the same time hold the office of Governor, Lieutenant-Governor or Councillor, or have a seat in the Senate or House of Representatives of this Commonwealth ; and no judge of any court in this Commonwealth (except the Court of Sessions), nor the Attorney-Generil [Solic- itor-General, County Attorney], Clerk of any court, Sherifl", Treasurer and Receiver-General, Register of Probate, nor Register of Deeds, shall continue to hold his said office after being elected a member of the Congress of the United States, and accepting 127 that trust ; but the acceptance of such trust by any of the officers aforesaid, shall be deemed and taken to be a resignation of his said office ; [and Judtres of the Courts of Common Pleas shall hold no other office under the government of this Commonwealth, the office of Justice of the Peace and militia officers excepted.] Mass., 295. — They shall be ineligible to any other than a judicial office during the term for which they are elected, and one year thereafter. All votes for any person elected such judge for any office other than judicial, given either by the Legislature or the people, shall be void. Mich., 306. — The Justices of the Supreme Court and the District Courts, shall hold no office under the United States, nor any other office under this State. And all votes for either of them for any elective' office under this Constitution, e.Kcept a judicial office, given by the Legislature or the people, during their continuance in office shall be void. Minn., 325. — No Judge of any court of law or equity. Secretary of State, Attorney-General, Clerk of any Court of Record, Sheriff or Collector, or any person holding a lucrative office under the United States or this State, shall be eligible to the Legislature; Provided, That officers in the militia, to which there is attached no annual salary, and the office of Justice of the Peace shall not be deemed lucrative. Miss., 338. — The Justices of the Supreme Court and the District Judges shall be ineligible to any office, other than a judicial office, during the term for which they shall have been elected, and all elections or appoint- ments of any such judges, by the people, Legislature, or otherwise, during said period, to any office other than judicial, shall be void. Nev., 387. — Nor hold any other office of profit or trust, under the authority of this State, or the United States. All votes for either of them, for any elective office, except a judicial office, under the authority of this State, given by the General Assembly, or the people, shall be void. Ohio, 437. — No Judge of any court of law or equity, Secretary of State, Attorney-General, Clerk of any court of record, Sheriff or Collector, or any person holding a lucrative office under the United States, or this State, or any foreign government, shall be eligible to the Legislature, nor shall at the same time hold or exer- cise any two offices, agencies or appointments of trust or profit under this State; Provided, That offices of the militia, to which there is attached no annual salary the office of Notary Public and the office of Justice of the Peace shall not be deemed lucrative, and that one person may hold two or more county offices, if so provided by the Legislature. Tex., 509. — No judge, during his term of service, shall hold any other office, appointment, or public trust, and the acceptance thereof shall vacate his judicial office ; nor shall he, during such term, or within one year there- after, be eligible to any political office. Va., 542. — No judge, during his term of office, shall hold any other office, appointment, or public trust, under this or any other government, and the acceptance thereof shall vacate his judicial office ; nor shall he, during his continuance therein, be eligible to any political office. W. Va., 553. — They shall hold no office or public trust, except a judicial office, during the term for which they are respectively elected ; and all votes for them for any office except a judicial office given by the Legislature or the people, shall be void. Wis., 506. QUALIFICATION OF JUDGES. — No person who shall have arrived at the age of seventy yeai-s shall be appointed or elected to, or shall continue in the office of judge in this State. Ah., 81. — The qualified voters of this State shall elect the Judges of the Supreme Court ; the Judges of the Supreme Court shall be at least thirty years of age ; they shall hold their offices during the term of eight years from the date of their commissions, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Ark., 91. — The qualified voters of each judicial district shall elect a Circuit Judge. The Judges of the Circuit Court shall be at least twenty-five years of age and shall be elected for the term of four years from the date of their commissions, and shall serve until their successors are elected and qualified. Ark., 01. — No person shall be eligible to the office of judge of any court of this State who is not a citizen of the United States, and who shall not have resided in this State five years next preceding his election, and who shall not for two years next preceding his election have resided in the division, circuit, or county, ia which he shall be elected ; nor shall any person be elected Judge of the Supreme Court who shall be, at the time of his election, under the age of thirty-five years ; and no person shall be eligible to the office of Judge of the Circuit Court until he shall have attained the age of thirty years. Ill, 160. — No person shall be eligible to the office of Judge of the Court of Appeals, who is not a citizen of the United States, a resident of the district for which he may be a candidate two years next preceding his election, at least thirty years of age, and who has not been a practicing lawyer eight years, or whose ser- vice upon the bench of any Court of record, when added to the time ho may have practiced law, shall not be equal to eight years. Ky., 215. — No person shall be eligible as Judge of the Circuit Court who is not a citizen of the United States, a resident of the district for which he may be a candi- date two years next preceding his election, at least thirty years of age, and who has not been a practic- ing lawyer eight years, or whose service upon the bench of any court of record, when added to the tim.e he may have practiced law, shall not be equal to eight years. R'l/., 216. — All judicial officers, except Justices of the Peace, shall hold their offices during good behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years. Me., 240. — -The Judges of the several Courts, except the Judges of the Orphans' Courts, shall be citizens of the United States, and residents of this State, not less than five years next preceding their election, or appointment by the Executive in case of a vacancy ; and not less than one year next preceding their election or appointment, residents in the judicial dis- trict or circuit, as the case may be, for which they may be elected or appointed ; they shall not be less than thirty years of age at the time of their election and selected from those who have been admitted to practice law in this State, and who are most distin- guished for integrity, wisdom and sound legal knowl- edge. Md., 265. —No person shall be eligible to the office of Judge of the High Coin-t of Errors and Appeals, who shall not have attained, at the time of his election, the age of thirty years. Miss., 338. — No person shall be eligible to the office of Judge of the Circuit Court, who shall not at the time of his election, have attained the age of twenty-six years. Miss., 339. — No person shall be elected or appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court, nor of a Circuit Court, before he shall have attained to the age of thirty years, and have been a citizen of the United States five years, and a qualified voter of this State three years. Me., 359. — No person shall hold the office of judge of any court, or Judge of Probate, or Sheriff of any county after he has attained the age of seventy years. N. H., 408. — The President Judges of the several Courts of Com- mon Pleas, and of such other courts of record as are or shall be established by law, and all other judges, required to be learned in the law, shall hold their offices for the term of ten years, if they shall so long behave themselves. Pa., 464. •128 — Judges of the Supreme Court shall be thirty-five years of age, and shall be elected for the term of eight years. Tenn., 503. — The judges of such inferior courts as the Legisla- ture may establish, shall be thirty years of age, and shall be elected for the term of eight years. Tenn., 503. — They shall have arrived at the age of thirty-five years at the time of election ; shall liold their othces for the teim of ten years, and each of them shall receive an annual salary of at least four thousand five hun- dred dollars, which shall not be increased or dimin- ished during his term of office. Tex., 510. — Judges must have attained the age of thirty-five years, the Governor the age of thirty years, and the Attorney-General and Senators the age of twenty- five years, at the beginning of their respective terms of service, and must have been citizens of the State for five years ne.xt preceding, or at the time this Con- stitution goes into operation. W. Va., 548. — No person shall be eligible to the office of judge who shall not, at the time of his election, be a citizen of tlie United Slates, and have attained the age of twenty-five years, and be a qualified elector within the jurisdiction for which he may be cliosen. Wis., 56G. ATTORNEYS— SUITOES MAY SELECT THEIR COUNSEL. — And that all attorneys, solicitors, and counsellors at law hereafter to be appointed, be appointed by the court, and licensed by the first judge of the court in which they shall respectively plead or practice ; and be regulated by the rules and orders of the said courts. X. y. (1777), 30. — Attorneys at law, all inferior officers of the Treasury Department, election officers,- officers relating to taxes, to the poor, and to highways, Constables and hundred officers, shall be appointed in such manner as is or may be directed by law. Del., 125. — Every person of good moral character, being a voter, shall be entitled to admission to practice law in all courts of justice. Itid.. 177. — Any suitor in any court of this State .shall have the right to prosecute or defend his suit, either in his own proper person, or by an attorney or agent of his choice. Mich., 307 ; U'(>., 563. — Every person being a citizen of the United States shall be permitted to appear to and try his own case in all the courts of this State. Md., 260. PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. — There shall be one Solicitor for each circuit, who shall reside therein, to be elected by the qualified electors of the circuit, who shall his office for the term of four years, and shall receive for his services a compensation to be fixed by law. Fl., 135. — There shall be elected in each of the Judicial Circuits of this State, by the qualified electors thereof, one State's Attorney, who shall hold his office for the term of four years, and until his successor shall be commissioned and qualified ; who shall perform such duties and receive such compensation as may be pre- scribed by law ; Provided, That the General Assembly may hereafter provide by law for the election, by the qualified voters of each county in this State, of one Couitty Attorney for each county, in lieu of the State's Attorneys provided for in this section ; the term of office, duties, and compensation, of which County Attorneys shall be regulated by law. III. IGl. —The qualified electors of each judicial district shall at the time of election of District Judge, elect a Dis- trict Attorney, who shall be a resident of the district for which he is elected, and sliall hold his office for the term of four years, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. Iowa, 190. — The State's Attorney shall perform such duties and receive such fees and commissions as are now or may hereafter be prescribed by law, and if any State's Attorney shall receive any other fee or reward than such as is or may be allowed by law, he shall, on con- viction thereof be removed from office ; Provided, Tliat the State's Attorney from Baltimore city shall have power to appoint one deputy, at a salary of not more than fifteen hundied dollars per annum, to be jiaid by the State's Attorney out of the fees of his office, as has heretofore been ]iracticed. Mel., 271. — In case of vacancy in tlie office of State's Attorney, or of his removal from the county or city in which he shall liave been elected, or on his conviction as herein specified, the said vacancy shall be filled by the judge of the county or city, respectively, having criminal j\irisdiction in whicli said vacancy sliall occur, for the residue of the term thus made vacant. Md., 271. — There shall be elected by districts composed of one or more counties, a suflicient number of prosecuting attorneys, wlio shall be the law officers of the State, and of the counties within their respective districts, and shall perform such duties pertaining to the administration of law and general police as the Leg- islative A.ssembly may direct. Or., 455. — The Legislature shall elect Attorneys for the State, by joint vote of botli Ilou.ses of the General Assem- bly, who shall liold their offices for tlio term of six years. In all cases where an attorney for any dis- trict fails or refuses to attend and prosecute accord- ing to law, the court shall have the power to appoint an attorney pro tempore. Tenn., 49G. — There shall be a District Attoi-ney for each judicial district in the State, elected by the qualified electors of the district, who shall reside in the district for which he shall be elected ; shall liold liis office for four years; and, together with the perquisites prescribed by law, shall receive an annual salary of one thous- and dollars, which shall not be increased or diminished during his term of office. Tex., 511. — Tlie Attorney for the Commonwealtli, elected for a county or corporation wherein a Circuit Court is directed to be held, shall be Attorney for the Com- monwealth for that court ; but in case a Circuit Court is held for a city, or for a county and a city, there shall be an Attorney for the Commonwealth for such, to be elected by the voters of such city, or county and city, and to continue iu office for the term of four years. The duties and compensation of these ofl[icers, and the mode of removing them from office, shall be prescribed by law. Va., 543. — State's Attorneys shall be elected by tlie freemen of their respective counties. Vi., 529. NOTARIES PUBLIC. [Appointed by Governor and Council] Me., 244. — Notaries Public shall be appointed by the Governor, in the same manner as iudicial officers are appointed, and .shall nold their offices during seven years, unless sooner removed by the Governor, with the consent of the Council, upon the address of both Houses of the Legislature. Mass., 294. — Tlie Governor, by and with the advice and con- sent of two-thirds of the Senate, shall appoint a convenient number of Notaries Public, not exceeding six for each county; who, in aldition to such duties as are prescribed hy law, shall discharge such other duties as the Legislature may, from time to time, prescribe. Tex., 514. 129 1 2 9. The classification of the justices of the Supreme Court, the times and 2 place of holding the terms of the Court of Appeals, and of the general 3 and special terms of the Supreme Court within the several districts, and the 4 Circuit Courts and Courts of Oyer and Terminer within the several counties, 6 shall be provided for by law. 1 g 10. The testimony in equity cases shall be taken in like manner as in 2 cases at law. 1 § 11. Justices of the Supreme Court and judges of the Court of Appeals 2 may be removed by concurrent resolution of both Houses of the Legislature, 3 if two-thirds of all the members elected to the Assembly, and a majority of REMOVAL OF JUDGES. —For any willful neglect of duty, or any other rea- sonable cause, whicli shall not be sufficient ground of impeachment, the Governor shall remove any judge, on the address of two-thirds of each House of the General Assembly: Provided, That the cause, or causes for which said removal may be required, shall be stated at length in such address, and entered on the journals of each House. And provided further, that the Judge intended to be removed shall be noti- fied of such cause or causes, and shall be admitted to a hearing in his own defense, before any vote for such address ; and in all such cases, the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays, and be entered on tbe jour- nals of each House respectively. Ala., (nearly similar) Tex., 511. — The Judges of the Supreme Court of Errors and of the Superior Court, appointed in the year 1855, and thereafter, shall hold their offices for the terra of eight years, but may be removed by impeachment, and the Governor shall also remove them on the address of two-thirds of each house of the General Assembly. No Judge of the Supreme Court of Errors, or of the Superior Court, shall be capable of holding office, after he shall liave arrived at the age of seventy years, Ct., 115. — The Judges of the Supreme Court and of the Supe- rior Court shall hold their offices during good behavior, but may be removed by impeachment ; and the Governor shall also remove them, on the address of two-thirds of the members of each House of the General Assembly ; all other Judges and Justices of the Peace shall be appointed annually. No Judge or Justice of the Peace shall be capable of holding his office after he sliall have arrived at the age of seventy years. Ct., ill. — The Governor may, for any reasonable cause, in his discretion, remove any of them on the address of two-thirds of all the members of each branch of the General Assembly. In all cases where the Legisla- ture shall so address the Governor, the cause of removal shall be entered on the journals of each House. The Judge against whom the Legislature may be about to proceed, shall receive notice thereof, accompanied with the causes alleged for his removal, at least five days before the day on which either House of the General Assembly shall act thereupon. Del, 123. — For any reasonable cause, to be entered on the journals of each House, which shall not be sufficient ground for impeachment, both Justices of the Supreme Court, and Judges of the Circuit Court, shall be removed from office, on the vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the General Assembly ; Provided, always. That no member of either House of the General Assembly shall be eligi- 33 ble to fill the vacancy occasioned by such removal ; Provided, also. That no removal shall be made unless the Justice or Judge complained of shall have been served with a copy of the complaint against him, and shall have an opportunity of being heard in his defense. III., IGO. — Any Judge or Prosecuting Attorney who shall have been convicted of corruption or other high crime, may, on information in the name of the State, be removed from office by the Supreme Court, or in such other manner as may be prescribed by law. Ind., 177. — Justices of the Supreme Court and Judges of the District Courts may be removed fi-om office by reso- lution of both Houses if two-thirds of the members of each House concur. But no such removal shall be made e.Kcept upon complaint, the substance of which shall be entered upon the journal, nor until the party charged shall have had notice and opportunity to be heard. Kan., 201 ; (nearly similar), Ohio, 438. — That the independency and uprightness of judges are essential to the impartial administration of justice, and a great security to the rights and liberties of the people; wherefore the judges shall not be removed, except for misbehavior, on conviction in a court of law, or by the Governor, upon the address of the General Assembly ; Provided, That two-thirds of all the members of each House concur in such address. No judge shall hold any other office, civil or military, or political trust or employment of any kind whatso- ever, under the Constitution or laws of this State, or of the United States, or any of them, or receive fees or perquisites of any kind for the discharge of his official duties. Md., 255. — Any judge shall be removed from office by the Governor on conviction in a court of law, of incom- petency, of willful neglect of duty, of misbehavior in office, or on any other crime; or on impeachment according to this Constitution, or the laws of the State ; or on the address of the General Assembly, two-thirds of each House concurring in such address, and the accused having been notified of the charges against him, and had opportunity of making his defense. Md., 2G6. — Judges of the County Court and Justices of the Peace, Sheriffs, Coroners, Surveyors, Jailors, County Assessor, Attorney for the County, and Constables, shall be subject to indictment or presentment for malfeasance or misfeasance in office, or willful neglect in the discharge of their official duties, in such mode as may be prescribed by law, subject to appeal to the Court of Appeals; and, upon conviction, their offices shall become vacant. Ky., 217. - -The Legislature of this State may provide for the removal of inferior officers from office, for malfeasance or nonfeasance in the performance of their duties. Min., 329. 130 4 all the members elected to the Senate concur therein. All judicial officers, 5 except those mentioned in this section, and except justices of the peace, and 6 judges and justices of inferior courts not of record, may be removed by the 7 Senate on the recommendation of the Governor ; but no removal shall be 8 made by virtue of this section, unless the cause thereof be entered on the 9 journals, nor unless the party complained of shall have been served with a 10 copy of the complaint against him, and shall have had an opportunity of 11 being heard in his defense. On the question of removal the ayes and noes 12 shall be entered on the journals. — The judges of the several courts of this State, for willful neglect of duty or other reasonable cause, shall be removed by the Governor on the address of two- thirds of both Houses of the Legislature; tlie address to be by joint vote of both Houses. Tlie cause or causes for which such removal shall be required, shall be stated at length in such address, and on the jour- nals of each House. Tlie judge so intended to be removed shall be notified and admitted to a liearing in his own defense before any vote for such address shall pass ; the vote on sucli address shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered on the journals of each House. Miss., 340. — Judges of Probate, Clerks, Sheriffs and other county officers, for willful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor in office, shall be liable to presentment or indictment by a grand jury, and trial by a petit jury, and upon conviction shall be removed from office. Miss., 340. — Any Judge of the Supreme Court or tlie Circuit Court, may be removed from office, on the address of two-tliirds of each House of the General Assembly to the Governor for that purpose ; but each House shall state, on its respective journal, the cause for which it shall wish the removal of such judge, and give him notice thereof; and he shall have the right to be heard in bis defense, in such manner as the General Assembly shall by law direct; but no judge shall be removed in this manner for any cause for which he might have been impeached. Mo., 359. — For any reasonable cause to be entered on the journals of each House, which may or may not be sufficient grounds for impeachment, the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, and Judges of the District Courts, shall be removed from office on the vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the Legislature, and the justice or judge complained of shall be served with a copy of the complaint against him. and shall have an opportunity of being heard in person or by counsel in his defense; Provided, That no member of either branch of the Legislature shall be eligible to fill the vacancy occasioned by such removal. Kev., 388. — No judicial officer sliall be superseded, nor sliall the organization of the several Courts of tlie Territory of Nevada be changed until the election and qualifica- tion of the several officers provided for in this article. Nev., 388. — The Governor, with consent of the Council, may remove judges, upon the address of both Houses of the Legislature. N. K, 408. — Any Judge of the Supreme Court, or of the Supe- rior Courts, may be removed from office for mental or physical inability, upon a concurrent resolution of two-thirds of both branches of the General Assembly. The Judge, against whom the Legislature may be about to proceed, shall receive notice thereof, accom- panied by a copy of the cause alleged for his removal, at least twenty days before the day on which either branch of the General Assembly shall act thereon. N. C, 429. — The salaries of the Judges of the Supreme Court, or of the Superior Courts, shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. N. C, 429. — The Governor may remove from office a Judge of the Supreme Court, or prosecuting attorney, upon the joint resolution of the Legislative Assembly, in which two-thirds of the members elected to each House shall concur, for incompetency, corruption, malfeasance, or delinquency in office, or oilier suffi- cient cause, stated in such resolution. Or., 495. — Judges and Attorneys for the State, may be removed fi'om office by a concurrent vote of both Hou.ses of the General Assembly, each House voting separately ; but two-thirds' of all the members elected to each House must concur in such vote ; the vote shall be detnnined by ayes and noes, and the names of the members voting for or against the judge or attorney for the State, together with the cause or causes of removal, shall be entered on the journals of each House respectively. The judge or attorney for the State, against whom the Legislature may be about to proceed, shall receive notice thereof, accompanied with a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at least ten days before the day on which either House of the General Assembly shall act thereupon. Tenn., 496. — For any reasonable cause which shall not be suffi- cient grounds of impeachment, the Governor shall remove any of them on the address of two-thirds of each branch of the Legislature. Pa., 470. — Judges may be removed from office by a concur- rent vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, but a majority of all the members elected to each House must concur in such vote ; and the cause of removal shall be entered on the journal of each House. The judge against whom the General Assem- bly may be about to proceed, shall receive notice thereof, accompanied by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at least twenty days before the day on which either House of the General Assembly shall act thereupon. Va.. 542. ■ — Judges may be removed from office for misconduct, incompetence, or neglect of duty, or on conviction of an infamous offense, by the concurrent vote of a majority of all the members elected to each branch of the Legislature, and the cause of removal shall be entered on the journals. The judge against whom the Legislature may be about to proceed, shall receive notice thereof, accompanied by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at least twenty days before the day on which either branch of the Legislature shall act thereon. IK Va., 553. — Any judge of the Supreme or Circuit Court may be removed from office by address of both Houses of the Legislature, if two-thirds of all the members elected to each House concur therein, but no removal shall be made by virtue of this section, unless the judge complained of shall have been served with a copy of the charges against him, as the ground of address, and shall have had an opportunity of being heard in 131 1 S 12. The judges of the Court of Appeals shall be elected by the electors 2 of the State, and the justices of the Supreme Court by the electors of the 3 several judicial districts, at such times as may be prescribed by law. 1 g 13. la case the office of any judge of the Court of Appeals, or justice 2 of the Supreme Ooiu*t shall become vacant before the expiration of the regular 3 term for which he was elected, the vacancy may be filled by appointment by 4 the Governor, until it shall be supplied at the next general election of judges, 5 when it shall be filled by election for the residue of the unexpired term. I his defense. On the question of removal, the ayes and noes shall be entered on the journals. Wis , 567. — Every person appointed a Justice of the Peace shall hold his office for four years, unless removed by the County Court, for causes particularly assigned by the judges of tlie said conrt. And no Justice of the Peace .shall be removed, until he shall have notice of the charges made against him, and an opportunity of being heard in his defense. Ni Y. (1821), 39. ELECTION OR APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES. — The Governor shall nominate, by message in writ- ing, and with the consent of the Senate shall appoint all judicial officers, except justices of the peace. N. r. (1821), 39. — Judges of the Supreme Court and Chancellors, shall be elected by a joint vote of both Houses of the General Assemljly ; Judges of the Circuit and Probate Courts, and of such other inferior courts as may be by law established, shall be elected by the qualified electors of the respective counties, cities, or districts, for which such courts may be established. Elections of judges by the people shall be held on the first Mon- day in May, or such other day as may be by law prescribed, not within a less period than two months of the day fixed by law for tlie election of Governor, members of the General Assembly, or members of Congress. Ala., 80. — The Justices of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at special elec- tions, to be provided by law, at which elections no officer other than judicial shall be elected, except a Superintendent of Public Instruction. The firstelec- tion for Justices of the Supreme Court shall be held in the year 18G3. The justices shall hold their offices for the term of ten years from the first day of January next after their election, except those elected at the first election, who, at their first meeting shall so classify themselves by lot, that one justice shall go out of office every two years. The justice having the short- est term to serve shall be chief justice. Cat., (amend- ment of 1802.) — The Judges of the Supreme Court of Errors, of the Superior and Inferior Courts, and all Justices of the Peace, shall be appointed by the General Assembly, in such manner as shall by law be prescribed. Ct, 1 1 1. — The Judges of Probate shall be appointed by the electors residing in the several probate districts, and qualified to vote for representatives therein, in such manner as shall be prescrilied by law. Ct, 115. — The Justices of the Peace for the several towns in this State shall be appointed by the electors in such towns ; and the time and the manner of their elec- tion, the number for each town, and the period for which they shall hold their offices, shall be prescu'ibed bylaw. «., 115. — [Judges appointed by Governor]. Dd., 119. — The Attorney-General, Registers in Chancery, Prothonotaries, Registers, Clerks of the Orphans' Court and of the Peace, shall respectively be com- missioned for five years, if so long they shall behave themselves well ; but may be removed by the Gov- ernor within that time on conviction of misbehavior in office, or on the address of both Houses of the Legislature. Prothonotaries, Registers in Chancery, Clerks of the Orphans' Court, Registers, Recorders, and Sheriiffi, shall keep their offices in the town or place in each each county in which the Superior Court is usually held. Del, 125. — The Governor shall have power to commission a Judge ad litem to decide any cause in which there is a legal exception to the Chancellor or any judge, so that such appointment is necessary to constitute a quorum in either court. The commission in such case shall confine the office to the cause, and it shall expire on the determination of the cause. The Judge so appointed shall receive a reasonable compensation, to be fixed by the General Assembly. A Member of Congress, or any person holding or exercising an office under the United States, shall not be disquali- fied from being appointed a Judge ad litem]. Del., 122. — There shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice an'd consent of the Senate, a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of this State, who shall reside in this State, and hold their office for the term of six years from their appointment and confirmation, unless sooner removed under the provisions of this Constitution, for the removal of judges by address or impeachment ; and for willful neglect of duty or other reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground for impeach- ment, tlie Governor shall remove any of them on the address of two-thirds of the General Assembly ; Provided, hoivever, That the cause or causes shall be notified to the judge so intended to be removed, and he shall be admitted to a hearing in his own defense, before any vote for such removal shall j/ass, and in such case, the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered on the journal of each House respectively, and in case of the appointment to fill a vacancy in said offices, the person so appointed shall only hold office for the unexpired terra of his predecessor. Fl, 134. — There shall be elected, at the time and places pre- scribed by law, by the qualified electors of each of the respective Judicial Circuits of this State, one Judge of the Circuit Court, who shall reside in the circuit for which he may be elected, and the said Circuit Judges shall continue in office for the term of six years from the date of their respective elections, unless sooner removed, under the provisions in this Constitution -for the removal of Judges by address or impeachment; and for willful neglect of duty, or other reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient for impeachment, the Governor shall remove any of them on the address of two-thirds of the General Assembly ; Provided, however, That the cause or causes shall be stated at length in such address and entered on the journal of each House; And pro- vided, further, That the cause or causes shall be noti- fied to such judge so intended to be removed, and he 132 shall be admitted to a hearing in his own defense before any vote or votes for such removal shall pass ; and in such cases the vote shall be taken by yeas and . nays, and entered on the journals of each House, respectively. FL, 134. — The appointment of Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court shall be made every sixth year after their first appointment, and the elec- tion of Judges of the Circuit Court, and Judges or Chancellors of the Chancery Court, when established, shall be held in every sixth year after their first elec- tion, at the same time and places as the elections for members of the General Assembly. Ky., 1 34. — The Judges of the Superior Courts shall be duly elected on the first Wednesday in January, until the Legislature shall otherwise direct, immediately before the expiration of the tcm for which they or either of them may have been appointed or elected, from the circuits in which they are to serve, by a majority vote of the people of the circuit qualified to vote for mem- bers of the General Assembly, for the term of four years — vacancies to be filled as is provided by the laws of force prior to January 1, 1861 — and shall continue in office until their successors shall be elected and qualified; removable by the Governor on the address of two-thirds of each branch of J)ie General Assembly, or by impeachment and conviction thereon. Qa., 148. — The Supreme Court shall consist of three judges, ■who shall be elected by the General Assembly, for such term of years — not less than six — as shall be prescribed by law, and shall continue in office until tlieir sucessors shall be elected and qualified ; remov- able by the Governor on the address of two-thirds of each branch of the General Assembly, or by impeach- ment and conviction thereon. Qa., 148. The first election for Justices of the Supreme Court and Judges of the Circuit Courts shall be held on the first Monday of September, 1848. Ill, 100. The second eleciion for one Justice of the Supreme Court shall be held on the first Monday of June, 1852 ; and every three years thereafter an election shall be held for one Justice of the Supreme Court 111., IGO. — On the first Monday of June, 1855, and every sixth year thereafter, an election shall be held for Judges of the Circuit Courts; Provided, whenever an addi- tional circuit is created, such provision may be made as to hold the second election of such additional judge at the regular election herein provided. Ill, 160. — All Judges and State's Attorneys shall be commis- sioned by the Governor. Ill, 161. — Elections of Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall be subject to be contested. //'., 169. — That at the first election fixed by this Constitution for the election of Judges, there shall be elected one Circuit Judge in each of the nine judicial circuits now established in this State. Ill, 167. — The State shall be divided into as many districts as there are judges of the Supreme Court ; and such districts shall be formed of contiguous territory, as nearly equal in population as, without dividing a county, the same can be made. One of said judges shall be elected from each district, and reside therein ; but said judges shall be elected by the electors of the State at large. Ind., 176. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State, and shall hold their court at such time and place as the General Assembly may prescribe. The Supreme Judges so elected shall be classified so that one Judge shall go out of office every two years ; and the Judge holding the shortest term of office under such classification, shall be Chief Justice of the court during his term, and so on in rotation. After the expiration of their terms of office, under such classification, the term of each Judge of the Supreme Court shall be six years, and until his successor shall have been elected and quahfied. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be ineligible to any other office in the State, during the terra for which they shall have been elected. Iowa, 189. — The first election for Judges of the Supreme Court, and such county officers as shall be elected at the, August election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, shall be held on the second Tuesday of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine. Iowa, 195. — The District Court shall consist of a single judge, who shall be elected by the quahfied voters of the district in which he resides. The Judge of the Dis- trict Court shall hold his office for the term of four years, and until liis successor shall have been elected and qualified, and shall be ineligible to any other office, except that of Supreme Judge, during the term (or which he was elected. Iowa, 189. — The Judges of the Supremo and District Courts shall be chosen at the general election, and the term of office of each judge shall commence on the first day of January next after his election. Iowa, 190. — The Chief Justice and two Associate Justices shall be elected by the electors of the State at large, and whose term of office, after the first, shall be for six years. At the first election a Chief Justice shall be chosen for six years, one Associate Justice for four years, and one for two years. Kan., 200. — All the judicial officers provided for by this article shall be elected at the first election under this Con- stitution, and shall reside in their respective town- ships, counties or districts, during their respective terms of office. • — The first election of the Judges and Clerks of the Court of Appeals shall take jilace on the second Mon- day in May, 1851, and thereafter, in each district as a vacancy may occur, by the expiration of the term of office ; and the jedges of the said court shall be com- missioned by the Governor. Ky., 215. — The General Assembly sliall provide by law the manner of conducting and making due return of all elections of Judges of the County Court and Justices of the Peace, and for determining contested elections, and provide the mode of filling vacancies in these offices. Ky., 217. — They shall be commissioned by the Governor. Ky., 217. — The first election of Judges of the Circuit Court shall take place on the second Monday in May, 1851; and afterwards on the first Monday iu August, 1856, and on the first Monday in August every sixth year thereafter. Ky., 2 1 6. — All persons qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, in each district, shall have the right to vote forjudges. Ky., 216. — The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for a term of eight years ; the judges of the inferior courts for a term of six years. La., 232. [Judges appointed by the Governor and Council.] Me., 244. — The Judges of the Court of Appeals shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State ; and the Gover- nor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall designate the Chief Justice ; and the judges of the judicial circuits shall be elected by the qualified voters of their respective circuits; each Judge of the Court of Appeals and of each judicial circuit shall hold his office for the term of fifteen years from the time of his election, or until he shall have attained the age of seventy years whichever may first happen, and be re-ehgible thereto until he shall have attained the age of seventy years, and not after. Md., 265. — All election of judges and other officers, provided for this Constitution, State's Attorneys excepted, shall be certified and the returns made by the Clerka of the respective counties to the Governor, who shall issue commissions to the difltrent persons for the offices to which thej' shall have been respectively elected ; and in all such elections, the person having the greatest number of votes shall be declared to be elected. Md., 266. — If in any case of election for Judges, Clerks of the Courts of Law, and Registers of Wills, the opposing candidates shall have an equal number of votes, it 133 shall be the duty of the Governor to order a new election : and in ease of any contested election the Governor shall send the return to the House of Dele- gates, who shall judge of the election and qualification of the candidates at such election. Md., 266. — The judges of the several courts of this State, except the Judges of the Orphans' Court, shall be elected at the regular election, whether for State or County ofScers, as the case may be, immmediately preceding the expiration of the term of the incum- bent whose place is to be filled. Md., 277. — All judicial officers, the Attorney-General, the Solic- itor-General, all Sheriff's, Coroners and Registers of Probate, shall be nominated and appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Council ; and every such nomination shall be made by the Governor, and made at least seven days prior to such appointment. Mass., 2i<8. — Judicial officers of cities and villages shall be elected, and all other officers shall be elected or appointed at such time and in such manner as the Legislature may direct. Mich., 313. — The first election of Judges of the Circuit Courts shall be held on the first Monday in April, one thou- sand eight hundred and fifty-one, and every sixth year thereafter. Whenever an additional circuit is created, provision shall be made to hold the subse- quent election of such additional judges at the regular elections herein provided. Mich., 306. — All judges other than those p'-ovided for in this Constitution shall be elected by the electors of the judicial district, county, or city, for which they shall be created, nor for a longer term than seven years. Minn., 32.5. — There shall be elected in each county where a District Court shall be held, one clerk of said court, whose qualifications, duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law, and whose term of office shall be four years. Minn., 325. — The High Court of Errors and Appeals shall consist of three judges, any two of whom shall form a quo- rum. The Legislature shall divide the State into three districts, and the qualified electors of each dis- trict shall elect one of said judges for the term of six years. Miss., 339. — The Secretary of State, on receiving all the ofEoial returns of the first election, shall proceed, forthwith, in the presence and with the assistance of two Jus- tices of the Peace, to determine by lot among the three candidates having the highest number of votes, which of said judges elect shall serve for the term of two years, which shall serve for the term of four years, and which shall serve for the term of six years, and having so determined the same, it shall be the duty of the Governor to issue commissions accord- ingly. Miss., 339. — The Judges of the Circuit Court shall be elected by the qualified electors of each Judicial District, and hold their offices for the term of four years, and reside in their respective districts. Miss., 339. — The Legislature shall provide by law for determin- ing contested elections of Judges of the High Court of Errors and Appeals, of the Circuit and Probate Courts, and other officers. Miss., 340. — At the general election in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, all tlie Judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State, and shall enter upon their office on the first Monday of January next ensuing. At the first session of the court thereafter the judges shall, by lot, determine the duration of their several terms of office, which shall be respectively two, four, and six years; and shall certify the result to the Secretary of State. At the general election every two years after said first election, one judge of said court shall be elected, to hold office for the period of six years from the first Monday of January next ensuing. The judge having at any time the shortest term to serve shall be tlie Presiding Judge of the court. Mo., 357. — The State shall be divided into convenient circuits, of which the county of St. Louis shall constitute one, 34 for each of which, except as m the next succeeding section specified, a judge shall be elected by the qual- ified voters of the respective circuits, and except as hereinafter provided, shall be elected for the term of six years; but may continue in office until his succes- sor shall be elected and qualified ; and the judge of each circuit, after his election or appointment, as hereinafter provided, shall reside in, and be a con- servator T)f the peace within the circuit for which he shall be elected or appointed ; and if any vacancy shall happen in the office of any circuit judge, by death, resignation, or removal out of his circuit, or by any other disqualification, the Governor shall, upon being satisfied that a vacancy exists, issue a writ of election to fill such vacancy ; provided that said vacancy shall happen at least six months before the next general election for said judge; but if such vacancy shall happen within six months of the gene- ral election aforesaid, the Governor shall appoint a judge for such circuit ; but every election or appoint- ment, to fill a vacancy shall be for the residue of the term only. And the General Assembly shall provide, by law, for the election of said judges in their respect- ive circuits; and in case of a tie, or contested election between the candidates, the same shall be determined *n the manner to be prescribed by law. And the General Assembly shall provide, by law for the elec- tion of s.iid judges, in their respective circuits to fill any vacancy which shall occur at any time at least six months before a general election for said judges. At the general election in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, and at the general election every sixth year thereafter, except as here- inafter provided, all the circuit judges shall be elected, and shall enter upon their offices on the first Monday of January next ensuing. No judicial circuit shall be altered or changed at any session of the General Assembly ne.xt preceding the general election for said judges. Mo., 358. — From and after the first day of January, one thou- sand eight hundred and sixty-six, the Circuit Court of the county of St. Louis shall be composed of three judges, each of whom shall try causes separately, and all, or a majority of whom, shall constitute a court in bank, to decide questions of law, and to correct errors occurring in trials; and, from and after that day, there shall not be "in said county any other court of record having civil jurisdiction, except a Pro- bate Court and a County Court. The additional Judges of the Circuit Court of the county of St. Louis, authoMzed by this section, shall be appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall hold their offices \intil the next general election of Judges of Circuit Courts, when the whole number of the judges of said court shall be elected. At the first session of said court after the judges thereof who may be elected in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight shall have assumed office, the said judges shall by lot determine the dura- tion of their several terms of office, which shall be respectively two, four and six years; and shall certify the result to the Secretary of State. At the general election, every two years, after the election in that year, one judge of said court shall be elected, to hold office for the term of six years from the first Monday of January next ensuing. The General Assembly shall have power to increase the number of the judges of said court, from time to time, as the public interest may require. Any additional judges author- ized shall hold office for the ternj of six years, and be elected at a general election, and enter upon their office on the first Monday of January next ensuing. Mo., 358. — The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Jus- tice and two Associate Justices, any two of whom shall constitute a quorum, and shall hold a term of the Supreme Court at the seat of government of the State, annually. Said Supreme Judges shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at such time and in such manner as may be provided by law. Said Justices of the Supreme Court shall hold their office for the term of six years from the time of 134 their election, and until their successors shall have been elected and qualified. Neb., 375. — Probate Judges, Justices of the Peace, and persons holding inferior courts, herein authorized to be estab- lished by the Legislature, shall be elected by the electors of the several districts for which they may be elected in the manner and time fixed by law. Neb., 375. — The Justices of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at the general election, and shall hold office for the term of six years, from and including the first Monday of January next succeeding their election ; Provided, That there shall be elected, at the first election under this Con- stitution, three Justices of the Supreme Court, who shall hold office from and including the first Monday of December, A. D., eighteen hundred and sixty-four, and continue in office thereafter two, four and six years respectively from and including the first Mon- day of January next succeeding their election. They shall meet as soon as practicable after their election and qualification, and at their first meeting shall determine by lot the terra of office each shall fill, and the Justice drawing the shortest term shall be Chief Justice, after which the senior Justice in commission shall be Chief Justice. And in case the commission of any two or more of said Justices shall bear the same date, they shall determine by lot who shall be Chief Justice. Neb., 386. — At the first general election under this Constitution there shall be elected, in each of the respective dis- tricts (except as in the section hereinafter otlierwise provided), one District Judge, who shall hold office from and including the first ilonday of December, A. D., eighteen hundred and sixty-four, and until the first Monday of January, A. D., eighteen hundred and sixty-seven ; after the said first election, there shall be elected at the general election wliich imme- diately precedes the e.Kpiration of the term of his predecessor, one District Judge in each of the respec- tive judicial districts (except in the first district as in the section hereinafter provided.) The District Judges shall be elected by the qualified electors of their respective districts, and shall hold office for the term of four years (excepting those elected at said first election), from and including the first Monday of January next succeeding their election and qualifica- tion: Provided, That the first judidial district shall be entitled to, and shall have, three District Judges, who shall possess co-extensive and concurrent jurisdic- tion, and who shall be elected at the same times, in the same manner, and shall hold office for the like terms as herein prescribed in relation to the judges in other judicial districts. Any one of said judges may preside on the impanneling of grand juries, and the presentment and trial and indictments under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law. Nev., 386. — All Judicial officers, the Attorney-G-eneral, Solicit- ors, all Sheriffs, Coroners, Registers of Probate, and all officers of the navy, and general and field officers of the militia, shall be nominated and appointed by the Governor and Council ; and every such nomina- tion shall be made at least three days prior to such appointment, and no appointment shall take place unless a majority of the Council agree thereto. N. R, 405. — Justices of the Supreme Court, Chancellor, and Judges of the Court of Errors and Appeals shall be nominated by the Governor, and appointed by him, ■with the advice and consent of the Senate. N. J., 419. — Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas shall be appointed by the Senate and General Assembly in joint meeting. N. J., 419. — There shall be no more than five Judges of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas, in each of the counties in this State after the terms of the judges of said court now in office shall terminate. One judge for each county shall be appointed every year, and no more, except to fill vacancies, which shall be for the unexpired term only. N. J., 418. — The first election for Judges of the Supreme Court, Courts of Common Pleas, and Probate Courts, and the Clerks of the Courts of Common Pleas, shall be held on the second Tuesday of October, one thou- sand eight hundred and fifty-one, and the official term of said judges and clerks, so elected, shall com- mence on the second Monday of February, one thou- sand eight hundred and fifty-two. Judges and Clerks of the Courts of Common Pleas and Supreme Court, in office on the first day of September, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, shall continue in office with their present power and duties, until the second Monday of February, one thousand eight hundred and fitty-two. No suit or proceeding, pend- ing in any of the Courts of this State, sliall be affected by the adoption of this Constitution. Ohio, 444. — All judges, other than those provided for in this Constitution, shall be elected by the electors of the judicial district for which they may be created, but not for a longer term of office than five years. Ohio, 437. — The General Assembly may increase or diminish the number of the Judges of the Supreme Court, the number of the districts of the Court of Common Pleas, the number of judges in any district, change the dis- tricts, or the subdivisions thereof, or establish other courts, whenever two-thirds of ihe members elected to each House shall concur therein; but no such change, addition, or diminution, shall vacate the office of any judge, Ohio, 438, — When the white population of the State shall amount to two hundred thousand, the Legislative Assembly may provide for the election of Supreme and Circuit Judges in distinct classes, one of which classes shall consist of tliree Justices of the Supreme Court, who shall not perform circuit duty ; and the other class shall consist of the necessary number of Circuit Judges, who shall hold full terms without allotment, and who shall take the same oath as the Supreme Judges. Or., 454, — The Judges of the Supreme Court of the several Courts of Common Pleas, and of such other courts of record as are or shall be established by law, shall be elected by the qualified electors of the Common- wealth in the manner following, to wit : The Judges of the Supreme Court, by the qualified electors of Commonwealth at large. The President Judges of the several Courts of Common Pleas and of such other courts of record as are or shall be established by law, and all other judges required to be learned in the law, by the qualified electors of the respective districts over which they are to preside or act as judges. And the Associate Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas by the qualified electors of the coun- ties respectively. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall hold their offices for the term of fifteen years, if they shall so long behave themselves well, subject to the allotment hereinafter provided for, subsequent to the first election. The President Judges of the several Courts of Common Pleas, and of such other courts of record as are or shall be established by law, and all otiier judges required to be learned in the law, shall hold their offices for the term of ten years, if they shall so long behave themselves well. The Associate Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas shall hold their offices for the term of five years, if they shall so long behave themselves well : all of whom shall be commissioned by the Governor, but for any reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient grounds of impeachment, the Governor shall remove any of them on the address of two-thirds of each branch of the Legislature. The first election shall take place at the general election of this Commonwealth next after the adoption of this amendment, and the com- missions of all the judges who may be then in office shall expire on the first Monday of December follow- ing, when the terms of the new judges shall com- mence. The persons who shall then be elected Judges of the Supreme Court shall hold their offices as follows : one of them for three years, one for six years, one for nine year.s, one for twelve years, and one for fif- teen years, the term of each to be decided by lot by 135 the said judges, as soon after the election as conve- nient, and the result certified by them to the Gover- nor, that the commissions may be issued iu accordance thereto. The judge whose commission will first expire shall be Chief Justice, during his term, and thereafter each judge whose commission shall first expire shall in turn be the Chief Justice, and if two or more commissions shall expire on the same day, the judges holding them shall decide by lot which shall be the Chief Justice. Any vacancies happening by death, resignation, or otherwise, in any of the said courts, shall be filled by appointment by the Gover- nor, to continue till the first Monday of December succeeding the next general election. The Judges of the Supreme Court and the Presidents of the several Courts of Common Pleas shall at stated times, receive for their service an adequate compensation, to be fixed by law, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office, but they shall receive no fees or perquisites of office, nor hold any other office of profit under this Commonwealth, or under the government of the United States, or any other State of this Union. The Judges of the Supreme Court during their continuance in office shall reside within this Commonwealth, and the other judges during their continuance in office shall reside within the district or county for which they were respectively elected. Pa., 470. — The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by tlie two Houses in grand committee. Bach judge shall hold his office until his place be declared vacant by a- resolution of the General Assembly to that effect ; which resolution shall be voted for by a majority of all the members elected to the House in which it may originate, and be concurred in by the same majority of the other House. Such resolution shall not be entertained at any other than the annual session for the election of public officers ; and in default of the passage thereof at said session, the judge shall hold his place as is herein provided. But a judge of any court shall be removed from office, if upon impeachment, he shall be found guilty of any official misdemeanor. R. Z, 479. — The Judges of the Superior Courts shall be elected by the General Assembly, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall at stated times, receive a compensation for their services, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during their con- tinuance in office ; but they shall receive no fees or perquisites of office, nor hold any other office of profit or trust under this State, the United States of America, or any of them, or any other power. The General Assembly shall, as soon as possible, establish for each district in the State an inferior court or courts, to be styled the " District Court," the judge whereof shall be resident iu the district while in office, shall be elected by the G-jneral Assembly for four years and shall be re-eligible, which court shall have jurisdiction of all civil causes wherein one or both of the parties are persons of color, and of all criminal cases wherein the accused is a person of color ; and the General Assembly is empowered to extend the jurisdiction of the said court to other sub- jects. S. C, 486. - -The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the quahfied voters of the State at large, and the judges of such infei ior courts as the Legislature may establish shall be elected by the qualified voters residing within the bounds of any district or circuit to which such inferior judge or judges, either of law or equity, may be assigned, by ballot, in the same manner tliat members of the General Assembly are elected. Tenn., (amendment). — The General Assembly shall, by joint vote of both Houses, appoint judges of several courts in law and ■equity ; but courts may be estabUshed to be holden by Justices of the Peace. Tenn., 496. — The Legislature shall appoint a day for holding the election of Judges and Attorneys-General, separate and apart from the days already prescribed, or here- after to be prescribed by the Legislature for holding the elections for State and county officers. Tenn., 503. — For each section a judge shall be chosen in the manner hereinbefore provided, who shall hold his office for the term of twelve years unless sooner removed in the manner prescribed by this Constitu- tion. He shall, at the time of his being chosen be at least thirty years of age, and shall have resided in the State one year next preceding his election, and during his continuance in office he shall reside in the section for which he is chosen. Va., 542. — Judges shall be commissioned by the Governor. Va., 542. — For each circuit a judge shall be elected by the voters thereof, who shall hold his office for the term of six years. During his continuance in office he shall re- side in the circuit of which he is judge. W. Va., 553. — The Supreme Court of Appeals shall consist of three judges, any two of whom shall be a quorum. They shall be elected by the voters of the State, and shall hold their offices for the term of twelve years; except that of those first elected, one, to be designated by lot in such manner as they may determine, shall hold his office for four years ; another, to be designated in like manner, for eight years, and the third, for twelve years; so that one shall be elected every four years after the first election. W. Va., 553. — For each circuit there shall be a judge chosen by the qualified electors therein, who shall hold his office as is provided in this Constitution, and until his suc- cessor shall be chosen and qualified; and after he shall have been elected, he shall reside in the circuit for which he was elected. One of said judges shall be designated as Chief Justice, in such manner as the Legislature shall provide. And the Legislature shall, at its first session, provide by law, as well for the election of, as for classifying the Judges of the Circuit Court, to be elected under this Constitution, in such manner that one of said judges shall go out of office in two years, one in three years, one in four years, one in five years, and one in six years, and thereafter the judge elected to fill the office shall hold the same for six years. Wis., 566. VACANCIES IN OFFICE OF JUDGES. — Vacancies in the office of Circuit Judge, Probate Judge, or Judge of any other inferior court established by law, shall be filled by the Governor ; and the per- son appointed by him shall hold office until the next election day by law appointed for the election of judges, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. Ala., 80. — That should a vacancy occur either in the Chancery or Circuit Courts, by death, removal, resignation or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the Governor to issue a writ of election to fill such vacancy, and he shall give at least sixty days' notice thereof by pro- clamation : and the Judge so elected to fill said vacancy, shall continue in office from the time he qualifies under his commission, until the expiration of the term of his predecessor: Provided, however, That should it become necessary to fill any such vacancy before an election can be held under the provisions of this Constitution, the Governor shall have power to fill such vacancy by appoint- ment, and the person so appointed shall hold his office from the date of his commission until his suc- cessor shall be duly elected and qualified. J^l., 135. — The office of one of said judges shall be vacated, after the first election held under this article, in three years; of one, in six years; and of one in nine years; to be decided by lot, so that one of said judges shall be elected once in every three years. The judge having the longest term to serve shall be the first Chief Justice ; after which, the judge having the oldest commission shall be Chief Justice. Ill, 160. — All vacancies in the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall be filled by election as aforesaid ; Provided, how- ever, That if the unexpired term does not exceed one year, such vacancy may be filled by executive appoint- ment. IU., 160. 136 — In case of vacancy in any judicial office, it shall be filled by appointment of the Governor until the next regular election that shall occur more than thirty days after such vacancy shall have happened. Kan., 201. — County and district officers shall vacate their offices by removal from the district or county in which they shall be appointed. Ky., 217. — It a vacancy shall occur in the office of Judge of the Circuit Court, the Governor shall issue a writ of election to fill such vacancy, for the residue of the terra : Provided, That if the unexpired term be less tlian one year, the Governor shall appoint a judge to fill such vacancy. A"^., 216. — In case of the death, resignation, removal or other disqualification of a judge of any court of this State, except of the Orphans' Courts, the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall thereupon appoint a person duly qualified to fill said office until the next general election thereafter, whether for members of General Assembly or county officers, whichever sliall first occur, at which time an election shall be held as herein prescribed for a judge, who shall hold said office for the term of fifteen years, and until the election and qualification of liis succes- sor. Md., 266. — In case of the death, resignation, removal or other disquiilification of a judge of an Orphans' Court, the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint a person duly qualified to fill said office for the residue of the term thus made vacant. J/rf., 270. — When a vacancy occurs in the office of Judge of the Supreme Circuit or Probate Court, it shall be filled by appointment of the Governor, which shall continue until a successor is elected and qualified. When elected, such successor shall hold his office the residue of the unexpired terra. Mich., 306. — Whenever a judge shall remove beyond the limits of the jurisdiction for which he was elected, or a Jus- tice of the Peace from the township in which he was elected, or by a change in the boundaries of such township shall be placed without the same, they shall be deemed to have vacated their respective offices. Mick, 307. — In case the office of any judge shall become vacant before the expiration of the regular term for which he was elected, the vacancy shall be filled by appoint- ment by the Governor, until a successor is elected and quaUfied. And such successor shall be elected at the first annual election that occurs more than thirty days after the vacancy shall have happened. Min., 325. — The provisions contained in this article, requiring an election to be held to fill a vacancy in the office of Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts, shall have relation to vacancies occurring after the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, up to which time any such vacancy shall be filed by appointment by the Governor. Mo., 359. — If a vacancy shall happen in the office of any Judge of the Supreme Court, by death, resignation, removal out of the State, or other disqualification, the Gov- ernor shall appoint a suitable person to fill the vacancy, until the next general election occurring more than three months after the happening of such vacancy, when the same shall be filled by election, by the qualified voters of the State, for the residue of the term. Mo., 357. — If there be a vacancy in the office of judge of any circuit, or if he be sick, absent, or from any cause unable to hold any term of court of any county of his circuit, such terra of court may be held by a judge of any other circuit, and at the request of the judge of any circuit, any term of court in his circuit may be held by the judge of any other circuit. Mo., 359. — In case the office of any Justice of the Supreme Court; District Judge, or other State officer shall become vacant before the expiration of the regular term, for which he was elected, the vacancy may be filled by appointment by the Governor until it shall be filled by election for the residue of the unexpired term. JVey., 395. — In case the office of any judge shall become vacant before the expiration of the regular terra for which he was elected, the vacancy shall be filled by appoint- ment by the Governor, until a suoces.sor is elected and qualified ; and such successor shall be elected for the unexpired term, at the first annual election that occurs more than thirty days after the vacancy shall have happened. Ohio, 437. — Every vacancy in the office of Judge of the Supreme Court shall be filled by election for the remainder of the vacant term, unless it would expire at the ne.xt election; and until so filled, or when it would so expire, the Governor .shall fill the vacancy by appoint- ment. Or., 454. — In case of vacancy by death, resignation, removal from the State or from office, refusal or inability to serve, of any Judge of the Supreme Court tlie office may be filled by the grand committee, until the next annual election, and the judge then elected shall hold his office as before provided. In oases of impeach- ment, or temporary absence or inability, the Gover- nor may appoint a person to discharge the duties of the office during the vacancy caused thereby. M. I., 479. — In case of a vacancy in the offices of Justi(.'e of the Supreme Court, Judges of the District Court, Attor- ney General, and District Attorneys, the Governor of the State shall have power to fill the same by appoint- ment, which shall continue in force until the office can be filled at the next general election for State or county officers, and the successor duly qualified. Tex., 511. — When a vacancy shall happen in tho office of .ludge of the Supreme or Circuit Courts, such vacancy shall be filled by an appointment of the Governor, which shall continue until a successor is elected and quali- fied ; and when elected, such successor shall hold his office the residue of the unexpired terra. Tliero shall be no election for a judge or judges at any general election for State or county officers, nor within thirty days either before or after such election. Wis., 566. 137 1 S 14. There shall be elected in each of the counties of this State, except 2 the city and county of New York, one County Judge, who shall hold his 3 oflSce for four years. He shall hold the County Court, and perform the duties 4 of the office of Surrogate. The County Court shall have such jurisdiction in 5 cases arising in Justices' Courts, and in special cases, as the Legislature may 6 prescribe ; but shall have no original civil jurisdiction, except in such special 7 cases. The County Judge, with two justices of the peace to be designated 8 according to law, may hold courts of sessions, with such criminal jurisdiction 9 as the Legislature shall prescribe, and perform such other duties as may be 10 required by law. The County Judge shall receive an annual salary, to be COUNTY COURTS. — There shall be in each of the organized counties of the State, a County Court, for each of which a County Judge shall be elected by the qualified elec- tors of the county, at the special judicial elections to be held as provided tor the election of Justices of the Supreme Coui-t, by section three of this article. Col., (as amended in 1802.) — The Legislature may also provide for the appoint- ment by the several district courts, of one or more commissioners in the several counties of their respec- tive districts, with authority to perform chamber business of the Judges of the District Courts and County Courts, and also to take depositions, and to perform sucli other business connected with the administration of justice as may be prescribed by law. Cat, (as amended in 18(32.) — The Court of General Sessions of tlie Peace and Jail Delivery shall be composed in each county of the same ju'lges and in the same manner as the Superior Court. Two shall constitute a quorum. One may open and adjourn the Court. This court shall have all the jurisdiction and powers vested by the laws of this State in the Court of General Quar- ter Sessions of the Peace and Jail Delivery. Del., 121. — The Prothonotary of the Superior Court may issue process, take recognizances of bail and enter judgments, according to law and the practices of the court. No judgment in one county shall bind lands or tenements in another, imtil a iestalnm fieri facias being issued, shall be entered of record in the office of the Protho- notary of the county wherein the lands or tenements are situated. Del., 124. — The Registers of^ the several counties sliall respect- ively hold the Registers' Courts in each coimty. Upon the litigation of a cause, the depositions of the witnesses examined shall be taken at large in writing, and make part of the proceedings in the cause. This court may issue process throughout the State, to compel the attendance of witnesses. Appeals may be made from the Registers' Court to the Superior Court, whose decision shall be final. In cases where a Register is interested in questions concerning the probate of wilKs, the granting letters of administration, or executors, administrators, or guardians' accounts, the cognizance thereof shall belong to the Orphan's Court, with an appeal to the Superior Court, whose decision shall be final. Del., 124. — There shall be in each county a court to be called a Connty Court. III.. lUI. — One County Judge shall be elected by the qualified voters of each county, who shall hold his olfice for lour vears, and until liis successor is elected and qualified. III., IGl. - -The jurisdiction of said court shall extend to all 35 probate and such other jurisdiction as the General Assembly may confer in civil cases, and such criminal cases as may be prescribed by law, where the punish- ment is by fine only, not exceeding one hundred dollars. Ill, IGl. — The County Judge, with such Justices of the Peace in each county as may be designated by law, shall hold terms lor the transaction of county business, and shall perform such other duties as the General Assem- bly shall proscribe ; Provided, the General Assembly may require that two Justices, to be chosen by the qualified electors of each county, shall sit with the Coimty Judge in all cases; and there shall be elected, quadrennially, in each county, a Clerk of the County Court, who shall be ex officio Recorder, whose com- pensation shall be fees ; Provided, the General Assembly may, by law, make the Clerk of the Circuit Court ex officio Recorder, in lieu of the County Clerk. Ill, 161. — The General Assembly shall provide for the com- pensation of the County Judge. ///., ICl. — A County Court shall be established in each county now existing, or which may hereafter be erected within this Commonwealth, to consist of a Presiding Judge and two Associate Judges, any two of whom shall constitute a court for the transaction of business ; Provided, The General Assembly may at any time abolish the office of the Associate Judges, whenever it shall be deemed expedient ; in which event they may associate with said court, any or all of the Justices of the Peace for the transaction of business. Ky.. 21G. — The Judges of the County Court shall be elected by the qualified voters in each county, for the terra of four years, and shall continue in office until their successors be duly qualified, and shall receive such compensation for their services as may be provided by law. Ky., 21G. — No person sliall be eligible to the office of presid- ing or associate Judge of the County Court, unless he be a citizen of the United States, over twenty-one years of age, and shall have been a resident of the county in which he shall be chosen, one year next precetting the election. Ky., 217. — The jurisdiction of the County Court shall be regu- lated by law ; and, until changed, shall be the same now vested in the County Courts of this State. Ky., 217. — The Legislature may provide by law for the elec- tion of one or more persons in each organized county, who maybe vested with judicial powers, not exceed- ing those of a Judge of the Circuit Court at chambers. Mick, 30G. — The Legislature may provide for the election of one person in each organized county in this State, to be called a Court Commissioner, with judicial power and jurisdiction not exceeding the power and juris- 138 11 fixed by the Board of Supervisors, which shall be neither increased or dimiu- 12 ished during his continuance in office. The Justices of the Peace, for services 13 in Courts of Sessions, shall be paid a per diem allowance out of the county 14 treasury. In counties having a population exceeding forty thousand, the Leg- 15 islature may provide for the election of a separate officer to perform the 16 duties of the oflice of Surrogate. The Legislature may confer equity juris- 17 diction in special cases upon the County Judge. Inferior local courts, of civil 18 and criminal jurisdiction, may be established by the Legislature in cities ; and 19 such courts, except for the cities of New York and Buffalo, shall have an 20 uniform organization and jurisdiction in such cities. diction of a Judge of the District Court at chambers ; or the Legislature may, instead of such election, con- fer such powers and jurisdiction upon Judges of Pro- bate in the State. Minn., 325. — Inferior tribunals, to be known as County Courts, shall be established in each county for the transaction of all county business. In such courts, or in such other tribunals inferior to the Circuit Courts, as the General Assembly may establish, shall be vested the jurisdic- tion of all matters appertaining to probate business, to granting letters testamentary and of administration, to settling the accounts of executors, administrators and guardian.s, and to the appoiutment of guardians, and s\ich other jurisdiction as mav be conferred by law. Jifo., 359. — Judges of the County Courts, and recorders of cities, shall hold their offices for five years, but may be removed by the Senate, on the recommendation of the Governor, for causes to be stated in such recommendation. N. Y. (1821), 41. — The commissions for the appointments of judges of said court [Inferior Court of Common Pleas] shall bear date and take effect on the first day of April ne.xt ; and all subsequent commissions for judges of said court, shall bear date and take effect on the first day of April in every successive year, except commissions to fill vacancies, which shall bear date and take effect when issued. N. J., 418. — The said Courts of Common Plea.s, shall be the successors of the present Courts of Common Pleas m the several counties, except as to probate jurisdiction ; and all suits, prosecutions, proceedings, records, and judgments pending or being in said last-mentioned courts, except as aforesaid, shall be transferred to the Courts of Common Pleas created by this Constitu- tion, and proceeded in as though the same had been therein instituted. Ohin, 445. — There shall be elected in each county, for the terra of four years, a County Judge, who shall hold the County Court at times to be regulated by law. Or., 454. — The County Court shall have the jurisdiction per- taining to Probate Courts and Boards of County Commissioners, and such other powers and duties and such civil jurisdiction not exceeding the amount or value of five hundred dollars, and such criminal jurisdiction not extending to death or imprisonment in the penitentiary, as may be prescribed by law. But the Legislative Assembly may provide for the election of two commissioners to sit with the County Judge whilst transacting county business in any or all the counties, or may provide a separate board for transacting such business. Or., 455. — The County Judge may grant preliminary injunc- tions, and such other writs as the Legislative Assem- bly may authorize him to grant, returnable to the Circuit Court, or otherwise, as may be provided by law; and may hear and decide questions arising upon habeas corpiui, provided such decisions be not against the authority or proceedings of a court, or judge of equal or higher jurisdiction. Or., 455. — The counties having less than ten thousand white inhabitants shall be reimbursed, wholly or in part, for the salary and expenses of the County Court, by fees, per centage, and other equitable taxation of the business done in said court and in the office of the County Clerk. Or.. 455. — The Judges of the Couvt of Common Pleas of each county, any two of whom shall be a quorum, shall compose the Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace, and Orphans' Court thereof; and the Register of Wills, together with the said judges, or any two of them, shall compose the Register's Court of each county. Pa., 465. —The Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, in each county, shall, by virtue of their offices, be Jus- tices of Oyer and Terminer and General Jail Deliv- ery, for the trial of capital and other offenders therein ; any two of said judges, the president being one, shall be a quorum : but they shall not hold a Court of Oyer and Terminer, or Jail Delivery, in any county, when the Judges of the Supreme Court, or any of them shall be sitting in the same county. The party accused, as well as the Commonwealth, may, under such regulations as shall be prescribed by law, remove the indictment and proceedings, or a transcript thereof, into the Supreme-Court. Pa., 465. — The Superior Court shall sit in each county not less than twice in every year, at such stated times as have been or may be appointed by tlie General Assembly, and the Inferior and County Court at such times as the General Assembly may direct. Oa., 149. — Courts of justice shall be maintained in every county in this State, and also in new counties when formed, which courts shall be open for the trial of all causes proper for their cognizance, and justice shall be therein impartially administered without cor- ruption or unnecessary delay. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be Justices of the Peace through- out the State, and the several Judges of the County Courts in their respective counties, by virtue of their office, except in the trial of such ca.ses as may be appealed to the County Court. Vt., 523. — The Assistant Judges of the County Court shall be elected by the freemen of their respective counties. Vt, 529. — There shall be established in each county in the State, an inferior tribunal styled the County Court ; and there shall be elected by the per- sons in each county, who are qualified to vote for members of the Legislature, a Judge of the County Court, who shall be a conservator of the peace, who shall hold his office for four years, and who shall 139 1 g 15. The Legislature may, on application of the Board of Supervisors 2 jjrovide for the election of local officers, not to exceed two in any county, to 3 discharge the duties of County Judge and of Surrogate, in cases of their 4 inability or of a vacancy, and to exercise such other powers in special cases as 5 may be provided by law. receive such compensation as may be prescribed by law, and who may be removed from office for neglect of duty, incompetency, or malfeasance, in such man- ner as may be prescribed by law. Tex., 511. — The County Court shall have jurisdiction of all misdemeanors and petty offenses, as the same are now, or may hereafter be defined by law ; of such civil cases where the matter in controversy shall not exceed five hundred dollars, exclusive of interest, under such regulations, limitations, and restrictions as may be prescribed by law, without regard to any distinction between law ns mentis. The judge of said court shall be elected by the qualified electors of the respective counties for the term of two years. Miss., 339. — The jurisdiction of the several courts herein pro- vided for, both appellate and original shall be as fixed by law ; Prodded, That Probate Co\irts, Justices of the Peace or any inferior court that may be estab- lished by the Legislature shall not have jurisdiction in any matter wherein the title or boundaries of land may be in dispute. Nor shall either of the courts mentioned in this proviso have power to order or decree the sale or partition of real estate. Neh., 375. — Probate Judges, Justices of tlie Peace, and persons holding inferior courts, herein authorized to be estab- lished by the Legislature, shall be elected fiy the electors of the several districts for which they may be elected in the manner and time fixed by law. NtK 375. — All cases, both civil and criminal, whi«h may be pending and undetermined in the Probate Courts of the several counties at the time when, under the provisions of this Constitution, said Probate Courts are to be abolished, shall be transferred to and deter- mined by the District Courts of such counties respect- ively. XeiK, 395. — All matters relating to the probate of wills and granting letters of administration shall be exer- cised by the Judges of Probate, in such manner as the Legislature have directed, or may hereafter direct ; and the Judges of Probate shall hold their courts at such place or places, on such fixed days as the convenience of the people may require, and the Legislature from time to time appoint. N. II., 408. — The Chancellor shall be the Ordinary, or Surrogate General, and Judge of the Prerogative Court. — All persons aggrieved by any order, sentence or decree of the Orphans' Court, may appeal from the same or from any part thereof, to the Prerogative Court; but such order, sentence, or decree shall not be removed into the Supreme cr Circuit Court, if the subject-matter thereof be within the jurisdiction of the Orphan's Court iV. /, 418. — There shall be established in each county a Probate Court, which shall be a court of record, open at all times, and holden by one judge, elected by the voters of the county, who shall hold his office for the term of three years, and shall receive such compensation payable out of the county treasury, or by fees, or both, as shall be provided by law. Ohio, 437. — The Probate Court shall have jurisdiction in pro- bate and testamentary matters, the appointment of administrators and guardians, the settlement of the accounts of executors, administrators and guardians, and such jurisdiction in habeas cm-pus. the i-ssuing of marriage licenses, and for the sale of lanll prescribe. Wis., 567. — [Minute provisions relating to the sale of lands for taxes]. Ill, 103. — The property of all corporations for pecuniary pro- fit now existing, or hereafter created, shall be subject to taxation, the same as that of individuals. Lnva, 191. — The Legislature shall provide for taxing the notes and bills discounted or purcha-sed, moneys loaned, and other property, effects, or dues of every description (without deduction), of all banks now existing, or hereafter to be created, and of all bankers; so that all property employed in banking shall always bear a burden of taxation equal to that impo.sed upon the property of individuals. Kan. 204. — The Legislature shall provide, each year, for raising revenue sufficient to defray the current expenses of the State. Kan., 204. — Laws shall be passed taxing all moneys, credits, investments in bonds, stocks, joint-stock companies, or otherwise, and also all real and personal property, according to its true value in money; but public burying-grounds, public school-houses, public hos- pitals, academies, colleges, universities, and all semi- naries of learning, all churches, church property used for religious purposes, and houses of worship, insti- tutions of purely public charity, public property used exclusively for any public purpose, and personal pro- perty to an amount not exceeJmg in value two hun- dred dollars for each individual, shall, by general law be exempt from taxation. Min. 326. — Laws shall be passed for taxing the notes and bill discounted or purchased, moneys loaned, and all other property, effects, or dues of every description, of all banks, and of all bankers; so that all property employed in banking shall always be subject to a taxation equal to that imposed on the property of individuals. Min. 327. — No municipal cor|iorations, except cities, shall be created by special act ; and no city shall be incor- porated with less than five thousand permanent inhabitants, nor unless the people thereof, by a direct vote upon the question, shall have decided in favor of such corporation. Mo., 3G0. — The property of corporations, now existing or hereafter created, shall forever be subject to taxation, the same as the property of individuals. iVei., 377. — All real property or possessory rights to the same, as well as personal property iu this State, belonging to corporations now existing or hereafter created, shall be subject to taxation the same as property of individuals; Pi-ovided, That the property of corpora- tions formed for municipal, charitable, religious or educational purposes, may be exempted by law. Nev., 388. — Laws shall be passed taxing, by a uniform rule, all moneys, credits, investments in bonds, stocks, joint stock companies, or otherwise; and also all real and personal property, according to its true value in money; but burying grounds, public school houses, houses used exclusively for public worship, institu- tions of purely public charity, public property used exclusively for any public purpose ; and personal property, to an amount not exceeding in value two hundred dollars for each individual, may, by general laws, be exempted from taxation ; but, all such laws shall be subject to alteration or repeal, and the value of all property so exempted shall from time to time be ascertained and published, as may be directed by law. Ohio, 442. — The property of corporations, now existing or herealtiT created, shall forever be subject to taxation the same as the p operty of individuals. Ohio. 443. — The General Assembly shall provide by law for taking the notes and bills discounted or purchased, moneys loaned, and all other property, eflects or dues of every description (without deduction), of all banks now existing or hereafter created, and of all bankers, so that all property employed in banking shall always bear a burden of taxation equal to that imposed on the property of individuals. Ohio, 442. STATE DEBTS. — The General Assembly shall not borrow or raise money on the credit of the State (except for pur- poses of military defense against actual or threatened invasion, rebellion, or insurrection), without the con- currence of two-thirds of the members of each House. Ala., 78. — Be it ordained hy the People of the State of Arkansas, That the Provisional Governor who may be elected by this Convention, be authorized to negotiate a loan not exceeding $150,003 for the Slate of Arkansas, for the purposes of government, till such time as 163 •»»■• 1 S 11. In addition to the above limited power to contract debts, the State 2 may contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the 3 State in war, but the money arising from the contracting of such debts, shall 4 be applied to the purpose for which it was raised or to repay such debts, and 5 to no other purpose whatever. there may be funds in the treasury from the ordinary sources of revenue, and that lie have full authority to pledge therefor the faith and credit of the State. Ark., 95. — The Legislature shall not in any manner create any debt or debts, liability or liabilities, which shall singly or in the aggregate, with any previous debts or lia- bilities, exceed the sum of three hundred thousand dollars, except in case of war, to repel invasion or suppress insurrection, unless the same shall be author- ized by some law for some single object or work, to be distinctly specified therein, which law shall pro- vide ways and means, exclusive of loans, for the payment of the interest of such debt or liability as it falls due, and also pay and discharge the principal of such debt or liability within twenty years from the time of the contracting thereof, and shall be irrepeal- able until the principal and interest thereon shall be paid and discharged ; but no sueli law shall take eflect until, at a general election, it shall have been submitted to the people, and have received a znajority of all the votes cast for and against it at such elec- tion ; and all money raised by authority of such law shall be applied only to the specific object therein stated, or to the payment of the debt thereby created ; and such law shall be published in at least one news- paper in each judicial district, if one be published therein throughout the State, for three months next preceding tiie election at which it is submitted to the people. Ca'., 102; /«, 154. — The General Assembly shall provide for the publi- cation of said law for three months at least before the vote of the people shall be taken upon the same, and provision shall be made, at the time, for the pay- ment of the interest annually, as it shall accrue, by a tax levied for the purpose, or from other sources of revenue ; which law, providing for the payment of such interest by such tax, shall be irrepealable until such debt be paid : And jrrovided, farther, That the law levying the tax shall be submitted to the people with the law authorizing the debt to be contracted. in., 154. — There shall be annually assessed and collected, in the same manner as other State revenue may be assessed and collected, a tax of two mills upon each dollar's worth of taxable property, in addition to all other taxes, to be applied as follows, to wit: The fund so created shall be kept separate, and .shall, annu- ally, on the first day of January, be apportioned and paid over, pro rata, upon all such State indebteJness, other than the canal and school indebtedness, as may, for that purpose, be presented by the holders of the same, to be entered as credits upon, and, to that e.xtent, in extinguishment of the principal of said indebtednesi?. Ill, 167. — All the revenues derived from the sale of any of the public works belonging to the State, and from the net annual income thereof, and any surplus that may, at any time, remain in the treasury derived from taxation for general State purposes, after the payment of the ordinary expenses of the government, and of the interest on bonds of the State, other than bank bonds, shall be annually applied, under the direction of the General Assembly, to the payment of the principal of the public debt. lad., 178. — No law shall authorize any debt to be contracted on behalf of the State, except in the following cases: To meet casual deficits in the revenue ; to pay the interest on the State debt; to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or if hostilities be threatened, provide for the public defense. Ind., 179. — The State may contract debts to supply casual deficits or failures in revenues, or to meet expenses not otherwise provided for; but the aggregate amount of such debts, direct and contingent, whether contracted by virtue of one or more acts of the Gen- eral Assembly, or at different periods of time, shall never exceed the sum of two hundred and fifty thou- sand dollars; and the money arising from the creation of such debts shall be applied to the purpose for which it was obtained, or to repay the debts so con- tracted, and to no other purpose whatever. Iowa, 190. — In addition to the above limited power to contract debts, the State may contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the State in war ; but the money arising from the debts so contracted shall be applied to the purpose for which it was raised, or to repay such debts, and to no other purpose what- ever, /own, 190; (nearly similar,) A'a«., 205 ; Mich., 312; M«., 327; iV6., 376; Pa., 471; Wis.,ms. — Except the debts herein before specified in this article, no debt shall be hereafter contracted by, or on behalf of this State, unless such debt shall be autho- rized by some law for some single work or object, to be distinctly specified therein ; and such law shall impose and provide for the collection of a direct annu.d tax, sufficient to pay the interest on such debt, as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt, within twenty years from the time of the contracting thereof; but no such law shall take eftect until at a general election it shall have been submitted to the people, and have received a majority of all the votes cast for or against it at such election; and all the money raised by authority of sucli law, shall be applied only to the specific object therein stated, or to the payment of the debt created thereby ; and such law shall be published in at least one newspaper in each county, if one is published therein, throughout the State, for three mouths pre- ceding the election at which it is submitted to the people. loida, 190. — The Legislature may at any time afler the approval of such law by the people, if no debt shall have been contracted in pursuance thereof, repeal the same ; and may at any time forbid the contracting of any further debt or liability under such law ; but the tax impised by such law, in proportion to the debt or liability which may have been contracted in pursuance thereof shall remain in force and be irrepealable, and be annu- ally collected, until the principal and interest are fully paid. Iowa, 191. — For the purpose of defraying extraordinary expenses and making public improvements, the State may con- tract public debts ; but such debts shall never, in the aggregate, exceed one million dollars, except as here- inafter provided. Every such debt shall be author- ized by law for some purpose specified therein, and the vote of a majority of all the members elected to each House, to be taken by the yeas and nays, shall be necessary to the passage of such law ; and every such law shall provide for levying an annual tax sufficient to pay the annual interest of such debt, and the prin- cipal thereof, when it shall become due ; and shall spe- cifically appropriate the proceeds of such taxes to the payment of such principal and interest; and such appropriation shall not be repealed, nor the ta.xes postponed or diminished, until the interest and prin- 164 cipal of such debts shall have been wholly paid. Kan., 204. — No debt shall be contracted by the State except as herein piovided, unless the proposed law for creating such debt shall first be submitted to a direct vote of the electors of tlie State at some general election ; and if such proposed law shall he ratified by a majority of all the votes cast at such general elec- tion, then it shall be the duty of the Legislature next after such election to enact such law and create such debt, subject to all the provisions and restrictions provided in the preceding section of this article. Kan., 204. — The General Assembly shall have no power to pass laws to diminish the resources of the sinking fund, as now established by law, until the debt of the State be paid, but may pass laws to increase them ; and the whole resources of said fund, from year to year, shall be sacredly set apart and applied to the payment of the interest and ]irincipal of the State debt, and to no other use or purpose, until the whole debt of the State is fully paid and satisfied. Ky., 212. — The General Assembly may contract debts to meet casual deficits or failures in the revenue, but such debts, direct or contingent, singly or in the aggregate, shall not, at any time, exceed five hundred thousand dollars ; and the moneys arising from loans creating such debts shall be applied to the purposes for which they were obtained, or to repay sucli debts; Pro- vided, That the State may contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or, if hostilities are threatened, provide for the public defense. Ky., 212. — No act of the General Assembly shall authorize any debt to be contracted on behalf of the Common- wealth, except for the purposes mentioned in the thirty-fifth section of this article, unless provision be made therein to lay and collect an annual tax suffi- cient to pay the interest stipulated, and to discharge the debt within thirty years; nor shall such act take effect until it shall liave been submitted to the people at a general election, and shall have received a majority of all the votes cast for or against it: Pro- vided. That the General Assembly may contract debts, by borrowing money to pay any part of the debt of the State, without submission to the people, and without making provision in the act authorizing the same for a tax to discharge the debt so contracted, or the interest thereon. Ky., 212. — The General Assembly shall have no power to pass any act or resolution, for tlie appropriation of any money, or the creation of any debt, exceeding the sum of one hundred dollars, at any one time, unless the same, on its final passage, shall be voted for by a majority of all the members then elected to each branch 6f the General Assembly ; and the yeas and nays thereon entered ou the journal. Ky., 212. — No liability shall be contracted by the State as above mentioned, unless the same be authorized by some law for some single object or work, to be distinctly specified therein, which shall be passed by a majority of the members elected to both Houses of the Gen- eral As.sembly ; and the aggregate amount of debts and liabilities incurred under this and the preceding article shall never, at any time, exceed eight millions of dollars. La., 234. — Whenever the Legislature shall contract a debt exceeding in amount the sum of one hundred thou- sand dollars, unless in case of war, to repel invasion, or suppress insurrection, they shall, in tlie law creat- ing the debt, provide adequate ways and means for the payment of the current interest and of the prin- cipal when the same shall become due. And the said law shall be irrepealable until principal and interest are fully paid and discharged, or unless the repealing law contains some other adequate provisions for the payment of tlie principal and interest of the debt. La., 234. — Tlie Legislature shall not create any debt or debts, liability or liabilities on behalf of the State, which shall singly, or in the aggregate, with previous debts and liabilities hereafter incurred at any one time, exceed three hundred thousand dollars, except to suppress insurrection, to repel invasion, or for pur- poses of war; but this amendment shall not be con- strued to refer to any money that has been, or may be deposited with this State by the government of the United States, or to any fund which the State shall hold in trust for any Indian tribe. J/e., 253. — No debt shall be hereafter contracted by the Gen- eral Assembly unless such debts shall be authorized by a law providing for the collectior^ of an annual tax or taxes, suflicient to pay the interest on such debt as it falls due, and also to discharge the principal thereof within fifteen years from tlie time of contracting the same, and the taxes laid for tliis purpose sliall not be repealed or applied to any otlicr object until the said debt and interest thereon shall be fully discliarged. The credit of the State shall not in any manner be given or loaned to or in aid of any association or corpora- tion, nor shall the General Assembly have the power in any mode to involve tlie State in the construction of works of internal improvement, nor in any enter- prise which shall involve the faith or credit of the State, nor make any appropriations therefor; and they shall not use or appropriate the proccf^ds of the internal improvement companies, or of the State tax now levied, or which may hereafter be levied, to pay off the public debt, to any other purpose, until the interest and debt are fully paid, or the sinking fund shall be equal to the amount of the outstanding debt; but the General Assembly may, without laying a tax, borrow an amount, never to exceed litty thou- sand dollars, to meet temporary deficiencies in the treasury, and may contract debts to any amount that may be necessary for the defense of the State. Md., 2G3. — The Legislature shall provide by law a sinking fund of at least twenty thousand dollars a year, to com- mence in eighteen hundreil and fifty-two, with com- pound interest at the rate of six per cent per annum, and an annual increase of at least five per cent, to be applied solely to tlie payment and extinguishment of the principal of the State debt, other than the amounts due to educational funds, and shall be continued until the extinguishment thereof The unfunded debt shall not be funded or redeemed at a value exceeding that established by law in one thou- sand eight hundred and forty-eight. Mich., 311. - — The State may contract debts to meet deficits in revenue. Such debts shall not in the aggregate at any one time exceed fifty thousand dollars. The moneys so raised shall be applied to the purposes for which they were obtained, or to the payment of the debts so contracted. Mich., 311. — No scrip, certificate, or other evidence of State indebtedness shall be issued except for the redemption of stock previously issued, or for such debts as are expressly authorized in this Constitution. Mich., 312. — For the purpose of defraying extraordinary expend- itures, the State may contract public debts, but such debts shall never, in the aggregate, exceed two hun- dred and fifty thousand dollars ; every such debt shall be authorized by law, for some single object to be distinctly specified therein ; and no such law shall take effect until it shall have been pa.ssed by the vote of two-thirds of the members of each branch of the Legislature, to be recorded by yeas and nays on the journals of each House, respectively; and every such law shall levy a ta.x annually sufficient to jiay the annual interest of such delit, and also a tax sufficient to pay the principal of such debt within ten years from the final passage of such law, and shall specially appropriate the proceeds of such taxes to the payment of such principal and interest; and such appropria- tion and taxes shall not be repealed, postponed or diminished until the principal and interest of such debt shall have been wholly paid. [Keb., 370 ; ITis., 5G8, except limit is $100,000.] The State shall never contract any debts for works of internal improve- ment; or be a party in carrying on such works, except in cases where grants of land or other prop- erty shall have been made to the State, esjiecially dedicated by the grant to specific purposes, and in 105 such cases the State shall devote thereto the avails of such grants, iiid may pledge or appropriate the reve- nues derived from such works in aid of their com- pletion. Min., Z'17. — All debts authorized by the preceding section shall be contracted by loan on State bonds of amounts not less than five hundred dollars each, on interest, paya- ble within ten years after the final passage of the law authorizing such debt; and such bonds shall not be sold by the State under par. A correct registry of all such bonds shall be kept by the Treasurer, in numerical order, so as always to exhibit the number and amount unpaid, and to whom severally made payable, jl/m., 327. — The money arising from any loan made, or debt or liability contracted, shall be applied to the object specified in the act authorizing such debt or liability, or to the repayment of such debt or liability, and to no other purpose whatever. Min.. 327. — No law shall ever be passed to raise a loan of money upon the credit of the State, or to pledge the faith of the State or the payment or redemption of any loan or debt, unless such law be proposed in the Senate or House of Representative*, and be agreed to by a majority of the members of each House, and entered on their journals with the yeas and nays taken thereon, and be referred to the next succeeding Legislature, and published for three months previous to the next regular election, in three newspapers of the State ; and unless a majority of each branch of the Legislature, so elected, after such publication, shall agree to, and pa.ss such law ; and in such case the yeas and nays shall be taken, and entered on the journals of each House; Provided, That nothing in this section shall be so construed as to prevent the Legislature from negotiating a further loan of one and a half million of dollars, and vesting the same in stock reserved to the State by the charter of the Planters' Bank ot the State of Mississippi. Mlis., 343. — The State shall never contract any debt for works of internal improvement, or be a party in carrying on such works; but whenever grants of lands or other property shall have been made to the State, especially dedicated by the grant to particular works of internal improvement, the State may carry on such particular works, and shall devote thereto the avails of sucli grants, and may pledge or ajipropriate the revenues derived from such works in aid of their completion. Neh., 376; TIYs., 5G8. — The Legislature 'shall not authorize the borrowing of money or the issuance of State bonds for any sum exceeding in the aggregate fifty thousand dollars, without sulimitting a proposition therefor to a vote of the people for their approval or rejection, except in case of war, to repel invasion, or suppress insur- rection. Nth., 373. — For the pui-pose of enabling the State to transact its business upon a cash basis from its organization, the State may contract public debts ; but such debts shall never, in the aggregate, exclusive of interest, exceed the sum of three hundred thousand dollars, except for the purpose of defraying extraordinary expenses as hereinafter mentioned. Every such debt shall be authorized by law for some purpose or pur- poses, to be distinctly specified therein ; and every such law shall provide for levying an annual ta.x sufficient to pay the interest semi-annually, and the principal within twenty years from the passage of such law, and shall specially appropriate the proceeds of said taxes to the payment of said principal and interest ; and such appropriation shall not be repealed, nor the taxes postponed or diminished until the principal and interest of said debts shall have been wholly paid. Every contract of indebtedness entered into or assumed by or on behalf of the State, when all its debts and liabilities amount to said sum before mentioned, shall be void and of no effect, except in cases of money borrowed to repel invasion or sup- press insurrection, defend the State in time of war, or, if hostilities be threatened, to provide for public defens.-. Kev., 389. —For the first three years after the adoption of this 42 Constitution, the Legislature shall not levy a tax for State purposes exceeding one per cent per annum, oa the taxable property in the State; Provided, The Legislature may levy a special tax, not exceeding one-fourth of one per cent per annum, which shall be appropriated to the payment of the indebtedness of the Territory of Nevada, assumed by the State of Nevada, and for that purpose only, until all of said indebtedness is paid. Nev., 395. — The Legislature shall not, in any matter, create any debt or debts, liability or liabilities, of the State, which shall singly or in the aggregate, with any pre- vious debts or liabilities, at any time exceed one hun- dred thousand dollars, except for purposes of war, or to repel invasion, or to suppress insurrection, unless the same shall be authorized by a law for some single object or work, to be distinctly specified therein; which law shall provide tlie ways and means, exclu- sive of loans, to pay the interest of each debt or lia- bility as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt or liability within thirty-five years from the time of t!ie contracting thereof, and shall be irrepealable until such debt or liability, and the interest thereon, are fully paid and discharged; and no such law shall take eflect until it shall, at a general election, have been submitted to the people, and have received the sanction of a majority of all the votes cast for and against it at .such election ; and all money to be raised by the authority of such law shall be applied only to the specific object stated therein, and to the payment of the debt thereby created. This section shall not be construed to refer to any money that has been or may be deposited with this State by the government of the United States. N. J., 415. — The State may contract debts to supply casual deficits or failures in revenues, or to meet expenses not otherwise provided for ; but the aggregate amount of such debts, direct and contingent, whether con- tracted by virtue of one or more acts of the General Assembly, or at different periods of time, .shall never exceed seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; and the money arising from the creation of such debts shall be applied to the purposes for which it was obtained, or to repay tVie debts so contracted, and to no other purpose whatever. 0/iw, 439 ; Pa, 471. — In addition to the above limited power, the State may contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insur- rection, defend the State in war or to redeem the present outstanding indebtedness of the State ; but the money arising from the contracting of such debts, shall be applied to the purpose for which it was raised, or to repay such debts, and to no other pur- pose whatever; and all debts incurred to redeem the present outstanding indebtedness of the Slate shall be so contracted as to be payable by the sinking fimd, hereinafter provided for, as the same shall accumulate. Ohio, 439. — Except the debts above specified, no debt whatever shall hereafter be created b}' or on behalf of the State. Ohio, 439. — The faith of ths State being pledged for the pay- ment of its public debt, in order to provide therefor, tliere shall be created a sinking fimd, which shall be sufficient to pay the accruing interest on such debt, and annually to reduce the principal thereof, by a sum not less than one hundred thousand dollars, increased yearly, and each and every year, by com- pounding, at the rate of six per cent, per annum. The said sinking fund shall consist of the net annual income of the public works and stocks owned by the State, of any other fimds or resources that are, or may be, provided by law, and of such further sum, to be raised by taxation, as may be required for'the purposes aforesaid. Ohio, 430. • -The Legislative Assembly shall not, in any manner, create any debt or liablities, which shall singly, or in the aggregate, with previous debts or liabilities, exceed the sum of fifty thousand dollars, except in case of war, or to repel invasion, or suppress insurrection ; and every contract of indebtedness entered mto, or assumed by or on behalf of the State, when all its 166 1 § 12. Except the debts specified in the tenth and eleventh sections of this 2 article, no debt shall be hereafter contracted by or on behalf of this State, 3 unless such debt shall be authorized by a law, for some single work or object, to 4 be distinctly specified therein ; and such law shall impose and provide for 5 the collection of a direct annual tax to pay, and sufficient to pay the interest G on such debt as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal of 7 such debt within eighteen years from the time of the contracting thereof. 8 No such law shall take effect until it shall at a general election have been liabilities and debts amount to said sum, shall be void, and of no effect. Or., 4.57. — The General Assembly shall have no power, here- after, without the express consent of the people, to incur State debts to an amount exceeding fifty thousand dollars, except in time of war, or in case of insurrection or invasion; nor shall they, in any case, without such consent, pledge tlie faith of the State for the payment of the obligations of others. Tliis section shall not be construed to refer to any money that may be deposited with this State by the Govern- ment of ihe United Sliitcs. i?. /., 476. — The Legislative Assembly shall provide for raising revenue suflici'int to defray the expenses of the State for each fiscal year, and also a sufficient sum to pay the interest on the State debt, if there be any. Or., 456. — Except the debts above specified in sections one and two of this article, no debt whatever shall be created by or on behalf of the State. Pa., 471. — To provide for tlie payment of the present debt, and any additional debt contracted as aforesaid, the Legi.slature shall, at its first session after the adoption of this amendment, create a sinking fund which shall be sufficient to pay the accruing interest on such debt, and annually to reduce the principal thereof by a sum not less than two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, which sinking fund shall consist of the net annual income of the public works, from time to time owned by the State, or the proceeds of tlie sale of the same or any part thereof, and of the income or proceeds of sale of stocks owned by the State, together with other funds or resources that may be designated by law. The said sinking fund may be increased from time to time by assigning to it any part of the taxes or other revenues of the State not required for the ordinary and current expenses of government, and unless in case of war, invasion or insurrection, no part of the said sinking fund shall be used or applied otherwise than in extinguishment of the public debt, until the amount of such debt is reduced below the sum of five millions of dollars. Pa, 471. — The aggregate amount of debts hereafter contracted by the Legislature, shall never exceed the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, except in case of war, to repel invasion, or suppress insurrections. And in no case shall any amount be borrowed, except by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses of the Legislature. Tex., 517. — No debt shall be contracted by this State except to meet ca.sual deficits in the revenue, to redeem a pre- vious liability of the State or to suppress insurrection, repel invasion or defend the State in time of war. If tlie State becomes a stockholder in any association or corporation for purposes of internal improvements, such stock shall be paid for at the time of subscrip- tion, or a tax shall be levied for the en.suing year sufficient to pay the subscription in full. Va., 538. — The liability to the State of any incorporated com- pany or institution to redeem the principal and pay the interest of any loan heretolore made or which may hereafter be made by the State to such com- pany or institution, shall not be released ; and the General Assembly shall not pledge the faith of the State, or bind it in any form for the debt or obliga- tion of any company or corporation. Va., 538. — The General Assembly may at any time direct the sale of the stocks held by the Commonwealth m internal improvements and other companies located within the limits of this Commonwealth, but the pro- ceeds of such sale, if made before the payment of the public debt, shall be appropriated to the payment thereof Va., 538. — The Legislature may at any time direct a sale of the stocks owned by the State in banks and other corporations, but the proceeds of such sale shall be applied to the liquidation of the public debt. W. Va., 556. — No debt shall be contracted by this State, except to meet casual deficits in the revenue, to redeem a previous liability of the State, to suppress insurrec- tion, repel invasion, or defend the State in time of war. W. Va.. .556. — The State shall never contract any public debt, except in the cases and manner herein provided. Wis., 668. — No liability, either State, parochial or municipal, shall exist for any debts contracted for, or in the interest of the rebellion against the United States government. La., 235. -The Legislature shall not provide for the payment of any bonds now held by rebels in arms against the State or United States government. Va., 538. — It shall not provide for the payment of any debt or obligation created in the name of the State of Vir- ginia by the usurped and pretended State authorities at Riclimond. And it shall not allow any county, city or corporation, to levy or collect any tax for the payment of any debt created for the purpose of aiding any rebellion against the State or the United States. Va., 538. TAXATION BY COUNTIES, CITIES, VILLAGES AND TOWNS— RESTRICTIONS UPON THEIR CREDIT. — It shall be the duty of the Legislature, and they are hereby empowered to provide for the organiza- tion of cities and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessments and taxa'.ion, and in contracting debts by such municipal ccrpora- tions. Wis., 570. — The General Assembly shall provide for the organi- zation of cities, incorporated villages, by general laws; and restrict their power of taxation, assess- ment, borrowing money, conti acting debts, and loan- ing their credit, so as to prevent the abuse of such power. Ohio, 443. — Acts of the Legislative Assembly, incorporating towns and cities, shall restrict their powers of taxa- tion, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loan- ing their credit. Or., 457. 167 9 submitted to the people, aad have received a majority of all the votes cast for 10 and against it, at such election. On the final passage of such bill in either 11 house of the Legislature, the question shall be taken by ayes and noes, to be 12 duly entered on the journals thereof, and shall be : " Shall this bill pass, and 13 ought the same to receive the sanction of the people ? " The Legislature may 14 at any time, after the approval of such law by the people, if no debt shall 15 have been contracted in pursuance thereof, repeal the same ; and may at any 16 time, by law, forbid the contracting of any further debt or liability under 17 such law ; but the tax imposed by such act, in proportion to the debt and 18 liability which may have been contracted, in pursuance of such law, shall 19 remain in force and be irrepealable, and be annually collected, until the 20 proceeds thereof shall have made the provision herein before specified to pay 21 and discharge the interest and principal of such debt and liability. The 22 money arising from any loan or stock creating such debt or liability shall be 23 applied to the work or object specified in the act authorizing such debt or — The General Assembly shall have power to author- ize the several counties and incorporated towns in this State, to impose taxes for county and corpora- tion purposes respectively, in such manner as sliall be prescribed by law ; and all property shall be taxed according to its value, upon the principles established in regard to State taxation. Tenn., 494 ; (nearly similar), Fl., 137. The commissioners of counties, the trustees of townships, and similar boards, shall have such power uf local taxation, for police purposes, as may be pre- scribed by law. Ohio, 440. — The corporate authorities of counties, townships, school-districts, cities, towns and villages, may be vested with power to assess and collect taxes for cor- porate purposes ; such taxes to be uniform in respect to persons and property within the jurisdiction of the body imposing the same. And the General Assembly shall require that all the jiroperty within the limits of municipal corporations belonging to individuals shall be taxed for the payment of debts contracted under authority of law. Ill, 1G4. -The Legislature shall provide for the organization of elites and incorporated villages by general laws; and restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing monej', contracting debts and loaning their credit, so as to prevent the abuse of such power. Neb., 377. — The Legislature shall provide for the incorporation and organization of cities and villages, and shall restrict their powers of taxation, borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning their credit, jl/ic/j., 313. — It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide for the organization of cities and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, as.sessment, borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessments and in contracting debts by such municipal corpora- tions. Cal, 100. — No county shall subscribe for stock in any incor- porated company, unles the same be paid for at the time of such subscription ; nor shall any county loan its credit to any incorporated company, nor borrow money lor tlie purpose of taking stock in any such company. Iiid., 179. — The General Assembly shall never authorize any county, city, town, or township, by vote of its citi- zens or oiherwize, to become a stockholder in any joint stock company, corporation, or association what- ever ; or to raise money for, or to loan its credit in aid of any such company, corporation, or associa- tion. Ohio, 439. — No law shall be passed by which a citizen shall be compelled, directly or indirectly, to become a stock- holder in, or contribute to a railroad, or other work of internal improvement, without his consent, except the inhabitants of a corporate town or city. This provision shall not be construed to deny the power of taxation for the purpose of making levees or dams to prevent the overflow of rivers. Oa., 14G. — No county, city, town, or other municipal corpora- tion, shall become a stockholder in any joint-stock company, corporation or association whatever, or loan its credit in aid of any such company, corpora- tion, or association, except railroad corporations, companies, or associations. Nev., 389. — No political or municipal corporation shall become a stockholder in any banking corporation, directly or indirectly. Iowa, 191. — The General Assembly shall not authorize any county, city or town to become a stockholder in, or to loan its credit to any company, association or cor- poration, unless two-thirds of the qualified voters of such county, city or town, at a regular or special election to be held therein, shall assent thereto Mo., 362. — The Legislature shall not authorize any county, city, borough, township, or corporate district, by virtue of a vote of its citizens, or otherwise, to become a stockholder in any company, association, or corpo- ration ; or to obtain money for, or loan its credit to, any corporation, association, institution or party. Pa., 471. — No county, city, town or other municipal corpora- tion, by vote of its citizens or otherwise, shall become a stockholder in any joint stock company, corporation or association whatever, or raise money for or loan its credit to, or in aid of any such company, corpora- tion or association. Or., 457. 168 24 liability, or for the repayment of such debt or liability, and for no other 25 purpose whatever. No such law shall be submitted to be voted on within 26 three months after its passage, or at any general election when any other law,, 27 or any bill, or any amendment to the Constitution shall be submitted to be 28 voted for or against. 1 3 13. Every law which imposes, continues or revives a tax, shall distinctly 2 state the tax and the object to which it is to be applied ; and it shall not be 3 sufficient to refer to any other law to fix such tax or object. 1 g 14. On the final passage, in either House of the Legislature, of every act 2 which imposes, continues or revives a tax or creates a debt or charge, or 3 makes, continues or revives any appropriation of public or trust money, or 4 property; or releases, discharges or commutes any claim or demand of the 5 State, the question shall be taken by ayes and noes, which shall be duly 6 entered on the journals, and three-fifths of all the members elected to either 7 House shall, in all such cases, be necessary to constitute a quorum therein. — Provision shall be made by general lav for the organization of cities, towns and villages; and their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit, shall be so restricted as to prevent the abuse of such power. Kan., 205. — No county or other political or municipal corpora- tion shall be allowed to become indebted in any man- ner, or for any purpose, to an amount in the aggre- gate exceeding five per centum on the value of the taxable property within such county or corporation. to be ascertained by the last State and county ta.x lists, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. Iowa, 199. — No money shall be drawn from any county or town- ship treasury, except by authority of law. Min., .328. — Any county and township organization shall have such powers of local taxation as may be prescribed by law. Min , 328. — The Legislature shall provide for the organization of cities and towns by general laws; and restrict the power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit, except for procuring supplies of water. Xev., 389. — The Board of Supervisors of any county may bor- row or raise Vjy ta.x one thousand dollars, for con- structing or repairing public buildings, highways, or bridges; but no greater sum .shall be borrowed or raised by tax for such purpose in any one year, unless authorized by a majority of the electors of such county voting thereon. Mich., 309. CAPITATION TAXES. — No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census. U. S., 13. — The Legislature shall provide by law for the pa}'- ment of an annual poll-tax of not less than two nor exceeding four dollars from each male person resident in the State between the age of twenty-one and sixty-years, uncivilized American Indians excepted, one-half to be applied for State and one-half for courity purposes ; and the Legislature may, in its dis- cretion, make such payment a condition to the right of voting. Nev., 381. — -Ail free males over the age of twenty-one years, and under the age of forty-five years, and all slaves over the age of twelve years, and under the age of fifty years, shall be subject to capitation tax, and no other pei'son shall be subject to such tax ; Provided, That nothing herein contained .shall prevent exemp- tions of taxable polls, as heretofore prescribed by law, in cases of bodily infirmity. iV C. 430. — The levying of taxes, by the poll, is grievous and oppressive ; therefore the General Assembly shall never levy a poll-tax, for county or State purposes. Ohio, 442. — Poll-tax of $1.00 to be levied for benefit of schools. Ji. I.. 475. — The General Assembly, whenever a tax is laid upon land, shall, at the same time, impose a capita- tion tax, which shall not be less upon each poll than one-fourth of the tax laid on each hundred dollars' worth of the assessed value of the land taxed; excepting, however, from the operation of such capi- tation tax all such classes of persons, as from disa- bility or otherwi.se, ought, in the judgment of the General .\ssembly, to be exempted. S. C, 488. — A capitation tax, equal to tlie ta.x as.se.ssed on land of the value of two hundred dollar.s, shall be levied on every white male inhabitant who has attained the age of twenty-one j'ears; and one equal moiety of the capitation tax upon wliite persons shall be applied to the purposes of education m primary and free schools; but nothing hereiu contained sliall pre- vent exemptions of ta.xable polls in cases of bodily infirmity, la., 538. ^A capitation tax of one dollar, shall be levied upon each wliite male inhabitant who has attained the age of twent}'-one years. W. Fa., .556. — The assessors of each town or city shall annually assess upon every person whose name shall be regis- tered, a tax of one dollar, or such smn as with his other taxes shall amount to one dollar, which registry tax shall be paid into the treasury ol such town or city, and be applied to the support of public schools therein. Ji. I., 475. — A tax on white polls shall be laid in such manner and of such an amount as may be prescribed by law. Te7m., 494. 1()9 ARTICLE VIII. 1 Section 1. Corporations may be formed under general laws ; but shall not 2 be created by special act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases Avhere 3 in the judgment of the Legislature, the objects of the corporation cannot be 4 attained under general laws. All general laws and special acts passed 5 pursuant to this section, may be altered from time to time, or repealed. FORMATIOK OF CORPORATIONS. — Corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes. All general law.s and special acts passed pursuant to this section may be altered from time to time, or repealed. C«?.,'99 ; Mkh., 312 ; Mo., 360 ; Or., 4.57. -No act of incorporation, except for the renewal of existing corporations, shall be hereafter enacted without the concurrence of two-thirds of each branch of the Legislature, and with a reserved power of revooatioiij by the Legislature ; and no act of incorpo- ration which may be hereafter enacted shall continue in force for a longer period than twenty years, with- out the re-enactment of the Legislature, unless it be an incorporation for public improvement. Del., 119. — The General Assembly shall pass no act of incor- poration, nor make any alteration in one, unlesswith the assent of at least two thirds of each House, and unless public notice in one or more newspapers in the State shall have been given for at least three months immediately preceding the session at which the same may l)e applied for. Fl., 1.59. — No act incorporating any railroad, banking, insur- ance, commercial or fmancial corporation shall be introduced into the General Assembly, unless the per- son or persons applying for such corporation shall have deposited with the Treasurer the sum of one hundred dollars as a bonus to the State. Fi, 133. — The General Assembly shall pass no act of incor- poration, nor make any alteration in one, unless with the assent of at least two-thirds of each House, and unless public notice in one or more newspapers in the State shall have been given for at least three months immediately preceding the session at which the same may be appUed for. Ft., 138. — The General Assembly, sliall have no power to grant corporate powers and privileges to private com- panies, except to banking, insurance, railroad, canal, plank-road, navigation, mining, e.xpress, lumber, manufacturing, and telegraph companies; nor to make or change election precincts; nor to establish bridges and ferries ; nor to change names, or legitimate child- ren ; but shall by law prescribe tlie manner in which such power shall be exercised by the courts. But no bank charter shall be granted or extended, and no act passed authorizing the suspension of specie pay- ment by any chartered bank, except by a vote of two- thirds of each branch of the General Assembly. Ga., 140. — Corporations not possessing banking powers or privileges, may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special acts, except for muni- cipal purposes, and in cases where, in the judgment of the General Assembly, the objects of the corpora- tion cannot be attained under general laws. III., 164. — Corporations other than banking, shall not be created by special act, but may be formed under gen- eral law. Iiid., 179. — Subject to the provisions of this article, the General Assembly shall have power to amend or repeal all laws for the organization or creation of corporations, or granting of special or exclusive privileges or immu- nities, by a vote of two thirds of each branch of the General Assembly; and no exclusive privilege, except as in this article provided, shall ever be granted. Iowa, 191. — No corporation shall be created by special laws, but the General Assembly shall provide, by general laws, for the organization of all corporations hereafter to be created, except as hereinafter provided. Iowa, 191. — The Legislature shall pass no special act conferring corporate powers. Corporations may be created under general laws, but all such laws may be amended or repealed. Aare., 205; iVew., 388. — The General Assembly shall pass a general law for the incorporation of towns, religious, literary, scien- tific, benevolent, military and other associations, not commercial, industrial, or financial; but no special act incorporating any such association shall be passed. Fl, 133. — The title to all property of religious corporations shall vest in trustees, whose election shaU be by the members of such corporations. Kan., 205. — Corporations shall not be created in this State by special laws except for political or municipal pur- poses ; but the Legislature shall provide by general law for the organization of all other corporations, except corporations with banking or discounting privileges, the creation, renewal or extension of which is hereby prohibited. La., 234, — Corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases where, in the judg- ment of the General Assembly, the object of the cor- paration cannot be attained under general laws. All laws and special act.s, pursuant to this section, may be altered from time to time, or repealed : Provided, Nothing herein contained shall be construed to alter, change or amend in any manner, the section in rela- tion to banks, Md., 265. — The Legislature shall pass no law altering or amending any act of incoi'poration heretofore granted without the assent of two-thirds of the members elected to each Hou.se, nor shall any such act be renewed or extended. This restriction .shall not apply to municipal corporations. Mich., 312. — No corporation shall liold any real estate hereafter acquired for a longer period than ten years, except such real estate as .shall be actually occupied by such corporation in the exercise of its franchises. Mich., 313. — Previous notice of any application for an alteration of the charter of any corporation shall be given in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Mich., 313. — No corporation shall be formed under special acts, except for municipal purposes. Min., 328. — No law shall be passed reviving or re-enacting any act heretofore passed creating any private corpora- tion, where such corporation shall not have been organized and commenced the transaction of its busi- ness within one year from the time such act took effect, or within such other time as may have been prescribed in such act for such organization and com- mencement of business. Mu., 360. — The Legislature shall pass no special act conferring corporate powers. Neh., 376 ; Ohio, 443. — Corporations may be formed under general laws. Neh., 376, — Corporations created by or under the laws of the 43 no 1 § 2. Dues from corporations shall be secured by such individual liability 2 of the corporators and other means as may be prescribed by law. 1 ^3. The term corporation, as used in this article, shall be construed to 2 include all associations and joint-stock companies having any of the powers 3 and privileges of corporations not possessed by individuals or [)artnerships. 4 And all corporations shall have the right to sue and shall be subject to be 5 sued in all courts in like cases as natural persons. Territory of Nevada shall be subject to the provisions of such laws until the Legislature shall pass laws regulating the same, in pursuance of the provisions of this Constitution. Xer., 388. — Corporations may be formed under general laws; but all such laws may, from time to time, be altered or repealed. Ohio, 443. — The Legislature shall have the power to alteri revoke or annul any charter of incorporation hereaf- ter conferred by or under any special or general law, whenever in tlieir opinion it may be injurious to the citizens of the Commonwealth ; in such manner, however, that no injustice shall be done to the corpo- rators. Pa., 472. — Hereafter, when any bill shall be presented to either House of the General Assembl}', to create a corpora- tion, for any other than religious, literary or charita- ble purposes, or for niilitarj' or lire company, it shall be continued until another election of memljors of the General Assemljly shall have taken place, atid such public notice of the pendency thereof shall be given as may be required by law. B. I., 47G. — No private corporation shall be created, unless the bill creating it shall be passed by two-thirds of both Houses of the Legislature ; and two thirds of the Legislature shall have power to revoke and repeal all private corporations by making compensation for the francliise. And the State shall not be part owner ot the stock, or propertv, belonging to any corporation. lix., 516. — The Legislature shall i)ass general laws whereby any number of persons associated for mining, manu- facturing, insuring, or other ])urpose useful to tlie pubhc, excepting banks of circulation and the con- struction of works of internal improvement, may become a corporation on complying witli the terms and conditions thereby prescribed ; and no special act incorporating, or granting peculiar privileges to any joint stock company or association, not having in view the issuing of bills to circulate as money or the construction of some work of internal improve- ment, shall be passed. No company or association, authorized by this section, shall issue bills to circulate as money. No charter of incorporation shall be granted under such general laws, unless the right be reserved to alter or amend such charter, at the plea- sure of the Legislature, to be declared by general law. IK Va., 5.58. — Corporations without banking powers or privileges may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal pur|)Oses, and in cases where, in the judgment of the Legisla- ture, the objects of the corporation cannot be attained under general laws. All general laws or special acts enacted under the provisions of this section may be altered or repealed by the Legislature at any time after their psissage. Wis., 569. — No corporation, except for municipal purposes, or for the construction of railroads, plank-roads, and canals, shall be created for a longer time than thirty year.s. Mich., 313. DEFINITION OF TERM CORPORATION, — The term corporations as used in this article shall be con.strued to include all associations and joint- stock companies having any of the [lowers or privil- eges of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships. And all corporations shall have the right to sue, and sliall be subject to Ije sued in all courts in like cases as natural persons Cal 99 ■ Aa»., 205; J/ic/i.. 313; J/i«., , -32.3. ' ' PRIVATE PROPERTY T.\KEN BY CORPORA- TIONS, — The property of no pereon shall be taken by any corporation for public use without compensation being fust made or secured, in such manner as may be prescibed by law. Mich., 313. — No numicipal corporation shall take private prop- erty for public use against tlio consent of the owner without the necessity thereof being first established by the verdict of a jury, irjs., 570. -Individuals or private corporations shall not be authorized to take private property for public use without just compensation first made to the owners' M. J., 415. —No right of way shall bo appropriated to the use of any corporation until full compensation be first made or secured therefor. iVeu., 389. — The Legislature shall not invest any corporate body or individual with the privilege ot' taking pri- vate property for public use, without requiring such corporation or individual to make compensation to the owners of said property, or give adequate secu- rity therefor, before such property shall be taken. Pa., 460. — No right of way shall be appropriated to the use of any corporation until full compensation therefor be first made in money, or secured by a deposit of money, to the owner, irrespective of any benefit from any improvement proposed by such corporation Kan.. 205. BANKS. — Not more than one bank shall be established, nor more than one bank charter be renewed at any one session of the General As.scml)ly ; nor shall any" bank be established, nor any bank 'charter be renewed, without the concurrence of two-thirds of each House of the General As,sembly, and in conformity with the following rules — that is to say: RuLK 2. The remedy for tlie collection of debts •shall be reciprocal for and against the bank. Rule 3. No bank .shall commence operations until one-half of the capital stock subscribed for be actually paid in gold and silver: which amount shall, in no case, be less than one lumdred thousand dollars. Rule 4. If any bank shall neglect or refuse to pay, on demand, any bill, note, or obligation issued by the corporation.acoording to the promise therein expressed, 171 1 3 *• ^^^ Legislature shall have no power to pass any act granting any 2 special charter for banking purposes ; but corporations or associations may be 3 formed for such purposes under general laws. 1 §5. The Legislature shall have no power to pass any law sanctioning in 2 any manner, directly or indirectly, the suspension of specie payments, by any 3 person, association or corporation issuing bank notes of any description. 1 § 6. The Legislature shall provide by law for the registry of all bills or 2 notes issued or put in circulation as money, and shall require ample security 3 for the redemption of the same in specie. the holder of such bill, note, or obhgation shall be entitled to receive and recover interest thereon until paid, or until specie payments are resumed by the bank, at the rate of twelve per centum per annum from the date of such demand ; unless the General Assembly shall, by a vote of two-thirds of each House thereof, sanction such suspension of specie payments. Ala., 77. Rule 5. Wlienever any bank suspends specie pay- ments, its charter is tlicreby forfeited; unless such suspension shall be sanctioned and legalized, at the next session of the General Assembly, by a vote of two-thirds of each House thereof Ala., 77. — The Legislature shall have no power to pass any act granting any charter for banking purposes ; but associations may be formed under general laws for the deposit of gold and silver, but no such association shall make, issue, or put in circulation, any bill, check, ticket, certificate, promissory note, or other paper, or the paper of any bank, to circulate as money. Cal, 99. — The Legislature of this State shall prohibit by law, any person or persons, association, company, or cor- poration, from exercising the privilege of banking, or creating paper to circulate as money. Cat, 99. — No bank charter, nor any act of incorporation granting exclusive privileges, shall be granted for a longer period than twenty j'ears. FL, 139. — Banks chartered by the General Assembly shall be restricted to the business of exchange, discount and deposit, and they shall not deal in real estate, nor in merchandise or chattels, except as security for loans or discounts, or for debts due to such bank ; nor sliall they be concerned iu insurance, manufacturing, exportation, or importation, except of bullion, or specie; nor shall they own real estate or chattels, except such as shall be necessary for their actual use in the transaction of business, or which may be received in payment of previously contracted debts, or purchased at legal sales to satisfy such debts, of which they shall be required to make sale within three years alter the acquisition tliereof. Fl., 139. — The capital stock of any bank shall not be less than one hundred thousand dollars, to be paid in suitable installments, and shall be created only by the payment of specie therein. Fl., 139. — All liabilities of sucli banks shall be payable in specie, and the circulation of no bank shall exceed three dollars for one of capital actually paid in. FL. 139. --No dividends or profits exceeding ten per centum per annum on the capital stock paid in shall be made, but all profits over ten per centum per annum shall be set apart and retained as a safety fund. FL. 139. — Stockholders in a bank when an act of forfeiture is committed, or when it is dissolved or has expired, shall be individually and severally liable for the redemption of the outstanding circulation, in propor- tion to the stock owned by each, and no transfer of stock shall exonerate such stockholders from this lia- bility, unless such transfer was made at least two years previous to said forfeiture, dissolution or expi- ration. Fl, 139. — Banks shall be open to inspection under such reg- ulations as may be prescribed by law, and it shall be the duty of the Governor to appoint a person or persons not connected in any manner with any bank in the State, to examine at least once a year into their state and condition ; and the officers of every bank shall make quarterly returns imder oath, to the Governor, of its state and condition, and the names of the stockholders and shares held by each. FL, 139. — A^on user for the space of one year, or any act of a corporation, or those having the control or manage- ment thereof, or intrusted therewith, inconsistent with, or in violation of the provisions of this Consti- tution, or of its charter, shall cause its forfeiture, and the General Assembly shall by general law provide a summary process for the sequestration of its effects and assets, and the appointment of officers to settle its affairs, and no forfeited charter shall be restored. FL, 139. — No State bank shall hereafter be created, nor shall the State own or be liable for any stock in any cor- poration or joint stock association for banking pur- poses, to be hereafter created. IlL, 1G4. — No act of the General Assembly, authorizing cor- porations or associations with banking powers, shall go into efi'ect, or in any manner be in force, unless the same shall be submitted to the people at the gen- eral election next succeeding the passage of the same and be approved b}' a majority of all the votes cast at such election, for and against such law. IlL, 1G4:. — Nor to revive or extend the charter of the State Bank, or the charter of any other bank heretofore existing in this State, and shall pass laws to prohibit the sale of lottery tickets in this State. III., 154. — The General Assembly shall not have power to establish or incorjwrate any bank or banking com- pany, or moneyed institution, for the purpose of issu- ing bills of credit, or bills payable to order or bearer, except under the c^onditions prescribed in this Con- stitution. Ind., 179. — No banks shall be established otherwise than under a general banking law, except as provided in the fourth section of this article. Ind., 179. — If the General Assembly shall enact a general banking law, such law shall provide for the registry and countersigning by an officer of State of all paper credit designed to be circulated as money, and ample collateral security, readily convertible into specie, or the redemption of the same in gold or silver, shall be required, which collateral security shall be under the control of the proper officer or officers of State. Ind., 179. — The General Assembly may also charter a bank with branches without collateral security, as required in the preceding section. Ind., 179. 172 — If the General Assembly shall establish a bank with branches, the branches shall be mutually respon- sible for each other's liabilities upon all paper credit issued as money. Ind., 179. AH bills or notes issued as money shall be at all times redeemable in gold or silver ; and no law shall be passed sanctioning, directly or indirectly, the suspension by any bank or banking company of specie payments. Ind., 179. — Holders of bank notes shall be entitled, in case of insolvency, to preference of payment over all other creditors. Ind., 179. — No bank shall receive, directly or indirectly, a greater rate of interest than shall be allowed by law to individuals loaning money. Ind., 179. — Every bank or banking company shall be required to cease all banking operations within twenty years from the time of its organization, and promptly there- after to close its busines.s. Ind., 179. — The General Assembly is not prohibited from investing the trust funds in a bank with branches; but in case of such investment, the safety of the same shall be guaranteed by unquestionable security. Ind., 179. — The State shall not be a stockholder in any bank after the expiration of the present bank charter ; nor shall the credit of the State ever be given or loaned in aid of any person, association or corporation ; nor shall the State hereafter become a stockholder in any corporation or association. Ind., 179. — No act of the General Assembly, authorizing or creating corporations or associations with banking powers, nor amendments thereto, shall take eftcct, or in any manner be in force, until the same shall have been submitted separately to the people, at a general or special election, as provided by law, to be held not less than three months after the passage of the act, and shall have been approved by a majority of all the electors voting for and against it at such election. lovM., 191. — No act of the General Assembly, authorizing asso- ciations with banking powers, shall take effect until it shall be submitted to the people, at the general election next succeeding the passage thereof, and be approved by a majority of all the electors voting at such election. Ohio, 443. — Subject to the provisions of the foregoing section, the General Assembly may also provide for the estab- lishment of a State Bank, with branches Iowa, 191. — If a State Bank be established, it shall be founded on an actual specie basis, and the branches shall be mutually responsible for each other's liabilities upon all notes, bills, and other issues intended to circulate as money. Iowa, 191. — If a general banking law shall be enacted, it shall provide for the registry and countersigning, by hn officer of State, of all bills, or paper credit designed to circulate as money, and require security to the full amount thereof, to be deposited with the State Trea- surer, in United States stocks, or in interest faying stocks of States in good credit and standing, to be rated at ten per cent below their average value in the city of New York, for the thirty days next preced- ing their deposit ; and in case of a depreciation of any portion of said stocks, to the amount of ten per cent on the dollar, the bank or banks owning said stocks shall be required to make up said deficiency by depositing additional stocks, and said law shall also provide for the recording of the names of all stockholders in such corporations, the amount of slock held by each, the time of any transfer, and to whom. Iowa, 191. — In ease of the insolvency of any banking institu- tion, the bill holders shall have a reference over its other cieditors. Iowa, 191; La., 234; Mich., 312; Min., 328. — The suspension of specie payments by banking institutions shall never be permitted or sanctioned. Iowa, 191. — No bank shall be established otherwise than under a general banking law. Kan., 215. — All banking laws shall require, as collateral security for the redemption of the circulating notes of any bank organized under their jjrovisions, a deposit with the Auditor of State of the interest-paying bonds of the several States or of the United States, at the ca-sh rates of the New York Stock Exchange, to an amount equal to the amount of circulating notes, which such bank shall be authorized to issue, and a cash deposit in its vaults often per cent of such amount of circu- lating notes ; and the Auditor shall register and countersign no more circulating bills of any bank than the cash value of such bonds when deposited. Kan., 205. — Whenever the bonds pledged as collateral security for the circulation of any bank shall depreciate in value, the Auditor of State shall require additional security, or curtail the circulation of such bank to such extent as will continue the security unimpaired. Kan., 215. — All circulating notes shall be redeemable in the money of the United States. Holders of such notes shall be entitled, in case of the insolvency of such banks, to preference of payment over all other cred- itors. Kan., 205. — The State shall not be a stockholder in any bank- ing institution. Kan., 205. — All banks shall be required to keep offices and offi- cers for the issue and redemption of their circulation, at a convenient place within the State, to be named on the circulating notes issued by such bank. Kan., 205. — No banking institution shall issue circulating notes of a less denomination than one dollar. Kan., 205. — No banking law shall be in force until the same shall have been submitted to a vote of the electors of the State at some general election, and ajiproved by a majority of all the votes cast at such election. Kan., 205. — Any banking law may be amended or repealed. Kan., 205. — No banking law, or law for banking purposes, or amendments thereof, shall have effect until the same shall, after its passage, be submitted to a vote of the electors of the State, at a general election, and be approved by a majority of the votes cast thereon at such election. Mich., 312. — The General Assembly shall grant no charter for banking purposes, nor renew any banking corpora- tion now in existence, except upon the condition that the stockholders shall be liable to the amount of their respective share or shares of stock in such banking institution, for all its debts and liabilities, upon note, bill, or otherwise, and upon the further condition, that no director or other officer of said corporation, shall borrow any money from said corporation, and if any director or other officer shall be convicted upon indictment, of directly or indirectly, violating this section, he shall be punished, by tine or imprison- ment, at the discretion of the court. The books, papers, and accounts of all banks shall be open to inspection, under such regulations as may be pre-' scribed by law. Md., 204. — The Legislature shall provide by law for the regis- try of all bills or notes issued or put in circulation as money, and sliall require security to the full amount of notes and bills so registered in State or United States stocks, bearing interest, which shall be depos- ited with the State Treasurer, for the redemption of such bills or notes in specie. Min., 328 ; Mich., 312. — And in ca.se of a depreciation of said stocks, or any part thereof, to the amount of ten per cent, or more on the dollar, the bank or banks owning said stock shall be required to make up said deficiency by addi- tional stocks. Min., 328. — The Legislature shall pass no law authorizing or sanctioning the suspension of specie payments by any person, association or corporation. Mich., 312. — The Legislature may, by a vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each House create a single bank with branches*. Afich., 312. — The Legislature shall have no power to pass any law sanctioning in any manner, directly or indirectly, the suspension of specie payments by any jierson. 173 1 g 7. The Stockholders iu every corporation and joint stock association for 2 banking- purposes, issuing bank notes or any kind of paper credits to circulate 3 as money, after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and 4 fifty, shall be individually responsible to the amount of their respective share 5 or shares of stock in any such corporation or association, for all its debts and 6 liabilities of every kind, contracted after the said first day of January, one 7 thousand eight hundred and fifty. 1 § 8. In case of the insolvency of any bank or banking association, the bill- 2 holders thereof shall be entitled to preference iu payment over all other creditors 3 of such bank or association. association, or corporation issuing bank notes of any description, ilin., 327. — Any general banking; law wbich may be passed in accordance with this article, shall provide for recording the names of all stockholders in such cor- porations, the amount of stock held by each, the time of transfer, and to whom transferred. Min., 328. — The Legislature may, by a two-thirds vote, pass a general banking law, with the following restrictions and requirements. Min., 327. — No corporate body shall hereafter be created, renewed, or extended, with the privilege of making, issuing, or putting in circulation any notes, bills, or other paper, or the paper of any other bank, to cir- culate as money ; and the General Assembly shall prohibit, by law, individuals and corporations from issuing bills, checks, tickets, promissory notes, or other paper to circulate as money. Mo.. 360. — The General Assembly shall, at its first session after this Constitution goes into effect, enact laws enabling any of the existing banks of issue to reorganize as national banks under the act of Congress ; and shall also provide for the sale of the stock owned by this State in the Bank of the State of Missouri, upon such terms and conditions as shall be by law established. Mo., 360. — No bank notes or paper of any kind shall ever be permitted to circulate as money in this State, except the federal currency and tlie notes of banks autho- rized under the laws of Congress. Nev. 389. - The assent of three-fifths of the members elected to each House, shall be requisite to the passage of every law for granting, continuing, altering, amend- ing, or renewing charters for banks or money cor- porations; and all such charters shall be limited to a term not exceeding twenty years. N. J., 415. — The Legislative Assembly shall not have the power to establish or incorporate any bank, or banking company, or monied institution whatever; nor shall any bank, company, or institution exist in the State, with the privilege of making, issuing, or putting in circulation any bill, check, certificate, promissory note, or other paper, or the paper of any bank, com- pany, or person, to circulate as money. Or., 457. — No corporate body shall be hereafter created, renewed or extended with banking or discounting privileges, without six months' previous public notice of the intended application for the same in such man- ner as shall be prescribed by law. Nor shall any charter for the purposes aforesaid, be granted for a longer period than twenty years, and every such charter shall contain a clause reserving to the Legis- lature the power to alter, revoke or annul the same, whenever in their opinion it may be injurious to the citizens of tli* Commonwealth ; in such manner, how- ever, that no injustice shall be done to the corpora- 44 tors. No law hereafter enacted, shall create, renew or extend the charter, of more than one corporation. Pa., 463. — No corporate body shall hereafter be created, renewed, or extended with banking or discounting privileges. Tex., 516. — The Legislature shall prohibit by law, individuals from issuing bills, checks, promissory notes, or other paper to circulate as money. Tex., 517. — No act to incorporate any bank of circulation or internal improvement company, or to confer addi- tional privileges on the same, shall be passed, unless public notice of tiie intended application for such act be given under such regulations as shall be prescribed by law. TF. Va., 558. • — The Legislature may submit to the voters at any general election, the question of "bank or no bank," and if at any such election a number of votes equal to a majority of all the votes cast at such election on that subject shall be in favor of banks, then the Leg- islature shall have power to grant bank charters, or to pa.ss a general banking law, with such restrictions and under such regulations as they may deem expe- dient and proper, for the security of the billholders; Provided, That no such grant or law shall have any force or effect until the same shall have been sub- mitted to a vote of the electors of the State at some general election, and been approved by a majority of the votes cast on that subject at such election. Wis., 570. — The Legislature shall not have power to create, authorize or incorporate, by any general or special law, any bank or banking power or privilege, or any institution or corporation having any banking power, or privilege whatever, except as provided iu this article. Wis., 570. LIABILITY OP STOCKHOLDERS AND OP COR- PORATIONS. —The stockholders shall be respectively liable for the debts of the bank, in proportion to the amount of their stock. Ala., 77. — Dues from corporations shall be secured by such individual liability of the corporators, and other means, as may be prescribed by law. Cid., 99. — Each stockholder of a corporation, or joint-stock association, shall be individually and personally liable for his proportion of all its debts and liabihties. Cat, 99. — Dues from corporations, not posses.sing banking powers and privileges, shall be secured by such indi- vidual liabilities of the corporators, or other means, as may be prescribed by law. Ill, 164. — The stockholders in every corporation, or joint- stock association for banking purposes, issuing bank 174 notes, or any kind of paper credits to circulate as mone}', shall be individually responsible, to the amount of their respective share or shares of slock in any such corporation or association, for all debts and liabihties of every kind. Ill, IG4. — The stockholders in every bank or banking com- pany shall be individually responsible to an amount over and above their stock, equal to their respective shares of stock, for all debts or liabilities of said bank or banking company. Jnd., 179. — Dues from corporations, other than banking, shall be secured by such individual liability of the corpo- rators, or other means, as may be prescribed by law. Ind., 179. — Every stockholder in a banking corporation or institution shall be individually responsible and liable to its creditors, over and above the amount of stock by him or her held, to an amount equal to his or her respective shares so held, for all its liabilities, accru- ing while he or she remains such stockholders. Iowa, 191. — Dues from corporations shall be secured by indivi- dual liability of the stockholders to an additional amount equal to the slock owned by each stock- holder, and such other means as shall be provided by law ; but such individual liabilities shall not apply to railroad corporations, nor corporations for religious or charitable purposes. Kan., 215. — The stockholders of all corporations and joint stock associations shall be individually liable for all labor performed for such corporation or association. Midi., 312. — Each stQckholder in any corporation shall be liable to the amount of the stock held or owned by him. Min., 328. — Dues from private corporations shall be secured by such means as may be prescribed by law ; but in all cases each stockholder shall be individually liable, over and above the slock by him or her owned, and any amount unpaid thereon, in a further sum, at least equal in amount to such stock. Mo., 200. — Dues from corporations shall be secured by such means as may be prescribed by law ; Provided, That corporators in corporations formed under the laws of this State, shall not be individually liable for the debts or liabilities ol such corporation. Neo., 388. — Dues from corporations shall be secured, by such individual liability of the stockholders, and other means, as may be prescribed by law; but, in all cases, each stockholder shall be liable, over and above the stock by him or her owned, and any amount unpaid thereon, to a further sum, at least equal in amount to such stock. Ohio, 443. — The stockholders of all corporations and joint- stock companies shall be liable for the indebtedness of said corporation to the amount of their stock sub- scribed and unpaid, and no more. Or., 457. — Corporations may sue and be sued in all courts in like manner as individuals. A^ev., 389. — The stockholders in any corporation and joint asso- ciation for banking purposes, issuing bank notes, shall be individually liable in an amount equal to double the amount of stock owned by them for all the debts of such corporation or association ; and such indi- vidual liability shall continue for one year after any transfer or sale of stock by any stockholder or stock- holders. Mill., 329. — The officers and stockholders of every corporation or association for banking purposes issuing bank notes or paper credits to circulate as money, shall be indi- vidually liable for all debts contracted during the time of their being officers or stockholders of such corporation or association. Mich., 312. STATE INSTITUTIONS. — It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by law for the support of institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb, and of the lilind, and also for the treatment of the insane. Ind, 178. — The General Assembly shall provide bouses of refuge for the correction and reformation of juvenile offenders. Ind., 178. — Institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind and' deaf and dumb, and such other benevolent institu- tions as the public good may require, shall be fostered and supported by the State, subject to such regula- tions as may be prescribed by law. Trustees of such benevolent institutions as may be hereafter created shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; and upon all nominations made by the Governor, the question shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered upon the joiu-ual. Kon., 203. — A penitentiary shall be established, the directors of which shall be appointed or elected, as prescribed by law. Kurt., 203. — Tlie Governor shall fill any vacancy that may occur in the offices aforesaid, until the next .se.ssion of the Legislature, and until a successor to his ajipointee shall be confirmed and qualified. Kan., 203. — Institutions for the benefit of those inhabitants who are deaf, dumb, blind or insane, shall alwaj's be fos- tered and supported. Mich., 311. — Institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, and deaf and dumb, and such other benevolent institutions as the public good may require, shall bo fostered and supported by the Slate, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law. Nev., .'iDl. — A State Prison shall be established and maintained in such a manner as uniy be prescribed by law, and provision may be made by law for the establishment and maintenance of a House of Refuge for juvenile ofl'enders. Kev., 391. — The respective counties of the Slate shall provide, as may be prescribed by law, for those inliabilants who, by reason of age and infirinilies, or misfortunes, may have claim upon the sympathy and aid of society. A'fTO., 203; Nev., 391. — Institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, and deaf and dumb, shall always he fostered and sup- ported by the Slate, and be subject to such regula- tions as may be prescribed by the General Assembly. Ohio, 439. — The Directors of the Penitentiary shall be appointed or elected in sucli manner as the General Assembly may direct ; and the trustees of the benevolent and other State institutions, now elected by the General Assembly, and of sucli other State institutions as may be hereafter created, shall be appointed by the Gov- ernor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate ; and upon all nominations made by the Gov- ernor tlie question shall be taken by yea^ and nays and entered upon the journals of the Senate. Ohio, 439. — The Governor, Secretary of State, and Attorney- General shall constitute a Board of State Prison Conmiissioners, which Board shall have siicli super- vision of all matters connected witli the State prison as may be provided by law. They shall also consti- tute a Board of Examiner.s, with power to examine all claims against the State, except salaries or com- pensation of officers fixed by law, and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. And no claim against the State except salaries or compensa- tion of otiicers fi.xed by law, shall be passed upon by the Legislature without having been considered and acted upon by said Board of Examiners. Nev., 385. — The four hundred thousand acres of land that have been surveyed and set apart under the provisions of a law approved 30th August, A. D. 1856, for the benefit of a lunatic asylum, a deaf and dumb asylum, a blind asylum, and an orphan asylum, shall consti- tute a fund for the support of such institution.s, one- fourth part for eacli ; and the said fund shall never be diverted to any other purpose. The said lands may be sold, and the funds invested under the same rules and regulations as provided lor the lands belonging to the school fund. The income of said fiind only shall be applied to the support of such institutions ; and until so applied shall be invested in the same manner as the principal. Tex., 520. 175 1 S 9- It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide for the organization 2 of cities and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, 3 assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning their credit, so 4 as to prevent abuses in assessments, and in contracting debt by such municipal 5 corporations. COUNTIES— COUNTY SEATS. — The General Assembly may, by a vote of two- thirds of both branches thereof, arrange and desig- nate boundaries for the several counties of this State, whicli boundaries shall not be altered except by a like vote; but no new county shall be hereafter formed of less extent than six hundred square miles, nor shall any existing county be reduced to a less extent than six hundred square miles; and no new county shall be formed not containing a sufficient number of inhabitants to entitle it to one representa- tive under the existing ratio of representation, nor unless the counties from which it is taken shall be left with the required number entitling them to sepa- rate representation. Ala., 74. — No county now established by law shall ever be reduced by the establishment of any new county or counties, to less than six hundred square miles, nor to a less population than its ratio of representation in the House of Representatives ; nor shall any county be hereafter established which shall contain less than si.K hundred square miles, or a less population than would entitle each county to a member in the House of Representatives. Ark., S7. — The Legislature shall establish a system of county and town governments, which shall be as nearly uni- form as practicable throughout the State. C'al., 104 ; iriv., 563. — If a new county be established, it shall be added to a district which it adjoins. The Senatorial districts may be changed by the General Assembly, but only at the first session after the taking of each census by the United States Government, and their number shall never be increased. Ga., 144. — They may alter the boundaries of counties, and establish new counties ; but every bill to establish a new county shall be passed by at least two-thirds of the members present in each branch of the General Assembly. Ga., 146. — No county shall be divided, or have any part stricken therefrom, without submitting the question to a vote of the people of the county, nor unless a majority of all the legal voters of the county, voting on the question, shall vote on the same. Ill, 162. — There shall be no territory stricken from any county unless a majority of the voters living in such terri- tory shall petition for such division ; and no territory shall be added to any county without the consent of the majority of the voters of the county to which it is proposed to be added. III., 163. — All territory which has been or may be stricken off, by Legislative enactment, from any organized county or counties, for the purpose of forming a new county, and which shall remain unorganized after the period provided for such organization, shall be and remain a part of the county or counties from which it was originally taken, for all purposes of county and State government, until otherwise pro- vided by law. Ill, 163. — No county seat shall be removed until the point to which it is proposed to be removed shall be lixed by law, and a majority of the voters of the county shall have voted in favor of its removal to such point. lU., 163. — The General Assembly shall provide, by a general law, for a town.ship organization, under which any county may organize whenever a majority of the voters of such county, at any general election, shall so determine ; and whenever any county shall adopt a township organization, so much of this Constitu- tion as provides for the management of tlie fiscal concerns of the said county by the County Court may be dispensed with, and the alTairs of said county may be transacted in such manner as the General Assembly may provide. III., 1G3. — No new county shall be formed or establi-shed by the General Assembly, which will reduce tlie county or counties, or either of them, from which it shiiU be taken, to less contents than four hundred square miles ; nor shall any county be formed of less con- tents; nor shall any line thereof pass within less than ten miles of any county seat of the county or counties proposed to be divided. III., 162. — All lands which have been granted, as a "common," to the inliabitants of any town, hamlet, village, or corporation, by any person, body politic, or corporate, or by any government having power to make such grant, shall forever remain common to the inhabit- ants of such town, hamlet, village, or corporation ; but the said common.s, or any of them, or any part thereof, may be divided, leased, or granted in such manner as may hereafter be provided by law, on petition of a majority of the qualified voters interested in such commons or any of them. III., 165. — No county shall be reduced to an area less than four hundred square miles; nor shall any county under that area be further reduced. Ind., 181. — No new county shall be hereafter created contain- ing less than four hundred and thirty-two square miles ; nor shall the territory of any organized county be reduced below that area, except the county of Worth, and the counties west of it, on the Minnesota line, may be organized without additional territory. Iowa, 194. — The Legislature shall provide for organizing new counties, locating county seats, and clianging county hues; but no county seat shall be changed without the consent of a majority of the electors of the county, nor any county organized, nor the lines of any county changed, so as to include an area of less than four hundred and thirty-two square miles. Kan., 203. — When a new county shall be erected, officers for the same, to serve until the next stated election, shall be elected, or appointed in sucli a way and at such times as the General As.sembly may prescribe. Ay., 219. —The General Assembly may provide for organizing new counties, locating and removing county seats and changing county lines, but no new county shall be organized without the consent of a majority of the legal voters residing within the limits about to form said county, nor shall the lines of any county be changed without the consent of a majority of the legal voters residing within the limits' of the lines proposed to be changed, nor shall any new county contain less than four hundred square miles nor less than ten thousand white inliabitants, nor shall any county be reduced below that amount of square miles, nor below that number of white inhabitants. Md.. 235. — -The General Assembly shall provide by general law for dividing the counties into townships or per- manent municipal corporations, in place of the exist- ing election districts, prescriljing their limits and confiding to them all powers necessary for tlie man- agement of their public local concerns ; and whenever 176 the orfranization of these township corporations shall be perfected, all officers provided I'or in this Consti- tution, but whose official functions shall have been superseded by such organization shall be dispensed with, and the affairs of such townships and of the counties as affected by the action of such towDships shall be transacted in such manner as the General Assembly may direct, ild., 276. — The General Court shall have full power and authority to erect and constitute municipal or city governments, in any corporate town or towns in this Commonwealth, and to grant to the inhabitants thereof such powers, privileges and immunities not repugnant to the Constitution, as the General Court shall deem necessary or expedient for the regulation and government thereof, and to prescribe the manner of calling and holding public meetings of the inhab- itants in wards or otherwise, for the election of officers under the Constitution, and the manner of returning the votes given at such meetings; Pro- vided, That no such government shall be erected or constituted in any town not containing twelve thou- sand inhabitants; nor unless it be with the consent, and on the applicaliou of a majority of the inhabit- ants of such town present and voting thereon, pur- suant to a vote at a meeting duly warned and holdcn for that purpose; And provided, also, That all by-laws made by such municipal or city government shall be subject, at all times, to be annulled by the General Court. Mass., 294. — No county seat once established shall be removed until the place to which it is proposed to be removed shall be designated by two-thirds of the Board of Supervisors of the county, and a majority of the electors voting thereon shall have voted in favor of the proposed location, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Mich., 309. — Each organized township shall be a body corporate, with such powers and immunities as shall be pre- scribed by law. All suits and proceedings by or against a township, shall be in the name thereof Mich., 309. — Nor organized county shall ever be reduced by the organization of new counties to less than sixteen townships, as surveyed by the United States, unless in pursuance of law, a majority of electors residing in each county to be affected thereby shall so decide. The Legislature may organize any city into a sepa- rate county, when it has attained a population of twenty thousand inhabitants, without reference to geographical extent, when a majority of the electors of a county in which such city may be situated, voting thereon, shall be in favor of a separate organ- ization. Mich., 309. — Each organized county shall be a body corporate, with such powers and immunities as shall be estab- hshed by law. All suits and proceedings by or against a county shall be in the name thereof. Mich., 309. — Any territory attached to any county for judicial purposes, if not otherwise represented, shall be con- sidered as forming a part of such county, so far as regards elections for the purpose of representation. Mich., 317. — The Legislature may organize any city into a separate county, when it has attained a population of twenty thousand inhabitants, without reference to geographical extent, when a majority of the electors of the county in which such city may be situated, voting thereon, shall be in favor of a separate organi- zation. Mill., 328. — The Legislature may, from time to time, establish and organize new counties; but no new county shall contain less than four hundred square miles; nor shall any county be reduced below that amount; and all laws changing county lines in counties already organ- ized, or for removing county seats, shall, before taking effect, be submitted to tlie electors of the county or counties to be affected thereby, at the next genend election after the passage thereof, and be adopted by a majority of such electors. Counties now estab- h.shed may be enlarged, but not reduced below four hundred square miles. Min., 328. — Laws may be passed providing for the organization, for municipal and other town purposes, of any con- gressional or fractional townships in the several counties in the State, provided that when a town- ship is divided by county lines, or does not contain one hundred inhabitants, it may be attached to one or more adjacent townships, or parts of townships, for the purposes aforesaid. Min., 328. — No new county shall be established by the Legis- lature, which shall reduce the county or counties, or either of them, from which it may be taken, to less contents than five hundred and seventy-six square miles; nor shall any new county be laid off of less contents, i/is.?., 343. — The General Assembly shall have no power to establish any new county with a territory of less than five hundred square miles, or with a population less than the ratio of representation existing at the time; nor to reduce any county now established to less than that area, or to less population than such ratio. Mo., 354. — The General Assembly shall have no power to remove the county seat of any county unless two- thirds of the qualified voters of the county, at a gen- eral election, shall vote in favor of such removal. No compensation or indemnity for real estate, or the improvements thereon, affected by such removal, shall be allowed. Mo., 354. —And the Legislature, on the application of the major part of the inhabitants of any county, shall have authority to divide the same into two districts for registering deeds, if to them it shall appear neces- sary ; each district to elect a Register of Deeds ; and before they enter upon the business of their offices, shall he respectively sworn faithfully to discharge the duties thereof, and shall severally give bond, with sufficient sureties, in a reasonable sum, for the u.se of the county, for the punctual performance of their respective trusts. N. H., 408. — The General Assembly shall attach any new coun- ties, that may hereafter be erected, to such districts, or subdivisions thereof, as shall be most convenient. Ohio, 442. -No new county shall contain less than four hun- dred square miles of territory, nor shall any county be reduced below that amount; and all laws creating new counties, changing county lines, or removing county seats, shall, before taking effect, be submitted to the electors of the several counties to be afiected thereby, at the next general election afler the passage thereof, and be adopted by a majority of all the electors voting at such election, in each of said coun- ties; but any county now or hereafter containing one hundred thousand inhabitants, may be divided, whenever a majority of the voters, residing in each of the proposed division.s, shall approve of the law passed for that purpose ; but no town or city within the same, shall be divided, nor sliall either of the divisions contain less than twenty thousand inhabit- ants. Ohio, 435. — No county shall be reduced to an area less than four hundred square miles; nor shall any new county be established in this State containing a less area, nor unless such new county shall contain a population of at least twelve hundred inhabitants. Or., 458. — The citizens who may be included in any new county, shall vote with the county or counties from which they may have been stricken oft' for members of Congress, for Governor, and for members of the General Assembly, until the next apportionment of members to the General Assembly after the estab- lishment of such new county. Tenn., 498. — New counties may be established by the Legisla- ture, to consist of not less than three hundred and fifty square miles, and which shall contain a popula- tion of four hundred and fifty qualified voters. No line of such county shall approach the court-house of any old county from which it may be taken, nearer than twelve miles. No part of a county shall be taken to form a new county or a part thereof, with- out the consent of a majority of the qualified voters in such part taken off. And in all cases where an 177 old county may be reduced for the purpose of form- ing a new one, the seat of justice in said old county sliall not be removed witliout the concurrence of two-thirds of both branches of the Legislature, nor shall said old county be reduced to less than six hurw- dred and twenty-five square miles. [Special clauses are inserted in Constitution relative to counties named.] Tenn., 498. — No county shall be divided by a line cutting off over one tenth of its population (either to form a new county, or otherwise), without the express assent of such county, by a vote of the electors thereof; nor shall any new county be established, containing less than four hundred square miles. Pa., 471. — The Legislature may, from time to time, aboUsh new counties for the convenience of the inhabitants of such new county or counties ; Provided, That no new county shall be established which shall reduce the county or counties, or either of them, from which it shall be taken, to a less area than nine hundred square miles, unless by consent of two-thirds of the Legislature, nor shall any county be organized of less contents ; Provided further, That all counties heretofore created are hereby declared to be legally constituted counties. Every pew county has the right of suffrage and representation, shall be consi- dered as part of the county or counties from which it was taken until the next apportionment of repre- sentation thereafter ; Provided also. That no new county shall be laid off, when less than one hundred and twenty qualified jurors are at the time resident tlierein. Tex., 517. — No new county shall be formed with an area of less than six hundred square miles; nor shall the county or counties from which it is formed be reduced below that area, nor shall any county, having a white population less than five thousand, be deprived of more than one-fifth of such population, nor shall a county having a larger white population be reduced below four thousand. But any county, the length of which is three times its mean breadth, or which exceeds fifty miles in length, may be divided at the discretion of the General Assembly. In all general elections the voters in any county not entitled to separate representation shall vote in the same elec- tion district. Va., 539. • — No new county shall be formed having an area of less than four hundred square miles; or if another county be thereby reduced below that area, or if any territory be thereby taken from a county containing less than four hundred square miles. And no new county shall be formed containing a white population of less than four thousand ; or if the white population of another county be thereby reduced below that number ; or if any county containing less than four thousand white inhabitants be thereby reduced in area. But the Legislature may, at any time, annex any county containing less than four thousand white inhabitants to an adjoining county or counties as a part thereof W. Va , 555. — No county with an area of nine hundred square miles or less shall be divided, or have any part stricken therefrom, without submitting the question to a vote of the people of the county, nor unless a majority .of all the legal voters of the county, voting on the question, shall vote for the same. Wis., 571. — No county seat shall be removed until the point to which it is proposed to be removed shall be fixed by law, and a majority of the voters of the county, voting on the question, shall have voted in favor of its removal to such point. Wis., 571. — The different counties in this Stale shall be laid off as the General A.ssembly may direct, into districts of convenient size, so that the whole number in each county shall not be more than twenty-five, or four for every one hundred square miles. There shall be two Justices of the Peace and one Constable elected in each district, by the qualified voters therein, except districts including county towns, which shall elect three Justices and two Constables. The jurisdiction of said officers shall be co-extensive with the county. Justices of the Peace shall be elected for the term of six, and Constables for the term of two years. Upon the removal of either of said officers from the district in which he was elected, his office shall become vacant from the time of such removal. Justices of the Peace shall be commissioned by the Governor. The Legis- lature shall have power to provide for the appoint- ment of an additional number of Justices of the Peace in incorporated towns. Tenn., 497. — Each county, town, city, and incorporated village, shall make provision for the support of its own offi- cers, subject to such restrictions and regulations as the Legislature may prescribe. Cal, 104. — Every county shall be divided into not less than three, nor more than ten townships, laid ofl" as com- pactly as practicable, with reference to natural bound- aries, and containing as nearly as practicable, an equal number of white population, but not less than four hundred. Each township shall be designated, " The Township of in the county of ," by which name it may sue and be sued. W. Va., 557. — The Board of Supervisors may alter the bounds of a township of their county, or erect new townships therein, with the consent of a majority of the voters of each township interested, assembled in stated township meeting, or in a meeting duly called for the purpose, subject to the provisions of the first section of this article. W. Va., 555. — Nothing contained in this article shall impair or aflect the charter of any municipal corporation, or restrict the power of the Legislature to create or regulate such corporations. W. Va., 555. 45 178 AETIOLE IX. 1 Section 1. The capital of tho Common Scliool Fund, the capital of the 2 Literature Fimd, and the capital of the United States Deposit Fund, shall be 3 respectively preserved inviolate. The revenues of the said Common School 4 Fund shall be applied to the support of common schools ; the revenues of the 5 said Literature Fund shall be applied to the support of academies, and the C sum of twenty-five thousand dollars of tho revenues of the United States 7 Deposit Fund shall each year be appropriated to and made a part of the capital 8 of the said Common School Fund. SCHOOLS— SCHOOL FUNDS. — The General Assembly shall from time to time enact necessary and proper laws for the encourage- ment of schools and the means of education ; shall take proper measures to preserve fiom waste or dam- age .such hinds as^iave been or ra.iy be granted by the United Statexi'or the use of schools in each town- ship in this State, and apply the funds which may be raised from such lands in strict conformity with the object of such grant; shall take like measures for the improvement of such lands as have been or may hereafter be granted by the United States to this State for the support of a seminary of learning; and the money which may be raised from such lands by rent, lease or sale, or from any other quarter, for the purpose aforesaid, shall be and forever remain a fund for the exclusive support of a State university for the promotion of tlie arts, literature, and the sciences; and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by law effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of such institution. Ala., 77. — Be it ordained, That no act of the Legislature of this State prohibiting the education of any class of the inhabitants thereof, shall have the force of law. Ark., 95. — The proceeds of all lands belonging to this State, except such parts thereof as may be reserved or appropriated to piiblic use, or ceded to the United Staines, which sliall hereafter be sold or disposed of, together with tlie fund denominated the common school fund, shall be and remain a perpetual fund; the interest of which shall be inviolably appropriated and applied to the support of common schools throughout this Slate. N. Y. (1821), 42. — Knowledge and learninggenerally diffused through- out a community, being es.sential to the preservation of a free government, and diffusing the opportunities and advantages of education through the various parts of the Slate, being highly conducive to this end, it shall be the duly of the General A.ssembly to provide by law for the improvement of such lands as are or hereafter may be granted by the United States to this State tor the use of schools, and to apply any fjnds which may be raised from such lands, or from any other source, to the accomplishment of the object for which they are or may be intended. The Gen- eral Assembly shall, from time to time, pass such laws as shall be calculated to encourage intellectual, scientific and agricultural improvement, by allowing rewards and immunities for the promotion and improvement of arts, science, commerce, manufac- tures, and natural history, and countenance and encourage the principles of humanity, industry and morality. Ark., 'J2. — The legislature shall provide for the eledion by the people of a Superintendent of Public Instruction, who shall hold his olfice lor three years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law, and who shall receive such compensation as the Legislature may direct. Cai, 163; (nearly similar), Mich., 308; Nev., 389; (nearly similar, but term two years), Jnd., 178; nearly similar, but term four years), Ky., 222; Mo., 3G0. —The Legislature shall encourage by all suitable means the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral and agricultural improvement. The proceeds of all land that may be granted by the United Slates to this Stale for the support of schools, which may be sold or disposed of, and the five hundred thousand acres of land granted to tlie new states under an act of Congress, distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several slates of the Union, approved A. D., 1841 ; and all estate of deceased persons who may have died without leaving a will, or heir, and also such per cent as may be granted by Congress on the sale of lands in this State, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which, together with all the rents of tlie unsold lands, and such other means as the Legislature may provide, shall be inviol- ably appropriated to the support of common schools throughout the Stale. Cal, 103. -- The Legislature shall provide for a system of com- mon schools, by which a school shall be kept up and supported in each district at least three months in every year, any district neglecting to keep and sup- port such a school, may be deprived of its pioportion of the interest of the public fund during such neglect. Cal, 103. — The fund called the School Fund shall remain a perpetual fund, tlie interest of which shall be inviol- ably appropriated to the support and encouragement of the public or common schools throughout the State, and for the equal benefit of all the people thereof. The value and amount of said fund shall, as soon as practicable, be ascertained in such manner as the General Assembly may prescribe, published and recorded in the Comptroller's office ; and no law shall ever be made authorizing said fund to be diverted to any other use thai the encouragement and support of pubhc or common scliools, among the several school societies, as justice and equity shidl require. Ct., 112. — The proceeds of all lands for the use of schools and a seminary or seminaries of learning shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which, together with all moneys accrued from any other source, applicable to the same object, shall be invio- lably appropriated to the use of sc^hoolsand seminaries of learning, respectively, and to no other purpose. Fl, 138. — The General Assembly shall take such measures as may be necessary to preserve, from waste or damage, all lands so granted and appropriated for the purpose of education. Fl.. 138. — Knowledge and learning, generally diffused through- out a community, being essential to the preservation of a free government, it shall be the duty of the Gen- 179 eral Assembly to encourage, by all suitable means, moral, intellectual, scientific and agricultural improve- ment, and to provide by law for a general and uniform system of common schools, wherein tuitiou shall be without charge, and equally open to all Ind., 177. — The common school fund shall consist of the con- gressional township fund, and the lands belonging thereto ; The surplus revenue fund ; The saline fund, and the lands belonging thereto ; The bank tax fund, and the fund arising from the one hundred and fourteenth section of the charter of the State Bank of Indiana ; The fund to be derived from the sale of county seminaries, and the moneys and property heretofore held for such seminaries; from the fines assessed for breaches of the penal laws of the State ; and from all forfeitures which may accrue; All lands and other estate which shall escheat to the State for want of heirs or kindred entitled to the inheritance. Ind., 178. — All lands that have been, or may hereafter be, granted to the State, where no special purpose is caressed in the grant, and the proceeds of tlie sales thereof, including the proceeds of the sales of the swamp lands granted to the State of Indiana by the act of Congress of 28th September, 1850, after deduct- ing the expense of selecting and draining the same. Ind., 178. — Taxes on the property of corporations that may be aiisessed for common school purposes. lud., 178. — The principal of the common school fund shall remain a perpetual fund, which may bo increased, but shall never be diminished; and the income thereof shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools, and to no other purpose whatever. Ind., 178. — The General Assembly shall invest, in some safe and profitable manner, all such portions of the c immon school fund as have not heretofore been intrusted to the several counties ; and shall make provision by law for the distribution among the sev- eral counties of the interest thereof. Ind., 178. — If any county shall fail to demand its proportion of such interest for common school purposes, the same shall be reinvested for the benefit of such county. Ind., 178. — The several counties .shall be held liable for the preservation of so much of the said fund as may be intrusted to tliem, and for the payment of the annual interest thereon. Ind., 17S. — All trust funds held by the State shall remain invi- olate, and be faithfully and exclusively applied to the purposes for which the trust was created. Ind., 178. — The educational interest of the State, to include common schools and other educational institutions, shall be under the management of a Board of Educa- tion, wliich shall consist of the Lieutenant-Governor, who shall be the presiding officer of the board, and have the casting vote in case of a tie, and one mem- ber to be elected from each judicial district in the State. Iowa, 191. • — No person shall be eligible as a member of said Board who shall not have attained the age of twenty- five years, and been one year a citizen of the State. Iowa, 192. — One member of said board shall be chosen by the qualified electors of each district, and shall hold the office for the term of four years, and until his succes- sor is elected and qualified. After the first election under this Con.stitution, the board shall be divided, as nearly as practicable, into two equal classes, and the seals of the first class shall be vacated after the expiration of two years; and one-half of the board .shall be chosen every two years thereafter. luwa, 102. — The first session of the Board of Education shall be held at the seat of government, on the first Mon- day of December, after their election ; after which the General Assembly may fix the time and place of meeting. Iowa, 192. — The session of the board shall be limited to twenty days, and but one session shall be held in any one year, except on extraordinary oocasion.s, when, upon the recommendation of two thirds of the board, the Governor may order a special session. Ijwa, 192. — The Board of Education shall appoint a Secretary, who shall be the executive officer of the Board, and perform such duties as may be imposed upon him by the Board and the laws of the State. They shall keep a journal of their proceedings, which shall be published and distributed in the same manner as the journals of the General Assembly. Iowa, 192. — All rules and regulations made by the Board shall be published and distributed to the several counties, townships, and school districts, as may be provided for by the Board, and when so passed, published and distributed, they shall have the force and effect of law. Iowa, 192. — The Board of Education shall have full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regulations in relation to common schools and other educational institutions that are instituted, to receive aid from the school or university fund of this State; but all acts, rules and regulations of said Board may be altered, amended, or repealed by the General Assembly; and when so altered, amended or repealed they shall not be re-enacted by the Board of Educa- tion, luwa, 192. — The Governor of the Stat« shall be ex officio, a member of said Board. Iowa, 192. — The Board shall have power lo levy taxes, or make appropriations of money. The contingent expenses shall be provided for by the General Assembly. Iowa, 192. — The members of the Board of Education shall pro- vide for the education of all the youths of the State, through a system of common school.s. And such schools shall be organized and kept in each school- district at least three months in each year. Any district failing, for two consecutive years, to organize and keep up a school, may be deprived of their por- tion of the .school fund. Iowa, 192. — The members of the Board of Education shall each receive the same per diem during the time of their session, and mileage going to and returning there- from, as members of the General Assembly. luwa, 192. — The majority of the Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business; but no rule, regula- tion or law for the regulation and government of common schools or other educational institutions shall pass without the concurrence of a majority of all the members of the Board, which shall be expressed by the yeas and nays on the final passage. The style of all the acts of the Board shall be, " Be it enacted by the Board of Education of the State of Iowa." Iowa, 192. — At any time after the year of 18C3, the General Assembly shall have power to abolish or re-organize said Board of Education, and provide for the educa- tional interest of the State in any other manner that to them shall seem best and proper. Iowa, 192. — The educational and school funds and lands shall be under the control and management of the Gen- eral Assembly of this Slate. Iowa, 192. — The General Assembly shall encourage, by all suit- able means, the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral, and agricultural improvement. Tlie proceeds of all lands that have been, or hereafter may be, granted by the United States to th'S State for the support of schools, which sliall hereafter be sold or dispo.sed of, and the five hundred thousand acres of land granted to the new States, under an act of Con- gress, distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several States of the Union, approved in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-one, and all estates of deceased persons who may have died without leaving a will or heir, and also such per cent, as m.iy have been granted by Con- gress, on the sale of lands in this State. sh.iU be, and remain a jierpetual fund, the interest of which, together with all the rents of the unsold land.s, and such other means as the General Assembly may pro- 180 vide, sliall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools throughout tlie State. Iowa, 192. — The money which may have been, or shall be paid by persons as an equivalent for exemption from mili- tary duty, an-i the clear proceeds of all fines collected in the several counties for any bp'ach of the penal laws, shall be exclusively applied, in the several coun- ties in which such money is paid, or fine collected, among the several school-districts of said counties, in proportion to the number of youths subject to enu- meration in such districts, to the support of common schools, or the establishment of libraries, as the Board of Education shall from time to time provide. Iowa, 193. The financial agents of school funds shall be the same that, by law, receive and control the State and county revenue, for other civil purposes, under such regulations as may be provided by law. Iowa, 193. The money subject to the support and maintenance of common schools shall be distributed to the districts in proportion to the number of youths between the age of five and twenty-one years, in such manner as may be provided by the General Assembly. Iowa, 193. — All losses to the permanent^ school or university fund of this State, which shall have been occasioned by the defalcation, mismanagement or fraud of the agents or officers controlling and managing the same, shall be audited by the proper authorities of the State. The amount so audited shall be a permanent funded debt against the State, in favor of the respective fund sustaining the loss, upon which not less than si.K per cent annual interest shall be paid. The amount of liability so created shall not be counted as a part of the indebtedness authorized by tlie second section of this article. Iowa, 190. — The State Superintendent of Public Instruction shall have the general supervision of the common school funds and educational interest of the State, and per- form such other duties as may be prescribed by law. A Superintendent of Public Instruction shall be elected in tach county, whose term of office shall be two years, and whose duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law. Kan., 202. — The proceeds of all lands that have been or may be granted by the United States to the State for the support of schools, and the five hundred thousand acres of land granted to the new States, under an act of Congress distributing the proceeds of public lands among the several States of the Union, approved September 4, A. D., 1841, and all estates of persons dying without heir or will, and such per cent as may be granted by Congress on the sale of lands in this State, shall be the common property of the State, and shall be a perpetual school fund, which shall not be diminished, but the interest of which, together with all the rents of the lands, and such other means as the Legislature may provide, by tax or otherwise, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools. Kan., 202. — The income of the State school funds shall be dis- bursed annually, by order of the State Superintend- ent, to the several County Treasurers, and thence to the Taeasurer of the several school districts, in equitable proportion to the number of children and youth resident therein between the ages of five and twenty-one years; Provided, That no school district in which a common school has not been maintained at least three months in each year, shall be entitled to receive any portion of such funds. Kan., 202. — The school lands shall not be sold unless such sale shall be authorized by a vote of the people at a gen- eral election ; but, subject to re-valuation every five years, they may be leased for any number of years not exceeding twenty-five, at a rate established by law. Kan., 202. — All money which shall be paid by persons as an equivalent for exemption from military duty; the clear proceeds of estrays, ownership of which shall vest in the taker up ; and the proceeds of fines for any breach of the penal laws, shall be exclusively applied, in the several counties in which the money is paid or fines collected, to the support of common schools. Kan., 302. — No religious sect or sects shall ever control any part of the common school or university funds of the State. Kan., 203. — The State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State and Attorney-General, shall con- stitute a Board of Commissioners, for the manage- ment and investment of the school funds. Any two of said Commissioners shall constitute a quorum. Kan., 203. — The Legislature, in providing for the formation and regulation of schools, shall make no distinction between the I'iglus of males and females. Kan., 200. — The capital of the fund called and known as the " Common School Fund," consisting of one million two hundred and twenty-five thousand seven hun- dred and si.xty-eight dollars and forty-two cents, for which bonds have been executed by the State to the Board of Education, and seventy-three thousand five hundred dollars of stock in the Bank of Kentucky; also, the sum of fifty-one thousand two hundred and twenty-three dollars and twenty-nine cents, balance of interest on the school fund for the year 1848, unexpended, together with any sum which may be hereafter raised in the State by taxation, or other- wise, for purposes of education, shall be held invio- late, for the purpose of sustaining a system of com- mon schools. The interest and dividends of said funds, together with any sum which may be produced for that purpose by taxation or otherwise, may be appropriated in aid of common schools, but lor no other purpose. The^General Assembly shall invest said fifty-one thousand two hundred and twenty- three dollars and twenty-nine cents in some safe and profitable manner; and any portion of the interest and dividends of said school fund, or other money or property raised for school purposes, which may not be needed in sustaining common schools, shall be invested in like manner. The General Assembly shall make provision, by law, for the payment of the interest of said school fimd ; Provided. That each county shall be entitled to its proportion of the income of said fund, and if not called for, for com- mon school purposes, it shall be reinvested from time to time for the benefit of such county. Ky., 'I'll. — There shall be elected a Superintendent of Public Education, who shall hold his office for the term of four years. His duties shall be prescribed by law, and he shall receive a salary of four thousand dollars per annum until otherwise provided law : Provided, That the General Assembly shall have power, by a vote of a majority of the members elected to both Houses, to abolish the said office of Superintendent of Public Education, whenever, in their opinion, said office shall be no longer neces.sary. La., 236. — The Legislature shall provide for the education of all children of the State, between the ages of six and eighteen years, by maintenance of free public schools by taxation or otherwise. La., 236. — The general exercises in the common schools shall be conducted in the English language. La., 236. — The proceeds of all lands heretofore granted by the United States to this State for the use or purpose of the public schools, and of all lands which may here- after be granted or bequeatlied for that purpose, and the proceeds of the estates of deceased persons to which the state may become entitled by law, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, on which the State shall pay an annual interest of six per cent, which interest, together with the interest of the trust funds, deposited with the State by the United States, under the act of Congress, approved June 23, 1836, and all the rents of the unsold lands shall be appropriated to the purpose of such schools, and the appropriation shall remain inviolable. La., 236. — No appropriation shall be made by the Legislature for the support of any private school or institution of learning whatever, but the highest encouragement shall be granted to public schools throughout the State. La.. 237. — The Governor shall, within thirty days after the 181 ratification by the people of this Constitution, appoint, subject lo the confirmation of the Senate, at its first session thereafter, a State Superintendent of Public Instruction, who shall hold his office for four years, and until his successor shall have been appointed and shall have qualified. He shall receive an annual salary of twenty-five hundred dollars, and such addi- tional sum for traveling and incidental expenses as the General Assembly may by law allow ; shall report to the General Assembly within thirty days after the commencement of its first session under this Constitution, a uniform system of free public schools, and shall perform such other duties pertainin;; to his office as may from time to time be prescribed by law. Md., 274. — There shall be a State Board of Education, consist- int; of the Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor, and Speaker of the House of Delegates, and the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, which Board shall perform such duties as the General Assembly may direct. Md., 274. — There shall be in each county sucli number of School Commissioners as the State Superintendent of Public Instruction shall deem necessary, who shall be appointed by the State Board of Education ; shall hold oflice for four years, and shall perform such duties and receive such compensation as the General Assembly or State Superintendent may direct ; the School Commissioners of Baltimore city shall remain as at present constituted, and shall be appointed, as at present, by tlie Mayor and City Council, subject to such alterations and amendments as may be made from tiuie to time by the General As.sembly, or the said Mayor and City Council. Md., 274. — The General Assembly, at its first session after the adoption of this Constitution, shall provide a uniform system of free public schools, by which a school shall be kept open and supported free of expense for tui- tion in each school-district, for at least six months in each year; and in case of a failure on the part of the General Assembly so to provide, the system reported to it by the State Superintendent of "Public Instruc- tion, shall become the system of free public schools of the State ; Provided, That the report of the State Superintendent shall be in conformity with the pro- visions of this Constitution, and such system shall be subject to such alterations, conformable to this article, as the General Assembly may from time to time enact. Md., 274. —The General Assembly shall levy at each regular session after the adoption of this Constitution an annual tax of not less than ten cents on each one hundred dollars of taxable property throughout the State, for the support of the free public schools, which tax shall be collected at the time and by the same agents as the general State levy ; and shall be paid into the treasury of the State, and shall be distribu- ted under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, among the counties and the city of Baltimore, in proportion to their respective population between the ages of five and twenty years; Provided, That the General A.ssembly shall not levy any additional school tax upon particular counties, unless such county express by popular vote its desire for such ta.x;; the city of Baltimore shall provide for its addi- tional school tax as at present, or as may hereafter be provided by the General Assembly, or by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimors. Md., 275. - The General Assembly shall further provide by law, at its first session alter the adoption of this Con- stitution, a fund for the support of the free public schools of the State, by the imposition of an annual tax of not less than five cents on each one hundred dollars of taxable property throughout the State, the proceeds of which tax .shall be known as the public school fund, and shall be invested by the Treasurer, together with its annual interest until sueh time as said fund shall, by its own increa.se and any additions which may be made to it from time to time, together with the present .school fund amount to six millions of dollars when the tax of ten cents in the hundred dollars authorized by the preceding section, may be 4S discontinued in whole or in part, as the General A.ssembly may direct; the principal fund of six millions hereby provided, shall remain forever invio- late as the free pulilic school fund of the State, and the annual interest of said school fund shall be dis- bursed for educational purposes only, as may be pre- scribed by law. Md., 'lib. — All moneys raised by taxation in the towns and cities for the support of public schools, and all moneys which may be appropriated by the State for the sup- port of common schools, shall be applied to, and expended in, no other schools than those which are conducted according to law, under the order and superintendence of the authorities of the town or city in which the money is to be expended ; and such moneys shall never be appropriated to any religious sect for the maintenance, exclusively, of its own school. Mass., 298. — The Superintendent of Public Instruction shall have the general supervision of public instruction, and his duties shall be prescribed by law. Mich., 310. — The proceeds from the sales of all lands that have been or hereafter may be granted by the United States to the State for educational purposes, and the proceeds of all lands or other property given by indi- viduals or appropriated by the State for like purposes, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest and income of which, together with the rents of all such lands as may remain unsold, shall be inviolably appropriated and annually applied to the specific objects of the original gift, giant, or appropriation. Mich., 310. — All lands, the titles to which shall fail from a defect of heirs, shall escheat to the State; 'and the interest on the clear proceeds fi-om the sales thereof shall be appropriated exclusively to the support of primary schools. Mich., 310. — The Legislature shall, within five years from the adoption of this Constitution, provide for and estab- lish a system of primary scliools, whereby a school shall be kept, without charge for tuition, at least three months in each year, in every school district in the State, and all instruction in said schools shall be con- ducted in the English language. Mich., 310. — A school shall be maintained in each school-district at least three months in each year. Any school-dis- trict neglecting to maintain such school shall be deprived for the ensuing year of its proportion of the income of the primary school fund, and of all funds arising from taxes for the support of schools. Mich., 310. — There shall be elected at the general election in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, three members of a State Board of Education, one for two years, one for four years, and one for six years ; and at each succeeding biennial election there shall be elected one member of such Board, who shall hold his office for six years. The Superinten- dent of Public Instruction shall be ex officio a member and Secretary of such Board. The Board shall have the general supervision of the State Normal School, and their duties shall be prescribed by law. Mich., 311. — All specific State taxes except those received from the mining companies of the tipper Peninsula, shall be applied in paying the interest upon the primary school, university, and other educational funds, and the interest and principal of the State debt, in the order herein recited, until the extinguishment of the State debt, other than the amounts due to educational funds, when such specific taxes shall be added to, and constitute a part of the primary school interest fund. The Legislatui'e shall provide for an annual ta.x, suffi- cient, with other resources to pay the estimated expenses of the State Government, the interest of the State debt, and such deficiency as may occur .'n the resources. Mich., 311. — Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government, tlie preservation of liberty, and the happiness of mankind, schools and means of education, shall forever be encouraged in this State. Miss., 343. 1^2 The stability of a republican form of government depending mainly upon the intelligence of the people, it shall be the duty of the Legislature to establish a general and uniform system of public schools. Min., 326. — Tlie proceeds of such lands as are or hereafter may be granted by the United State.* for the use of schools wiihin each township in this State, shall remain a perpetual school fund to the State, and not more than one-third of said lands may be sold in two years, one- third in five years and one-third in ten years ; but the lands of the greatest valuation shall be sold first ; Provided, That no portion of saitl lands sliall be sold otherwise than at public sale. Tlie principal of all funds arising from sales or other disposition of lands, or other property, granted or intrusted to this Stat(^, in each township for educational purposes, shall for- ever be preserved inviolate and undiminished ; and the income arising from the lease or sale of said school lands shall be distributed to the different town- ships throughout the State, in proportion to the num- ber of scholars in each township between the ages of five and twenty-one yeare, and shall be faithfully applied to the specific objects of the original grants or appropriations. Afin., 32G. — Suitable laws shall be passed by the Legislature for the safe keeping, transfer, and disbursement of the State school funds, and all officers and other per- sons charged with the same shall be required to give ample security for all moneys and funds of any kind, to keep an acourate entry of each sum received, and of each payment and transfer; and if any of said officers or other persons shall convert to his own use in any form, or shall loan with or without interest, contrary to law, or shall deposit in bank.-*, or exchange for other funds, any portion of the funds of the State, every such act shall be adjudged to be an embezzle- ment of so much of the State funds as shall be thus taken, and shall be declared a felony ; and any failure to pay over or produce the State or school funds intrusted to such persons, on demand, shall be held and taken to he prima/acie evidence of such embez- zlement. Min.. 327. — The Legislature shall make such provisions, by taxation or otherwise, as, with the income arising from the school fimd, will secure a thorough and efficient system of public schools in each township in the State. Miti, 326. — A general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence being essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people, the General Assembly shall establish and maintain free schools for the gratuitous instruction of all persons in this State, between the ages of five and twenty-one years. Mo., 300. — Separate schools may be established for children of Ah'ican descent All funds provided for the support of public schools shall be appropriated in proportion to the number of children, without regard to color. Mo , 360. — The supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a " Board of E iucation," whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by law. A Superintendent of Public Schools, who shall be the President of the Board, shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State. He .shall possess the qualifications of a State Senator, and hold his office for the term of four years ; and shall perform such duties, and receive such com- pensation, as may be prescribed by law. The Secre- tary of State and Attorney-General shall be ex-oji io members, and, with the Superintendent, compose said Board of Education. Mo., 360. — The proceeds of all lands that have been, or here- after may be, granted by the United States to this State, and not otherwise appropriated by this State or the United States ; also, all moneys, stock.s, bonds, lands, and other property now belonging to any fund for purpos -s of education ; also, the net proceeds of all sales of lands and other property and effects that may accrue to the State by escheat, or from sales of estrays, or from unclaimed dividends, or distributive sliares of I he estates of deceased persons, or from fines, penalties and forfeitures ; also, any proceeds of the sales of public lands which may have been, or hereafter may be, paid over to this State, if Congress will consent to such appropriation ; also, all other grants, gifts, or devises that have been, or hereafter may be, made to this State, and not otherwise appro- priated by the terms of the grant, gift, or devise, shall te securely invested and sacredly preserved as a pub- lic school fund ; the annual income of which fund, together with so much of the ordinary reveinie of the State as may be necessary, shall be faithfully appro- priated for establishing and maintaining the free schools and the university in this article provided for, and for no other uses or pui'poses whatsoever. Mo, 361. — No part of the public school fund shall ever be invested in the stock, or bonds, or other obligations of any State, or of any county, city, town, or corpo- ration. The stock of the Bank of the State of Mis- souri now held for school purposes, and all other stocks belonging to any school or university fund, shall be sold, in such manner and at such time as the General Assembly shall prescribe; and tlie proceeds thereof, and the proceeds of the sales of any lands or other properly which now belongs, or m:iy hereafter belong, to said school fund, may be invested in the bonds of the United States. All county school funds shall be loaned upon good and sufficient unincum- bered real estate Security, with personal security in addition thereto. Mo., 361. - No town.ship or school-district shall receive any portion of the public school fund, unless a free school shall have been kept therein for not less than three months during tlie year for which distribution thereof is made. The General Assembly shall have power, to require, by law, that every child, of sufficient mental and physical ability,, shall attend the public schools, during the period between the ages of five and eighteen year.s, for a term equivalent to sixteen months, unless educated by other means. 3fo., 3G1. — In case the public school fund shall be insufficient to sustain a free school at least four months in every year in each scool-district in this State, the General Assembly may provide, by law, for the raising of such deficiency, by levying a tax on all the taxable property in each county, townsliip, or school-district, as they may deem proper. Mo., 361. — The General Assembly shall, as far as it can be done without infringing upon vested rights, reduce all lands, moneys, and other property, used or held for school purposes, in the various counties of this State, into the public school fund herein provided for ; and in making distribution of the annual income of said fund, shall take into consideration the amount of any county or city fund, appropriated for common school purposes, and make such distribution as will equalize the amount appropriated for common schools throughout the State. Mo., 361. — The principal of all funds arising from the sale, or other disposition of lands or other property granted or intrusted to this State, for educational and reli- gious purposes, shall forever be preserved inviolate and undiminished; and the income arising therefrom shall be faithfully applied to the specific objects of the original grants or appropriations. The Legislature shall makp such provisions by taxation or otherwise, as, with the income arising from the school trust fund, will secure a thorough and efficient system of common schools throughout the State ; but no reli- gious sect or sects sliall ever have any ex(;lusive right to. or control of any part of the school funds of this State. Neb., 376. — The university lands, school lands, and all other lands which have been acquired by the Territory of Nebraska, or which may hereafter be acquired by the State of Nebraska for educational or school purposes, shall not be aliened or sold for a less sum than five dollars per acre. Neb., 376. — The Legislature shall encourage, by all suitable means, the promotion of intellectual, literary, scien- tific, mining, mechanical, agricultural anil moral improvement, and also provide for the election by the people, at the general election, of a Superinten- 183 dent of Public Instruction, whose term of ofTiie shall be two years from the first Afonday of January, A. D., 18 J5, and until the el-ction and qualification of his successor, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law. Nev., 389. — The Legislature shall provide for a uniform system of common schools, by which a school shall be estab- lished and maintained in each school district at least six months in every year, and any school district nej;leoting to establish and maintain such a soho >l, or whicli sliall allow instruction of a sectarian character therein, may be deprived of its portion of the interest of the public school fund durinsr such a neglect or infraction, and the Legislature may pass such laws as will tend to secure a general attendance of the chil- dren in each school district upon said public schools. Nev., 389. — All lands, including the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections, in every township, donated for the benefit of public schools, in the act of the thirty-eighth Con- gross, to enable the people of Nevada Territory to form a State Government, the thirty thousand acres of public lands granted by an act of Congress, approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty- two, for eacli Senator and Representative in Con- gress, and all proceeds of lands that have been or may be hereafter granted or appropriated by the Uuilcd States to this State, and also the five thou- sand acres of land granted to the new States under the act of Congress, distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several States of the Union, approved A. D. eighteen hundred and tbrty-one ; Provided, That Congress makes provision for or authorizes such division to be made for the purpose herein contained, all estates that may escheat to the State, all of such per cent, as may be granted by Congress on the sale of land, all lines collected under the penal laws of tlie State, all property given or bequeathed to the State for educational purposes ; and all proceeds derived from any or all of such sources shall be, and the same are hereby, solemnly pledged for educational purposes, and shall not be transferred to any other fund for any other uses, and the interest tliereon shall, from time to time, be apportioned among the several counties in proportion to the ascertained numbers of the persons between the ages of six and eighteen years in the different counties ; and the Legislature sliall provide for the sale of floating land warrants to cover the aforesaid lands, and for the investment of all proceeds derived from any of the above mentioned sources in Unitjd States bonds or the bonds of this State ; Provided, That the interest only of the aforesaid proseeds shall be used for educational purposes, and any surplus interest shall Vje sdded to the principal sum; Ani, Provided further, That such portions of said interest as may be necessary may be apportioned for the support of the State University. Neb., 39J. — The Legislature shall have power to establish nor- mal schools, and such diS'ereut grades of schools, from the primary department to the university, as in their discretion they may deem necessary, and all professors in said university, or teachers in said schools, of whatever grade, shall be required to take and subscribe to the oath as prescribed in article 16, of this Constitution. No professor or teacher who fails to comply with the provisions of any law framed in accordance with the provisions of this section shall be entitled to receive any portion of the public moneys set apart for school purposes. Nei\, 39D. — The fund for the support of free schools, and all money, stock and other property, which may here- after be appropriated for tliat purpose, or received nto the treasury under the p.'ovision of any law heretofore passed to augment the said fund, shall be securely ni vested, and remain a perpetual fund; ani the income thereof, except so much as it may be judged expedient to apply to an increase of the capi- tal, shall bo annually appropriated to the support of public schools, for the equal benefit of all the people of the Slate; and it shall not be com letent for the Legislature to borrow, appropriate, or use the said fund, or any part thereof, for any other purpose, under any pretense whatever. N. J., 415. — That a school or schools shall be established by the Legislature, for the convenient instruction of youth, with such salaries to the masters, paid by the public, as may enable them to instruct at low prices; and all usel'ul learning shall be duly encouraged and pro- moted in one or mire universities. N. C, 4'2G. — The General Assembly shall mike such provisions, by taxation or otherwise, as, with the interest arising from the school trust fund, will secure a thorough and efficient system of common schools throughout the Stale; but no religious or other sect or sects shall ever have any exclusive right to or control of any part of the school (umls of this State. O'lio, 43S. — The Governor shall be Sjperintendsnt of Public Instruction, and his powers and duties in that capacity shall be such as may be prescribed by law; but after the term of live years from the adoption of this Constitution, it shall be competent for the Legislative Assembly to provide by law for the election of a Superintendent, to provide for his compensation and prescribe his powers and duties. Or., 455. — The proceeds of all the lands which have been, or liereafter may be, granted to this State for educa- tional purposes (excepting the lands heretofore granted to aid in the establishment of a university), all the moneys and clear proceeds of all property which miy accrue to the State by escheat or forfei- ture ; all moneys which may be paid as exemption from military duly ; the proceeds of all gifts, devises and bequests made by any person to the Slate for common school purposes ; the proceeds of all prop- erty granted to the Stale, when the purposes of such grant shall not be stated; all the proceeds of the five hundred thousand acres of land to which this Slate is entitled by the provision of an act of Congress, entitled " An act to appropriate the proceeds of the s lies of the public lands, and to grant pre-emption rights," approved the fourth of September, 1841, ani also the five per centum of the net proceeds of the sales of the public lands to which this State shall become entitled on her admission into tlie Union (if Cjngress shall assent to such appropriation of the two grants last mentioned), shall beset apart as a separate and irreducible fund, to be called the common school fund, the interest of which, together with all other revenues derived from the school lands mentioned in this section, shall be exclusively applied to the support and maintenance of common schools in each school district, and purchase of suitable libraries and apparatus therefor. Or., 456. — The Legislative Assembly shall provide by law for the establish nent of a uniform and regular system of common schools. Or., 456. — Provision shall be made by law for the distribution of the income of the common school fund among the several counties of this State, in proportion to the number of children resident therein between the ages of lour and twenty years. Or., 458. - -The Legislature shall, as soon as cSnveniently may be, provide bylaw for the establishmjnt of schools throughout the Stale, in such manner that the poor may be taught grati.s. Pa., 4G6. — The diffusion of knowledge as well as of virtue, among the people being essential to the preservation of their rights and liberties, it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to promote public schools, and to adopt all means which they may deem necessary and proper to secure to the people the advantages and opportunities of education. R. I., 430. —The mmey which now is or which may here- after be appropriated by law for the establishment of a permanent fund for the support of pubhc schools, shall be securely invested, and remain a perpetual fund for that purpose. R. I., 480. — .ill donations for the support of public schools or for other purposes of eiucation which may be received by the General Assembly, shall be applied according to the terms prescribed by the donors. R. I., 480. — The General Assembly shall make all necessary 184 provisions by law for earr)'ing this article into effect. They shall not divert said money or i'und from the aforesaid uses, nor borrow, appropriate, or use the same, or any part thereof, for any other purpose, under any pretense whatsoever. R. I., 480. — Knowledge, learning, and virtue, being essential to the preservation of republican institutions, and the diffusion of the opfortuuities and advantages of edu- cation throughout the different portions of the State, being highly conducive to the promotion of this end; it shall be the duty of the General Assembly in all future periods of this government, to cherish Hterature and science. And the fund called the common scJwol fund, and all the lands and proceeds thereof, dividends, stocks, and other property of every description what- ever, heretofore by law appropriated by the General Assembly of this State for the use of connnon schools, and all such as shall hereafter be appropriated, shall remain & perpetual fund, the principal of which shall never be diminished by legislative appropriation, and the interest thereof shall be inviolably appropriated to the support and encouragement of common schools tliroughout the State, and for the equal benefit of all the people thereof; and no law shall be made author- izing said fund, or any part thereof, to be diverted to any other use than the support and encouragement of common schools; and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to appoint a Board of Commis- sioners, for such term of time as they may think proper, who shall have the general superintendence of said fund, and who shall make a report of the con- dition of the same from time to time, under such rules, regulations, and restrictions as may be required by law: Provided, That if at any time herealtcr a division of the public lands of the United States, or of the money arising from the sales of such lands, shall be made among the individual States, the part of such lands, or money coming to this State, shall be devoted to the purposes of education or internal improvement; and shall never be applied to any other purpose. Tenn., 499. — A general diffusion of knowledge being essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people, it shall be the duty of the Legislature of this State to make suitable provisions for the support and maintenance of public schools. Tex., 519. — The Legislature shall, as early as practicable, estab- lish a system of free schools throughout the State ; and as a basis for the endowment and support of said system, all the funds, lands, and other property, here- tofore set apart and appropiiated, or that may here- after be set apart and appropriated for the support and maintenance of public schools, shall constitute the pubhc school fund; and said fund and the income derived therefrom shall be a perpetual fund exclu- sively for the education of all the white scholastic of this State, and no law shall ever be made appropri- ating said fund to any use or purpose whatever. And until such time as the .Legislature shall provide for the establishment of such system of public schools in the State, the fund thus created and the income derived therefrom, shall remain as a charge against the State, and be passed to the credit of the free common school fund. Tex., 519. -And all the alternate sections of land reserved by the State out of grants heretofore made, or that may hereafter be made, to railroad companies or other corporations of any nature whatever, for internal improvements, or for the development of the wealth and resources of the State, shall be set apart as a part of the perpetual school fund of the State ; Provided, That if at any time hereafter any portion of the pub- hc domain of this State shall be sold, and by virtue of said sale the jurisdiction over said land shall be vested in the United States government ; in such event, one-half of the proceeds derived from said sale shall become a part of the perpetual school fund of the State ; and the Legislature shall hereafter appropriate one-half of the proceeds resulting from all sales of the public lands to the perpetual public school fund. Tx., 519. — The Legislature shall provide from time to time, for the sale of lands belonging to the perpetual public school fund, upon such time and terms as it may deem expedient ; Provided, That in cases of sale the preference .shall be given to actual settlers; And pro- vided further. That the Legislature shall have no power to grant relief to purcliasers by granting further time for payment, but shall, in all cases, provide for the forfeiture of the land to the State for the benefit of a perpetual public school fund; and that all interest accruing upon .such sales shall be a part of the income belonging to the school fund, and subject to appro- priation annually for educational purposes. Tex., 519. — The Legislature shall have no power to appropriate or loan or invest, except as follows, any part of the principal sum of the perpetual school fund for any purpose whatever; and it shall be the duty of the Legislature to appropriate annually the income which may be derived from .said fiuid, for educational pur- poses, under .-iuch system as it may adopt; and it shall, from time to time, cause the principal sum now on hand and arising from sales of land, or from any other source, to be invested in the bonds of the United States of America, or the bonds of the State of Texas, or such bonds as the State may guarantee. Tex., 519. — All public lands which have been heretofore, or may be hereafter, granted for public schools, to the various counties or other political divisions in this State, shall be under the control of the Legislature, and may be sold on such terms and under such regulations as the Legislature shall by law prescribe ; and the proceeds of the sale of .said lands shall be added to the perpet- ual school fund of the State. But each county shall receive the full benefit of the interest arising from the proceeds of the sale of the lands granted to them, respectively: Provided, Thtxt the lands already pat- ented to the counties shall not be sold without the consent of such coimty or counties to which the lanils may belong. Tex., 519. — The Legislature may provide for the levying of a tax for educational purposes ; Provided, The taxes levied shall be distributed from year to year, as the same may be collected ; And provided, That all the sums arising from said tax which may be collected from Africans, or persons of African descent, shall be exclusively appropriated for the maintenance of a system of public schools lor Africans and their child- ren ; and it shall be the duty of the Legislature to encourage schools among these people. Tex., 519. — The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate, shall appoint an oflScer to be styled the Superintendent of Public Instruction. His term of office shall be four years, and his annual salary shall not be less than ($2,000) two thousand dollars, payable at stated times; and the Governor, Comptroller and Superintendent of Public Education, shall constitute a Board to be styled a Board of Edu- cation, and shall have the general management and control of the perpetual school fund, and common schools, under such regulations as the Legislature may hereafter prescribe. Tex., 520. — The several counties in this State which have not received their quantum of the lands for the purposes of education, shall be entitled to the same quantity heretofore appropriated by the Congress of the Republic of Texas, and the State, to other counties. And the counties which have not had the lands to whicli they are entitled for educational purposes, located, shall have a right to contract for the location, surveying and procuring the patents for said lands, and of paying for the same with any portion of said lands so patented, not to exceed one-lburth of the whole amount to be .so located, surveyed and patented — to be divided according to quantity, allowing to each part a fair proportion of land, water and timber. Tex., 520. — Laws for the encouragement of virtue and preven- tion of vice and immorality ought to be constantly kept in force and duly executed; and a competent number of schools ought to be maintained in each town, for the convenient instruction of youth, and one or more grammar schools be incorporated and 185 properly supported, in each county in this State. And all religious societies or bodies of men that may be hereafter miited or incorporated for the advance- ment of religion and learning, or for other pious and charitable purposes, shall be encouraged and pro- tected in the enjoyment of the privileges, immunities, and estates, which they in justice ought to enjoy under sucli regulations as the Q-eneral Assembly of this State shall direct. Vt, 527. — All money accruing to this State, being the pro- ceeds of forleited, delinquent, waste and unappropri- ated lands; and of lauds heretolbre sold lor taxes and purchased by the State of Virginia, if hereafter re- deemed, or .sold to others than this State ; all grants, devises or bequests that may be made to this State lor the purposes of education, or where the purposes of such grants, devises or bequests are not specified; this State's just share of the literary luud of Virginia, whether paid over or otherwise liquidated, and any gums of money, stocks or property which this State shall have the right to claim from the State of Vir- ginia for educational purpo.ses; the proceeds of the estates of all persons who may die without leaving a will or heir, and of all escheated lands; the proceeds of any ta.xes that maj' be levied on the revenues of any corporation hereafter created ; all moneys that may be paid as an equivalent for exemption from mihtary duty, .and such sums as may from time to time be appropriated by the Legislature for the pur- pose, shall be set apart as a separate fund, to be called the school fund, and invested under such regu- lations as may be prescribed by law, in the interest- bearing securities of the United States, or of this State, and the interest thereof shall be annually applied to the support of free schools throughout the State, and to no other purpose whatever. But any portion of said mterest remaining unexpended at the close of the fiscal year shall be added to, and remain a part of the capital of the school fund. W. Va., 557. —The Legislature shall provide, as soon as practicable, for the estabhshment of a thorough and elficient sys- tem of free schools. They shall provide lor the support of such schools by appropriating thereto the interest of the invested school fund ; the net proceeds of all forfeitures, confiscations and fines accruing to this State under the laws thereof; and by general taxation on persons and property, or otherwise. They shall also provide for raising, in each township, by the authority of the people thereof, such a propoi- tion of the amount required for the support of free schools therein as shall be prescribed by general laws. W. Va., 557. — Provision may be made by law for the election and prescribing the powers, duties and compensation of a General Superintendent of Free Schools for the Slate, whose term of office shall be the same as that of tlie Governor, f the Legislature, as soon as maybe, to provide efi'ectual means for the improve- ment and permanent security of the funds of said university. Ca'., 103. — The charter of Yale College, sis modified by agree- ment of the corporation thereof, in pursuance of an act of the General Assembly, passed in May, 1792, is hereby confirmed. C'l., 112. 186 — The General Assembly shall have power to appro- priate money for the promotion of learning and science, an'i to provide for the education of the peo- ple ; and shall provide for the early resumption of the regular exercises of the University of Georgia, by the adequate endowment of the same. Ga., 14(3. — Tlie university lands and the proceeds thereof, and all monies belonging to said fund shall be a perma- nent fund for the sole use of the State University. The interest arising from 'he same shall be annually appropriated for the support and bfenetit of said uni- versity. Iitioa, 192. — The State University shall be established at one place without branches at any other place, and the university fund shall be applied to that institution, and no other. Inwu, 192. — The General Assembly shall take measm-es for the protection, improvement, or other disposition of such lands as have been, or may thereafter be reserved, or gVanted by the United States, or any person or per- sons, to this State, for the use of a university, and the funds accruing from the rents or sale of such lands, or from any other source for the purpose afore- .said, shall be, and remain a permanent fund, the interest of which shall be applied to the sujiport of the university, for the promotion of literature, the arts and sciences, as may be authorized by the terms of such grant. And it shall be the duty of the Gen- eral Assembly, as soon as maybe, to provide ellectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of said University. Joiva, 193. — The Legislature shall encourage the j)romotion of intellectual, moral, scientiQc and agricultural improve- ment, by establishing a uniform system of common schools, and .schools of a higher grade, embracing normal, preparatory, collegiate, and university departments. Kun., 202. — Provision shall be made by law for the establish- ment, at some eligible and central point, of a State university, for the promotion of literature and the arts and sciences, including a normal and an agricul- tural department. All funds arising from the sale or rents of lands granted by the United States to the State for the support of a State univerity, and all other grants, donations, or bequests, either by the State or by individuals, for such purpose, shall remain a perpetual fund, to be called the " University fund ;" the interest of which shall be appropriated to the support of the State university. Kan., 203. — A University shall be established in the city of New Orleans. It shall be composed of four Facul- ties, to wit: one of Law, one of Medicine, one of the Natural Sciences, and one of Letters; the Legis- lature shall provide by law for its organization and maintenance. Im., 236. — AH moneys arising from the sales which have been, or may hereafter be made of any lands heretofore granted by the United States to this State for the use of a specific seminary of learning, or from any kind of a donation that may hereafter be made for that purpose, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which at six per cent, per annum shall be appropriated to the promotion of literature and the arts and sciences, and no law shall ever be made diverting said funds to any other u.se than to the establishment and improvement of said seminary of learning ; and the General Assembly shall have power to raise funds for the organization and support of said Seminary of learning in such manner as it may deem proper. La., 236. — A general diffusion of the advantages of education being essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people; to promote this important object, the Legislature are authorized, and it shall be their duty to require the several towns to make suita- ble provision, at their one expen.se, for the support and maintenance of public schools, and it shall further be their duty, to encourage and suitably endow, from time to time, as the circumstances of the people may authorize, all academies, colleges and seminaries of learning within the State; Provided, That no dona- tion, grant, or endowment, shall at any time be made by the Legislature, to any literary institution now («tablished, or which may hereafter lie established, unless, at the time of making such endowment, the Legislature of the Slate shall have the right to grant any further powers to alter, limit or restrain any of the powers vested in any such literary institution as sliali be .judged necessary to promote the best interests tliereoK Me-. 247. — Wisdom and knowledge, as well as virtue, dift'used generally among the body of the people, being neces- sary for the preservation of their rights and liberties; and as these depend on spreading the opportunities and advantages of education in the various parts.of the country, and among the differejit orders of the people, it shall be the duty of the Legislatures and magistrates, in all future periods of this Common- wealth, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries of them ; especially the university at Cambridge, public schocls, and grammar schools in the towns ; to encourage private societies and pul)lic institutions, rewards and immunities, for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manufactures, and a natural history of the country ; to countenance and inculcate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public and pri- vate charity, industry and frugalit}', honesty and punctuality in Uu-ir dealings; sincerity, and good liumor, and all social affections and generous senti- ments among the people. Mass, 291. — That the Legislature ought to encourage the diffu- sion of knowledge and virtue, the extension of a judicious .system of general education, the promotion of literature, the arts, science, agriculture, commerce and manufactures, and the general melioration of the condition of the people. Md., 256. — There shall be elected in the year eighteen hun- dred and sixty-three, at the time of the election of a Justice of the Supreme Court, eight Kegenls of the University, two of whom shall hold their office for two years, two for four years, two for si.x years, and two for eight year.s. They shall enter upon the duties of their oiHce on the first of January n(!xt succeed- ing their election. At every regular election of a Justice of the Sujireme Court thereafter, there shall be elected two Regents, whose term of office shall be eight years. When a vacancy shall occur in the office of Regent, it .shall be filled by appointment of the Governor. The Regents thus elected shall con- stitute the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan. Mich., 311. — The Regents of the L'niversity and their successors in office shall continue to constitute the body corpo- rate, known by the name and title of "The Regents of the University of Michigan." Mich., 311. — The Regents of the University shall at their first annual meeting, or as soon thereafter as may be, elect a President of the University, who .shall be ex officio a member of their Board, with the privilege of speaking, but not of voting. He shall preside at the meetings of the Regents, and be the principal execu- tive officer of the University. The Board of Regents shall have tlie general supervision of the University, and the direction and control of all expenditures from the University interest fund. Mich., 311. — The Legislature shall encourage the promotion of intellectual, .scientific, and agricultural improvement; and shall, as soon as practicable, provide for the establishment of an agricultural school. The Legisla- ture may appropriate the twenty-two sections of salt spring lands now unappropriated, or the money aris- ing from the .sale of the same, where such lands have been already sold, and any land which may hereafter be granted or appropriated for such purpose, for the support and maintenance of such school, and may make the same a branch of the University for instruo- tion in agriculture and the natural sciences connected therewith, and place the same under the supervision of the Regents of the Univerity. Mich., 311. — The location of the University of Minnesota, as established by existing laws, is hereby confirmed and said institution is hereby declared to be the Univer- sity of the State of Minnesota. All the rights, immu- 187 nities, franchises, and endowments heretofore granted or conferred, are hereby perpetuated unto tlie said University, and all lands which may bo granted hereafter by Congress, or other donations, for said University purposes, shall vest in the institution referred to in this section. Minn., 326. — The General Assembly shall also establish and maintain a State University, with departments for instruction in teaching, in agriculture, and in natural science, as soon as the public school fund will permit. Mo., 360. —The Legislature shall provide for the establishment of a State University, which shall embrace depart- ments for agriculture, mechanic arts and mining, to be controlled by a Board of Regents, whose duties .shall be prescribed by law. Nev., 390. — The Legislature shall provide a special tax of one- half of one mill on the dollar of all taxable property in the State, in addition to the other means provided for the support and maintenance of said university and connnon schools : Provided, That at the end of ten years they may reduce said tax to one-quarter of one mill on each dollar of taxable property. Neo., 390. — The Governor, Secretary of State, and Superintend- ent of Public Instruction shall, for the first four years, and until their successors are elected and qualified, constitute a Board of Regents, to control and manage the affairs of the University and the funds of the same, under such regulations as may be provided by law. But tlie Legislature shall, at its regular session next preceding the expiration of the term of olBce of the said Board of Regents, provide for the election of a new Board of Regents and define their duties. Nev., 390. — The Board of Regents shall, from the interest ,iccruing from the first funds which come under their control, inmiediately organize and maintain the said mining department in such manner as to make it the most effective and usefiil ; Provided, That all the pro- ■ceeds of the public lands donated by act of Congress approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty- two, for a college for the benefit of agriculture, the mechanic arts, and including military tactics, shall be invested by the said Board of Regents in a separate fund, to be appropriated exclusively to the benefit of the first named departments to the University, as set forth in section four aljove, and the Legislature shall provide that if, through neglect or any other conting- ency, any portion of the fund so set apart shall be lost or misappropriated, the State of Nevada shall replace said amount so lost or misappropriated in said fund, so that the principal of said fund shall remain forever undiminished. Nev., 390. — Knowledge and learning, generally diffused through a comnmnity, being essential to the preservation of a free government; spreading the opportunities and advantages of education through the various parts of the country being highly conducive to promote this end, it sliall lie t!:e duty of the Legislatures and magistrates, in all future periods of this government, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries and public schools; to encourage private and public institutions, rewards and immuni- ties for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, ■commerce, trade, manufactures and natural history of the country ; to countenance and inculcate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public and private chanty, industry and economy, lionesty and punctuality, sincerity, sobriety, and all social art'ections and generous sentiments among the people. N. II., 409. — The Governor, Secretary of State and State Treas- urer, shall constitute a Board of Commissioners for ■the sale of school and universit)* lands, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom, and their powers and duties shall be such as may be prescribed by law; Provided, That no part of the university funds, or of the interest arising therefrom, shall be expended until the period of ten years from the adoption of this Constitution, unless the same shall be otherwise disposed of, by the consent of Congress, ibr common school purposes. Or., 456. — The arts and .sciences shall be promoted in one or more seminaries of learning. Pa., 406. — The above provisions shall not be construed to pre- vent the Legislature from carrying into effect any laws have been passed in favor of the colleges, universities or academies, or from authorizing heirs or distribu- tees to receive and enjoy escheated property, under such rules and regulations as, from time to time, may be prescribed by law. Tean., 500. — The moneys and lands heretofore granted to, or which may hereafter be granted for the endowment and support of one or more universities, shall consti- tute a special fund for the maintenance of said universities, and until the university or universities are located and commenced, the principal and the interest arising from the investment of the principal, shall be vested in like manner, and under the same restrictions as provided for the investment and con- trol of the perpetual public school fund, in section four and five (4 and 5) in this article of the Consti- tution, and the Legislature shall have no power to appropriate the university fund for any other purpose than that of the maintenance of said universities, and the Legi-slature shall, at an early day, make such pro- visions, by law, as will organize and put into opera- tion the university. Tex., 519. — The Legislature shall foster and encourage moral, intellectual, scientific and agricultural improvement ; they shall, whenever it may be practicable, make suitable provision for the blind, mute and insane, and for the organization of such institutions of learning as the best interests of general education in the State may demand. W. Va., 557. — Provision shall be made by law for the establish- ment of a State university, at or near the seat of State government, and for connecting with the same from time to time, such colleges in different parts of the State, as the interests of education may require. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may hereafter be granted by the United States to the State for the support of a university, shall be and remain a per- petual fund, to be called the " university fund," the interest of which shall be appropriated to the support of the State university, and no sectarian instruction shall be allowed in such university. Wis., 569. — The Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Attorney- General shall constitute a Board of Commissioners for the sale of the school and university lands, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. Any two of said Commissioners shall be a quorum for the transaction of all business pertaining to the duties of their office. Wis., 569. — Provision shall be made by law for the sale of all school and university lands, after they shall have been appraised, and when any portion of such lands shall be sold, and the purchase-mon<'y shall not be paid at the time of the sale, the Commissioners shall take security by mortgage upon the land sold for the sum remaining unpaid, with seven per cent interest thereon, payable atmually at the office of the Treas- urer. The Commissioners shall be authorized to exe- cute a good and sufficient conveyance to all purchasers of such lands, and to discharge any mortgages taken as security, when the sum due thereon shall have been paid. The Commissioners shall have power to withhold from sale any portion of such lands when they shall deem it expedient, and shall invest all moneys arising from the sale of such lands, as well as all other university and school fimds ,in such man- ner as the Legislature shall provide, and shall give such security for the faithful performance of their duties as may be required by law. Wis., 569. LIBRARIES. — The State Librarian shall be elected by a joint vote of the two branches of the General Assembly for four years, and until iiis successor shall be elected and quahfied. His salary shall be fifteen hundred dollars per annum, and the General Assembly shall pass no law whereby he shall receive any additional compen- 188 ARTICLE X. 1 Section 1. Sheriffs, clerks of counties, including the Eegister and Clerk of 2 the city and county of New York, Coroners, and District Attorneys, shall be 3 chosen by the electors of the respective counties, once in every three years 4 and as often as vacancies shall happen. Sheriffs shall hold no other office, and 5 be ineligible for the next three years after the termination of their offices. 6 They may be required by law to renew their security from time to time ; and 7 in default of giving such new security, their offices shall be deemed vacant. 8 But the county shall never be made responsible for the acts of the Sheriff. 9 The Governor may remove any officer in this section mentioned, within the 10 term for which he shall have been elected ; giving to such officer a copy of the 11 charges against him, and an opportunity of being heard in his defense. sation. He shall perform such duties as are now or may hereafter be prescribed by law. In case of a vacancy in the office of State Librarian from death, resignation or other cause, the Governor shall fill such vacancy until the next meeting of the General Assembly thereafter, and until a successor be elected and qualified. Md., 273. — The Legislature shall also provide for the establish- ment of at least one librarian in each township; and all fines assi^ssed and collected in the several counties and townships for any breach of the penal laws, shall be exclusively applied to the support of such libraries. Mich., 3il. COUNTY AND TOWN OFFICERS. — That town clerks, supervisors, assessors, constables, collectors, and all other officers, heretolore eligible by the people shall always continue to be so eligible, in the manner directed by the present or future acts of the Legislature. N. Y. (1777), 31. [The provisions embraced in section one of article ten are copied from the New York Constitution of 1821.] - -That loan officprs, county treasnreis, and clerks of the supervisors, continue to be appointed in the manner directed by the present or future acts of the Legislature. N. Y. (1777), 31. — That sheriOs and coroners be annually appointed ; and that no person shall be capable of holding either of the said offices more than four years successively ; nor tiie sheriff of holding any other office at the same time. N. Y. (1777), 30. — The clerks of courts, except those clerks whose appointment is provided for in the preceding sec- tion, shall be appointed by the courts of whicli they respectively are clerks; and district attorneys, by the County Court's. Clerks of courts and district attor- neys shall hold their offices for three years, unless sooner removed by the courts appointing them. N. Y. (1821). 39. — So many coroners as the Legislature may direct, not exceeding four in each county, shall be elected in the same manner as sheriffs, and shall hold their offices lor the same term, and be removable in like manner. A^. Y. (1821), -10. — A Sheriff shall be elected in each county, by the qualilied electors thereof, who shall hold his office for the term of three years, unless .sooner removed, and sh:dl not be eligible to serve, either as principal or deputy, for any two successive terms. Vacancies in the office of Sheriff shall be filled by th(! (governor, as in other cases; and the person so appointed shall continue in office until the next general election in the county for Sheriff as by law provided. Ala., 81. — The qualified voters of each township shall elect one Constable foi' the term of two years, who shall hold his office till his successor is elected and quah- fied, who shall, during his continuance in office, reside in the town.ship for which he was elected. Incor- jioratcd towns may have a separate Constable and a separate Magistracy. Ark., 92. — The qualified voters of each county shall elect one Sheriflf, one Coroner, and one County Surveyor, for the term of two years, and until their successors are elected. They shall be commissioned by the Gover- nor, reside in their respective counties during their continuance in office, and be disqualified for the office a .second term, if it should appear that they or either of them are in default for moneys collected by virtue of their respective offices. Ark., 97. — A Sheriff shall be appointed in each county by the electors therein, in such manner as shall l)e prescribed by law, who shall hold his office for three years, removal)le by the General Assembly, and shall become bound with sufficient .sureties to the Treasurer of the State, for the faithfiil discharge of the duties of his office. Ct, 115. — The Sheriff and Coroner of each county shall be chosen by the citizens residing in such county. They shall hold their respective offices for two ycar.s, if so long they behave themselves well, and until succes- sors be duly qualified ; but no per.son shall be twice chosen Sheriff up in election by the citizens in any term of four years. They shall be commissioned by the Governor. The Governor shall fill vacancies in these offices by appointments to continue until the next election, and until successors shall be duly qual- ified. The Legislature, two-thirds of each branch concurring, may vest the appointment of Sheriffs and Coroners in the Governor; but no person shall be twice appointed Sheriff' in any term of six years. Del., 125. - — County Judges, Clerks, Sheriffs, and other county officers, lor willful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor in office, shall he liable to presentment or indictment by a grand .jury, and trial by a petit jury; and, upon conviction, shall be removed from office. III., 161. — -There shall be elected in each county, by the voters thereof, at the time of holding general elections, a Clerk of the Circuit Court, Auditor, Recorder, Trea.s- urer. Sheriff, Coroner, and Surveyor. The Clerk, Auditor, and Recorder, shall continue in office four 189 1 § 2. All county officers whose election or appointment is not provided for 2 by this Constitution, shall be elected by the electors of the respective counties, 3 or appointed by the Board of Supervisors, or other county authorities, as the 4 Legislature shall direct. All city, town and village officers, whose election or 5 appointment is not provided for by this Constitution, shall be elected by the 6 electors of such cities, towns and villages, or of some division thereof, or 7 appointed by such authorities thereof as the Legislature shall designate for 8 that purpose. All other officers whose election or appointment is not provided 9 for by this Constitution, and all officers whose offices may hereafter be created 10 by law, shall be elected by the people, or appointed as the Legislature may 11 direct. years; and no person shall be eligible to the office of Clerk, Recorder, or Auditor, more than eight years in any period of twelve years. The Treasurer, Sheriff, Coroner, and Surveyor, shall continue in office two years ; and no person sliall be eligible to the office of Treasurer or Sheritf more than four years in any period of six years. Ind., 176. — -There shall be elected in each county in this State, by the qualified electors thereof, a Sheriff, who shall hold his office for the term of two years, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified : Provided, no person shall be eligible to the said office more than once in four year's, III., 103. — Ko person shall be elected or appointed as a county officer who shall not be an elector of the county ; nor any one who shall not have been an inhabitant thereof during one year next preceding his appoint- ment, if the county shall have been so long organized ; but if the county shall not have been so long organ- ized, then within the limits of the county or counties out of which the .same shall have been taken. Ind., 176. — Vacancies in county, township and town offices, shall be filled in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Ind., 176. — Such other county and township officers as may be necessary, shall be elected or appointed in such man- ner as may be prescribed by law. lad., 176. — The Legislature shall provide for such county and townshi]> officers as may be necessary. Kan., 203. — All count)' officers shall hold their offices for the term of two yeriVs, and until their successors shall be qualified ; but no person shall hold the office of Sheriff or County Treasurer for more than two con- secutive terms. Kan., 203. — All county and township officers may be removed from office, in such manner and for such cause as shall be prescribed by law. Kan., 203. — There shall be elected in each organized county a Clerk of the District Court, who shall hold his office ' two years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law. Kan., 201. — No person shall bo eligible to the offices mentioned in this article, who is not at the time twenty-four years old (except Clerks of County and Circuit Courts, Sheriffs, Constables and County Attorneys, who shall be eligible at the age of twenty-one years), a citizen of the United States, and who has not resided two years next preceding the election, in the State, and one year in the county or district for which he is a candidate. No person shall bo eligible to the office of Commonwealth's or county Attorney, unless ho shall have been a licensed practicing Attorney for two years. Ky., 218. 48 — The General Assembly may provide for the election or appointment, for a term not exceeding four years, of such other county or district ministerial and exe- cutive officers as shall, from time to time, be necessary and proper. Kij., 219. — A Sheriff shall be elected in each county, by the quahfied voters thereof, whose term of office shall, after the first term, be two years, and until his suc- cessor be quahfied ; and he shall be re-eligible for a second term ; but no Sh eriff shall, after the expira- tion of the second term, be re-eligible, or act as deputy, for the succeeding term. The first election of Sheriff shall be on the second Monday in May. 1851; and the Sheriffs then elected shall hold their offices until the first Monday in Januaiy, 1853, and until their successors be qualified ; and on the first Monday in August, 1852, and on the first Monday of August in every second year thereafter, elections for Sheriffs shall be held: Provided, That the Sheriffs first elected shall enter upon the duties of their respective offices on the first Monday in June, 1851, and after the first election on the first Monday in January next succeeding their election. Ky., 218. — Officers for towns and cities shall be elected for such terms, and in such manner, and with such qualifications as may be prescribed by law. Ky., 219. — Clerks, Sheriffs, Surveyors, Coroners, Constables, and Jailors, and such other officers as the General Assembly may from time to time require, shall, before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, and as often thereafter as may be deemed proper, give such bond and security as shall be pre- scribed by law. Ky., 219. — A Sheriff and a Coroner shall be elected in each parish by the qualified voters thereof, who shall hold their offices for the term of two years. The Legisla- ture shall have the power to increase the number of Sheriffs in any parish. Should a vacancy occur in either of these offices subsequent to an election, it shall be filled by the Governor, and the person so appointed shall continue in office until his successor shall be elected and qualified. La., 232. — [Sheriffs, Coroners, &c., appointed by the Gover- nor and Council] Me., 244. — There shall be elected in each county, and in the city of Baltimore, in every second year, one person, resident in said county or city, above the age of twenty-five years, and at least five years preceding his election, a citizen of this State, to the office of Sheriff. lie shall hold his office for two years and until his successor is duly elected and qualified ; shall be ineligible for two years thereafter ; shall give such bond, exercise such powers and perform such duties as now are or may hereafter be fixed by law. In 190 case of a vacancy by death, refusal to serve or neglect to qualify or give bond, by disqualification or removal from the county or city, the Governor shall apjtoint a person to be Sherift' for the remainder of the official term. Md., 270. — Coroners, Ehsors, and Notaries Public may be appointed for each county and the city of Baltimore, in the manner, for the purposes, and with the powers now fixed or which may hereafter be prescribed by law. Md.. 270. — The Legislature shall prescribe, hy general law, for tlie election of Sheriffs, Registers of Probate, Com- missioners of Insolvency, and Clerks of the Courts, by the people of the several counties, and that Dis- trict Attorneys shall be chosen by the people of the several districts, for such term of oflice as the Legis- lature shall prescribe. Mass., 298. — Ko person shall be capable of holding or exercising at the same time, within this State, more than one of the following offices, viz. : Judge of Probate, Sheriff", Register of Probate, or Register of Deeds ; and never more than any two offices, which are to be held hy appointment of the Governor, or the Governor and Council, or the Senate, or the House of Representa- tives, or by the election of the people of the State at large, or of tlie people of any county, mihtary offices and the offices of Justices of the Peace excepted, shall be held by one person. Mass., 2D2. — There shall be elected annually, on the first Monday of April, in each organized township, one Supervisor, one Township Clerk, who shall be ex officio School Inspector, one Commissioner of Highways, one Town- ship Treasurer, one School Inspector, not exceeding four Constables, and one Overseer of Highways for each highway district, whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by law. Mich., 309. — In each organized county there shall be a Sheriff, a County Clerk, a County Treasurer, a Register of Deeds, and a Prosecuting Attorney, chosen by the electors thereof, once in two years, and as often as vacancies shall happen, whose duties and powers shall be prescribed by law. The Board of Supervisors in any county may unite the offices of County Clerk and Register of Deeds in one office, or disconnect the same. Mich., 309. — The Sheriff", County Clerk, County Treasurer, Judge of Probate, and Register of Deeds, shall hold their offices at the county seat. Mich., 309. — The Sheriff" shall hold no other offitje and shall be incapable of holding the office of Sheriflf longer than four in any period of six years. He may be required by law to renew his security from time to time, and in default of giving such security, his office shall be deemed vacant. The county shall never be responsi- ble for his acts. Mich., 309. - Provision shall be made by law for the election of such county or township officers as may be necessary. Min., 328. — A Sheriff, and one or more Coroners, a Treasurer, Surveyor, and Ranger shall be elected in each county by the qualified electors thereof, who shall hold their offices for two years, unless sooner removed ; except tliat the Coroner shall hold his office until his suc- cessor be duly qualified. Miss., 342. — There shall be elected by the qualified voters in each county, at the time and places of electing Repre- sentatives, a Sheriff" and a Coroner. They shall serve for two years, and until a successor be duly elected and qualified, unless sooner removed for malfeasance in office, and shall be ineligible four years in any period of eight years. Before entering on the duties of their office they shall give security in such amount, and in such manner, as shall be prescribed by law. Whenever a county shall be hereafter established, the Governor shall appoint a Sheriff and a Coroner therein, who shall continue in office until the next succeeding general election, and until a successor shall be duly elected and qualified. Mo., 356. — Whenever a vacancy shall happen in the office of Sheriff or Coroner, the same sliall be filled by the . County Court. If such vacancy happep in the office of Sheriff more than nine months prior to the time of holding a general election, such County Court shall immediately order a special election to fill the same ; and the person by it appointed shall hold office until the person chosen at such election shall be duly quali- fied ; otherwise the person appointed by such County Court shall hold office until the person chosen at such general election shall be duly qualified. If any vacancy happen in the office of Coroner, the same shall be filled, for the reniiiinder of the term, by such County Court. No person elected or appointed to fill a vacancy in either of said offices shall thereby be rendered ineligible for the next succeeding term. Mo., 3o7. — In all elections for Sheriff and Coroner, when two or more persons have an equal number of votes, and a higher than any other person, the Presiding Judge of the County Court of the county shall give the cast- ing vote; and all contested elections for the said offices shall be decided by the Circuit Court of the proper county, in such manner as the General Assembly may, by law, prescribe. Mo., 357. — In the absence of any contrary provision, all officers now or hereafter elected or appointed, shall hold office during their official term, and until their successors shall be duly elected or appointed, and qualified. Mo., 362. — The Legislature shall establish a S3'stem of county and township government, which shall be uniform throughout the State. Nev., 383. — The Legislature shall provide for the election by the people of a Clerk of the Supreme Court, County Clerk, County Recorder, who shall be ex officio County Auditor, District Attorneys, Sheriffs, County Sur- veyors, Public Administrators, and other necessary officers, and fix by law their duties and compensa- tion. County Clerks shall be (x officio Clerks of the Courts of Record and of the Board of County Com- missioners in and for their respective counties. Nev., 383. — The County Treasurers and Registers of Deeds shall be elected by the inhabitants of the several towns, in the several counties in the State, according to the method now practiced, and the laws of the State. N. K, 408. — Provided, nevertheless, The Legislature shall have authority to alter the manner of certifying the votes and the mode of electing those officers, but not so as to deprive the people of the right they now have of electing them. N. II., 408. — Clerks and Surrogates of Counties shall be elected by the people of their respective counties, at the annual elections for members of the General Assemby. They shall hold their offices for live years. N. J., 419. • — Sherift"s and Coroners shall be elected annually, by the people of their respective counties, at the annual elections for members of the General Assembly. They may be re-elected until they have served three years, but no longer; after which, three years must elapse before they can be again capable of serv- ing. N. J., 419. — That there shall be a Sheriff, Coroner or Coroners, and Constables, in each county within this State. K a, 426. — There shall be elected in each county, by the quali- fied electors thereof, at the time of holding general elections, a County Clerk, Treasurer, Sheriff", Coroner and Surveyor, who shall severally hold their offices for the term of two ytars. Or., 453. — A Sheriff" shall be elected in each county for the term of two years, who shall be the ministerial officer of the Circuit and County Courts, and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. Or., 455. — Such other county, township, precinct and city officers as may be necessary, sliall be elected, or appointed in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Or., 454. — ^County officers shall be elected on the second Tues- day of October, until otherwise directed by law, by the qualified electors of each county, in such manner and for such term, not exceeding three years, as may be provided by law. Ohio, 440. 191 - Township officers shall be elected on the first Mon- day of April, annually, by the qualified electors of their respective townships, and shall hold their offices for one year, from the Monday next succeeding their election, and until their successors are qualified. Ohio, 440. — No person shall be eligible to the office of Sheriff OF County Treasurer for more than four years, in any period of six years. Ohio, 44:0, — The General Assembly shall provide, by law, for the election of such county and township officers as may be necessary. Ohio, 440. — Sheriffs and Coroners shall, at the times and places of election of Representatives, be chosen by the citi- zens of each county. One person shall be chosen for each office, who shall be commissioned by the Gover- nor. They shall hold their offices for three years, if they shall so long behave tliemselves well, and until a successor be duly qualified; but no per.son shall be twice chosen or appointed Sheriff in any term of six years. Vacancies in either of the said offices shall be filled by an appointment, to be made by the Gov- ernor, to continue until the next general election, and until a successor shall be chosen and qualified as aforesaid. Pa., 46.5. — All other officers shall be appointed as they hitherto have been, until otherwise directed by law ; but the same person shall not hold the office of Sheriff for two consecutive terms. *S'. C, 487. — There shall be elected in each county, by the quali- fied voters therein, one Sheriff, one Trustee, and one Register ; the Sheriff and Trustee for two years, and the Register for four years : Provided, That no person shall be eligible to the office of Sheriff more than six years in any term of eight years. There shall be elected for each county, by the Justices of the Peace, one Coroner and one Ranger, who shall hold their offices for two years. Said officers shall be removed for malfeasance, or neglect of duty, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Tenn., 497. — Should a vacancy occur, subsequent to an election, in the office of Sheritr, Trustee, or Register, it shall be filled by the Justices ; if in that of the clerks to be elected by the people, it sliall be filled by the courts; and the person .so appointed shall continue in office until his successor sliall be elected and qualified ; and such office shall be filled by the qualified voters at the first election for any of the county officers. Tenn., 497. — The Legislature shall provide, that the election of the county and other officers by the people, shall not take place at the same time that the general elections are held for members of Congress, members of the Legislature, and Governor. The elections shall com- mence and terminute on the same day. Tenn., 497. — There shall be elected for each county, by the qualified voters, a County Clerk, who shall hold his office for four years years, who shall be the Clerk of the County and Police Courts, whose duties and per- quisites, and fees of office shall be prescribed by the Legislature, and a vacancy in whose office shall be filled by the Judge of the County Court, until the next general election for county or State offices, who may be removed from office for such cause and in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Tex., 512. — Sheriffs and Higli Bailiffs shall be elected by the freemen of their respective counties. VU, 529. — The voters of each county shall elect a Clerk of the County Court, a Surveyor, an Attorney for tlie Commonwealth, a Sheriff, and so many Commission- ers of the Revenue as may be authorized by law, who shall hold their respective offices as follows : The Clerk, the Commissioner of the Revenue, and the Surveyor for the term of six years ; the Attorney for the term of four years, and the Sheriff for the term of two years. Constables and Overseers of the Poor shall be elected by the voters as may be prescribed by law. Va., 543. — The officers mentioned in the preceding section, except the Attorneys, shall reside in the counties or districts for which they were respectively elected. No person elected for two successive terms to the office of Sheriff shall be 'e-eligible to the same office for the next succeeding term ; nor shall he. during his term of service, or within one year thereafter, be eligible to any political office. Va., 544. — All officers appertaining to the cities and other municipal corporations, shall be elected by the quali- fied voters, or appointed by the constituted authorities of such cities, or corporations, as may be prescribed by law. Va., 544. — The voters of every county shall elect a Sheriff, Prosecuting Attorney, Surveyor of Lands, Recorder, one or more Assessors, and such other county officers as the Legislature may from time to time direct or authorize; the duties of all of whom shall be pre- scribed and defined, as far as practicable, by general laws. All the said county officers shall hold their offices for two years, except the Sheriff, whose term of office sliall be four years. The same person shall not be elected SherilT for two consecutive full terms, nor shall any person who has acted as deputy of any Sheriff be elected his successor, nor shall any Sheriff act as the deputy of his successor ; but tlie retiring Sheriff shall finish all business remaining in his hands at the expiration of his term, for which purpose his commission and official bond shall continue in force. The duties of all the said oflScers shall be discharged by the incumbents thereof in person, or under their superintendence. The Board of Supervisors shall designate one or more Constables of their respective counties to serve process and levy executions, when the Sherifl" thereof is a party defendant in a suit insti- tuted therein, or is under any other disability. W. Va.. 554. — Sheriffs, Coroners, Registers of Deeds, and District Attorneys shall be chosen by the electors of the respective counties, once in every two years, and as often as vacancies shall happen. Sheriffs shall hold no other office, and be ineligible for two years next succeeding the termination of their offices. They may be required by law to renew their security from time to time ; and in default of giving such new security, their offices shall be deemed vacant. But the county shall never be made responsible for the acts of the Sheriff. The Governor may remove any officer in this section mentioned, giving to such officer a copy of the charges against him, and an opportunity of being heard in his defense. Wis., 5G5. — All county officers whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Constitution, shall be elec- ted by the electors of the re.spective counties, or appointed by the Boards of Supervisors or other county authorities, as the Legislature shall direct. All city, town and village officers whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Constitution shall be elected by the electors of such cities, towns and villages, or of some division thereof, or appointed by such authorities thereof as the Legislature shall designate for that purpose. All other officers whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Constitution, and all officers whose offices may here- after be created by law shall be elected by the peo- ple, or appointed as the Legislature may direct. Wi»., 571. — Each town shall annually elect Selectmen, and such officers of local police as the laws may prescribe, a, 113. — Each county, town, city and incorporated village, shall make provision for the support of its own offi- cers, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law. Nev., 395. — All deeds and conveyances of land shall be recorded in the Town Clerk's office, in their respective towns, and for want thereof, in the County Clerk's office of the same county. Vt., 526. ■ — The Legislature shall, at their first session, by gen- eral laws, provide for carrying into effect the foregoing provisions of this article. They shall also provide for commissioning such of the officers therein men- tioned as they may deem proper, and may require any class of them to give bond with security for the faithful discharge of the duties of their respective offices, and for accounting for and paying over, as 192 required by law, all money which may come to their hands by virtue thereof. They shall further provide for the compensation of the said officers by fees, or from the county treasury ; and for the appointment, wnen necessary, of deputies and assistants, whose duties and responsibilities shall be prescribed and defined by general laws. When the compensation of an officer is paid from the county treasury, the amounts shall be fi.xed by the Board of Supervisors, within limits to be ascertained by law, W. Va., 555. SUPERVISORS — COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. — The General Assembly shall have power to estab- lish in each county a Board of Commissioners, for the regulation of the coimty business therein. Fl., 135. — The Legislature shall have power to provide tor the election of a Board of Supervisors in each county ; and these Supervisors shall jointly and individally perform such duties as may be prescribed by law. Cal, 104. — The County Boards shall have power to provide farms as an asylum for those persons who, by reason of age, infirmity, or other misfortune, may have claims upon the sympathies and aid of society. Ind. 178. — The General Assembly may confer upon the Boards doing county business in the several counties, powers of a local administrative character. Iiid., 17(i. - The Legislature may confer upon tribunals trans- acting the county business of the several counties such powers of local legislature and administration as it shall deem expedient. Knii., 200. — The General Assembly shall provide by law for the appointm''nt of Road Supervisors in the several counties by the County Commissioners, and the num- ber of said Supervisors, as well as their powers and duties in the several counties, shall be determined by the said County Commissioners. J/rf., 274. — The County Commissioner shall he elected, on a general ticket, by the qualified voters of the several counties in this State; an election for County Com- missioners shall be held on the Tuesday ne.xt after the first Monday in the month of November, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, and as nearly one-half as may be of said Commissioners shall hold their office for two years, and the other half lor four years. At the first meeting after their election and qualification, or as soon thereafter as practicable, the said commis- sioners shall determine by lot which of their number shall hold office for two and four years respectively ; and thereafter there shall be elected as aforesaid, at each general election for county officers. County Com- missioners for four j'ears, to fill the places of those whose term has expired. The sai-o- rided, That in all ca.ses where the Governor has the authority under this Constitution, or laws made in pursuance thereof, to appoint to office, he shall also have power to remove from the same for malfeasance in office, neglect of iluty. or other good cause ; Provided, That a st-atement of the cause sliall, at the time of removal, be furnished the party interested, and a copy thereof shall also be recorded in the office of the Secretary of State. Tex., 515. — And be i( farther ordained, That where, by this Convention, the i juration of any ottice shall not be a.scertained, such office shall be construed to be held during the pleasure of the Council of Appointment : Provided that new commissions shall be issued to judges of the county courts, other than to the first judge, and to justices of the peace, once at the Idast in every three years. X. Y. (1777), 30. — The term of State officers, except judicial, elected at the first election under this Constitution, shall con- tinue until the Tuesday after the first Monday of January, A. D. eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and until the election and qualification of their suc- cessors. Nev., 394. — Where the duration of any office is not prescribed by this Constitution, it may be declared by law ; and if not so declared, such office shall be held during the pleasure of the authority making the appointment. A', r. (1821), 40; Ltd., 180. — The term of each of the executive officers named in this article, shall commence on taking the oath of office, on or after the first day of May, 1858, and con- tinue until the first Monday of January, 18G0, except the Auditor, who shall continue in office until the fir-st Monday of January, 1861, and until their suc- cessors shall have been duly elected and qualified; and the same above-mentioned time for qualification and entry upon the duties of their respective offices shall extend and apply to all other officers elected under the State Constitution who have not already taken the oath of office and commenced the perform- ance of their official duties. Minn., 324. — The terms of such officers and members, not elected or appointed to fill a vacancy, sliall, unless herein otherwise provitled, begin on the first day of January next succeeding their election. W. Va„ .548. — Whenever it is provided in tliis Constitution, or in any law which may be hereafter passed, that any officer, other than a member of the General Assembly, shall hold his office for any given term, the same shall be construed to mean that such officer shall hold his office for such term, an-k:, 94; Mo., 3G3 ; iVec, 397 ; Md., 277. [In the Constitutions of xV. 1'. (1777), Ala., Ct, Del., FL, Oa., Ky, Miss.. ,S. (1, Te.r. and Va., there are no forms prescribed for submitting the Constitu- tion to a vote, although in some, tlie question of a Convention is thus decided.] AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. [The mode of amendment specified iu § 1, ol Art. XIII, was adopted in 1821]. P. 43 ; (nearly similar) Cal,\03; La., 237; X. J.. 420; Or., 4.59'; W. Va., 558; Wis., 570. — The General Assembly may, whenever two-thirds of each House shall fleem it necessary, propose amendments to this Constitution ; whicii proposed amendments shall be duly publi.shed in print (in such manner as the General Assembly may direct), at least three months before the next general election for Representatives, for the consideration of the people; and it shall be the duty of the several returning officers, at the ne.xt ensuing general election for Rep- resentatives, to open a poll for the vote of the quaUfied electors on the proposed amendments, and to make a return of said vote to the Secretary of State ; and if it shall thereupmi appear that a majority of all the qualified electors of the State, who voted for Repre- sentatives, voted in favor of the proposed amend- ments, and tvi-o-thirds of eacli house of the next General Assembly, before another election, shall ratify sai 1 amendments, each house voting by yeas and nays, said amendments shall be valid, to all intents and purpo.ses, as parts of this Constitution. Provided, that said proposed amendments shall, at each of said sessions of the General Assembly, have been read three times, on three several days, in each house. Ala., 82. -After the expiration of twelve months from the adop- tion of this Constitution, no Convention shall be held for the purpose of altering or amending the Constitu- tion of this State, unless the question of Convention or no Convention, shall be first submitted to a vote of the qualified electors of the State, and approved by a majority of the electors voting at said election. Ah., 82. —The General Assembly may, at any time, propose such amendments to this Constitution as two-thirds of each House shall deem expedient, which shall be published in all the newspapers published in this State, three several times, at least twelve months before the next general election ; and if, at the first session of the General Assembly after such general election, two-thirds of each House shall, by yeas and 213 nays, ratify sucli proposed ainenclments, they shall be valid to all intents and purposes as parts of this Con- stitution : Provided, That such proposed amendments shall be read on three several days in each House, as well when the same are proposed as when they are finally ratified. Ark., 88. — The General Assembly, whenever two-thirds of each House shall deem it necessary, may, with the approbation of the Governor, propose amendments to this Constitution, and at least three, and not more than six, months before the ne.xt general election of Representatives, duly publish them in print for the consideration of the people ; and if three-fourths ot each branch of the Legislature shall, after such an election and before another, ratify the said amend- ments, they shall be valid to all intents and purposes as parts of this Constitution. No Convention shall be called but by the authority of the people ; and an unexceptionable mode of making their sense known will be for them at a special election on the third Tuesday of May in any year, to vote by ballot for or against a Convention, as they shall severally choose to do ; and if thereupon it shall appear that a major- ity of all the citizens in the State, having right to vote for Representatives, have voted for a Conven- tion, the General Assembly shall accordingly at their next session call a Convention, to consist of at least as many members as there are in both Houses of the Legislature, to be cliosen in the same manner, at the same places and at the same time that Representa- tives, are by the citizens entitled to vote for Represen- tives, on due notice given for one month, and to meet within three montlis after they shall be elected. The majority of all the citizens in the State having right to vote for Representatives shall be ascertained by reference to the highest number of votes cast in the State at any one of the three general elections, next preceding the day of voting for a Convention, except when they may be less than the whole num- ber of votes voted both for and against a Convention, in which case the said majority shall be ascertained by reference to the number of votes given on the day of voting for or against a Convention ; and when- ever the General Assembly shall deem a Convention necessary, they shall provide by law for the holding of a special election for the pm-pose of ascertaining the sense of the majority of the citizens of the State entitled to vote for Representatives. Dd., 12G. — And if at any time two-thirds of the Senate and Assembly shall think it necessary to revise and change this entire Constitution, they shall recommend to the electors, at the next election for members of the Legis- lature, to vote for or against the Convention ; and if it shall appear that a majority of the electors voting at such election have voted in favor of calling a Con- vention, the Legislature shall at its next session pro- vide by law for calling a Convention, to be holden within six months after the passage of such law ; and such Convention shall consist of a number of mem- bers not less than that of both branches of the Legis- lature. Cal, 103. — Whenever a majority of the House of Representa- tives shall deem it necessary to alter or amend this Constitution, they may propose si'ch alterations and amendments ; which proposed amendments shall be continued to the next General Assembly, and be ■ published with the laws which may have been passed at the same session ; and if two-thirds of each House, at the next session of said Assembly, shall approve the amendment proposed, by yeas and nays, said amendment shall by the Secretary be transmitted to the Town Clerk in each town in the State, whose duty it shall be to present the same to the inhabit- ants thereof for their consideration, at a town meet- ing legally warned and held for that purpose ; and if it shall appear, in manner to be provided by law, that a majority of the electors present at such meet^ ings shall have approved such amendments, the same shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of this Constitution. Ct, 113. — No part of this Constitution shall be altered except by a Convention duly elected. Fl, 139. 54 — Whenever a Convention shall be calley of November in that year. Del., 126. — -The Registers' Courts and Justices of the Peace shall not be affected by any amendments of the Con- stitution made in this Convention ; but the said courts and the terras of office of Registers and Jutices of the Peace shall remain the same as if said amendments had not been made. Del., 128. •■ The provision in the twentieth section of the sixth article of this amended Constitution (being the thir- tieth section of the sixth article of the original Con- stitution) of limitation of writs of error, shall have relation to, and take date from, the twelfth day of June, in the year of oiu' Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two, tlie date of said original Constitution. Del., 128. — ^It is declared that nothing in this amended Consti- tution gives a writ of error from the Court of Errors and Ap])eals to the Court of Oyer and Terminer or Court of General Sessions of the Peace and Jail De- livery, nor an Appeal from the Court of General Ses- sions of the Peace and Jail Delivery. DiL, 128. — All civil officers heretofore commissioned by the Governor, or who have been duly appointed, or elected, since the first day of January last, but who have not received their commission and who have not resigned, nor bpen removed from office, and whose terms of office shall not have expired, shall continue in the exercise of the duties of their respective offices during the periods for which they were duly appointed or duly elected as aforesaid, and commissioned, and until their successors shdll be appointed under the provisions of this Constitution; unless removed from office as herein provided. Oa., 150. — The County Commissioners' Courts and the Probate Justices of the several counties, shall continue in existence and exercise their present jurisdiction, until the County Court provided in this Constitution, is organized in pursuance of an act of the General Assembly to be passed at its first session. III., 1.57. — Every person elected by popular vote, and now in any office which is continued by this Constitution, and every person who shall be so elected to any such office before the taking effect of this Constitution (except as in this Constitution otherwise provided), shall continue in office until the term for wliich such person has been, or may be elected, shall expire: Provided, That no such person shall continue in office after the taking effect of this Constitution for a longer period than the term of such office in tliis Constitu- tion prescribed. Ind., 182: (nearly similar), Iowa, 19o. — On the taking effect of this Constitution, all officers thereby continued in office shall, before proceeding in the fui-ther discharge of their duties, take an oath or affirmation to support this Constitution, liul., 182. — All vanancies that may occur in existing offices prior to the first general election under this Constitu- tion, shall be filled in the manner now prescribed by law. Ind., 182. — Senators elected at the August election, in the year one thousand eiglit hundred and fifty-six, shall con- tinue in olfice until the second Tuesday of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty- nine, at which time their successors shall be elected as may be prescribed by law. Iowa, 195. — The Governor, Secretary, and Judges, and all other officers both civil and military, under the territorial government, shall continue in the exercise of the duties of their respective departments until the said officers are superseded under the authority of this Constitution. Kan., 207. — No office shall be superseded by the adoption of this Constitution, but the laws of tlie State relative to the iluties of the several officers. Legislative, Executive, Judicial and Military, shall remain in full 220 1 S 4. The first election of Judges and Clerk of the Court of Appeals, Justices 2 of the Supreme Court, and County Judges, shall take place at such time be- 3 tweeu the first Tuesday of April and the second Tuesday of June, one thousand 4 eight hundred and forty-seven, as may be prescribed by law. The said courts 5 shall respectively euter upon their duties on the first Monday of July next 6 thereafter ; but the term of office of said Judges, Clerk and Justices, as 7 declared by this Constitution, shall be deemed to commfeuce on the first day 8 of January, one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight. force, though the same he contrary to this Constitu- tion, and the several duties sliall be perlormcd by the respective officers of the State, according to the existing laws, under the organization of the Govern- ment, as provided for under tliis Constitution, and the entering into office of the officers to be elected or appointed under said Government and no longer. Ky., 224. — In order that no inconvenience may result to the public service from the taking eifect of tliis Constitu- tion, no officer shall be superseded tliereby ; but the laws of this State relative to tlie duties of the several officers. Executive. Judicial and Military, except those made void by military authority, and by the ordi- nance of emancipation, shall remain in full force, though the same be contrary to this Constitution, and the several duties shall be performed by the respective officers of the State, according to the exist- ing laws, until tlie organization of the government under this Constitution, and the entering into office of the new officers to be appointed under said govern- ment, and no longer. La., 237. — The members of the House of Representatives of the Legislature of one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, shall continue in office under the provisions of law until superseded by their successors elected and qualified under this Constitution. Mich., 316. — All county officers, unless removed by competent authority, shall continue to hold their respective offi- ces until the first day of January, in the year one thousand eight Inmdred and fifty-three. The laws now in force as to the election, ipialification, and duties of township officers, shall continue in force until the Legislature shall, in conformity to tlie pro- visions of this Constitution, provide for the holding of elections to fill sucli offices and prescribe the duties of such officers respectively. Mich., 316. — All territorial officers, civil and military, now hold- ing their offices under the authority of the United States or of the Territory of Minnesota, shall con- tinue to hold and exercise their respective offices until they shall be superseded by the authority of the State. Min., 330. — The Governor and all officers, civil and military, now holding commissions under the authority of this State, shall continue to hold and exercise their respec- tive offices until they shall be superseded, pursuant to the provisions of this Constitution, and until their successors be duly qualified. Miss., 344. — The Governor and all other officers of the Territo- rial Government, shall continue to discharge and exer- cise the duties of their respective offices, until super- seded by the provisions of this Constitution or the officers appointed or elected by authority of its pro- visions. Neh. 377. — The Governor, Secretary, Treasurer, and Superin- tendent of Public Instruction of the Territory of Nevada, shall each continue to discharge the duties of their respective offices after the admission of this State into the Union, and until the time designated for the qualification of the above-named officers to be elected under the State government ; and the Terri- torial Auditor shall continue to discharge the duties of his said office until the time appointed for the quali- fication of the State Comptroller ; Pruvided, That tlie said officers shall each receive the salaries and be sub- ject to the restrictions and conditions provided in this Constitution ; And, provided further, That none of them shall receive to his own u.se any fees or per- quisites for tlie performance of any duty connected with his office. Xev., 394. — All officers now filling any office or appointment, shall continue in the exercise of the duties thereof, according to their respective commissions or appoint- ments, unless by this Constitution it is otherwise directed. A'. J., 420. — The present Governor, Chancellor and Ordinary or Surrogate-General, and Treasurer, shall continue in office until successors electeersons, restrictions upon franchise, * 33 Commander-in-Chief. 82, 83 Commissarv-General, appointment of, 97, 903 Commissioners of Canal Fund, 10 of judges 126, 131 Justices of the Peace, 145 tenure of, 193, IIU military. Governor to issue, 204 tenureof, 302, 20:^ Committees of the whole to sit with open doore, 72 Common carriers, corj>oratione as, 18 Common law, continued, 26 Commons, 175 Common schools, provisions relating to, 178-185 Commonwealth's attornev, 103, 104 Compensation, extra, forbidden, 21 of members of Leijialature, 60, 61 of property takers, 17 Complroller, State, 101, 102, 103 election of, 97, 98, 99, 100 pay of, 85 a Commissioner of Canal Fund, 106 a Commissioner of Land Office, 106 Conciliatiun, tribunals of. 151 Concurrent elections by Legislature to be viva voce, 43 Concurrent jurisdiction, 24 Concurrent resolutions may be vetoed, 92 Congress, election of Senators to, 80 members to hold no other office, 64, 65, 66 power of, 2!* Congressional Districts, 54, 55, 59 Connecticut Constitution, arrangement of subjects, 227 Consanguinity, judges not to trj- causes when connected by,. 150 Consent of owners for taking of property, 17, 18 Constables, removal of, 129 Constitution, no laws not warranted by, may be passed, ... 28 of United Stales paramount, 29 Stale, not to be altered except as therein provided, 29 amendment of, 209-216 continuance of officers under 219 publication of, 224, 225 date of goin^ into effect, 226 supremacy of. 220 laws for carrying into effect, 226 Contagious diseases, adjoummente on account of, 72, 73 Contempt of court, 17 Contested elections, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 102 for Oovcrn(lr 82 of State officers, 99 Continuance of laws and grants, 25 Continuance of legal proceedings under Constitution, . . .221-223 of offices under Constitution, 219, 220, 221, 225 Contracts, extra compensation forbidden, 21, 159 may not be impaired, 26, 27 members of the Legislature not to be interested in, 80 for public printing 79 State, members ot Legislature to have no interest in, . .64, 65 Controller. State, 102 Convention, acts of, valid, 25 Convicts should be seen at labor, 29 Coroners, election of, 104,188,189, 190, 191 removal of, 127 residence of, li*5 Corporation, definition of term, 170 courts 111,112, 147 Corporations as common carriers, 18 laws creating, must be passed by two-thirds vote, 20, 21 claims of, to be enforced, 15<) loan of State credit to, forbidden, 157 loan of State credit to, 159, 160, 161 taxation by, 163 formed under general laws, 169, 170 dues from, 170 property taken by, 170 rights and liabilities of, 170 liability of stockholders 173, 174 Correction of Errors, Court for, 107 Costs of legal proceedings, 122 Council, i>2,93, 94 members may be impeached, 109 of appointment, 92 of pardons, . . , 86 of revision 92 advice of, in adjournments of Legislature, 72 Counsel, right of, 5, 6, 17 allowed in trials of impeachment, 107,108,109, 110 Buitors may select their own, 128 Page. Counsel, members of Legislature not to serve as, 79 State officers forbidden to act against State, 19 Counties, debts of, not to be assumed by State, 159. 160 erection of new, 175, 176 177 organization of, 166, 167, 168 representation of, 54, 56 taxation by 166, 167, 168 County attorneys, 128 clerk 104 election of, 147, 149, 150 to serve as clerks of Supreme Court, 147 commissioners, 192 courts, 112, 118, 119, 120, 144, 145 j udges, election of, , 137 officers, 188, 189, 190,191, 193 seats, change of, 175, 176, 177 officers to reside at, .... 195 Court of Appeals 110, 111,112, 113 judges of; m trials of impeachment, 107 classification of judges, 129 clerk of, 147 removal of decisions of inferior courts to, 150 organization of, 162 first elections 220 Court of Chaucerj', 113, 114 Court of Claims 144 Court for Correction of Errors, 107 transfer of cixses to Court of Appeals, 152 Court of Errors and Appeals, Ill, 112 Court for trial of impeachment, 107 Courts, clerks ofj 147, 148, 149 Courts of conciliation, 151 Courts, jurisdiction of, 121, 122 Legislature may establish, 112, 141 may alter jurisdiction of, 117, 118 local, 147 new, may not be instituted 4 privileges of, not to be abridged ^ 76 to be open, 5, 17 Courts-martial, 199, 200 Credit, local, restrictions upon, 175 of counties, towus, &c., 166, 167, 168 of S-tJite, not to be loaned or given 157, 159, 160, 161 Criminal conviction excludes from voting,. . 35, 36 Culler's office abolished, 106 Damages fur roads to be paid, 17, 18 Darns in navigable streams, 24 Deaf and dumb, institutions for, 174 Deaths, registration of, 141 Debate, freedom of, in Legislature, 74 Debt, canal, '. 154,155, 156 of corporations, how secured, 173, 174 laws creating, 77 loctl, not to be assumed by State, 159, IfiO mode of contracting, specified, 166 obligation of, may not be impaired, 96, 12 rest rictious upon local, 175 State, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166 to suppress insurrection or repel invasion I(i3, 164, 105 Decisions of courts, publication of, 147, 148, 151 of inferior courts, appeals from, 150 upon qualifications of legislators, 68, 69 Decrees of inferior courts, removal of, 150 Deductions from salaries, 21 Defalcation excludes from sulfrage 36 Defects in instruments and proceeding, 121 Defense, right of, before courts, 5 Defenses, coast, cession of land for, 24 Deficiencies in revenue 162 Definition of term "Corporation," 170 Delaware Constitution, arrangement of subjects, 227 Delays injustice forbidden, 5 Delei:ates, House of, (see Legislature.) Deodands, prohibited 2 Departments of Government, 45 Depots, right to take lands for, 18 Disagreement upon adjournments, 72, 73 Disfranchisement, 1 Disorderly conduct in legislature, 68, (M* Disqualifications from voting, 33, 35, 36 Dissent from legislative i>roceedings may be recorded, . . . 70, 71 Distempers, adjournments on account of, 72, 73 Distribution of laws, 80 District Attorneys, 128 election of, 188, 191 District Courts, Ill, 112,117, 118, 121, 122 Districts, Assembly, 53, 54, 55 Judicial, to be formed, ..141,142,143 Senatorial, 51, 62, 53, 54, 58 Divorces, laws not to be passed for, 78 when and how granted, 22, 23 Donations for school purposes, 182, 183 Doors of Legislature open, 70, 71, 72 DiWing disqualifies from voting, 36 prohibitetl, 17, 27 Dues from corporations, 170 Duration of appointments, 193. 194 Education, provisions relating to, 178-187 no classes to be excluded from, 178, 182 Election districts, 39 of Attorney-General, 103, 104 of Canal Commissioners, 105 of clerk of Court of Appeals, 147 of County Clerks 147, 149, 150 of County Judges, 137 of county officers, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192 of Governor, 43, 44 of judges, 131,132.13:^,1^,147 of Justices of Peace, 143, 144, 145. 146 of legislators, 49, 50, 69, 70, 71 of milifary officers, 199, 201, 202 of prosecuting attorneys, 128 of State Engineer and Surveyor, 105 of State officers 97, 98, 99, 100 of State Prison Inspectors, 105 of Treasurer and Comptroller, 101, 102, 103 235 Page- Election, first under Constitution, 193, 210, 217, 218, 22o first, of Judijetf, 220 to fill vacancies, 197,198, 199 for adoption of Constitution, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213 Elections, by ballot or viva voce, 43 contested, 32, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45 day on which held, 66 manner of holding and reporting, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45 place of, when dangerous, 39 provision!* concerning, 30-36 should be frcqnent 30, 33 time of, to be fixed by law, 193 privileges of, 36, 37 Eligibility of electors, 32, 33 , Elisors, appointment of, 190 Emancipation of minors, 22 Embargoes, Governor may lay, 85 -Embezzlement disqualifies from office, . .42, 43 excludes from suffrage, 36 Emigration free, 2 Eminent domain, 23, 24 Enacting clause of laws, 75 English language, ignorance of, not to exclnde from office, . . 29 laws to be published in, 26, 151 English laws, certain, continued, 4 Enmrgeraent of canals, 155 Entailments, laws may not be passed, 25 Equalities of mankind, 2, 3, 4 Equity, testimony in cases of, 129 Errors, correct ion of, 152 court for correction of, 107 transfer of cases to Court of Appeals, 152 proceedings, remedy of, 121 Error, writs of, 153 Escheats, 23, 24 Estates of intestates, 25 Executions, exemptions from, 28, 29 Executive (U;partinent, 80 Executive powers vested in Governor 80 to be distinct from legislative or judicial, 45 Executive sessions of Senate, 84 Exemption of certain property from taxation, 29 Exemptions, homestead, 28, 29 militia, 198, 203, 204 surgeons may grant 204 Exile of citizens prohibited, 9 Expenses of Legislature, 80 Exportation of commodities, Governor may restrain, 85 Ex post facto laws forbidden, 6 Express charges for Legislature, 80 Expulsion of members of Legislature, . T 68, 69, 70 Extra compensation forbidden, 21, 159 Facts, juries may determine, 5 fees, clerks may" not use, 148 extra, forbidden, 21, 22 Judges may not receive, 123, 150 members of Legislature may not receive, 79 public officers furbidden to receive, 19 State officers not to receive, 97, 99, 100 Eelony excludes from suffrage, 35, 36 privilege not extended in case of, 74, 75 Females to have eqnal rights in education, ISO Feudal tenures 23, 24 Field officers, election of, 201, 202 Financial officers of the State, 101, 102, 103 Fines and other restraints upon alienation void, 24 for disorderly conduct in legislature, 69 remission oT\ 86, 87 moneys from, applied to town libraries, 188 military, 200 Fires, property taken or destroyed in case of^ 18 Fiscal year, 19ower of removing Judges, i^Q 130 qualificatious of, ^.. . ' 81 salary of, .V. .T. . .8^ 85 term of, 82 title of, ][[[[ 80 to appoint certain military officers, ,2(b' 203 to commission Secretary, 97 to communicate by message, 83 o examine accounts of Treasurer, ......'. 83 to fill vacancies in certain judicial offices, 225 to grant commissions, qq to hold no other office, 81 to issue military commissions, 204 to issue warrants for payment of money, ..,'. 20 to keep the great seal, qq to nominate State officers, " ] 98 to recommend measures to Legislature, 73, 74 to reside at seat of government, 195 to sign bills, 77 to transact business with other States, 83 vacancies in office of, 88, 89, 90 veto power of, , 92,93,94,95, 96 Grand inquest of state q Grand Juries may be abolished, 17 Grants, continuance of, 25 for scliool purposes, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182 of land confirmed, 27 Gratuities, forbidden without two-thirds vote, 20 Great Seal, and its uses, 96 Hamilton county to elect with Fulton, 56 Happiness, right to pursue, 2 Head rights, 24 Heirs, escheats in default of, 23 Hereditary distinctions disallowed, 2, 3 privileges forbidden, 2, 24, 25 High bailiffs, election of, 191 security required from 103 High Court of Errors and Appeals, 113 Highways, provisions relating to, 17, 18 Homestead exemptions, 28, 29 Honors may not be hereditary, 25 House of Commons, (N. C.,) 49, 59, 67 House of Delegates (see Legislature.) House of Representatives 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 5peachmenC---"^^i("; 110 of Court of Aplicals, renioval of, ■■■ • • • ■ jj^ of Snpreme and Circuit Courts, ml 128 qnalincation of, Y24 las' 129 removal of, 123', 124^ 12« salary of, ;::;'.".:;::is4,i23, 129 term of office of, ' ' j.vj to cliarge juries, j.>2 to give opinions. .'.'.i'ss', 130 vacancies in otnce oi, ■ • j^ ..^ ..jq ^ jq Judgment, in trials of impeachment, 107, IW, JU», ii" rSioval of, from inferior courts ^gj Judicial decisions, publication of, iu ' 141 ' 14ii 1-13 districts ■ . •. ' ' o->o elections under Constitution, jj„ officers, election of,. ...... ^...-j ^^s '""'"" ii6,in, 112 to be iliBtinct froni iegisiati've or eMCUtlve, • • • ^45 Juries, charges to, W g may be less than twelve men, ■-^< ^ right of trial by,. • ' g trial by, may be waived, .- to be judges of law as well as fact, J ' to determine value of property taken, " Jurisdiction of Boards ot Supervisors, '.^ concurrent jgg of County Courts — jj ■ j jg- jj, j^y of courts, ■■■,• lio, iii, »»", . of courts. Legislature may alter 112 of Court of Appeals 14.5 148 ' ' "" ' "■"" W 6 (i continuance of till cerUin term, . power, how vested,. of Justices of Peace, .^' of State, -■ 4 Jurors, choice of, g' must be sworn, / j,Skf'S,\i™^^admtaisi^d-withoii -^r^Mj delay 111, 112 Justices' courts : ji- -v, . .5 ,40 Justices of the Peace 143,144,140, im may hold other offices, 5 trials before, V.^' ^oa Justices of Sessions . . ... . . ...••• ■ . . ■ — ' o-k Justices of old Snpreme Court, limit of term, - • • «? Justices of Supreme Court, "»' "" one in each judicial district, 'Jg pardoning power of, j^g removal of. i''-'^'i"i forbidden to sell private lands, • ■■ '» freedom from arrest, 'J '2 freedom of speech in "' i? Governor may adjourn, ■ • ■ 'f Governor may convene, '*> 1? Governor to communicate by message, 1? has sole power of suspending laws, • '». '» may alter jurisdiction of courts, l"> "J may cause deductions from salaries, ^^ may confer powers upon Boards of Supervisors. . . . . ■ ■ ■ • l» may direct election or appointment ot certain officers, IS^-IW mav erect new courts, "1 may establish courts, "f may establish courts of conciliation, ■ ■ Joi may expel members, ;^' i5o may form judicial districts, "*. »™ mav grant no divorce, :;.■:■■ l: ' o». »« quorum in, j,^ reciuired to assemble, im' irj' 1^ restricted in creating debt, *''^' ,i, ' Jm restrictions in legal proceedings, ■ -i^i, i« right of protest in journal, '"> ". 'i terms of ofllce,. ■■■■■■■■[[■ [[[[^(i^^ M t(rdirect"iime'andinanner of eiecti'iig militia officers, .'. 2TO to choose its own officers, ■ ■ • • ■ '0. 'i to choose Treasurer and Comptroller, 101 , lOi, IW to encourage internal improvements ^■^i.iSi to encourage learning, . 1 10-100 taken for public use, jii' taxes on ^ Language, 'ignorance o( Engiis'h,' not to exclude from office, of "the laws, Lawgivers, qualities necessary in, Law, deprival of rights without sanction of, juries may determine, • ° changinsr county seats to be submitted to a vote, «o codification of, S colonial, valid. m iii ' Wob" 90a continuance of, V«, •,1?' ?^J' S ^ creating debts 163,164,165,16b, IM for payment of salaries ; ;•■• fi general, for formation of corporations, lb!), 1 3, 204 exemption fund, applied for schools, 180 service, absence of voters in, 31, 32, 34 Militia, commander-in-chief of, 82, 83 not to be taken from State, 83 officers, election of, 201,202,203 organization of, 198,199,200, 201 Mineral products, corporations as carriers of, 18 Mines and minerals, release of, 24 Minnesota Constitution, arrangement of subjects, 229 Minors, emancipation of, 22 Minors, laws not to favor in special cases, 78 Miscellaneous provisions in Bill of Rights, 2i> Mississippi Constitution, arrangement of subjects, 230 Missouri Constitution, arrangement of subjects, 230 Misuse of public funds, disqualifies from holding office,.. 72, 73 Mondays, no election may be held on, 39 Money, appropriation of, 20, 21 app'roi>riated to local or private use, 18 how to be computed 20, 21 to be paid only under appropriations, 157 Monopolies forbidden, 24, 25 Morality should be encouraged, 181 Mortgages require cont-ent of wife, 28, 29 Municipal corporations, debts of, 166, 167, 168 restrictions upon credit of, 175 Municipal courts, Ill, 112, 147 Names. Legislature not to change, 22, 23, 78 National banks, laws to be passed enabling formation of, 173, 174 Naturalization of for igners allowed, 4 Navigable waters, concurrent jurisdiction over, 24 Navy, crimes in, not to be tried by jury, 5 persons in, allowed to vote, 34, 37 State, Governor to command, 82, 83 Nebraska Constitution, arrangement of subjects, 230 Neglect of duty, reduction of salaries in case of, 22 Negroes, marriage of, with whites not allowed, 29 restrictions upon franchise, 33, 34 Nevada Constilulion, arrangement of subjects, 230 New Ilainpsliire Conriititution, arrangement of subjects, — 230 New Jersey Coii'jtitution, arrangement of subjects, 230 New Orleans, university to be established in, 186 Newspapers, publication of laws in, 79, 80 New York city to be a judicial district, 114 New York State Constitution, 1777, arrangement of subjects, 230 1821, " . •' 231 u u u 1846, " " 231 Nobility, titles of, may not be granted, 23, 25 Nominations of Governors for office, 84 Non-resistance, doctrine of. slavish, 4 Non-user, forfeiture from, 171 North Carolina Constitution, arrangement of subjects 231 Notaries Public, appointment of. . . .128, 190, 191 Number of members in Legislature, 47, 48, 49 Oaths concerning dueling, 17, 27 jurors to take, 5 of military officers 199, 200 of allegiance of electors 33 of court for trial of impeachment, 107, 108, 109, 110 prescribed forms of, 205. 206, 207, 208 Office, Judges may hold no other, 126 property qualifleations for, 4 qualiticatiou of Judges for, 127 restrictions upon, 41, 42, 43 tenure of Judges, 129 term of Judges 124, 125 holders, restrictions upon, 41, 42, 43 must be voters, 43 Officers, civil, may be removed and impeached, 29 civil, to act till successors are appointed, 29 each town, city, ifec, to support its own, 177 first election of, 217, 218 of Legislature, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 liable to impeachment, 107, 108, 109, 110 militia, election of, 201, 202, 20:i no more than one may be held, 29 and reporters of courts, 147 required to take oaths 205, 206, 207, 208 Offices, ci vil, not to be given to Legislators, 64, 65 continuance of, under Constitution, 219, 220 county, to be kept at county seats 195 foreign, may not be held by citizens, 3 may be held only by citizens, 3 not more than one should be held, 3 tenure of, 193, 194 that may not be held by same person, 42 vacancies in, 29 Ohio Constitution, arrangement of subjects, 231 Omissions in instruments and proceedings, 121 Opinions, Governor may require, 84 Order of arrangement of subjects in Constitutions 227 Oregon Constifutiou, arrangement of subjects, 231 Organization of Legislature, 67, 68 Origin of bills 75 Orimans' Court, Ill Oyer and Terminer, Court of, 116, 118 Pardoning power, 86, 87 restrictecl in treason and impeachments, 87 Pardons. Council of, 86 to be reported annually, 87 60 Page. Passage of bills 75,76, 77 of laws imposinii?^ iiiity not be served on election days, stf" Su|K'riiit('ii(U'nce of canals, 154, I55 Superiiiti'iidentof Public Instruction,. .103, 181, 182, 183, 184, l85 appointment of, 93 Superior Court, lu jurisdiction of, I19 Supervisors. Boards of, 192, 193 election of, 188, 189, I92 legislative power of, 80 may apply for election of special judges, 139 powers may be conferred upon, 79 taxation by. leg are to average Assembly Districts, 54, 55 Supremacy of United States, 29 Supreme Court of Appeals, 113 Supreme Court, 110,111, 112,113, 121, 123 jurisdiction of, 111. 117,118, 119, I20 organization, terms and miscellaneous provision8,114, 115, 116 Legislature may establish a separate, 141 to appoint its clerks, I47 clerks of, I47 transfer of business of, 224, 225 Surgeons, military, 2M Sureties for public officers, 98, 99 Surrogate Courts 139. 140. 141 Surveyor-General, election of, 97, 98 pay of, 85 Surveyor, county, elected, !»<, 189, 190, 191 election of. 104 removal of, 129 residence of, 195 Suspension of laws, when allowed, 28 of laws, may not be done except by order of Legislature,. 78 of officers under trial of impeachment, 107 of special payments. 171, 172 of Treasurer from office, 106 Taxation hy counties, towns, &c., 166, 167, 168 exemption frnm. 29 piovif^ions rcliiling to, 160, 161 restrict ioMH upon local, 175 Taxes, capitation, 168, 169 on civil suits, 147 for internal improvements, 158 laws imposing. 77 laws for, must have two-thirds vote, 21 must be authorized by law, 21 registry of. 82 tol)e laid for canceling debts, 167 to be laid to pay State debt, 156 Taxpayer, qualification of, 81, ^ 38 Tennessee Constitution, arrangement of subjects, 232 Tenure of lands, 25, 34 of military offices, 301, 202 of offices, 193, 194 of office of Judges, 129 of office of J ustices, 145, 146 of Assembly, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 Term of Judges under Constitution, 220 of office of legislators, 50 of Senators, 46, 47. 48, 49, 50 Tenns of Supr me Court, 114, 115, 116 Testimony in equity cases, 129 Texas Constitution, arrangement of subjecta, 288 239 Threatening legislators punished, rs m Tippecanoe battle-fleld reserved, 'Si Titles of nobility may not be granted" '. 9 , Town clerks, "iftQ'Vdft\'nft*4nT' -«** debts of, nk to be assumed bV stile,:::::^^' ^^' ^^' }?^' J^ libraries, Jo», ido T.ef^.atiinby;;::::::---"--"---^^'^'i^^^^^ Townships, may sue and be sued, ■"», 10(, ib8 Township or^'anization, i'7>;"i^o ;i; Treason cxcliulea from suffrage, S pardoning power restricted in,... ii- 25 presentment on indictment for,. ' ^ privilege not extended in case of -V -? Treaties made by United States, bindine ^ S Treafng for a vote disqualifies from suffraKe ?? Treasurer, State *■ ' iArVnl,- .?" election of,.... -J^hJ^ '"^ a Commissioner of Land OlBce ' ' '^' 19S a Commissioner of Canal Fund. JxS pay of, 106 removal of, S5 Suspension from ofBce,.!!!! ,^ Treasurers, county, 106 Treasurer's accounts, auditors of ??S Treasury, payments from, -^^ lO? Trial by jury, right of, -■*. 21 on^fc':'^^.":^ "hnVwas:«;nuniiied;:::;:::*:^ t to be speedy, . . 107 Tribunals of conciliation 5, 6 KUi'J; '^''y.^t »''™n "I evidenciinlib'eis,' iq 'SI Ultimate right of property. P' ^ Uniform, military, ^' 23, !M Union military fund, . 200 United States, cession of 'lands 'to ^*' citizenship of, .... ' 24 Constitution, arrangement of ^' 31 grants from,... ^ ' 232 military regulations adopted; v^ 158 powers delegated to, ' 199,200 Senators, ,. 28 supremacy of, .'.'.'. 80 Universities, 3, 29 University lands 185, 186, 187 Regents of, ... . 182 Usury, penalties of, ' 186, 187 Vacancies in offices 30 m county and town'oMces;;;;:::;;;;;;;;::;;;^^;^^^;^,,; ^1 of Governor. 148 of Judges, 88,89,90, 91 Of Justice of Peace' 135, 136 of Ueutenant-Gove'mor 'S 1** of Members or Senators 80, 91 •of Secretary, or Senators, . . '. '. ...66, 67 100 Vacancies, provision to be made for rniln? lot iiv,'?!!; to be filled by aovernor """gi 196, 197, 198 occasioned by impeachment,'" .2J Vagabonds excepted from privUeges', ^*2 Venue, change of, . . ^ ' 9 Vermont Constitution,' arrangement 'of mbi'e'c't's" ^ Veto power, how vested t. ■' V™ oiii.- ^ not recognized in certain states, S«,93,94,95, 96 Volunteers allowed to vote ^ Vote on adoption of Constitution; '. Wb' Vm di, b,^ Ji ^ssffi^ofstitfrbf''-"-^'--"--'^- ^ a'^:1^ on removal of county seats 28 VoTerraire'lfgS»cf ■•■■•"•••••- pnvijeg<«, dualifications, &i;-oi;'.-.V.-.-.V.V.-.\V.'.'.*,-3f,'i; U """^^^SfT" '" ^'"^^-'^o^o^^-Monoi: :::::::: li taxationby. 166,167,168 roadsin, 166,167,168 reliance upon, ' 184 yice-Chancery Courts 28 Viva voce elections ' H* in Legislature, . . 43 w!JP^' {"'"•.i""8', suits fo'r,'witiioi;t 'i'nries "J War, debts incurred in time of, ' ik« ilu' <«? property taken in time of, 163, 164, 165 wL;ferirr='>'''"""»'°^-«'i°^^^^^^^ for payments from treasury, 24 Waste on public lands 20 Weighers, office abolishe'd, ,24 Weights and measures,. JOo West Virginia Constitution, ar'rangem4nt'of "subiecta e.?9 ^ro"crty S?,"'?"' '° ''"'-''"'"™ '>^''omesteVdr'':'.'.'.;:;2^; ^ Wisconsin Cons'tituti™; aVra'ngeiieii'tif'rabicc'ts 4? Witnesses, compulsory attendance of """'■''"="■ ^ notincompetent from religious belef; , to be produced, ' ^ Women, married, proper'tyof,';;'.;;;;;;:; oi Writs, continuance off. ..... . ;;;;; i.:,- ■ • — 29 of error -"Jl, .iaa, 223 on bills imposing tai'ir'cVeatYn'g debt;.'.'.'.' '**' ^?? on removal of judges, ^ ' V^' .,11 to be recorded i*^t l*** Yale College, confl'raatVon of grants' '*' , S Year, legislative. faiouio, 535 political, .. 193, 196 fiscal, .'.■ 196 196 f 151 ig T t UD I