W. H, LOWDERM1LK A CO.. Standard, Choice and Rare Law and Miscellaneous Books, Government Publications, Washington, D. C. ! At, 85 THE LIFE AND TIMES OF HON. WILLIAM JARVIS, OF WEATHERSFIELD, VERMONT. BY HIS DAUGHTER, Wrj. MARY PEPPERRELL SPARHAWK CUTTS. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY HURD AND HOUGHTON. 1869. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by MART PEPPERRELL SPARHAWK CUTTS, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Vermont. RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BT H. 0. HOUGHTON AND COMPANY. DEDICATION. To my dear Mother, Sigters, Children, and Grandchildren, Nephews and Nieces/this memoir of my revered Father is dedicated. . -^ The love and gratitude that I have cherished toward him from earliest Childhood, has led me to endeavor to record the various incidents of his eventful life and to preserve the memory of his noble character, so remarkable for benevo- lence, hospitality, strict integrity, disinterested patriotism, and for wisdom and prescience in advocating measures, promotive of the welfare and prosperity of his country. How inadequate has been my ability to do justice to this undertaking, none can sof sensibly realize as myself ; and I can only hdpe tnat the motives that have, actuated me, may induce you to throw the mantle of charity over its imper- fections, x M. P. S. C. PREFACE. THE friends of Mr. Jarvis had often requested him to write his autobiography, and two near relatives sent each a son to Weathersfield, offering their ser- vices as amanuenses. But he made light of their solicitation, saying that while such a man as Thomas Jefferson and others, wiser and better than himself, had no record of their lives, it was not worth while towr ite his. Finding that he was persistent in his refusal, my wish to preserve the memory of his life became so strong, that I determined to attempt it. During a long convalescence, that followed a dangerous illness, I spent much time at my father's, which favored my design, as I commenced taking notes of conver- sations, in which I led him to relate the incidents of his early life; his uncommonly retentive memory enabling him to recall the various scenes, and depict them with vivacity and pleasure. Afterwards I took occasion to ask him questions about the same event, and by collating the two, have endeavored to make vi PREFACE. the relation perfectly accurate, a great labor, but affording me much happiness. Eight or ten months before my father's death, an article appeared in the " Christian Register." entitled LIVING WORTHIES, giving " an outline of the life and character of William Jarvis." l Not long afterwards, on a visit at the paternal mansion, my mother inquired if I knew who wrote this article, which had attracted their attention. With some diffidence I acknowledged it, and my father, much gratified, dictated a more detailed ac- count of his public services in Lisbon. Thus im- proved, it was published in the " Montpelier Watch- man." In answer to my mother's inquiries, I then confessed that I had been endeavoring to write his life. My secret was now revealed, and as he did not seem displeased, I begged him to allow me to read it to him, as I happened to have the manu- script with me. He made the same remark that he had done when requested to write an autobiography ; but to my great joy, finally consented. He soon became deeply interested, and as we pro- ceeded, corrected some parts, and dictated others anew, especially the account of his being stranded near Ocracoke Inlet, and the disastrous voyage in the leaky ship. 1 It had been preceded by one giving a sketch of several Bostonians, his friends and contemporaries. PEEFACE. Vll It removed a weight of responsibility, and made me unspeakably thankful, that he sanctioned, and even corrected the difficult task, upon which I had labored in secret for nearly two years. He heard as far as his appointment as Consul, when I was obliged to go home, confidently hoping to return in a week or two, and read the remainder to him. But this hope was never realized. A few days afterwards, he had a slight paralytic shock, and was never able to hear more. Since his death, I have had access to all his cor- respondence while in Lisbon, which has been a great assistance, enabling me to correct my notes from his letters, so that I feel assured that this is an authentic narrative. Numerous domestic avocations have frequently, for months together, prevented my devoting any time to this work, and many parts have been rewritten several times, owing to my finding papers, that en- abled me to give a more perfect account of the subject ; as, for instance, the life of his father, Dr. C. Jarvis, the chapter on merino sheep, and his official services in Lisbon, etc., etc. My late venerable friend, William C. Bradley, did me the favor to read my manuscript some years ago, as far as I had then written, i. e., to the ter- mination of the Consulate in Lisbon. viii PEEFACE. He made some valuable suggestions in the chapter on Boston in the Eighteenth Century, and greatly cheered and encouraged me in my undertaking by his com- mendation. He honored me by the following note in reply to my saying that some of my friends thought I had given too many particulars : "BRATTLEBORO', SATURDAY MORNING, April 26, 1862. " DEAR MADAM, I am hardly able to advise you, being myself in the sere and yellow leaf, but as there are two ways of writing personal history, one as if aiming at a high literary standard, and the other simple and natural, telling a plain story (Robinson Crusoe fashion), as if hardly thinking of the reader, I think I may well say you have chosen the proper one. The only danger is that those of a different taste may lead you to alter it, not in any little verbal matters, but in its structure. I am sorry to tell a lady I do not agree with her friends, but must say that I look upon the little details as one of the charms of your work " Thanking you for the perusal of your manuscript, I remain " Very sincerely yours, "WILLIAM C. BRADLEY." This note, from so great a scholar, was extremely gratifying. BRATTLEBORO', VT., November, 1868. CONTENTS. PART I. CHAPTER I. PAGE His ANCESTORS 1 CHAPTER II. His CHILDHOOD AND EARLY SCHOOL-DAYS 9 CHAPTER III. BOSTON IN THE LATTER PART OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY . 13 CHAPTER IV. BORDENTOWN ACADEMY. SCHOOL AT PHILADELPHIA . . 24 CHAPTER V. LIFE IN VIRGINIA 32 CHAPTER VI. A MERCHANT IN BOSTON ; 43 CHAPTER VII. His FAILURE . 53 PART II. CHAPTER VIII. His VOYAGES 69 X CONTENTS. PART III. CHAPTER IX. PAGE HIS APPOINTMENT AS CONSUL-GENERAL FOK PORTUGAL AND CHARGE D'AFFAIRES AT LISBON 128 CHAPTER X. CHARGE D'AFFAIBES AND CONSUL-GENERAL, FOR PORTUGAL . 138 CHAPTER XL PRESENTATION AT COURT. ROYAL CHRISTENING .. . . 160 CHAPTER XII. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE PORTUGUESE. FRUITS AND FLOWERS 168 CHAPTER XIII. His PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AFFAIRS 175 CHAPTER XIV. QUARANTINE 178 CHAPTER XV. EVIL REPORTS 194 CHAPTER XVI. A NEW HOUSE. AN EARTHQUAKE 199 CHAPTER XVII. IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SEAMEN 204 CHAPTER XVIII. IMPAIRED HEALTH. GUNNING ON THE KING'S HUNTING- GROUNDS 209 CHAPTER XIX. A ROBBERY 215 CHAPTER XX. CATALINI .223 CONTENTS. XI CHAPTER XXI. JT PAGE M. MARCELLING R. SILVA, VICE-CONSUL AT LISBON. AT FARO. His IMPRISONMENT. A SHIPWRECK .... 225 CHAPTER XXH. LORD ST. VINCENT AND HIS SQUADRON. THE "CONSTITUTION." COMMODORE CAMPBELL. A BALL ON BOARD THE "CONSTITUTION" 230 CHAPTER XXIII. GENERAL JUNOT. EMBARKATION OF THE ROYAL FAMILY. THE FRENCH ARMY SUPPLIED WITH FLOUR. JUNOT' s CAPITULATION 236 CHAPTER XXIV. His MARRIAGE 252 CHAPTER XXV. MERINO SHEEP 270 CHAPTER XXVI. MASSENA'S INVASION OF PORTUGAL. WELLINGTON'S DEFENSES. TORRES VEDRAS. REMARKS ON NAPOLEON'S INVASION OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 292 CHAPTER XXVII. RETURN TO THE UNITED STATES. FAREWELL TO LISBON. ARRIVAL IN BOSTON. SENHOR PEREIRA. LETTER FROM MR. JEFFERSON. INTERVIEW WITH MR. MADISON . . 297 CHAPTER XXVIII. MRS. JARVIS REMOVES TO HAVERHILL. BIRTH OF THEIR SEC- OND DAUGHTER. MRS. JARVIS' SICKNESS AND DEATH . 305 CHAPTER XXIX. PURCHASE OF REAL ESTATE AT WEATHERSFIELD, VERMONT. v His REMOVAL THERE, ETC., ETC 312 Xll CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXX. PAGE RETURN TO LISBON. MUTINY, ON SHIPBOARD. BRITISH FRIG- ATES. VOYAGE HOME 319 CHAPTER XXXI. DEATH OF MR. B. JARVIS. DANGEROUS SICKNESS OF THE CON- SUL. SARATOGA. FAILURE OF CROPS. His MARRIAGE. DEATH OF MR. SAMUEL G. JARVIS. His COUSINS. IMPAIRED EYE-SIGHT. His CHILDREN .... 337 CHAPTER XXXII. PECUNIARY TROUBLES OF THE FARMERS, AND THE CONSUL'S READY ASSISTANCE. His UNWEARIED EFFORTS FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES 351 CHAPTER XXXIII. His CHILDREN; BIRTHS, DEATHS, MARRIAGES, ETC., ETC. . . 373 CHAPTER XXXIV. THANKSGIVING DAY 391 CHAPTER XXXV. CONCLUSION 394 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF MAJOR C. JARVIS . . . .397 DEATH OF MRS. ANN BAILEY JARVIS 415 APPENDIX . . . 418 PART I. CHAPTER I. HIS ANCESTORS. WILLIAM JARVIS was born in State Street, Boston, February 4, 1770, one month and one day before the " Boston Massacre," that first shedding of Ameri- can blood by British troops. He was the only son of Dr. Charles Jarvis, an able and scientific physician, and a distinguished patriot and orator. " The first of the name who settled in this country was Captain Nathaniel Jarvis, who was born in Wales, and had been master for several years of a large trading-ship from Bristol to Jamaica, in which place he married the widow of a rich planter, gave up his nautical career, came to Boston in 1668 with his wife, settled there as a merchant, and became a citizen of much consideration. Not long afterwards his two brothers came out from England, and it appears, tra- ditionally, that one went to Hartford, Conn., and there settled with his family ; and the other to Concord, Mass. 1 From the first settlement of the family in Bos- 1 Dr. Jarvis, an Episcopal clergyman of much celebrity, belonged to the Connecticut branch; Dr. George 0. Jarvis, a distinguished physician 1 2 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. ton, in 1668, 1 there were two or three generations of respectable merchants prior to the Revolution. The son, or grandson of Captain Jarvis, who was also named Nathaniel, married Elizabeth Peabody, of the 'District of Maine.' ^Leonard,' their eldest son, was born in 1715, and married Sarah Church, daughter of Sheriff Charles Church, of the Old Colony ; and granddaughter to Colonel Benjamin Church, distin- guished as a captain in our early Indian wars, who captured King Philip. She possessed an excellent understanding, and had received one of the best edu- cations the country afforded in the time of her youth. Colonel Jarvis, her husband, was also a man of taste and sense, and was well informed by an extensive range of miscellaneous reading." He was remarkable for firmness, decision, and uprightness, which is exem- plified by the following anecdote : Not long before the Revolution, a mob had collected in King (now State) Street. Colonel Jarvis was ordered to call out the militia, and suppress it. He was very unwilling to wound or kill the citizens of Boston, yet determined to do his duty. He drew up his men on the opposite side of the street, and hoping to induce them to disperse without bloodshed by rea- soning with them, said he had been ordered to call out the military, but should be very sorry to be compelled in Portland, Maine; Mr. Leonard Jarvis, a merchant of eminence of Bal- timore; and Dr. Edward Jarvis, of Dorchester, Mass., the learned physiol- ogist, are descended from the Concord branch. 1 Some traditions state that he came over in 1654. 2 The remains of the ancient members of the family still rest in the "Copps' Hill burying-ground. " then the most respectable part of the town. HIS ANCESTORS. 3 to fire upon his townsmen, though he must do so, un- less they immediately separated and returned to their homes. They did not stir ! He then sternly told them that unless they dispersed in fifteen minutes he should fire, and gave orders for the soldiers to load their guns with balls ; with pri- vate directions to let them rattle as much as possible in dropping, that they might know the guns really were loaded with ball. This greatly frightened the mob, who were unarmed, and they quickly disappeared. 44 He was commissary of supplies to the British troops, and the first Colonel of the 4 Cadet Corps,' which was originally called the 4 King's Guards,' and was then incorporated as the 4 Cadet Corps,' of which he was elected Colonel, and remained so during his life. The uniform was then red, faced with yellow. It is the same corps now known as the 4 Independent Cadets.' There is in the family of his grandson, Wil- liam Jarvis, a fine portrait of him, taken in his uni- form, which was the last painting executed by Copley before he went to England. Colonel Jarvis was highly loyal to his king, and his hospitable mansion was the resort of all the English officers, and of all strangers of distinction that visited Boston." He had eight children who survived him : Leonard, Samuel/ Gardiner, Charles, Nathaniel, Sarah, Mary, Benjamin, and Philip. 44 At an early age, Charles displayed singular marks of genius and strength of mind, and his parents de- termined to fit him for a learned profession. He graduated at Harvard College, at eighteen, in 1766 ; 4 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. and finally decided to study medicine, with the ap- probation of his parents. He commenced with Dr. Perkins, a learned and distinguished physician, who shortly afterwards going to England, the pupil fin- ished his studies with Dr. Joseph Gardiner. After Charles had completed the usual course of study, he went to England, where he was thoroughly prepared for his vocation by lectures, and practical courses in physic and surgery in the hospitals. On his return he commenced the practice of his profession in .his native town, and perhaps no young man of his time was bet- ter fitted for it. Not contented with pursuing the usual routine of collegiate and professional studies, his taste for reading and love of knowledge had led him to devote most of his spare time to science and litera- ture. " He was affable and elegant in his manners ; frank, sincere, and engaging ; his conversation developed his extensive and varied resources, and the brilliancy of his wit and repartee. " In his practice he was particularly attentive to in- vestigate the remote as well as proximate causes of his patients' complaints ; and in discerning their peculiar habits and diatheses. " His prescriptions were generally simple, preferring medicines that had been tested by long experience. " He performed the most difficult operations in sur- gery with uncommon dexterity and success. " With such qualifications and endowments, he im- mediately entered into a highly respectable and suc- cessful practice, and could early number among his patients some of the most fashionable and opulent families in town. HIS ANCESTOES. 5 " He was appointed by Mr. Jefferson physician and surgeon to the Marine Hospital at Charlestown, which was complimentary to the Doctor, as it had never di- rectly or indirectly been sought. " His natural benevolence was always exhibited in the performance of official duty. To the seamen who came under his care, he was attentive and kind ; and whatever he did for them was marked by the same degree of zeal and skill which he displayed at the bed- side of a friend or fellow-citizen." 1 " At an early period the Doctor took a lively inter- est in the political affairs of his country ; attaching himself to the principles, and to the leaders of the Revolution ; his pen, his purse, and his person were uniformly exerted to promote the sacred cause. His political principles were decidedly republican, and these he supported with that zeal which conscious rec- titude inspires. " He believed that the people had the power and the discernment to manage their own affairs ; and that they ought, and should be trusted with their political concerns. The establishment of schools and semina-. ries of learning ; the promotion of knowledge and in- formation, as tending to help the public taste, and dis- cipline the public mind, by cultivating and improving it ; and the free exercise and enjoyment of the rights of conscience in matters of religion, were favorite principles with him. Men of letters courted him for their companion ; the proscribed patriots, Hancock and Adams, took him for their confidant and friend. 1 From a biography of Dr. Jarvis, by his nephew, William C. Jarvis, Esq., of Pittsfield, Mass., which was never published. O LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. His native town with one voice invited him to take the highest places of trust and responsibility in all in- teresting crises of their affairs ; and he was repeatedly chosen to represent the town in the legislature. " In 1786, when the voice of discord, like the dis- tant thunder, murmured in the western part of the State, and portended some dread convulsion, the zeal and talents of Dr. Jarvis were displayed in that sooth- ing policy, which, under Providence, dissipated the clouds, and restored peace and harmony to the Com- monwealth." * This sedition of the settlers in Western Massachusetts, is generally known as " The Shayes' Insurrection." In concert with his friends, Hancock and Adams, he exerted himself to obtain a pardon for the malcontents, and finally succeeded, with the exception of Shayes and two others. " Benevolence and philanthropy were the reigning virtues of his heart. " From this period he became so popular with the people, and his hold upon the good-will and admiration of his fellow-citizens was so great, that he and his friends were steadily elected to the legislature from 1787 to 1795 ; when the Hon. Stephen Higginson, who stood high among the Federalists in Boston, recom- mended to his party to nominate Dr. Jarvis to head the Federal ticket that year, and to put in six Federalists with him, urging as a reason for this step, that Dr. Jarvis was so popular in Boston, that no ticket could be carried unless his name headed it. The Federalists refused to comply with his views, and nominated the 1 Extracts from an obituary notice, written by a gentleman who had been a witness of his character, his eloquence, and his deeds. HIS ANCESTORS. 7 strongest ticket that their party afforded. The result was that they were beaten about the ratio of three to two. " In J796 Mr. Higginson again recommended the same course ; and his party suffered so severely under their last year's defeat that they wisely adopted it, and both Republican and Federal nominations appeared with the name of Dr. Charles Jarvis as the first can- didate. But Dr. Jarvis was sick at the time, and not wishing to enter the legislature, thought it would be a good time to decline with honor to himself; and he did decline both nominations, and thus enabled the Federalists to carry their ticket. Dr. Jarvis was held in high estimation throughout the State ; and so great was the confidence in his integrity and talents, that he told his son he never lost but one question during the seven years that he was a member of the legislature, and that was a local one. " He was about five feet ten inches in height, of just proportions ; with a fine commanding figure ; hand- some, well-chiseled features, and a finely shaped head, that might have served as a model for a sculptor. He was of an ardent temperament, regulated by prudence and moderation ; and his sensibility and feelings were of that fine, discriminating character, that made him fully alive to the wrongs of others, and led him to refrain from pressing any measure, which, in his judg- ment, had a tendency to injure the many for the bene- fit of the few. " His eloquence was of the highest order. His voice was clear, well-toned, and sonorous ; and so perfectly modulated, that all his passions or feelings were made 8 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEVIS. sensible to his hearers ; and with talismanic influence those feelings met with a response throughout Faneuil Hall when it was filled to overflowing ; for his fine voice reached every part of the audience through that large building. He was truly an able and an honest man, and such men must prove a blessing to every country that has the benefit of their influence. " Mr. Benjamin Russell, so long editor of ' The Cen- tinel,' although a political opponent, was a personal friend of Dr. Jarvis and of his son. On some occasion, having accompanied the latter to Faneuil Hall, to listen to a speech of Daniel Webster, he remarked, 4 O ! he has not your father's silvery tones.' " l 1 Part of this account of Dr. Jarvis and his family is taken from a letter written by his son (Hon. Win. Jarvis), in January, 1858, to a gentleman who had sought some information regarding the family, Lemuel G. Olm- stead, Esq., of New York. HIS CHILDHOOD AND EARLY SCHOOL-DAYS. CHAPTER II. HIS CHILDHOOD AND EARLY SCHOOL-DAYS. ON account of revolutionary disturbances in Boston, Dr. Jarvis' infant son William was nursed by a re- spectable and worthy woman at what was then called Little Cambridge, but is now Brighton. A Mrs. Wood and her daughter taught him to read in Dillworth's spelling-book, and in the famed " New England Primer" When five years old, he was placed at the school of Master Hunt, who had kept one of the best Latin schools in Boston, in what is now called School Street ; which street, indeed, derived its name from the circum- stance of the Latin school-house having been erected there. The Revolution had caused his removal to Brighton. Little William advanced in reading and spelling with Master Hunt, who was a strict disciplin- arian. In after-life, he remembered going to Brookline Heights, in the spring of 1776, when six years old, to witness the bombardment of Boston, by General Washington's forces ; and of seeing with great dis- tinctness the sparks from the fuse, as the bomb-shells passed through the air. After the evacuation of Boston by the British, he 10 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. returned thither. One of the first events that was there impressed upon his mind was hearing the Dec- laration of Independence read by Sheriff Henderson, who was dressed in a red coat, yellow small-clothes, and a cocked hat, and stood at the east end of the bal- cony of the State House, which position commanded a full view of State Street to the end of Long Wharf; and some years afterwards he heard the Declaration of Peace read by the same person, from the same spot. Very few, if any, at that time could realize the momentous consequences that were to result from the Declaration of Independence ; but a great crowd* as- sembled to hear it publicly read. When about seven years of age he was sent to the school of a stern master named Griffiths, a tall, mus- cular man of six feet, whose principle of government was borrowed from Solomon, " Spare the rod, and spoil the child." But though strict, he was a good master. Spelling, reading, writing, and arithmetic were taught in his school. The boys were thoroughly drilled in spelling; first the column of words was put out in course, then skipping, and finally they were required to recite the whole column from memory ; the poor boy who should miss a word was kept in an hour after school. The result was that William became an ex- cellent speller, and was never at a loss as to the orthog- raphy of any word during his after-life. At ten he left Mr. Griffiths and went to Master Carter's school, who was long celebrated for writing and arithmetic. The dark day, which occurred in 1780, made a strong impression upon Master William's mind. He distinctly remembered seeing a young girl in the neighborhood HIS CHILDHOOD AND EARLY SCHOOL-DAYS. 11 of his father's house rush into the street, wringing her hands and crying bitterly, " The end of the world has come, and I am only eighteen." The darkness was so great that candles were placed upon the dinner-table, which appeared so singular an occurrence, that William sportively blew them out, leaving the company in the dark, for which he was chastised by his mother. Many people were appre- hensive that the earth's last great change had arrived. It must have been a startling and wonderful phenome- non, and have produced a great sensation upon the whole community, as it seemed at first inexplicable and supernatural. But whether correctly or not, it was afterwards supposed by many, to have been caused by a vast mass of smoke that had collected over the burn- ing wilderness in Maine, which was blown in the direc- tion of Boston, and was so dense as to obscure the sun's rays. It was then considered by the multitude a chas- tisement upon the world for the ladies' enormous hoops, high head-dresses, and extravagant style of dress. Although this appears almost incredible at this day, yet it is related that a popular divine preached an eloquent sermon upon the text, " Top-knot, come down," hurling denunciations upon their pride and vanity in so highly adorning themselves ; for wearing their " farthingales," " head-gear," and especially the " top-knots," worn on the summit of the other head adornments. But upon searching for the text, it proved to be, " Let those who are on the house top not come down." At about twelve years of age, William was placed at Master Holbrook's, a select private school, kept in 12 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. Quaker Lane, now Congress Street. There was then a Quaker meeting-house in that lane, from which it derived its name. Master Holbrook had formerly kept a public school near the Common; but the building having been burned, he had opened a private school. He instructed chiefly in writing, arithmetic, gram- mar, and geography, which latter branch was a great accomplishment in those days ; astronomy and algebra were never taught. He was noted for his chirography, and it was to Master Holbrook that Mr. Jarvis was indebted for that plain, round hand so easily read, and so manly and handsome, for which he was ever remarkable. The course of reading in the schools at that time was from the spelling-book to the Psalter ; from the Psalter to the New Testament, and from that to the Old Testa- ment. They were also taught the Catechism, which they recited to the minister. When a boy could read, write, and spell, knew a little arithmetic, had read through the Bible, and learned the Catechism, he was considered a finished scholar, and nineteen twentieths of the boys were taught nothing else. At Master Holbrook's William finished his Boston school education, and at fourteen was sent to Borden- town Academy ; but ere he leaves his native town we will take a few notes from his reminiscences of that now great city. BOSTON IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 13 CHAPTER III. BOSTON IN THE LATTER PART OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. THE beautiful Common, now the ornament of Bos- ton, was then a cow-pasture. One large tree, once " the pride of the forest," was its only attractive feat- ure. The land had been left to the town of Boston for that purpose, by a Mr. Hughes, after the English custom in large villages. The cows went in the morning of themselves, and sometimes returned to their owners at night, without being sent for. In the centre was a frog-pond, where the boys skated in winter. The old elm was then very large, and the ample shade of its wide-spreading branches formed a fine play-ground for the children. The Hughes family, formerly quite wealthy, had then not much property, only one house opposite the Old South Church, and would have been very glad to have had the Common revert to them. The lot was to be forfeited to the heirs if applied to any other purpose than pasturing cows; therefore they were tolerated till the early part of the present century, when the penalty was evaded, and the difficulty overcome, by a law forbidding the citizens of Boston to keep cows. Rows of trees were then set out, and it was inclosed, 14 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAB VIS. first with a wooden fence, and then with an iron one. About this period, it was called the " Mall." In 1777 Mr. Jarvis (then seven years old) remem- bered to have seen the " fortification gates " on the Neck ; the wall was a landmark about one mile from the old State House ; it was very massive, being built of hewn stone, thirty feet wide at the base, ten on the top, and was erected across the " Neck " as a defense against the Indians. The gates were very heavy. Dur- ing the Revolution an unusually high tide, which over- flowed Long Wharf, materially injured this wall. Just beyond it was the gallows, as if to warn every one ere they entered the town, that all villainy would terminate there. There was a whipping-post in State Street, and also stocks for minor offenders. There were no houses on Fort Hill at this time, only the old fort, with a few cannon to be pointed against the British when required. There were three rope-walks where now is Pearl Street ; one of which was owned by Mr. John Cod- man. The first house in this street was built by Mr. James Lovell, known to the young people of the mid- dle of the nineteenth century as the grandfather of Mrs. Mary Ware. 1 Two other houses were soon afterwards erected. State Street, Summer Street, and Winter Street were then fashionable places of residence. Most of the shops in what is now a part of Washington Street, then Main Street, had dwelling-houses over them. There were only three or four stores in Hanover 1 He was a member of the First Congress, and General Washington gave him an office in the Custom House. When Ethan Allen was pris- oner at Halifax, Mr. Lovell was commissary for the prisoners there. BOSTON IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 15 Street, then called Middle Street, a neat and respecta- ble one, principally occupied by mechanics and cap- tains of vessels. Federal Street was Long Lane, in which some of the first families resided. After the Revocation of the " Edict of Nantes," Peter Faneuil, a Huguenot, came over to America. He was very wealthy, built Faneuil Hall, and pre- sented this handsome building to the citizens of Boston, by whom it was named, at a later period, the " Cradle of Liberty." Mr. Bethune, also a Huguenot, married his only daughter, and built a spacious and elegant house at the corner of Winter and Washington Streets. In this mansion Dr. Jarvis spent his last years. It had a front yard, carriage-drive, and large barn. Three stores now occupy the spot. The " King's Chapel " was erected, in consequence of a complaint being made by the Episcopalians to the Mother Church in England that they were forced to hold their services in a Presbyterian meeting-house. It was afterwards called the "Chapel Church," and then the Stone Chapel. Dr. Freeman, after the Revo- lution, altered the services in some respects, in accord- ance with Unitarian views. Hon. P. Morton and other gentlemen were instrumental in this change. When a boy, Mr. Jarvis usually attended this church with his mother, but sometimes accompanied his friend, Edward Davis, who was connected with the Vassalls, to Trinity Church, in which Bishop Parker preached ; he favored the British side in the Revolu- tion, and received many attentions and favors from the British officers. 16 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEVIS. Beacon Hill, the highest land in Boston, derived its name from the fact that, in case of impending dangers, a large light was displayed there as a signal to alarm the neighboring towns. In the time of the Revolution there were no buildings upon it, and it was a favorite resort with boys for coasting in winter. The prospect was very extensive, commanding a fine view of Dor- chester, Brookline, etc., as well as the harbor and shipping. Governor Hancock's house was considered a very splendid one, and was then unequaled. There was but one house beyond it, and only two between it and Charles Street. Afterwards William and Thomas Vassall built elegant residences on Pemberton Hill, second only to the Governor's^ but more in the Grecian style. The elevation above the street was consider- able, and they were approached by long flights of steps leading through handsome front yards. Behind the houses were fine gardens, much in the fashion of mod- ern villas in the country. Being a very aristocratic family they espoused the English side in the Revolution. Both went to Eng- land, and both were banished by the Massachusetts Assembly in 1778. John Vassall built a noble mansion in Cambridge, where he lived in princely style ; he strove, but in vain, to uphold the royal cause, and finally went with his family to England, having large estates in Jamaica. His house became Washington's head-quarters, 1775- 1776. 1 Mrs. Haley, a rich English lady, related to 1 Longfellow now resides in it, and has displayed his taste and patriot- ism by its preservation, as far as possible, as it was when occupied by the " Father of his Country." BOSTON IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 17 the celebrated Wilkes, bought William Vassall's house. She afterwards married Patrick Jeffrey, uncle of Fran- cis and John Jeffrey (so long connected with the " Ed- inburgh Review "), and removed to Brookline, or Rox- bury, and Deacon Philips bought her house for his son, Governor Ehilips. T. Vassall's house was sold to Gardiner Green. A Mr. Pemberton had lived on Pemberton Hill, and owned it. That part of the city where the Revere House now stands was Dr. Bui- finch's cow-pasture, with a board fence all round it. On one side of what is now Bowdoin Square, were four houses : Dr. Bulfinch's, Governor Sullivan's, Mr. Parkman's, and Mr. Gore's. Mr. Leonard Jarvis, a brother of Dr. Charles Jar- vis, a man of sound understanding and much energy, purchased a large landed property at what is now Cambridgeport. He became very active in efforts for the erection of the bridge now called Cambridge Bridge, which was built about 1794, and Cragie's a few years later. Charlestown Bridge was erected in 1786. There was a great festival on its completion in June of that year. 1 Before the erection of these bridges Boston was entered by land over the Neck, or over Charlestown or Winnisimmet Ferry. Boats passed and repassed Charlestown Ferry continually, carrying two chaises at a time. There were six distinguished physicians in Boston at this time, all eminent men. Dr. James Lloyd had bought the Pemberton estate, l The bridge at Bellows Falls, Vt, called " Hale's Bridge," was the next large bridge erested after the one at Charlestown, Mass. 18 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAKVIS. on Pemberton Hill, and lived in the house which ad- joined the mansion and estate of Thomas Vassall. Dr. Lloyd had the care of this property, being a relative of the Vassalls, and rented it (when Lord Howe was in Boston) to Sir William and Earl Percy. It was -afterwards sold to Gardiner Green. Dr. Lloyd was one of the first and oldest physicians in Boston ; he was greatly respected as a man of high moral charac- ter, and as a physician. He was for a time opposed to a separation from the mother country ; and in 1785, protested against the alteration of the Liturgy at King's Chapel. He completed his studies in Paris, and com- menced practice in Boston in 1752, and died there, " full of years and honors," in 1810. Dr. Danforth lived on Pemberton Hill, near Dr. Lloyd. Dr. Warren was a contemporary of Dr. Charles Jarvis. He was a brother of General Warren. His father had given him every advantage in his pro- fession, keeping him two years in London and one in Paris to visit the hospitals, and to obtain all the medical knowledge that could be acquired. In the time of the Revolutionary War, he assisted and was present at a great many operations. He was cele- brated for his surgical talents. Dr. Bulfinch lived in Bowdoin Square. Dr. Rand resided near the church on Copps' Hill, and had all the practice in that vicinity. The North End was first settled, and was originally the most respectable part of the town. Dr. Charles Jarvis has already been noticed. After the Revolution he lived in a very large house near the Old South Church, that had a spacious hall and staircase, and an office attached. In 1791 he took a BOSTON IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 19 house owned by Dr. Gardiner, corner of Winter and Tremont Streets, the garden of which extended some distance back into Winter Street. In 1795-96 he removed to the Bethune House, in which he died very suddenly, November, 1807. There were four distinguished deacons during the latter part of the eighteenth century : Deacons Tyng, Torrey, Salisbury, and Tuckerman. Deacon Salis- bury kept a hardware store ; and Deacon Tuckerman, during the Revolution, always had bread and flour, even when others were out. Sometimes he would sell only six biscuit to one person, but always had a little for each customer. These men were all looked up to with great respect and consideration. Mr. Jarvis distinctly remembered them, and the reverence and awe with which he gazed at them when a boy. He had also a vivid recollection of those great patriots Samuel Adams and John Hancock. Samuel Adams born 1722, and graduated at Harvard 1740 was five feet eight or nine inches in height, very erect ; a gentleman of the Old School ; grave, thought- ful, dignified, with dark hair and keen black eyes ; somewhat antiquated in dress, but neat and precise. A true Puritan with such firmness in his religious principles, that his passions were kept under strict subjection, and he was never severe or passionate, but honest, sincere, benevolent, and upright. " He was one of the most unwearied, efficient, and disinterested assertors of American freedom and independence." Possessed of talents and eloquence, he was the prime leader and moving spirit of the Revolution. There was a strong sympathy between Mr. Adams and 20 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. Dr. Jarvis on political subjects, and they were on the most friendly terms. Being frequently at Dr. Jarvis' house, his son William attracted his attention, and became quite a favorite with Mr. Adams, who manifested his approba- tion by patting the boy's head, and predicting that he would become a patriot, and defend the rights and promote the welfare of his countrymen ; and when they met in the street, the good statesman greeted him with a paternal smile and a few kind words. John Hancock presented a striking contrast to Samuel Adams in his personal appearance and deport- ment ; yet with one heart and purpose they joined hand in hand in the accomplishment of the freedom of their country. While Adams was simple, unos- tentatious, and rather reserved, Hancock was polished, graceful, and affable, courtly in manners, and fashion- able in dress, with blue eyes and brown hair ; and appeared as if educated at St. James' or the Tuil- eries. He was very hospitable and popular, and en- tertained a great deal of company at his house. On election days, he invited the minister who preached the election sermon to dine with him, and all strangers to whom honor was due ; he thus became noted for his election-day dinners, which were abundant and hand- some. Dr. Jarvis, who was his intimate friend, used to say that he was the most elegant and gentlemanly man that he had ever seen. This was a great compliment, for Dr. Jarvis had associated with families of high standing in London ; had mingled with the best soci- ety in Boston, and met many Englishmen and other BOSTON IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 21 foreigners of distinction at the house of his father, Colonel Jarvis. In the early part of the Revolution, Hancock and Adams, happening to be at Lexington together, it became known to the British, and hoping to take these noted rebels, and also to seize some ammunition lodged there, they formed the plan of marching up to accomplish both these objects. When their intention became known, a party of Bostonians, headed by Paul Revere, hurried to Lexington, apprised Hancock and Adams of their danger, saved part of the ammu- nition at Concord, and concealing themselves behind fences, fired upon the British soldiers and sorely har- assed them. At the time of the " Boston Massacre," Samuel Adams displayed his characteristic courage, indepen- dence, and ability. " The soldiers of the Twenty-ninth Regiment had behaved with great insolence, and committed many abuses upon the inhabitants of the town ; but the immediate introduction to the massacre was a quarrel between some of these soldiers and certain rope-makers at the rope-walk of a Mr. Gray. " In the contest, the soldiers were worsted, and this re- flecting, as they thought, on the honor of the regiment, there was a combination among them to take vengeance on the town indiscriminately. Of such a combination there is satis- factory proof; in consequence there was, on the evening of the 5th March, a great number of abuses committed by the soldiers on the inhabitants in various parts of the town ; and being carried to such excess by one party, a bell at the head of King Street (now State Street) was rung as for fire, which brought the neighboring inhabitants into the street, and as 22 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. King Street was the last scene of that party's exploits, a number of people collected there ; about which time the sentry at the custom-house, on pretense of having been insulted, knocked at the door of said house, and speaking with somebody that came out, there went from thence two persons to the main guard, opposite the court-house, and procured Captain Preston, with a party of soldiers, to go to the sentry. Captain Preston, therefore, went from the guard-house with a party of seven or eight men, who passed roughly through the people, and pushed some with their bayonets, till they were posted near the custom-house. This was resented by some of the people by throwing snow-balls. Soon after which the armed party fired, not all together, but in succession ; by which means eleven persons were killed and wounded." 1 This bloodshed was highly resented, and Samuel Adams was appointed by the town authorities to visit the British commander, and inform him that the sol- diers could no longer be tolerated by the citizens of Boston. When Mr. Adams delivered the message, his hand shook a little with palsy, which the commander observing, attributed to fear, and paid little attention to what he said. When Mr. Adams perceived this, the powerful energy of his mind enabled him to over- come this infirmity, and standing firm and erect before the commander, he said with dignity and determina- tion, " Sir, if the soldiers are not removed from town before to-morrow morning, not one of them will be left alive, for the people will rise in a mass for their expulsion." 1 From a letter of the Council, signed by S. Danforth (senior member of the Board), to the agent of the province in England. BOSTON IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTUEY. 23 He then bowed and took his leave. The strong in- tellect conquered ; for the commander, convinced that he uttered the sentiments of a people whose endurance had been taxed to the utmost, removed his quarters to Castle William. This occurred 6th March, 1770. Directly opposite the spot where the " massacre " took place, in King Street, lived Madame Clapham, Mr. Jarvis' maternal grandmother, a lady of fortune, in the Governor Shirley house, a spacious mansion of the olden time. On its site a handsome bank has been erected. Mr. Jarvis knew Paul Revere, who, dressed as a Mohawk Indian, was the leader of the party who threw the tea overboard. His ancestors were Huguenots. The " Continental money," which was issued about the time of the Revolution, depreciated so much, that when a boy Mr. Jarvis once offered forty dollars for a pint of chestnuts, which was refused. 24 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVTS. CHAPTER IV. BORDENTOWN ACADEMY.' SCHOOL AT PHILADELPHIA. HAVING improved all the advantages to. be derived from the best schools in Boston, Mr. Jarvis at fourteen was sent to the Bordentown Academy in New Jersey, as we have already stated, and placed under the care of the principal, Rev. Burgess Alison. He went from Boston to New York by land in a stage-coach, which occupied five days. At New York he crossed in a ferry- boat to the Jersey shore. Before the discovery of steam a row boat was used, and when the wind was fair a sail was hoisted. New York in 1784 contained not over 30,000 inhabitants ; what is now the fashionable part of the city was then mere pasture land. Where Greenwich Street now is, was a pasture. There was not a row of houses between Broadway and the river, and only a drinking-house at the ferry. It was a great day's journey to Princeton. In the vicinity of Philadelphia he met a rope-ferry working on pulleys, like the modern wire fer- ries an improvement then unknown in New England. Mr. Alison, the principal of the Bordentown Acad- emy, was a Baptist minister, a pious, sensible, intelli- gent man, and a benevolent and judicious teacher. His memory was wonderful, and he preached extempora- neously. In later years he was at one time Chaplain of BORDENTOWN ACADEMY. 25 the House of Representatives. In this seminary in- struction was given in most of the branches taught in our modern academies. The students read aloud in the " Tatler " and " Spectator," and words from these works were put out for spelling. The fare here was rather hard at first to a youth ac- customed to a generous gentleman's table ; being beef and boiled pork, potatoes and a hard boiled In- dian pudding, with molasses and bread, six days in the week. On Sunday the boys were favored with roast meat of some kind, and a nicer pudding of flour or rice. In summer the boys rose at half-past four o'clock ; dressed, washed, and were in the school-room at five ; breakfasted at half-past seven ; returned to the school- room at eight. From twelve to two was given them for dinner and recreation. They were dismissed for the day at half-past four, except in winter, when three even- ings were devoted to study. Saturday afternoon they had to themselves, and Sunday, excepting attendance at church. William's social and cheerful disposition soon won the friendship of the boys, with whom he became a favorite; and also with Mr. Alison, from his good conduct and diligence in study. It was Mr. Alison who first awakened the embryo love of reading in his youthful mind. Probably perceiving that he was an in- telligent, observing boy, he distinguished him above his schoolmates by frequently inviting him into his library, which was a large one, and inquiring if he had read various books ; to all which queries he was obliged to reply in the negative. At last, ashamed of his ig- norance of books, he requested his preceptor to lend LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. him one. Mr. Alison selected a well-written novel, wisely judging that the interest it excited would in- duce him to go through with it and arouse a love for more substantial reading, and a curiosity to acquire useful knowledge. He set about the task of reading to gratify his kind master ; but as soon as the plot began to unravel he read with interest until his candle failed. Securing an extra piece for the next day, he finished the first volume that night, and the day follow- ing requested Mr. Alison to lend him the second. Mr. Alison was most happy to do so, but in order to ascertain if his pupil understood and remembered what he had read, he asked him various questions, to which he received most satisfactory replies. The second volume was eagerly perused, and from that time he became a constant applicant for books, the perusal of which afforded him real pleasure. The taste for reading and love of knowledge then acquired, at- tended him through life, and proved a never- failing resource and recreation in the various changes of his eventful career. At fifteen he left Bordentown, and was one of the three who stood highest in the school at the time of his departure. A year's residence with Mr. Alison had awakened a warm respect and attach- ment for him. He was now placed under the tuition of William Waring, a Quaker of Philadelphia, whose school was considered the best for mathematical in- struction in that city, perhaps in the United States. Philadelphia at this period was the metropolis of the Union. It was the seat of Government, and Congress held its sessions there. Its population was 30,000, while Boston contained but about 10,000. It was a SCHOOL AT PHILADELPHIA. 27 neat and handsome city, laid out with great regularity. Mr. Waring's school-house was a large brick building between 5th and 6th Streets. He was so scrupulously plain in his dress as to conceal the buttons of his coat with a lappet. During his residence in Philadelphia young Jarvis became intimate with the family of a Mr. Scott, an engraver from Scotland, whose lady was a Bostonian. It had been Mr. Alison's ambition to have his coat of arms engraved for his study ; and it occurred to young Jarvis that if he could learn to engrave, he might gratify his respected master's long cherished wishes. He therefore begged Mr. Scott to be so kind as to teach him the art, with which request he cheer- fully complied. Most of the youth's leisure hours were now assiduously devoted to its acquisition, and ere long he could engrave tolerably well. Mr. Scott told him, in reply to his inquiries, that he thought he could execute the coat of arms. He there- fore wrote to Mr. Alison, saying if he would please send it, he thought he could get it engraved for him. Mr. Alison, delighted with the proposal, immediately for- warded it. The ardor and diligence with which he applied himself to the work, insured its successful exe- cution. He took several copies, and then sent them to Mr. Alison, with a handsome letter begging their acceptance, as a slight testimony of his respect and remembrance. It will readily be believed that his preceptor was highly gratified not only by the work itself, but by the affection and talent displayed by his pupil. It was indeed, a remarkable circum- stance that a boy of fifteen should acquire the art of 28 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. engraving in his hours for recreation, with the single purpose of giving pleasure to his kind master, and manifests the strength and warmth of his attachments. The friendship of George Dunn, one of his old schoolmates and friends at Bordentown, added much to his happiness while at Mr. Waring's school. They were both strangers in this city, and spent their leisure time together. George was the son of Captain Dunn of England, and had now entered the large book- store of his uncle, Major Dunn. George often in- vited his friend William to accompany him to church, and to dine in his uncle's family on Sunday. On one of these occasions the boys had repaired early to church, and were comfortably seated, when Mrs. Dunn and a fashionable young lady came up the broad aisle with stately dignity, in the full dress of that period wide hoops, rich elegant brocades, flowing lace ruf- fles, high-heeled shoes, and elaborate head-dresses, making a goodly appearance. The boys were obliged to vacate the pew, as the two ladies and Major Dunn completely filled it conclusively proving that the hoops of those days were more extensive than those of the present. The height of the head-dress was enor- mous, with its crape cushions, fly caps, stiff curls, and ostrich plumes. It is related of a fashionable lady that being in full costume, she was obliged to sit on the floor of the carriage, as her head-gear would not admit of her sitting on the seat, to the annoyance of the gentleman who was escorting her to a ball. 1 1 It may be a matter of curiosity to ladies of the present century, to learn how this head-dress was constructed : The hair was combed back on the top of the head over a cushion filled with horse-hair, and a row of stiff curls was arranged on each side, resembling sausages in shape, as some SCHOOL AT PHILADELPHIA. 29 As a great favor, young Dunn lent his friend Jarvis from the bookstore a new history of England, then considered a valuable work, who persevered in reading the eight volumes during the winter evenings, very much to his credit, for it was a dull, tedious history that never reached a second edition. At the house in which Mr. Jarvis boarded in Phila- delphia several gentlemen, also boarders, were one evening assembled in a parlor, playing whist. One of them, who was a physician, was called out. His part- ner said to young Jarvis, who was looking on, " Can you play ? " " No, sir," he replied. " Do you know one card from another ? " " Yes, sir." u Then sit down and take the Doctor's hand." It so happened that this gentleman won. They had played for a bowl of punch, which was brought in, and in passing round offered to the youth. Being very sweet and rich, he was pleased with the flavor, and drank considerable. Another game was played, and again good fortune attended the partner of young Jar- vis. It was now proposed to go to a neighboring oyster house, and have a supper of hot oysters. The gentle- man invited his youthful partner to accompany them. He declined. They urged him. He said he had no money to spend in that way. They offered to pay his expenses. He thanked them very cordially for their politeness, but firmly refused ; and rising to go to bed one has humorously observed. The hair was then powdered, and over it was worn a triangular piece of lace trimmed with ribbon, called a fly cap. Above which, for full dress were ostrich plumes or flowers. 30 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAKVIS. found himself very dizzy. He had not until he rose felt any inconvenience from taking the punch, but his dizziness was so great, that it was with difficulty he reached his chamber, when he became so much nau- seated, that he never afterwards could endure punch. It was becoming very fashionable to smoke, and at the close of his school-days in Philadelphia, he was in- vited to join several young men in a walk ere his de- parture ; but not content with the pleasures of social companionship in the open air, to prove themselves fashionable, they constantly smoked. It was a pleas- ant evening, and they promenaded up and down the river for two hours ; in which time young Jarvis had smoked five cigars, to keep his associates company. At eight, he suddenly recollected that he had an engagement to tea, with a small party at Mr. Scott's, and bidding the young men farewell, hastened to the house. He had been in the warm rooms but a short time, and was conversing with Mr. Scott's daughter, when in consequence of his indulgence, he became excessively sick, and was forced precipitately to leave the room. Mrs. Scott followed to learn the cause of his abrupt departure, and beg him to return. But he explained his situation, and too deeply mortified to do so, took leave of his kind hostess, requesting her to make some excuse for him to the young people, and returned to his lodgings. He suffered so severely in body and mind from this occurrence, that he never smoked again. And through his life, the smell of tobacco smoke was extremely offensive to him. The next day he sailed for Norfolk. Mr. Waring was so excellent a man that he made a most favorable SCHOOL AT PHILADELPHIA. 31 impression on the mind of his pupil regarding the character of Quakers. This was strengthened by after experience, for he often remarked that he never met with a dishonest Quaker nor was he ever defrauded bv one in all his business transactions. 32 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEVIS. CHAPTER V. LIFE IN VIRGINIA. HE was now sixteen, and, having made good pro- ficiency in his studies, was considered thoroughly educated for mercantile life, which had been selected for his future business ; and the South offered a good opening to enterprising young men. He reached Nor- folk without accident, and in a few weeks found an eligible situation as clerk in the store of Christopher Gardiner & Co., which was situated on the fork of two roads three miles above Great Bridge, and ten from Norfolk. Mr. Gardiner owned a large house and store in this place, and carried on an extensive business, employing four or five clerks. One of the roads led to the Great Dismal Swamp, and great quantities of lumber were brought thence to Mr. Gardiner to be sent down the river ; such as scant- lings, boards, red-oak staves for barrels and kegs, shingles made of cypress and juniper, etc., etc., which were mostly shipped to the West Indies. The shingles contained so much rosin and pitch that they were very durable, and were in great demand in that hot climate. All the planters in the vicinity repaired to this store, exchanging their produce for groceries, cutlery, Eng- lish goods, etc., etc. The elder partner in the firm IN VIRGINIA. 33 Mr. C , had retired from business, owned a fine place, and had a pleasant family, who were kind and attentive to young Jarvis. He was also frequently in- vited by the planters in the vicinity to their houses, and treated by them with much hospitality ; and thus formed some very agreeable acquaintances. The following incidents display the high estimation in which he was held by the people. A Scotchman, who was frequently at the store on business, was taken sick, and thought himself dying. He had become acquainted with young Jarvis, and must have considered him superior in abilities and education to the other clerks, for though a comparative stranger, he sent for him to come and make his will. It was two miles to Mr. McGuire's house by the road ; but there was a foot-path upon the edge of the swamp which was only half that distance, but impassable on horseback. As haste had been enjoined upon him, and it was early twilight, he chose the path ; but he was detained till nearly midnight ere he could return. As he was pursuing his solitary way, by the light of the stars, in the solemn stillness of the night, with the dread, mysterious gloom of the forest in the swamp bounding his steps on one side, his attention was attracted by a Avhite object on the ground, resembling a man stripped of his clothes, his head reclining on his arm. He recollected that reports had been in circulation that some negroes, who had run away from their masters, were secreted in this swamp ; and the first idea that occurred to him was, that they had murdered and robbed a white man, and this was his dead body. Ter- rified by the spectacle, he turned quickly round, and 3 34 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. ran with speed to a planter's house which he had passed about a quarter of a mile back. Without stopping to consider, his first impulse was to flee from the frightful scene of bloodshed. But as he drew near to the planter's residence, he began to be a little ashamed of his fears, for he was a courageous lad, and picking up a stout club, determined to return and view the dreadful object more attentively, think- ing that possibly the man might not be dead, and he could render him some assistance. With firmness he retraced his steps, and marched up to the unfortunate victim; when lo ! he beheld an old chincapin-tree, stripped of its bark, which the wind had overthrown ; and one branch lay in such a manner, that it bore a strong resemblance to a man's arm with his head upon it. The chincapin is a species of chestnut, and when it dies, the outer bark peels oft". How many groundless fears might be dispelled, by a similar effort of bravery. With nerves a little discomposed by his fright, he resumed his homeward walk, when suddenly a terrific shriek arose near him. Again thoughts of violence came to his mind, and horror filled his soul. The stoutest heart might well tremble in such a situation ! A repetition of the dreadful sound, and seeing a bird fly out from the tree above his head, dis- closed to him that it was only the cry of the screech-owl that had thus alarmed him, and greatly relieved, he quickened his steps, and soon reached home. On another occasion, a woman having died near Great Bridge, and there being no clergyman in the vicinity, some gentleman of the family, who had formed a high opinion of this young New Englander, invited IN VIRGINIA. 35 him to officiate at the funeral, to read the church service and a sermon. He modestly declined ; but the gentleman said it would confer a great favor on the family, as there was no one else they could engage ; and urged it more strongly. It was impossible to refuse ; and on the appointed day he repaired to the house, and read with propriety the solemn and impres- sive Episcopal Service for the Burial of the Dead, till he came to the place where it is left optional with the minister to say " sister " or " brother," when unfortu- nately he said " Brother" as printed. Immediately one of the relatives touched his arm and whispered " Sister, sister." He rectified the mistake, and went through the rest very well. Then read a long sermon of forty pages that had been selected for him, with much solemnity. His performance of the services was highly complimented, especially his excellent reading of the sermon. Once or twice after this he was called upon to officiate in the same way certainly a strong proof of their good opinion, that this youth of seventeen should be selected to fill the place of a clergyman. At this period many of the churches in Virginia were closed, the clergy having gone to England. " In 1696 each minister of a parish had been pro- vided with an annual stipend of sixteen thousand pounds of tobacco. The price of tobacco had long been stationary, at sixteen shillings, eight pence per hundred. They sometimes commuted it for money at the market price. In 1755 the tobacco crop having fallen short, the legislature passed an act to enable the inhabitants of the colony to discharge their tobacco 36 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEVIS. debts in money, for one year/' 1 A second short crop, in 1758, caused another similar act. This gave rise to a lawsuit between the clergy and planters. It was in this trial, in December, 1763, that Patrick Henry first displayed that wonderful and overpowering eloquence, which gained the cause of the planters, and so astonished and captivated his hearers. By this decision of the court, the stipend of the clergy was so much lessened, that many of them left Virginia, and returned to England. While at Great Bridge, young Jarvis' mother died. He entertained for her a strong affection and respect ; and always spoke of her as possessing firmness, energy, and talent. It was to her that he was indebted for the direction of his judicious education. The rich brocade dresses, etc., she left her son, and which he carefully preserved amid the changes of his life, are still in the possession of his family. After remaining two years with Mr. Gardiner, with his approbation, he obtained a more desirable situation as book-keeper with Mr. Mackay, in Portsmouth, Va. He was a native of Ireland ; good-humored, social, and kind-hearted, but occasionally a little hasty. Mr. Jarvis soon became a favorite with Mr. Mackay, who reposed such entire trust in his capacity and fidelity, that in a few months he gave up the business almost wholly to him, only purchasing the goods himself. At this store, the merchandise was as miscellaneous as at Great Bridge, but cash only was received in payment. Mr. Jarvis occasionally visited his friends at Great 1 Wirt's Life, of Patrick Henry, p. 20. . IN VIRGINIA. 37 Bridge and the vicinity ; and was also invited to various homes in Portsmouth, thus forming many pleasant acquaintances. Among these were the family of Mr. Bray, Mr. Mack'ay's partner. Agree- able in conversation, social in disposition, and gentle- manly in manners, young Jarvis was received with high favor by all, and was ever a welcome guest. At this period it was the universal fashion in Virginia to take egg-nog, mint-juleps, etc., in the morning. The effects of the punch drank in Philadelphia had caused such a disgust for rum, that it saved him from this dangerous practice. But during the Christmas holidays people drank to a great extent. One morning at this season, Jarvis having been induced by his young companions to take other liquors very freely, met Mr. Mackay in the street, who in-, formed him that he had just received a letter from a gentleman in Petersburg, who requested that his account might be made out, and forwarded by return post, and he must trouble Mr. Jarvis to do it. Although it was a holiday, he cheerfully complied, and repaired immediately to the store. The account was a long one of two or three pages, but he assidu- ously set about the business. After completing the copy, he found that it was erroneously transcribed. He then made another, but found that he could not reckon. Suddenly the idea flashed upon him that he had indulged in liquor to excess. A senae of horror filled his soul. A cold sweat covered him all over ! Could it be possible that he had been so overcome ? He was sobered in a moment. He thought deeply, and made a solemn resolution that he would never 38 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. again taste of any kind of liquor before dinner. In half an hour he became perfectly clear-headed, and returned to his account, which he cast up accurately, and presented to Mr. Mackay, who was quite pleased with his promptness and neatness of execution. He firmly and nobly adhered to this determination through the various temptations by which he was assailed in after-life. In manhood he drank only light wine in moderation with his dinner, never at any other time ; and he never tasted of rum, brandy, or any kind of ardent spirits, till it was recommended by a physician in his old age. During the latter part of the last, and the early part of this century, drinking in the forenoon was an almost .universal practice; and it must have required great firmness, rectitude of purpose, and self-denial to stand alone in resisting the solicitations of good fellowship, both in America and Europe. When in Lisbon, at the semi-weekly dinners he gave to American gentlemen and sea-captains then in the city, he often found that they were disposed to drink more wine than was for his good, and to avoid intemperance, he ordered his servant to place a goblet of water by his side, and filled his glass with water, after he had drank a reason- able quantity ; while his guests, too busy to notice it, replenished theirs with wine. In about two years Mr. Mackay died. Before this event, almost the whole management of his affairs had devolved upon Mr. Jarvis. Mr. B , the senior partner in the firm, had a son who was a clerk in the store, a very intelligent and noble-hearted young man, IN VIRGINIA. 39 but inclined to intemperance. Mr. Jarvis had estab- lished such a character for temperance and firm prin- ciples, that Mr. B thought he would exercise a beneficial restraint upon his son George, and therefore urged him to enter into a partnership, and keep up the establishment. He acceded to this proposal, and for a year he per- severingly endeavored to effect a reformation ; but finding the young man's habits too firmly fixed, he told his father that he thought he would be exposed to fewer temptations on his plantation, and the partner- ship had better be dissolved. Mr. B - - was convinced that he spoke justly, and sadly assented. The year's profits were divided, and their affairs settled. Mr. Jarvis now determined to return to Boston. He took passage with Mr. Reynolds, who had been in business in Norfolk, and was about to return to Boston in his own vessel. While at sea, a storm arose, and they were drifted on Martha's Vineyard, at Holmes' Hole. The two gentlemen, glad to escape the perils of the voyage, were put ashore at Falmouth, leaving the brig in charge of Captain Luce. There being no other mode of conveyance to Boston, they went on horseback, and hired a boy to lead back the horses. They reached Plymouth at the close of the first day. Active, vigorous, and at home in the saddle, young Jarvis performed the journey with ease ; but Mr. Reynolds, not accustomed to this exercise, and more sedentary in his habits, suffered severely, espe- cially on the afternoon of the second day, when it com- 40 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. menced snowing, and they had to contend with a violent northeast storm. It was quite dark when they reached Boston Neck, where they were exposed to the whole fury of the wind, there being no buildings at that time to shelter them ; and to cross it in the night was a formidable undertaking, the snow being driven into their hair, faces, and necks with pitiless force. At about eight o'clock they reached a tavern in Boston with the sign of a white horse. Here they had their horses and boy provided for, when Mr. Reynolds went to his brother's, and Mr. Jarvis to his father's. Dr. Jarvis lived near the Old South Church, in Main Street (now a part of Washington Street), which ran from Fortification Gates on the Neck, to Winnisimmet Ferry. Cold, wet, and weary, he knocked at his father's door about nine o'clock. What an interesting meeting it must have been to both father and son, after so long a separation ! The youth had attained to manhood ; had passed through a variety of scenes and trials, and in each had acquitted himself witli honor, and won the esteem and confidence of his teachers and employers. Dr. Jarvis had married Miss Mary Pepperrell Spar- hawk, only daughter of Colonel and Elizabeth Spar- hawk, of Kittery, Maine ; granddaughter of General , Sir William Pepperrell, the hero of Louisburg, and' sister of young Sir William Pepperrell, 1 who inherited 1 Sir William Pepperrell, Bart., graduated at Harvard College in 1766, and was for many years a member of the Council, in Massachusetts. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Hon. Isaac Koyall, of Medford. In the Revolution he joined the Loyalists, or Tories, and went to England, taking his personal property and plate. His lady died of small-pox at Halifax, on the voyage. He was proscribed in 1778, and his vast domain confiscated IN VIRGINIA. 41 his grandfather's title and estate. In the early part of the century, from 1725 till his death in 1759, the elder Sir William P. had been one of the most wealthy and influential merchants in New England, owning an immense landed estate. Possessing great ability, enterprise, and rectitude, he was truly " a man whom the people delighted to honor." After the capture of Louisburg, honors were showered upon him, both in the mother country and in the colonies. On the death of his only son, Andrew, in 1751, he adopted his grandson, William Pepperrell Sparhawk, on condition that he should take the name of Pep- perrell. Dr. Jarvis met Miss Sparhawk in Boston, where she was attending school, and was charmed with her. She was refined, lady -like, and talented ; painted skillfully and beautifully in water-colors, and had much taste for literature ; but she had been nurtured with so much care and tenderness, that her sensibilities were too acute to cope with life's severer duties and trials. After Dr. Jarvis was betrothed to Miss Sparhawk, he went to Kittery, and met there her grandmother, Lady Mary Hirst Pepperrell, the relict of the old hero, then quite advanced. She was a woman of superior abilities, witty, highly cultivated, conver-. sant with the best English authors of her day, and possessing much poetical genius, having written a by the United States government. He died at his residence in Portman Square, London, in 1810, and the name became extinct. He left three daughters: Elizabeth Royall, who married Rev. Henry Button ; Mary Hirst Mclntosh, married Sir William Congreve; Harriet, married Sir Charles Thomas Palmer. Their descendants are numerous. 42 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. volume of poetry. He greatly admired this accom- plished and elegant lady, and was surprised by the merit of her poetry, though it was never published for some reason she destroyed it before her decease. She was of the Old School, and devotedly attached to her husband and children. Her figure was of medium height, well-formed, and graceful. She had an intelli- gent countenance, fine eyes, and beautiful hands. She lived to the age of eighty-eight, in the immediate vicinage of her only daughter, Madam Sparhawk, her husband and children, and of their respected and learned pastor, Rev. Dr. Stevens ; and died in 1789, retaining her faculties to the last. 1 Colonel Sparhawk died in 1790, and Dr. Stevens, 1791. After which Madam Sparhawk was persuaded by her daughter to reside in Boston. 1 See Appendix A : Pepperrell family and Sparhawk family. A MERCHANT IN BOSTON. 43 CHAPTER VI. A MERCHANT IN BOSTON. MR. JARVIS was twenty-one when he established himself as a merchant in his native town. He entered into partnership with a young man of great promise, who was to reside in Virginia, and do the business of the firm at the South. 1 Mr. Jarvis took a store on Long Wharf, next to Mr. Samuel Breck (Nos. 37 and 38), a gentleman of high standing, and possessing a handsome property. These were very old stores, belonging to Dr. Eckley, the Congregational minister who preached in the " Old South Church," and who had inherited a large fortune. They were found to be unsafe, and Mr. Jarvis pro- posed to Mr. Breck to go with him to Dr. Eckley, and beg him to repair them. After listening to their statements, Dr. Eckley said he was unwilling to expend much in repairs. Mr. Jarvis then respect- fully inquired what he was willing to do. He said he would give them an answer in two days; when he told them they might rebuild the stores, and occupy them two years and a half free of rent. These terms 1 It may be related here that this partnership was dissolved in two years, for this gifted partner also became a victim of intemperance, and his life was sacrificed at an early age to this seductive foe. 44 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. were accepted, and a good carpenter contracted to build *them for a sum a little less than the rent for this period. Dr. Eckley was highly pleased with the buildings when completed, for they were three stories high and well finished; and being so much more valu- able than the old ones, it proved a most advanta- geous arrangement for him. Mr. Breck removed to Philadelphia soon after this, and Mr. Thomas H. Perkins succeeded him as occupant of the new store. He was a most kind and friendly neighbor during the next five years, and numerous were the acts of courtesy and accommodation exchanged between them. Not long before the death of Mr. Perkins, this benev- olent and excellent gentleman spoke of the pleasure he had derived from the friendship and companionship of Mr. Jarvis in those early days, and of the high esteem in which he had always held him. From the high standing and extensive connections of Dr. Jarvis, his son soon became acquainted with some of the first gentlemen in Boston ; among these were Dr. Warren, Dr. Danforth, Dr. John Howard, Harrison G. Otis, David Sears, Dr. Lloyd, Jonathan Mason, William Smith, and Isaac Winslow. His friendship with the last truly Christian gentleman only terminated with his life. He often in advanced years spoke of Mr. William Smith in terms of great respect. Mr. Jarvis attended the assemblies, 1 and was invited to private parties, where he met some of the best society, and soon became a popular beau with the ladies. His residence at the South had made his 1 These assemblies were held once a month, at Concert Hall. A MERCHANT IN BOSTON. 45 address easy, and his fluency in conversation was ren- dered more pleasing by his polite and graceful deport- ment, to which were added the charms of a handsome person. He was five feet ten inches in height, erect and active ; with fine, curly, dark brown hair (though dressed with powder) ; high, broad forehead, large white teeth, a pleasant mouth, and florid com- plexion. He was also punctiliously attentive to his drees, which was then considered a distinguishing mark of the gentleman. It consisted of a blue or black broad- cloth coat, white silk vest, black satin small-clothes, with silver knee-buckles, white silk stockings, and shoes with large silver buckles ; a shirt with finest linen cambric ruffles on the bosom and wristbands, a white cravat, and cocked hat. This costume was " a la mode " from 1785 to 1800. There were at this period three clubs in Boston one of elderly, one of middle-aged gentlemen, and one of young men. Mr. Jarvis belonged to the last ; the members of which were James Lloyd, son of Dr. Lloyd ; Josiah Quincy, Dr. Isaac Rand, a student and assistant of Dr. Lloyd ; Dr. John Howard, whose father was a minister in the North Church ; Thomas and Benjamin Green, nephews of Gardiner Green; Sylvester, or (as he was familiarly called) Silver Gray, nephew of William Gray ; two 'other Rands, one of whom came but seldom ; Samuel Barton, and William Reed. J. Q. Adams and T. H. Perkins belonged to the middle-aged club, as did also a brother of Dr. Jarvis Benjamin Jarvis. J. Q. Adams was usually very 46 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. silent, but some of his personal friends frequently made an effort to draw him out, and on these occasions his varied knowledge, extensive information, and rich eloquence, were a feast for all the members of the club. He had been much abroad, which had en- larged his sphere of observation ; and being a deep thinker and diligent student, few equaled him in nat- ural and acquired talent. The clubs were held in Concert Hall. There was a large ball-room, where the assemblies were held, and several smaller rooms, in which the clubs met. Mr. James Vilay kept the establishment, and provided suppers proverbially good. At the clubs they usually amused themselves with cards the early part of the evening, but gambling was strictly prohibited. At nine o'clock the cards were laid aside, and they had a hot beefsteak or brants, in the season and toast ; when a great deal of agreeable conversation was sustained on literary and social subjects, intermingled with pleasantry and wit. Politics were interdicted, as party feeling then ran too high to render them a safe or agreeable topic of con- versation in meetings designed to promote harmonious and friendly sentiments. There were twelve members in each club. Each member had the privilege of invit- ing a friend for one evening. After residing three years in his father's family, Mr. Jarvis went to board with Mrs. Archibald, who kept one of the best boarding-houses in town, in Bowdoin Square. The house was built on an extensive scale, by Judge Sullivan, who still owned it. The apart- ments were large and pleasant, and gentlemen sought accommodations there, as they now do at the Tremont and Revere Houses, etc. A MERCHANT IN BOSTON. 47 Mrs. Archibald and her daughters were admirably calculated to make their house a pleasant home for gentlemen, possessing tact, good sense, and good- humor, and being excellent housekeepers. General Jackson, a rich old bachelor, was a perma- nent boarder, and a large front chamber was appropri- ated to his use. General Knox and General Cobb, his particular friends, visited him once or twice a year, when "the three Harrys," as the young ladies face- tiously called them, these three companions in arms as well as in peace, had a rich season of social enjoy- ment, occupying the same apartment, from which is- sued many a hearty laugh. They had been intimate before the Revolution. At that period General Knox kept a large bookstore, and had formed a strong attachment for Miss Flucker, which was reciprocated. Her father, 1 who was one of the most aristocratic men in Boston, at first objected, on the score of family ; but at the outbreak of the Revolution, finding that his daughter's affections were deeply interested, he gave his consent to their mar- riage ; and shortly after this event, he went with his family to England, in company with the Boylstons, Royalls, Pepperrells, Sparhawks, Vassalls, Olivers, etc., etc., in consequence of their adhesion to the British side. Mrs. Knox had inherited a good deal of her father's pride, and it was generally believed that she had exerted her influence to induce her husband 1 Thomas Flucker, Esq., married Miss Hannah Waldo, daughter of Gen, Samuel Waldo. She was engaged for two or three years to Andrew Pep- perrell, only son of Sir William P. Owing to his long protracted illness, followed by heavy losses of property at sea, their marriage was delayed ; and she finally broke the engagement, and married Mr. Flucker. 48 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. to leave his bookstore and enter the American army. His firm friends, Jackson and Cobb, followed his ex- ample. General Knox soon became a favorite of Gen- eral Washington, for, in addition to his worth of char- acter, his manners were very gentlemanly and urbane. At General Washington's table, he was frequently called upon to assist in doing its honors ; and when the great head was absent, General Knox always presided. Beside General Jackson, Messrs. Nicholas and Dan- iel Gilman, Mr. Elwyn, and several others were fel- low-boarders with Mr. Jarvis, at Mrs. Archibald's. He became very intimate with the Gilmans, who were from Exeter, N. H., and brothers of Gov. John T. Gilman ; they were merchants in Boston. Mr. N. Gilman had been a member of the old Congress. Mr. Elwyn was an English gentleman of literary attain- ments and fortune, who afterwards married Governor Langdon's only daughter, in Portsmouth, N. H. Mr. Jarvis soon won the good-will and favor of the ladies, who were very attentive to his comfort. His father's family connections were at this time numer- ous. Five brothers and two sisters resided in Bos- ton ; and their society added much to the son's enjoyment. Leonard, the eldest of the five, was a merchant of high standing. When the British government prohib- ited all trade with Boston, in 1774-75, he removed to New Bedford with his mother (the widow of Col. Na- thaniel Jarvis), and his sisters, Mary and Sarah, and there entered into commercial business. While in New Bedford his sister Sarah married Mr. Joseph Russell, of a very respectable Quaker family. When A MERCHANT IN BOSTON. 49 the British forces evacuated Boston, Mr. Leonard Jar- vis returned, with his mother and sisters, and estab- lished himself in that town under the firm of " Jarvis & Russell." After the adoption of the Constitution, and the passage of the Excise Law, he was appointed by President Washington Inspector of Revenue the whole of the excise duties of that day being under the control of that office ; and he remained head of this department until the repeal of the act. He was methodical and energetic in his business habits, and remarkable for integrity, sound sense, and judgment. He married Miss Sarah Scott, of Newport, R. I., a lady greatly respected for her many virtues. They had a large family .of children, and resided in Cam- bridge from 1790 to 1798. His sister Mary, who re- mained single, a lady of talents, wit, and uncommon attainments, became a member of their family, and found great pleasure in cultivating the youthful minds of her nieces and nephews. Samuel Gardiner Jarvis, the Doctor's second brother, was also a merchant in Boston, genial, warm-hearted, and abounding with humor. In 1772, he married Miss Susannah Pierce, of Portsmouth, N. H., and they had several children, only two of whom, Leonard and Susan Pierce, lived to mature years. His wife died in 1782 ; and he married, in 1786, Miss Prudence Davis, of Newbern, N. C., a refined and lovely lady, who had three children, Mary Sparhawk, Russell, and Helen. His family was a very interesting and pleasant one. Mrs. Russell was a model of neatness and order ; sensible, benevolent, intelligent, agreeable in conversa- tion, and affable in manners. Her house and dinners 4 50 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. were much frequented by the family ; and her nephew William was her especial favorite. The two youngest brothers, Benjamin and Philip, were also merchants. Benjamin held an important office under. the United States Government until 1812. He married a daughter of Mr. Hall of Dorchester, who had a fine old place, and several other daughters, Mrs. Price, Mrs. Gibbs, and Mrs. Blagg were married, and lived in Boston. Benjamin was near the age of his nephew William. He was witty, intelligent, and remarkable for his colloquial powers, when drawn out by intimate friends. They were fond of each other's society, often walking and conversing together. Philip married Miss Head, and his oldest son was John, who was afterwards in Lisbon. Nathaniel had been a cap- tain in the Revolutionary army, and had two children William C. and Susan, both quite talented. 1 In 1793 it was proposed to introduce theatrical en- tertainments into Boston. Dr. Jarvis was the open and bold advocate of their introduction, both in the town of Boston, and in the legislature ; arguing that the rep- sentation of a well-selected play had a tendency to instruct the mind, improve the morals, and elevate the sentiments of the spectators, as well as amuse them ; and our youth, by such a recreation, might be diverted from low pleasures and demoralizing amusements. Samuel Adams, the Doctor's venerable friend, who \\\is warmly attached to him, and coincided with him in opinion on all political questions, disagreed with him upon this subject, for he considered scenic representa- 1 See Appendix C, Jarvis Family. A MERCHANT IN BOSTON. 51 tions irreligious and contrary to the spirit of the Puri- tan Fathers. There were many others, both in town and country, who entertained the same aversion, and some who fa- vored them secretly, but dared not express their senti- ments openly. Dr. Jarvis at last succeeded in effecting their toleration, and the legislature granted a charter for a theatre, which was built in Federal Street, for- merly Long Lane. Harrison G. Otis was much inter- ested in obtaining a good set of actors from England. Some dissatisfaction being felt about this theatre, another called the " Haymarket Theatre," was erected on what was afterwards " Colonnade Row," now Tre- mont Street, but then open ground. This was a high wooden structure, which was said to endanger the houses in the vicinity, and was finally pulled down. Although he highly enjoyed social amusements, and the charms of cultivated society, in which he was so much esteemed and admired, yet Mr. Jarvis never permitted them to interfere with the strictest attention to his business. He uniformly practiced upon the motto, " Business first, and pleasure afterwards." This application and industry, with scrupulous hon- esty, honorable dealing, and judicious management, re- sulted in a very prosperous .state of his affairs. In 1796 he was engaged to Miss Mary Pepperrell Sparhawk, a niece of Mrs. Dr. C. Jarvis, a young lady possessing a rare combination of virtues : beauty of person, unusual cultivation and strength of mind, and loveliness of disposition. Modest, unaffected, and af- fectionate, she was warmly beloved by her relatives 52 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEVIS. and friends, and Mr. Jarvis was most happy in win- ning her love. Now, his ship of life, fanned by favoring gales, sailed on the waters of prosperity, in bright sunshine ; but too soon, alas, the sky was overcast ; and suddenly the storms of adversity burst upon him ! HIS FAILUEE. 53 CHAPTER VII. HIS FAILURE. MESSRS. CLARK & NIGHTINGALE of Providence, a most respectable house, mutual friends of Mr. Jarvis, and the Murrays of New York, thinking they would benefit each other, recommended Mr. Jarvis to them as an active correspondent, for he stood in high credit as a merchant in Boston. Mr. Robert Murray of New York brought a letter of introduction from Messrs. Clark & Nightingale, to Mr. Jarvis, and in this way the acquaintance commenced. Mr. Robert Murray was in partnership with his brothers, one of whom resided in Paris, and they hazarded great risks in purchasing assignats, with small rational prospect of gain. In consequence of the recommendation of Messrs. Clark and Nightingale, Mr. Jarvis was induced to indorse at different times, to a large amount, for the Murrays. They had speculated largely in breadstuffs and rice. A most prolific and abundant harvest in France caused a great depression in breadstuffs, and wheat fell from sixteen or eighteen francs, to three or four francs per bushel. The Murrays had paid thirty shillings per hundredweight for rice at the South, for which they only received enough to pay the freight. Whoever 54 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. had been concerned in breadstuff's failed by this depres- sion, and among others the Murrays. Mr. Jarvis, with the confiding generosity of youth, had yielded to Mr. Robert Murray's solicitations, on the assurance that he would soon free him from the obligation, and indorsed for them to the amount of 838,000. When he heard of the failure of the Murrays he immediately determined to pay off every debt both small and great of his personal contraction. He had about six thousand dollars by him, and he rested not until he had paid all persons, principal and interest, from whom he had received property, to the full amount of their dues. When he was applied to on account of the Murrays, he said, " Gentlemen, I have paid all my own debts, you can take the remainder of my property." With his high-minded integrity, he never dreamed of putting his property out of his hands, or any other equivocation of modern times, but manfully sur- rendered all that he possessed to the creditors of the New York house. Having pursued this honorable course of conduct, he was dining at Mrs. Archibald's, when he was informed that some one wished to speak to him at the door. It was the sheriff, sent to arrest him for his liabilities for the Murrays. He told him that he was at dinner, but he would go to the prison in the afternoon if he was willing to trust him. The sheriff replied that his word of honor was sufficient. After dinner Mr. Jarvis made some necessary arrange- ments, and then walked alone to the jail. The jailer being engaged, as he was informed, he sat down and waited patiently for an hour or two, HIS FAILURE. 55 calm and firm ; yet seated thus in the precincts of a prison, this sad reverse of fortune must have filled his heart with most painful feelings, disappointed hopes, and blasted prospects. When the jailer came in, Mr. Jarvis remarked that he had kept him waiting a long time. " Yes, sir," he replied, " but I have been busy, and was sure you would not attempt to go away." He told Mr. Jarvis that by giving bonds that he would appear at court at a certain time, he could be released from confinement. " Will you accept my father as my bondsman ? " " O yes, sir." " Then will you please to send him word where I am, and request him to do me the favor to come to me?" Dr. Jarvis quickly obeyed the summons, signed the bond, and father and son went away together, wiser, if not happier men, and thankful for his speedy libera- tion. The Murrays issued a paper stating the amount of their assets to be > 250,000 ; they owed 300,000. The houses in France and England that owed them large sums had stopped payment ; but it was thought they still possessed a large amount of property, and that they would eventually pay. There was $2,000 due the Murrays in Boston. Mr. Jarvis went to Mr. Codman, the upright and judicious agent of the creditors, and told him that if they attempted to confine him, he should make no promises ; but if they would give him his liberty, and take his notes, he would pay seven and sixpence on 56 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. the pound, in five annual installments ; and give up all his claims upon the assets of Robert Murray & Co. to the creditors. Mr. Cod man told Mr. Jarvis that these amounted to eighteen shillings on the pound, and were in good hands. They were estimated to be more than sufficient to pay principal, interest, and damage on the bills of exchange, and he begged him not to bind himself for so large a sum, but to wait the issue. He replied that he was not willing to involve his father in his difficulties, by being bound for him, and felt confident that if he were at liberty to use his faculties, he should eventually be able to clear himself. His proposal was accepted, and he gave his notes for $14,500, payable in five annual installments. It was a large sum, and he knew that great exertion would be required ; but he was determined, with God's blessing, to make it, if energy, enterprise, and untiring labors could enable him to do so. He made a resolution to which he steadily adhered through life that he w r ould never again indorse for any one. He was now so much worse than nothing in point of property, but nobly did he rise above his misfortunes. With the poet he felt " Be thou secure of soul, unbent by woes; The more thy fortune frowns, the more oppose." It was a hard reverse for him, owing to no extrav- agance, idleness, or neglect of business, but solely to yielding to the solicitations and fair promises of a brother merchant, from a spirit of accommodation, in the generous confidence of youth. He now decided to go out as supercargo of a vessel, HIS FAILURE. 57 and chartered one for the voyage. He must bid adieu to relatives and friends, and exchanging his silk stock- ings and small-clothes, broadcloth coat and ruffles, for loose trousers and a pea-jacket, brave the perils of the ocean, and inure himself to the hardships of a sea- life. Bereft of fortune, and about to enter upon an em- ployment that involved so many risks, Mr. Jarvis, with his characteristic generosity and thoughtful ness for the welfare of others, begged Miss Sparhawk not to con- sider their engagement binding, but to feel free to form another, should her hand be solicited by a person agreeable to her. She was very young, only about seventeen, and her fresh affections had been too deeply interested easily to forget. Her attachment was rather strengthened than weakened by his misfortunes ; especially as they had elicited the strength, probity, and nobleness of his character. With deep sympathy for her affianced, and a sad heart, she returned to the family of her respected uncle, Hon. Bailey Bartlett, of Haverhill, Mass., where she was tenderly loved as a daughter and sister by its amiable members. 1 Not long before Mr. Jarvis sailed, he met at Mrs. i Miss Sparhawk's mother was Elizabeth Bartlett, who married N. Sparhawk, Esq. She died two years after her marriage, which so much affected her only sister Catharine, that she soon followed her sister to an early grave. Mr. Bartlett was so deeply afflicted by the loss of both his lovely sisters, that he wished to adopt Mrs. Sparhawk's offspring as his own. The little orphan inherited some property from her mother and Aunt Katy ; but her Uncle Bartlett's house was always her home until she was thirteen, when at the earnest request of her Aunt Jarvis, who had no children, she spent most of her time in Boston, attending the best schools. 58 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. Archibald's, her pastor, Rev. Dr. Clarke, for whom he entertained a high respect, and the excellent Doctor was much interested in him. At this, their last inter- view, he urged him, as he had often done before, to join a meeting of young men for religious instruction, at which he presided. Mr. Jarvis hesitated, then, pleading some other engagement, declined, though he afterwards regretted that he did so. Subsequently the Doctor expressed, a good deal of solicitude about him, saying he thought they should never meet again. Mrs. Archibald thought this a pre- sentiment that Mr. Jarvis would perish at sea. The event proved otherwise, though the prediction was ver- ified by the death of Dr. Clarke, who was suddenly seized with apoplexy in his pulpit, on the 1st April, 1798, and expired in less than twelve hours the good and faithful servant called home to " joy unspeakable and full of glory." " Servant of God, well done ! Rest from thy lovi-d employ : The battle ceased, the victory won, Enter thy Master's joy/' HIS VOYAGES. 59 PART II. CHAPTER VIII. HIS VOYAGES. IT was late in the year 1796 that Mr. Jarvis made his first voyage to Corunna. During his two first voyages he studied navigation with close attention, and spent much of his time on deck, to acquire some practical knowledge of the management of a ship. As they neared Corunna he noticed a vessel at a considerable distance ; and after scrutinizing her care- fully through his spy-glass, he found that she was rapidly bearing down upon them. It soon became evident that she was a French privateer in full pursuit. All at once she changed her tack, and ran up through a narrow and difficult passage to Corunna. Mr. Jarvis ordered one of the men up the mast-head, to see what had caused this sudden diversion, who reported that there was a large ship heaving in sight in the offing, which he thought was English. As she drew nearer, she proved to be an English cruiser ; which explained why the French corvette abandoned her pursuit of the American brig. It was a Godsend for her. 1 1 After Jay's treaty with England, differences arose between France and the United States. The French captured our commercial marine, but the United States would not allow of retaliation. 60 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. After landing at Corunna, next morning, Mr. Jarvis called upon the French Consul, to whom he had a letter of introduction, and while they were conversing a naval officer entered. The Consul introduced Mr. Jarvis to him ; when the Captain, surveying him with close scrutiny, said in a gay, dashing manner, " Are you the commander of the brig that I chased yesterday in the Bay ? " He replied affirmatively. 44 Ah ! " said the Frenchman, with an air of non- chalance, " had it not been for that English frigate, I should certainly have made a ' Ion prize' of you ! '' 44 You would have found very little on board my ship, sir, to make it a desirable object." 44 No matter, the brig is valuable ; and I should have captured you without fail." He then turned to the Consul, and after half an hour's conversation, invited him to join a dinner- party on board his ship that afternoon ; and again ad- dressing Mr. Jarvis in an easy off-hand way, said that he should be most happy if Monsieur Jarvie also would favor him with his company ; speaking with the famil- iarity of an old acquaintance. He thanked him civilly, saying if he could con- veniently, he would avail himself of his polite invita- tion ; but felt no inclination to visit an officer who boasted that he had so nearly captured him, and might still do so, should an opportunity offer. There was no market for his corn, and he deter- mined to escape from so dangerous an enemy. He returned directly to the brig, and told the Captain to have everything ready for sea, but to do it quietly, HIS VOYAGES. 61 to avoid attracting attention to loosen the sails, be ready to raise anchor, etc. About two o'clock the company began to go in boats to the corvette ; these boats plied to and fro for some time, then the ladies and gentlemen were seen prome- nading on the quarter-deck. After a while they all went below. " Now, Captain," said Mr. Jarvis, " they have gone to dinner ; this is our time." It is sufficient to say that they escaped without molestation, and reached Lisbon in safety. While in Corunna, and subsequently in other parts of Spain, Mr. Jarvis was struck by the manners and customs of the lower classes of Spaniards. When the peasants come in to market from the country, the poor women walk behind their " lords and masters," their babies on their backs, and fruit and vegetables on their heads ; while the men, both proud and lazy, stalk before, a long staff in their hand, and their pantaloons and jacket adorned with numerous bell-shaped, silver or silver-plated, buttons. On his return from the second voyage, in 1797, Mr. Jarvis was convinced that it would be more for his advantage to take the entire command of the vessel, being better qualified to cope with the officers of foreign ships of war, and to answer their various ques- tions, than were most sea-captains. In company with his friends, Nicholas and Daniel Gilman, he purchased the brig Mary, of Mr. Coombs of Newburyport (a man of large self-acquired wealth), taking one third part of it. At his request the Gilmans gave him a power of 62 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEYIS. attorney, authorizing him in all cases to act as he thought most judicious ; leaving the cargoes he pur- chased, the ports he visited, etc., etc., entirely discre- tionary with himself. Mr. Jarvis knew that he should thus be enabled to make the voyages more profitable. On his third voyage Mr. Daniel Gilman, who was out of health, accompanied him. One day, while walking the quarter-deck, Mr. Jarvis observed that the service was off the foretop- mast back-stay ; whereupon he ordered one of the old sailors aloft to mend it. The old tar, who had been boatswain in the English service, suspecting that the Captain was not a very skillful seaman, and wishing to raise a laugh at his expense, by exposing his ignor- ance, replied, 44 Shall I put on the service with the sun, or against the sun, sir ? " Penetrating his design, Mr. Jarvis immediately said to him in a tone of surprise, 44 1 thought I hired you as an able seaman ? " 1 " You did, sir." 44 And don't you know how to mend the service on the back-stay ? If you do not, go and ask the second mate," he said sternly. The mortified sailor dropped his head, and went directly to perform the duty, with which he was per- fectly familiar, and conducted himself with propriety and respect during the remainder of the voyage. His readiness of mind on this, and many other occasions, was a great benefit to him. The vessel touched at Madeira, but as corn could 1 A nautical term, meaning thoroughly trained or first-class. HIS VOYAGES. 63 be sold there only in exchange for Madeira wine, which was very low in New York and Boston, from the market being glutted, he would not dispose of it here. Early next morning he observed a schooner which had come in during the night. It occurred to him that he might gain some desirable information from the captain, and taking a boat and two sailors, he ran alongside it. He questioned them thus : u Where from ? " " St. Michael." " What nation ? " " Portuguese." " What is corn worth in St. Michael ? " " It is very low ; they had a great crop ; there are 6,000 moyas." 1 " Any vessels in from Lisbon ? " No." " Are you sure that there are no vessels in ? " " Yes, very certain ? " Mr. Jarvis returned to his vessel and said to Mr. Oilman, " Daniel, I have made up a new voyage." " Ah ! " said Mr. Oilman, " what is it ? " " To go as fast as possible to Lisbon ; sell this cargo of corn, then go to St. Michael and purchase another, which we will also sell in Portugal." Mr. Oilman approved of the plan. A short voyage of eight days brought them to Lisbon. The cargo sold remarkably well, there being no corn in the market. He received $11,200 for it. 1 A moya is 24 bushels. 64 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. Mr. Bulkley, an English merchant, who had assisted him in the sale of his cargo, became very curious to know what he was going to purchase to reload his vessel. Mr. Jarvis had made some inquiries, with apparent carelessness, to ascertain if any vessels had been cleared for St. Michael, and was informed that there had been none. When he gave the order for salt, for ballast, Mr. Bulkley became very urgent that he should buy fruit and Lisbon wine of him. " At this season of the year," said he, " you will make a handsome profit on fruit." " Yes, sir, that is true ; but there is a possibility of my losing half of it by decay." Still Mr. Bulkley was not satisfied, and strove to pry into his plans. After two or three days, when Mr. Jarvis' arrange- ments were nearly made, he told Mr. Bulkley he wished to buy pistareens ; who referred him to two Maltese brokers, of whom they were readily obtained. A pistareen is a silver coin, worth about twenty cents ; current money of St. Michael, but not in Portugal. He finally told Mr. Bulkley in confidence that he was going to St. Michael, without stating the object of his voyage. Next day he had the vessel prepared for sea, intend- ing to sail the following morning. Mr. Oilman and himself boarded at the house of a Mrs. Derbyshire, a Very respectable English woman. At about nine o'clock in the evening, having just retired to rest, a loud knocking was heard at his door. A young man had called, who wished to deliver a message from Mr. HIS VOYAGES. 65 Bulkley. On being admitted, it proved to be his head clerk, who said that Mr. Bulkley had some information of importance which he wished to communicate to Mr. Jarvis in person. " But I am very much fatigued, and do not like to rise." " Mr. Bulkley said it would materially affect your interests, sir; and he is very desirous to see you." " If it is a matter of so much consequence, I will be ready to accompany you in a few minutes." On arriving at Mr. Bulkley's, Mr. Jarvis inquired the cause of his summons. " The English Consul has just arrived from St. Mi- chael, and says the island is full of corn." " Yes, sir ; I am aware of that." " You had better leave here as soon as you can, as the news may spread about." " I am all ready, and shall sail in the morning." " Will you take this packet of letters, which some of my friends have handed to me, wishing me to send them to St. Michael ? " " But, Mr. Bulkley, when I told you I was going to St. Michael, it was in strict confidence, trusting to your honor to keep my secret. I am surprised that you should have spoken of it ! " O, his friends had requested him to inform them if he knew of a vessel going to St. Michael. " But, sir, I cannot possibly take these letters ; they are from merchants who will state the price of corn here, and this will immediately raise the price of corn there. I will not consent to take them." Still Mr. Bulkley pertinaciously pleaded that his 66 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. friends would be greatly offended ; and he should esteem it a great favor, if Mr. Jarvis would be so obliging as to be their bearer. "If I do, Mr. Bulkley, I shall not deliver them until after I have purchased my corn, as it would ruin my voyage." The merchant was so earnest to have them sent, that he assented to this condition, and eagerly delivered them to Mr. Jarvis, who locked them up safely in his trunk and thought no more about them. Mr. Gilman remained in Lisbon, hoping to derive benefit from the salubrious climate. During the voyage Mr. Jarvis strained his eyes in taking an ob- servation of the sun ; and afterwards injured them still more by thoughtlessly reading the "Vicar of Wakefield," with the sun shining on the book. The inflammation increased so much, that ere he reached St. Michael, he was forced to bandage them. On landing, he went directly to the house of the American Consul, Mr. Hickling ; who received him with great hospitality, and introduced him to his family. With the utmost kindness and sympathy they ministered to his wants, and immediately sent for a physician, who prescribed powerful medicines, which relieved him in a great degree. When it was known that a vessel had arrived from Lisbon, boats were sent to inquire for letters. The mate said he knew of none, and the captain was on shore. It was ascertained that he was at Mr. Hick- ling's, and messengers were sent there to ask for letters. Mr. Jarvis replied truthfully, that he was too ill to attend to any business. HIS VOYAGES. 67 He requested Mr. Hickling to purchase his cargo of corn, and to make writings that would secure it to him, even should the price rise. This Mr. Hickling did, and obtained the corn for a pistareen (or twenty cents) per bushel. When this business was completed, on fresh inqui- ries being made for news from Lisbon, Mr. Jarvis sent his keys on board to his mate, wishing him to unlock his trunk, and look for a packet of letters, which were found and duly delivered. Some dissatisfaction was occasioned by the delay ; but as Mr. Jarvis was still confined to the house, there seemed to be an excuse for it, and the unpleasant feel- ings soon passed away. He gave orders to have the corn put on board his vessel, but was not able to attend to it himself. The weakness of his eyes detained him a week or two in this social, agreeable family. The youngest daughter, an interesting child of four or five years, became quite a favorite ; for then, as in after-life, he was extremely fond of children. They had many frolics together, and he taught her the alphabet. This little girl became an accomplished woman, and married Professor Webster. In his latter days she met Mr. Jarvis in Boston, and reminded him of the circumstance, which had entirely escaped his memory. Not so with the child upon whose mind his kind at- tentions had made an indelible impression. She was loved and respected by all who knew her for her many virtues, a valued member of society, an excellent wife, a most devoted mother, educating her daugh- ters nlmo^t, wholly 68 LIFE AXD TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. When his eyes were nearly well, Mr. Hickling and his lady, desirous of promoting his amusement, pro- posed an excursion to an old volcano about three miles distant. He objected, fearing the sun and dust might prove prejudicial ; but they consulted the physician, who, more desirous to please them than considerate for his patient, said there was no danger. Accordingly a very pleasant party, consisting of Mr. and Mrs. Hickling, and their two eldest daughters, a few friends, and Mr. Jar vis, were mounted on mules, and set out in fine spirits. 1 On their arrival at the mountain, the in- tensity of the heat, the glare of the sun on the sand, and a north wind blowing the cinders and ashes of the extinct volcano into his eyes, renewed the inflammation and caused him much suffering. He begged Mr. and Mrs. Hickling to excuse him, and permit him to re- turn, which they readily did, deeply regretting that their kind intentions had resulted so unfortunately. It proved most disastrous to him, for his eyes be- came nearly as bad as on his first landing. !The Azores belong to Portugal, and lie about 20 west of Lisbon. They are volcanic and mountainous, but well watered and fruitful, produ- cing corn, wine, and various fruits. St. Michael, Terceira, Pico, and Fayal. are the principal islands of the group. Mr. Jarvis said the St. Michael oranges surpassed any he had ever tasted, being very sweet, juicy, and heavy, from the great quantity of juice and saccharine matter they contain, with a skin almost as thin as kid, and a delicate pulp. A loftv mountain, with its summit in the clouds, rises from St. Michael. There are remarkable boiling springs in a plateau on its side, some sul- phuric, some impregnated with iron, continually bubbling up and emitting vapors. Here, between vast fissures in the rocks, the sea is seen surging below, at immense depths. "The Peak of Pico" is still higher, 7016 feet; rising in majesty from the ocean; its conical form visible at a great dis- tance. HIS VOYAGES. 69 But it being of the utmost importance that he should hasten to Portugal, and dispose of his cargo ere the price fell, he was forced to take leave of his hospi- table friends and embark in his present condition. The weakness of his eyes obliged him to bandage them again, and to trust to his mate to take observations of the sun, and manage the ship. They were becalmed off Figuera for twelve days, in sight of the city, yet unable to enter the port. He had learned that two or three cargoes of corn had been carried into Lisbon, and thus having been anticipated, he determined to sell his in Figuera, where it continued high and scarce. At last, after this tedious detention, they landed. He immediately sought a comfortable lodging, and sent for a physician, who proved a very skillful one ; he prescribed some gentle cooling medi- cine, a light diet, and a poultice for his eyes of sweet elder flowers, gently steeped in water. The effect of this remedy was wonderful. At night he had scarcely been able to see ; in the morning he could use his eyes without pain. When the doctor called, he said he was doing well, but he must keep his room darkened, and renew the poultice. On the second morning he said Mr. Jarvis' eyes were out of danger ; but he must keep a shade over them, not go into the glare of sunlight, persevere in the same regimen, and con- tinue to exclude most of the light from his room. In the afternoon Mr. Jarvis found that he could look out on the shady side of his room without inconvenience. On the third day the medical man pronounced him well ; but enjoined the utmost care, advising him not to walk in the sun, or use his eyes. 70 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. On the fifth day he was able to attend to the sale of his corn, which he disposed of very advantageously, clearing $6,000. This was most cheering and en- couraging, after his extreme suffering. He had been absent from Portugal but six weeks. These two fortunate voyages enabled him to pay for the ship and both cargoes, and placed a lever in his hands that gave him power to raise the heavy burden by which he was oppressed. He felt throughout that his future independence and success depended entirely upon his own persistent efforts, and through the blessing of God, he overcame every misfortune and difficulty that beset his path, and came off victorious. He wished to carry the silver, which he had re- ceived in payment, to Lisbon ; but as privateers were to be apprehended on the coast, he determined to send his vessel round to Lisbon in charge of his mate, and convey his silver by land. He hired two mules, riding on one and packing the silver in strong panniers on the other, and employed a muleteer as guide and to drive the laden one, supply- ing himself with pistols, as a defense against robbers. Figuera is ninety miles from Lisbon. At the close of the first day's journey, he put up at a private house; where a good supper, clean bed, and sound sleep great- ly refreshed him. The muleteer and mules were also well cared for. The second day they struck the Coimbra road, which was macadamized with white limestone. It is one of the finest roads in Europe. There is also a similar one from Bilboa to Madrid, with fine trees set out on each side of the way. But HIS VOYAGES. 71 the reflection of the sun from this white stone' was very irritating to his eyes. As night drew on, the muleteer stopped before a hidalgo's house. Mr. Jarvis alighted, and was going up the steps, when the muleteer ex- claimed in Portuguese, " O ! no, no ; you must not go in ; the house belongs to a nobleman." " But I am wearied and exhausted ; I must have "food and shelter for the night." " Yes, sir, you can go up there ; " pointing to a flight of stairs, outside a miserable looking building, the lower part of which seemed to be a stable. On as- cending the crazy steps, he entered a room which had been partially finished off for the accommodation of travellers, and might once have been tolerably com- fortable ; but now the floor was worm-eaten and had cracks, through which he could see the mules below. Three rickety chairs and a table, composed the furni- ture. Miserable and comfortless as it was, he was forced to make the best of it, there being no alterna- tive, and ordered the muleteer to bring up the pan- niers of silver. Much reduced in strength by his recent illness, he told Michael he must if possible get him some supper soon, for he was faint. Michael replied, " Si, Senor ; " disappeared, quickly returned with a clean white table-cloth ; and then, to Mr. Jarvis' sur- prise, brought up a very good supper of bread, fricas- seed chicken, and weak wine. Somewhat recruited by this refreshment, he asked the muleteer where he should lodge. * " O, here, sir," was the reply ; and in a few minutes a servant brought up a large mattress and some snow- white linen sheets ; swept a place on the dirty floor, 72 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. which looked as if such an operation had not been per- formed for months, and then prepared the bed. Mr. Jarvis immediately sought repose, but fleas^ the common pest of the country in such situations, long precluded the possibility of sleep. The sun shining brightly, awoke him in the morning, but little refreshed by his disturbed slumbers. Thinking that fresh eggs would be better for him, in his present condition, than the highly seasoned Portu- guese dishes, in which garlic was so freely used, he wished to ask Michael to get him some, but could not recollect the Portuguese word for eggs. How should he make him understand ? In this dilemma, he took a piece of charcoal and drew an egg on the table. But no, Michael was at a loss. He took him to the win- dow and pointed to fowls in the yard below, and re- newed his attempts. " O, yes, he could have fowls." No, that was not it. Just at this moment, a woman servant fortunately threw some egg-shells from the hidalgo's house (probably having been preparing an omelette). He pointed to them, and the muleteer's face lighted up, " O, ovas, ovas ! Si, Senor." Ova then was the word ; he would not soon forget it. After a comfortable breakfast, he resumed his journey, and at night reached a caravanserai, around which were about twenty low, suspicious looking men. As one of them -was assisting the muleteer to unload the panniers, Mr. Jarvis heard him say, " This is very heavy ; it must contain silver." It seemed a dangerous place to lodge in ; and taking the master of the house apart, he requested him to HIS VOYAGES. 73 take charge of his money during the night, and put it in a place of security, which he did faithfully ; and not a dollar was missing. Mr. Jarvis had a good night's rest, and the next day they reached Lisbon, without molestation. During this journey, he passed the magnificent Convent of Batalha, and spent an hour in examining this noble specimen of architecture. He found that his vessel had but just arrived in Lis- bon. He purchased a load of salt for ballast, and taking his silver with him, sailed for Saffa, to obtain a cargo of wheat. This town, on the coast of Morocco, was then a place of considerable commerce, and many mercantile houses were established there. Leaving his vessel in charge of his mate, he went ashore in a boat, which he sent back. He soon met a Jew, whom he requested to conduct him to an English house, to which he had letters. Soon several men and boys began to follow him, attracted by the novelty of a stranger ; and by the time he reached the Eng- lish merchant's, about forty were crowding about him. This house was built in the Eastern manner on three sides of a hollow square ; on the fourth was a wall with double gates. The outer gate was made of bars of iron, secured by a strong iron lock ; the inner one, of wood. In this court were several persons, whom he addressed in English, saying he had letters from Lisbon. Presently one of them approached the gate, and took his letters through the iron bars with a pair of tongs. Mr. Jarvis thought this strange, but supposed it some form peculiar to the country ; the letters were then dipped in a tub in the centre of the 74 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. court, spread open and read, which appeared still more singular. Then the head of the house came forward, and said he must apologize for keeping a gentleman outside the gate so long, who had been so highly recommended ; but the plague was raging in the city, and they held no intercourse with those without." " Indeed, then I am in great danger, for I have been surrounded by every blackguard in your town." The merchant said that the exportation of wheat had been prohibited ; and it being impossible to obtain any, he thought Mr. Jarvis had better not come in, evidently afraid that he would convey the contagion. But a young English physician now interceded for him, saying if he was thoroughly smoked, and then washed in " Four thieves' vinegar," there would be no danger of infection. His friendly arguments finally overcame their scruples ; the great gate was unlocked, and he was admitted. A few shavings were thrown down, upon which sulphur was sprinkled, and then set on fire. Mr. Jarvis w r as smoked over the fumes, till he was nearly suffocated. He was now led to the tub containing " Four thieves' vinegar," l and requested to 1 The history of the " Four thieves' vinegar," noted as a safeguard against the plague, is very curious. At the time the plague was raging in Marseilles four thieves were observed to go from house to house robbing with impunity, not only deserted habitations, but those in which the suffer- ers from the plague were yet alive. Yet they escaped the infection. At last they were all arrested, proved guilty, and condemned. But their preservation from the pestilence seemed so wonderful, that the magis- trate promised their pardon, if they would explain the mystery, think- ing it might benefit the community. Their secret was the free use of vinegar, wherein cloves, nutmegs, cinnamon, myrrh, and camphor had been steeped, in which they bathed their hands, faces, and wrists; and plugged their noses with cotton, dipped in it. It was afterwards exten- sively used. HIS VOYAGES. 75 wash his face, hands, and wrists in it ; after which he was sprinkled all over with a large sponge, until his clothes were well saturated ; when the head' of the house ventured to approach, and shake hands with him, invited him into his house, and treated him with much hospitality. Being very desirous to obtain a cargo of wheat to carry to Lisbon, Mr. Jarvis sent a messenger with a handsome present to the Governor, soliciting him to make an exception in his favor, and permit him to pur- chase it. He waited nearly a fortnight for an answer, and then received a refusal. A trying delay it was. During this time, he became acquainted with the young English physician who had pleaded in his be- half, an interesting, intelligent young man, who had been sent out to cure the Governor of some disease ; but the patient's carelessness, and mode of living, ren- dered the doctor's skill unavailing; and finding his prescriptions and advice useless, he was anxious to re- turn to England. Mr. Jarvis decided to go to Moga- dore for a cargo of saltpetre, and offered him the best accommodations his cabin afforded, if he would accom- pany him ; but he declined, unless he would promise to land him at Madeira or Gibraltar, which he could not conveniently do. The mate and sailors had become exceedingly alarmed about the fate of their Captain. A fortnight had elapsed, and yet no tidings of him had reached them. They feared that he had died, or been taken prisoner by the Arabs. The mate determined, if he did not come back in one or two days more, to lift anchor and return to the United States. When he saw a boat 76 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAB VIS. coming towards the ship from Saflfa, which could be seen all the time, they feared an attack upon them ; but as p the boat drew nearer, the mate, who had been scanning it, cried out joyfulty, " It is the Captain ! " The sailors soon recognized him, and there were great rejoicings on board the ship. But when he recounted to them his exposure to the plague, they were some- what dismayed ; however, a kind Providence preserved him from this terrible disease, notwithstanding his dangerous exposure. A short voyage brought him to Mogadore, also a seaport of Morocco, situated on the Atlantic. The part inhabited by the Christians and Jews is on a high promontory, a tongue of land, surrounded on three sides by the ocean, which renders it healthy ; and the houses being built of white stone, give it a fine appearance. This is the chief com- mercial port in the kingdom. The exports are goat- skins, oil, almonds, wax, wool, ostrich feathers, dates, pomegranates, morocco, saltpetre, and carpets, which are manufactured here. The population is about ten thousand. The Christian part of the city is separated from the Mohammedan by a wall and gates, which are always closed at night. The Mohammedan part, being on the main-land, is less healthy. The plague was now raging there, and the gates were kept shut all the time, thus cutting off all communication between dif- ferent parts of the city. The Jews were the medium of communication between the Christians and Moham- medans. There were but four days in the week on which busi- ness could be transacted, the Mohammedans rigidly observing Friday as their Sabbath, the Jews Saturday, HIS VOYAGES. 77 and the Christians Sunday, which was very embar- rassing to masters of vessels. Mr. Jarvis was obliged to remain here several days, though as many as thirty died daily in the Mohammedan part of the city. He could stand upon the roof of the house where he boarded, and watch their funerals as they wound along the beach. There is always a walk on the tops of the houses, where the family go at eventide a custom which is alluded to in Scripture. Accompanied by an English gentleman, he called upon the Governor ; they were introduced into his presence, and made the requisite number of salams. He was sitting on a carpet, in a very dirty dress, con- sisting of a large dingy-white muslin turban, full drawers gathered up below the knee, a short tunic, and a closely fitting jacket with sleeves, of a rich silk fabric, but greatly soiled. The Governor invited them to take mats and sit down. If they complied, by the customs of the country they would have been obliged to smoke and drink coffee with their host ; and as they were not inclined to do this in so dirty a place, they excused themselves, and observing the requisite number of bows to his highness, left his presence, and returned to Mogadore. Mr. Jarvis succeeded in obtaining a cargo of salt- petre, which is gathered in great abundance from old forsaken buildings and fences, from which it is scraped. It seems to be deposited from the atmosphere. He now sailed for Boston ; had a pretty good passage ; sold his cargo very well, and went to Norfolk, Vir- ginia, for corn. He found that it was sixty-two cents per bushel in this place ; but learning that it was very 78 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. low in North Carolina, he hired a horse and rode over to Edenton, a distance of sixty or seventy miles, where he ascertained that at Plymouth, near the mouth of the Roanoke, it could be obtained for twenty cents per bushel. - On his return to Norfolk, he .took the south side of the Great Dismal Swamp (having followed the north route in going), with the intention of taking his vessel round to Edenton as quickly as he could. He sailed early in December, 1799. The weather had been cloudy for several days, with a warm southerly wind. When just off Cape Hatteras, he saw a strip of pale blue sky in the northwest, in the form of a crescent, which to the practiced and watchful eye of a nautical man, presaged a gale. Not a moment was to be lost. He instantly gave orders to have the ship brought up under a point of land, that would afford some shelter, on a shoal about eighty fathoms deep, and there cast anchor, having all the sails furled, and everything made ready for a conflict with the elements. Soon the sea was white with foam ; then a distant roaring was heard, and the tempest came down upon them from the northwest, with terrible power. Two days and two nights it continued to blow with unabated fury, but the favorable position that he had taken enabled them to bear up against it. At last the wind lulled. They had weathered the storm, and were safe ! Thanks to Him who ruleth the winds and waves. He passed over the shoals, which are about three miles from the Cape, without accident. When he came to a place then called " Shell Castle," near Ocracoke Inlet, he found General Dearborn, one of his father's old friends, who had been superintending the HIS VOYAGES. 79 erection of a light-house, at Cape Hatteras, for the United States Government, and had been waiting several days to get a passage to Edenton, whence he could return to Washington. Mr. Jar vis was very happy to have the opportunity of obliging him ; and he was rejoiced to quit these shoals. They sailed up the difficult passage in Pamlico and Albermarle Sounds, to Edenton. Here Mr. Jarvis took a boat, and two men to cross the Chowan river, to Plymouth, but the wind was very high, which caused a heavy sea, and each moment he expected that his frail bark would be engulfed. The water dashed over them, nearly swamping the boat, which they as often bailed out ; but with great difficulty at last they happily gained the shore. He ascertained that there was safe anchorage for his vessel at Plymouth, which is the only port of discharge for all the corn sent down the Roanoke. He had no trouble in recrossing to Edenton, the wind having abated. He now took his vessel to Plymouth ; and the follow- ing day hired a horse and gig and set out for Williams- ton, with three bags of silver, containing $3,000. When within a few miles of Williamston, he came to a causeway road, leading through a swamp, flooded three feet deep with water. It was near night, and the road seemed impassable in the darkness. He stopped at a planter's house close by, and politely re- quested him to allow a black boy to take a torch and light him across, offering to compensate him liberally. But the surly planter refused, saying, there was no danger ; that the tall trees on each side were a suffi- cient guide. As there seemed no alternative, he at- 80 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. tempted to keep the road, and cross over ; but very soon found that his gig had lost its equilibrium, and that he was in imminent danger of being wholly over- turned. He stopped his horse, stood up in the gig, and shouted for assistance. Ere long the boy made his appearance with a torch, well mounted on horseback. By the aid of the torch, Mr. Jarvis discovered that one wheel had gone over the side of the causeway, but resting on an upturned tree prevented its upsetting. The water was too deep to extricate the wheel. What was to be done ? He had great presence of mind in every emergency, and quick as thought, stepped upon the shaft, disengaged the horse from the carriage, mounted him, and told the boy to hand him the bags, which he placed in front of him, supporting them in part with his legs, which he was forced to draw up in a cramped position. With the other hand he gathered up the reins, and told the boy to guide him carefully, keeping about a rod ahead ; to which he cheerily replied, " Yes, Massa." But his horse was fresh and spirited, while Mr. Jarvis' was wearied and worn, and ever and anon the torch- bearer would get far before, obliging Mr. Jarvis to recall him. This difficult passage was at last accom- plished, and the dry land gained, without further mis- haps. He then remunerated the boy generously, and dismissed him, proceeding on his journey alone. In disengaging the traces he had wet his arms to the shoulders, and his lower limbs were drenched with water. He grew very cold, and shivered all over ; in addition to which the constrained posture in which he was obliged to sit, to support such a weight, must have HIS VOYAGES. 81 greatly increased his suffering. It seemed an in- terminable distance to the public-house, to which he had been directed, travelling in the darkness, through a strange country, in his present condition. His mental energy could not have sustained his phys- ical powers much longer. But the long-looked for lights at last cheered his sight. He alighted at the door of the tavern, and gave orders for the special care of his way-worn horse. The necessity for care and -exertion past, his overtaxed body and mind gave way, and he found his strength completely prostrated. He felt too ill to take charge of his money himself; and as the landlord seemed to be a respectable man, asked him if he could keep it in a place of safety till morn- ing, to which he replied affirmatively, and relieved Mr. Jarvis of his three heavy bags of silver. He now requested the favor of a dry suit of clothes, to put on while his were drying. Perceiving that he was shiver- ing with cold, they obligingly retired from the kitchen, which contained the only fire in the house, leaving an old colored man to assist him in taking off his wet gar- ments. While he was thus employed, the landlord had ordered & large fire to be built in the parlor, in the genial heat and light of which Mr. Jarvis imbibed so much caloric, that he was well warmed and suffi- ciently recruited, by the time his hot supper was pre- pared, to partake of it with keen appetite. He was then conducted to a comfortable chamber and bed, and soon became oblivious of fatigue, cold, and hardships. The morning sun awoke him to the consciousness of o being greatly refreshed by a night of sound sleep. After dressing himself in his own clothes, which at 82 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEVIS. his request had been 1 brought to his chamber, he made inquiries for a man to go for his gig ; and the offer of liberal compensation induced a youth to undertake its recovery. By the time Mr. Jarvis had discussed a pretty substantial breakfast, his vehicle stood at the door. The water had abated so much in the night, that the task of disengaging it by daylight was com- paratively an easy one. The landlord now brought out the bags ; for his faithful care of which, and extra trouble, he was hand- somely rewarded. Mr. Jarvis then resumed his jour- ney, following the Roanoke. Almost every year this large river overflows its banks, which irrigates the soil, rendering it very fertile ; and immense crops of corn are raised. But every few years, a freshet in August floods the mead- ows and destroys the crops, if the water stands upon them three or four days. When this disaster occurs, the price of corn immediately rises to fifty or seventy- five cents per bushel. These flat lands are too un- healthy for residence ; the owners select high, airy situations, near pine woods, which are thought con- ducive to health. The colored people plant and hoe the corn in the spring ; but in the summer months there is a miasma so deleterious, that no human being ventures near. In October, after the frosts have purified the atmosphere, the corn is harvested. Two brothers, named Taylor, resided near Hog Town, who owned large tracts of this land. William Taylor was a man of independent fortune, and when Mr. Jarvis applied to him. for a large quantity of corn, he declined selling at the pres- HIS VOYAGES. 83 ent low prices, preferring to keep it for a year of scar- city. But Mr. Samuel Taylor had a large, expensive family, with less property than his brother, and to obtain ready money, was willing to sell at twenty cents per bushel, agreeing to send most of his corn down the river in boats to Plymouth, as soon as he could get it threshed. Trusting to his honesty, Mr. Jarvis paid for it in advance, in silver dollars. Mr. Taylor thought he should be able to forward it the latter part of December. He bought the remainder of his cargo of different planters on the river on his return, and at Williamstown, engaging it to be sent down the river as soon as threshed. Much to Mr. Taylor's and the other planters' credit, the corn arrived in good condition at Plymouth, punctually at the time agreed upon. He had his vessel loaded from the boats as they came down ; and finding that it was not full, purchased a quantity of rice in Edenton, where he engaged a black pilot named Dick, to steer the ship through the shoals, and set sail for Lisbon. Toward night, as he approached the dangerous shoals and islands that divide Albermarle from Pamlico Sound, the wind be- gan to blow strong from the northwest, and in this difficult passage it was necessary to come to anchor. " Dick," said Mr. Jarvis, " I think we shall have a hard blow to-night, and you had better let go the best bower. I don't believe that light one will hold." " O yes, Massa," answerpd the pilot ; " this is three fathom hole ; there is a bed of blue clay here, which hold like the debil." Yielding to what he supposed the better knowledge of the pilot, he suffered them to cast the light anchor, 84 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. and when everything was made ready for the night, he retired to his berth or in nautical phrase, " turned in " about nine o'clock ; but in an hour he was awak- ened by the cry, " The ship's adrift ! *' He hastened on deck, and found they were indeed drifting up on shore. Sorely did he regret that he had not followed the dictates of his judgment. He instantly had her course changed,' and steered toward the Marshes, where he had the heavy anchor let go, and she lay there securely till morning. It was then found neces- sary to unload her, in order to get her off, the water was so shallow. Mr. Jarvis thought he could get some boats for this purpose at the Currituck Islands, that lay along the coast about nine miles distant. Taking a boat and two sailors to row it, he set out about nine o'clock, A. M., for these islands. It was during the Christmas holidays, and the boatmen were drinking and carousing. Mr. Jarvis told them how he was situated, and begged them to come without de- lay with their boats, and relieve him by unloading the corn, which they readily promised; and believing that they would keep their word, he left them about four o'clock on a cold winter's afternoon. The wind blew strong, and in order to regain the ship, they were forced to row against it, which was very hard work. As they toiled along, darkness overtook them. Mr. Jarvis had told his mate, if they did not return be- fore night, to hang up a light at the mast-head ; but this signal could not be seen, and there was nothing to indicate to them where the ship lay. His only resource was in taking observations of the stars ; and holding up a large silk handkerchief, noticing in what HIS VOYAGES. 85 direction it was blown by the wind, which was in the northwest ; and he thus formed some idea of the points of compass, to guide their course. He looked anxiously for his beacon-light, but in vain ; and began to fear that he had missed the direction, and that they should be lost in this waste of waters, for the waves ran very high, and any moment might break over and sink them. The suspense was fearful ! At last, as they rose to the top of a high wave, the view became more commanding, and he thought he discerned a light. This was encouraging. He asked the sailors if they saw it. No, they had not. As they descended into the trough of the sea, it was lost to his sight ; but on mounting another wave, was again so distinctly visible, that the sailors descried it, and convinced that it proceeded from the ship, were inspired with fresh vigor to ply their oars. Ere many minutes they were alongside, to the great joy of master and men, who experienced the satisfaction and gratitude those only can feel, who have been for hours in peril of their lives, with the attendants of cold, darkness, weariness, and hunger. Mr. Jarvis appointed a watch for the night, telling them that the boatmen might be ex- pected ere long ; and then, worn out by care, fatigue, and exposure, he sought rest. When he awoke in the morning he was informed, to his surprise, that the boats had not made their appearance. Telescope in hand, he watched for them hour after hour, to the great trial of his patience, till about noon, when he saw three boats put out from the islands, but it was nearly dark when they reached the ship. He sternly asked them why they had failed to come 86 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. as they had promised, the night before, keeping him waiting in this dangerous situation for twenty-four hours. From their not very intelligible excuses, he gathered that they had been carousing all night, were tipsy in the morning, and only sufficiently sober to start about twelve o'clock. They fastened their boats to the ship, and came on board ; and then begged Mr. Jarvis to defer unload- ing the corn until morning, that they might get a night's sleep. This he positively refused, saying that there was danger of another storm ; that they had already delayed him many hours, and he should insist on the immediate performance of the work. He hired his own sailors by extra pay to assist, which they cheerfully did. About four o'clock, A. M., he was told that the ship was afloat. He gave orders to have her hauled into deep water, and told the boatmen they might follow and fasten their boats to the ship. But no ; they go deliberately back to their islands ! Mr. Jarvis is indignant. His whole cargo is at their mercy. They may be honest ; but could very easily take many bushels without detection. There is however no remedy, and he can only trust it to Providence. At daylight he hoisted sail and went down towards Ocracoke Inlet. The gale of the preceding days had carried away the poles that had been set up to mark the " Swash," a passage of the deepest water from the Sound, into Ocracoke Inlet; and as the wind con- tinued to blow hard from the northwest, the pilot thought it the safest course to keep well to windward. Mr. Jarvis told him that according to his recollection, he was getting too far to windward. HIS VOYAGES. 87 " Better be too windward than too leeward, Massa," replied Dick. This was true, and Mr. Jarvis acquiesced. But in a few minutes afterwards, the ship struck on the " Royal Shoal," and being by the head, the stern swung round higher upon the shoal. All the after sails were then pulled down, and only the forward sails kept standing. A swell coming from the sea, lifted her from the shoal, but in the hollow of the swell she again struck the shoal forward, and the stern swung round, notwithstanding she had all her forward sails set. This could not last long, for they were washing higher and higher on the sand, and would inevitably be dashed to pieces. At this critical moment Mr. Jarvis recollected the thirty casks of rice that had been rolled into the forward part of her, to preserve an even keel, and ordered all hands down to roll the rice aft. The order was obeyed with a will, and the heavy casks were moved with that celerity with which men work, when their lives are in jeopardy. The effect was instantaneous. The next swell lifted her as be- fore, but in the hollow of the sea she struck aft, and her head then turned toward the deep water, and continued in that direction till she got into three fathoms of water, when they made sail, and ran into Ocracoke Inlet. Thus they" were saved from shipwreck by Mr. Jarvis' quick perceptions and presence of mind, through the blessing of God. The day following, the Currituck boats came down with the corn, in good order, without apparent diminution, which was put on 88 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAKVIS. board the ship ; but finding she leaked badly, Mr. Jarvis gave orders to have her pumped, and after pumping steadily for two hours, she was cleared. He thought she must have knocked off some of her sheathing in beating upon the shoal, which caused the leakage. After waiting a day or two at Ocracoke Inlet, he found the ship leaked about 400 strokes an hour. He hesitated about venturing to sea in this condition ; but should he return to Eden ton, unload, and have her repaired, he would completely lose the voyage, as other vessels would precede him, and lower the price of corn. It was " sink or swim " with him then, and he finally determined to hazard it. On the third day, the weather being fine, several vessels went out to sea ; and he said to his boatswain, a stout able seaman, " John, it won't do to let all these craft get out before us." " No, no, sir," was the prompt reply. The cheerful bustle in getting under way, engrossed their attention, until they had passed the Bar, and once more emerged into the broad ocean. But the voyage proved perilous and disastrous, to an extreme. Not many days afterwards a squall came on. Mr. Jarvis had been watching by the helm some time, only giving it up to one of the seamen, when he went to supper. He had not been down more than ten minutes when he felt the ship veering round. He ran upon deck, and found that by some carelessness or mismanagement, the seaman had suffered a sudden gust of wind to strike the vessel from ahead, heav- HIS VOYAGES. 89 ing the sails all aback, causing her to veer round, and the boom, which was forty feet long, and ten inches in diameter, to swing from side to side, with the full force of the wind, which quickly snapped it in three pieces. He soon got the vessel before the wind, and under snug sail ; and finally the pieces of the boom were got in. By the use of spars and tackle the sail was made useful to the end of the voyage, using it occasionally when required. Mr. Jarvis said that when he was on deck himself, he never lost a spar, a mast, or a sail. In every in- stance of the kind, it was owing to the carelessness of his sailors. Not long after this, his boatswain, a Dutchman, and very capable man, one of his best seamen, was at the helm in a gale of wind, when, as he was pulling the tiller-rope, it broke, and precip- itated him against a barrel of tar. Mr. Jarvis saw the accident, and sprang to the helm in time to save them from greater injury, calling a sailor to his aid. But the wind was so high, that with their united strength they could but just manage it, until another rope could be supplied. He then went to the assistance of the boatswain, who was groaning in great pain ; but the helm had demanded instant at- tention. He found the poor fellow had broken two of his ribs. He had him carefully attended to, and made as comfortable as possible. Thus his boatswain was disabled. Troubles never come alone. The cook, a colored man, had placed a tea-kettle of boiling water rather carelessly on the caboose, when, by the rolling of the 90 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. ship, it was upset, and one of his knees was badly scalded. He was assisted to his berth, and Mr. Jarvis examined " Bucchan," and a nautical book on medicines, for remedies ; but although he tried every cure that the medical faculty recommended, and that his medicine-chest afforded, yet for three days it con- tinued to be very sore and painful, and swelled badly. At length the mate, who had been in a whaling-ship, said that in cases of burns or scalds, they always used scraped potatoes if they had them. Without much faith in the remedy, but as a dernier ressort, on the third night Mr. Jarvis applied it, and found that the knee was highly inflamed. Next morning, to his amaze- ment, he saw Tony with a cane hobbling about the deck, and able to resume his usual duties. " Why Tony ! are you better to-day ? " " O yes, Massa Captain ; I great deal better." He examined his limb, and of a truth, the inflammation had subsided, and it seemed in a fair way of recovery. But still he could not take his turn at the pump for more than a week. Then his first mate was laid up with a slow fever, much to Mr. Jarvis' sorrow ; and, as if to cap the climax of mishaps, the second mate became dis- abled by a boil on his neck and shoulder. Thus a crew of ten were reduced to six working men, including their Captain, who had to take his turn at the pump with the five sailors, in order to keep the vessel clear of water. He divided his hands into two watches of four hours each : two at the pump, and one at the helm, being obliged to pump fifteen minutes in every half hour, in order to clear the vessel. Beside the severe labor at the pump, the duties of HIS VOYAGES. 91 captain and mates now devolved upon him, being in addition, nurse and physician to the disabled. But the pump was worst of all, requiring great strength and force to draw off the water. Not being accustomed to such severe manual labor, he at last wore a hole in the palm of one of his hands, and was obliged to wear a thick glove to protect it. But amidst these sufferings, they had the comfort of all kinds of provisions in abundance, which Mr. Jarvis had carefully laid in ere he sailed : tea, coffee, choc- olate, sugar, rice, bread, beef, pork, and fowls, which he always carried to sea with him. They had dry and comfortable berths ; their good food and lodging were the means of sustaining their health and spirits, amid almost unexampled perils and labors. He had two men that were capable of taking charge of the helm : one was put on each watch ; one into his, one into the other watch, while two hands were pumping. So many being disabled, he took down his top-gallant masts and sails in order to keep the ship under as good control as possible. When he was two thirds across the Atlantic, his morning watch having closed at four o'clock, he had gone below for a cat-watch of two hours. At a quarter past five o'clock the watch awakened him, and called him to see a lunar rainbow. He hurried up and beheld this wonderful phenomenon. A perfect rain- bow spanning the heavens, as distinctly visible as a solar rainbow, directly north of him ; the colors bright, but of a paler hue than the solar bow. Beyond this was a dark, heavy wall of clouds, bordered with a fringe of white foam, resembling a cataract which 92 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. steadily rose higher and higher, surely indicating a heavy gale. He instantly ordered all the sails furled but the fore- sail and foretopsail, and then put the ship's head to the south. The wind had been light and southwes- terly ; the vessel rolling lazily along, making a creak- ing noise. But at 5.30 A. M., the ocean became per- fectly white one sheet of foam. When the wind struck the ship everything went crack, crack, crack, like nails in a severe frost. It seemed as if a strain came on every timber. She was thrown on her beam- ends, but soon righted. One of the men said the bolt- rope of the foresail had broken. Mr. Jarvis ordered the sail instantly furled. It was a perfectly new and very strong one ; but the moment it was loosened, the wind took it, and with one mighty gust, slit it into ribbons, as if made of paper. He told two men to go up and save the remnants ; but the wind came down upon them with such power, that it pinned them fast to the shrouds, and they were unable to move. Seeing their situation, he quickly recalled them, and as the ship descended the wave, they succeeded in getting down. Some pieces of the foresail twisted round the main yard, and were afterwards saved ; others were torn from the bolt-rope and scattered away. The topsail met a similar fate ; the moment it was slightly loosened in order to furl it, there was a sud- den cracking sound, and behold, that stout ne\v sail was also torn in strips, and flew in tatters before the wind. The ship was now put in the best possible state of resistance, and bore bravely up against the tempest. HIS VOYAGES. 93 Before noon the sea ran up into mountain waves, and Mr. Jarvis expected each moment that the ship would be swallowed up. But she was remarkably flat- bottomed, and seemed to slide down ere the comb of the wave broke over her. In the midst of this terrible conflict with the furious elements, he was at the pump with one of his sailors, who suddenly cried out, " Save yourself!" clinging, himself, to the mainmast. But before Mr. Jarvis, whose back was to the sea, could catch at anything, he found himself floating off in the wave that had broken over the ship. He said to him- self, " Well, it is all over with me now ! " certain that he should be lost in the raging ocean. But no ! God had otherwise ordered it. In a moment he found his feet striking the fore shrouds. With desperate energy he threw himself sideways, and caught hold of the long boat, which he grasped like a vice. The water soon ran off the deck, he still holding on to the boat, until the. deck was free from water, when he ran aft. We can imagine his feelings of thanksgiving, for this nar- row escape from so sudden a death. Under the cir- cumstances, his preservation seemed almost miraculous. He calmly went to the cabin, put on dry clothes, and returned to his post of duty at the pump, but took the precaution to wind a rope securely round liis body, with which he lashed himself to the mast. There were two pumps in the vessel : one by constant use had become cracked, the other in the midst of the hurri- cane would not draw. The danger of sinking being added to the terrors of the tempest, made their de- struction seem almost inevitable. They drew the boxes, and by a sounding-rod, finally worked the corn 94 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. loose that had washed inljo the pump ; but this delay occasioned much pumping ere she would suck again. In this awful hour of suspense, one of the sailors below called out to the man at the pump, and asked if she sucked. In a very droll manner he answered, " No, confound her ; she is too old to suck." But happily for all on board she sucked not long afterwards. The wind continued to blow with unabated fury until about 3.30 A. M., when it began to lull. At five it became still more calm and clear ; and at ten o'clock died wholly away; then it changed into the south- west, and so continued until they arrived in Lisbon. Mr. Jarvis said this was the most terrific storm that he ever experienced. It lasted twenty-four hours. In later years he read with intense interest Cooper's " Pilot," saying that its graphic descriptions of storms at sea, and navigating amidst shoals, brought back most vividly to his mind his own perils and hair- breadth escapes, insomuch that he awaited the issue of Cooper's scenes with almost breathless interest. When the weather became fine, the boatswain, being the only good sail-maker on board, and much improved in his condition, was placed in an easy, reclining pos- ture, and set to mending the old foresail, which they had on board, with the pieces saved from the new one ; and this was used to the end of the voyage. In ten days t!:ey entered the smooth harbor of Lisbon, one of thp finest and most capacious havens in the world. Lisbon is ten miles from the mouth of the Tagus, which widens to nine miles as it approaches the city, forming this noble harbor. And what a landscape met HIS VOYAGES. 95 their delighted eyes as they sailed up this beautiful broad river, bordered on each side by verdant fields of grain, in all the freshness of spring, though early in February ! Its hills covered with the vine, the olive, the fig-tree, and the laurel, clothed in rich, luxuriant, dark green foliage ; the ever-blooming orange and lemon groves, filling the balmy air with sweet per- fumes ; the white " Munhas" or windmills, crowning the summit of each fruit-clad hill ; the convents, churches, and palaces, seen through the medium of bright sunshine, and a warm, soft atmosphere, formed altogether a most ^'cturesque and lovely scene. And when contrasted with bleak, snowy December in the United States, and the recent horrors of the ocean, appeared to these tempest-tossed mariners like an earthly paradise. After all their perils, disasters, storms, and sufferings, what joy and relief must have filled their hearts, to find themselves safely anchored in this haven ! In the words of the song we might say, " And what rapture filled each breast Of the hopeless crew of the ship distressed! When landed safe, what joy to tell Of all the dangers there befell! " What a land in which to refresh the weather-beaten crew who ha'd been saved from such imminent risks of life! Mr. Jarvis' courage, perseverance, and fortitude were well rewarded by the profits on his cargo. He sold the corn for three tim^s what he gave for it, and the rice for double ; clearing seven or eight thousand dollars. He often dwelt upon this voyage as the turning- 96 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEVIS. point of his fortune. As if Providence had taxed his faith and endurance to the utmost, ere crowning his labors with success. And when we consider that all this was suffered, not for the attainment of wealth for himself, or to liquidate his own debts, but to free him- self from responsibilities incurred by another's failure, and from that noble independence of mind that shrunk from involving his father in his difficulties, his conduct appears truly heroic. To his surprise, the leak in his ship stopped in forty- eight hours after their arrival, satisfying him that she had beaten off several streaks of sheathing when she struck the shoal, and the mud of the Tagus had stopped up the nail holes, cracks, etc. He took in a cargo of salt, wine, and fruit, and set sail for Chesapeake Bay for one of tobacco. The return voyage was the very opposite of the one out, for owing to constant calms and light winds, they had ninety-four days' passage ! most wearisome of itself; but to add to their troubles, in sixty days their water was almost exhausted, and they were reduced to half a pint per day, and this not of a good quality, being ropy. They had an abundant supply of provisions, beef, pork, bread, and fowls, but of what avail was food, when they were choking for water ! They dared eat but very little meat, for fear of increasing their thirst, and the bread began to grow short. We hardly consider how essential water is to life, until we are deprived of it that common blessing, which God bestows so freely on all, second only to the air we breathe ! HIS VOYAGES. 97 Mr. Jarvis says, it is only by personal experience we realise the suffering that want of water produces. Thirsty and choking, the very idea that they could have but this small allowance aggravated the desire for more. They could only moisten their parched mouths by a swallow at a time. This state of tilings had reached its acme, when, just off the Banks of Newfoundland, a shower came up very suddenly. The scuppers were immediately stopped, and as it was a copious rain, they caught about half a hogshead. But it was so dirty, that it would have been intolerable to any but men suffering with a dreadful thirst ; for the fowls ran upon the deck, and the sailors threw their tobacco juice about without ceremony. But after it was put in a barrel and settled, they used it for coffee, which was to them a treat, and a great relief. On the next appearance of a squall, the deck was washed down, and the scuppers stopped ; and when the shower came, they caught nearly a hogshead, which was most grateful, being only a little flavored with tar and salt water. They could drink it as it was, however, and this was a greater luxury. Finding it was a season of showers, Mr. Jarvis contrived a mode of catching water, without its coming in contact with the deck. He had a large barrel placed on deck ; into this he put a tunnel, and had a sail so arranged as to strain the falling water into it. Sometimes water was caught in this way ; at others, the wind was too high; but they succeeded in saving a barrel of pure water, which was an un- speakable comfort, and lasted until they reached Vir- ginia. He put into James River and anchored at City NT J^ 98 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. Point. The crew, having fulfilled their time of ser- vice, were impatient to be discharged and go home, after these disastrous voyages ; and Mr. Jarvis was left alone with the ship. He thought it prudent to have her graved before another voyage, and for this purpose was obliged to heave her down, hiring some colored men to effect this object. He now saw the cause of her excessive leak- ing, for as he had conjectured, several streaks of her sheathing were off, and he had no doubt that it was done when she was stranded near Ocracoke Inlet. After much difficulty he succeeded in obtaining a ship-carpenter and caulker ; but the former knew so little of his trade that Mr v Jarvis was obliged to plan all his work, and to stand by the side of the vessel, on a mud-scow (kept for repairing), overseeing and assisting in putting on the sheathing. He rose before the sun, breakfasted, and with the exception of half an hour for dinner, continued his labors till sun down. It was a damp, unhealthy situation, and his exposure to the heat of the sun for so many hours in August was very dangerous in this climate ; as he was liable to an attack of bilious or intermittent fever, etc., etc. Some precaution seemed necessary, and he was so fortunate as to find, at a store, a box of old port wine, which he used as a beverage with water when thirsty, for a safeguard, being exactly the thing he required ; and while the necessity for exertion lasted he felt no ill effects from this great exposure. The caulker, a colored man, did his work tolerably well ; the seams of the new sheathing were at last caulked, and Mr. Jarvis' diligence and perseverance HIS VOYAGES. 99 were rewarded by the vessel's being put in fine order for sea. The tobacco was sent down the Appomattox River in boats from Petersburg to City Point, where the ship lay. He now wished to engage a crew, and just at this time, most opportunely, a ship happened to come in, the hands of which being discharged, four of them wished to get a passage to New York. These four he hired to go with him to Martha's Vineyard, where he expected to get seamen ; and would pay their passage from thence to New York. The tobacco was put on board, and they sailed. The following day a storm came on, and Mr. Jarvis was obliged to keep on deck all night, exposed to a cold " north- easter." This abated in the morning, but its effects upon him were long felt. Towards night he was attacked with chills, followed by fever ; and fever and ague shook his frame for many weeks, being as usual attended with debility. Doubtless the seeds of this disease were sown during his exposure on the James River, which the cold, taken during the storm, merely developed. He took all the cinchona or Peruvian bark that he had, which was very little. On arriving at Martha's Vineyard, he purchased all the bark he could obtain, which was only two or three ounces. He succeeded in engaging a good crew two ca- pable mates, and five sailors and then sailed for St. Sebastian. He was feeble during the voyage, but found the first mate a most efficient assistant ; and happily encountered no storms, until they reached the bay of St. Sebastian, where, as he lay at anchor, a violent gale arose, and his anchor not being heavy enough to hold his ship, he was obliged to send ashore 100 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. for a larger one and a cable, which rendered them secure. He was now compelled to undergo a tedious quar- rantine of forty-eight days. The Spanish authorities have a great dread of yellow fever ; and their knowl- edge of geography is so limited, that they do not dis- criminate between those ports of the United States which are liable to this disease and those that are not, but condemn, alike, every vessel coming from America, whether she cleared from Boston or New Orleans. The ground where the quarantine was performed was a small island in the bay of St. Sebastian, about two miles long and wide, upon which there was some ele- vated land. Those subjected to this vexatious deten- tion could here amuse themselves by playing ball and other games. The quarantine officers, with their usual short-sightedness, put the crews arriving to-day with those that came a month ago. They were in full view of the city, and boats passed to and fro every day another instance of their inconsistency. When time was of so much importance to him for the transaction of business, it was exceedingly annoying to be thus detained, without the slightest reason. However, his overtaxed and diseased body greatly needed this rest ; and it proved a merciful respite from care and labor. He could obtain plenty of bark, and all the comforts and luxuries that he required, and ere the quarantine ended he was completely cured of the ague, with which he was never again visited. Owing to differences between France and the United States, Mr. Jarvis had been obliged to give bonds at the custom-house, before he left America, HIS VOYAGES. 101 not to go with his vessel into any port of France. Soon after he was cleared from the quarantine, the tidings arrived that the variances between the two countries had been adjusted, and peace restored. This news caused great uneasiness among the Ameri- cans there, who believed that it would cause a great fall in tobacco. Several persons who had cargoes from the United States, wished to sell even at the present reduced price. Mr. Jarvis, on the reverse, argued that they had all bought their tobacco at the very low price of three dollars seventy-five cents per cwt., and were absolutely certain, if they waited awhile until the depression of the market was over, to obtain enough over the cost to pay them a handsome profit. The news of peace would immediately raise the price of tobacco to six dollars in America, and as tobacco shippers were usually men of property, they would not probably sell in France for less than .'the cost and charges of freight. And if they could obtain this price, the difference between the first cost of theirs, and that of Mr. Jarvis and others in port with him, would give the latter gentlemen a very handsome profit. Learning about the same time that England was at war with the Danes, Swedes, and Northern Powers, and ascertaining that a cargo of rosin, pitch, and tar, could be obtained in Bayonne, he determined to send down his tobacco to Bayonne in "chasse- mare'es "; 1 and on their return to freight the boats with these commodities. As soon as his quarantine ended, he presented his 1 A sort of decked boat employed in the coasting trade, and for the con- veyance of fish, rendered literally Chase the tide. 'io'2' LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAKVIS. letters of introduction to the widow Birmingham. Her father was long the head of a most respectable house, which at his decease was assumed by her hus- band, who was Irish by birth. After his death, which occurred in a few years, his widow had con- ducted the business herself, wisely and prosperously, taking her two sons into partnership. On being pre- sented to this lady, Mr. Jarvis was much struck by her noble and dignified deportment. Her dark Spanish complexion was lighted up by her intelligent countenance, and keen, sparkling, black eyes. At this, and all subsequent visits, a servant presented a cup of delicious spiced chocolate, and two or three delicate little spongy cakes, on a silver salver, this being a Spanish custom when they wish to treat a guest with particular attention. The house of Birmingham gave him letters of intro- duction to two houses in Bayonne, who would be likely to take his tobacco on commission, and advance money upon it to purchase tar and other naval stores. Mr. Jarvis took the land route to Bayonne, which crosses the Bidosoa (a small river, dividing this part of Spain from France), and a spur of the Pyrenees. His mode of travelling on this occasion, was called " en cacolet" which may require an explanation to the un- initiated. A large pack-saddle covered with green baize was placed on a strong mule, upon which two wooden frames or chairs were firmly strapped, in one of which sits the guide, in the other the traveller ; the former in this instance, was a trig, demure Spanish damsel. The country through which he passed was rocky, HIS VOYAGES. 103 thickly covered with underbrush, with only a foot-path for the mule in many places. It was a day's journey to Bayonne, but the weather was fine, the scenery novel and grand, and the ride proved a very pleasant one. The first house in Bayonne to which Mr. Jarvis pre- sented his letters, demurred about taking his tobacco ; one partner being very civil and wishing to oblige him ; the other, the very opposite, making objections. After some discussion, he resolved not to have any- thing to do with them, and went to Messrs. L e & D e, the other house to whom he had letters. They were polite, and readily agreed to take the tobacco on commission, and advance sufficient money to pur- chase a cargo of naval stores, recommending a Jew who would obtain them at a reasonable price. Mr. Jar- vis now had his tobacco transported in chasse-mare"es, which on their return took back the naval stores, with- out insurance. The two signal-towns on the route, Port Passage and St. Jean de Luse, would give timely notice to the boats should danger threaten them, when they could take shelter in these ports. The passage to and from Bayonne had been safely performed, and the vessel was nearly loaded and ready for sea, when the French Consul at St. Sebastian called on the Collector, and said he had been in- formed that a vessel in port was loading with naval stores, and he suspected they were destined for Eng- land. Knowing that Mr. Jarvis' vessel was consigned to the house of Birmingham, and being very friendly to the family, the Collector called upon the elder brother and repeated to him the suspicions of the con- 104 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. sul. Mr. Birmingham told him that the ship was bound to Hamburg (for so the papers had been made out, in case of being overhauled) ; but this answer did not seem quite satisfactory. Mr. Birmingham hastened to Mr. Jarvis, informed him, and advised his immediate departure ; who replied, that he thought he should be able to sail in the morn- ing. St. Sebastian was enclosed by very high walls, being one of the ancient fortresses of Spain. The dock was outside the walls, and the gates between the dock and city were shut and locked at sundown, which would prevent observation of what was passing on the dock from the town. There were two or three American vessels in port, and Mr. Jarvis begged the captains to allow him to hire their sailors to work in the night, to which they cheerfully assented, and as soon as the gates were closed, about twenty men came to assist his crew in putting the remaining naval stores, which still lay in two chasse-mare'es, on board his brig. They were all stowed away before daylight, and having the previous afternoon given the requisite sig- nals to the castle, he warped his vessel out before sun- rise, and pushed off as fast as the sails would carry them towards London. When off Holy head they encountered the sloop-of- war " Savage," of twenty-four guns, which imme- diately sent a boat alongside to reconnoitre, which hailed him with " Where from ? " Mr. Jarvis replied, " St. Sebastian." HIS VOYAGES. 105 " Where bound ?" " To Hamburg." " What nation ? " " American." " What is your cargo ? " " Tar, pitch, and rosin." " Will you please to come on board and see the captain ? " "Yes sir." Mr. Jarvis' costume at this time was anything but appropriate for a presentation to a British naval offi- cer. An old beaver hat, once white, the under side of the brim green, had seen such hard service as nearly to have lost its original form, and was tied to his button-hole by a rope-yarn to prevent its being blown away. His coat was a coarse pea-jacket. His vest, a relic of his beauish days in Boston, had been a very handsome striped velvet, but was now worn threadbare ; a shirt not over nice ; coarse seaman's trousers, blue yarn stockings, and shoes that had been so thoroughly drenched in sea-water as to have as- sumed a reddish hue, were tied up with rope yarn, making a tout ensemble very unfavorable to him. Judging from outward appearances, he would much more readily have been taken for a sailor, than a mas- ter of a vessel and a gentleman. The officer in the boat stared at him as he entered it ; but there had been no time allowed for making his toilet. Very soon he was on board the man-of-war, and standing before the captain, who eyed him from head to foot with keen scrutiny, and in a stern, im- perative voice, commenced his examination. 106 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. 44 Are you the master of that vessel ? " he said, as if he doubted it. " Yes sir." " Where are you from ? " " St. Sebastian." " Where bound ? " " To Hamburg." 44 What is your cargo ? " " Tar, pitch, and rosin." " To what nation do you belong ? " 44 1 am an American, from Boston, Massachusetts, United States." " Please to walk down into my cabin." "Yes sir." When there, he said, " Please to sit down." This was a compliment not often extended to masters of vessels an evidence that beneath the rough exterior he had discovered the language and deportment of a gentleman. The captain then called his secretary. "Mr. Secretary, get your writing materials, and write out the answers made to my questions." " Yes sir." He then repeated his queries, and to each answer he said to the secretary, " Write that down." When this was done, he said to Mr. Jarvis, " Have you any English sailors on board your ves- sel?" " No sir." " You are an Englishman yourself! " 44 No sir." 44 But I never heard an American pronounce as you do." HIS VOYAGES. 107 " I cannot help that, sir. I never set foot on English ground in my life. I am a native of Boston." " Did you get tar, pitch, and rosin in St. Sebas- tian ? " " You know, sir, the country about the Pyrenees is full of pine-trees." " Aye, aye." This was a ruse, which the captain's geographical knowledge did not enable him to detect. The country on the French side of the Pyrenees is indeed full of pine-trees, for twenty miles north of Bayonne ; but it is not so on the Spanish side. " Are you sure that you are not going to France ? " said the captain. " To prove, sir, that I am not, and to be very frank with you, I will show you a letter I have to Mr. Brad- dick, a merchant in London ; and acknowledge that I purchased my cargo to sell in London ; supposing that naval stores would be very acceptable at this time for his majesty's service." He then showed the letter ad- dressed to Mr. Braddick, to the captain, who still but half convinced, said " Very good, very well ; but you will need a pilot to pilot you into the Downs." " Yes sir, I shall," Mr. Jarvis very cordially replied. " I will provide you with one." " Thank you, sir." The pilot accompanying him back to his ship, the sloop-of-war cruised off towards France, and was soon out of sight, while Mr. Jarvis very unsuspiciously steered on towards the Downs, where it was customary to take in a river pilot, for London. 108 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. He mentioned this to the pilot whom the English captain had sent on board, and proposed to him to put him on shore, and hoist a signal for a river pilot. " For the love of God, don't do so," said the pilot. " Why not ? " " If you do I shall be suspected and punished for having left your vessel." " Are you prize-master, then ? " " I was sent on board to watch your movements ; the captain has gone over to the French coast, and will soon be back, and will send for me. You are in no danger now ; pray consider my situation, and await the return of the English vessel." Mr. Jarvis now saw through the captain's polite offer of a pilot. Suspecting that he was bound for France, he had gone over to the French coast to keep a sharp look-out, and would undoubtedly, had it been so, have made a prize of his cargo, which he would have been very glad to have done, dividing the spoils with his crew. Mr. Jarvis had written to London for a license to admit him with a cargo of naval stores from St. Sebas- tian ; but had there been any miscarriage of the letter, a very serious loss would have been sustained, both by detention and by the probable fall in the price of his naval stores. All these circumstances made it of the greatest importance to get clear from the gripe of the British officer, and he was strongly tempted to put the pilot ashore notwithstanding his remonstrances. He impatiently watched for the " Savage,'' but in vain. At last he sent a man aloft to look out, who said a ves- sel had just made its appearance in the southeast, HIS VOYAGES. 109 which proved the English sloop-of-war. As soon as it was within hailing distance, Mr. Jarvis asked the cap- tain if he had any further commands. He answered in the negative, and said he might send his pilot aboard, which was immediately done ; a signal hoisted for a river pilot, who soon came ; and that night Mr. Jarvis anchored safely in London. Here a new political disappointment followed him, for soon after his arrival, news was received of the battle of Copenhagen, and of the peace that had been made with the Danes. This diminished the value of his naval stores considerably. He immediately pre- sented his letters to Mr. Braddick, who gave him every possible assistance in the sale of his cargo, which he finally effected for about four hundred pounds sterling, profit ; and invested the proceeds in Caraccas cocoa, then in demand in Spain. Mr. Brad- dick's experienced eye aided him essentially in select- ing the cocoa, the quality of which is not always as good as its outward appearance. Mr. Jarvis' acquaintance with Mr. Braddick ripened into friendship, for the benevolence and strict integrity of that worthy Quaker merchant deserved and won perfect confidence. A correspondence was kept up between them for many years. One day as he was walking in the street he met a Mr. Monkhouse, a London merchant, who for a time boarded with him at Mrs. Archibald's in Boston. Monkhouse expressed much pleasure at the meeting, and very hospitably invited him to dine with him at the house of his partner, Mr. Bowerbanks. Mr. Jarvis accepted the invitation, and, at the hour 110 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. appointed, went to the house, which was a plain, re- spectable one, without any pretension ; and in its fur- niture and appointments, was free from all show or ostentation. Mr. Bowerbanks received him very politely, and introduced him to the company, which consisted of three or four American merchants, and a tall Yorkshire squire, six feet high, very stiff, ceremo- nious, and self-important. He was a school-mate and early friend of Mr. Bowerbanks, who seemed to wish to pay him particular attention. The company were soon invited from the drawing-room to dinner, which consisted of a fine boiled salmon, a large roasted leg of South Down mutton, a boiled flour or batter pud- ding, and two glasses of port wine an excellent din- ner, but plain compared with those which Mr. Jarvis had been accustomed to see prepared for a company of five or six invited guests in America, where a variety of dishes was considered indispensable. When the gentlemen had finished their second glass, Mr. Bowerbanks remarked that the ladies of his family were in the country, and he wished to join them. He then rose, and his guests departed. He was reputed very wealthy. Afterwards Mr. Jarvis' dined enfamille with other London merchants, when the dinner usually was boiled or roast mutton, vegetables, a pudding, and port wine simple, comfortable, and sufficient, with- out much variety or superfluity, which led him to con- clude that they lived more plainly and economically than the merchants in the Southern States and in Boston. After his long continued hardships and privations, he felt that the success which had attended his exer- HIS VOYAGES. Ill tions warranted his indulgence in the pleasure of see- ing the various structures and works of art in this great metropolis, which had been so much celebrated. For in his early life many Americans cherished affec- tion for the mother country, and were proud of her grandeur. Accompanied by Mr. Braddick, he first went to see St. Paul's Cathedral, which from his boy- hood he had heard spoken of as the world's wonder. But unfortunately he approached the vast building through a narrow lane, which being a most unfavor- able point of view, his first impression was great dis- appointment. Its proportions were certainly immense, but it appeared to him that the style of architecture was neither Grecian, Gothic, nor Morisco ; and it was destitute of any ornament to relieve the plainness or gratify the eye. The interior was but little more satisfactory. Some of the chapels he thought very handsome ; but as a whole, he was more impressed by its magnitude than by its beauty. He had seen the magnificent Convent of Batalha, and the Church of San Roque in Portugal, and other noble edifices, which led him to expect more elaborate finish and elegance. He expressed his ideas to .Mr. Braddick, who, in answer to his remarks, showed -him a plan of the building, as it was designed originally by Sir Christo- pher Wren, but wfyich had not been carried out, owing to the prevailing opinions and prejudices of the age the pillars and ornamental parts having been rejected, from religious scruples, on the ground that they were an imitation of the Grecian heathen tem- ples. 112 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. His beau ideal of the Tower was much more nearly realized. He gazed with deep interest on this ancient building, fraught with so many historical associa- tions, its massive grandeur and antique appearance ; and examined with eager curiosity the arms and armor of past ages. He next visited " Vauxhall Gardens," and after walking about some time, enjoying the novelties of the place and the music, he called for some refreshment, when a cup of coffee and a sandwich were brought. The bacon was shaved so extremely thin, that ever afterwards, " thin as a Vauxhall slice," was a favorite comparison with him ; and the charge being half a guinea, he thought, in the words of Dr. Franklin, that he had " Paid too dear for his ivhistle." The celebrated Mrs. Siddons was at this time a star of the first magnitude, and wishing to see her, he at- tended the theatre, but to his disappointment she did not make her appearance, owing to indisposition. As a still greater indulgence, he hired a horse and rode about forty miles out of the city on horseback, to see something of the interior of the mother country. The high hedges at first intercepted the view, but on attaining an eminence, he was delighted with the land- scape spread out before him. The fine residences of the nobility and gentry, with their gardens, parks, and highly cultivated fields, rendered it picturesque and beautiful, and gave him a very favorable idea of the agriculture, taste, and wealth of England. He often, in after years, spoke of these as " the only solitary instances " in which he had allowed himself any amusements, since the loss of his property. HIS VOYAGES. 113 While in London he chartered his vessel to bring back a cargo of cognac brandy from Charente in France, after delivering the cocoa in St. Sebastian. For this charter he received five guineas per ton, and five guineas a day demurrage. His cocoa sold remarkably well at St. Sebastian, for it was in great demand, and was of a superior quality. He purchased it for five guineas per English gross hundred weight (116 Ibs.), and sold it for fifty- four dollars per 100 Ibs. (the Spanish weight), clear- ing twenty-nine dollars on every hundred. Immediately after it was delivered, he sent his mate to Charente with his vessel, and gave him directions to write to the house, of whom he was to receive the brandy, as soon as he arrived, and inform them that he was ready for it. Mr. Jarvis followed by land in about a week. The road to Charente was through Bayonne, and to this city he rode en cacolet, as before ; but unlike the for- mer journey, this proved a very unpleasant one, for it began to rain ere he had proceeded far, and when he reached the Bidosoa, it actually poured. In crossing the Pyrenees by a narrow foot-path, he was exposed to the whole force of the storm. The sleet penetrated into his neck and garments, chilling him extremely, and severely taxing his powers of en- durance. Wet, cold, and stiff, with pains in every limb, he felt really sick when he arrived at Bayonne in the evening. On entering the hotel, whom should he meet, to his great surprise, but his old friend Peter Oilman, the elder brother of his partners, who had been for some time a resident of Bordeaux, and had come to 8 114 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. Bayonne on business. After a cordial greeting both experiencing the pleasure of unexpectedly meeting a friend in a land of strangers, Mr. Oilman invited him to sup with him. He thanked him, but said he was sick, and must retire without delay. " What is the matter with you ? " " I ache in every limb, and am exhausted by cold and fatigue." " If that is all, I can easily cure you." " In what way ? " " By taking you to the baths." Mr. Jarvis replied that he felt unable to go out again in the storm. But Mr. Oilman urged that he could order a close carriage, which he did, and very kindly accompanied him. The temperature of the bath was at about 100 (Fahrenheit). Mr. Jarvis remained in it until he began to feel faint ; when he rose, and in- stantly two men threw hot towels over him, and com- menced rubbing him with a friction of no gentle char- acter. When this ordeal was over, he felt like a new man refreshed, and free from pain. On their return to the hotel, he partook of the fine supper his friend had ordered with a good appetite, passing a social and pleasant evening with him. The next morning he was as fresh as if he had not been exposed the day before, and ready to pursue his busi- ness. He saw the merchants who had his tobacco, and arranged matters satisfactorily with them ; and the fol- lowing morning at four o'clock, took the diligence for Bordeaux ; it rained hard until eight, when it cleared away. Putting his head out of the vehicle, to take a HIS VOYAGES. 115 view of the country, he was astonished by the magnifi- cent spectacle that burst upon his view. Far along the horizon stretched the lofty peaks of the Pyrenees, covered with snow and glittering in the sun ; while brilliant, fleecy clouds were rolling away before the wind, from the mountain sides ;. beneath smiled the verdant plain, cultivated like a garden, in renovated loveliness, altogether forming a landscape of the most surpassing grandeur and beauty. He gazed delighted on the picture, till it gradually faded from his sight. The road to Bordeaux was a very pleasant one, through a fine level country. He spent three days in this city. The Bordeaux brandy is mild, and preferable in his opinion to the cognac ; but the latter is stronger, and preferred by the English. From Bordeaux he pro- ceeded in a diligence to Pons. The scenery was pict- uresque and beautiful ; diversified with chateaux, some of them castles ancient strongholds of the nobility ; others modern country residences, with fine gardens and grounds, grape-vines, fruit-trees, and ornamental forest trees. The merchant, who was to furnish the brandy, resided at Pons an Irish -house of long standing, which had remained unmolested during the struggles of the Rev- olution. Mr. Jarvis called on the head of the firm to inquire if they had heard from his vessel. " Yes," he said, " but the brandy has to be brought down the Charente in boats, and has not yet arrived." He asked if his mate stated that he was ready to receive the cargo ; and if his letter had been answered. The merchant replied affirmatively, and showed the 116 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. letters. Mr. Jarvis begged him to write again, and state the cause of the delay ; he also wrote himself, requesting his mate to preserve the correspondence, and that probably he might be detained some days. After doing all in his power to forward the business, he again took the diligence for Saintes, another town on the Charente, en route for the port where his ship lay. A row of noble, stately elms, that looked as if a century old, o'er-canopied the road, forming a beautiful arcade for twenty miles, before they came to this town, making a delightful drive. On arriving at the public- house at Saintes, he ordered a good supper, for he was both weary and hungry, and sat down to rest himself while it was preparing. In a reasonable time the land- lady and her maid-servant brought in an abundant and smoking hot repast, which looked very inviting ; but just as they were about to partake of it, a sergeant with four or five soldiers suddenly entered and demanded the supper, saying that a party of military were quar- tered near by, and he had been sent out in quest of provisions. There was a war at this time in La Vende*e, and this was a reinforcement. The landlord was very timid, and seemed to think it was useless to resist the orders of an officer of the military corps ; but the woman, bold as a lion, carne forward with great volubility and an- ger, declaring that he should not have it ; that it had been cooked for the passengers in the diligence ; that it was theirs, and he had no right to claim it. The offi- cer replied that they were without provisions ; that he had orders to obtain some ; and that he must seize them. At this juncture Mr. Jarvis came forward to HIS VOYAGES. 117 interpose; for he foresaw that on the principle that " might makes right," the military would carry off the supper, and not at all relishing the idea of losing it, he thus addressed the officer, 44 Is this the way you treat a stranger ? Is this your boasted liberty, of which we hear so much, thus rudely to take away the supper of a foreigner and an Ameri- can a nation with whom you are at peace ? Can this be sanctioned in La belle France ? " The sergeant, abashed and astonished, gazed at the bold American. The landlady now proposed to compromise the mat- ter by a division of the viands. This was peaceably acceded to ; and as there was an abundance of food on the table, the passengers had sufficient remaining to make a very comfortable meal. Mr. Jarvis often re- marked that but for his intrepid remonstrance, everv- thing would have been seized, leaving the passengers supperless. The next day he pursued his journey to Charente, the small town at the mouth of the river where his vessel lay, about three miles from Rochelle. Here he found two or three other American vessels, which had arrived before his, waiting for brandy, des- tined for London. One of the captains was a brother of an intimate friend of his in Boston, and feeling interested in his welfare from this circumstance, he advised him to get a certificate of the time he had first applied for the brandy, and also of the time when it was delivered ; otherwise he might lose his demur- rage. But being a young man, and not much ac- quainted with the forms of business, he thought these precautions quite unnecessary. 118 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. Mr. Jarvis was detained at this port forty days, though he wrote to the merchant several times to remonstrate against it. While waiting at Charente, he purchased, for three dollars, a barrel of the wine of the province for his crew a pleasant beverage, not quite as strong as cider. " Vin de grave " and " Sauterne " are also made in this part of France. At last the kegs of brandy began to come down the river in boats, and he immediately wrote to the house in Pons for a certificate, testifying as to the time the first and last boats came down. It was duly forwarded, and then he obtained certificates from the custom- house, as to the time the vessel entered the port, when the cargo was put on board, and when she was cleared, taking these precautions, lest he might be implicated by the delay they had occasioned him. The ship was in perfect order for sea, and as soon as the last boat was unloaded, he sailed. On his arrival in London, he heard that the merchant had failed, who had chartered his vessel. But although this house had made the contract, yet several gentlemen had engaged the brandy, who came on board request- ing the delivery of their respective shares. Mr. Jar- vis had gone to the city, but he left orders with his mate to retain a part belonging to each owner, their names being branded on the casks, fearing that he might have some trouble in obtaining the demurrage. The mate, however, finding that he could not easily separate them, refused to deliver any in the absence of his captain. The owners were very willing to pay the freight, but HIS VOYAGES. 119 objected to the demurrage. But Mr. Jarvis, as usual, stood his ground with great firmness and decision ; and, aided by Mr. Braddick, laid his claims and papers be- fore commissioners appointed for such cases. He asked Mr. Braddick if he should make a plea before them. He told him that he thought his papers would be suf- ficient. They finally allowed him all that he de- manded, except for the three days in London, after the mate refused to deliver the brandy. His claims amounted to $4,598, i. e. nine hundred and fifty pounds sterling. The care he had taken to obtain exact evidence of his detention in France, enabled him to furnish con- vincing proof that it was owing to no fault of his, but that the loss of time was wholly owing to the house in Pons. There was no evading it, and he received full compensation. Not so with the captains who had been at Charente with him, and had really lost more time. They would not follow his advice, though it had been very kindly intended, but trusted wholly to their log- books, which were not deemed sufficient evidence ; and so they lost the whole of their demurrage, much to their chagrin and that of their employers. One day as he was walking on the Exchange, Mr. Braddick directed his attention to a tall, erect, dignified gentleman, as Sir Francis Baring, an eminent banker, and the wealthiest merchant in London. On closer observation, Mr. Jarvis noticed with sur- prise that his dress was almost shabby, neither in good taste not style. His vest and small-clothes were much the worse for wear; and his brown broadcloth coat had gilt buttons nearly as large as dollars, then quite 120 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. passe in fashion. His outer man gave no indication of his wealth and standing, which was remarkable ; as gentlemen in those days were more punctilious in their dress than at the present time. But it plainly showed that his mind was too much engrossed, to think much of his appearance. Having invested his funds in excellent Caraccas cocoa, and his ship being nearly ready for sea, he called quite early one morning upon Mr. Braddick, who with great eagerness asked when he should sail. u To-morrow morning. Why do you ask ? " " Because," said Mr. Braddick, " at about three this morning, I received "intelligence that peace had been decided upon." " But how can this be, when it is only a few weeks since it was announced in all the papers that your government had refused Napoleon's proposals for peace, and that the war was to be continued ? " 14 1 will tell you. Last night a council was in session till a late hour in the night, discussing this question. They finally concluded that it was advi- sable to make peace, and a message was immediately dispatched to acquaint the Messrs. Goldsmiths with this decision, calling them up in the night ; they sent to me about three this morning to announce the fact. 1 1 The Goldsmiths were the principal hankers of the government, and when Mr. Pitt found it necessary to raise a large sum of money to carry on the war, they undertook the loan on condition that they should be in- formed of any important changes that were to take place in the measures and policy of the government. They did not loan much money them- selves, but various merchants and men of wealth contributed to it: one 10,000, another 20,000, a third 50,000, and so on, until the desired amount was made up. Mr. Braddick had loaned 10,000. Each stock- HIS VOYAGES. 121 You perceive, therefore," said Mr. Braddick, " that the sooner you leave London the better, as the price of cocoa will fall in Spain as soon as peace is declared." " I have nothing to do but to have my vessel cleared at the custom-house.'* " You can send your ship down to Gravesend, and have her cleared afterwards, joining her there; this will hasten your departure." Mr. Jarvis went immediately to his vessel, gave the necessary orders, and inquired if they had bread enough ; being answered affirmatively, he hastened back to Mr. Braddick, who accompanied him to the custom-house. Here Mr. Jarvis was presented with a printed form, wherein he was to swear to his name, the name of his brig, where he was from, where bound, his cargo, etc., etc. The gist of the whole was that he was not to land his cargo in any part of France. He began to read the paper with great attention, but Mr. Braddick told him that it would occupy too much time. " But I do not like to take an oath without knowing what I am swearing to." " It is a mere form," said Mr. Braddick ; " a custom- house oath is thought nothing of." It was found necessary to have the mate's testimony. " I can go down and summon him, and be back in an hour." holder was to be duly notified of any new movement in the governmental chess-board. En passant, Mr. Goldsmith entertained so high an opinion of Mr. Braddick's integrity and business talents, that he had placed a son of his in Mr. B.'s counting-house. 122 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. " No," Mr. Braddick said, " I will save you that trouble," and asked him to wait by a specified pillar until his return, when he would provide a mate. In about fifteen minutes he returned with a respect- able looking waterman, whose dress was similar to a sailor's. Mr. Braddick had explained to him what they wished him to do, and now introduced him to Mr. Jarvis, who told him his own name ; that of his mate, Solomon Norton, reiterating it, to impress it on his mind ; the name of his vessel, that he had a cargo of cocoa, that he was from Boston, and bound to St. Sebastian, etc. To all which the waterman took an oath, with his hand on the Bible, though he had only Mr. Braddick's word for its truth. Mr. Jarvis was somewhat shocked by this proceeding, being so con- trary to his principles of truth and honesty ; and after they left the custom-house he expressed his feelings to Mr. Braddick, who said it was a thing of very com- mon occurrence when vessels were hastening out of port, and that no one attached any solemnity to a custom-house oath, for it was considered merely &form. Mr. Jarvis secretly thought it manifested a very cor- rupt state of society, but he merely turned to the waterman and asked him what compensation he should give him for his trouble. He replied that he owned three barges on the Thames, and all he asked of him was his custom. " But I was never in London but once before, and shall probably never be here again. Please Mr. Braddick pay him what you think proper." He gave him a crown, which was perfectly satis- factory. HIS VOYAGES. 123 Mr. Jarvis now took leave of his kind friend, Mr. Braddick, and hastened to overtake his vessel in a boat. He was safely on board, and they had pro- ceeded a short distance in the channel, when his mate came to him with a complaint that there was no bread the mice having eaten a hole in the bottom of the barrel, and spoilt the whole. He was obliged to put into a small town on the coast called Rye, and gave orders to the men that he sent ashore to get all the bread that they could obtain, and if there was none, to buy flour. They returned with a few dozen loaves of fresh bread and some flour. The former lasted the cabin table till they reached St. Sebastian, after a short voyage of ten days, and the flour being made into bread, and eaten new and warm, was considered a great luxury by the sailors. He sold his cocoa very well, though not as high as before. He had given six guineas per cwt. avoirdu- pois, and sold it for fifty-eight dollars per one hundred Ibs. With the money he received for it, he purchased a cargo of iron, which is of an excellent quality in this part of Spain, and had made all his business arrange- ments, when a courier, as if half distracted, rode through St. Sebastian at full speed, crying " Peace, peace, peace ! " He was most fortunate to have dis- posed of his cocoa ere peace was proclaimed, for had anything detained him longer in London, or had there been any detention on his voyage, to delay the sale until after this proclamation, it would hardly have paid the cost of freight, so rapidly did the price fall. How greatly success in life depends upon perseverance, en- 124 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. ergy, and promptitude of action, guided by good sense and judgment. This series of remarkably successful voyages re- sulted from a combination of these qualities, though his early training in mercantile affairs, and his thorough knowledge of the subject, was a great aid undoubtedly in planning them. A cargo of butter coming in from Ireland, he pur- chased a quantity, sufficient with the iron he had pre- viously bought to load his ship, and then sailed for Lisbon. These articles not being in demand there, he went to Cadiz, where they sold very well, especially the iron. At Cadiz he made an advantageous sale of his ship that faithful companion of his many voy- ages ! Having now by the blessing of God acquired money enough to clear himself from his liabilities, he remitted most of it by bills of exchange on London, but secured several hundred doubloons in leather belts about his person, to provide for any emergency. He took passage for New York with Captain Ander- son, a Virginia merchant, who was owner of the ship, and was an agreeable, gentlemanly man. A day or two after he was at sea, Mr. Jarvis was threatened with a return of inflammation in his eyes. He thought that bleeding would benefit him, and tried the bold experiment of taking blood himself, always so difficult an operation at sea. He opened a vein from which he bled a quart ere it could be stanched, which caused him to faint. The loss of so large a quantity of blood brought on the jaundice. He craved acid drinks, but the cabin HIS VOYAGES. 125 had not been provided with fruit or many luxuries. But when he was about two thirds across the Atlantic, his wants were supplied by a kind Providence, for a ship came in sight, and he begged Captain Anderson to send a boat to inquire for fruit. She came from the West Indies, and it happened that there was on board an old acquaintance of Mr. Jarvis Mr. Oliver of Boston, who very kindly let him have. two dozen or- anges out of his private stores ; and the captain sold him a bottle of guava jelly. These were not only agreeable articles of diet, but most efficient remedies, and he soon recovered. Owing to contrary winds they had a tedious voyage of forty-eight days. Captain Anderson was very ig- norant of nautical matters, and had gone out as cap- tain in order to make a more profitable voyage. The management of the vessel devolved almost entirely upon the first mate, who although a good seaman, was deficient in the skill and judgment required to act efficiently as captain, which made him timid and unde- cided where prompt action was necessary. At last, after this long passage, the welcome sight of Sandy Hook light-house greeted their eyes ; but just as bright anticipations of being soon on terra firma and with their friends, filled their hearts with joy, what should the mate do but put out to sea again, to the great surprise of all. On being interrogated as to his motives, he replied, " I am afraid of running on Barnegat Shoals in the night." Mr. Jarvis requested to see the charts, and after a careful examination, he told the mate that they were forty miles distant ; it was a clear coast, and there was 126 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. not the slightest danger in going directly in. But he said he had " heard of a wreck upon these danger- ous shoals," and his mind was so possessed with this idea, that he was terrified lest they also should be wrecked. With the permission of Captain Anderson, Mr. Jar- vis undertook to steer the ship in safety to land, and about midnight they neared the light-house. Think- ing there could be no farther trouble, he gave the mate particular directions to keep the light-house in sight, and retired to rest. But on rising early in the morn- ing, what was his astonishment and vexation to find they were again out to sea ; and the light-house al- most invisible. On demanding of the mate why he had not followed his instructions, he found it was the old bugbear " running on shoals in the night." He thought this too absurd, and represented to Captain Anderson that there was every appearance of a north- east snow-storm, and unless they hastened into port they would be unable to get in for several days. Captain Anderson, glad to be relieved from the care and responsibility, begged Mr. Jarvis to take the com- mand, who readily assented, and gave orders to steer directly for the light-house, which was promptly done. To his great joy a pilot-boat soon came in sight. They put up a signal for a pilot, who soon came on board, and guided them safely beyond the light-house. As the pilot was about to return to his boat, Mr. Jar- vis inquired if he was going directly up to New York, and being answered affirmatively, he asked if he could accompany him. The pilot was willing. Captain An- derson, also sick of the ship, concluded to join them ; HIS VOYAGES. 127 the baggage was put in, and by nine o'clock p. M. they were safely and comfortably established at a hotel, much to the satisfaction of both. As Mr. Jarvis had predicted, a snow-storm came on in the night ; but the ship came in next day, after beating about Sandy Hook light-house three days. It was on his birthday, the 4th February, 1802, that he landed in New York. He now completed the payment of the fourteen thousand dollars for which he had become liable, and which he had earned amid self-denials, hardships, labors, and perils such as few men could have endured or overcome. Was there not true heroism and nobil- ity of soul in these five years of unremitting toil and exposure of unwearied energy and action, for such an end. How differently are failures managed at the present day, when creditors are frequently obliged to sacrifice a large amount of their property, if not the whole ; and sometimes the person failing contrives to have more property after his failure than before ! 128 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. PART III. CHAPTER IX. CONSUL-GENERAL FOR PORTUGAL AND CHARGE D'AFFAIRES AT LISBON. HIS APPOINTMENT AT WASHINGTON AS CONSUL-GENERAL AND CHARGE D'AFFAIRES. MR. JEFFERSON AND MR. MADISON. ON his arrival in Boston he made a final settlement of all claims upon him, and was once more an inde- pendent man, ready to commence business for himself. How sweet must have been his self-approval in the accomplishment of his undertaking ! His talents had been improved to the utmost, and conscience whispered, " Well done, good and faithful servant." Most cordial and hearty were the welcomes and congratulations of his father and friends on the ulti- mate success that had crowned his labors, and his pres- ervation through so many perils. He had long been under the clouds of adversity, but they had a silver lining, and now the sun again shone forth. A few days after his return home, a friend informed his father that he had just received a letter from Hon. Josiah Quincy, then in Congress, stating " that William HIS APPOINTMENT AT WASHINGTON. 129 Jarvis of Boston had been appointed consul to Lis- bon ; that the Senate unanimously confirmed the appointment on the 4th February, and he supposed it must be Dr. Jarvis' son, as he knew of no other Wil- liam Jarvis in Boston." Dr. Jarvis at dinner, communicated this intelligence to his son, who replied that while in Lisbon he had noticed that Mr. Jefferson stated in his message that any well-qualified citizen of the United States wishing for a consulate, then held by a foreigner, should, on making application, receive it. Mr. Bulkley, an Eng- lish merchant, held the office of United States Consul at Lisbon, but was of no service whatever to American captains, not taking the trouble to exert himself in their behalf. Thinking he should like the situation, Mr. Jarvis wrote to his friend General Dearborn to that effect, but receiving no reply to his letter, he had thought no more about it. It is a remarkable coin- cidence that on his birthday, the 4th February, he landed on his native shore, terminating with almost unprecedented success his five years of hazard and hardship at sea, freed himself from all his liabilities, and on that same birthday was appointed to an elig- ible office in a mild and delightful country ! Had not his energy, integrity, and self-denial been blessed and rewarded ? In two or three days Dr. Jarvis received an offi- cial communication from Mr. Madison, then Secretary of State, informing him of his son's appointment, by a unanimous vote of the Senate ; but they were unac- quainted with his present address, his letter being 130 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. dated in Europe, and would thank Dr. Jarvis to com- municate to him the knowledge of his appointment. In ten days Mr. Jarvis was in Washington to answer the letter in person. Travelling at that time when it was seven days' journey by stage from Boston to Washington was a very different affair from the celerity with which people are now transported on the wings of steam, from city to city. On his arrival at the Capitol, he learned that Mr. Jefferson wished him to act as charge* d'affaires at Lisbon, having recalled Mr. William Smith of South Carolina, who had been minister at that court. Mr. Jarvis called on General Smith of Maryland, a Senator in Congress, with whom he was personally acquainted, and conversed with him on the subject; stating that he had applied for the consulship because an Englishman held the office ; and he thought from his knowledge of mercantile affairs, that he could dis- charge the duties of that station to the satisfaction of himself and countrymen. But as he was a stranger to diplomacy he felt incompetent to assume this responsi- bility. General Smith argued, that from his early and extensive acquaintance with commerce and his famil- iarity with foreign ports, he thought him really much better qualified for the office than many professional gentlemen who were appointed, but who were deficient in information regarding the manners, customs, and policy of foreign nations ; and concluded by urging him to accept the proffered honor. Thus encouraged, Mr. Jarvis waited upon Mr. Madison, and modestly expressed the same sentiments that he had done to HIS APPOINTMENT AT WASHINGTON. 131 General Smith. Mr. Madison very politely assured him that he had no doubts as to his ability to discharge the duties of both offices in a perfectly satisfactory manner, and begged him to oblige him by acting as charge*. In conclusion, he remarked that the treasury was then very low, and he would not fix upon a salary ; but Mr. Jarvis should have a suitable and satisfactory remuneration for his services. It is not amiss, however, here to state that he never did receive one dollar for his faithful and arduous ser- vices as charge* d'affaires, though he fulfilled all the duties of a minister, carrying on an extensive diplo- matic correspondence with various ministers from the United States in Europe, and with his own govern- ment ; and corresponding at great length with the Por- tuguese ministry, to effect measures of much impor- tance to the United States; which, by his personal exertions and judicious negotiations, he succeeded in accomplishing. When he returned from Lisbon he found that the treasury was empty, and his country on the eve of a war with England and he was too good a patriot to prefer his claims under such circumstances. In after years he, always spoke of this circumstance with modesty and simplicity, assuming no merit for his conduct, but saying that as he had been prospered in his pecuniary affairs, while in Lisbon, he was satisfied ; " and never afterwards called upon the United States for a cent." Thus he assiduously labored for nine years in his country's service, without compensation ! Born in the midst of the Revolution, he was imbued with the patriotic spirit that characterized that period ; and the welfare of his beloved country was always with 132 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. him a subject of intense interest. This disinterested conduct stands out in bold relief, when contrasted with the corruption and selfishness of so many officials at the present day, when the highest offices and the greatest emolument are sought after with eager com- petition. Mr. Madison placed the correspondence of the two preceding ministers at Lisbon, Mr. Humphreys and Mr. Smith, in the hands of Mr. Jarvis, to impart some insight into the relations between the United States and Portugal, appropriating to his use a little private room within the office of the Secretary of State, for the examination of the letters. After devoting five or six days to its careful perusal, he found that they had attempted to carry measures, which he knew were diametrically in opposition to the policy to which the Portuguese government had pertinaciously adhered for a century that of uniformly protecting the prod- ucts of her Brazilian colonies. Mr. Smith, very naturally wishing to benefit southern commerce, had constantly endeavored to persuade the Portuguese government to admit rice and tobacco, notwithstanding both these articles had been strictly prohibited ; the mother country thus securing to her colonies the consumption of their rice and tobacco, though inferior in quality to that of the United States. The latter was never admitted with the consent of the govern- ment ; but was sometimes smuggled in for rappee snuff. And from Mr. Jarvis' knowledge of the jealous care with which the mother country cherished her colonies, he saw that to strive for their admission was useless. He finally accepted the proffered office, think- HIS APPOINTMENT AT WASHINGTON. 133 ing that he might, at least, be as useful in advancing the interests of his countrymen as his predecessors had been. Mr. Jefferson devoted the morning from nine to eleven to executive business ; and from eleven to one he received calls from all classes of the community a levee without much ceremony or attention to dress. Mr. Jarvis attended these levees frequently, to pay his respects to the President, and enjoyed the privilege of often conversing with him, which afforded him great pleasure. He said that Mr. Jefferson's colloquial powers were most remarkable. He was well informed upon all subjects ; and his conversation flowed on like a smooth stream from a deep fountain of knowledge. With a wonderful comprehensiveness of mind, and a retentive memory, he could, with perfect ease, adapt his discourse to the various people assembled at his levees never at a loss ; at home on all subjects. None were awed by any assumption of consequence or superiority ; all were charmed by the versatility of his genius and his varied information. Social and agreeable in his manners, he was very popular with the people. Yet it was very remarkable that he could not speak in public ; he acknowledged that whenever he attempted it, he felt oppressed, as if he had something in his throat. Mr. Madison, on the reverse, was dignified, a little stiff in his manners, and not fluent in conversation ; but an able public speaker. Mr. Jefferson was about six feet in height, erect, with an intellectual countenance. He dressed plainly, and somewhat carelessly, the faithful discharge of his duties, and the adornment of his mind with varied 134 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. knowledge, apparently superseding much attention to his outward appearance. At one o'clock he rode on horseback an hour, for health and recreation. On one of these excursions, as he was about to turn his horse homeward, he met a rough-looking Virginian, mounted on a fine horse, with cloth leggins tied on above and below the knee over the stockings, then a common mode in Virginia when travelling on horseback. He greeted Mr. Jefferson, with " A good day. Where are you going ? " " To Washington." The planter said he was also going there, and should be glad of his company. Mr. Jefferson civilly assented to the proposal, and they rode on together a short distance, when the planter, surveying Mr. Jefferson's horse attentively, remarked, " You have a very fine horse." " Yes, it suits me very well." " How do you like mine ? " said the Virginian. " Very much," replied the President. Will you swap ? " " No, I make it a rule never to exchange a horse that suits me." . The man stared in amazement, and then said, " Where are you from ? " " Virginia." " Well, you are the first Virginian I ever saw that would not swap horses ! " The two horsemen now ascended a hill, commanding a view of Washington ; and the White House became a prominent object. The man inquired if he knew what building that was. HIS APPOINTMENT AT WASHINGTON. 135 " Yes, the President's house." " Do you know the President ? " " Yes, I am intimately acquainted with him." " What sort of a man is he ? " " His friends esteem him highly ; his enemies con- demn him." The planter continuing his inquiries about the Pres- ident, Mr. Jefferson remarked, " If you will go to his house with me, I will intro- duce you." The man stared, supposing him in jest. " No. I am quite in earnest." The man still seemed a little doubtful as to his sin- cerity, thinking he could not expect such an honor ; but they continued to chat about the buildings in the city as they passed them, until they came to the White House, when Mr. Jefferson stopped. A servant was in immediate attendance to take his horse, held the stir- rup, and treated him with the utmost deference. When the planter witnessed these attentions, he sus- pected his mistake, and setting spurs to his horse, was out of sight in a moment, to the President's great amusement. His self-possession and control over his passions was great ; so that he appeared perfectly calm, even when strongly moved. An anecdote is related in illustration of this, of a gentleman, who on his arrival from Ma- drid, went to him and preferred a complaint against a charge* in that city, upon whose conduct he dwelt with acrimony. It vexed Mr. Jefferson sorely that an officer of the United States should have acted in so injudicious and impolitic a manner; but wishing to 136 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. investigate the truth of the story, he listened politely, and then, without one word of comment, changed the conversation, by asking if he had a pleasant voyage. The gentleman took his leave unable to decide what impression he had made. Mr. Jarvis returned to Boston, and sailed for Lisbon in a vessel owned by his friends the Gilmans, who had a cargo of coffee on board, and begged him to stop at Bordeaux, and dispose of it advantageously ; which he consented to do. They put into Bordeaux after a good voyage, but he found that coffee was so low, that he left it until it should command a better price. After leaving Bordeaux, they were becalmed, and obliged to lay off the shore. A gentleman on board said that the Chateau Margeau estate was in that vicinity, and proposed to Mr. Jarvis and the captain to land and ac- company him to the chateau, saying that the present occupant was an acquaintance of his, who would treat them with some of the fine old wine which was so much celebrated. The captain at first declined, but as there was no prospect of a change of wind, he was finally persuaded to go, and they took a boat and went ashore. A short walk brought them to the stately old mansion, where they were hospitably received by Mr. Lynch. This fine old estate had belonged to a royal- ist, and during the Revolution it was confiscated and O sold. It was purchased by Mr. Lynch, an Irish mer- chant of large property residing in Bordeaux. Some time after taking possession of it, he accidentally dis- covered that the wine-cellar doors were locked. A servant was dispatched to the steward of the old fam- ily, who lived two miles distant, to inquire for the HIS APPOINTMENT AT WASHINGTON. 137 keys he had kept the keys though his master was no longer owner. He went with the servant, and with some difficulty opened the doors, for the lock had be- come rusty. It was found that the cellar was full of this highly esteemed claret wine, which takes its name from the chateau and the estate. On estates where wine is made in large quantities, the wine-cellars have doors opening outward ; through this the vintage for the year is carried in, and packed away, after which the door is built over solid with stone and mortar. The inside doors are strongly locked, and the wine is left to be mellowed by time. Owing to revolutionary changes, this wine had remained in the cellar for years, and when discovered by Mr. Lynch, it was a choice and rare liqueur. As there was more than he wished for his own consumption, he sold a consider- able quantity to Napoleon, and persons of high rank, for a crown a bottle. He invited his guests to dine with him, and after dinner favored them with a bottle of this old wine. On drawing the cork, the aroma resembled a bou- quet of fragrant flowers. Mr. Jarvis said that he never, before or afterwards, tasted of any wine that compared with this. The three gentlemen took leave of their hospitable host in the afternoon, thanking him for his attentions, and returned to the vessel. A fa- vorable wind arose toward night, which enabled them to pursue their voyage without further detention. 138 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. CHAPTER X. CHARGE D'AFFAIRES AND CONSUL-GENERAL FOR PORTUGAL. MR. JARVIS arrived in Lisbon on the 1st of August, 1802, and took lodgings at Mrs. Derbyshire's, where he had previously boarded when in Lisbon. Among other gentlemen who boarded here, was Thomas Tomazina, who appeared like an old acquaintance, as he had formerly met him at this house. Tomazina was born in Portugal ; his mother was a Portuguese, his father an Italian. He was a great linguist, speaking five languages with perfect ease English, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese. He said he spoke English the worst of either, yet he spoke this more correctly than do many Englishmen and Americans. He had been secretary of legation at Paris and Lon- don, and was at this time secretary to Don John de Almeida de Mello de Castro, the Minister of For- eign Affairs. 1 In a foreign land, where only a strange language fell upon his ear, it was delightful to find one with whom he could freely converse in his native tongue, and they soon became intimate. 1 Tomazina died a few years later, to Mr. Jarvis' deep regret, who at- tended his funeral, and bore an immense wax-candle in compliance with Portuguese customs. CHARGE D'AFFAIRES AND CONSUL-GENERAL. 139 Mr. Jarvis now commenced a fresh career in this new field of duty and responsibility, of labor and en- terprise. It has been truly said, that " The boy is father of the man." And as in early life he had been faithful to his employers, and diligent in their service ; in mature years, honest, upright, industrious, and at- tentive to his business; in misfortune enterprising, energetic, self-denying, and persevering ; so in public life he manifested the same assiduity in promoting the best interests of his country and countrymen ; the same integrity and activity in transacting their business; and a remarkable tact in doing the right thing at the right time. He was enabled to accomplish a vast amount of business during his nine years' residence in Lisbon, by system, punctuality, prompt attention, and close application, to satisfy the multitude of sea cap- tains that were constantly resorting to him, to gain the approbation of his own government, and to con- ciliate the good-will, esteem, and respect of the Portu- guese, the ministers at court as well as the business men with whom he was associated. The next day after his arrival, agreeable to custom, he sent the following note to the Portuguese Cabi- net: " To His EXCELLENCY DON JOHN DE ALMEIDA DE MELLO DE CAS- TRO, His Royal Highness the Prince Regent's Minister and Secretary of State for the Foreign and War Departments : " SIR, I take the earliest opportunity to announce to your Excellency my arrival at this court ; the Government of the United States of America by commission, bearing date the 4th of February, 1802, having appointed me con- sul for this and the adjacent ports. 140 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. " Permit me to request that you will appoint the day and hour which may be most convenient for my waiting upon your Excellency, to present my commission, and to pay my personal respects. " I have the honor to be, etc., etc., etc. " WILLIAM JARVIS. " LISBON, Aug. 2, 1802." On the 3d of August he wrote a long letter to Mr. Madison, in reply to one dated May 6th, in regard to American vessels seized in the Brazils, and upon the situation of our affairs with the powers of Bar- bary ; . . . . also informing him of his safe arrival, and inclosing a copy of his note to the minister of foreign affairs. He closes the letter with, " I have, agreeably to your wishes, been particularly careful that Mr. Bulkley shall have no cause to complain of any want of delicacy on the part of my government, or myself, of which he appears to be fully sensible." . . . On the 10th of August he again writes at length to Mr. Madison on the state of affairs in Morocco, speaking of rumors regarding the Emperor's policy, etc. ; then goes on to say, " On the 4th I received an answer to my official communication to the minis- ter, who appointed the 8th for me to wait on him. He received me with politeness. I presented my com- mission, which the minister said should be immediately attended to ; and then observed that his Royal High- ness saw with much satisfaction the increasing com- merce between the two countries, and that he had it in charge from his Royal Highness to assure the Presi- dent of his friendly disposition towards the United States. I answered that the President was actuated by CHAEGE D'AFFAIRES AND CONSUL-GENERAL. 141 similar sentiments with these of his Royal Highness, for that I had been instructed to assure his Royal Highness' Minister of the satisfaction which the President took in the friendship and good understand- ing that had so long existed between the two coun- tries ; and which I should upon all occasions use my utmost endeavors to cultivate and extend. We had some conversation relative to the quarantine, as on the 4th an order was received by the health officers to make vessels coming from New York lay a few days. I informed his excellency of the regulations that had been adopted at home, which would prevent for- eign nations from being in any sort of danger from our vessels ; for if any disorder existed even of a sus- picious nature, it would be inserted in the bills of health of all vessels coming from such place ; and when the master came without bills of health, it was presumptive evidence that some disorder existed ; but with clear bills of health, his excellency might be as- sured that no contagious disease existed at the place from which they came. He answered that notwith- standing these orders, the officers might be induced to grant clear bills of health when some disorder pre- vailed. I replied that our collectors were men of reputation, who would not risk the loss of character by doing such a thing ; much less the loss of office, which would be the certain consequence. That the disorder that had prevailed appeared to be only an epidemic, being entirely local. That the cargoes ex- ported to this country could not receive it, etc That the instructions given to our collectors, his excellency might rest assured, would be rigidly ad- 142 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. hered to, for we had suffered so much ourselves, that no reasoning, however plausible, nor any other con- sideration, would induce us to risk the health of other nations. At taking leave, I requested his excellency's permission to address him whenever necessary, which he politely granted. I shall wait a few days and see if any effect is produced by what passed concerning the quarantine, if not, I shall address him relative thereto." .... The remainder of the letter is occupied with an account of the misunderstanding between General Lannes and the Portuguese Court, and states that General Lannes had requested passports, and was to leave Lisbon that afternoon. He speaks of dining out the day before in company with the French Consul, and receiving this information from him. On the 5th August he addressed official letters to Wm. Kirkpatrick, Malaga ; Joseph Yznardie, Cadiz ; John Gavino, Gibraltar ; Robert Montgomery, Ali- cante, American consuls at these places, informing them of his appointment, and in behalf of our government particularly requests them to " forward advices rela- tive to the Barbary States; also concerning United States frigates and their several stations, and the latest advices concerning the state of the markets, which may be often serviceable to masters of vessels, who may wish to leave this port for a better market." .... On the 9th of August he received his exequatur in due form, and entered upon the duties ofhis office. He took a carriage and called upon the ministers composing the Portuguese Cabinet, and upon the various members of the " Corps Diplomatique," CHAEGE D'AFFAIRES AND CONSUL-GENERAL. 143 leaving a card at the door, which formal call was returned in the same manner, with the exception of two or three of the foreign consuls, who called in person. Mr. Jarvis was Consul-General for Portugal, and there were American vice-consulates established at Figuera, Faro, Oporto, and St. Ubes. He appointed M. Marcellina Sylva, who had acted in this capacity for Mr. Bulkley, vice-consul at Lis- bon. He was a Portuguese, but understood English very well, which made his services valuable as an inter- preter, and in the translation of papers. 1 In Mr. Jarvis' correspondence there are copies of seven letters dated 12th August, 1802, namely, to Edward Baker and Charles F. Kruse, Esqrs., vice- consuls at Figuera and Faro. After informing them of his appointment, etc., he says, " Permit me to tender to you the office of vice-consul, which you now hold, upon the same conditions that you received it from Mr. Bulkley, as it is my determination not to change any of the officers under my jurisdiction that have given satisfaction to my predecessors." To Bernard C. Brown and to Charles Liligreen, Esqrs., vice-consuls at Oporto and St. Ubes, to the same purport. To Hon. Charles Pinckney, Minister to 1 Remarking that when on 'Change Mr. Sylva had always a greater or smaller number of pieces of clean white paper twisted through his button- holes, Mr. Jarvis, with surprise, inquired why he did it. He replied, " To recollect the business for the day I have to transact." " And how does this recall it ? " " For every applicant I draw in a paper, and then remember the first, second, and third, and so on, until I get through." This is an amusing Portuguese custom. 144 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. Spain, at Madrid, he says, " I take the earliest oppor- tunity to inform you of my appointment by the Presi- dent," etc., etc., " and to offer my services to forward any letters you may have for America, and to execute any commands you may think proper to favor me with," etc., etc. To A. Murray, Commander of the United States frigate Constellation stationed in the Mediterranean, in answer to a letter addressed to Mr. Bulkley, he writes a long and able letter upon the Barbary States, alluding to the policy pursued by other nations toward them ; to their recent seizure of an American vessel ; to their barbarity and cruelty toward prisoners ; to their hatred of Christians, etc., etc. He alludes to the fact that England and France had neglected to rescue the British and French prisoners that had been captured by their corsairs. But goes on to say, " While we have a navy commanded by brave and enterprising officers, our countrymen in dis- tress will neither want their interposition nor assistance, much less their protection." In conclusion, he requests Captain Murray to forward any " news concerning our affairs with those nations ; and also with the station of our navy, as it may oftentimes be serviceable to our citizens bound up the Straits." To the American consuls at Tangier and Algiers, James Simpson and Richard O'Brien, Esqrs., he wrote upon the same subjects. After informing Mr. Simp- son that he had forwarded the dispatches that he had inclosed to Mr. Bulkley to the government of the United States, he says, " I am very glad you entertain a hope of being able to settle our differences with the CHARGE D'AFFAIRES AND CONSUL-GENERAL. 145 Emperor of Morocco In the mean time you will please favor me with what information you can, relative to the danger from the corsairs of that power," etc., etc. To Mr. O'Brien, he acknowledges the receipt of three letters dated in May and June, directed to his predecessor, copies of which he had forwarded to the United States, and then says: "I am sorry to find by them that our affairs with the Powers of Barbary are in such an embarrassed situation ; and much more so, that the Tripoli tans have captured an American vessel ; for every vessel they take will be an additional obstacle to peace, to say nothing of the sufferings of our fellow- citizens." He dwells upon the importance of making- peace with them. These official letters of the same date bear testimony to his untiring application to business and -mental labor.^ The three last display much general informa- tion upon the politics and history of foreign nations. " LISBON, 19th August, 1802. " To THE PEOVEDOR MOR OF HEALTH: " SIR, I, the undersigned, Consul of the United States of America, have the honor to remit the inclosed petition of George Clarke, master of the " Antelope," with a translated copy of the orders of my government to the different Col- lectors of the United States, which I presume will so fully convince your Lordship that there is not the smallest danger of admitting vessels to an immediate entry, who have clear bills of health, that your Lordship will as soon as convenient give orders to raise the quarantine on the said vessel. " With the greatest respect, I have the honor to be, " Etc., etc., etc., WILLIAM JARVIS." * 1 The Provedor favored him with no reply; but by calling upon him with his vice-consul, the vessel was cleared at last. 10 146 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. It would be uninteresting to enumerate all the various letters of Mr. Jarvis' extensive correspond- ence. His dispatches to Mr. Madison were sent by every vessel that sailed for America. In one sent the 22d of August, he congratulates Mr. Madison " upon the agreeable intelligence of the settlement of our dif- ferences with the Emperor of Morocco." He gives an account of clearing the " Antelope " from quarantine by visiting the health officer, and using the order that had been issued, his vice-consul Silva acting as inter- preter. He also speaks of an order received at the custom-house from the Minister of the Interior, pro- hibiting the importation of cordage. On the 6th of September he again wrote Mr. Madison that, as he feared, the prohibition of cordage was only the fore- runner of the prohibition of flour. " Not being perfectly clear as to that part of the order relating to the consumption of flour, I sent to request an explanation, and received for answer that the consumption of all foreign flonr after the 4th January next was for- bidden ; and what was then on hand must be exported. I am apprehensive that a repeal or modification of the order cannot be obtained, from the determination shown by this government in adhering to the prohibition of cordage, not- withstanding the exertions of the English and Russian ministers, which proved altogether unsuccessful, as I before informed you But though I have my doubts whether they will grant any further favor, yet I will not lessen my exertions to try to obtain it." Lisbon had heretofore afforded a very advantageous market for the surplus flour and corn of the United States ; and the passage of this act would consequently CHARGE D'AFFAIRES AND CONSUL-GENERAL. 147 inflict a great injury upon our commerce. The Portu- guese government had admitted wheat, rye, barley, and corn ; and whenever there was a scarcity of this commodity, flour also. There were but three commercial houses in Lisbon at this time, where American business was done that of Mr. Bulkley, an Englishman ; Mr. Gould, from Ire- land ; and Mr. Dohrman, who was Consul-General from Holland. Mr. Jarvis thought that he would con- sult with these gentlemen upon a measure of so much importance to the commerce of the United States. He first called on Mr. Bulkley, who said that his son-in-law, Colonel Humphreys, had used every effort in his power to procure the free admission of flour, but in vain ; and all attempts to prevent its prohibition now, would be utterly useless. He then visited Mr. Gould and Mr. Dohrman, but they also discouraged him, saying so many of the Portuguese nobility were interested in the windmills, that it would be unavailing to do anything about it. u But," said the Charge*, " I am sent to this coun- try to endeavor to promote measures beneficial to my countrymen, and surely you would not have me sit idly dow r n, and make no attempt to carry this point? " The coldness and indifference manifested by these gentlemen, aroused the lion within him, and only strengthened him in his determination to make strenu- ous exertions to effect the repeal. He gave the sub- ject a thorough investigation, acquiring all the infor- mation within his reach, and then carefully prepared a memorial a very able paper, a copy of which is still preserved. On the 9th September he dispatched it. 148 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS, " To His EXCELLENCY DON JOHN DE ALMEIDA DE MELLO PE CASTRO, His Royal Highness the Prince Regent's Minister and Secretary of State for the Foreign and War Departments, etc., etc., etc.: " SIR, It would be discovering a want of sensibility to the interests of my country, and with submission to the su- perior wisdom of his Royal Highness, the Prince Regent's ministers, to what I conceive for the advantage of this realm, if I remained silent relative to the order that was is- sued on the 4th inst., prohibiting the consumption and impor- tation of foreign flour after the 4th January next. There- fore I must beg leave of your Excellency, to allow me to suggest such observations as occur to me on this subject. During my short residence here, I have not had an oppor- tunity to become thoroughly acquainted with the state of agriculture in this kingdom, but have generally understood that more grain is not cultivated in the best seasons, than will supply the consumption of the inhabitants one half the year. In countries where this is the case, it is considered by the best writers the height of good policy to admit all kinds of breadstuffs freely." Mr. Jarvis goes on to state in a clear and forcible manner, that much suffering to the people is likely to result from this law, in depriving them of a regular supply of bread ; and that it would also greatly injure the commerce .of the nation, as the United States would seek to exchange her flour for the wines of Spain, and the produce of other countries. His argu- ments were strong, and conclusively proved that the comfort of the people, and the commerce and rev- enue of the kingdom would be greatly increased by the admission of flour. Wheat is liable to injury in transportation, and " to use damaged wheat for flour, would endanger the health of the community," etc., etc., etc. CHARGE D'AFFAIRES AND CONSUL-GENERAL. 149 His friend Tomazina gave this memorial a favorable translation to the Minister, which added not a little to its weight. He sent a copy of it to Mr. Madison on the llth September. He says : " Inclosed is a copy of the communication I made to the Minister on the subject, which I submit with the greatest diffidence to persons so eminent for abilities ; and must beg the indulgence of government towards it." He goes on to discuss the grounds of the arguments that he used, in a war that shows he had thought much on political economy. He states that doubts had arisen whether all the foreign flour in Lisbon after the 4th, was to be exported or not. " I made inquiries of the Inspector-General, but after wait- ing upon his Excellency twice, I was referred to his repre- sentatives in the corn-market, who were as much divided in sentiment as the judge and administrator that I had previously consulted; from which I conclude that the order was worded eo ambiguously on purpose to prevent or allow the consump- tion, as there should be plenty or scarcity of grain on hand." Mr. Jarvis waited several days, but receiving no reply from the Minister, addressed the following note to him, dated 30th September : u William Jarvis presents his most respectful compliments to his Excellency, Don Joao de Almeida de Hello de Castro, and is extremely sorry to be under the necessity of troubling his Excellency, but not being favored with an answer to the communication he had the honor to make the 9th inst., rela- tive to the prohibition and consumpljon of flour on the 4th of January next, he must take the liberty to request his Ex- cellency to favor him with a reply as soon as he conveniently can." 150 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. On the 1st October this note was inclosed to Mr. Madison, in a letter upon various subjects that de- manded attention. On the 12th he again writes to Mr. Madison, and informs him that he had just received an answer to his note from the Minister, " by which you will see, sir, that they continue to adhere to the prohibition, but make no allusion to the consumption of what may be in the kingdom after the 4th Janu- ary This appears to be a studied omission, but I shall write to his Excellency to-day for an answer to that part, and remain silent as to admis- sion until I am honored with some instructions from government." Mr. Jarvis begs Mr. Madison to write a memorial, as it would have " so much more weight and influence " than anything he could say. He says : " A gentleman whom I have conversed with on the sub- ject, who has an opportunity of knowing the sentiments of some of the higher officers of this government, thinks that the only chance remaining for an admission, would be by holding out the idea of a duty being laid on our flour, equal to what is conceived to be the loss sustained, by its being manufactured abroad ; which, as it would afford a revenue to this government, it is likely would prevent their attending to the clamor about the mills, and would tend to quiet the own- ers of real estates, by assisting to keep up the price of grain. If the admission can be obtained, even on these terms, it appears to me it will prove advantageous to us." He speaks of his success in liberating two American seamen " from the British sloop-of-war l Cynthia,' who had been detained two years." In these letters he alludes also to his efforts to shorten the quarantine of CHARGE D'AFFAIRES AND CONSUL-GENERAL. 151 vessels from healthy ports ; and to several cases in which he had succeeded. On the 14th Mr. Jarvis again addressed a note to Don John de Almeida, expressing his extreme regret that they still adhere to the prohibition of flour, and begging him to honor him with a reply to his questions as to permitting the foreign flour in the kingdom after the 4th to be consumed. In the remarkably short time (for a Portuguese Minister) of two days, he received a reply, in which he is politely informed u that the consumption of all the flour which may arrive before the 4th January next, will be, freely allowed in this kingdom." .... This was indeed a conquest over Portuguese policy and prejudice, and encouraged the Charge* in his efforts to obtain the more important concession of rescinding the prohibition of flour. He caused printed notices of this act to be circulated in Lisbon, and in various ports of the United States, for the benefit of his country- men. In his correspondence about this time, is a letter ad- dressed to " Wright, Commander of his Majesty's sloop-of-war, ' Cynthia,' " to solicit the release of two American seamen who had been two years impressed. He concludes the letter by saying, " Their impressment and detention being contrary to the existing treaties and that harmony and good understanding subsisting between the two countries, I presume from the high sense of honor and justice which has ever distinguished the officers bearing his Majesty's commission, that you will have the goodness to order their discharge, and give them such prize money as they may be entitled to." 152 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. Through Mr. Jarvis* efforts these men were actually discharged, and received their certificates for pay and prize money. As they were without funds, with his active benevolence, he lent them sufficient to get home, running the risk of not being able to collect it in London. And this is but one of numerous cases in which, by his prompt and determined exertions, he suc- ceeded in liberating American seamen who had been impressed by British vessels of war ; and then aided them with money. He immediately wrote in their behalf to the Ameri- can Consul at London, who was a friend of his father. " LISBON, October 13, 1802. To GEORGE W. ERVING, ESQ., American Consul at London : " DEAR SIR, .... Inclosed is an order for the wages and prize money due Stephen Mount and Ignatius Clark, who were impressed on board his Majesty's ship ' Cynthia/ the 29th September, 1800, and detained until the llth inst., as per certificates annexed granted by the, com- mander, etc., of said ship." Mr. Jarvis solicits him to cause the money to be col- lected, " it really being an act of charity ; one of the poor fellows having a wife and two children in Boston, from whom he has been absent nearly three years." He begs Mr. Erving to let his secretary or a broker collect it. " And when recovered please to remit the balance due Stephen Mount to the collector of the port of Boston, after deducting 8 18s 3|c?, which I advanced him here ; and the balance due Ignatius Clark, to the collector of the port of Charleston, South Carolina, after deducting 5 4s 6c?, which I advanced to him, and such charges as you may be CHARGE D'AFFAIRES AND CONSUL-GENERAL. 153 at, I having given each of the men an order to each of these collectors, to pay them the money when they receive it." It may be as well to say that Mr. Erving found it necessary that one of the men should " go in person to London ; he might go as a sailor ; and that the other must send a power of attorney, in order to secure their payment ; " consequently Mr. Jarvis was obliged to write several more letters on the subject to Charleston and Boston, giving him much additional trouble. He received another application, not long afterwards, for the release of two other seamen ; one of whom had been impressed five years. He addressed the following communication : " LISBON, October 12, 1802. " To the Commander of his Majesty's Sloqp-of- War, ' Vansego '' : " SIR, I have the honor to acquaint you that an appli- cation has been made to me by Charles Woodland, who in- forms me that he is a native of Salem, in the State of Massachusetts, and was impressed into his Britannic Maj- esty's service about five years since ; and by John Martin, a native of Norfolk, in Virginia, whom the captain of an Eng- lish transport sent on board the sloop-of-war 'Vansego,' under your command, in consequence of some dispute be- tween them. The truth of which statements I have not had an opportunity of investigating. But from the high sense of honor and justice which is characteristic of the officers in his Majesty's service, I feel assured that if upon making the necessary inquiry their represeetations appear to be well founded, you will, sir, agreeable to the existing treaties be- tween the two countries, release them and give them such certificates as are customary in his Majesty's navy, to enable them to obtain their prize money. I have the honor to be, etc., etc., " WILLIAM JARVIS." 154 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEVIS. After the exchange of two or three more letters, Charles Woodland's statements were found to be true, and he was released and obtained his wages and prize money. But it could not be proved that John Martin was an American, and he was not discharged. Mr. Jarvis became very solicitous about the prohibi- tion of flour, as owing to long passages and stormy weather he received no instructions from Mr. Madison. From his friend Tomazina he learned that the ministry were divided upon the subject : two being in favor, two opposed to the admission, and one doubtful. Don John de Almeida, Minister of State, etc., etc., and the Viscount de Anadia, Minister of the Marine, were in favor of it ; Don Louis Pinta, Viscount Bal- samao, Minister of the Interior, and Count Villaverde, were in opposition ; and Don Vasconcellas, the Min- ister of Finance, was doubtful. It was said that the latter was very desirous of increasing the revenue of Portugal ; could he therefore, be gained over, there would be a majority in favor of admission. It was the 1st of January. In four days more the act of prohibition would take effect. Mr. Jarvis re- solved to make one more attempt. He drew up a second memorial of ten folio pages, admirable for its strength of argument, and the extensive knowledge it displays of the policy pursued by various nations. It was ad- dressed to Don John de Almeida, and dated January 3, 1803. He commences by saying that he had forborne mak- ing further remarks on the subject, hoping to receive instructions from his government, but had been dis- appointed, etc., etc. " I deem it my duty not to let CHARGE D'AFFAIRES AND CONSUL-GENERAL. 155 the prohibition be carried into effect without offering such observations as have since occurred. .... As a discussion was not entered into before, I hope your Excellency will excuse my summing up, in as concise a manner as possible, the grounds from which my arguments were drawn." He discusses very fully and clearly the probability of there being a scarcity of breadstuffs in the nation, and the consequent distress of the lower classes ; shows how it will also affect the proprietors of landed estates. Traces the policy of England, France, and Holland, etc., etc., in regard to the " admission of a plentiful supply of bread- stuffs ; " and shows how wealth and prosperity have flowed into their kingdoms in consequence. In con- clusion he suggests that a moderate duty of one cru- sade (which is a silver coin equal to sixty cents of our currency), instead of the former duty of half a crusade per barrel, would double the income received from this branch of their commerce, without any addi- tional expense, and thus half a million of crusades might be added annually to the revenue of the king- dom, and an abundant supply of bread would at the same time be secured. This memorial was a success. It received the approbation of Don de Almeida, who read it to the Prince Regent, making comments in its favor. The arguments had so much weight with the Prince, that he viewed the subject in a more auspicious light, and ordered an examination of the bread made from Amer- ican flour, which proved to be of excellent quality. Don Vasconcellas was so much pleased with the idea of this addition to the revenue, that he joined the 156 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. two ministers in favor of admission, and the act of pro- hibition was repealed ! On the evening of the 6th of January, the day be- fore the prohibition was to have gone into operation, Mr. Jarvis received an official communication from Don John de Almeida, very politely informing him that the Prince Regent had granted his petition ; and that thereafter flour would be admitted with the moderate duty of only one crusade per barrel. To which docu- ment the royal signature and seal were affixed. What a victory ! What a harvest of gratification and pleasure did he reap in this reward of his unflinch- ing efforts to carry a measure for which he had ne- gotiated five months. Deemed unattainable by the merchants ; his first memorial unanswered ; that a young man unacquainted with political life by his unaided, undaunted exertions, by his strong arguments and able discussion of the question, should have gained the ear of even royalty itself, in one of the most formal, ceremonious, and inaccessible courts of Europe, and effected the repeal of a law just to go into operation, was really a wounderful diplomatic achievement, for which we can hardly ascribe him too much credit. It was considered of so much importance to the commercial f interests of the United States, that when Mr. Jefferson was Minister to France, he had been particularly instructed to negotiate for the admission of flour into Portugal, and had held a correspondence on this subject with Don Louis de Pinta, then Portuguese Minister at the Court of France ; but this grandee was strongly opposed to it, being a large land-owner, and CHARGE D'AFFAIRES AND CONSUL-GENERAL. 157 wishing to protect his own and other windmills in the country ; and Mr. Jefferson was reluctantly obliged to relinquish his attempts, convinced that they were use- less. Mr. Jarvis wrote a very polite note to Don Almei- da, expressing his high appreciation of the favor his Royal Highness had conferred upon the citizens of the United States as well as on himself, their represent- ative in Portugal, by rescinding this prohibition, and trusted the act would be conducive to the interests of both nations, etc., etc. About the 1st of January an American captain had come into port with a cargo of flour. Mr. Jarvis knew that flour would fall as soon as it was proclaimed that it would be admitted with only a moderate duty of one crusade per barrel. With his wonted thoughtful kindness, he sent for the captain the next morning, to ascertain if he had sold his cargo ; and if he had not, to advise him to do so without delay. In answer to his inquiries, the captain informed Mr. Jarvis that he had sold it to Mr. Gould. " Are you sure it is a settled bargain, not liable to be broken ? " " Yes, sir ; Mr. Gould has bought it, and I am con- fident it is all settled. Why are you so particular about it ? " " Because the prohibition of flour is repealed." "Indeed?" said the captain. " Mr. Gould said that it would never again be admitted." " It has been, notwithstanding." The captain hastened away to inform Mr. Gould of 168 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. this surprising intelligence, who could not credit it, but sent his head clerk directly to Mr. Jarvis, to ask what foundation he had for so improbable an assertion. He told him that he had just received a communica- tion to that effect from the Minister of Foreign Affairs. O'Donohue, the clerk, returned with this answer to Mr. Gould, who was still incredulous, and came in person, and, in a hurried and agitated manner, made further inquiries. Mr. Jarvis politely repeated what he had before told his clerk. " But," said Mr. Gould, " I have recently had a conversation with Sarmienta, Don Louis de Pinta's secretary, and he assured me that flour would never again be admitted. There must be some mistake." Mr. Jarvis then handed him the official document he had received, pointing to the signature of Don de Al- meida. He was not acquainted with his handwriting, and was unconvinced, until taking up the envelope, he saw the royal seal and arms of Portugal, when he dropped it, as if it had been burning wax, and precipi- tately left the office. It appeared that he had been speculating largely in flour, assured by Sarmienta of its prohibition, buying it up at ten dollars per barrel, expecting to sell it at a large profit ; and now how great would be the fall ! So much time, however, elapsed before the news reached the United States, and more was sent out, that the demand for flour continued, and his losses were not heavy. All the foreign merchants were astonished when CHARGE D'AFFAIRES AND CONSUL-GENERAL. 159 they learned that through Mr. JarviY negotiations, flour was to be admitted at so moderate a duty. 1 1 I have omitted to mention an important letter, dated 2d October, to Peter C. Brooks of Boston, regarding the seizure of the " Aurora " and "Four Sisters," in the Brazils. He says: "From the -want of success that had attended the applications of Messrs. Humphreys & Smith, at this court, it was necessary to adopt some other method. The trial has now gone through all the inferior courts of Lisbon, and a judge has been named to pass the final sentence." 160 LIFE 'AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. CHAPTER XI. PRESENTATION AT COURT. ROYAL CHRISTENING. THE expected birth of a prince in the royal house- hold had been a topic of conversation for some weeks, January, anc ^ much gossip was in circulation as to the probabilities of a change of ministers after the christening, on account of the rumored return of Gen- eral Lannes as Minister from France. But the prince was born, and no change took place. In a note ad- dressed to Don de Almeida, dated 10th of January, 1803, after suitably acknowledging the receipt of his communication, Mr. Jar vis says : " Permit me, Sir, to embrace this occasion to felicitate His Royal Highness, and his Royal Consort, on so huppy an event, and lo assure them that I most cordially partici- pate in the joy that was experienced on the birth of an infant of such an illustrious family." Mr. Jarvis was invited to attend the christening, with all the members of the " Corps Diplomatique." It was to be a grand reception, and of course a court- dress was all essential. For at a court, where dress and etiquette were deemed so important, even in this matter, he must do credit to the country he repre- sented ; he therefore resolved that it should be in the PRESENTATION AT COURT. ROYAL CHRISTENING. 161 height of good taste and propriety. Having ascer- tained that the American naval uniform was considered full official court-dress, he ordered a blue broadcloth coat, which was lined throughout with heavy yellow silk, turned over on the skirts, and embroidered on the collar and cuffs with gold cord. On the large gilt buttons was the American eagle. The vest was of rich yellow silk, heavily embroidered with gold cord, as were also the knee-bands of the yellow cassimere small-clothes. The stockings were white silk ; and the shoes had large silver buckles. The ruffles on the bosom and wristbands of his shirt were broad, fine Brussels lace ; a "chapeau bras," with gilt tassels, under his arm ; epaulets, and a dress sword or rapier, completed this handsome costume. The Prince Regent and his family were at this time at their palace at Queluz, 1 three leagues from Lisbon. On the appointed clay Mr. Jarvis set out for the palace, accompanied by his vice-consul Silva, as in- terpreter, in a singular carriage, peculiar to Spain and Portugal somewhat like an old-fashioned chaise, drawn by two horses, the driver mounted on one of them. It had windows on each side, and a boot with an iron frame and springs, which completely shut in the occupants, rendering it a close carriage; but at their pleasure the boot could be thrown back. They 1 Another palace was at Mafra. Mafra was the name of a magnificent edifice, consisting of a church, royal palace, and monastery, situated about nineteen miles from Lisbon, and founded by John V. 1717. From its nature and magnitude it may be considered the Escurial of Portugal. It has a college and a library, supposed to contain 40,000 or 50,000 vol- umes. The gardens are very extensive, and stored with a variety of exotics, imported at great expense from Asia, Africa, and America. 11 162 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. had just entered one of the most thronged and public streets, when the bell, announcing the approach of the " Host," was heard. 1 The driver stopped the horses. Mr. Silva, a devout Catholic, threw back the boot, jumped out, and kneeled upon the sidewalk, leaving Mr. Jarvis in his showy national uniform exposed to the gaze of the multitude. He feared it would have the appearance of disrespect for the customs and re- ligion of the country where he was to act in a public capacity to remain sitting in the carriage, before five hundred people, who were doing homage to the Host. And perhaps partly actuated by the spirit of the old proverb, which says, " When you are among the Romans, do as the Romans do," he sprung out also, and kneeled on one knee ; first spreading his white handkerchief on the wet stones, to save his stockings and small-clothes for it had rained in the morning. It was no small discomfiture to remain several minutes in this position, on the damp pavement, with uncovered head, until the pro- cession had passed. But this compliance with their religious ceremonies won the hearts of the Portuguese, gaining for him not a little favor, both at Court and with the clergy ; for his dress was sufficiently singular to attract attention, and led to an inquiry as to who he was, and it soon went abroad that the American Charg and Consul was a very good Catholic, or at least paid great respect to Catholic observances. Thus 1 It may not be amiss, for the benefit of some readers, to explain that the "Host" is the sacred wafer, emblematic of the Body of Christ, which is often carried in a procession of priests. Catholics are required by the priests to fall on their knees while it passes, and foreigners to stand with their hats off. PRESENTATION AT COURT. ROYAL CHRISTENING. 163 an act, prompted by his innate politeness and regard for the faith of the people, eventually proved very advantageous to him. When he arrived at the palace, he was ushered into an anteroom, where the diplomatic corps were already assembled. Among these, the most prominent for age and importance was the Pope's Nuncio, Monseigneur Galeppi, Archbishop of Nisibe*. He was a man of extensive and profound information, with a very soft, gentle, and persuasive voice, and great colloquial pow- ers, very winning manners, expressive of much interest in the person he addressed, rendering him altogether a most delightful companion. He was about five feet ten inches high, and dressed in the superbly rich robes of an archbishop. They afterwards met frequently, and a friendship was formed between them which con- tinued through Mr. Jarvis' residence in Lisbon, and afforded him much pleasure. There was an agreeable interchange of notes and visits, to which the Arch- bishop's billets testify. 1 Next in rank and honor was Lord Robert Fitzgerald, the English Minister Plenipotentiary. The Austrian Minister, M. Von Lebsetein, and the Russian Minister, were there ; also the Russian Consul, Dubatchewskoy, 1 Copy of a note from the Archbishop of Nisibe, politely translated by General J. W. Plielps. "M. d'Araujo, Minister and Secretary of State of Foreign Affairs, etc., has just written from Mafra, to the Apostolic Nuncio, to inform the gentle- men of the Diplomatic Corps that as he is under the necessity of remain- ing at Mafra to-morrow, he will not be able to receive them at his residence, according to custom. The Apostolic Nuncio hastens to make known this fact to Mr. Jarvis, Charge" d' Affaires of the United States of America, and takes the occasion to renew to him the assurances of his perfect consideration. 6th August, 1806." 164 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. who was a wonderful linguist, speaking readily nine languages Russian, German (he was educated in Germany), Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, Eng- lish, Greek, and Arabic. Mr. Jarvis said that on the Exchange he had seen him converse with ease and fluency perhaps first with a German, then turn from him to an Italian or Spaniard and talk with equal readiness; and again with an Arab, or one of the Greek Islanders, without any apparent effort; never at a loss for a word, equally at home with all the representatives of these various nations. It was really wonderful. He spoke English remarkably well, en- abling Mr. Jarvis to converse with him freely, and cultivate his acquaintance. The social disposition, refined, cultivated mind, and gentlemanly manners of Dubatchewskoy, soon won his esteem and friendship, and he became more intimate with him than with any other person in Lisbon, excepting Tomazina. Jacob Dohrman, Consul-General from Holland, and Charge* d' Affaires, was a man worthy of all esteem ; the most friendly intercourse grew up between him and Mr. Jarvis ; many business letters were exchanged, and they frequently dined together. After waiting some little time, the folding-doors were opened, and the Corps Diplomatique were introduced into the presence of the Prince Regent and his Court, the Pope's Nuncio taking precedence, being first in rank in Catholic countries, and the ministers and other members of the Corps following in pairs, according to their rank. Mr. Jarvis walked with Mr. Dohrman, and as they entered the spacious apartment he fixed his eye upon the stately Nuncio, to follow his example, and PRESENTATION AT COURT. ROYAL CHRISTENING. 165 not infringe on the rules of Portuguese etiquette. His quick observant eye noticed on the right hand of the door of entrance a vacant throne, elevated three steps above the floor. The Prince with his retinue sat at the opposite end of the room. On entering the presence of royalty, they all bowed low ; when they reached the centre of the apartment, they all bowed again ; and when immediately before the King, it was repeated. On the presentation of a new member, a few words were exchanged. The King, then Prince Regent, wore the Portuguese court- dress a blue coat, and red small-clothes. He was of the Braganza family, and rather a fine looking man, with an olive complexion, dark hair and eyes, oval face, expressive of good sense ; but his mouth was his worst feature his under teeth and jaw projecting. His two sons were standing on each side of him. The eldest, Pedro, resembled his father, and was a talented, amiable youth, who afterwards became Emperor of Brazil. The second, Miguel, it was said, was like his mother in mind and person. Even then there was something malign in his countenance ; and in after life, he became a traitor to his father, his brother, and his country. The ladies of the Court were ranged on each side, in their peculiar court-dress a high-necked close-fitting bodice, of thick, heavy, red silk, called " Padua Soie," the skirt of which only extended to the knee, and displayed a deep blue petticoat of the same fabric, richly embroidered with gold. They usually wore jewels in their hair ; but sometimes a deep blue flower to match the skirt, and splendid necklaces, bracelets, and ear-rings. 166 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. When the Corps Diplomatique took their departure, they all made another obeisance, and, as it would be a great breach of propriety to turn their backs upon royalty, they stepped backwards to the door, making as many bows as on entering. Mr. Jarvis remem- bered the vacant throne and avoided it ; but Mr. Dohrman, taking less heed to his ways^ backed directly upon it, and stumbled. Looking up to see the effect upon the courtiers, Mr. Jarvis saw the nephew of the Marquis of Pomball stuffing his handkerchief into his mouth to prevent his laughing aloud. His comical appearance, and the idea of such a f dux-pas in the presence of this dignified and ceremonious court, struck Mr. Jarvis as so ludicrous, that it was with great diffi- culty he restrained his risibles until he was out of the palace, when his mirth broke forth in uncontrollable bursts of laughter. 1 1 The following is a translated copy of an invitation to another christen- ing from Don Araujo, in 1805 : " PALACE OF QUELUZ, the 2Gth July, 1805. " Yesterday, at about 11 o'clock of the night, the Princess of Brazil happily brought to light a robust infanta with all the good success that could be desired, and Her Royal Highness, as also the most serene Lady newly born, are in the best state which their circumstances can permit, which, full of the greatest joy, I have the satisfaction to participate to you, to whom at the same time I communicate that the Prince Regent, my master, will receive you in the palace, on so satisfactory an occasion, at one o'clock in the afternoon of the 28th instant. " God preserve you many years. " Your very certain and assured servant, ' ANTONIO DE ARAUJO DE AZEVEDO. " Senor GUILHERME JARVIS". [Another.] " PALACE OF MAFRA, 23d December, 1806. [After formally announcing the birth of another " fine female infanta " etc.,] " Her Royal Highness, considering the inconvenience the Diplomatic Corps will be under in a journey to Mafra on this happy event, defers their PRESENTATION AT COURT. ROYAL CHRISTENING. 167 In a letter to Mr. Madison he says, . . . . " From its long being a custom here, if any changes at Court were thought necessary, any promotions to be made, any royal favors granted near the time of the birth of a Prince, that they should be postponed till after the christening, the knowing ones had determined that the Ministry should be changed in consequence of General Lannes' affair When to their sad disappointment, yesterday passed without any change in the Ministry ; the young Prince being christened the preceding day with un- common splendor, owing to a rivalship taking place between the English Prince Augustus, and some of the first Portu- guese nobility. On the occasion there were a few marquises and counts created, and the Corps Diplomatique kissed the hands of the Prince I assure you, sir, the people here are as ingenious in manufacturing news, as they are in the United States or in England .... though their specu- lations never meet the public eye in the various forms of newspaper paragraphs, owing to our having but one weekly paper in this kingdom, and that printed in this city under the immediate inspection of the Court." .... reception till at another palace less distant. When the Royal orders are received, I will announce to you the day for that purpose. " God preserve you for many years. u Your very certain and assured servant, "ANTONIO DE AKAUJO DE AZEVEDO." The American Charge* d' Affaires had many invitations to Court on various occasions. 168 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEVIS. CHAPTER XII. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE PORTUGUESE. FRUITS AND FLOWERS. A FEW months after his arrival in Lisbon, Mr. Jarvis succeeded in hiring a new house on the Tagus, just completed. It was small but very convenient for busi- ness, being near the Exchange, and having a counting- house in the lower part. He had the whole house to himself, contrary to the customs of Portugal. The houses have no cellars, and the lower part is often used for a stable and carriage-house. What is called the first floor is occupied by people of the first rank, the second floor by people a degree less respectable, and the higher you ascend, the lower the station, until you reach the attic, which is inhabited by the lowest classes. One common stone staircase admits to her apartments the high-bred lady, attired in jewels and silks, and the poor fish-woman or mendicant, in coarse apparel or rags. These stairs are five or more feet wide, with an iron railing, and not over-clean. One large door of en- trance admits horses, carriages, the rich and the poor. Most of the houses are five stories high. An anec- dote is told of a young gentleman who saw a beautiful young girl in the street, whose grace and elegance he so much admired, that he ordered his servant, who was MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE PORTUGUESE. 169 behind him, to follow her into the house and see where she lived, that he might pay his addresses to her. On his return the master says impatiently, " You found her on the first floor? " " No, sir." " On the second, then ? " " No, sir." In a passion he cries out, " At least, then, on the third." " No, master, she lives on the fourth ! " The master was in despair, for no gentleman could marry a woman residing on the fourth floor. Mr. Jarvis hired two Portuguese men-servants a cook and waiter. The cook in Portugal acts an im- portant part : receiving from his master at night his orders for the next day's dinner, and the money for the purchase thereof, he accounts for the expenditure the next night, squares his book, and takes a fresh sup- ply for the following day's bill of fare ; for gentlemen never go to market. Cows or goats were driven about the city to each customer's door, and as much milked as was desired ; rather a primitive mode, but insuring good milk. Singular as it may appear, swine were never sold dead, but were driven into the city in droves of one hundred or more. Almost every family bought one. A Gallego is hired to drive it home, who attaches a rope to the pig, and leads it along in this way. Arrived at the purchaser's house, a fire of furze is kindled in the yard, and the porker is killed and placed over it to singe off the bristles, first on one side, then on the other. If any part remains unsinged, it is pared off with a sharp knife. 170 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. The blood is saved for puddings, and then it is cut up and a portion salted, as in America. " The Gallicians might be termed their hewers of wood and drawers of water. They are patient, indus- trious, and faithful to a proverb." They supply the citizens with water, which they carry in small wooden casks upon their backs, by means of straps and a pole ; and each day they replenish a stone jar in every family. There are many fountains in Lisbon, to which the Gallegos repair for water. " The police oblige them to fill their casks at night, and take them home to their lodgings, in case of fire. These labor- ers, who are from the province of Gallicia in Spain, and hence are called Gallegos, come to Portugal to earn a little money for their families, and it is said lay up about eighteen pence per week, from their hard labors." No changes are made in Portugal from one gen- eration to another. Should a foreigner object to this mode of furnishing families with water, they would be answered with a profound bow, in an expressive Por- tuguese phrase, " It is the custom." If you find fault with your cook's mode of dressing your meat or vege- tables, he answers with a deferential inclination of the body, " It is the custom." Should you wish to send your waiter to market to procure some article the cook had neglected to buy, he makes a low obeisance and says, " It is not the custom ; the cook goes to market." Their customs were as unalterable and binding as the laws of the Medes and Persians, and strangers were forced to submit to them. In the early part of the nineteenth century, their cart wheels, yokes, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE PORTUGUESE. 171 ploughs, saddles, and stirrups were of the most clumsy and primeval character, and gave one the impression that they had been in use since the days of the Romans. The nobility did not patronize the fine arts ; and the sciences, useful arts, and mechanics were in their infancy. This recalls the words of the poet " Souls are ripened in a northern clime." For the bounties of nature which God had bestowed so liberally upon this nation, seemed to satisfy their wants, without being incited by stern necessity to any great mental exertion. Fruits and flowers of various kinds abound. The orange, lemon, pomegranate, shattuck, and apricot are easily cultivated ; and figs, olives, and grapes grow in the greatest abundance. The geranium and myrtle grow spontaneously ; and the heliotrope flourishes in the open air, and is easily trained over the windows, as we do our woodbine, breathing its aromatic perfume into the apartments from its luxuriant flowers. The climate is very favorable to wheat, oats, and barley, and large quantities of the former might be easily raised, if more attention were given to agricul- ture ; but at that time not half enough was cultivated for the supply of the kingdom. It is usually sowed in October, before the rains commence. There is no rain in summer ; the earth becomes very dry, and cracks in wide fissures. Winter is their rainy season, and lasts about four months. The Portuguese, who are famous for proverbs, say, " Never trust God in the winter." By this they mean that though appearances for fair weather may be ever 172 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAKVIS. so favorable, yet you may be overtaken by rain, there- fore " go not abroad without your capote 1 and umbrella." The morning may be perfectly bright and clear, when suddenly a distinctly defined white cloud makes its appearance just above the horizon, and before you are aware of a change of weather, a violent shower is pouring upon the earth, continuing an hour or two, the heavens enveloped with dark clouds ; but with equal abruptness they pass away, leaving bright sun- shine and a cloudless sky. They have no fire-places in their houses except in the kitchen. Occasionally, when it is damp and chilly, they put on their capotes, and have a copper brazier, which will contain about half a peck of lighted char- coal, 2 placed in the centre of the room, around which the family gather. Mr. Jarvis said that he had really suffered from cold in winter for want of a fire-place or stove, though it is one of the most equable and salu- brious climates in the world, the mercury never rising above 80, or falling below 40. Fruits are abundant during nine months of the year, In February the orange becomes eatable ; in March and April, better ; in May, very good ; in June, fine ; and in July, delicious. Grapes commence in July, and continue till October. The fig ripens in June, they become more and more sweet and juicy till September. In July and August apricots are in perfection, and are exceedingly rich in flavor. The chestnut, which is 1 The Capote is an outside garment, something like a cloak, with loose sleeves, which can be worn with the arms through them or not, at the wearer's pleasure. s It is lighted in the open air, that the gas may escape. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE PORTUGUESE. 173 about as large as a horse-chestnut, is boiled, and sold in the market. During November, December, and January nuts abound, fine English walnuts, almonds, and filberts. Olives, too, are much used as we eat them. A poor man can buy a breakfast of boiled chestnuts, fruit, and a little sour wine for a few reis. Partridges and ducks are in plenty ; the latter are very fine in the winter. Wine is made in October. The " vin du pays " 1 from the native grape. Neatly dressed women come in from the country with donkeys loaded with panniers of fruit, which they arrange tastefully for sale ; they have flax wound round their waists, and when not employed in selling fruit, they spin it on a spindle held in the hand ; this thread is woven into cloth, which is very durable. Mr. Jarvis was in the habit of walking for rest and recreation an hour or two every evening, in the beauti- ful gardens of Lisbon, with his friend Tomazina, con- versing on various subjects, and enjoying the loveliness by which they were surrounded. The song of the nightingale delighted them with its melody. Very near the color of the bark of the tree, it conceals itself from the curious gaze of its admiring auditor, and pours forth its melodious, plaintive notes till midnight. The orange-tree was cultivated with much care in all the gardens, and to a great extent in that of the In- quisition. The bud, blossom, and ripe fruit are found together on the same tree, which renders these orange- groves extremely beautiful. The fragrance of the flower makes the air redolent with perfumes. On one occasion Mr. Jarvis, on entering a grove in the Queen's 1 Wine of the country. 174 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. garden, became suddenly faint, so powerful was the aroma, and was obliged to hasten away to recover him- self. But this was owing to being surrounded by them. On the smooth gravel walks of these gardens, at a little distance from the trees, the odors floating on the balmy air were most agreeable and refreshing. HIS PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AFFAIRS. 175 CHAPTER XIII. HIS PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AFFAIRS. A FEW months after he went to Lisbon, Mr. Jarvis entered into a partnership with his old friends, Nicholas and Daniel Oilman of Boston, as commission mer- chants. The first year it was a new house, and no consignments were made to him until near its close, when a captain applied to him, saying that he had in- vested his all in a venture. Mr. Bulkeley would not dispose of it for him, and he was afraid he was a ruined man, and his wife and four children would be left destitute. Mr. Jarvis asked to whom his cargo had been consigned. He replied, " To Mr. Bulkeley." " Will he not sell it for you ? " " No, sir, he said he could not." " I don't wish to interfere with his business, there- fore go to him again if you please, and tell him that if he will not undertake to sell your venture, the Ameri- can Consul says he will try and do so." He returned, saying that Mr. Bulkeley would be glad to be relieved from the trouble. Having learned that tar and rosin were the princi- pal commodities, and that the remainder of the ven- ture consisted of gin and herring, Mr. Jarvis went to 176 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. an English ship-carpenter, and asked him to buy the tar. He declined, saying he did not like American tar ; it was dirty ; he preferred Swedish. " But if you do not use some American tar, you cannot expect American custom in repairing their vessels." After some further talk upon this subject, the car- penter said, " Well, it does not make much difference. What do you ask ? " u What do you pay for Swedish ? " He named the price. " I will sell this American lower, as you say it is inferior," and stated what he would take. " Very well, I will buy it." " Captain has rosin ; do you want rosin ? " " Yes, but I use Swedish." " I know this to be superior to the Swedish ; it is purer and better for your purpose." " What is the price ? " " What do you pay for Swedish? " " So much" (stating what it was). " I shall ask the same, for it is quite as good." " Very well, I will take it." When Captain learned the success of this negotiation, he was overjoyed, for it was fifty per cent, higher than he had paid in the United States. Mr. Jarvis told him the gin would be a difficult article to dispose of, as Holland gin was used altogether; but asked the captain to let him taste of it. Finding it remarkably good, he promised to do his best, and went to an Irish dealer in liquors, and inquired if he wished HIS PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AFFAIRS. 177 to purchase some gin. He said he did, and asked if it was good. The Consul told him it was excellent, and requested him to try it. He liked it very much, and paid so liberally, that the captain received a handsome profit. He then offered the herring, but at first the dealer declined taking them, saying he used only the Scotch. " But," urged Mr. Jarvis, " examine these, they are equally good." He did so, and was so well satisfied, that he paid the same that he did for Scotch ; making a clear profit of fifty per cent, on these also. The captain was delighted, and could not find words to express his gratitude. He- told all the American captains what a remarkable man their Consul was, who had sold his venture so advantageously, and thus saved his family from being impoverished. 1 On his return to America, he continued to relate the account of the wonderful sales made by the Amer- ican Consul, who thus acquired a high reputation among mercantile men for zeal and intelligence in the disposal of merchandise ; and the next year many American vessels were consigned to him, making his receipts by commissions $1500. His business steadily increased ; and after the French came to Portugal, the British merchants returned to England, and he transacted nearly the whole of the commission busi- ness, making the last year $20,000. Mr. Jarvis never spoke of his acts of benevolence as if meriting encomium, but simply as kindnesses due to his fellow-men in difficulties. 1 The captain paid Mr. Jarvis sixteen dollars for his trouble; his sole commission that year. 12 178 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. CHAPTER XIV. QUARANTINE. THE long and tedious quarantine to which Amer- ican vessels were subjected, had become extremely oppressive, and a great burden to commerce. Mr. Jarvis had called several times on the head of the board of health, called in Portuguese " Guarda Mor da Sande," to assure him that the yellow fever had entirely subsided in the United States, and there was not the least danger in admitting vessels with clean bills of health. But he was a narrow-minded, ignorant old man, whose most lively emotion was a dread of this fever. Having no knowledge of geogra- phy, he supposed that all parts of the United States were subject to this disease ; and talked of Boston and Charleston, New York and New Orleans, as if they were contiguous to each other. When Mr. Jarvis made his appearance he would draw his capote around him and over his mouth, and shrink into the most remote corner of the room, per- mitting the Consul to stand by the door, apparently fearing to come in contact with an American, who must of course be infected with this dreaded disease. At the same time he would take snuff with unceasing industry, as if he thought he might thereby close his nostrils against contagion. QUARANTINE. 179 Finding it utterly useless to attempt to reason with such a man, and having made as fruitless an effort to convince and enlighten another higher health officer called " his lordship, the Provedor Mor da Sande," he found that his only hope of redress would be in once more addressing a memorial to Don John de Almeida de Mello de Castro, etc., etc., etc. It was a very full and explicit statement of the facts in the case, and com- menced as follows : " While there was the shadow of danger to the subjects of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent from the free admission of vessels from any port in the United States, I avoided troubling your Excellency on the subject of the quarantine, in ex- pectation that the moment it was known the disorder had subsided, a measure so oppressive to our commerce would be rescinded. But, to my regret, I find that a knowledge of the fact has not produced an effect so salutary. Instead of which the quarantine has lately been extended to vessels from Baltimore, and to the other ports of the United States. " An acquaintance with the history of the epidemics that have afflicted some of our sea-ports for about nine years past, will make this step appear the more ex- traordinary, as the season of the year has arrived when the disorder totally disappears, it having in no instance appeared before midsummer, and as constantly sub- sided on the setting in of cold weather in the autumn. So invariably has this been the case, that by our State laws, vessels from the West Indies, where the same disorder rages with much more violence, are not obliged to perform quarantine after the 20th October, and I presume it will not be disputed that such laws 180 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. would not be enacted by enlightened legislators, were they not certain that neither their own health nor that of their countrymen, would be exposed by the free admission of vessels after that season The only time the disorder ever appeared in Europe, it was marked by the same character, subsiding as soon as the cool weather commenced in the fall." He goes on to say that American cargoes usually con- sisted of breadstuffs and staves, and salted provisions, never of any article that would receive the contagion. ' And from the crews there is certainly nothing to fear, for by the closest attention to the disorder, it is well ascertained that from the time the contagion is received, it never remains in the human body lon- ger than six or seven days, or at longest ten days be- fore the person is attacked ; consequently there can- not be the smallest danger from persons who have been at sea thirty or forty days the usual passage from America. " In our own sufferings, feeling the necessity of taking every precaution to prevent our communicating the disorder to other nations, the Government of the United States gave strict and precise instructions to the collectors and naval officers of all our sea-ports, to issue BILLS OF HEALTH, in addition to those granted by the municipal officers of such port ; and in every instance to let them be attended with the strictest adherence to truth. " In expectation that a measure so liberal and hu- mane would meet that attention from the enlightened policy of the governments of Europe, to which it was so justly entitled, I have taken the liberty to inclose QUARANTINE. 181 a translated copy of their instructions Our collectors and naval officers are all men of the most respectable character, and hold their places entirely at the will of the President. This must prevent suspi- cion that they would make false representations in the bills of health, by them granted, as it would only expose them to public odium, and the loss of a lucra- tive office It is seldom that the disorder has appeared in more than three of our sea-ports in one season Should the whole commerce of the United States be subjected to an indiscriminate quar- antine ? " To prove to his Royal Highness' government that these orders have been rigidly adhered to, and of course that foreign nations have nothing to apprehend from giving the most implicit attention to our bills of health, I shall instance some facts that every health officer at Belem is perfectly acquainted with. These are that all the vessels which have arrived here, that sailed from Philadelphia during part of August and all September and October, were without these documents. The epidemic having subsided in the beginning of November, they were again granted ; and the last vessel that arrived here, which sailed the early part of that month, brought two, one of which was certified by the Portuguese Vice-Consul. A measure so per- fectly calculated to secure the health of the nations with whom we have any intercourse, and which has been strictly adhered to, ought to inspire such entire confidence as to prevent any unnecessary embarrass- ments and restraints upon our commerce. "In addition to the just grounds of complaint, we have from the difficulties to which our navigation has 182 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. been subjected in this port, for want of due faith being given to our bills of health, by yesterday's post I received the inclosed copy of an order sent to Porto and Figuero relative to this quarantine. That part of it which orders vessels from the United States sent round to this port, to perform their quarantine, appears to me as unprecedented as it is unnecessary There can be no necessity for an indiscriminate quar- antine ; nor that they should experience the additional hardship of being forced round to this port, when it could be performed with equal safety to the nation at either of the others. " From the high opinion I have of the justice of his Royal Highness' government, I feel confident that it will meet a remedy as prompt and effectual as a griev- ance so great so imminently requires, particularly at so inclement a season, on such a dangerous coast. And from the friendly and mutually beneficial intercourse that has so long subsisted between the inhabitants of this kingdom and the United States, and the harmony and good understanding that has so happily existed between the two governments, which permit me to assure his Royal Highness that the President wishes to perpetuate, I presume that my hopes will prove equally well founded, of his Royal Highness being pleased to give immediate orders that vessels from the United States shall no longer be subjected to quaran- tine 44 With the greatest consideration and respect, I have the honor to be, 44 Your Excellency's, etc., etc., etc. 44 WILLIAM JARVIS. " LISBON, Jan. Bth, 1803." QUARANTINE. 183 Don Almeida replied to this memorial on the 10th, and on the 17th Mr. Jarvis dispatched another letter of four large folio pages. " By your Excellency's communication I perceive that mine had not done away the apprehension of danger from the epidemic I waited on your Excellency, in hopes to have had the honor of a per- sonal interview ; but being disappointed in this, I had the pleasure of some conversation with Senor de Morais, with whom I left the bills of health, brought by the last vessel from Philadelphia, which sailed the early part of November." .... He recapitulates his former arguments, and places the subject in a clear light, to convince the ministers that their excessive fears and precautions are groundless. " The same phenomenon takes place in the torrid zone, including, I presume, the northern part of Brazil, it being a periodical disorder to which that climate is subject, and which commonly disappears after the autumnal equinox. In those countries, when it proves moderate, it is universally known under the name of the bilious fever ; and is precisely the same in all its symptoms, with the disorder known under that name, in this and all other warm countries. But when it prevails with such violence as to be contagious, it is called the West India camp or yellow fever. And it is generally confined to cities that are situated in low, marshy places, which have not the benefit of a free circulation of air ; or to camps, or hospitals that are not kept clean, and there the disorder rages with most violence I feel sanguine that the evidence of such respectable, various, and unquestionable testimony 184 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. will convince his Royal Highness' government, that the disorder subsided in Philadelphia early in Novem- ber ; and this is the only city in the United States where it made its appearance last summer and fall. " In a country so extensive as ours, an indiscrim- inate quarantine must always be unnecessary, the disorder being altogether local. In fact, so entirely has the infection been confined to cities where it has prevailed, that the inhabitants two miles distant ever felt themselves perfectly safe." .... Mr. Jarvis alludes to the fact that the French government freely admitted vessels with clean bills of health. " Talley- rand having been in Philadelphia the two or three first years that yellow fever prevailed, must have become perfectly well acquainted with the disease." He refers to a report of which Don Almeida had spoken, " that a man had died on board a Portuguese vessel, in a Spanish port, of this disease ; " but on investigation Mr. Jarvis says : " It had been satisfac- torily ascertained that this man had killed himself by excessive intoxication I should not so soon have troubled your Excellency again, had not one vessel arrived from Alexandria, and two from Balti- more, all with clean bills of health, and the two last certified by the Spanish Consul. " In neither of these ports has the disorder pre- vailed this year, notwithstanding all three vessels are put under quarantine. " But as your Excellency seems so sensible of the disadvantages of a suspended intercourse, now the disorder has subsided, I must solicit your Excellency's influence with his Royal Highness to give orders that the quarantine may generally be raised." .... QUARANTINE. 185 The following day Mr. Jarvis wrote to Captains William Allen, Benjamin Shillaber, and John M. Cobb> masters of the vessels he had mentioned as being so unjustly subjected to quarantine, and informed them that he had made application to the Minister of Foreign Affairs in their behalf, and *' that possibly it might induce them to shorten the term of their quarantine ; but the alarm here is, at present, so great, that I have some doubts of it." He advises them, unless it is shortened, to leave that port, and go to Marseilles or elsewhere, and promises to assist them to do so. " It appears to me that they have worked themselves up to such a pitch of apprehension, that the evidence of their own senses will hardly convince them that there is no danger." On the 21st of January, he received a reply from Don Almeida to his second memorial, in which he assures him that the subject shall be investigated. On the 22d, he addresses Don Almeida again, thanking him for his promise that he will attend to the grievance, and particularly drawing his attention to these three vessels, the cargoes of which being wheat, were in great danger of spoiling ; he also incloses a letter from Marseilles, speaking of the high prices of grain, and a probable scarcity, " and an American newspaper, to show how slight was the dis- order in Philadelphia, when our public officers refused to give clean bills of health," etc., etc. On the 29th of January, he sent copies of his cor- respondence with Don Almeida to Mr. Madison, and very modestly stated what efforts he had made for the reduction of the quarantine, and his hope that it may 186 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. be raised ; and also alluded to his labors in regard to the prohibition of flour. He says, " The great alarm regarding yellow fever, which prevails in Spain, has induced her to make her laws more stringent than ever; and the Portuguese have followed her exam- ple." He goes on to say : " To see the property of my fellow-citizens falling a sacrifice to so unnecessary a quarantine, has chagrined me beyond measure ; the fears suggested in my last, relative to it, not only being realized, but much extended, the order having been general, and rigidly enforced. I have written what my information or ingenuity could suggest on the subject, but as yet without any effect. . . . . At present we have the five vessels under quarantine mentioned in my last dispatch, and two that I under- stand arrived last night." On the same day, he writes a note to Don Almeida, " acknowledging his high sense of the obligations he is under to his Excellency for the orders he has given to have the copies taken of the judicial proceedings in the cases of the 'Aurora' 1 and 'Four Sisters.'" And after going into the case at some length, he reverts to the five vessels formerly mentioned, still undergoing quarantine, and to the two just arrived, " both with clean bills of health, and that of the latter having the French Consul's certificate to it. " Mr. Jarvis must notice that it is now nearly sixty days since the first and last vessels sailed from the United States, without the least sickness on board them The certainty he feels that an accurate 1 Mr. Jarvis had had a laborious correspondence with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, regarding this lawsuit. QUAKANTINE. 187 investigation must have been in favor of his request, makes him confidently hope that his Excellency will grant his solicited influence with his Royal Highness, that those vessels may be admitted to immediate prat- ique, and that the quarantine may be raised." His zealous and unremitting efforts were at last crowned with success. On the 8th of February, Don Almeida informed him that an order had been issued to raise the quarantine. The seven vessels in u durance vile " were immediately released from their ruinous detention, and he communicated the glad tidings to the United States. On the 10th of February, he dispatched the follow- ing note to Don Almeida : " Mr. William Jarvis presents his most respectful com- pliments to his Excellency, Don John de Almeida, etc., etc. It would hardly be doing justice to his feelings not to say that the information his Excellency did him the honor to communicate in his note of the 8th instant, gave him great satisfaction, and he is confident his government will receive it with as much pleasure. The measure, he has no doubt, will prove equally agreeable to his countrymen ; and among other proofs, it will tend to inspire such confidence in the liberality, justice, and wisdom of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent's go^ ernment, as to induce them more gen- erally to frequent the ports of this kingdom, to the great increase of the exchange and consumption of the produc- tions of the two countries, and a corresponding benefit to each nation. " LISBON, 10th Feb. 1803." 188 LIFE AND TIMES OF 'WILLIAM JAEVIS. "To the Collector of the Port of Petersburg, Virginia : "LISBON, 9th Feb., 1803. " I have the satisfaction to announce to my fellow- citizens that the importation of flour is no longer pro- hibited in this realm, his Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal having granted unlimited permis- sion for the introduction of foreign flour into this kingdom, paying a duty of sixty cents per barrel ; and that vessels from the United States with clean bills of health, and whose crews are free from any sickness, shall no longer be subjected to quarantine." On the 9th he sends dispatches to Mr. Madison. " .... To-day I received the inclosed letter of yesterday's date, informing me that orders were given to raise the quarantine. The vessels under quarantine were admitted to pratique the 7th inst., by an order of the 4th, with the precaution of discharging their grain through a spout ; but this unnecessary expense will be avoided by this last order. It has given me a vast deal of trouble and vexation, and the rescinding it, proportionate pleasure. " I was, however, much more pleased with the ad- mission of flour again, it being a measure I did not anticipate. " I shall pay particular attention to the instructions in your letter It would require persons of your superior abilities to teach patience to those who have to do with this Court on some occasions ; but latterly I have no complaint of this kind to make, my communications having been attended to with a promptness that almost anticipated my wishes." Then follows a list of the dispatches, many of which QUAKANTINE. 189 were duplicates of the correspondence with Don Al- meida, sent by other vessels, regarding the admis- sion of flour, reducing the quarantine, and the law- suit in the case of the " Aurora," etc., etc. 1 So long as the old " Guarda Mor da Sande " re- tained his office, Mr. Jarvis feared that he would al- ways be troublesome to American vessels. Could he therefore be displaced, and a younger and more intelli- gent man supersede him, and the Marquis of Pomball placed at the head of the health department, called the " Royal Junta of Health," he was confident that his regulations would be marked by justice, discrimina tion, and wisdom. The Marquis of Pomball was a nobleman of liberal mind, extensive information, and enlarged views for the benefit of Portugal. He was the son of the old Marquis of Pomball that eminent statesman, the most talented and illustrious man that Portugal ever produced. How to effect such a change was now the question. It would require no little diplomacy, first to induce him to accept it, and then to have the narrow-minded "Guarda Mor" removed. But difficulties never de- terred Mr. Jarvis from doing his utmost to carry any measure that he thought beneficial to his countrymen. He sought an interview with the Marquis of Pomball, entered into conversation with him on the subject of the quarantine ; stated how greatly intercourse with other nations had been impeded by these oppressive i The official correspondence with this eminent Minister, with his suc- cessor Don Araujo, Mr. Madison, and others high in authority, constitute several large folio volumes, which are in the possession of Mrs. Cutts. 190 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. acts, what an advantage it would be to Portugal could a wise and discreet man be placed at the head of the department of health. He then drew a ludicrous sketch of the terrors of the old " Guarda Mor," which vividly exposed his incompetency. The Marquis listened with much attention and interest ; smiled at his description of the old health officer ; perceived the evils, and thought they ought to be remedied. Much encouraged by his ready concurrence, the American Charge* with much delicacy remarked that he had been informed that few noblemen in Portugal were so warmly interested in the welfare of the nation as his lordship. This compliment was graciously re- ceived, and with much tact and caution, he then sug- gested how greatly it would benefit the commerce of Portugal, if his Excellency would allow himself to be placed at the head of the " Royal Junta of Health," as he was confident that his liberality and wisdom would remedy these grievances. The Marquis, not at all displeased with the idea, said he was always glad to serve his country. Mr. Jarvis now took his leave, and immediately wrote a very polite note to Don Almeida, stating that he had some interesting communications to make, relative to the quarantine, and sought the favor of an interview, which was granted. He opened the con- versation by a warm and respectful acknowledgment of the great favor done to American commerce by the late order, then described the excessive fears of the " Guarda Mor da Sande," placing him in a ludi- crous light, then suggested that he was too old and QUARANTINE. 191 ignorant to be a useful servant of the Prince, in so important a station. Don Almeida admitted it : " But could a substitute be found to do better ? " The Charge replied, " Could the wise Marquis of Pom ball be placed at the head of the health depart- ment, he would most ably and efficiently regulate all matters pertaining to the health of the nation, and could remove this superannuated officer." " Yes, but I fear the Marquis will be unwilling to accept so troublesome a position." The Charge" ventured to say that he was very desirous to improve the condition of his country, and that this motive might induce him to do so ; that he could employ subordinate officers to execute the busi- ness, and that it would only be necessary for him to instruct them how to act, and to regulate the quaran- tine, that if the Prince Regent were pleased to offer it to him, the Marquis could take no offense, even if he chose to decline. Don Almeida assented to these ideas, and said he would lay the subject before his Royal Highness. Mr. Jarvis then expressed the pleasure he felt that Don Almeida took so favorable a view of the matter, and said he felt sure that such a change must be very advantageous to the nation. Success again rewarded his exertions. The place was offered to the Marquis of Pomball and accepted ; the old incumbent removed, and a new board of health appointed, consisting of five members, of which the Marquis was President. Mr. Jarvis took the earliest opportunity to pay his 192 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEVIS. respects to the Marquis after his appointment, who received him with much affability and kindness. The American Charg said he congratulated the State that it had obtained the services of so wise and judicious a man as his Excellency ; that his being placed at the head of the health department would cause great re- joicing in America, as it would prove so advantageous to her commerce ; and he augured the happiest results to both nations from his administration. He then suggested, with the utmost respect and deference, that if a committee from the board of health should visit the vessels the third day after their arrival, and found that the crew were all healthy, and came from a healthy port with clean bills of health, that he thought there could be no danger in admitting them. This was a bold reform ; but it was finally car- ried into effect, to Mr. Jarvis' joy and the great relief of American vessels, which had a ruinous delay of six weeks reduced to three days. Mr. Jarvis carefully improved these three days by requiring the captains to have their vessels and the sailors undergo a thorough cleaning, that everything might be " ship-shape, and Bristol fashion," when the inspection took place on the third day ; which was really conducive to the health and comfort of the crews. From this period he called frequently upon the Marquis, who always treated him with great kindness and urbanity. That a young foreigner could have effected these changes by his single efforts, is truly surprising. We are told that faith removes mountains ; allied to which QUARANTINE. 193 is that indomitable energy, that never rests till the desired end is attained. Had he acted with less pru- dence and wisdom, or the least neglect of Portuguese etiquette, he might have defeated the whole. The Marquis of Pomball was one of the highest and richest noblemen in Portugal ; and had it been directly proposed to him to accept the office, he would probably have felt insulted. But by arousing his patriotism with a representation of the injurious effects of the present system, not only to American vessels but to Portugal, he was strongly interested in having these evils remedied, and was willing to act himself, in order to effect a reform. On the other hand, had he intimated to Don Almeida that he had conversed with the Marquis on the sub- ject, he would have been jealous of foreign inter- ference, and suspected some intrigue. 13 194 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAKVIS. CHAPTER XV. EVIL REPORTS. WHILE Mr. Jarvis was thus faithfully laboring for the benefit of his countrymen, to relieve commerce of this burden, he was one day astonished by the abrupt entrance of a captain into his office, who, seeming to be in a passion, said, after walking about a few minutes, he did not think much of a man who took pains to shorten the quarantine of vessels consigned to himself, but neglected to make the same effort for those consigned to other mercantile houses. The charge was so false, that Mr. Jarvis could scarcely believe that any one would be audacious enough to make it, and cross-questioned the captain, to ascertain the author of such an assertion, who confessed that he had been so informed by Mr. G , to whom his ves- sel was consigned. The Consul then took him into his private office, and requesting a clerk to bring his offi- cial letter-book, showed the captain the letters he had written to Don Almeida, to prove how earnestly he had labored for the reduction of the quarantine, and for the release of the five American vessels then in port. From his books it appeared that the only vessel consigned to him had been in seventeen days ; while this captain's, which was consigned to Mr. G , had been in but fourteen. EVIL REPORTS. 195 The captain, now entirely convinced that the Consul had been greatly wronged, apologized heartily for his rudeness. But determined to free his reputation from the slander, Mr. Jarvis sought an interview with Mr. G , and found him in his counting-house, sur- rounded by four or five captains. Stating what the captain had said, he plainly asked him if he had made such an assertion. Mr. G at first affected as- tonishment, and inquired how he could have heard such a story. Mr. Jarvis pointed to the captain as his authority, who, boldly confronting Mr. G , said : " You cannot have forgotten that you made this statement this very morning." " If you did," said Mr. Jarvis, " you know it is utterly false. I leave you to settle that matter with Captain - . Good-day, sir." By thus openly facing his calumniator, he completely refuted the aspersions, in the presence of these masters of vessels. This and another anecdote show that even the most faithful and upright servants of the people, do not escape ill-will and misrepresentation. A vessel from Boston was consigned to him with an unsalable cargo, and he directed the captain to go to Alicant, where he disposed of it to advantage, and made a handsome profit. About the same time a like cargo was sent to Messrs. Dohrman & Co., by Smith & Gorham of Boston. Mr. D.'s partner was an Englishman, who, for the sake of the profit, sold it, though at a sacrifice, and bought a return cargo, deducting commissions for both. S. & G. suffered a 55 heavy loss by this transaction. 196 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. At this time there happened to be some difficulty between the corn market l and custom-house. A day or two after the vessel returned to Boston, Mr. Daniel Gilman, walking on Change, was sur- prised to hear Mr. Jarvis his friend and partner censured for neglect of duty in settling difficulties in the corn market, etc., etc., thus impeding the sale of cargoes. Mr. Gilman said he was intimately ac- quainted with Mr. Jarvis, and to neglect any duty was so contrary to his character, that he could not believe it. He begged to see the letter alluded to. It was from Messrs. Dohrman & Co. to Smith & Gorham. Mr. Gilman requested the favor of copying it, which was politely granted, and he inclosed it to his friend. When Mr. Jarvis received it, he was indignant that such a calumny should be sent to so respectable a firm in his native cit}'. In addition to which, the report might reach Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Madison, and injure him in their estimation. This would occasion him deep regret and mortification ; although, in truth, his exertions for the interests of his country and countrymen had been indefatigable. He immediately called on his friend Dohrman and showed him the letter. With unfeigned surprise, he said he knew nothing about it, and summoning his partner, Mr. T , sternly asked if he had written it. He hesitated and evaded a direct answer ; but Mr. D. requested him to bring the letter-book, and there was the identical letter, and the amount of com- 1 The corn market regulated the prices of all provisions entered there for sale. These prices were hung up for inspection once a week. EVIL REPORTS. 197 missions received on the cargo. Mr. D. was exceed ingly displeased, and asked Mr. T. how he could make a statement that he knew was utterly without founda- tion. He said he did not intend to convey such a meaning. " It is the simple acceptation of your remarks," said Mr. D., with severity. The truth was, to cover his want of fidelity to the interests of his consignor, Mr. T. had thus tried to put the blame on the Consul for neglect of duty. Mr. D. turned kindly to Mr. Jarvis, and asked what he could do for him. He replied that it was of great importance to keep his reputation untarnished in America, and he would be obliged if Mr. Dohrman would write a refutation. To this Mr. D. cheerfully assented, and wrote a certificate, saying that he had known the American Consul since he first came to Lisbon; that he had most faithfully discharged the duties of his office, and had made unremitting efforts to induce the government to admit flour, reduce the quarantine, and remove all obstacles generally in the way of making voyages profitable to ship-owners, etc., etc. He signed it, and Mr. Jarvis, thanking him, cordially took his leave, and inclosed it to Mr. Gilman. It proved a great injury to Mr. T., for when his conduct became known, no more vessels were con- signed to them from Boston ; whereas, the consign- ments to Mr. Jarvis were doubled. The vessel, too, that he had advised to be sent to Alicant, regardless of his own interest, and consulting only the good of 198 LIFE AND TBIES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. the owners, made a fine voyage, much to their satis- faction. His conduct stood out in bold relief, when contrasted with that of Mr. T., and elevated him proportionately in the esteem and confidence of his fellow-citizens. A NEW HOUSE. AN EARTHQUAKE. 199 CHAPTER XVI. A NEW HOUSE. AN EARTHQUAKE. A WEALTHY man owned a garden on the top of a hill which was fifty feet above the Tagus, and wishing to ornament it with a fish-pond, erected a high 1805. mansion of massive stone, the back being built up solid against the hill. He had a flat roof, covered with water-proof cement for which the Portuguese are remarkable, which becomes as hard as stone when thoroughly dry. It is probably the same as the old Roman cement, the art of composition being handed down t from generation to generation. In this way he was enabled to convert the top of the house into a fish-pond for his garden. Mr. Jarvis had watched the progress of the build- ing, and hired it as soon as completed. It was much more spacious than the one he had previously occupied, and exactly adapted to his business, being near the Exchange and Custom-house, and having a large warehouse on the ground-floor, a convenient counting- room, and handsome apartments for a family a large drawing-room, dining-room, 1 etc., etc. It was near the " Pra9a do Commercio," or New i The Consul uniformly hired the whole of every house that he occupied in Lisbon. 200 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. Square, which was six hundred and fifteen feet long, and five hundred and fifty broad. The Royal Exchange and Custom-house were on the north side of the square. The latter was a splendid building of white marble, originally built for a palace, but was thought to be too near the water, and appropriated to this use. It would contain about eight thousand people, and was often full. In the centre of the square was the eques- trian statue, in bronze, of Joseph I., a fine work of art, designed and cast by Portuguese artists, under the auspices of the Marquis of Pomball. On the side next the river was a handsome white marble balustrade. The square was paved with peb- bles and fine sand, made level, which rendered it ex- tremely hard and smooth. " It commanded one of the most extensive prospects imaginable, of the spacious harbor one of the finest in the world, which was constantly crowded with ships of various nations, fourteen hundred having been counted at one time and of the broad Tagus, varying in width from two to nine miles, with its delightful banks, covered on one side with convents, churches, castles, and gardens, and on the other were picturesque mountains and high im- pending cliffs." Altogether, it was a most refreshing and beautiful promenade. Not long after his removal to this house, he invited several American sea-captains to dine with him. Dinner had been announced, and they had been seated at the table a few minutes, all in fine spirits, when suddenly the plates, knives, forks, glasses, and even the chairs and table, began to move about with violence. The AN EARTHQUAKE. 201 first idea that occurred to Mr. Jarvis was that the fish-pond on the top of the house had given way. But the fearful cry of " Terra mota ! Terra mota ! O, Jesu ! O, Jesu ! " 1 arose in the street from the terri- fied inhabitants. Mr. Jarvis explained the excitement to his alarmed guests, some of whom grew pale, and all rushed into the street, where multitudes of men, women, and chil- dren had already assembled. In every tone of despair and horror they were invoking Jesus, the Virgin, and the saints for protection, having in their fright fled from their houses, to seek shelter in the country, or in squares, thus to escape from the fall of buildings. Mr. Jarvis conducted his party to the Quintilla Square, which was not far distant, and contained four acres, the centre of which consequently would afford a safe refuge. Thither great numbers repaired. It was a fearful moment, and it is no wonder that the boldest hearts were awed. Soon, however, it ceased. Mr. Jarvis waited awhile, to see if there would be a second shock, but as there was none, he invited the gentlemen to return and finish their dinner, who, impatient to escape from the threatened calamity to the safety of their vessels, were reluctant to do so ; but being finally persuaded, the repast was quickly dispatched, and they hurried away. Thirty thousand people went into the country that afternoon, as it was generally be- lieved there would be another shock twelve hours after the first. The Consul remained in his house, but kept watch until this time had expired, when, there being no repetition, he yielded himself up to sleep, sound and i " The earth shakes ! 0, Jesus! " 202 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. refreshing. Very little injury was done in the city. This was the first earthquake of any note since the great earthquake of 1755, and it was the only one of consequence that Mr. Jarvis experienced while in Lisbon. That of 1755 destroyed the old arsenal and a con- siderable portion of the city ; twenty-four thousand inhabitants perished. The cathedral fell, burying an immense quantity of wealth in its ruins, and crushing great numbers, who had fled to it for refuge. More than one hundred palaces, churches, and convents were ruined, and the property of all kinds destroyed was in- calculable. It commenced at the Exchange and Arse- nal, and extended to the Quay de Soadres, about half a mile upon the Tagus, then turned an angle and went up through three streets, to the Square of the Inquisi- tion, where it stopped. The elder Marquis of Pomball had the ground leveled, and built on the ruins three wide, handsome well-paved streets, with sidewalks, and fine commodious stone buildings on each side, three or four stories high lower than is usual in Portugal. " The new streets were a great improvement on the ancient, contracted lanes and unhealthy habitations, proving that the severest visitations of Divine Provi- dence are often attended with manifold blessings." Three of them ran from the Tagus to the Palace of the Inquisition, and were called in Portuguese after the articles sold in them, namely : Cloth Street, where only cotton, linen, and woolen fabrics were sold. Sil- versmith Street, where every description of silver plate was manufactured and for sale, tea services, dinner-services, candlesticks, spoons, etc., etc. The AN EAETHQUAKE. 203 Portuguese received a great deal of silver from the Brazils, and were very skillful in its workmanship. The third street was called Goldsmith Street, where splendid jewelry was exhibited. Some of the finest gems in the world were sent to the mother-country from the Brazils : magnificent diamonds, topazes, em- eralds, and rubies ; the topazes were especially large, brilliant, and abundant. The mode of acquiring dia- monds was to permit any person who chose, to seek for them ; but before they were allowed to quit the mines they were strictly searched and every diamond taken away, for which a moderate compensation was allowed them. The diamonds were then sifted through a coarse sieve, and the large ones that would not pass through were reserved for the king, and the smaller ones sold. In this way the king possessed an immense amount of diamonds. 204 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. CHAPTER XVII. IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SEAMEN. THE British press-gang were constantly going about the streets of Lisbon and impressing American sea- men, under pretense of their being English. British sailors often escaped from vessels of war, and secreted themselves on shore ; a press-gang was immediately sent in pursuit, and if the missing man could not be found, they would impress an American seaman to supply his place, to the great sorrow of the poor fellow, and the great injury of masters of vessels. In this way larrge numbers had been impressed. This unjust and cruel practice had been pursued from the time of Mr. Jarvis' coming to Lisbon, and indeed since 1794. Mr. Bulkeley was an Englishman, and although act- ing as Consul for the United States, had been per- fectly passive ; and if the American captains applied to the Portuguese authorities for redress, they could not tell English from Americans, as both spoke the same language. When it was represented to them that the man in question had escaped from his majesty's service, they could not decide the question. And thus the American masters were forced to endure this gross violation of the rights of nations. It has already IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SEAMEN. 205 been stated that Mr. Jarvis succeeded in releasing two seamen a few weeks after his entering upon the duties of his office, who had been detained two years on board his majesty's sloop-of-war " Cynthia," and obtained for them their wages and prize-money ; and another man who had been detained five years on board his majesty's sloop-of-war " Vansego," also securing for him his wages and prize-money. The only man who applied to him and he failed to rescue, was carried off to Gibraltar in the night. He wrote to Mr. Simpson, the American Consul there, but he was taken to India, and it was five years before he returned to the United States. 1 When cases were brought before Mr. Jarvis, he frequently wrote to the British admiral, stating the facts, and demanding the liberation of the seaman. He found that a very respectful letter was sure to receive a rude reply ; but to an imperative and stern one, the answer was very civil. He learned how- ever that it was not the admiral who treated him thus, but his secretary, a conceited, consequential up- start, who thought it would add to his own importance to treat others insolently ; until it seemed probable that his conduct might reach the ears of the admiral, when he suddenly became very complaisant and ob- liging. The American Charge* obtained one or two inter- views with the admiral, but it was evident that he secretly sanctioned practices that he was ashamed openly to acknowledge. In one instance the press- gang had boarded an American ship at midnight, 1 Files of letters testify to the numerous applications he received. 206 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. under the plea that they had lost a sailor, claimed the most able-bodied, and carried him off. As soon as Mr. Jarvis heard of it, he wrote to the British admiral, and to the new Minister of Foreign Affairs, Don Antonio de Araujo de Azevedo, representing to them this great wrong. He then took the captain and mate and went on board the English vessel, identified the sailor, and took him back to his own ship. Finding it was a constant source of annoyance, and a great grievance to his countrymen, and that there was no other means of obtaining justice, he addressed a memorial to Don Araujo de Azevedo, stating all the circumstances, and the wrongs to which American nautical men were subjected, and besought him to use his influence with the Prince to extend the protection of Portuguese law to American seamen ; and to forbid the British press-gang from going about the streets of Lisbon. He received a very polite reply from the Minister, saying the subject should be investigated. This promise was kept, and soon after he was in- formed that his statements were found to be correct, and that an order had been issued, " That no press-gang should be allowed in Lisbon. That in cases where it was necessary for the British to search for their missing sailors, the Portuguese police might be called to their aid ; but no press-gang should be permitted to enter the city under any circumstances, and the seizure of Amer- ican seamen was strictly forbidden." This was the third important diplomatic act he had accomplished for the good of his countrymen, by his earnest, unwearied efforts, and a final appeal to the IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SEAMEN. 207 highest powers of Portugal. But he had more or less annoyance and vexation about the impressment of sea- men until after the French took possession of Lisbon, as the English often evaded the law, by taking sea- men from the ships, and rendering it necessary for him to appeal to the British admiral and to Don Araujo. This nobleman was enlightened and liberal, and pos- sessed great worth of character. He treated Mr. Jarvis in the most kind and courteous manner. Besides the official correspondence, many private, friendly notes were exchanged between the Amer- ican Charge* and the Minister of Foreign Affairs. 1 The strict police of Junot, while Governor-general of Portugal, preserved perfect order in Lisbon, and the impressment of American seamen ceased. But after his capitulation at Cintra (August 22, 1808), British troops were stationed in the city, and brawls and drunkenness were frequent among them. The old trouble of impressment recommenced, under greatly aggravated circumstances ; for the Por- tuguese government was too weak to aid in suppress- ing it. His correspondence shows that scarcely a week passed without one or more cases occurring, which obliged Mr. Jarvis to apply for redress to Vice- admiral Berkeley, commander-in-chief of the British naval forces on the Lisbon station. 1 Don Araujo was truly a noble man. Wise, affable, and obliging, he laid aside much of the Portuguese ceremony and formality, and mani- fested a most friendly disposition towards the United States, and her representative, in complying with Mr. Jarvis' applications for the benefit of his countrymen. His letters to the Charg are very numerous. There are also various communications from the Marquis of Pomball, the Viscount de Anadia, Minister of Marine, and the Viscount de Balsa- mao regarding the quarantine, the impressment of American seamen, etc., etc., all expressing esteem and good-will. 208 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. There are letters dated 14th, 16th, and 18th July, 1809, appealing to the admiral to liberate several sea- men taken from the American ship " General Eaton," by means of which he succeeded at last in obtaining an examination of their case by Sir Thomas Hardy. It was an ever-recurring grievance ; and to effect the release of the sailors, in which he almost invariably succeeded, Mr. Jarvis was compelled, with unflinch- ing pertinacity, to write letter after letter to Admiral Berkeley, and often to make personal application, ere he succeeded in having them liberated from British vessels of war. His labor and energy in defending the rights of his countrymen, and redressing their wrongs were very great. As he apprised Mr. Jeffer- son and Mr. Madison of all that transpired, it was one cause that led to hostilities with England. IMPAIRED HEALTH. 209 CHAPTER XVIII. IMPAIRED HEALTH. GUNNING ON THE KING'S HUNTING-GROUNDS. MR. JARVIS was often obliged to sit up writing until one or two o'clock in the morning ; and this close con- finement at his desk, and intense application to business, impaired his health. His stand- ard of loyalty to his government was a very high one ; and he conscientiously and zealously endeavored to act in such a manner as to prove himself worthy the con- fidence reposed in him by Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Mad- ison. Without emolument, he discharged the duties and bore the responsibilities of American Minister at the court of Portugal. He wrote Mr. Madison by every vessel going to the United States, often inclosing du- plicates of his former dispatches, as the risk and uncer- tainty in the transmission of letters was much greater than in the present day of steamers and packets. His letters were long ; communicating not only his official transactions, but all the foreign news of inter- est. His memorials to the Minister of Foreign Affairs had also been frequent and lengthy, requiring much thought and study in the preparation, and a careful 14 210 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. observance of the Portuguese forms in addressing those of high rank. He corresponded also, extensively, with various American ministers at foreign courts : as Mr. Charles Pinckney at Madrid, and afterwards with Mr. Monroe, who succeeded him ; with Mr. G. W. Erving, at Lon- don, etc., also with the American consuls on the coasts of Spain and Africa, and with his own vice-consuls. In addition to which he carried on a correspondence, though afar less laborious one, in transacting his pri- vate business as commission merchant. His folio letter-books, containing copies of his official and private letters, are evidences of his ability and industry, as well as of the unusual efforts he made to advance every measure conducive to the interests of his country. But his mental energy was greater than his bodily strength. A pain in his side became so troublesome that he was obliged to consult a physician, who ordered exercise in the open air, and riding on horseback. He had been fond of field-sports in early life, and he thought that by combining amusement with exercise, it would prove more beneficial to his health. Through the courtesy of the new Minister of For- eign Affairs, Don Araujo de Azevedo, the American Charge received a permit from the Prince Regent to hunt in the king's hunting-grounds, which extended from the Tagus to Cintra, and were ten miles square. This was a great privilege, that had never been granted to a foreigner but once before, when it was given to an English Minister. It shows how high in favor the American Charg had become at the Portuguese GUNNING ON THE KING'S HUNTING-GROUNDS. 211 Court. Some of these grounds abounded in partridges, others in ducks and plover. He purchased a saddle- horse, and rode out into the country every afternoon for an hour or two ; devoting the holidays, which were numerous, to gunning, as on these days no business could be transacted. On such occasions he rose at four o'clock, equipped himself in leather pants, and long water-proof boots (saturated with rosin, wax, and tal- low), which were strapped on above the knee ; and provided with a roast chicken in his haversack, and a hunting-case, containing a knife, fork, and spoon, mounted and set out for the day's hunt. He frequent- ly asked the Count de Bourmont, or the son of the Baron Viomenil to join him. They were French ref- ugees, with whomjie was on very friendly terms ; and being affable, agreeable, and good sportsmen, were pleasant companions. 1 1 From Count de Bourmont, on receiving a young pointer from Mr. Jarvis: " To MONSIEUR JARVIE, Charge d 1 Affaires des Etats Unis : M. de Bourmont begs Mr. Jarvis to accept with his respectful compli- ments, a thousand thanks for the handsome dog which he has had the kindness to present to him. He will watch over his education with great care, and flatters himself that the time is not far distant when he will be serviceable at Barroca d'Alva. Madame de Bourmont charges me to thank Monsieur Jarvis for his kind souvenir, and to invite him to come and pass a day with us when his business permits. If he can come to- morrow, he will find some of her acquaintances, who would be charmed to meet him. " IQih March, 1807." From Madame de Bourmont: " Madame de Bourmont accepts with much pleasure the curious and pretty bird that Monsieur Jarvis had the goodness to present to her. In return she begs him to receive her thanks, her compliments of true friend- ship, and the assurance of her perfect esteem. " BKAFILA, Thursday Morning. ' 212 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAKVIS. He had obtained permission for a friend to accom- pany him. When he wished to partake of the lunch provided, he usually sought out a peasant's cottage, and requested the favor of taking dinner in their house. " O, certainly, with pleasure ; we are honored by the stranger's company," was the prompt reply. On re- ceiving the chicken, the woman spread a clean and very white cloth of her own manufacture on the table, and bringing from the garden a fine salad, placed it on the table with salt, oil, and vinegar, and the best bread she had, sometimes white, sometimes brown ; the wine of the country, which is about as strong as cider ; and always fine fruit grapes, figs, or oranges, doing all with alacrity and good-will. Their morning sports had given them a keen appe- tite, and they partook of this repast with great zest. When about to depart, Mr. Jarvis offered to pay their hostess ; but " O, no," she would not take money ; " it is sufficient recompense that the foreign gentlemen have thought my house worthy to take refreshments in." He thanked her very cordially for her hospitality, but on going out contrived to slip a crusade or half dollar into a child's hand. Most of the peasants have good gardens, and raise fruits, salads, and vegetables, especially carrots and onions, of which they are very fond. They keep fowls, which supply them with eggs and chickens. They raise a good many turkeys, which are driven alive in droves to market and sold ; one person preceding them scattering corn, another driving them. The turkey is as great a favorite in Lisbon as in New England ; no entertainment is considered complete without them. They are called "birds of Peru." GUNNING ON THE KING'S HUNTING-GROUNDS. 213 The Prince did not hunt himself, being too corpu- lent, and not fond of field-sports ; and the game had increased so much in the royal hunting-grounds (Bar- roca d'Alva), that it became very troublesome to the neighboring peasantry, injuring their crops, and oblig- ing them frequently to drive them off from the grain. They were very glad to have them killed. The peasantry, both men and women, were indus- trious, honest, devout, simple in their manners, and very hospitable. The women's dress is of coarse cloth, but neat, and tastefully put on. Mr. Jarvis drew com- parisons between the Portuguese peasantry and the lower classes in England, much in favor of the former. The Portuguese, sober, disinterested, kind, respectful ; while in England he encountered a regular system of extorting fees, and more or less insolence. In the English hotels it was, " Don't forget boots ; " " Don't forget the chambermaid; " " Don't forget the waiter," etc., etc. In the coaches, " Sir, don't forget the postilion, the coachman," etc. The fish-market of Lisbon is a place of resort to the lower classes ; but even here Mr. Jarvis never witnessed any quarreling, fighting, or swearing ; and drunkenness was held in abhorrence. He never saw a Portuguese drunk but two or three times, and that after the arrival of the English under Wellington. He had three fowling-pieces while in Lisbon. He sent to Mr. Braddick in London for one. The second was of the very best Spanish manufacture, made of mules' shoes, and cost $100. The third was Italian, light and very malleable. In 1807 he purchased a fine, large, chestnut horse 214 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. of Mr. Bulkeley, which he had imported at the price of one hundred guineas from Tattersalls', London. It was so high spirited that Mr. Bulkeley was afraid to ride him, and bought a small hlack horse for his own use, his groom mounted on the hunter behind, after the English style. He became a favorite with Mr. Jarvis, who rode him every day, and brought him to America on his return. He was an excellent saddle-horse, and quick in the harness. In crossing the Connecticut River once, with his eldest daughter, then a child of six or seven years, the ice broke near the New Hampshire shore, and the water came into the sleigh. A moment more all would have been borne down by the rapid current ; but this spirited animal made one brave bound, and landed them safely on the shore. A ROBBERY. 215 CHAPTER XIX. A ROBBERY. AFTER the cares and fatigues of the day, and the close confinement of the counting-house, Mr. Jarvis, at this period, was in the habit of walking for an hour or two after tea upon the " Praga do Comercio." Returning from his walk one evening about nine o'clock, he found his candle unsnuffed, and nearly burned to the socket. He called his servant for another ; he did not make his appearance, and Mr. Jarvis went into the kitchen, but Jos was not there, and the old cook was sound asleep, his head resting upon the table. On being aroused after some effort, he could give no account of Jose*, saying he was about the kitchen when he dropped asleep ; perhaps he had gone out. This Jos had been educated for a priest, but had left the church for some offense. He retained an affectation of priestly deportment, a demure, quiet manner, and hitherto had discharged his duties faith- fully. Mr. Jarvis took a candle and retired to his chamber, thinking no more of the matter, but soon missed a strong, heavy, iron-bound trunk, in which until re- 216 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEVIS. cently, he had deposited bags of silver and gold ; now, however, it contained only private papers of Vv.lue, American clothing, and one hundred pounds of pow- der and shot, which he had imported from London, and placed here for safe-keeping. Not long before he had purchased an iron chest or coffer, with a curi- ous secret lock, in which he then kept his specie in the counting-house. 1 On going to his closet a new suit of clothes, sent home from the tailor's the day before, was missing ; also a new pair of boots and hat had disappeared. It was evident that he 'had been robbed. Recollecting his silver-plate in the dining- room, he looked into the sideboard where it was kept ; lo, it was all gone ! tea-spoons, table-spoons, ladles, candlesticks, etc., etc. He next opened the drawer containing his table-linen, valuable long cloths and napkins that he had imported from England not one left I Some of his clerks coming in at this time, he sent them to notify the police at different stations of the robbery, and to offer them a reward of $100 for the arrest of the thief. Every effort was made to trace him, but in vain ; and about four o'clock A. M., worn out by fatigue, he retired to rest, thinking he must be resigned to the loss. He slept soundly, awoke later than usual, and was at breakfast, when suddenly a 1 It was made by the blacksmiths in Lisbon, who are famous for such workmanship, of iron bars bolted together, the ends of the bolts clinched. It was exceedingly strong, stronger than welded iron. The lock was remarkably ingenious, having two secrets, which years afterwards defied the penetration of one of the most skillful locksmiths in America. It cost $120. But he found this too small as his business increased, all payments being made in specie, and kept it especially for gold, buying a larger one of similar construction for silver, which he left in Lisbon on his return to the United States. A ROBBERY. 217 Gallego rushed into the room and fell on his knees beftoje him, crying out in Portuguese, in an impas- sioned manner, " Pardon me, sir ; pardon me, sir." Much astonished, Mr. Jarvis said, " Pardon you for what ? " " O, pardon, pardon, senhor." " For what shall I pardon you? " " For carrying off your trunk." " Did you carry it off ? " " Yes, sir." " And the table-cloths and silver ? " " Yes, sir ; and if you will promise to pardon me, I will tell you where they are." Mr. Jarvis promised ; and he then explained how Joseph had hired him to come in the evening, take them to his house and there secrete them ; that Jose* had removed the trunk, but the other things were still there ; and he would restore them in safety if the Con- sul would send for them. He was induced to make this confession, partly from fear of the police, partly from the arrest of Jose*, and actuated in some degree from gratitude to Mr. Jarvis, who had sometimes em- ployed him. " Where are Jose* and my trunk now ? " "In the police court, sir, before the judge." He then related the circumstances as follows. Jose*, alarmed by the vigilant search of the police, had en- gaged the Gallego to take the trunk to the boats, in- tending to carry it up the river, but had been over- taken by the civil police, who, suspecting that the trunk contained contraband goods, arrested him. 218 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEVIS. He assured them that there was only his clothing in it. They said, " If that is the case open it, and prove that you speak truly." " But I have forgotten the keys." " Then we must take possession of it." u But I have several dollars ; I will give them to you if you will allow me to keep it. I assure you there is nothing but clothes in it." The police, after some deliberation, concluded to take the money and give up the trunk. But at this juncture who should come up but the military police, and inquired who they had under arrest. They answered, " A man with a trunk, which he was about to put into a boat to go up the river, and we suspect it is full of contraband goods." " Then it must be seized." " But he has just promised to pay us seven dollars to release it." The military police inquired if he had more money, and being answered in the negative, said in that case they must attach the trunk, and carry Jose* to the police court to be examined by the judge. When the Gallego had finished his narration, Mr. Jarvis dispatched one of his clerks with him for the table linen and silver, while he hastened to the police court. He was convinced Jose* had discovered that gold and silver were kept in this trunk, and ignorant of the removal, was tempted by so rich a prize to appropriate it to his own use, as well as the clothing, silver, etc., selecting the time when his master was walking as A ROBBERY. 219 the most convenient season for his depredations ; prob- ably having first drugged the honest old cook. On arriving at the court, the first thing Mr. Jarvis saw was his trunk. The judge had just sent for a blacksmith to break it open, which would doubtless have been done had he been ten minutes later. He immediately informed the alcalde or judge that it belonged to him, and had been stolen by his servant ; telling him who he was. He replied that it was supposed to contain contra- band goods. " To convince you, sir, that this is a mistake, I will enumerate its contents, state how the letters are directed, and open it with my keys in your presence," which he accordingly did. One of the locks was a common, but strong one, the other a very curious padlock, which none but those initiated could open. Both instantly yielded to his keys. He then displayed the articles that he had described, and his letters, directed to " Mons. Guillaume Jarvis, Consul des Etats Unis." This was proof positive, and would have convinced an honest man of his veracity. But no, Senhor Alcalde* chose to say that the law required him to detain such articles as evidence, probably intending to keep them as the perquisites of his office. " But," said the Consul, " I have proved that the trunk belongs to me, by opening it with my keys ; and you see the address of the letters corresponds with the name I gave you. What further evidence is necessary ? " Still Senhor Alcalde* alleged the law required its detention. 220 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAKVIS. Recollecting a similar incident in " Gil Bias," where the judge took possession of the property, and the owner was unable to recover it, Mr. Jarvis was deter- mined not to submit to such a fraud, but to make a strong effort for its rescue. Assuming an air of authority, he said, " Unless the trunk is immediately delivered to me, I shall complain of you, Senhor Alcalde*, to the Minis- ter of Foreign Affairs, with whom I am personally ac- quainted." This threat of exposure to one of the magnates at court, uttered so boldly, intimidated the alcalde ; and he reluctantly resigned his prize. Rejoicing in the recovery of his trunk, Mr. Jarvis began to look about him, when whom should he see, a little retired from observation, but master Jose ; and scanning him for a moment, he noticed that his sleeves were very long. Another scrutinizing glance dis- closed to him his own new broadcloth coat. He went to him and said loud enough to be heard by the judge, " Jose*, this is my coat ? " With a very humble and penitent air he replied, " Si, Senhor." l " And these are my pantaloons, boots, and hat ? " " Si, Senhor." Noticing that his shirt was unusually fine and clean, this also proved to be one of his own. " My shirt, too ? " " Si, Senhor." . " Where are your own clothes ? " i " Yes, sir." A ROBBERY. 221 " I have them in a bundle." " Go and put them on, and return mine." He obeyed, and Mr. Jarvis then showing the judge his name written on a piece of paper bj the tailor, and tacked to the lining, said, " On my entrance I .informed you that I am the American Consul, gave you my name, and stated that the trunk had been stolen by my servant. This man, whom you arrested this morning with the trunk, is my servant ; and in your presence he confesses that he has stolen my clothes. Here is the same name on the coat that you saw on the letters, which is strong cor- roborating evidence. You can need no further proof of his guilt." There could be no doubt of it, and Jose* was con- demned to one year's imprisonment. Mr. Jarvis employed two Gallegos to carry home, the trunk and clothing, so that ere night he had re- covered every article of which he had been robbed, which gave him no small satisfaction. Six months afterwards, as he was passing the prison in which Jose* was confined, he begged an alms of the Consul, which he freely gave him. The prisons in Portugal are so horrible, that none could be so heartless as not to commiserate the con- dition of the prisoners. The greatest villains and those guilty of but small offenses are thrown into one filthy room, full of vermin, which will contain about fifty persons. When the prison becomes so full that it will hold no more, the oldest culprits are released, and those guilty of the greatest crimes sent to the galleys. The government only supplies prisoners with bread 222 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAEVIS. and water ; their extra food is obtained by begging money of those passing by, which petitions are com- monly granted. Thus every alleviation of their misery is derived from private charity. CATALINI. 223 CHAPTER XX. CATALINI. THIS celebrated singer was in Lisbon at the time of Mr. Jarvis' residence there, and whenever he at- tended the opera, her wonderful vocal powers were a source of unfailing delight. Her compass and sweet- ness of voice were astonishing : now rising higher and higher, keeping the house in breathless suspense ; then gradually descending, and again warbling forth melo- dious notes in rich variety. Her throat was very large, and dilated and contracted perceptibly while she was singing. When Mr. Jarvis wished to entertain the American captains for an evening, he frequently took them to hear Catalini, sometimes doubting if they would ap- preciate her voice ; but they always listened with close attention, and seemed charmed by her performance, which he considered an evidence of her great ability. Christientini, manager of the opera at Lisbon, heardi of a young Italian girl who was a remarkable singer. He went to Italy, and finding the parents of the young Catalini poor, offered to give her f 2,500 per year for five years if she would sing for him in the opera at Lisbon. Her parents accepted the proposal on con- dition that they should accompany and watch over her. 224 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. Christientini, who was a singer, and master of his profession, instructed the young genius in the rules of music. She soon attracted large audiences, and the teacher was eclipsed by his youthful pupil. At the expiration of the five years, she was offered a very high price to go to England ; but Christientini doubled her salary, with the addition of one benefit a year. His protege continued to receive thunders of applause, while he was coldly received. His mortification at last became so great that he could endure it no longer, and he returned to his native Italy, where he compen- sated himself for loss of fame by purchasing, from the fortune accumulated in Lisbon, an estate and marquis- ate, which gave him rank and honors, with which he was satisfied. About this time a handsome French gentleman, of polished manners and agreeable address, appeared at one of the hotels in Lisbon, and represented that he was a French officer who had fought a duel with a superior officer. It proved to be Captain Valabrdgue, who fell in love with Catalini, and sought her hand in marriage ; and his proposals were finally accepted. After her marriage, " from her concerts in Paris, her fame spread over all Europe. In London she had in the first year of her engagement a salary of $12,931, and in the following, of $17,241. Two con- certs beside brought her $5,000 each." 1 1 Madame Junot speaks of Catalini as the "Prima Donna," and in her zenith at Lisbon in 1805 and 1806. M. MARCELLING R. SILVA. 225 CHAPTER XXL M. MARCELLING R. SILVA, VICE-CONSUL AT LISBON. AT FARO. HIS IMPRISONMENT. A SHIPWRECK. M. SILVA, vice-consul at Lisbon, thinking it would be for his advantage to enter into partnership with Mr. Abreu, a merchant at Faro, requested Mr. Jarvis to appoint him vice-consul for that port. From his knowledge of English, and of Portuguese forms in transacting business, he had been a most valuable assistant, frequently acting as secretary, and the Consul regretted to part with him, but complied with his wishes. At the end of the year, on settling accounts, it proved that M. Silva had been a loser by the change ; he therefore dissolved the partnership and returned to Lisbon. Soon afterwards being imprisoned, he sent to Mr. Jarvis for relief. The circumstances are re- lated in the following letter : " To His EXCELLENCY DON ANTONIO DE ARAUJO DE AZEVEDO, His Royal Hiyhness the Prince Regent's Minister and Secretary of State for the Foreign and War Departments, etc., etc. : " SIR, Under the government of a Prince so deservedly celebrated for justice and clemency, I little expected to be obliged to trouble your Excellency with a complaint of a most wanton outrage of t' -\ se virtues. 15 226 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. " Yesterday morning at six o'clock the criminal judge of the le Moira prison entered the apartments of M. Rodriguez da Silva, vice-consul of the United States at Faro, in Al- garva, with four police guards and some civil officers, took him out of his bed, seized his books, papers, and cash, and carried him to that prison, without allowing him to speak to any person. So secretly was it done, that I did not hear of it till three o'clock, when I went to the prison to inquire the cause of so extraordinary a step. I was informed that M. Silva was in the dungeon ! The prison-keeper could not tell me his crime, and the judge was not at home. Upon repeating my visit this morning. I understood that M. Silva had just been taken into another apartment, and the judge was examining him. When admitted to see him in pres- ence of the judge, he told me that it was at the suit of Mr. Abreu, and was owing to a difference which had taken place in the adjustment of their copartnership accounts. I then observed to the judge that I thought the laws of this realm would not justify such a measure ; and although a Portuguese subject, yet being the acknowledged vice-consul of the United States for Faro, he ought to be considered as under the protection of the laws of nations ; at least it en- titled him to more consideration. The judge acknowledged that he had read his patent (which your Excellency con- firmed about a year since), and made some indistinct reply. I told him I should make an application to higher authority in behalf of the prisoner, and requested a copy of the alleged causes of his commitment. " He answered in seeming confusion, that it was a secret, and he could not give it to me ; but if I would become re- sponsible for the prisoner, he would deliver him up to me, with his books, papers, and cash. " Upon my return to my house, Mr. Abreu called, and said it was at his and his partner's suit, that M. da Silva had been sent to prison." .... M. MARCELLING R. SILVA. 227 Mr. Jarvis relates the details of the case, which briefly amounted to this : " A dispute had arisen in the settlement of their affairs, and M. Silva had requested that the difference might be left to arbitrators, who had examined the books, and said they were perfectly fair; the books were then returned to M. da Silva, a week since. The arbitrators, not proceeding so fast as Mr. Abreu wished, and fearing M. da Silva would leave Lisbon, he had taken this step." Mr. Jarvis speaks of M. Silva's rights as a Portu- guese citizen, and as an American officer, and then says : " I hope your Excellency will allow me to say that it ap- pears to me a most wanton and cruel breach of the security and safety of foreign officers, which this government is so remarkable for treating with the respect, attention, and civil- ity due to their station " That any person should be so transported by avarice or resentment, as to put a man of respectable standing in society, lately his partner, and whose honesty he does not pretend to impeach, into a dreary dungeon, for a difference of accounts, seems to me a monstrous dereliction of every sentiment of humanity ! .... I am too well ac- quainted with the mercy, justice, and wisdom of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent, not to be satisfied that an im- mediate inquiry will be made into this affair, and that ample satisfaction will be afforded. " With the highest consideration, " I have the honor to be, etc., etc., etc. "July 2Q(k, 1806." On the 9th August Mr. Jarvis received a letter 228 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. from M. da Silva, saying that the "Relacao" 1 had decided in his favor. In reply, he expresses the pleasure he feels at this decision, but says : " Had it been otherwise, I am satisfied that the affidavits, etc., that I had completed yesterday, would have induced his Royal Highness the Prince Regent, through the inter- vention of his Excellency Don Araujo, to give an order for your release and satisfaction." .... On the same day he informs Don Araujo of this decision ; but on the 13th August is obliged to address him again : " .... I find the inveteracy of malice is never to be checked or satisfied. Not content with the unworthy treat- ment M. da Silva has already received, Mr. Abreu has em- bargoed the decision given in his favor, and of course ren- ders the interference of your Excellency necessary." Mr. Jarvis inclosed the affidavits, and again places the case in a clear and strong light before this just and wise Minister, by whose order da Silva was released, and his books, papers, and money restored to him. In a very handsome note to Don Araujo, the Con- sul acknowledges his high appreciation of the great favor conferred upon him, by this humane and prompt attention to the wrongs of an injured man, etc., etc. M. da Silva's gratitude knew no bounds. He begged to be restored to his former employment, and to be reinstated in the office of vice-consul at Lisbon. His petition was granted, as soon as an eligible situa- tion could be found for the young man who had filled his place. He remained with his benefactor till he left Lisbon, zealously and faithfully discharging his duties. i Court. A SHIPWEECK. 229 About this period a vessel was cast away in a storm near the mouth of the Tagus. The crew escaped in the boats. Captain Cook, the master, reached Lisbon, and went to the Consul to inform him of his distressed situation. He was in his shirt and trousers, having lost everything. Mr. Jarvis gave him a suit of clothes, invited him to stay at his house, and treated him with great kindness and sympathy. In a few days a book- case, sideboard, and pair of card-tables that had been boxed up floated ashore with some other articles, and by Mr. Jarvis' advice, were put up at auction. Mr. Jarvis bought the card- tables, book-case, and side- board, and retained them till his death ; he particu- larly valued the two latter pieces of furniture. By these sales Captain Cook realized between one and two hundred dollars, which enabled him to return to the United States. On the Consul's arrival in America, he was in- formed that Captain Cook, who resided in Salem, cherished the most lively gratitude towards him. While he, oblivious of his good deeds, had nearly forgotten the circumstance. In December, 1806, Mr. Jarvis received a gift of a singular animal, called a bubabus, from some one re- turning from Africa, and very modestly begs Don Araujo " to do him the honor to accept it, to place among the curious animals at the Royal Palace at Belem." 230 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. CHAPTER XXII. STITUTION. COMMODORE CAMPBELL, -r- A BALL ON BOARD THE " CONSTITUTION." EXTRACTS from a letter to Mr. Madison : "Admiral Sir John Jervis, Earl of St. Vincent, came to Lisbon in command of a British squadron in "IQAfi August, 1806, and as Ambassador Extraordinary to this Court. "On the first week, thousands of both sexes went on board to see his ship. They were treated with the greatest civility, and the ladies with the utmost gallantry, giving tea, coffee, chocolate, cold collations, etc He has been extremely polite to everybody ; some persons have been in constant attendance to show the ship ; this has made him very popular among the Portuguese. " A few days after his Lordship's arrival, he was joined by the Earl of Rosselyn, who had a separate commission as 'Envoy Extraordinary; and at their first reception at Court they were received with great attention by the Prince, who, after the audience was over, introduced them to the Prin- cess and their children, with whom they conversed an hour, and were most graciously treated. " His Lordship has given several dinners on board the ' Hibernia,' to the Portuguese nobility ; and makes it a point to accept all their invitations Two days since the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and of the Marine, Don LORD ST. VINCENT. 231 Araujo and the Viscount Anadia, were invited to dine with his Lordship, with six or eight noble ladies and noblemen." All sorts of rumors were in circulation in regard to this squadron and embassy, producing much excitement in the public mind, but nothing definite was known. " Some say that it has some relation to the negotiations now pending in Paris ; that the Emperor has determined, in case a peace is not concluded, to oblige this Court to prohibit the importation of British manufactures ; and if it refuses, to send an army to enforce it." l Others thought that it was to form an alliance with the Portuguese government the most probable sup- position. Another report was that Napoleon was about to take possession of Lisbon, and that Lord St. Vincent had come to take the royal family and nobility to the Brazils with their property. Mr. Jarvis says that he has been more minute in relating these details, as they seem to be connected with the political events of the period. Early in September the " Constitution," Commodore Campbell, put into Lisbon for repairs, having lost her anchor, and being otherwise damaged. Mr. Jarvis invited the Commodore to make his house a home, which hospitable invitation was ac- cepted. It was found that the frigate would have to undergo thorough repairs, and that her powder was damaged. That it might be restored, Mr. Jarvis ap- plied to Don Araujo as follows : " William Jarvis, Consul and Charge d'Affaires of the United States, offers his most respectful compliments to his l Extracts from a later letter to Mr. Madison. 232 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. Excellency Don Antonio de Araujo de Azevedo, his Eoyal Highness the Prince Regent's Minister and Secretary of State for the Foreign and War Departments, etc., etc., and from the well known disposition which the government of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent has always discovered to oblige foreign powers, "W. J. is encouraged to solicit the favor that permission may be given for sending the powder of the United States frigate ' Constitution ' (about 200 barrels), to the powder fabric, to be benefited and aired ; for apprehensions are entertained that it is somewhat injured, owing to the length of time that it has been confined in the magazine of the ship. The expenses attending the opera- tion, Mr. Jarvis will with pleasure defray. He embraces this occasion to reiterate his sentiments of profound venera- tion for his Excellency. 1 " LISBON, 16^ September, 1806." In a letter to Mr. Madison, dated 18th September, after discussing the causes of Lord St. Vincent's em- bassy, he says-: " The ' Constitution ' has had her rigging stripped ; that which was bought in Cadiz, for the fore and mainmasts, is almost ready to go over head ; the mizzen mast rigging, which I have purchased here, will be ready in a day or two. It 1 From Don Araujo to the American Charge d' Affaires: " The Prince Regent, my master, assenting to the requisition of your office, dated 16th inst., has been pleased to permit the portion of powder, belonging to the frigate ' Constitution,' to be benefited at the Royal Powder Fabrick, and for that purpose has desired to expedite the neces- sary orders to the Royal Junta of the Arsenals and of the army, in con- formity with your said requisition ; to whom I am ordered to communi- cate the same for your information. " God preserve you many years. " Your very certain and assured servant, "ANTOXIO DE ARAJJJO DE AZEVEDO. "PALACE OF MAFRA, 17th September, 1806." LORD ST. VINCENT. 233 appears that all her upper works want caulking. Commo- dore Campbell thinks several new sails will be necessary, lest she should be called out in winter service. The fore- mast is also found to be considerably rotted ; I hope a new one will not be wanted, as it will be attended with an enor- mous expense. Her repairs will probably be completed in three or four weeks." .... Mr. Jarvis says, " Within a few days a press has been sent out to complete the Portu- guese marine corps, and is still continued. I shall leave you to make your own comments on this." Mr. Jarvis was obliged to write to the Minister of the Marine, the Viscount Anadia, to solicit permission to purchase an anchor at the royal arsenal, as none could be found elsewhere in Lisbon, of sufficient size. Lord St. Vincent hearing of Mr. Jarvis, sent to him and requested an interview, thinking there must be a connection between them. Accompanied by Commodore Campbell he called upon the Admiral, and was much pleased with his noble, gentlemanly bearing ; and was struck by the resemblance between him and some of the Jarvis family ; especially to his uncle Leonard. The Admiral treated the Consul in the most friendly, pleasant manner, and said that when he entered the navy as a midshipman, he had spelled his name Jarvis ; but had been rallied by some of the officers for so doing, saying it was a corruption of the old Norman name Jervois, and they had in- duced him to change it ; but he had no doubt they sprung from the same ancestors, in which opinion Mr. Jarvis fully coincided. The Admiral afterwards in- vited Commodore Campbell and Mr. Jarvis to dine 234 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. with him. The Commodore accepted, but the Consul declined. He admired Lord St. Vincent, but he had maintained the most cordial intercourse with the French officers, 1 and as France and England were at vari- ance, he disliked the appearance of dining in amity on board one of his Majesty's ships of war. In addition to which, the impressment of American seamen had caused unceasing collision between him and the British navy, ever since he came to Lisbon. The following very handsome note from Sir John Jervis expresses his regret : " Lord St. Vincent presents his compliments to Mr. Jarvis, and regrets exceedingly the cause which has de- prived him of the honor of a visit, begging at the same time to assure Mr. Jarvis that it will afford him the highest satis- faction to show every attention in his power to the represen- tative of the United States of America. " ' HIBERNIA,' 10th September, 1808." After remaining about two months, Lord St. Vin- cent and his squadron left Lisbon, his abrupt depar- ture producing almost as great a sensation as his arrival had done ; and a few weeks later the Earl of Rosselyn departed ; the object of their embassy hav- ing been enveloped in a veil of mystery. When the " Constitution " was nearly ready for sea, Commodore Campbell wished to give a ball on board the frigate, and Mr. Jarvis being desirous to have it conducted in such a manner as to do honor to the naval officers of the United States, aided him 1 Among these he was most intimate with Mr. Legoy, Junot's private secretary; Magendie, commander-in-chief of the navy; Count de Bour- niont, the son of the Baron Viomenil, etc.; and they frequently dined with him. BALL ON BOARD THE " CONSTITUTION." 235 essentially, especially in the invitations. They invited Don Almeida, Don Araujo, Viscount Anadia, the Marquis of Pomball, and several other Portuguese noblemen with their families ; the Corps Diploma- tique, including the Pope's Nuncio Monsignore Galeppi, and several merchants with their families ; among the latter were Mr. and Mrs. O'Niele. The decks had been cleared and scrubbed clean, and an awning placed over the first deck for dancing. An elegant supper-table was prepared on the lower deck, ornamented with a variety of fruits and flowers.' At the appointed hour the guests, including many ladies, assembled. Mr. O'Niele took Mr. Jarvis aside and asked him if fish had been provided for the enter- tainment, as it was Friday. It had not occurred to them. What an oversight ! What was to be done? They had meats in great abundance, game, etc., but no fish. Mr. O'Niele suggested delaying the supper till a little past midnight, when a new day commenced. This plan was adopted. The Commodore had a fine band of music, and conversation, music, and dancing so agreeably occupied the time, that probably few noticed that the handsome repast was an hour later than was customary. The Nuncio pronounced grace, and all did ample justice to the viands, and seemed highly to enjoy the festivity. After supper the gran- dees departed, but the young people continued to dance until about three o'clock, when the company broke up. It was really a delightful occasion. Every one was in fine spirits, and it afforded the Commodore great pleasure. 236 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAR VIS. CHAPTER XXIII. GENERAL JUNOT. EMBARKATION OF THE ROYAL FAMILY. THE FRENCH ARMY SUPPLIED WITH FLOUR. JUNOT'S CAPITULATION. LANNES, though a brave general, was no statesman or diplomatist. He was impetuous and passionate, and had greatly offended the Portuguese by IQAC F- Q J J his bluntness of manner and disregard of their customs and court etiquette. Lord Robert Fitz- gerald, the English Ambassador, and his lady, 1 had become very obnoxious to Lannes ; the former by always taking precedence of him, the latter by her prejudice against the French, and open abuse of Napoleon ; and 1 The following is an answer to an invitation, about this period, from Lord Robert Fitzgerald and lady to Mr. Pinckney and Mr. Jarvis : " Mr. Jarvis presents his most respectful compliments to his Excellency Lord Robert Fitzgerald and lady, and has the honor to acknowledge the receipt of his lordship's polite note of yesterday; but not seeing Mr. Pinckney until the evening, prevented an earlier reply. Mr. Pinckney desired Mr. Jarvis to make his very respectful compliments to his lordship and her ladyship, and to acquaint them, that as the ship in which he takes his passage sails to-day, it would be out of his power to accept their polite invitation; but Mr. Jarvis will with pleasure embrace the invitation to tea this evening, and have the honor to pay his personal respects to Lord and Lady Fitzgerald. " Tuesday Morning November ISlh, 1805." " Lord Robert Fitzgerald presents his compliments to Mr. Jarvis, and shall be very happy in having the honor of his company to tea, if he can- not have the pleasure of seeing him at dinner. "November 19*A." GENERAL JUNOT. 237 it was said that the French Minister privately re- quested to be recalled. Napoleon sent out General Junot in his place, who came to Lisbon with Madame Junot and his suite in April, 1805, and took possession of the spacious and beautiful mansion that Lannes had occupied, which was in the vicinity of the opera house and Tagus, and very near the house in which Mr. Jar vis then resided. Junot combined the talents of an able general and a statesman in an eminent degree. He was a fine-looking, tall, military man, with a noble countenance, good-humored, affable, and gentlemanly. He took great pains to conciliate the good-will of the Portuguese government ; and by scrupulous attention to their etiquette, and deference to their customs, as well as by his upright character and courteous deport- ment, he won great favor at Court, and became de- servedly popular. In compliance with the wishes of Napoleon, Ma- dame Junot gave splendid balls and entertainments, inviting the Portuguese nobility and Corps Diploma- tique. She was very handsome, with an oval Italian face, bright hazel eyes, and much vivacity ; her dress was rich, tasteful, and elegant, and greatly excited the admiration of the Portuguese ladies. Mr. Jarvis, as a member of the Corps Diplomatique, was invited to these assemblies, which were remark- ably pleasant. He admired Junot, whose bearing toward him was kind and courteous. Junot returned to Paris to attend Napoleon in some of his campaigns, which he preferred to being Am- bassador at Lisbon. He came out the second time as General-in-Chief of Portugal in November, 1807. 238 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JAKVIS. Napoleon had decreed that the Braganzas should no longer reign in Portugal. For a few weeks they were incredulous, but too late found that he was in earnest, and that Junot was entering the kingdom with a large army. 1 Then all was bustle and dismay at Court ; furniture, plate, jewels, and clothing were hastily packed and put on shipboard. But they were oblige^ to leave many valuables behind. An immense crowd assembled to witness the embarkation, for the Prince was much beloved by his people ; and his depart- ure occasioned them great sorrow and forebodings of evil. The following extracts from a letter from Mr. Jarvis give the particulars of the Prince's departure. " LISBON, 29th November, 1807, ) " 9 o'clock, A. M. j " To JAMES MADISON, ESQ. : " SIR, At the moment I am writing this, the Por- tuguese squadron, consisting of eight line-of-battle ships, two frigates, and three or four smaller vessels, are under weigh. The Prince Regent and the whole royal family are on board ; the Duke of Cardival, first prince of the blood ; the Visconde Anadia and M. de Araujo, Ministers of Marine and Foreign Affairs ; the Marquis of Pomball, and several others of the nobility ; with a number of officers of govern- ment, servants, etc., etc. Few or no soldiers, except the l " The army under Junot arrived at Abrantes after a dangerous and tedious march along the banks of the Tagus, through the woody, moun- tainous, and barren Beira. Junot ordered the castle as well as the city, which he found ungarrisoned, to be placed in a state of defense; and in spite of the great fatigue of his troops, hastened to Lisbon, then occupied by 15,000 Portuguese soldiers, and inhabited by 350,000 souls. The quickness of his march, and the daring courage he displayed, induced Napoleon to make him Duke of Abrantes." GENERAL JUNOT. 239 marine corps, have embarked. The preparations began the 24th, since which they have worked day and night to get on board. Everything relating to the embarkation has been in great confusion. Appearances seem to indicate that the government was taken by surprise ; not even provis- ions for the ships' use were on board, but little bread pre- pared, so that they have been obliged to purchase flour ; the vessels have gone away very short of salted provisions, and most of them not half manned. The Prince and nobil- ity have had only time to take their most valuable movable effects, leaving their fortunes behind. " On the 22d the Prince received notice that the French forces were entering Portugal, which caused him much alarm, and occasioned great perturbation at the palace. " On the 24th a report reached the public of the Prince's intention to embark. "That night a grand Council of State was called, and the next day orders were received at the arsenal to prepare the ships immediately. " They also began to embark the Prince's effects, but the ministers and nobility delayed packing until the 25th There are now several British line-of-battle ships in the offing, which it is supposed will accompany the Prince to the Brazils " It is reported that the value of the diamonds taken with the Prince is about one hundred millions of dollars, and that he took thirty millions of dollars in specie, plate, 1 etc., etc. "It is just a fortnight to-day since the Marquis of Mari- alva went to France on an embassy with diamonds to the amount of upwards of a million of dollars, as a present to the Emperor. " The advanced guard of the French army are expected i In a subsequent letter Mr. Jarvis says, " I believe both estimates are very much overrated." 240 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. here to-night or to-morrow morning. Until the ships were actually under weigh, many well-informed persons thought the Prince would remain." .... On the 30th November, when riding on horseback, Mr. Jarvis met the first detachment of French troops that entered the city. He observed that the com- manding officer was talking in French to a Portu- guese, whose bewildered and frightened manner indi- cated that he could not understand one word that was said, which induced the Consul to pause and relieve him. He found that the officer was inquiring the way to Belem, and gave the right direction ; for which he was politely thanked. The castle and batteries at Belem were strong defenses on the Tagus, four miles below Lisbon, and in case of attack by sea, effectually protected the city. The Prince had issued an order that his people should submit without resistance to the French ; and Junot's army of 10,000 men marched peaceably into Lisbon, and took possession of all the forts, and garri- soned the city. Mr. Jarvis thought that the Emperor's policy, in dethroning the Prince Regent, was very censurable, for the government would readily have paid tribute to Napoleon, and his authority would have been better secured than by the unjustifiable overthrow of this peaceful royal family. Quintilla, the Farmer-General of Portugal, who was very rich, gave up his splendid new palace for the use of Junot and his staff, thinking it judicious to conciliate the French commander. He had intended to reserve some apartments for his own use, but Junot GENERAL JUNOT. 241 politely intimated that he should need the whole of it for his suite, and Quintilla was obliged to retire to his country seat, a little out of Lisbon. These extracts from a letter from Mr. Jarvis to Mr. Madison give further details : " I have received official notice of the blockade of St. Ubes ; and the British fleet are still here, but a small part having accompanied the Prince. The embarkation was attended with the utmost haste and confusion, and the quays were filled with packages that could not be taken away " It is said that the Prince did not absolutely decide to leave the kingdom, until an article in a French paper was shown him, to the effect that the House of Braganza should become extinct in Europe That the determination was sudden and unexpected may be inferred from the cir- cumstance that the royal family, ministers, and nobility have left in their palaces all their rich and superb furniture, pictures, libraries, carriages, horses, and servants, so that several that I have been in are externally and internally precisely as when their former masters were here, but are occupied by French generals. In the Queen's palace there were found 60,000 crowns in silver coin, beside many of her valuable jewels. Everything remains perfectly quiet here, although commerce, manufactures, and agricultural industry are at an end. It is estimated that about 70,000 inhabitants have left the city and gone into the country." Just before the events now related, Mr. Jarvis had removed to a spacious, handsome house near the Quin- tilla Palace, which had an immense warehouse on the ground floor. It contained at this time 5,000 barrels of flour, indeed most of the flour that was in the city, for merchants were afraid to purchase. Bulkeley 16 242 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM JARVIS. and Gould had left Lisbon, and Dohrman, fearing it might be seized, would not run the risk. From his knowledge of Junot's character, Mr. Jarvis was con- fident that he could trust to his honor and integrity to respect the rights of an American officer, and had ventured to purchase this large amount. Junot's Commissary, expecting to find it in the city, had neglected to provide flour. He came to Mr. Jarvis, and informing him that the French army stood in great need of a thousand barrels of flour, asked if he had any to sell, and at what price. " Yes, General, I can supply you, if you will pay me $24 per barrel," was the reply. " That is too high ; they sell it in the corn market for $18 per barrel." 1 " True, but their prices do not affect me. I im- ported it myself, and it has been stored in my own warehouse, and has never been entered at the corn market ; and unless I receive the sum I have named, I cannot sell it to you." " It is too much to give." " It is my price." 44 We have no money and no flour, and unless you sell it for less, I shall seize it." 44 If you do, I shall immediately inform the United States government, and no more flour will be sent out, and in consequence your army will be starved." At this the Commissary departed, and hastening to Junot told him that the American Consul would not sell them his flour; and said he meant to starve the French army. 1 The corn market regulated all prices for the city. A sort of price- current was posted there weekly. GENERAL JUNOT. 243 Junot sent for Mr. Jarvis. He was ushered into an antechamber and politely requested to wait a few moments, as his Excellency was engaged. He entered into conversation with General Kellermann, with whom he was acquainted, and was soon informed that General Junot would be happy to see him, and met the person coming out with whom he had been occupied. When he entered the apartment, Junot greeted him very cordially in French, for their conversations were always sustained in this language ; and when, as it sometimes happened, Mr. Jarvis was at a loss for a word, he supplied it with one in Portuguese.