UC-NRLF 
 
 fl07 
 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 IN MEMORY OF 
 
 PROFESSOR WILLIAM MERRILL 
 
 AND 
 MRS. IMOGENE MERRILL 
 
 IIBE. 
 
Six WEEKS* PREPARATION 
 
 FOR 
 
 READING CESAR. 
 
 ADAPTED TO 
 
 ALLEN <&- GREENOUGWS, GILDERSLEEVE'S, 
 AND HARKNESS'S GRAMMARS. 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES MORRIS 1WHITON, PH.D. 
 
 PART I. Six Weeks' Preparation. 
 PART II. For Beginners in Casar. 
 
 THIRD REVISED EDITION, 
 
 DESIGNED TO PREPARE FOR READING LATIN AT SIGHT. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 GINN & COMPANY. 
 1887. 
 
KO9 
 
 Copyright, 
 
 BY J. M. WHITON. 
 
 1877 and 1886. 
 
 J. S. GUSHING & Co., PRINTERS, BOSTON. 
 
IT* 7 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE TO 
 
 THE method of this book is one devised and used 
 \n his own work by the author. The special object 
 pursued is that early familiarity with the inflections and 
 common concords of the Latin, which is at the founda- 
 tion of all accurate scholarship. 
 
 The title indicates what has been and may be accom- 
 plished by bright and studious pupils favorably circum- 
 stanced. The younger the pupil, the longer the time 
 requisite. A child of eleven has found the summer 
 vacation an adequate time, at the rate of five hours' 
 study and two and one-half hours' recitation each week. 
 An academy class of twenty, whose ages ranged from 
 fifteen to twenty- two, with one other daily lesson, has 
 accomplished it in four weeks, with ten half-hour recita- 
 tions weekly. 
 
 In the present new edition, for the sake of younger 
 pupils, unversed in managing grammatical references, 
 all grammatical notes have been substituted by the in- 
 troduction of equivalent matter in a simplified form. 
 Everything for which a grammar needs to be consulted, 
 except the paradigms, is put before the eye in connec- 
 tion with the lesson. Copious explanations, also, of 
 such a kind as the experience of the class-room has 
 required for the difficulties of young beginners, have 
 been added. The structure of the verb, in particular, 
 
 M689472 
 
4 Prefatory Note to Teachers. 
 
 has been graphically elucidated. This has somewhat 
 expanded the volume, without materially increasing the 
 time required to finish it. The exercises, also, have 
 been carefully recast. 
 
 In these days of advancing requisitions at the col- 
 leges, the sooner a pupil can be adequately fitted to 
 begin the classic authors on which he is to be exam- 
 ined, the better. The classic author is also the best 
 sort of Latin reader. And the sooner that a pupil can 
 be fitly advanced from the necessary "hash" of an exer- 
 cise-book to the reading of continuous narrative, the 
 better for his interest in study. With this in mind, 
 the authors aim has been so to combine thoroughness 
 with expedition, as to give the beginner everything 
 that is necessary, and nothing more than is- necessary, 
 for introduction to an easy portion of Caesar's Gallic 
 War. 
 
 Part Second is intended as a manual for daily use 
 after the pupil has begun to read Caesar. 
 
 As a good sequel to this book, especially for younger 
 pupils, I commend a small volume of extracts from 
 Caesar, entitled Cesar's Invasion of Britain, published 
 by Messrs. Macmillan & Company, London and New 
 York. 
 
 J. M. W. 
 
 MARCH, 1886. 
 
Jlftg little 
 
PART I. 
 
 SIX WEEKS' PREPARATION FOR 
 READING C^SAR. 
 
SIX WEEKS' PREPARATION 
 
 FOR 
 
 READING C^SAR. 
 
 PRELIMINARY. 
 
 The numerical references are to Allen & Greenough's Gram- 
 mar, except those preceded by G., for Gildersleeve's, and H., for 
 Harkness's. 
 
 Learn the Roman Method of pronouncing Latin and 
 the rules for Syllables, Quantity, and Accent ', 14, 16, 18, 
 19; G. 3,4,7. 8 - J 4; H- s-8. 
 
 What is Inflection? 20; G. 16; H. (Declension)j|.6. 
 
 What is the Stem f 21; G. 24; H. 46. 
 
 What are the Cases, their use and signification? 31 ; 
 G. 21, 22; 
 
 NOTE: In the following pages, except in syllables 
 long by position, a vowel not marked as long may be 
 pronounced as short. But when the quantity is marked 
 in the paradigms of the grammar, it is expected that it 
 will be learned as one of the elements of the word-form. 
 Vowels thus marked are therefore, for the most part, 
 not marked in this book. 
 
 I. NOUNS OF THE VOWEL DECLENSION. 
 1. Stems in A. 
 
 Learn the paradigm Stella, 35 ; or mensa, G. 27 ; 
 
 H. 48. 
 
 Learn the case-endings of the paradigm separately. 
 In A. & G. and H. these are indicated by bold type. 
 
io Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 Like the paradigm, decline the following nouns : 
 English words derived from the Latin are indicated by a f, or 
 are enclosed in brackets. 
 
 silva, forest, [savage]. ripa, bank, [riparian]. 
 
 fossa, ditch. cur a, care,\ [curate], 
 
 causa, cause. \ fuga, flight, [fugacious]. 
 
 pugna,y^/, [pugnacious], via, way. 
 
 porta, gate, [portal]. mora, delay. 
 
 summa; .raw.-f poena, punishment, 
 
 [penal], 
 
 puella, girl. copiae (plural), forces, 
 
 [copious] . 
 
 The above, and most other nouns in -a of the First 
 Declension, are of the feminine gender ; that is, they 
 require an adjective connected with them to have the 
 feminine form. 
 
 Write the case-endings in column, and mark the 
 quantity of their vowels. 
 
 REMARK i . By quantity in Latin grammar, is meant 
 the quantity of time required in pronouncing a vowel. 
 A long vowel requires twice the time of a short vowel. 
 The difference of time, that is, of quantity, between a 
 long and a short vowel is like that between a quarter- 
 note and an eighth in music. 
 
 REMARK 2. It is the endings of inflected words 
 which give varied meanings to the stem. Hence the 
 importance of thorough familiarity with the endings. 
 Remember that 
 
 the Genitive ending = the English Possessive ; or the 
 
 preposition of. 
 
 " Dative " -=to,mfor. 
 " Ablative " =ivtth, by^ in, or on. 
 Other meanings of these cases will appear subsequently. 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 1 1 
 
 The Vocative (from voco, I call) is the case in which 
 a person addressed is called by name. It is rarely used, 
 except with names of persons. 
 
 REMARK 3. The Latin has no article. Causa may 
 be translated cause, a cause, or the cause, according to 
 the connection and the required sense. 
 
 In translating Exercises 1-6, distinguish nominative and ac- 
 cusative cases as respectively subject and object. Thus, causa, 
 cause (subject) ; causam, cause (object). Observe a as the 
 ablative sign. 
 
 In Exercises I, 3, 5, some forms, as they belong to more than 
 one case, may be variously translated. Thus, causae may be 
 either the gen. or dat. sing., or the nom. or voc. pi. But when 
 connected with other words in a sentence, the case is determined 
 and the meaning definite. 
 
 REMARK 4. The ablative causa, with a genitive, 
 means on account of or for the sake of, and should 
 stand after the genitive. 
 
 RULE OF SYNTAX 1, A noun limiting or defining a 
 noun which denotes a different thing, is put in the 
 genitive ; as, poenae mora, the delay of punishment. 
 
 Exercise 1. 
 
 Translate: 1 Portarum. 2 Pugna. 8 Causae. 4 Fos- 
 sas. 6 Silvam. 6 Portas. 7 Silvis. 8 Causarum. 9 Ripae. 
 10 Moras. n Summas. 12 Mora. 13 Ripis. 14 Copiarum 
 summa. 15 Pugnae mora. 16 Fossarum ripas. 17 Viae 
 curam. 18 Pugnarum causa. 19 Portae cura. 20 Copia- 
 rum fuga. 21 Puellae causa. ^Puellarum poenam. 
 
 Exercise 2. 
 
 Translate into Latin : l Of a gate. 2 For the forces. 
 8 By delay. 4 By a fight. 6 Of cares. 6 Causes (subj.) . 
 7 Ways (obj.). 8 By the banks of the ditches. 9 To 
 
12 Six Weeks Preparation 
 
 the flight of the forces. 10 The care (subj.) of the gate. 
 11 The cares (obj.) of the way. 12 On account of the 
 gates. 13 For the sake of delay. 14 For the sake of 
 punishment. 15 By the flight of the girls. 
 
 Suggestions. Extempore exercises on the words de- 
 clined should be practised so far as possible. 
 
 The vocabularies should be memorized, and con- 
 stantly reviewed. 
 
 Nouns of the Vowel Declension, continued. $ 
 2. Stems in O. 
 
 Learn the paradigm, servus, 38 ; H. 51 ; G. hortus, 
 29. 
 
 Learn the case-endings of the paradigm separately. 
 Like the paradigm, decline the following nouns : 
 
 murus, wall, [im-mure]. filius, son, [filial]. 
 
 vicus, village. annus, year, [annual], 
 
 modus, manner, [mode]. Gallus, a Gaul. 
 
 equus, horse, [equine] . Ro maims, a Roman. 
 
 servus, servant, [serf]. locus, place, [local]. 
 
 numerus, number. \ floca, places (in geogra- 
 gladius, sword, [glad- plurJ phy)> 
 
 iator]. [loci, places (in books). 
 
 The vocative singular of filius is fill. 
 
 The plural form loca is the same in the nom., ace., and voc. 
 
 The above, and most other nouns in -us of the 
 Second Declension, are of the masculine gender ; that 
 is, they require an adjective connected with them to 
 have the masculine form. 
 
 Write the case-endings, and mark the quantity of 
 their vowels. 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 13 
 
 REMARK : When two genitives are used to limit the 
 same noun, the first may be translated by the English 
 possessive, and the second by the prepositions of or 
 for ; as, puellae cura equi, tJu girVs care of (QY for) 
 the horse. The first of these genitives is called subjec- 
 tive, denoting the subject which performs the action 
 expressed by the noun ; the second, objective, denoting 
 the object of that action. 
 
 EULE OF SYNTAX 2, Cause, manner, means, instru- 
 ment, are expressed by the Ablative; as, Gallorum 
 causa, on account of the Gauls ; poenae modo, in the 
 manner of punishment ; f ugae mora, by delay of flight ; 
 gladio, with a sword. 
 
 Exercise 3. 
 
 Translate : 1 Gallorum vicos. 2 Anni mora. 8 Pug- 
 nae modum. 4 Muri cura. 6 Anno. 6 /Vici causa. 
 7 Numero. 8 Copiarum loco. 9 Equorum curae. 10 Ro- 
 manorum filiis. n Equi fuga. 12 Pugnarum loca. 
 13 Galli moram. 14 Servorum fuga. 15 Servi curas. 
 16 Servi curam equi. 17 Gladio. 18 Gladiis. 19 Fos- 
 sarum ripas. 2 Fugae modo. 21 Puellarum modo. 
 22 Romani cura gladii. 28 Poenae loco. 
 
 Exercise 4. 
 
 Translate into Latin: * The swords (obj.) of the 
 Romans. 2 With the servant's sword. 8 For the Gauls' 
 villages. 4 To the Gaul's horse. 6 In the manner of 
 (or, like) a fight. 6 In the place of a horse. 7 By the 
 Romans' delay. 8 By the Roman's flight. 9 In num- 
 ber.- 10 The care (obj.) of the wall. n The son's cares. 
 12 Thou son. 13 Ye sons. 14 The Romans' care for 
 (of) the wall. 15 Like^a punishment. 16 The Gauls' 
 care for (of) the horses. 
 
 A 
 
14 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 Stems in O, continued. 
 
 Learn the paradigms, puer, [puerile] ; ager, 38 ; 
 0.31; H. 51. 
 
 Like puer, decline vir, man, gen. viri, [virile]. 
 
 Like the plural of puer, decline liberi, children. 
 
 The above are all of the masculine gender. 
 
 Learn also the paradigm, bellum, 38 ; G. 29 ; H. 
 templum, 51. 
 
 Like bellum, decline the following nouns : 
 
 imperium, command, empire. ,f proelium, battle. 
 
 initium, beginning, [initial]. scutum, shield. 
 
 oppidum, town. vallum, rampart. 
 
 periculum, danger, [peril]. arma (plur.), arms.^ 
 
 pilum, javelin. castra (plur.), camp. 
 praesidium, defence. 
 
 The nouns in the above vocabulary, and all nouns 
 in -um of the Second Declension, are of the neuter 
 gender. 
 
 Write the case-endings of all the paradigms, and 
 mark the quantity of their vowels. 
 
 REMARK : If the nominative singular ends in -um, 
 the nominative plural ends in -a, and vice versa. 
 
 What three cases of neuter nouns have the same 
 ending? 
 
 CAUTION : Do not translate castra by camps. Cas- 
 tra is plural in form, but singular in meaning. Com- 
 pare the English word wages. 
 
 RULE OF SYNTAX 3, Time when and place where 
 are expressed by the Ablative ; as, initio anni, in the 
 beginning of the year ; castris, in the camp. 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 15 
 
 Exercise 5* 
 
 Translate : * Gallorum agri. 2 Initio belli. 8 Oppidi 
 murum. 4 Scutis * et pilis. 6 Oppidorum fossas et 
 valla. 6 Initia morae. 7 Praesidii causa. 8 Viri liberos. 
 9 Belli mora. 10 Servi curas puerorum. n Oppidi prae- 
 sidia. 12 Scutorum numerum. 13 Castrorum modo. 
 14 Proelii initio. 15 Agri curam. 16 Viros et pueros. 
 17 Viri gladium. 18 Romanorum imperio. 19 Proelii 
 pericula. m Puellarum periculis. 21 Romanorum curam 
 imperii. 
 
 Exercise 6. 
 
 Translate into Latin : 1 The defences of the town. 
 2 In the beginning of the war. 8 With the Romans' 
 shields and javelins. 4 The Romans' care (subj.) of 
 the empire. 6 For the sake of defence. 6 To the fields 
 of the Gauls. 7 By the dangers of war. 8 The manner 
 (obj.) of battle. 9 In the place of a servant. 10 With 
 the arms of boys and men. n For the sake of the chil- 
 dren. 12 In the beginning of the year. 13 By the delay 
 of the boy. 14 To ,the care of the ditch and the ram- 
 part. 15 A number (obj.) of swords and shields. 16 In 
 the manner of a camp. 17 Like a battle. 18 By flight 
 from (of) dangers. 
 
 II. VERBS OF THE VOWEL CONJUGATION. 
 
 The inflection of nouns is termed declension ; the in- 
 flection of verbs is termed conjugation. 
 
 How are the Four Conjugations respectively distin- 
 guished? 122 a. ; G. 116, 117; H. 201. 
 
 The inflection of the verb-stem is effected by (i) 
 Personal Endings; (2) Signs of System, Tense, and 
 Mood; (3) Connecting Vowels. 
 
 * et, conjunction, = and. 
 
1 6 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 Suggestion. Familiarity with the few syllables and 
 letters which form the Signs of Tense and Mood, and 
 the Personal Endings, gives mastery of whatever diffi- 
 culty there is in the Latin Verb. These, therefore, 
 should now be as thoroughly learned as the multiplica- 
 tion table is by a beginner in arithmetic. 
 
 The persons, /, we, you, he, they, are not expressed 
 in Latin by the Personal Pronouns, except when em- 
 phasis or distinction is intended. Generally, they are 
 expressed by the personal endings attached to the 
 stem. These endings are mostly fragments or relics 
 of the original pronouns. 
 
 Personal Endings of the Active Voice. 
 
 INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 -m, -o, -i, / (i) -mus, we. 
 
 -a; perfect, -sti; thou (2) -tis; perfect, -stis ; you. 
 
 -t, he (3) -nt ; perfect, -erunt, -ere, they. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 wanting. (2) -te ; future, -tote, you. 
 
 -to, he. (3) -nto, they. 
 
 Refer to the paradigm of the stem ama-, p. 76 ; G. 
 119, 120; H. 205. 
 
 fthe English, he loves, we love, they love. 
 
 Compare < loves-he, love - we, love-they. 
 
 [the Latin, ama-t, ama-mus, ama-nt. 
 
 REMARK : These endings are the same through all 
 the moods and tenses of all the four conjugations. 
 The infinitive mood only is without them, and hence 
 is called infinitive, or unlimited. 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 17 
 
 Between the personal endings and the stem come 
 the Signs of System, Tense, and Mood. 
 
 The Perfect System of tenses, including all perfects, 
 pluperfects, and future perfects of the Active Voice, is, 
 in the A, E, and I Conjugations, distinguished by the 
 addition of v to the verb-stem. 
 
 So in English the perfect or preterit adds -d or -cd to the 
 present. 
 
 Table of the Tense and Mood Signs, Active. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 Present, . -e-, may or let. 
 
 Imperfect, -ba-, was. -re-, should or would. 
 
 Future, -bi-, shall or will. . 
 
 Perfect, . -eri-,* may have. 
 
 Pluperfect, -era-, had. -isse-, should or 'would have. 
 Future Perfect, -eri-, shall} 
 or will have. ) 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Present, -re, to. Perfect, -isse, to have. 
 
 Observe that the present and perfect infinitive are the same, 
 respectively, as the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive, without 
 personal endings. Also that the imperative present, singular, 
 ama, is the same as the verb-stem. 
 
 Refer again to the paradigm of the stem ama-, and 
 compare the English, we were loving, you will love, 
 
 loving-iv ere-we i love -will -you. 
 
 with the Latin, ama-ba-mus, ama-bi'-tis. 
 
 So, also, compare 
 
 we had loved, you would have loved, 
 
 love - d-had - we, love - d -would-have-you. 
 
 with ama-v-era-mus, ama - v - isse - tis. 
 
 * The beginner will seldom meet with the perfect subjunctive. 
 
1 8 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 The Gerund-ending is -nd-, to which are added 
 four case-endings of the Second Declension, singular ; 
 -i, -o, -urn, -o. 
 
 1. Steins in A. 
 
 Learn the paradigm amo, Active Voice, pp. 76, 77 ; 
 G. 119, 120; H. 205. 
 
 Write the same, marking the quantity of the vowels 
 as in the grammar. 
 Translate the 
 
 present, amo, I am loving, 01 Hove. 
 imperfect, amabam, I was loving, or I loved. 
 perfect, amavi, I have loved, or I loved. 
 Observe that the ending -is, found thus far to be long in 
 nouns, is short in the paradigm of the verb. 
 
 Like amo, inflect in the Active Voice 
 porto, carry, [porter], paro, prepare.^ pugno,^^/. 
 (Stems, porta-, para-, pugna-.) 
 
 EULE OF SYNTAX 4, The Subject of a verb in any 
 mood but the infinitive is in the Nominative ; as, equus 
 portat, the horse carries. 
 
 EULE OF SYNTAX 5, The Direct Object of the ac- 
 tion expressed by a verb is in the Accusative ; as, 
 equus virum portat, the horse carries the man. 
 
 EULE OF SYNTAX 6, The Indirect Object (to or for 
 which a thing is, or is done) is in the Dative ; as, 
 servo poeiiam parat, he prepares punishment for the 
 servant. 
 
 Suggestion. In translating a Latin sentence, look 
 first for the verb. If its ending is of the third person, 
 see if there is a nominative case for its subject. If 
 not, the verb is the first word to be translated. 
 
for Reading Cczsar. 19 
 
 Observe that the Latin present answers equally to 
 the simple and the progressive present in English; 
 as, pugnamus, we fight, or we are fighting. 
 
 CAUTION : Do not translate such a sentence as pueri 
 amant, the boys they love. Omit the they. 
 
 Exercise 7. 
 
 Translate: iPortamus. 2 Parant. 8 Pugnavit. 4 Por^ 
 tate. 6 Paravistis. 6 Pugnabatis. 7 Parato. 8 Parando. 
 9 Portabit. 10 Pugnaveritis. n Paravisse. 12 Pugna- 
 rent. 13 Galli pugnaverunt. 14 Romani bellum para-* 
 bunt. 15 Romani gladiis pugnarent. 16 Equi pueros 
 portant. 17 Romanus pugnandi causa pila portabat. 
 18 Gallorum copiae fugam paravissent. 19 Equos belli 
 causa parabimus. 2 Proelii causa pila paranto. 21 Gla- 
 dios et scuta portemus. 22 Servis poenae moram para-, 
 verit. s 3 Pericula pueris paras. 24 Puellas equis portare 
 paraverant. 
 
 The Arrangement of Words. 
 
 The usual arrangement of a Latin sentence is illus- 
 trated in the preceding Exercise. The subject ', if ex- 
 pressed otherwise than by the personal ending of the 
 verb, comes first. The verb comes last, preceded by 
 its object, or objects, direct or indirect, and by its 
 other modifiers. 
 
 Exercise 8. 
 
 NOTE: Translate let, with the first person, by the present 
 subjunctive; with the third person, by the present subjunctive 
 or future imperative. The milder form of command is in the 
 subjunctive. 
 
 Translate into Latin: 1 They carry arms. 2 He 
 would have prepared defences. 3 You were fighting 
 with swords. 4 The horses would carry the boys and 
 girls. 6 They will have fought with javelins. 6 The 
 
2O Six Weeks Preparation 
 
 forces of the Romans were preparing a camp. 7 In the 
 beginning of the battle they will prepare (for) flight. 
 
 8 On account of the danger, we had prepared arms. 
 
 9 The Gauls would have fought for the sake of (their) 
 children. 10 Fight with swords. n Let us prepare 
 ditches and ramparts. l ' 2 Let us fight. ls Let the ser- 
 vants carry the swords and shields. 
 
 Distinctions in the Use of the Tenses. 
 
 The imperfect indicative, amabam, denotes an ac- 
 tion as going on in the past : / loved, in the sense of 
 / was loving. 
 
 The perfect indicative, amavi, denotes an action sim- 
 ply as past : I loved. 
 
 The perfect, moreover, denotes an action as com- 
 pleted, either in past or in present time ; as, pugnavi, 
 I fought (yesterday, historical perfect), or I have fought 
 (to-day, perfect definite). 115; G. 222, 227,231; H. 
 197, 198. 
 
 Synopsis of Verb-Forms. 
 
 See Part II. for the tables of the forms of the pres- 
 ent and perfect stems, Active Voice. 
 
 Write the synopsis, accordingly, of each stem that 
 is learned. 
 
 Like amo, inflectMn the Active Voice 
 occupo, seize i [occupy], conloco, place, [collocation]. 
 
 impero, command, [imperative]. 
 (Stems, occupa-, conloca-, impera-.) 
 
 REMARK: After impero, the person to 'whom the 
 command is given is in the Dative, as the indirect ob- 
 ject. 
 
 Exercise 9. 
 
 Translate : a Romani Gallorum oppida bello occu- 
 paverant. 2 Praesidia conlocaremus. 3 Servis impera- 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 21 
 
 vissemus. 4 Gallorum vices occupate. 5 Romanorum 
 copiae castra Gallorum occupaverunt. 6 Pueris impera- 
 visti. 7 Praesidia conlocato. 8 Praesidii causa castra 
 conloca. 9 Muros occupando bellum paravit. 10 Im- 
 perii praesidia paraverimus. n Pilis pugnemus. 12 Puel- 
 lis periculorum causa fugam imperaverat. 13 Poenae 
 moram imperabimus. 14 Servus initio fugae equum 
 occupavit. 15 Romani initio anni Gallorum oppida occu- 
 pare parabant. 16 Castra belli modo conlocant. 
 
 Exercise 10. 
 
 Translate into Latin: l Command the servants. 
 2 You have prepared defences for the town. 8 The Ro- 
 mans were seizing the villages of the Gauls. 4 By 
 seizing the towns they were preparing defences. 5 You 
 will place a camp for the sake of defence. 6 We had 
 seized the Romans' swords. 7 The Romans seize the 
 javelins. 8 You were placing the forces. 9 By placing 
 forces they prepared to seize the walls. 10 Let the ser- 
 vants seize the horses. n In the beginning of the bak 
 tie we shall seize the gates of the camp. 12 Let us 
 command delay of battle. 13 He is preparing to place 
 a camp in the manner of war. 
 
 NOTE : The exercises which are lettered a, b, etc., are 
 for those pupils only who need more practice before 
 advancing further. 
 
 Exercise a (optional). 
 
 Translate : a Puellae fugam parant. 2 Equi pueros 
 et puellas portabant. 8 Initia belli parabatis. 4 Moram 
 parabit. 6 Pueris et puellis equos et servos paravimus. 
 6 Equorum numerum paraveramus. 7 Puellarum cura 
 equos paraverat. 8 Pueri pugnavissent. 9 Roman! 
 
22 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 gladiis et pilis pugnant. 10 Oppida imperil causa occu- 
 pavistis. n Moram poenae pararemus. 12 Fugam, 
 pueri, paremus. 13 Fugam, puellae, parate. 
 
 Exercise 6 (optional}. 
 
 Translate into Latin : * You have seized the empire. 
 2 They will fight for the sake of the empire. 8 The care 
 of the servants will have prepared the horses. 4 The 
 boys were fighting. 6 Seize the horses, ye servants. 
 6 The man's horses would have carried the boys and 
 girls. 7 The men are preparing punishments for the 
 servants. 8 In the beginning of the battle we shall 
 prepare to seize the camp of the Gauls. 9 The horses 
 were carrying a number of arms. 10 We would have 
 commanded the boys and girls. u The Romans have 
 prepared to seize the children of the Gauls. 12 By 
 seizing the towns they prepared defences for (of) the 
 empire. 13 Prepare to seize the camp and the arms of 
 the Gauls. 
 
 Exercise c (optional). 
 
 Translate into Latin : 1 We would have seized the 
 fields of the Gauls. 2 Let us prepare defences for the 
 towns. 3 You would have placed the forces. 4 You 
 have commanded delay of flight. 5 By seizing a place 
 for a camp they will have prepared defence. 6 Let 
 us prepare punishment for the Gauls. 7 The servants 
 would have carried the man's children. 8 They had 
 prepared to carry a number of boys. 9 Prepare places 
 for the boys and girls. 10 They had carried swords for 
 the sake of defence. n We shall have seized the Gauls' 
 children. 12 He will have prepared to seize a number 
 of horses. 13 Seize the walls of the towns. 14 In the 
 beginning of the year we shall prepare to place a camp. 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 23 
 
 Verbs of the Vowel Conjugation, continued. 
 
 2. Stems in E. 
 
 For one who has mastered the First, or A, Conjuga- 
 tion, the regular forms of the Second and Fourth, B 
 and I, present no difficulty. 
 
 The Second, or E, Conjugation has these peculiari- 
 ties : 
 
 (1) The tense-sign of the present subjunctive is a, 
 not e, as in the First. Refer to the paradigm, p. 80 ; G. 
 123; H. 207, and compare mone-a-m, etc., with am- 
 e-m, etc. 
 
 (2) Furthermore, the indicative present tense, I sing., 
 retains the stem-vowel, which in the First is lost. 
 Compare mone-o with am-o. 
 
 For the rest, the regular forms of the Second Conju- 
 gation may be obtained from the paradigm of the First 
 Conjugation, by simply substituting the stem in e for 
 the stem in a. This is better than to learn morieo, 
 whose forms, in the perfect system, are less regular. 
 
 Thus inflect in the Second Conjugation, Active, 
 fLeOiVueepiiveep-for. compleo,y//,y#zj^, [complete]. 
 
 deleo, destroy. 
 (Stems, fle-, comple-, dele-.) 
 
 Most verbs of the Second Conjugation follow the formation 
 of moneo. 
 
 It is important, however, first to master the regular forms. 
 
 3. Stems in I. 
 
 The Fourth, or I, Conjugation may be most easily 
 learned in the same way as the Second. 
 
 It forms the present subjunctive with the tense-sign, 
 a, like the Second. It likewise retains the stem-vowel 
 in the present indicative, i sing., audi-o. 
 
24 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 (1) But it forms the future indicative, unlike both 
 the First and Second, with the tense-sign e, instead of 
 bi. Refer to the paradigm, p. 86 ; G. 135 ; H. 21 1, and 
 compare audi-e-mus, audi-e-tis, etc., 
 with ama-bi-mus, ama-bi-tis, etc., 
 
 and dele-bi-mus, dele-bi-tis, etc. 
 
 A further peculiarity of this Fourth future is, that it 
 borrows its first person singular, audi-a-m, from the 
 present subjunctive. 
 
 (2) The only other new feature apparent in the 
 Fourth Conjugation is its connecting vowels, u and e. 
 The connecting vowel u is inserted between the stem 
 and the personal ending in the third person plural of 
 the present indicative and future imperative. The 
 connecting vowel e is inserted between the stem and 
 the tense-sign of the imperfect indicative, also in the 
 present participle and gerund. Refer to the paradigm, 
 and see audi-u-nt, instead of audi-nt; audi-u-nto, not 
 audi-nto; audi-e-bam, not audi-bam; audi-e-ns, not 
 audi-ns ; audi-e-ndi, not audi-ndi. 
 
 Carefully noting these peculiarities, the other forms 
 of the Fourth Conjugation may, like those of the 
 Second, be obtained from the paradigm of the First 
 Conjugation, by simply substituting the stem in i for 
 the stem in a. 
 
 The beginner will do well to inflect the verb audio, 
 hear (stem audi-), in this way, merely referring to the 
 paradigm for the correction of a possible error. 
 
 Like audio [audience], inflect in the Fourth Conju- 
 gation, Active 
 
 munio, [munition], fortify (stem, muni-). 
 
 Write in parallel columns the synopsis of the present 
 system, and then of the perfect system, of a verb of 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 25 
 
 each of the three conjugations, marking the quantity of 
 the vowels, as in the grammar. 
 
 Observe that the ending -is, short in verbs thus far, is long in 
 the present indicative, 2 sing., of the I conjugation (audis). 
 
 RULE OF SYNTAX 7, The subject of the infinitive 
 mood is in the Accusative ; as, pueros pugnare audit, 
 he hears that the boys fight, or are fighting. 
 
 REMARK i. The example just given, translated lit- 
 erally, would signify, he hears the boys to fight. We 
 make better English of it by omitting the sign, to, of 
 the infinitive, and inserting that. 
 
 CAUTION : The word THAT must be supplied in trans- 
 lating before the accusative which is the subject of an 
 infinitive. 
 
 RULE OF SYNTAX 8. Verbs of hearing, seeing, know- 
 ing, and telling are followed by the infinitive with a 
 subject-accusative, to describe a fact ; as, pueros pug- 
 nare audivit, he heard that the boys fought, or were 
 fighting. 
 
 REMARK 2. The pupil will observe, on comparing 
 the examples under Rules 7 and 8, that the change of 
 the leading verb from present to past time requires a 
 change of the Latin infinitive,* in translation, from the 
 present to the imperfect tense of the English indica- 
 tive. 
 
 * The infinitive has only three tenses, while the indicative has six. 
 The present infinitive in Latin may stand for either the present or the 
 imperfect indicative in English; so, too, the Latin perfect infinitive for 
 the English perfect or pluperfect indicative, accordingly as the leading 
 verb denotes present or past time. 
 
26 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 Exercise 11. 
 
 Translate : * Fossas complent. 2 Castra belli modo 
 munient. 3 Oppidum muniunt. 4 Locum munirent. 
 6 Muros delebitis. 6 Castra munietis. 7 Initio belli 
 portas muniebatis. 8 Vicos delebatis. 9 Gallorum 
 liberi flebant. 10 Romani Gallos oppida munire audi- 
 verunt. n Audiebamus Romanes loca occupare, * castra 
 munire. 12 Oppida muris muniverant. 13 Scutis, * 
 pilis, * gladiis, castra compleverant. 14 Castra muni- 
 unto. 15 Romanorum copias delere parate. 16 Romani 
 Gallis imperabunt. 17 Servi curam equorum audiamus. 
 18 Puellae puerorum pericula fleverunt. 19 Galli oppida 
 muniendo moram belli paravissent. 2Q Romanes Gallo- 
 rum agros occupavisse audiemus. 
 
 Exercise 12. 
 
 Translate into Latin : 1 The forces of the Romans 
 will destroy the villages of the Gauls. 2 They have 
 filled the camp with swords, javelins (and) shields. 
 8 Letf the men fill the town with arms. 4 We wept for 
 the punishment of the servants. 6 They had destroyed 
 the camp of the Romans. 6 They are fortifying the 
 town with a wall. 7 The boys will hear and (will) 
 weep. 8 Let us hear-of J the battles of the Romans for 
 the sake of empire. 9 Hear-of the dangers of the way, 
 and carry arms. 10 We hear that the Gauls are fortify- 
 ing the town with a wall. n You will hear that the 
 Romans have destroyed the towns of the Gauls. 12 He 
 heard that the Gauls had filled the ditches, and were 
 preparing || to destroy the rampart. 
 
 * Supply et. 
 
 | See NOTE, preceding Exercise 8. 
 
 \ audio = to hear-of. 
 
 Perfect infinitive, to denote what was done before he heard. 
 
 || Present infinitive, to denote what was going on while he heard* 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 27 
 
 III. CASES WITH PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 (1) When to means towards, or motion to, it is not 
 expressed by the Dative, but by the Preposition ad 
 with the Accusative. 
 
 (2) When with means together with, it is not ex- 
 pressed by the Ablative alone, but by the Preposition 
 cum with the Ablative. 
 
 (3) Without is expressed by the Preposition sine 
 with the Ablative. 
 
 (4) When from means out of, or from out of, it is 
 not expressed by the Ablative alone, but by the Prepo- 
 sition 5 or ex with the Ablative. 
 
 Use e before words beginning with a consonant, and ex 
 before words beginning with a vowel. Compare the English 
 use of the article a or an. 
 
 (5) Place in or on is commonly expressed by the 
 Preposition in, except with a few such words as loco 
 and castris. 
 
 (6) Place into is expressed by in with the Accusa- 
 tive. 
 
 ad, towards, to. in, into, in, on. 
 
 cum, with, together with. non, not (adv.). 
 
 sine, without. -que, and (conj.). 
 
 e, ex, out of, from. sed, but (conj.). 
 
 -que never stands alone, but is always added as an extra syl- 
 lable to the word which, in English, follows and. -que can be 
 used when et would have to be omitted; as, scutis, pilis, 
 gladiisque castra compleverant. See Exercise n. 
 
 He fights on horseback, ex equo pugnat. 
 They fight on horseback, ex equis pugnant. 
 
 Exercise 13. 
 
 Translate : a Castra vallo fossaque sine mora mu- 
 niemus. 2 Galli non sine causa locum in silvis munie- 
 
28 Six Weeks Preparation 
 
 bant. 8 Oppida muris fossisque munite. 4 Gallos ex 
 equis pugnare audivimus. 6 Romanes cum Gallis pug- 
 navisse audiebant. 6 Gallorum fugam e castris in agros 
 audiamus. 7 Gallos ad oppidum arma portare audiunt. 
 8 Oppida muniendo bellum paraverunt. 9 Ex agris in 
 oppidum scuta gladiosque portavissent. 10 Castra in 
 ripa muniremus. 
 
 Exercise 14. 
 
 Translate into Latin : x We were fortifying a place 
 for (of) battle in the woods. 2 The Gauls were prepar- 
 ing to fight on horseback. 3 We will not fortify, but 
 will destroy the towns. 4 They were carrying arms out 
 of the villages into the camp. 6 The Romans fought 
 with the Gauls without cause. 6 Seize a place, fortify a 
 camp, prepare defences. 7 We hear that the Gauls are 
 preparing war. 8 We heard that the Gauls were pre- 
 paring war. 9 You will hear that the Gauls are destroy- 
 ing the villages, and carrying arms into the towns. 
 10 We would have fortified the gates, and carried arms 
 to the wall. n We had heard of the man's flight to the 
 gates of the town. 
 
 IV.- THE COPULA Sum. 
 
 The verb sum, I am, is called the Copula, because it 
 is used most frequently to couple the subject and the 
 predicate ; as, oppidum est munitum, the town is 
 fortified. 
 
 Many tenses of the verb, especially in the Passive 
 Voice, are thus formed by sum coupling a predicate 
 participle with its subject. 
 
 Though sum is irregular, it will be greatly simpli- 
 fied for the beginner, if attention is given to two par- 
 ticulars. 
 
for Reading Casar. 29 
 
 (1) Refer to the paradigm, 1 19 ; G. 1 12 ; H. 204, and 
 observe the tenses of the perfect system, fui, fueram, 
 etc. If in these v- be substituted for fu-, we shall rec- 
 ognize the already familiar forms of the perfect system 
 of the regular verb, -vi, -veram, etc. 
 
 It is supposed that vi is only another form of fui, and that 
 ama-vi = ama-f ui. 
 
 (2) The imperfect and the future, indicative, eram, 
 etc., ero, etc., have already done duty for us as the 
 tense-signs of the pluperfect and future perfect of the 
 regular verb. Likewise, the imperfect subjunctive, 
 essem, etc., as tense-sign of the pluperfect subjunc- 
 tive (isse = esse). 
 
 But observe that the future 3d plur. is erunt, not erint as 
 in the future perfect. 
 
 All that remains unfamiliar, and requires a special 
 exercise of memory, appears in the present indicative 
 and subjunctive, the present and future imperative, the 
 infinitive, and the participle. 
 
 The paradigm of sum should now be learned. 
 
 Observe that, as in the regular verb, the present and perfect 
 infinitive are the same as the imperfect and pluperfect subjunc- 
 tive without the personal ending. 
 
 V. ADJECTIVES OF THE VOWEL DECLENSION. 
 Stems in O and A. 
 
 We have here only a repetition of what has been 
 learned of Nouns. In the Vowel (First and Second) 
 Declension, the form of the Adjective corresponds 
 closely to that of the Noun. Review here the tables 
 of case-endings already learned. 
 
 Remember that nouns in -a of the First Declension 
 are of the feminine gender, and that nouns of the 
 
3O Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 Second Declension are masculine, except those ending 
 in -um, which are neuter. These three genders require, 
 in the Vowel Declension, three corresponding forms of 
 the adjective. 
 
 1. Learn the paradigm bonus, [bonny], 81 ; G. 33; 
 H. 148. 
 
 Suggestion. It is convenient to condense the para- 
 digms of adjectives thus : Nom., bonus, -a, -um ; Gen., 
 boni, -ae, -i ; etc. 
 
 Like bonus, good, decline 
 
 altus, high, deep, [altitude] . 
 
 latus, wide, broad, [latitude]. 
 
 meus (voc. sing, masc., mi), ;///. 
 
 tuus, thy or your (referring to one person). 
 
 amatus, beloved. 
 
 completus, full, finished, [complete] . 
 
 munitus, fortified. 
 
 The last three words in the above vocabulary are the perfect 
 participles of amo, compleo, and munio, respectively, de- 
 clined like adjectives, and often used as such. In like manner 
 are declined ail perfect participles ; as, paratus, from paro ; 
 deletus, from deleo ; etc. 
 
 2. Learn the paradigm miser, [miserable], 82 ; G. 34. 
 Similarly decline liber, free, [liberty], H. 149; and 
 
 asper, rough, severe, [asperity] . 
 
 In these three, the nominative and vocative singular mascu- 
 line, like the paradigm of puer, have no case-ending. 
 
 3. Like the paradigm niger, 82, or piger, G. 34, de- 
 cline the following : 
 
 aeger, sick, H. 150. integer, fresh, unhurt, [integral]. 
 creber, frequent. noster, our, [nostrum]. 
 
 vgster, your (referring to more than one person). 
 
 In these, e is everywhere dropped before r, as in the paradigm 
 ager, except in the nom. and voc. sing, masc., which have no 
 case-ending. 
 
.for Reading Ccesar. 31 
 
 EULE OF SYNTAX 9, An adjective agrees with its 
 Noun in Gender, Number, and Case ; as, servus bonus, 
 puella bona, initium boiium. 
 
 This rule includes all words declined, like adjectives, with 
 more than one set of endings. 
 
 Example of the Combined Declension of an Adjective 
 and Noun. 
 
 murus altus, a high wall, muri alti, high walls. 
 
 muri alti, of a high wall, murorum altorum, of 
 niuro alto, to a high wall. high walls. 
 
 murum altum, a high muris altis, to high walls. 
 
 wall. muros altos, high walls. 
 
 mure alte, thou high wall, muri alti, ye high walls. 
 
 muro alto, with a high muris altis, with high 
 
 wall. walls. 
 
 JSP An adjective commonly stands after its noun, but 
 an emphatic adjective usually before its noun. 
 
 Decline, in like manner, 
 
 silva alta, a tall forest. locus asper, a rough place. 
 vallum latum, a wide praesidium nostrum, our 
 
 rampart. defence. 
 
 oppidum munitum, a copiae vestrae, your 
 fortified town . forces . 
 
 Suggestion. Exercises in combined declension should 
 be continually practised, until the rule of agreement 
 becomes perfectly familiar. 
 
 REMARK i. Adjectives are often used alone, espe- 
 cially in the plural masculine, agreeing with a noun 
 understood. The omitted nouns in such cases signify 
 men, people, soldiers, friends, etc. Examples : boni, 
 good men ; nostri, our soldiers ; etc. 
 
32 Six Weeks Preparation 
 
 REMARK 2. Instead of saying, the boy has a horse, 
 the Romans said, a horse is to the boy, equus puero 
 est. Hence, 
 
 RULE OF SYNTAX 10, Est, aunt, etc., when denot- 
 ing possession, take the dative of the possessor, and 
 the nominative of the thing possessed. 
 
 Such sentences must be turned into English by translating 
 est, etc., by the proper tense of the verb have with the dative as 
 its subject-nominative. 
 
 REMARK 3. Words modifying an adjective or parti- 
 ciple stand between it and its noun ; as, castra in sil- 
 vis altis conlocata, a camp placed in deep woods. 
 
 PHRASES : mea causa, on my account, for my sake. 
 So tut causa, nostra causa, for your sake, for our 
 sake. 
 
 Exercise 15* 
 
 Translate : * In silvis asperis castra munita conlo- 
 caverunt. 2 Romani libera Gallorum oppida occupa- 
 bunt. 8 Castra vallo fossaque munita in silvis altis 
 fuerunt. 4 Loca nostra in muro erunt. 6 Nostri non 
 erant integri. 6 Mea causa fugam parabant. 7 Servum 
 tuum esse aegrum audis. 8 Gallos ex oppido in agros 
 liberos amatos portare audimus. 9 Pugnae crebrae Ro- 
 manis cum Gallis fuerant. 10 Galli copias integras 
 Romanis esse audiebant. n Nostri oppidum muro alto 
 munitum armisque completum occupare parant. ^Nos- 
 tra causa ex equo pugnare parabat. 18 Miseram servo- 
 rum poenam flebamus. 
 
 Exercise 16* 
 
 Translate into Latin : 1 The wars of the Romans 
 with the Gauls were frequent and severe. 2 Destroy the 
 fortified camp of the Gauls. 8 We shall fortify a broad 
 
for Reading Cczsar. 33 
 
 camp with a high rampart. 4 The free towns of the 
 Gauls, fortified with walls and filled with arms, will 
 prepare war. 5 Our (men) were not fresh. 6 Your 
 defences will be in (your) swords and shields. 7 Our 
 town has a high wall. 8 Your servants had fresh horses. 
 
 9 Our (men) will have a severe fight with the Gauls. 
 
 10 They hear that the way is rough. n Rough ways 
 prepare frequent delays. 12 The good men wept-for the 
 miserable punishment of their beloved sons. 13 We 
 have heard that the cares of empire are severe. 
 
 VI. THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 The tenses which belong to the Perfect System in 
 the Active Voice belong to the so-called Supine Sys- 
 tem in the Passive Voice. 
 
 The Supine Stem of the A, E, and I conjugations 
 adds t to the Present Stem ; as, ama-t. 
 
 Compare with this the English perfect participle love-d. 
 
 The Perfect Participle adds to its stem thus formed 
 the case-endings of the Vowel Declension, First and 
 Second; as, amat-us, -a, -um; delet-us, -a, -um; 
 munit-us, -a, -um. 
 
 The Perfect Participle is combined with the pres- 
 ent, imperfect, and future of sum to form the Perfect, 
 Pluperfect, and Future Perfect tenses of the Passive 
 Voice. 
 
 The tenses thus formed are called compound tenses. 
 
 Only the Present System of the Passive has its 
 special personal endings. The tense and mood signs 
 of this system are the same in the Passive as in the 
 Active, except -ri for -re in the infinitive. 
 
34 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 Personal Endings of the Passive Voice. 
 
 INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 (Present System.) 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 r, / (i) -mur, we. 
 
 -ris, -re, thou (2) -mini, you. 
 -tur, he (3) -ntur, they. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 -re, thou (2) -mini, you. 
 
 -tor, he (3) -ntor, they. 
 
 Refer to the paradigm, and compare the Passive 
 Voice with the Active in respect to the personal end- 
 ings ; thus : 
 
 amo, ama-mus, ama-s, ama-t, ama-nt. 
 amo-r, ama-mur, ama-ris, ama-tur, ama-ntur. 
 
 What appears from this to be the characteristic letter 
 of the Passive? 
 
 1. Learn the paradigm of the Passive Voice of amo, 
 pp. 78, 79; G. 121, 122; H. 206. 
 
 Observe that the present imperative singular of the Passive is 
 the same in form as the present infinitive of the Active. 
 
 Like amor inflect portor, paror, occupor. 
 
 2. The Passive, like the Active, of the E and the I 
 Conjugation, is inflected, in verbs of the regular form, 
 like the Passive of the A Conjugation, with the excep- 
 tions already pointed out in the present subjunctive of 
 the E and I stems, and the future indicative and the 
 connecting vowels of the I stems. 
 
 Review here what has been learned of the deviations of 
 these conjugations in the Active Voice from the forms of the A 
 conjugation. See pages 23, 24. 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 35 
 
 The pupil may accordingly inflect the passives de- 
 leor and audior by simply substituting the stems dele- 
 and audi- for the stem ama-, referring to the paradigms 
 of the Second and Fourth Conjugation for the correc- 
 tion of possible errors. 
 
 Synopsis of Forms : See Part II. for the tables of 
 the forms of the present and supine stems, Passive 
 Voice. 
 
 Write the synopsis, accordingly, of each stem that 
 has been inflected in the passive, marking 'the quantity 
 of the vowels, as in the grammar. 
 
 REMARK : It is important for the pupil to note the fact that 
 the English verb has no forms to express incomplete action in 
 the passive voice ; none exactly corresponding to the present, 
 imperfect, and future passive of the Latin. The deficiency is 
 imperfectly supplied by using the past participle in -d, which, 
 however, denotes finished rather than unfinished action. Thus, 
 bellum paratur strictly denotes, war is in process of prepara- 
 tion ; not, is prepared, which signifies that the preparation is 
 already complete. So fossa complebatur signifies, the ditch 
 was in process of filling ; not, was filled : oppidum munietur, 
 the town will be in process of fortification ; not, will be fortified. 
 The only avoidance of these cumbrous expressions, which con- 
 sists with expressing the incompleteness of the action, is by substi- 
 tuting the English active for the Latin passive. 
 
 Suggestion. Practise changing the forms of the 
 active into the corresponding forms of the passive, 
 and likewise the passive forms into those of the active. 
 
 The Principal Parts of the Verb. 
 
 A complete verb has three stems : the present or 
 verb-stem, the perfect stem, and the so-called supine 
 stem, which appears oftenest in the perfect participle. 
 The conjugation of the verb is shown by the vowel 
 
36 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 before -re in the infinitive. To show the several stems 
 and the conjugation, therefore, these four principal 
 parts must be given: the present indicative and 
 infinitive, the perfect indicative and the perfect parti- 
 ciple ; as, amo, amare, amavi, amatus. 
 
 In like manner give the principal parts of the other 
 verbs that have been learned. 
 
 REMARK: The thing by which is expressed by the 
 simple Ablative ; the person by whom is expressed by 
 the Preposition a or ab (Eng. by) with the Ablative. 
 Hence, 
 
 RULE OF SYNTAX 11, The Personal Agent required 
 by the Passive Voice is in the Ablative with a or ab ; 
 as, murus a Romaiiis deletus est, the wall was de- 
 stroyed by the Romans. 
 
 Use a before consonants, ab before vowels, similarly to e 
 and ex. 
 
 Exercise 17. 
 
 [For the sake of practice, a class may be required to substitute 
 for single sentences, here and there, in the remaining Latin exer- 
 cises, one or more sentences of their own composition, using the 
 same words in different forms.] 
 
 Translate : x Arma ex agris in castra munita porta- 
 bantur. 2 Libera Gallorum oppida non sine proeliis 
 crebris a Romanis deleta sunt. 3 Copiae in loco alta 
 silva munito erant conlocatae. 4 Gallorum agri a Ro- 
 manis occupabuntur. 6 Praesidia belli vestra causa 
 pararentur. 6 Oppidorum muri sine mora deleti erunt. 
 7 Fuga tua mea mora parata erat. 8 Non munientur 
 oppida, sed delebuntur. 9 Periculum nostrorum audi- 
 tum est. 10 Oppida armis completa deleantur. n Ser- 
 vorum poenae auditae sunt. 
 
 [For the remaining sentences, consult Tables * and **, follow- 
 ing, and REMARKS.] 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 37 
 
 12 Fossam complere * est occupare oppidum. 13 Im- 
 peril praesidia oppidis occupandis * conlocantur. 14 Bel- 
 lum armis in oppida portandis * paretur. 15 Ex equis 
 a Gallis pugnabitur.** 16 Gladiis a nostris pugnatum 
 est.** 
 
 In the preceding sentences, oppidis occupandis [gerun- 
 dive], is equivalent to oppida occupando [gerund]. So 
 armis portandis = arma portando. See Table * and RE- 
 MARKS. 
 
 * Table of Equivalent Gerundial Forms. 
 [To be committed to memory.] 
 
 [Observe that the nominative case wanting to the 
 gerund is supplied by the infinitive mood used as a 
 subject; likewise the accusative case of the gerund, 
 when not governed by a preposition, is supplied by the 
 infinitive, either as object or subject of a verb.] 
 
 [NoM. Filling a ditch (infinitive), fossam complere]. 
 GEN. Of filling a ditch, fossam complendi, oftener 
 
 fossae complendae. 
 DAT. For filling a ditch [fossam complendo], 
 
 usually fossae complendae. 
 
 [Ace. Filling a ditch (infinitive), fossam complere]. 
 Ace. after a preposition [ad fossam complendum]. 
 
 usually ad fossam complendam. 
 ABL. By, or in, filling a ditch, fossam complendo, 
 
 usually fossa complenda. 
 
 REMARK i. While the gerund, used in only four 
 cases, governs its noun as an object, the gerundive 
 (declined like bonus) agrees, like an adjective, with its 
 noun. 
 
38 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 REMARK 2. In changing the gerund form to the 
 gerundive, the noun takes the case in which the gerund 
 stood, and takes the gerundive into agreement with it. 
 
 Like the preceding, construct the table of equivalent gerun- 
 dial forms in the plural. 
 
 ** Table of the Impersonal Forms of an Intran- 
 sitive Verb. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 PRES. pugnatur, a fight takes place, or there is 
 
 fighting. 
 
 IMPF. pugnabatur, a fight was taking place. 
 
 FUT. pugnabitur, a fight will take place. 
 
 HIST. PF. pugnatum est, a fight took place. 
 PLUP. pugnatum erat, a fight had taken place. 
 
 FUT. PF. pugnatum erit, a fight will have taken 
 
 place. 
 
 Similarly to the foregoing construct the table of the imper- 
 sonal forms of the same verb in the subjunctive and infinitive. 
 
 REMARK : In translating English into Latin there is 
 sometimes the option of using either the impersonal or 
 the personal form. Example : 
 
 _ . , . < nostri pugnabant. 
 Oiir men were fighting, \ 
 
 \ a nostris pugnabatur. 
 
 Exercise 18. 
 
 [Instead of the gerund, use henceforth the gerundive.] 
 
 Translate into Latin : 1 We shall be carried to the 
 gates. 2 The camp will have been fortified with a high 
 rampart and a wide ditch. 8 Our forces would have 
 been prepared to seize the wretched villages of the 
 Gauls. 4 Defences will be prepared by the free towns 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 39 
 
 of the Gauls. 5 The villages of the Gauls will be 
 destroyed by the forces of the Romans. 6 Not flight, 
 but defences are preparing. 7 A place for (of) battle 
 might have been seized without flight. 8 By carrying * 
 arms out of the gates of the town into a fortified camp 
 defences would have been prepared. 9 By filling * the 
 ditches the camp will be seized without a battle. 
 10 The towns, fortified with high walls, and filled with 
 arms, will be destroyed by the fresh forces of the Ro- 
 mans. n The flight of our (men) will be heard (of). 
 
 12 The Romans fought f with swords and javelins. 
 
 13 There-was-fighting \ in rough woods. 14 There-will- 
 be-a-fight on horseback. 15 Fortifying a camp is pre- 
 paring defence [literally, To fortify a camp is to prepare 
 defence] . 
 
 [If the inflections illustrated by the preceding Exercises have 
 been thoroughly mastered, the principal difficulties in the way of 
 a beginner in Latin have been overcome. The Third Declen- 
 sion, however, of nouns and adjectives, presents an important 
 variation from what has been learned hitherto. The similarity 
 of endings in nouns and adjectives of the First and Second De- 
 clensions has thus far been a help to the careful learner. There 
 is nearly the same similarity between the ending of nouns and 
 adjectives of the Third Declension. But this similarity almost 
 wholly ceases, when an adjective of the Third Declension is 
 combined with a noun of the First or Second, and likewise 
 when an adjective of the First or Second is combined with a 
 noun of the Third. But all neuter nouns, or adjectives, of what- 
 ever declension, have the same ending, a, in the nominative, 
 accusative, and vocative, plural.] 
 
 * See Table * preceding. 
 
 t Translate both by the personal and the impersonal form. 
 
 \ See Table ** preceding. 
 
 See Table * preceding. 
 
40 Six Weeks Preparation 
 
 VII. THE CONSONANT (OR THIRD) DECLENSION. 
 1. Nouns. 
 
 Observe that the stem is found generally by dropping the 
 genitive ending -is. 
 
 Learn all the paradigms, especially the following : 
 rex (stem, reg-), king, [regal], 46; G. 54; H. 59. 
 miles (st. milit-), soldier, [military], 46; G. 55 ; H. 58. 
 princeps (st. princip-), chief, [prince], 47; G. 54; 
 
 H. S7 . 
 ordo (st. ordin-), order,\ rank ; like virgo, 49 ; H. 60 ; 
 
 imago, G. 43, I. 
 
 pater (st. patr-), father, [paternal], 50; G. 46; H. 60. 
 turris (st. turn-), F., tower, [turret], 52 ; G. 59 ; H. 62. 
 pars (st. part-), F., part,\ G. 56; like urbs, 54; 
 
 H. 64. 
 corpus (st. corpor-), N., body, [corporal], 49; G. 49; 
 
 H. 61. 
 opus (st. oper-), N., work, [operate], 50; like genus, 
 
 G. 49; H. 61. 
 F. and N. indicate the gender, as feminine or neuter. 
 
 Learn the case-endings, and mark the quantity of 
 their vowels. Observe that the genitive ending -is is 
 short. 
 
 Suggestion. Condense the declension of these nouns 
 as far as possible, thus : 
 
 Nom. Ace. Voc. opus. 
 Gen. operis. 
 
 Dat. operi. 
 
 Abl. opere. 
 
 Nom. Ace. Voc. opera. 
 Plur. -[ Gen. operum. 
 
 Dat. Abl. operibus. 
 
 Sing. 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 41 
 
 2. Adjectives. 
 
 Learn all the paradigms, especially the following : 
 5cer (stem, acri-), sharp, spirited, 84; G. 82 ; H. 153. 
 omnis (st. omni-), all; like levis, 84; facilis, G. 82; 
 
 tristis, H. 154. 
 
 brevis (st. brevi-), short, brief; f like omnis. 
 gravis (st. gravi-), heavy, severe, grave; f like omnis. 
 felix, (st. fello), happy, [felicity], G. 83; H. 156; like 
 
 atrox, 85. 
 amans (st. amant-), loving, H. 157; like egens, 85; 
 
 prudens, G. 83. 
 
 So all present participles, as pugnans, delens, au- 
 diens. 
 vetus (st. veter-), old, ancient, [veteran], 85; G. 83; 
 
 H. 158. 
 
 REMARK: The ending of the present participle is 
 -nt. This, added to the verb-stem, makes the parti- 
 ciple-stem ; as, ama-nt-. 
 
 Condense the declension of these adjectives, as far as 
 possible, thus : 
 
 {Nom. Voc. omnis, omne. 
 Gen. omnis. 
 
 Dat. Abl. omni. 
 Ace. omiiem. 
 
 So in the plural. 
 
 Examples of the Vowel and Consonant Declension 
 
 in Combination. 
 
 Sing. N. cura gravis. miles ndster. 
 
 G. curae gravis. militis nostri. 
 
 D. curae gravi. militi nostro. 
 
 Ac. curam gravem. militem nostrum. 
 
 V. cura gravis. miles noster. 
 
 AB. cura gravi. milite uostro. 
 
42 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 Plur. N. curae graves. milites nostri. 
 
 G. cur arum gravium. mill turn nostrorum. 
 
 D. curis gravibus. militibus nostris. 
 
 Ac. curas graves. milites nostros. 
 
 V. curae graves. milites nostri. 
 
 AB. curis gravibus. militibus nostris. 
 
 Decline, in combination, the following : 
 
 mora brevis, a brief delay. 
 
 silva vetus, an ancient forest. 
 
 equus acer, a spirited horse. 
 
 be Hum grave, a severe war. 
 
 princeps bonus, a good chief. 
 
 pars mea, my part. 
 
 turris alta, a high tower. 
 
 opus nostrum, our work. 
 
 Suggestion. Other examples of combined declension 
 should be practised until the combinations are per- 
 fectly familiar. 
 
 Exercise d (optional). 
 
 Translate : * Militum amantissimorum. 2 Principi- 
 bus melioribus. 8 Militibus acerrimis. 4 Copiarum in- 
 tegriorum. 5 Bello miseriori. 6 Turrium altissimarum . 
 7 In oppido veterrimo. 8 Silvae asperioris. 9 Opere 
 optimo. 10 Pugnae acriori. n Regi felicissimo. 12 Pugna 
 graviori. 13 Mora brevissima. H Omnium ordinum. 
 15 Corporum graviorum. 
 
 Translate into Latin: 1 We shall place higher 
 towers. 2 You have prepared better soldiers. 8 They 
 had destroyed the most ancient towns. 4 Let us fortify 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 43 
 
 the town with higher towers. 5 Let us fill the town 
 with more spirited soldiers. 6 They will fortify the 
 camp with a higher rampart. 7 Prepare a very brief 
 delay. 8 He commands all ranks. 9 They wept-for 
 (their) most loving king. 
 
 \ 
 
 zeroise 19. 
 
 Translate: 1 Princeps militibus pugnantibus im- 
 peravit. 2 A militibus acribus pugnatur.* 8 Bella 
 gravia bonos milites delebunt. 4 Turres altae a militi- 
 bus veteribus in muro erant conlocatae. 5 Fossae 
 altae militum acrium corporibus complentur. 6 Omnia 
 Gallorum oppida sunt deleta. 7 Turribus altis in vallo 
 conlocandis f castra nostra muniemus. 8 Turrim altam 
 in alta ripa conlocarent. 9 Principum cura oppida 
 vetera muniet. 10 Militum amantium corpora in castra 
 portare flentes % paraveramus. n Audiebatis Romano- 
 rum copias gravibus bellis esse deletas. 12 Ab omnibus 
 ordinibus pugnatum est. 13 Gravia militum pericula 
 audiamus. 14 Partem castrorum a nostris occupatam 
 esse audiveramus. 15 Milites acres ad pugnandum 
 esse auditur. 16 Regibus graves esse curas auditum 
 est. 
 
 Exercise 2O. 
 
 Translate into Latin : * The way to the gates was 
 short. 2 The spirited soldiers prepared to place a high 
 
 * What would the personal form be ? See REMARK preceding Exer- 
 cise 1 8. 
 
 t See Exercise 17, Table *. 
 
 J The participle agrees with the subject we, implied in the verb-end- 
 ing. 
 
 The passive of a transitive verb, as audio, is often used imperson- 
 ally, auditur, it is heard, audiebatur, it was heard) etc. 
 
44 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 tower on the rampart. 8 The bodies of the spirited 
 soldiers filled the deep ditches. 4 In ancient wars our 
 towns were seized by the chiefs of the Gauls. 5 Our 
 men were fighting * with fresh forces. 6 The soldiers 
 fighting with swords destroyed all the forces of the 
 Gauls. 7 Old towns were destroyed by the Romans in 
 severe wars. 8 We shall weep-for the happy chief 
 beloved by Gauls and Romans. 9 A broad camp was 
 fortified by the care of our chief in a tall forest. 10 A- 
 fight-took-place in the way. u There-will-be-fighting, 
 not without brief delay, but without flight. 12 A11 
 ranks are prepared for f fighting. 13 We heard that a 
 part of the town had been seized by the king in the 
 beginning of the year. 14 By seizing part of the town 
 the king prepared to fight. 15 It is heard that there-is- 
 fighting. % 16 It was heard that there-had-been-fight- 
 
 VIII. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 How are the Comparative and Superlative formed? 
 89; G. 86; H. 162. 
 
 Compare 
 
 altus, high. brevis, short. 
 
 latus, wide. amans, loving. 
 
 gravis, heavy. felix, happy. 
 
 How do adjectives ending in -er form the Superla- 
 tive? 89, a; G. 88, i ; H. 163, i. 
 
 * Give both the personal and the impersonal form, 
 f Use ad with the gerund. 
 J Pres. inf. 
 Perf. inf. 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 45 
 
 Compare 
 
 miser, wretched. crgber, frequent. 
 
 liber, free. integer, fresh. 
 
 asper, rough. acer, spirited. 
 
 aeger, sick. vetus, old. 
 
 vetus lacks the comparative form in classical Latin. 
 
 Learn the irregular comparison of bonus, good] 
 mains, bad] magnus, great ; parvus, small] multus, 
 much] 90; G. 89; H. 165. 
 
 Declension of the Comparative and Superlative. ^ 
 
 The Superlative of all adjectives belongs to the 
 Vowel Declension, and is declined like bonus, -a, 
 -um. 
 
 The Comparative belongs to the Consonant Declen- 
 sion. 
 
 Learn the paradigm of the comparative, melior, 
 [ameliorate], 86; like altior, G. 87; like tristior, H. 
 154. 
 
 Like the paradigm decline the comparative of each 
 adjective which has been compared. 
 
 EULE OF SYNTAX 12, The Comparative may be fol- 
 lowed by the Ablative signifying than ; as, gladius 
 pilo brevior est, a sword is shorter than a javelin. 
 
 Suggestion. It will be best to learn here from the 
 paradigm moiieo the less regular forms of the E con- 
 jugation. See pp. 80, 81 ; G. 129, 130; H. 207, 208. 
 
 Exercise 21. 
 
 [NOTE : The superlative may often be translated by very with 
 the positive.] 
 
 Translate : * Belli pericula sunt gravissima. 2 Plu- 
 rimi liberi sunt Gallis. 3 Regem monebimus muros 
 
46 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 esse oppido altissimos. 4 Castra latissima vallo fos- 
 saque altissima munientur. 6 Scutum gladio gravius 
 est. 6 Castra loco munitissimo * conlocate. 7 Proelia 
 Gallorum veterum creberrima erant. 8 Castra latiora 
 vallo altiori munitote. 9 Fuga pugna miserior erat. 
 10 Praesidia f optima gladii scutaque sunt. n Oppido 
 nostro occupando praesidium melius paravisti. 12 Op- 
 pidis omnibus occupandis praesidia meliora parabitis. 
 13 Audimus pugnatum esse. 14 Audivimus fugam pugna 
 miseriorem esse. 
 
 Exercise 22. 
 
 Translate into Latin : * We shall prepare better 
 places for our loving soldiers. 2 Swords and shields 
 are better defences than walls. 8 Very { high towers 
 were placed on the rampart. 4 The soldiers of the 
 Romans were happier than the chiefs of the Gauls. 
 6 We seized the smaller camp without delay. 6 Let us 
 warn the boys that the way is not very short. 7 They 
 hear that swords are the best defence. 8 Very severe 
 battles had destroyed very many soldiers. 9 The Ro- 
 mans had fresher forces. 10 The swords of loving sol- 
 diers are the best defence of (their) king. n We 
 fortified the greater camp by placing more and higher 
 towers on the rampart. 12 Warn the chiefs of the 
 Gauls that the Romans' camp is very strongly forti- 
 fied. 13 The Gauls had more children than the Ro- 
 mans. 14 Let the town be fortified for our sake in the 
 best manner. 15 It is heard that the danger is very 
 great. 
 
 * Translate, " very strongly fortified." 
 
 t Praesidia is the subject of sunt. 
 
 \ The superlative is either absolute or relative. Very high is the 
 absolute superlative; highest, the relative superlative: the same form in 
 Latin for both. 
 
 " Romans " must be in the dative, as well as " Gauls." 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 47 
 
 IX. THE CONSONANT (OR THIRD) CONJUGATION. 
 
 The special characteristic of the Third Conjugation 
 is its short connecting vowels, & and i, in the Present 
 System. The Perfect and Supine Systems are quite 
 variously formed. 
 
 A. In the Present System 
 
 The future and present subjunctive signs, e and a, 
 and the connecting vowels, e and u, occur the same as 
 in the Fourth Conjugation. See page 24 (2). But, 
 
 (1) precedes -ris or -re in the present indicative 
 and infinitive, and the imperfect subjunctive. 
 
 (2) I elsewhere precedes the endings (except before 
 -o and -n) of the present indicative and the impera- 
 tive. 
 
 (3) The present imperative active, 2 sing., affixes & 
 to the stem, and the present infinitive passive affixes I. 
 
 B. In the Perfect System 
 
 The sign, v, is very often changed, either to u, as in 
 monui, of the Second Conjugation, or to B. Other 
 variations occur. 
 
 C. In the Sitpine system 
 The sign t is often changed to B. 
 
 Learn the paradigm tego, pp. 82, 83; emo, G. 131- 
 134; rego, H. 209, 210 ; and point out the peculiarities 
 that have been specified. 
 
 i. Inflect in the Third Conjugation, Active, 
 rego (stem, reg-), regere, rexi, rectus, [regulate], rule. 
 dico (st. die-), dicere, dixi, dictus, [dictionary], say. 
 duco (st. due-), ducere, duxi, ductus, [duct], lead. 
 mitto (st. mitt-), mittere, misi, missus, [mission], 
 
 send, throw, dismiss. 
 posco (st. pose-), poscere, poposci, demand, ask-for. 
 
48 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 In the present imperative, active, 2d person singular, dico 
 has die, and duco has due. 
 
 In the perfect active, dixi is for die-si, xnisi for mit-si, 
 rexi for reg--si. 
 
 For poposci, see 124, c\ G. 153, 5 ; H. 255, i. 
 
 2. Inflect the same verbs in the Third Conjugation, 
 Passive. Posco wants the supine system. 
 
 3. Inflect the following participles : 
 
 PRESENT. PERFECT. 
 
 dicens saying. dictus, said. 
 
 ducens, leading. ductus, led. 
 
 mittens, sending. missus, sent. 
 
 pose ens, asking-for. - . 
 
 regens, ruling. rectus, ruled. 
 
 RULE OF SYNTAX 13, Length of Time is expressed 
 by the Accusative ; as, multos annos rexit, he ruled 
 many years. 
 
 Exercise 23. 
 
 Translate: 1 Equos acres esse dixit. 2 Pericula 
 curam poscunt. 8 Castra esse munitissima dixerunt. 
 4 In* poenam poscemini. 5 In Gallos copias misit. 
 6 Militum gladii optimum regis praesidium esse dicun- 
 tur. 7 Integrae Romanorum copiae in libera Gallorum 
 oppida non missae sunt. 8 Milites numerum gladio- 
 rum majorem poposcerunt. 9 Poscite equos, servos, 
 arma. 10 Patres boni filios amantes non gravibus im- 
 periis regunt. n Milites sine mora in castra missi 
 sunt. 12 Copiis integris sine fuga pugnabatur. 13 Mili- 
 tes moram pugnae poscentes in castra minora duxit. 
 14 Curas mittite. 15 Moram, non fugam poscimus. 
 16 Imperii praesidia copiis in oppida mittendis erunt 
 
 * In here means " for "; in the next sentence, " against." 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 49 
 
 parata. 17 Vias esse asperrimas dicitur. * 18 Gallos a 
 principibus acribus regi auditur. 19 Romani plurimos 
 annos a regibus regebantur. 20 Arma mea causa popo- 
 scisse dicerentur. 
 
 RULE OF SYNTAX 14, A word denoting a part is 
 limited by a Genitive denoting the whole ; as, par tern 
 copiarum poposcit, he asked-for part of the forces. 
 
 Exercise 24. 
 
 Translate into Latin : 1 We will ask-for a larger 
 number of javelins and swords. 2 You have sent all the 
 horses out of the town. 8 Our king had ruled very 
 many years. 4 All ranks have asked-for a delay of the 
 war. 5 He said that the cares of empire are very 
 severe. 6 The Gauls are said to be ruled by many 
 chiefs. 7 A very brief delay is asked-for. 8 Our forces 
 will be led into a very strongly fortified f camp. 9 Our 
 soldiers are said to have thrown their javelins without 
 delay. 10 The Romans were said to be sending forces 
 into fortified camps. n Say to your king, that swords 
 are our best defence. 12 It was said that a part of the 
 forces had been sent against J the Gauls. 
 
 The Consonant (or Third) Conjugation, continued. 
 I Stems. 
 
 The peculiarity of this form of the Third Conjuga- 
 tion is that I is added to the stem, 
 
 (i) before o and u in the present indicative and 
 future imperative. 
 
 * Impersonal; see Exercise 19, Note . 
 t See Exercise 21, Note *. 
 | See Exercise 23, Note *. 
 
50 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 (2) before e in the imperfect and future indicative, 
 the present participle, the gerund, and the gerun- 
 dive. 
 
 (3) before a in the present subjunctive. 
 
 In other respects these I stems are inflected like 
 other verbs of this conjugation. 
 
 Learn the paradigm, capio, [captious], p. 83; G. 
 139, 140; H. 218, 219. 
 
 [Observe the difference in quantity between capis 
 and audis, capimus and audimus, capitis and audi- 
 tis, capito, capite, and audito, audite.] 
 
 Suggestion. Compare the paradigms of capio and 
 audio, and point out the similar forms. 
 
 Capio makes many compounds with prepositions, 
 changing the radical syllable CAP to CIP and CEP, as 
 will be seen in the following vocabulary : 
 
 i. Inflect like capio the following, in the Active 
 Voice : 
 
 accipio (ad + capio),- accipere, accepi, acceptus, 
 
 [accept], receive. 
 excipio (ex + capio), excipere, excepi, exceptus, 
 
 [except], meet, catch. 
 recipio (re + capio), recipere, recepi, receptus, 
 
 [receive], recover. 
 suscipio (sub + capio), suscipere, suscepi, suscep- 
 
 tus, [susceptible], imdertake. 
 facio, facere, feci, factus, [fact], do, make, cause 
 
 (imperative second sing, act., fac). 
 
for Reading Cczsar. 51 
 
 Facio also makes compounds, changing FAC to FIC 
 and FEC, as in the following vocabulary : 
 afficio (ad + facio), afficere, affeci, affectus, affect.] 
 conficio (con + facio), conficere, confeci, confec- 
 
 tus, [confectionery], perform, finish, exhaust. 
 efficio (ex + facio), efficere, effeci, effectus, effect.] 
 interficio (inter 4- facio), interficere, interfeci, in- 
 
 terfectus, 'kill. 
 
 2. Inflect all the above verbs in the Passive Voice. 
 
 The passive of facio is wanting in the present sys- 
 tem, except the participle. 
 
 The irregular verb flo is used instead, 142 ; G. 188 ; H. 294. 
 
 Some of the prepositions used to form compound verbs in 
 the preceding vocabularies have been already learned. Of the 
 rest, re signifies back; sub, under; con (same as cum), 
 together ; inter, between. 
 
 Exercise 25. 
 
 Translate : * Milites amantissimi principem felicem 
 accipiunt. 2 Integrae Romanorum copiae Gallos exce- 
 perunt. 3 Castrorum opus muniendorum suscepimus. 
 4 Opus vestrum sine mora conficite. 5 Silvae asperae 
 militibus nostris magnam moram faciebant. 6 Bellum 
 grave confecistis. 7 Curae maximi imperii regendi re- 
 gem optimum* confecerant. 8 Romani Gallos inter- 
 ficere parant. 9 Nostros magnam partem Gallorum 
 interfecisse dicitur. 10 Die principi. n Gallorum copiae 
 a nostris excipientur. 12 Due milites. 18 Fac bellum 
 Gallis. f 14 Causa regis a militibus suscipitur. 15 Op- 
 pidi muniendi opus non susceptum est. 16 Ex equo 
 pugnans interfectus est. 17 Proelii moram esse factam 
 
 * Translate optimus, " excellent" 
 
 t The dative here denotes " against "; .*., for the disadvantage of. 
 
52 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 auditur. 18 Opus breve magna cum cura est confectum. 
 19 Gallorum copiae esse interfectae dicuntur. 20 Curis 
 gravioribus conficeremini. 21 Operis suscipiendi mora 
 principem curis afficit gravibus. 
 
 Exercise 26. 
 
 Translate into Latin: 1 He made a tower higher 
 than the rampart. 2 It is said* that our (men) have 
 caught a part of the horses. 3 We shall not undertake 
 the work of recovering the town. 4 A very severe bat- 
 tle had caused delay to our forces. 5 We shall perform 
 a heavier work. 6 Very many wars have exhausted the 
 Gauls. 7 Our (men) are prepared to kill the Gauls. 
 8 The Gauls will be met by our forces. 9 The work of 
 placing high towers on the rampart had been under- 
 taken by our (men). 10 Our (men) righting on horseback 
 were slain. n Say to your king that the towns have 
 not been recovered. 12 Lead our forces into a more 
 stronglyf fortified camp. 13 You have received the 
 largest part of the empire. 14 Delay in (of) finishing 
 the work has been caused by the flight of the chief. 
 15 The work of fortifying the town will have exhausted 
 our forces. 16 Cause delay of battle by leading our 
 forces into a fortified town. 17 The king, ruling many 
 years, is exhausted by the heaviest cares. 
 
 X. PERSONAL AND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 Learn the paradigms of the Personal Pronouns, ego, 
 tu, sui, 98; G. 98-100; H. 184. 
 
 Sui is to be used only to denote the same person as 
 the subject of the sentence. Sui is therefore called the 
 Reflexive Pronoun. 
 
 * See Exercise 23, Note *, p. 49. 
 f Put munitus in the comparative. 
 
for Reading Cczsar. 53 
 
 REMARK i. The Personal Pronouns, ego, tu, nos, 
 vos, are seldom used in the Nominative except for 
 emphasis or distinction , as the personal ending of the 
 verb indicates the subject. 
 
 Instead of the possessive genitives, mei, tui, sui, etc., the 
 possessive adjectives, meus, tuus, suus, etc., are used. These 
 have already been given among adjectives of the vowel declen- 
 sion. 
 
 The usual pronoun of the Third Person, when the 
 Reflexive is not required, is is, ea, id, commonly 
 classed among the Demonstrative Pronouns. 
 
 Learn the paradigms of the Demonstrative Pronouns, 
 is, hie, iste, ille, ipse, idem, [identity], 101 ; G. 100- 
 102; H. 186. 
 
 Observe that idem is declined by adding the syllable -dem 
 to is (or i), and changing m to n before d. Note also the 
 different quantities of idem, masc., and Idem, neut. ; also of 
 eadem, fern, abl., and eSdem, fern. nom. and neut. pi. 
 
 ipse and idem are sometimes termed intensive or determina- 
 tive pronouns* 
 
 Example of the Combined Declension of a Noun with 
 a Demonstrative Pronoun. 
 
 N. ille miles, that soldier, illi milites, those soldiers. 
 
 G. illius militis. illorum militum. 
 
 D. illi militi. illis militibus. 
 
 Ac. ilium militem. illos milites. 
 
 V. (wanting). (wanting). 
 
 AB. iUo milite. illis militibus. 
 
 REMARK 2. A Demonstrative Pronoun usually pre- 
 cedes its Noun. 
 
54 Six Weeks Preparation 
 
 Decline in like manner 
 
 haec via, this way. id oppidum, that town. 
 
 illud opus, that work. idem bellum, the same war. 
 ipse princeps, the chief eae copiae, those forces 
 
 himself. (plural). 
 
 ipsa causa, the very cause, ea castra, that camp 
 or the cause itself. (plural). 
 
 eaedem copiae, the same forces (plural). 
 eadem castra, the same camp (plural). 
 
 Distinctive Uses: 
 
 Hie denotes what is near, this, these. 
 Hie denotes what is remote, that, those. 
 Iste denotes this-of -yours, that-of -yours. 
 Is denotes that, or the, simply for reference or defi- 
 nition. 
 
 When used without a noun 
 
 Hie means he, in reference to a person near. 
 Ille means he, in reference to a person yonder. 
 Iste means he, in reference to a person who has been 
 
 spoken to. 
 Is means he, without any such special reference. 
 
 Accordingly, hie is called the Demonstrative of the First 
 Person; iste, of the Second Person ; ille, of the Third Person. 
 
 CAUTIONS. I. Translate his, her, their, by the geni- 
 tive ejus, or eorum. But when his, etc., refer to a 
 preceding subject, translate by the proper form of 
 suus, in agreement with its noun. 
 
 2. Likewise translate him, her, them, by eum, earn, 
 eos ; but, when denoting a preceding subject, by se. 
 
 3. So, to him, etc., by ei, iis; but, when denoting a 
 preceding subject, by sibi. 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 55 
 
 REMARK 3. The neuter plural of pronouns and ad- 
 jectives is often used without a noun, where in English 
 the word thing or things may be supplied ; as, 
 haec, these things, or this, bona, good things. 
 ilia, those things , or that. nostra, our things. 
 eadem, the same things, or omnia, all things, every- 
 
 the same. thing. 
 
 A few adjectives of the First and Second Declension 
 substitute for the common case-endings of the genitive 
 and dative singular, in all genders, the pronominal 
 forms -lus and -i. 83, a\ G. 35 ; H. 151. 
 
 Decline accordingly 
 
 nullus, [null], no, no one, not-a. totus, [total], whole. 
 solus, [sole], only, alone. unus, [unit], one. 
 
 Decline in combination the following : 
 nullus locus, no place. totum bellum, the whole 
 
 sola causa, the only war. 
 
 cause. una castra, one camp 
 
 haec causa sola, this (plural). 
 
 cause alone. 
 
 REMARK 4. unus, though singular in meaning, must 
 be plural inform, whenever it has to agree with a noun 
 which, though singular in meaning, is plural in form ; 
 as, una castra, one camp. 
 
 Exercise e (optional). 
 
 Translate: l Hanc viam. 2 His militibus. 8 Hac 
 causa. 4 Illamora. 5 Illamora. 6 In illo bello. 7 Re- 
 gis ipsius. 8 Istud scutum. 9 Huic operi. 10 Horum 
 ordinum. u Militum ipsorum. 12 Eodem in proelio. 
 
56 Six Weeks 1 Preparation 
 
 13 Eadem via. 14 Eadem via. 15 Ejus pugnae causa. 
 16 In iis castris. 17 Unius militis causa. 18 Totius belli 
 cura. 19 Eidem viro ipsi. 
 
 Translate into Latin : * By this way. 2 To that 
 man. 8 Of this town. 4 Of those soldiers. 6 In that 
 town of yours. 6 In the same ditch. 7 For the king 
 himself. 8 Of the chiefs themselves. 9 The care of 
 the same work. 10 By the delay of the same soldiers. 
 11 In this very battle. 12 The danger of this one town. 
 13 The flight of the chief alone. 14 For that whole 
 work. 15 On account of this delay of yours. 
 
 EULE OF SYNTAX 15, A second Dative, denoting 
 purpose or result, is often used with the Dative of the 
 person or thing concerned ; as, murus nobis est 
 praesidio, the wall is {for) a defence to ^ts. 
 
 Exercise 27. 
 
 Translate : a Omnia nostra nobiscum * portamus. 
 2 Omnia sua secum * portavit. 8 Se f aegrum esse dixit. 
 4 Eum f aegrum esse dixisti. 6 Ejus f equum confectum 
 esse dixerunt. 6 Haec mihi multos annos curae fue- 
 runt. 7 Ilia Gallis solis praesidio erunt. 8 Omnia bona 
 iis f fuissent. 9 Easdem curas sibi f esse dicunt. 10 Tibi 
 soli imperas. n Hae turres illis altiores sunt. 12 Nul- 
 lius militis corpus ex illo proelio receptum est. 13 Nullo 
 anno curas graviores suscepimus. 14 Princeps totius 
 operis curam sibi poposcit. 15 Horum castrorum muni- 
 endorum opus a nostris conficietur. 16 Nos tua causa 
 
 * The preposition cum is thus annexed to the ablative of the per- 
 sonal pronouns: not cum me, but mecum, etc. 
 
 f Carefully note the distinction between the reflexive and the demon- 
 strative. 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 57 
 
 ista omnia suscipiemus ; tu nostra * haec confice. 
 17 Hanc partem copiarum in Gallos misimus ; illam in 
 castra vestra duximus. 18 A nobis ipsis ex equis pug- 
 natum erat. 19 Haec regi die ipsi. 
 
 Exercise 28. 
 
 Translate into Latin: a This ditch is wider than 
 that. 2 They say that this way is shorter than that. 
 8 Say this to the king alone. 4 This is said to the sol- 
 dier himself. 5 The Gauls themselves had killed them.f 
 
 6 They said that severe battles had exhausted them.f 
 
 7 The king himself had undertaken the care of that 
 whole empire. 8 To me myself you have said every- 
 thing. 9 Send the same good things tof us. 10 Lead 
 not-a soldier to the gates. n That work of yours was 
 accomplished in the beginning of this year. 12 Those 
 horses of yours will be (for) a care to you. 13 You will 
 be exhausted by these cares of yours. 14 The same 
 rampart will be (for) a defence to the camp and to the 
 town. 15 We will undertake this work with you ; you 
 (will undertake) that with us. 16 For our sake you 
 have done these things; for your (sake ||) we will do 
 the same. 17 The work of placing these towers will be 
 undertaken by the same soldiers. 18 The-battle-will-be- 
 fought T by you alone. 
 
 * Supply causa. 
 
 t See Exercise 27, Note f. 
 
 J See page 27 (i). 
 
 The italicized pronoun is emphatic. 
 
 || See Exercise 27, Note *. 
 
 ir pugno, impersonal. 
 

 f 
 
 58 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 XI. PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 \Periphrastic signifies a roundabout mode of expression.] 
 
 These differ in name, rather than in kind, from what 
 has been already met with in the compound tenses of 
 the passive voice. One tense of the periphrastic con- 
 jugation, indeed, has been already met with, viz., the 
 future infinitive active of all verbs, as amaturus esse. 
 In these compound tenses, to which the name of " peri- 
 phrastic conjugation" is restricted, the participle in 
 -rus and the participle in -dus are combined with the 
 copula sum to express relations for which the simple 
 verb has no special forms. It is in precisely the same 
 way that the participle in -tus is combined with sum 
 in the supine system to supply the deficient forms of 
 the simple verb. Compare these three : 
 
 1. amatUS ( "] beloved, [already loved], i.e., / 
 
 have been loved. 
 
 2. amaturus \ sum, / am \ intending to love. 
 
 3. amandus (^ } W0 rth y to be loved. 
 
 But it will be seen from the above examples that, in the peri- 
 phrastic conjugation, sum and the participles in -rus and -dus 
 retain in their combinations the meanings which they have sepa- 
 rately. In the compound tenses of the passive, on the other 
 hand, sum and the participle in -tus, when combined, have a 
 new and special meaning. Thus, amaturus eram means, / 
 was about to love. But amatus eram means, not / was loved, 
 but, / had been loved. 
 
 Learn the paradigms, 129; G. 149, 150, 239, 243 ; H. 
 233, 234, 466, Note. 
 
 We have here a new use of what we have hitherto 
 known and used as the gerundive. 
 
for Reading Cczsar. 59 
 
 1. The participle in -dus, when used as an attribu- 
 tive adjective, is called the gerundive, and has the 
 active meaning of the gerund ; as, oppidi occupandi, 
 of seizing the town. 
 
 2. But when used as a predicate adjective, it has the 
 meaning of a future passive participle ; as, oppidum 
 est occupandum, the town is to be seized. 
 
 NOTE: amaturus fui is very often translated, I should 
 have loved, like amavissem. 
 
 axnandus fui is very often translated, / should have been 
 loved, like amatus essem. 
 
 But the difference between amaturus fui (when so trans- 
 lated) and amavissem is, that the former expresses an inten- 
 tion which was not fulfilled. 
 
 The difference between amandus fui (when so translated) 
 and amatus essem is, that the former expresses what ought to, 
 or must, have been, and the latter what would have been. 
 
 Inflect the Periphrastic Conjugations, Active and 
 Passive, of the following verbs : occupo, deleo, munio, 
 mitto, facio. 
 
 REMARK i. The tenses of the periphrastic conjuga- 
 tions are inflected through the several persons and num- 
 bers precisely like the compound tenses of the passive 
 voice. Example: amaturus (or amandus) sum, 
 es, est; amaturi sumiis, estis, sunt. 
 
 But fuero is very rarely combined with the participle 
 in -rus. 
 
 REMARK 2. The infinitives of the passive peri- 
 phrastic conjugation, both of intransitive and transi- 
 tive verbs, are used impersonally. (Compare Exercises 
 17, Table**; and 19, Note .) Examples: 
 
 (that it is necessary 
 dixit pugnandum esse, he said < to fight. 
 
 {that (he) must fight. 
 
60 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 f that it is necessary 
 monet dicendum esse, he J to speak. 
 
 warns (us) \ that (we} must 
 
 [ speak. 
 
 REMARK 3. In both the compound and the peri- 
 phrastic forms of the infinitive, esse is very often 
 omitted. Example : 
 
 . < he said that this had been 
 haec facta (esse) dixit, \ 
 
 I done. 
 
 REMARK 4. The passive periphrastic form may 
 often be best translated by an active form in English. 
 Example : 
 
 ( this cause ought to be under- 
 haec causa mihi est J taken by me ; better, 
 
 suscipienda, / ought to imdertake this 
 
 Practise this substitution in the following Exer- 
 cises : 
 
 The preceding examples should be committed to memory. 
 
 RULE OF SYNTAX 16, With the participle in -dus 
 the Agent is in the Dative ; as, mihi pugnandum est, 
 / must fight. 
 
 Exercise 39. 
 
 [NOTE: Translate the participle in -rus by intending-to or 
 going-to^ 
 
 Translate: 1 Isti milites haec castra munitissima 
 mecum sunt occupaturi. 2 Gallorum principes haec no- 
 bis dicturi erant. 3 Te Gallis ipsis bellum (esse) facturum 
 dixerunt. 4 Haec tibi curae futura * sunt. 6 Vos ilia 
 omnia confecturos (esse) audiveramus. 6 Rex haec in 
 
 * See paradigm of sum. 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 6 1 
 
 bonam partem * accepturus esse dicitur. 7 Eos vallum 
 turribus altioribus munituros esse auditur. 8 Omnia 
 tibi erunt facienda. 9 Praesidia belli meliora paranda 
 erant. 10 Ex equis pugnandum est. n Audient sibi 
 pugnandum esse. 12 Cura horum operum nobis fuit 
 suscipienda.f 13 Omnia tua tibi tecum portanda (esse) 
 dixit. 14 Mora pugnae vobis non est facienda. 15 Id 
 oppidum veterrimum nobis est delendum. 16 Ipsi sine 
 mora se interfecturi fuerunt. f 
 
 Exercise 3O. 
 
 Translate into Latin : * We are going to carry all 
 our things with us. 2 They were going to kill the king 
 himself. 3 You ought to be led with us into the same 
 town and by the same way. 4 He said that he J was 
 intending to make war. 5 Those very ancient towns 
 ought not to be destroyed by our chief. 6 That whole 
 work is going to be (for) a care to you. 7 Our cause 
 ought to be heard by you, and yours by us. 8 They 
 said that they J alone were going to fight on horseback. 
 9 You ought to hear || this for my sake. 10 We have 
 been warned that we must speak. n They heard that 
 they \ must fight. 12 We ourselves ought to make war. 
 13 We heard that they If would have taken** everything 
 in good part. 14 Our king is intending to send not-a 
 soldier to that war. 
 
 * In bonam partem accipere = " to take in good part." 
 t See Note on amaturus and amandus fui, fine print, page 59. 
 \ Reflexive. 
 
 Your agreeing with cause understood. A noun, already just used, 
 is omitted in Latin, as in English. See Exercise 27, Note *. 
 || See REMARK 4, page 60. 
 IT Not reflexive. 
 ** See Exercise 29, Note t 
 
62 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 XII. PARTICIPLES AND PARTICIPIAL PHRASES. 
 
 An important peculiarity (or idiom) in which the 
 Latin differs from the English is in the use of partici- 
 ples and participial phrases, where the English uses 
 clauses ; that is, verbs in agreement with nominative 
 cases. Thus, milites in oppidum accept! princi- 
 pem interfecerunt would be best rendered in Eng- 
 lish, "the soldiers, when they had been received into 
 the town, killed the chief. Compare the follow- 
 ing: 
 
 A. milites opus susceptum confecerunt, trans- 
 lated, 
 
 T .. n ( The soldiers finished the undertaken 
 
 i . Literally < 
 
 ( work ; 
 
 better, 
 
 (The soldiers finished the work which 
 they had undertaken ; or, 
 The soldiers undertook and finished 
 the work. 
 
 B. Romani Gallos exceptos interficiunt, trans- 
 lated, 
 
 T T't II J The Romans kill the Gauls having 
 
 \ been caught; 
 
 better, 
 
 f The* Romans kill the Gauls when they 
 
 have caught them ; or, 
 2. Idiomatically 
 
 [ 
 
 Gauls. 
 
 292; G. 667, 671; H. 549,4, 5. 
 Commit the preceding examples to memory. 
 
for Reading Casar. 63 
 
 Exercise 31. 
 
 Translate the following participles idiomatically : 
 1 Principes milites receptos monebat. 2 Oppida a 
 Gallis in silvis asperrimis conlocata sumus occupa- 
 turi. 8 Galli pila a militibus in oppidum missa exci- 
 piebant. 4 Pila excepta mittuntur. 5 Corpora militum 
 interfectorum sunt recipienda. 6 Haec a te dicta nos 
 cura gravissima afficiunt. 7 Romani oppida capta dele- 
 bant. 8 Castra a Romanis vallo alto munita capta 
 erunt. 9 Romani turres ipsas a Gallis conlocatas dele- 
 turi fuerunt captas. 
 
 Exercise 32. 
 
 Translate into Latin, rendering the italicized words 
 by participles: 1 We will catch the javelins which 
 have been thrown by the Romans. 2 They have destroyed 
 the defences which had been prepared by the Romans. 
 8 The soldiers will weep for the chief who has been 
 killed by the servants. 4 The Romans took and de- 
 stroyed the towns of the Gauls. 6 The soldiers recov- 
 ered and wept (over) the body of the chief who had 
 been killed. 6 They will catch and kill the soldier. 
 
 The Ablative Absolute. 
 
 The constantly recurring participial phrase is called 
 the ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. Instead of a noun in the 
 nominative case with a verb in agreement, the noun 
 (or pronoun) is put in the ablative case with a participle 
 in agreement. The ablative noun and its participle 
 are, however, to be translated just like the nominative 
 case and its verb, a conjunction (when, after, while, 
 because, if, although, and the like) being prefixed. 
 See 255 ; G. 408, 409 ; H. 431, i, 2. 
 
64 Six Weeks Preparation 
 
 The participles thus employed are the present (in 
 -ns), and oftener the perfect (in -tus) ; rarely the 
 others. 
 
 1 . Examples with perfect participles : 
 
 bello facto, after war had been made. 
 castris munitis, when the camp had been fortified. 
 turri conlocata, after a tower had been placed. 
 praesidio parato, when defence had been prepared. 
 militibus missis, when soldiers had been sent. 
 
 The same examples may also be rendered participi- 
 ally ; as, having made war, or after making war ; hav- 
 ing fortified a camp, or the camp being fortified, etc. 
 
 2. Examples with present participles : 
 
 principe imperante, while the chief was commanding, 
 
 or under command of the chief. 
 me dicente, while I was speaking. 
 flentibus nostris, while our {friends) were weeping. 
 
 Commit the preceding examples to memory. 
 
 Like the foregoing examples, i and 2, translate the 
 following clauses introduced by italicized conjunc- 
 tions : 
 
 Exercise 33. 
 
 [NOTE : Only a noun or pronoun other than the subject of 
 the leading verb can be used in the ablative absolute.] 
 
 1 After the forces had been led to the gates, the 
 Romans took the town. 2 When the town had been 
 destroyed by the Romans, the chief was killed. 3 Be- 
 cause the chief had been killed, the Gauls wept. 
 4 While our men were fighting, a beginning of flight 
 
for Reading Cczsar. 65 
 
 was made by the Gauls. 6 While you were asking-for 
 delay, the town was filled with soldiers. 6 Although 
 we were preparing defences, the town was taken by the 
 king. 
 
 XIII. SUPPLEMENTARY. 
 
 As introductory to the concluding Exercise, or to the 
 first lesson in Caesar, learn the following : 
 
 1. The Fourth and Fifth Declensions of Nouns, 68, 
 69, 72, 73; G. 67-70; H. 116, 118, 120, 123. 
 
 2. Numerals, up to ten, 94, a, b> c\ G. 92, 93 ; H. 
 174, 175- 
 
 3. Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns, 
 103, 104, 105, a-d\ G. 103-105. H. 187-190. 
 
 4. The Comparison of Adverbs, 92 ; G. 91 ; H. 306. 
 
 5. Deponent Verbs, 135; G. 211, 141-148; H. 231, 
 232. 
 
 6. Abbreviated Forms, 128, a\ G. 151 ; H. 235, 238. 
 
 Suggestions. As to Deponent Verbs, if the other 
 paradigms of verbs have been well mastered, it is 
 hardly necessary to do more than to read the depo- 
 nent paradigms aloud in the class, giving the meaning 
 of each form, according to the rule, that a deponent is 
 a verb with passive form and active meaning. 
 
 For the tables of the Synopsis of Deponent Verbs, see Part II. 
 
 Irregular and Defective Verbs and Nouns may be 
 learned best by taking them one by one, as they occur 
 in daily reading. 
 
 Exercise / (optional} . 
 [See the Vocabulary following.] 
 
 Translate : 1 Una erat magno usui res praeparata a 
 nostris. 2 Magna pars diei jam consumpta erat. 8 His- 
 
66 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 rebus fiebat." 4 Caesar duas cohortes constituit. 
 5 Caesar tres legiones misit. Q Insula natura est tri- 
 quetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam. 7 Caesar 
 se cum sola decima legione dixit iturum, 6 cui c maxime 
 confidebat. 8 Si quid his accidit, eundem casum ferunt. d 
 9 Caesar suis imperavit, ne quod telum in hostes rejice- 
 rent.* 10 Aliquos ex navi egredientes conspexerant. 
 11 Quaecumque bella geri vis, e sine ullo labore tuo ego 
 conficiam. 12 Caesar aliquid novi consilii/ a barbaris 
 inhume esse suspicabatur. 13 Dumnorigi custodes 
 ponit, ut quae agat, A quibuscum loquatur,* scire pos- 
 sit.-f'* 14 Caesar constituit, quid vectigalis/ Britannia 
 penderet* 15 Remis contendit, ut earn partem insulae 
 caperet,* qua optimus esset l egressus. 
 
 Vocabulary to Exercise f. 
 
 [The figures indicate the declension or conjugation : n. = neuter.] 
 usus, 4, use. constituo, 3, -i, -tus, station, 
 
 prae-paro, I , prepare. determine. 
 
 jam, already. legio, 3, legion (5000 men), 
 
 consume, 3, -psi, -ptus, con- insula, I, island. 
 
 sume. natura, I, nature. 
 
 Caesar, 3, Ccesar. triquetrus, -a, -um, triangu- 
 
 cohors, 3, cohort (500 men). lar. 
 
 a Fio, 142; G. 188; H. 294. 
 b Eo, 141; G. 185; H. 295. 
 c " In which," 227; G. 345; H. 385, II. 
 d Fero, 139; G. 186; H. 292. 
 e Volo, 138; G. 189; H. 293. 
 /2i6, 3; G. 371; H. 397, 3. 
 g In-eo, 141; G. 185; H. 295. 
 h 334; G. 469; H. 529, I. 
 i quibuscum = cum quibus. 
 j 120, b\ G. 115; H. 290, II. 
 k 317; G. 545; H. 497, II. 
 / 342; G. 631; H. 529, II. 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 
 
 latus, g. lateris, 3, n. side. 
 
 contra, opposite. 
 
 Gallia, I, Gaul. 
 
 decimus, -a, -um, tenth. 
 
 maxima, most. 
 
 con-fido, 3, -fisus, confide. 
 
 ac-cido, 3, -i, happen. 
 
 casus, 4, lot. 
 
 ne quis, that not any. 
 
 telum, 2, missile. 
 
 hostis, 3, enemy. 
 
 re-jicio, 3, -jeci, -jectus, throw 
 back. 
 
 navis, 3, ship. 
 
 e-gredior, 3, -i, -ssus, go out, 
 disembark. 
 
 con-spicio, 3, -exi, -ectus, be- 
 hold. 
 
 gero, 3, gessi, gestus, wage. 
 
 ullus, -a, -um, any. 
 
 labor, 3, labor. 
 
 novus, -a, -um, new. 
 
 consilium, 2, plan. 
 
 barbari, 2, plural, barbarians. 
 
 in-eo, 4, enter into, devise. 
 
 suspicor, i, suspect. 
 
 Dumnorix, 3, Dumnorix. 
 
 custos, 3, guard. 
 
 pono, 3, posui, positus, set. 
 
 ut, so that. 
 
 ag 3, egi, actus, do. 
 
 loquor, 3, -i, locutus, speak. 
 
 scio, 4, know. 
 
 vectigal, 3, n. tribute. 
 
 Britannia, I, Britain* 
 
 pendo, 3, -i, -sus, pay. 
 
 remus, 2, oar. 
 
 con-tendo, 3, -i, -tus, endeavor. 
 
 qua, where. 
 
 egressus, 4, landing. 
 
 XIV. DIRECTIONS FOR BEGINNING TO READ. 
 
 [The following suggestions are offered to those who may not 
 find accessible the book referred to in the Preface, as a helpful 
 sequel to these Exercises.] 
 
 The best reading book is the Latin author himself. 
 Easier steps for the beginner are made by no " Reader," 
 than any teacher may make for his class by selecting at 
 first the simple sentences of Caesar, postponing those 
 that are more complex and difficult, until a little prac- 
 tice has been gained, and the formidable look, which a 
 Latin author at first wears to a beginner, has worn off. 
 It is better for beginners to postpone the First Book 
 of Caesar, replete with speeches in indirect discourse, 
 
68 Six Weeks' Preparation 
 
 until the Second, Third, and Fourth have been read. 
 As a suggestion of the way in which progressive read- 
 ing lessons may be made off-hand by every teacher, 
 according to the varying capacity of his pupils, the 
 second section of the Second Book of Caesar's Gallic 
 War is here presented, passing by the first section as 
 too complex in its construction for present use. 
 
 Brackets indicate the sentences selected for reading. 
 The notes indicate grammatical points to be referred to 
 by the teacher. 
 
 [His nuntiis litterisque comm5tus Caesar duas legi- 
 ones in citeriore * Gallia novas * conscripsit,] et inita 
 aestate, in interiorem Galliam qui deduceret, [Quin- 
 tum Pedium legatum f misit.] Ipse, cum primum pa- 
 buli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit: [datj 
 negotium Senonibus reliquisque Gallis, qui finitimi 
 Belgis f erant,] uti ea, quae apud eos gerantur, cogno- 
 scant, seque de his rebus certiorem faciant. [Hi con- 
 stanter* omnes nuntiaverunt, manus || cogi, exercitum 
 in unum locum conduci.] Turn vero dubitandum non 
 existimavit, quin ad eos proficisceretur. [Re frumen- 
 taria comparata, castra movet, diebusque circiter quin- 
 decim ad fines || Belgarum pervenit. 1"] 
 
 The third and fourth sections, and the first part of 
 the fifth section, may be skipped, on account of the 
 indirect discourse which they contain ; also the four- 
 teenth section, and likewise, perhaps, the twenty-fifth. 
 
 * Comparison. 
 
 f Rule for case. 
 
 \ Formation of perfect tense. 
 
 Rule for construction of relative. 
 
 || Gender and rule. 
 
 IT How recognized to be a present tense. 
 
for Reading Ccesar. 69 
 
 The omissions becoming less frequent, and the selec- 
 tions gradually including the more difficult subjunctive 
 and infinitive constructions, nearly the whole of the 
 last third of the book may be read unbroken, and a 
 review will quickly supply the omitted portions. 
 
 XV. RECOMPOSITION. 
 
 Constant practice in turning English into Latin is 
 indispensable to permanent mastery of the inflectional 
 forms. More is requisite for this than a weekly exer- 
 cise in some manual of Latin Prose Composition. The 
 Latin read each day furnishes material for a few sen- 
 tences of English to be turned back into Latin. In 
 this Recomposition, the vocabulary is before the eye, 
 and nothing is necessary but to make changes in voice, 
 tense, case, etc. 
 
 For example : out of the first three of the preceding 
 bracketed selections, a number of sentences like the 
 following may be made : 
 
 These tidings disturbed Caesar. Two new legions 
 had been enrolled by Caesar. Two lieutenants will be 
 sent. The business has been committed to the neigh- 
 boring Belgians. 
 
 The preferableness of these impromptu exercises, 
 varying with successive classes, and avoiding the evil 
 of inherited copies, is at once apparent. Similar exer- 
 cises in recomposition may be practised upon every 
 author that is read. After sufficient facility is gained, 
 such exercises may be wholly impromptu, and done at 
 sight in every lesson. 
 
PART II. 
 
 FOR BEGINNERS IN CESAR. 
 
PART SECOND. 
 
 HINTS FOR HELP IN TRANSLATING. 
 
 READ through each sentence, before translating it, 
 pronouncing every word ; and looking, first for the 
 verb, or, if there are several verbs, for the leading 
 verb. If the verbs are of different moods, the lead- 
 ing verb, except in indirect discourse, will commonly 
 be in the indicative. 
 
 After finding the verb, look to see whether its sub- 
 ject is expressed, or whether it is merely implied in 
 the termination of the verb. 
 
 Whether the subject is expressed, or merely im- 
 plied, look next for the modifiers of the subject. 
 Then look for the modifiers of the verb : the adverb, 
 if any, first; then the direct object, either an accu- 
 sative or a clause ; then the indirect object, genitive, 
 dative, or ablative. 
 
 The subject of any verb may be found by throwing 
 the verb into the form of a question, preceded by 
 what ; as, erat, was WHAT was ? 
 
 The subject of a verb used impersonally, must be 
 supplied from the verb itself; as, provisum est 
 (literally, it has been provided), provision has been 
 made. 
 
74 Hints for Help in Translating. 
 
 Accurate translation depends specially on noticing 
 these things ; viz., the case- en dings, the personal end- 
 ings, and the signs of voice, system, tense, and mood. 
 
 A literal translation is often awkward English ; 
 therefore, after getting the literal sense, put it into 
 the best English that preserves the exact meaning of 
 the Latin. 
 
 The Relative Pronoun, Qui, is often used in Latin 
 to connect sentences which, in English, are con- 
 nected by a conjunction. The relative is, in such 
 connections, generally translated by a conjunction, 
 with a demonstrative pronoun of the same number, 
 gender, and case as the relative : 
 
 'et is, and he: Quos quum conspexisset. Caes. 
 
 B. G. I. xlvii. 
 sed is, but : QUOD ubi Caesar resciit. B. G. I. 
 
 xxviii. 
 si is, if : QUOD commodo reipublicae facere 
 
 posset. B. G. I. xxxv. 
 ut is, that : Misit QUI cognoscerent. B. G. I. 
 
 xxi. 
 quum is, since - : Qui Ariovistum recepissent. 
 
 B. G. I. xxxii. 
 though : GUI rationi locus fuisset 
 
 B. G. I. xl. 
 nam ia,for : Cum decima legione de QUA non 
 
 dubitaret. B. G. I. xl. 
 
 The Interrogative Pronoun, Quis, is to be trans- 
 lated by the Indefinite any, after si, if, nisi, unless ; 
 ne, that not; also, num; and the prefixes, ec- 
 and ali-. Likewise, the interrogative adverbs, quo, 
 
Hints for Help in Translating. 75 
 
 whither ? quando, when ? ubi, where ? become in- 
 definite after the same particles and prefixes. 
 
 Neque is used to signify and not, or but not, when 
 an indicative follows j but, when a subjunctive fol- 
 lows, neve or neu. 
 
 Ut generally signifies that, before a subjunctive 
 (that not, before verbs of fearing) ; but, before an 
 indicative, it is commonly translated by as or 
 when. 
 
 Dum generally signifies until, before a subjunc* 
 tive; but, before an indicative, it generally signifies 
 while. 
 
 In translating the partitive genitive, after a neuter 
 adjective or pronoun, of, as the sign of the genitive, 
 should generally be omitted ; as, plus doloris, more 
 grief; quantum boni, how much good. 
 
 Quum, followed by a pluperfect tense denoting 
 time, may often be translated by the participle hav- 
 ing; as, quum vidisset, having seen. 
 
 The subjunctive with ut or qui, denoting purpose, 
 must often be translated by the English infinitive, 
 but sometimes by a participle ; as, 
 
 Huic permisit, uti legionem collocaret, 
 
 He gave him permission TO STATION the legion. 
 
 Equitatum, qui hostium impetum sustineret, misit, 
 , He sent the cavalry TO WITHSTAND the onset of the 
 enemy. 
 
 eo consilio, ut Caesarem intercluderet, 
 with the design OF CUTTING Ccesar off. 
 
76 Hints for Help in Translating. 
 
 The subjunctive with ne, denoting a negative pur- 
 pose, is likewise often to be translated by the English 
 infinitive, with not ; as, 
 
 Suis imperavit, ne quod telum in hostes rejicerent, 
 
 He ordered his men NOT TO THROW any missile back at 
 the enemy 
 
 The subjunctive with ne, quin, or quominus, after 
 deterreo, prohibeo, and other verbs of hindering, is 
 to be translated by from with a participle ; as, 
 
 deterrere ne major multitude transducatur, 
 to deter a greater number FROM CROSSING. 
 deterrere quin cum his consentirent, 
 to deter FROM JOINING THE LEAGUE with these. 
 
 When a double dative occurs, the sign to or for 
 must be omitted before the dative of service, or must 
 be substituted by as, 
 
 Amicitiam populi Roman! sibi ornamento et prae- 
 sidio, non detrimento, esse oportere, 
 
 The friendship of the Roman people ought to be to him 
 an honor and defence, not a detriment. 
 
 Decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit, 
 
 He sent the tenth legion AS a reinforcement to (or, to 
 reinforce) our men. 
 
 For the idiomatic translation of impersonal and 
 participial constructions of various kinds, see pp. 
 37> 3 8 > 59> 6o > 62 > 6 4- 
 
Rules for the Order of Words. 77 
 
 RULES FOR THE ORDER OF WORDS IN 
 LATIN SENTENCES. 
 
 1. The subject is placed first ; the verb, if not 
 
 emphatic, last : CAESAR duas legiones CON- 
 SCRIPSIT. 
 
 2. The verb, if emphatic, comes earlier, some- 
 
 times even first : Mosa PROFLUIT ex monte 
 Vosego. REPERIEBAT in quaerendo Caesar. 
 
 3. Emphatic words precede the less emphatic words 
 
 connected with them : Earn partem minime 
 FIRMAM hostium esse animadverterat. But 
 any word, except the verb, may be placed for 
 emphasis at the end. 
 
 4. Oblique cases precede the words which govern 
 
 them, but follow prepositions : DOMUM reverti 
 coeperunt; Trans ID FLUMEN. 
 
 5. A genitive, depending on a neuter pronoun or 
 
 adjective, follows it : Quid sui CONSILII sit 
 ostendit. 
 
 6. A genitive (not objective), limiting a noun with 
 
 which an adjective is joined, follows the ad- 
 jective, and precedes the noun : Maximus 
 MILITUM numerus. 
 
 7. If a subjective and an objective genitive limit 
 
 the same noun, the subjective precedes the 
 noun, and the objective follows it : Pro veteri- 
 bus HELVETIORUM injuriis POPULI ROMANI. 
 
 8. Demonstrative pronouns, adjectives when em- 
 
 phatic, numerals, correlatives, and adjectives 
 which denote a part of their subject, precede 
 
78 Rules for the Order of Words. 
 
 their nouns : IPSA victoria. Quum legiones 
 MAGNUM spatium abessent. DECEM dies. TA- 
 Lis vir. De MEDIA nocte. 
 
 9. Infinitives precede the verbs on which they de- 
 pend : Castra MUNIRE jussit. 
 
 10. A very short word, connected with a very long 
 
 word, precedes it : VIR fortissimus. 
 
 11. Adverbs regularly stand immediately before the 
 
 words which they modify: Hostes REPENTE 
 CELERITERQUE procurrerunt. 
 
 12. Autem, enim, and vero, but, follow the first 
 
 word of their clause. When the first two 
 words belong together, or when one of them 
 is the verb sum, autem, &c., may stand third. 
 
 13. Quidem, indeed, and quoque, also, follow the 
 
 word to which they give emphasis. Ne qui- 
 dem, not even, takes the emphatic word be- 
 tween ne and quidem. 
 
 14. The enclitics, que, ne, ve, are usually subjoined 
 
 to the first word in their clause. 
 
 TABLE OF CORRELATIVES. 
 
 who, qui. whither, quo. how y quam. whence, unde. 
 
 is. thither^ eo. so, tarn. thence* inde. 
 
 he, or hie. where, ubi. when, quum. of what kind, qualis. 
 
 that. iste. there, ibi. then, turn. of such kind, talis. 
 
 ille. 
 
 how great, quantus. how many, quot. how often, quoties. 
 
 so great, taiitus. so many, tot. so often, to ties. 
 
 WITH COMPARATIVES. IN CO-ORDINATE CLAUSES 
 
 quo eo . , or quanto tanto. cum turn . 
 
 the the . not only but also. 
 
The Formation of Words. 79 
 
 THE FORMATION OF WORDS. 
 
 [For particulars, consult the Grammar. The following table explains 
 the formation of words only so far as exemplified in Caesar.] 
 
 A. Nouns are formed as follows : 
 
 [A dot underneath a letter of the stem indicates that it disappears 
 in the derivative.] 
 
 I. FROM NOUN STEMS. 
 
 1. Quantitative, denoting small size (diminutives) : 
 
 STEM. SUFFIX. 
 
 adolescent, youth, -ulus, adolescentulus, very young man 
 
 lingua, tongue, -ula, lingula, little tongue. 
 
 8ag9, mantle, -ulum, sagulum, short cloak 
 
 navi, ship, -cula, navicula, skiff. 
 
 2. Qualitative, denoting some characteristic : 
 
 sen, old man, -atus, senatus, senate. 
 
 hered, heir, -itas, hereditas, inheritance. 
 
 sagitta, arrow, -anus, Sagittarius, archer. 
 
 via, way, -ator, Viator, wayfarer* 
 
 fimda, sling, -itor, funditor, slinger. 
 
 client, client, -ela, clientela,/ra/^/w. 
 
 virp, man, -tua, Virtus, bravery. 
 
 testi, witnes^ -imonium, testiinonium, testimony. 
 
 II. FROM ADJECTIVE STEMS. 
 Abstract nouns : 
 
 STBM. 
 
 bono, good, 
 Iiber9, free, 
 pio, dutiful, 
 juveni, young, 
 Clement, clement, 
 tristi, sad, 
 molli, weak, 
 magno, great, 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 -itas, 
 -tas, 
 -etas, 
 -tua, 
 -ia, 
 -itia, 
 -ities, 
 -itudo, 
 
 bonitas, goodness. 
 libertas, liberty. 
 pietas, dutifulness. 
 
 Juventus, youth. 
 dementia, clemency. 
 tristitia, sadness. 
 mollities, weakness. 
 ZUagnitudO, greatnesi 
 
8o 
 
 The Formation of Words. 
 
 III. FROM VERB STEMS. 
 [(s) signifies the supine stem.] 
 I. Denoting the action of the verb, abstractly : 
 
 STEM. 
 
 ama, love, 
 impera, order, ) 
 init (s.), enter, \ 
 leg, collect, J 
 stat{s.), Jte</ s ) 
 junct (s. ),/?/*, 
 Viet (s.), live, 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 -or, 
 -ium, 
 
 -io, 
 
 -ura, 
 
 -us, 
 
 amor, love. 
 imperium, command, 
 initium, beginning. 
 legio, legion. 
 statio, station. 
 junctura, junction. 
 Victus, living. 
 
 2. Denoting the Result, Means, or Agent of the action : 
 
 flu, flow, -men, 
 
 impedi, hinder, -menturn, 
 
 pa, feed, -bulum, 
 
 recepta, take back, -culum, 
 
 jaci, throw, 
 Simula, imitate, 
 cub, lie down, 
 rapi, seize, 
 port a, carry, 
 Viet (s.), conquer, 
 
 -ulum, 
 
 -cruno, 
 
 -lie, 
 
 -ma, 
 
 -orium, 
 
 -or, 
 
 flumen, stream. 
 impedimentum, hindrance. 
 pabulum, fodder. 
 receptaculum, retreat. 
 jaculum, javelin. 
 simulacrum, likeness. 
 CUblle, resting-place. 
 rapma, plunder. 
 
 portorium, toll. 
 victor, conqtteror. 
 
 B. Adjectives are formed as follows : 
 I. FROM NOUN STEMS. 
 I. Denoting Quality : 
 
 STEM. 
 
 ped, foot, 
 auxilio, aid, 
 ira, anger, 
 terra, earth, 
 equo, horse, 
 liguo, wood, 
 bello, war, 
 puero, boy, 
 reg, 'king, 
 
 periculo, danger, 
 diu (abl. case), long. 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 -alis, pedalis, of a foot. 
 
 -aris, auxiliaris, auxiliary. 
 
 -cundus, iracundus, irascible. 
 
 -enus, terrenus, of earth. 
 
 -ester, equ ester, equestrian. 
 
 -eus, ligneus, wooden. 
 
 -icus, bellicus, warlike. 
 
 -ilis, puerilis, childish. 
 
 -ius, regius, royal. 
 
 -6sus, periculosus, dangerous. 
 
 -tinus, diutinus, lasting. 
 
The Formation of Words. 8 1 
 
 2. Denoting Relation : 
 
 Roma, Rome, -anus, Romanus, Roman. 
 
 , ala, wing, -arius, alarius, on the wings. 
 
 Avarico, A varicum, -ensis, Avaricensis, of A varicum^ 
 
 ali9, other, -enus, alienus, of another. 
 
 Galto, Gaul, -icus, Qallicus, Gallic. 
 
 tnari, sea, -timus, maritimus, maritime 
 
 II. FROM ADJECTIVE STEMS. 
 
 repent, sudden, -mus, repentmus, sudden. 
 
 paPVO, small, -ulus, parvulus, pretty sntatt+ 
 
 III. FROM VERB STEMS. 
 
 1. With Active signification : 
 
 STEM. SUFFIX. 
 
 fer, bear, -ax, ferax, fertile. 
 
 Cupi, desire, -idus, Cupidus, desirous. 
 
 vaca, be empty, -UUS, vaCUUS, empty. 
 
 2. With Passive signification : 
 
 horre, dread, -bills, horribilis, horrible. 
 
 dedit (s.) surrender, -icius, dediticius, surrender^ 
 
 faci, makti -ills, facilis, easy. 
 
 exim, take out, -ius, eximius, choice. 
 
 oapt (s.), take, -ivus, captlvus, captive. 
 
 IV. FROM PARTICLES. 
 
 STEM. SUFFIX. 
 
 tontra, opposite, -arius, contrarius, contrary. 
 
 clam, secretly, -destmus, clandestmus, secret. 
 
 C. Verbs are formed as follows : 
 
 I. FROM NOUN AND ADJECTIVE STEMS. 
 
 STEM. SUFFIX. 
 
 nomin, name, j nomino, name. 
 
 aequx>, equal, \ aequo, make equal. 
 
82 Formation by Composition. 
 
 II. FROM VERB STEMS. 
 
 I. Frequentative: 
 
 vers (s.), trirn, -o, versor (dep.), move about. 
 
 clam a, cry, j clamito, bawl. 
 
 vent (s.), come, ) ' ventito, come often. 
 
 laci, draw, -esso, lacesso, attack. 
 
 ad-ole, increase^ -SCO, adolesco, grow up. 
 
 D. Adverbs are formed from adjective stems, as follows: 
 
 STEM. SUFFIX. 
 
 1 caut9, cautious, -6, caute, cautiously. 
 
 2 prudent, prudent, -er, prudenter, prudently. 
 2 forti, brave, -ter, fortiter, bravely. 
 
 antique, ancient, -itus, antiquitus, anciently. 
 
 paulo, little, -atim, paulatim, gradually. 
 
 passo, spread, -im, passim, here and there. 
 
 1 Mostly from Declension II. 2 Mostly from Declension III. 
 
 Many adverbs are merely cases of nouns, pro- 
 nouns, or adjectives. 
 
 FORMATION BY COMPOSITION. 
 
 Many compound verbs are formed by prefixing to 
 the simple verb a preposition with an adverbial sig- 
 nification. The following prepositions are thus used 
 in Caesar : 
 
 a -|- verto, turn OFF, avert. 
 
 ab + duco, lead AWAY, withdraw. 
 
 * ad -f- cedo, go TO, approach. 
 
 ante + fero, bear BEFORE, prefer. 
 
 circum -)- munio, wall AROUND, fortify completely. 
 
 *con (i.e., cum) -f- loco, place FIRM, establish, station. 
 
 de + pello, drive AWAY. 
 
 e + venio, comt OUT, result, happen. 
 
Formation by Composition. 83 
 
 * ex -f- fero, carry FORTH, raise, publish. 
 
 * in -f- rumpo, break IN. 
 
 inter + facio (p 84, 2), kill (make IN PIECES). 
 
 * ob -f- curro, run TOWARD, meet. 
 post -f- pono, put AFTER, postpone. 
 
 prae -f- claudo (p. 84, 4), close BEFORE, block up. 
 praeter + mitto, pass BY, omit. 
 pro + eo (prod-eo),-0 FORTH. 
 
 * sub + teneo, hold UNDER, sustain, resist. 
 super + sedeo, refrain from (sit ABOVE.) 
 
 * See rules for assimilation in the Grammar. 
 
 Also the following prefixes, which are not used 
 except in compound words : 
 
 di + rapio (p. 84, 2), tear ASUNDER, ravage, pillage. 
 
 dis + cedo, go ASUNDER, depart. 
 
 por + rego (p. 84, i), stretch FORTH, extend. 
 
 re + verto, turn BACK, return. 
 
 Ted + eo, go BACK, return. 
 
 se + vooo, call ASIDE. 
 
 Some of the above prefixes have special meanings 
 in connection with adjectives^ especially in, per, 
 and sub : 
 
 in + commodus, NOT convenient. 
 
 per -f- pauci, VERY few. 
 
 sub + dolus, SOMEWHAT crafty. 
 
8 4 
 
 Vowel Changes in Composition. 
 
 VOWEL CHANGES IN COMPOSITION. 
 
 I. IN THE STEM OF THE PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 [The figures denote the conjugation.] 
 
 1. a is changed to e, in the following : 
 
 damno, I, con-denino, condemn. 
 
 arceo, 2, ex-erceo, exercise. 
 
 carpo, 3, de-cerpo, pluck off. 
 
 gradior, 3, trans-gredior, pass over. 
 
 patior, 3, per-petior, suffer patiently. 
 
 rego, 3> por-rigo, extend. 
 
 scando, 3, ad-scendo, ascend. 
 
 spargo, 3, ad-spergo, besprinkle. 
 
 2. a is changed to i, in the following : 
 
 habeo, 2, pro-hibeo, prevent. 
 
 ago, 3, red-igo, reduce. 
 
 cado, 3, in-cido, fall upon. 
 
 facio, 3, per-ficio, perform. 
 
 frango, 3, per-fringo, break through. 
 
 jacio, 3, ob-jicio, throw against. 
 
 rapio, 3, di-ripio, pillage. 
 
 statuo, 3, in-stituo, institute, undertake, 
 
 tango, 3, con-tingo, touch, happen. 
 
 salio, 4, de-silio, leap down. 
 
 3 ae is changed to i, in the following : 
 
 aestimo, i, ex-istimo, reckon. 
 caedo, 3, oc-cido, slay. 
 quaero, 3, con-quiro, seek out. 
 
 4. au is changed to u, in the following : T- 
 claudo, 3, iiiter-cludo, cut off. 
 
Vowel Changes in Composition. 85 
 
 5. e is changed to i, in the following : 
 sedeo, 2, ob-sideo, blockade. 
 emo, 3, dir-imo, break off. 
 lego, 3, de-ligo, choose. 
 premo, 3, op-primo, crush. 
 specie, 3, per-spicio, see through. 
 
 6. ua is changed to u, in : 
 quatio, 3, per-cutio, strike. 
 
 7. Those compounds of do which are of the Third Con- 
 jugation change to e, in the present infinitive, and to i, in the 
 perfect and perfect participle; as, 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datus, 7V<?. 
 
 per-do, per-dere, per-didi, per-ditus, destroy. 
 
 II. IN THE PERFECT AND SUPINE STEMS, vowel changes 
 take place according to the following rule : 
 
 When a, ae, or e, in the present stem of the simple verb, is 
 changed in the compound to i, i is retained in the perfect and 
 supine stems of the compound, if the supine stem of the sim- 
 ple verb is dissyllabic ; as, 
 
 HABE-O, HABU-i, HABIT-US. 
 
 pro-HiBE-o, pro-HiBU-i, pro-HiBiT-us. 
 
 But if the supine stem of the simple verb is monosyllabic, 
 the perfect stem of the compound verb (i) usually retains 
 the vowel of the simple verb, but (2) sometimes changes a or 
 e to i; while (3) the supine stem of the compound is always 
 formed in e ; as, 
 
 1. FACI-O, FEC-i, FACT-US. 
 
 per-Fici-o, per-FEC-i, per-FEcr-us. 
 
 2. TENE-O, TENU-1, TENT-US. 
 SUS-TINE-O, SUS-TINU-1, SUS-TENT-US. 
 
 3. RAPI-0, RAPU-1, RAPT-US. 
 
 di-RiPi-o, di-RiPU-i, di-REPT-us. 
 
86 Syllable Changes. 
 
 SYLLABLE CHANGES. 
 
 Simple verbs of conjugations i, 2, and 3 sometimes redupli- 
 cate the perfect stem, by prefixing to their initial consonant that 
 consonant, with either the vowel that follows it or e: as, 
 curr-o, cu-cuRR-i; fall-o, fe-FELL-i. 
 
 Compound verbs omit this reduplication, except the 
 compounds of do, sto, disco, posco, and some compounds 
 of curro. 
 
Tables of the Synopsis of Verbs. 87 
 
 TABLES OF THE SYNOPSIS OF VERBS. 
 
 First Conjugation. 
 
 Present Stem, ending in a 
 characteristic. 
 
 Perfect Stem, ending iu T 
 characteristic. 
 
 Active. 
 
 Passive. Deponent. 
 
 A ctive. 
 
 
 Pr. 
 
 amO 
 
 amor 
 
 hortor 
 
 ( 
 
 Pf. 
 
 amavi 
 
 
 Imp. 
 
 amabam 
 
 amabar 
 
 hortabar 
 
 IND.< 
 
 P.Pf. amaveram 
 
 
 F. 
 
 amabb 
 
 amabor 
 
 hortabor 
 
 ( 
 
 F.Pf. 
 
 amavero 
 
 j 
 
 Pr. 
 
 amem 
 
 amer 
 
 hotter 
 
 ( 
 
 Pf' 
 
 amaverim 
 
 SUB. j 
 
 Imp. 
 
 amarem 
 
 amarer 
 
 hortarer 
 
 SUB. j 
 
 P.Pf. 
 
 am a vis s em 
 
 ( 
 
 Pr. 
 
 ama 
 
 amare 
 
 hortare 
 
 INF. 
 
 Pf' 
 
 amavisse 
 
 IMP. j 
 
 F. 
 
 amato 
 
 amator 
 
 hortator 
 
 
 
 
 INF. Pr. 
 
 amare 
 
 amari 
 
 hortari 
 
 
 
 
 PART "~ 
 
 fT. 
 
 am axis 
 
 
 r a 
 
 
 
 
 GKR. 
 GER'VB. 
 
 amandi 
 
 amandus 
 
 hortaudl 
 hortandus 
 
 
 
 
 For signs of System, Tense, and Mood, see pp. 17, 33. 
 
 Supine System, ending in t 
 characteristic. 
 
 Active. 
 
 Deponent. 
 
 PART. F. amaturus 
 
 hortaturus 
 
 INF. F. amaturus esse 
 
 hortaturus esse 
 
 SUP. amatum 
 
 hortatum 
 
 Passive. 
 
 
 !Pf. amatus sum 
 
 hortatus sum 
 
 P.Pf. amatus eram 
 
 hortatUS erara 
 
 F.Pf. amatus ero 
 
 hortatus ero 
 
 ( Pf. amatus sim 
 
 hortatus sim 
 
 B " (P.Pf amatus essem 
 
 hortatus essem 
 
 ( Pf. amatus esse 
 
 hortatus esse 
 
 ( F. ainatu.nl iri 
 PART Pf. amatus 
 
 hortatus 
 
 SUP. amatu 
 
 hortatu 
 
Tables of the Synopsis of Verbs. 
 
 Second Conjugation. 
 
 Present Stem, ending in e 
 characteristic. 
 
 Perfect Stem, ending in V 
 characteristic. 
 
 {Pf. delevi 
 P.Pf. deleveram 
 F.Pf. delevero 
 
 SUB ( Pf ' deleverim 
 i P.Pf. delevissera 
 
 INF. Pf. deleviase 
 
 For signs of System, Tense, and Mood, see pp. 17, 33. 
 For likeness and unlikeness to the A Conjugation, see pp. 
 3> 34- 
 
 Active. 
 
 Passive. Deponent. 
 
 )Pr. 
 
 deleo 
 
 deleor 
 
 vereor 
 
 Imp. 
 
 delebam 
 
 delebar 
 
 verebar 
 
 F. 
 
 delebo 
 
 delebor 
 
 verebor 
 
 SUB. \ Pr ' 
 
 deleam 
 
 delear 
 
 verear 
 
 ( Imp. 
 
 delerem 
 
 delerer 
 
 vererer 
 
 (Pr. 
 
 dele 
 
 delere 
 
 verere 
 
 IMP. j p 
 
 delete 
 
 deleter 
 
 veretor 
 
 INF. Pr. 
 
 del ere 
 
 deleri 
 
 vereri 
 
 G__ 
 
 /q^lo-n/li 
 
 
 vere 
 
 ER. 
 
 GBR'VB. 
 
 aeieucu 
 
 delendus 
 
 verendi 
 verendus 
 
 Supine System, ending in t 
 
 characteristic. 
 A ctive. 
 
 PART. F. deleturus 
 INF. F. deleturUfS esse 
 SUP. deletum 
 
 IND. 
 
 SUB. 
 
 IN 
 
 IF. 
 
 PART. Pf. 
 SUP. 
 
 Passive. 
 
 Pf. deletus sum 
 P.Pf. deletus eram 
 F.Pf. deletus ero 
 Pf. deletus sim 
 
 deletus essem 
 deletus esse 
 deletum iri 
 deletus 
 deletu 
 
 \ P.Pf. 
 
 Deponent. 
 veriturus 
 veriturus esse 
 veritum 
 
 veritUS sum 
 veritus eram 
 veritUS ero 
 veritus sim 
 veritus essem 
 veritus esse 
 
 veritus 
 veritu 
 
 Peculiarity : stem-vowel e shortened to i in verit. 
 
Tables of the Synopsis of Verbs. 89 
 
 Fourth Conjugation. 
 
 Present Stem, ending in l 
 characteristic. 
 
 Perfect Stem, ending in V 
 characteristic. 
 
 Active* 
 
 Passive. Deponent. 
 
 
 [Pr. audio 
 
 audior 
 
 partiOP 
 
 Pf. audivi 
 
 IND. 
 
 Imp. audiebam 
 
 audiebar 
 
 partiebar IND. 
 
 P.Pf. audiveram 
 
 
 F. audiam 
 
 audiar 
 
 partiar 
 
 F.Pf. audivero 
 
 
 !Pr. audiam 
 
 audiar 
 
 partiar SUB. 
 
 Pf. audiverim 
 
 
 Imp. audirem 
 
 audirer 
 
 partirer 
 
 P.Pf. audi vis sera 
 
 
 Pr. audi 
 
 audire 
 
 partire INF. Pf. audivisso 
 
 
 F. audito 
 
 auditor 
 
 partitor 
 
 INF. 
 PART* 
 
 Pr. audire 
 Pr. audieiis 
 
 audiri 
 
 partiri 
 
 
 
 
 parti n 
 
 GKR'VB. 
 
 audiendus 
 
 partiendus 
 
 For signs of System, Tense, and Mood, see pp. 17, 33. 
 For likeness and unlikeness to the E Conjugation, see pp. 
 23, 24, 34. 
 
 Supine Stem, ending in t 
 characteristic. 
 
 Active. 
 
 PART. F. auditurus 
 INF. F. auditurus esse 
 SUP. auditum 
 
 IND. 
 
 SUB. 
 
 INF. 
 
 PART. 
 SUP. 
 
 rtissi-ue. 
 
 {Pf. auditt 
 P.Pf. auditrj 
 F.Pf. auditu 
 
 Passive. 
 
 ;ditus sum 
 iditus eram 
 F Pf. auditus ero 
 ( Pf. auditus sim 
 ( P.Pf. auditus essem 
 ( Pf. auditus esse 
 ( F. auditum iri 
 Pf. auditus 
 auditu 
 
 Deponent, 
 partiturus 
 partiturus esse 
 partitum 
 
 partitus sum 
 partitus eram 
 partitus ero 
 partitus sim 
 partitus essem 
 partitus esse 
 
 partitus 
 partitu 
 
9 Tables of the Synopsis of Verbs. 
 
 Third Conjugation, I. 
 
 Present Stem, ending in a 
 consonant. 
 
 Perfect Stem, ending in S 
 characteristic. 
 
 
 A ctive Passive. 
 
 Deponent* 
 
 
 
 
 {Pr. regO regor 
 
 labor 
 
 (Pf- 
 
 rexi 
 
 IND. 
 
 Imp. regebam regebar 
 
 abebar 
 
 IND. \ P.Pf. 
 
 rex eram 
 
 
 F. regam regar 
 
 abar 
 
 ( F.Pf. 
 
 rex ero 
 
 SUB. 
 
 J Pr. regam regar 
 
 abar 
 
 ( Pf- 
 
 rexerim 
 
 
 j Imp. regerem regerer 
 
 aberer 
 
 \ P.Pf. 
 
 rexissem 
 
 IMP. 
 
 ( Pr. rege regere 
 
 abere 
 
 INF. Pf. 
 
 rexisse 
 
 
 j F. regito regitor 
 
 abitor 
 
 
 
 INF. 
 
 Pr. regere. regi 
 
 abi 
 
 
 
 PART. 
 GER. 
 
 
 abens 
 abend! 
 
 
 
 
 GER'VH. regendus abendus 
 
 For signs of System, Tense, 
 
 and Mood 
 
 , see pp. 17, 
 
 33- 
 
 For peculiarities of Conjugation, see p. 
 
 47- 
 
 
 
 Supine System, ending in 
 
 t or S 
 
 
 
 
 characteristic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 A ctive. 
 
 
 Deponent. 
 
 
 
 PART. F. recturus 
 
 
 lapsurus 
 
 
 INF. F. recturus esse 
 
 lapsurus esse 
 
 
 
 SUP. rectum 
 
 
 lapsum 
 
 
 
 Passive. 
 
 
 
 
 
 !Pf. rectus sum 
 
 
 lapsus sum 
 
 
 
 P.Pf. rectus eram 
 
 
 lapsus eram 
 
 
 
 F.Pf. rectus ero 
 
 
 lapsus ero 
 
 
 
 ( Pf. rectus sim 
 SUB < 
 
 
 lapsus sim 
 
 
 
 ( P.Pf. rectus essem 
 
 
 lapsus essem 
 
 
 
 ( Pf. rectus esse 
 
 INF. f -rtnm iri 
 
 
 lapsus esse 
 
 
 
 ( f. rectu.ni in 
 PART. Pf. rectus 
 
 
 lapsus 
 
 
 
 SUP. rectu 
 
 
 lapsu 
 
 
 In 
 
 . . ( rect = 
 the analysis, j lapg = 
 
 reg + t 
 lab + s. 
 
 
 
Tables of the Synopsis of Verbs. 91 
 
 Third Conjugation, II. 
 
 Present Stem, ending in a consonant, 
 with suffixed i before a, O,U, e. 
 
 A ctive. Passive. Deponent. 
 
 Perfect System, Stem length- 
 ened. 
 
 {" 
 
 Pr. 
 
 capio 
 
 capior 
 
 gradior ( 
 
 (Pf- 
 
 cepi 
 
 
 Imp. 
 
 capiebam 
 
 capiebar 
 
 gradiebar IND. < 
 
 P-Pf- 
 
 ceperam 
 
 
 F. 
 
 capiam 
 
 capiar 
 
 gradiar 
 
 \F.Pf. 
 
 cepero 
 
 SUB. J 
 
 Pr, 
 
 capiam 
 
 capiar 
 
 gradiar SUB 
 
 (Pf- 
 
 c'perim 
 
 
 Imp. caperem 
 
 caperer 
 
 graderer i 
 
 \ P.Pf. 
 
 cepissem 
 
 IMP. ] 
 
 Pr. 
 
 cape 
 
 capere 
 
 gradere INF. 
 
 Pf 
 
 cepisse 
 
 
 F. 
 
 capito 
 
 capitor 
 
 graditor 
 
 
 
 INF. 
 
 Pr. 
 
 capere 
 
 capi 
 
 gradi 
 
 
 
 PART. 
 
 Pr. 
 
 capiens 
 
 
 gradiens 
 
 
 
 
 GBR. 
 
 
 capiendi 
 
 
 gradiendi 
 
 
 
 
 GER'VB. 
 
 capiendus gradiendus 
 
 For signs of System, Tense, and Mood, see pp. 17, 33. 
 For peculiarities of Conjugation, see pp. 47, 49, 50. 
 
 Supine System, ending in t or S 
 characteristic. 
 
 Active. 
 PART. F. capturus 
 INF. F. capturus esse 
 SUP. captum 
 
 Deponent^ 
 gress urus 
 gressurus esse 
 gressum 
 
 
 Passive. 
 
 
 IND. 
 
 SUB. 
 
 IMP. 
 
 PART. 
 SUP. 
 
 {Pf. captus sum 
 P.Pf. captus eram 
 F.Pf. captus ero 
 j Pf. captus sira 
 / P.Pf. captus essem 
 ( Pf. captus esse 
 i F. captum iri 
 Pf. captus 
 captu 
 
 gressus sum 
 gressus eram 
 gressus ero 
 gressus sim 
 gressus essem 
 gressus esse 
 
 gressUS 
 gressu 
 
 In the 
 Towel. 
 
 analysis, gress = 
 
 grad + s, with a c 
 
 change of 
 
9 2 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 VOCABULARY OF FIVE HUNDRED COMMON WORDS, 
 
 MOSTLY SELECTED AS THEY OCCUR IN CAESAR, I-IV. 
 [To be committed to memory, with the principal parts.] 
 
 VERBS OF THE A (FIRST) CONJUGATION. 
 
 hortor, exhort. 
 fugo, rout. 
 moror, delay. 
 vaco, be vacant. 
 juvo, aid. 
 postulo, demand. 
 maiido, enjoin. 
 praedico, affirm. 
 veto, forbid. 
 versor, move about. 
 vito, shun. 
 dimico,yf^/. 
 servo, preserve. 
 tento, try. 
 cunctor, delay. 
 volo, fly. 
 lavo, wash. 
 recuso, refuse. 
 oro, beseech. 
 propinquo, approach. 
 judico, judge. 
 dubito, doubt. 
 neco, put to death. 
 praedor, plunder. 
 comitor, accompany* 
 
 mercor, traffic. 
 porto, carry. 
 epecto, look. 
 juro, swear. 
 sto, stand. 
 vagor, rove. 
 firmo, strengthen. 
 conor, endeavor. 
 probo, prove. 
 spero, hope. 
 damno, condemn. 
 cogito, think. 
 cito, rouse. 
 arbitror, consider. 
 paro, prepare. 
 
 aestimo, reckon. 
 nuntio, announce. 
 mature, hasten. 
 rogo, ask. 
 puto, suppose. 
 tempero, restrain. 
 impero, command. 
 nego, say not. 
 impetro, obtain. 
 vastor, devastate. 
 do, give. 
 appello, address. 
 
 laudo, praise. 
 ligo, bind. 
 
 VERBS OF THE E (SECOND) CONJUGATION. 
 
 teneo, hold. moveo, move. 
 
 habeo, have. pendeo, hang. 
 
 suadeo, advise. video, see. 
 
 doleo, grieve. videor, seem. 
 
 pateo, lie open. \ jubeo, order. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 93 
 
 spondee, promise. 
 stadeo, be eager for. 
 caveo, be on one's guard. 
 oportet, one ought. 
 licet, one may. 
 taceo, be silent. 
 valeo, be strong. 
 audeo, dare. 
 augeo, aitgment. 
 faveo, favor. 
 vereor, fear. 
 pleo, fill. 
 fleo, weep. 
 censeo, determine. 
 sedeo, sit. 
 
 praebeo, afford. 
 jaceo, lie, be situated. 
 timeo, fear. 
 debeo, owe. 
 soleo, be wont. 
 doceo, teach. 
 urgeo, push. 
 lateo, be hidden. 
 noceo, hurt. 
 voveo, vow. 
 rideo, laugh. 
 maneo, remain. 
 polliceor, promise. 
 arceo, repel. 
 careo, lack. 
 
 VERBS OF THE I (FOURTH) CONJUGATION. 
 
 eo, go. 
 
 orior, rise. 
 
 potior, become master of. 
 
 venio, come. 
 
 munio, fortify. 
 
 metior, measure. 
 
 sentio, feel. 
 
 reperio, find. 
 
 aperio, open. 
 
 vincio, bind. 
 experior, try. 
 impedio, embarrass. 
 ordior, begin. 
 scio, know. 
 salio, leap. 
 mentior, lie, falsify. 
 servio, serve. 
 
 VERBS OF THE CONSONANT (THIRD) CONJUGATION. 
 
 divide, divide. 
 fero, bear. 
 colo, cultivate. 
 gero, carry on. 
 tendo, stretch. 
 cupio, desire. 
 tango, touch. 
 nosco, learn. 
 duco, lead. 
 facio, make. 
 
 statuo, establish , resolve. 
 
 emo, buy. 
 
 peto, ask, go to. 
 
 tego, cover. 
 
 ago, do, treat with. 
 
 sequor, follow. 
 
 rapio, snatch. 
 
 uro, burn. 
 
 tollo, take up or away. 
 
 utor. use. 
 
94 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 proficiscor, set forth. 
 
 fluo, flow. 
 
 patior, suffer. 
 
 mitto, send. 
 
 caedo, cut. 
 
 pello, beat. 
 
 cedo, yield. 
 
 sumo, take. 
 
 volo, wish. 
 
 pono, place. 
 
 verto, turn. 
 
 jacio, cast. 
 
 cresco, grow. 
 
 rumpo, break. 
 
 stringo, bind, graze. 
 
 scribo, write. 
 
 solvo, loose. 
 
 gradior, step, go. 
 
 ulciscor, p^^nish. 
 
 specio (in cp.), look. 
 
 sisto, place, stand. 
 
 obliviscor, forget. 
 
 prodo (cp. of DO), betray. 
 
 dedo, 
 
 abdo, 
 
 trado, 
 
 perdo, 
 
 credo, 
 
 vendo, 
 
 reminiscor 
 
 surrender, 
 conceal, 
 deliver, 
 destroy, 
 believe, 
 sell, 
 remember. 
 
 cado, fall. 
 queror, complain. 
 quaero, inquire. 
 alo, nourish. 
 fendo (in cp.), ward off. 
 loquor, speak. 
 prehendo, seize. 
 fugio, flee. 
 vinco, conquer. 
 lacesso, attack. 
 struo, arrange. 
 frango, break. 
 
 fingo, form. 
 
 figo,/*. 
 
 fallo, deceive. 
 
 texo. weave. 
 
 flecto, bend. 
 
 vello, pull. 
 
 claudo, close. 
 
 posco, demand. 
 
 arcesso, send for. 
 
 morior, die. 
 
 curro, run. 
 
 nascor, be born. 
 
 metuo, fear. 
 
 premo, press. 
 
 pergo (cp. of REGO), proceed. 
 
 surgo, rise. 
 
 diligo, LEGO, love. 
 
 consuesco, accustom. 
 
 vivo, live. 
 
 fido, trust. 
 
 disco, learn. [chance). 
 
 nanciscor, obtain (by 
 
 adipiscor, obtain (by effort). 
 
 jungo, join. 
 
 scindo, tear down. 
 
 fundo, pour. 
 
 trudo, thrust. 
 
 carpo, pluck. 
 
 vado, go, move. 
 
 scando (in cp.), climb. 
 
 tero, rub. 
 
 relinquo, leave. 
 
 spargo, scatter. 
 
 traho, draw. 
 
 cerno, see, separate. 
 
 cingo, surround. 
 
 veho, carry. 
 
 pendo, weigh out, pay. 
 
 fligo, dash. 
 
 quatio (in cp.), strike. 
 
 consulo, consult. 
 
 tribuo, grant, assign. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 95 
 
 NOUNS OF THE A (FIRST) DECLENSION. 
 
 copia, plenty. 
 copiae, forces. 
 poena, punishment. 
 fossa, ditch. 
 gratia, good will. 
 gratiae, thanks. 
 hora, hour. 
 fuga, flight. 
 mora, delay. 
 ora, coast. 
 sarcina, pack. 
 pugna, fight. 
 tuba, trumpet. 
 galea, helmet. 
 luna, moon. 
 rota, wheel. 
 
 turma, squadron. 
 
 via, way. 
 
 ripa, bank. 
 
 lacrima, tear. 
 
 aiigustiae, narrow passes. 
 
 insidiae, ambush. 
 
 vigilia, watch. 
 
 silva, forest. 
 
 catena, chain. 
 
 sagitta, arrow. 
 
 funda, sling. 
 
 juba, mane. 
 
 causa, cause. 
 
 cura, care. 
 
 filia, daughter. 
 
 tabula, table, list. 
 
 NOUNS OF THE O (SECOND) DECLENSION. 
 
 bellum, war. 
 iiiitium, beginning. 
 imperium, government. 
 ager, field, land. 
 amicus, friend. 
 filius, son. 
 regnum, kingdom. 
 vinculum, bond. 
 oppidum, town. 
 vicus, 'village. 
 frumentum, grain. 
 periculum, danger. 
 consilium, plan, wisdom. 
 vadum, ford. 
 locus, place. 
 murus, wall. 
 
 praesidium, guard, protec- 
 castra, camp, \tion. 
 
 castellum, fort. 
 
 telum, weapon. 
 praelium, battle. 
 jugum, ridge, yoke. 
 pabulum, fodder. 
 brachium, arm. 
 signum, standard. 
 vallum, rampart. 
 scutum, shield. 
 pilum, javelin. 
 gladius, sword. 
 servus, slave. 
 auxiliuin, help. 
 auxilia, a uxtlia ries. 
 subsidium, support. 
 animus, spirit, mind. 
 saxum, rock. 
 negotium, business. 
 domus (also 4th), house. 
 ventus, wind. 
 
9 6 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 tergum, back, rear. 
 remus, oar. 
 arma, arms. 
 concilium, council. 
 puer, boy. 
 modus, manner. 
 socius, ally. 
 stipendium, tribute. 
 
 praemium, reward. 
 donum, gift. 
 fumus, smoke. 
 vir, man. 
 ovum, egg. 
 solum, ground, soil. 
 omcium, duty. 
 tumulus, hillock. 
 
 ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION, 
 
 altus, high, deep. 
 cupidus, eager. 
 angustus, narrow. 
 latus, wide. 
 firmus, strong. 
 dubius, doubtful. 
 mirus, wonderful. 
 invitus, unwilling. 
 gratus, pleasing. 
 dexter, right. 
 sinister, left. 
 commodus, convenient. 
 idoneus, Jit. 
 callidus, cunning. 
 arduus, steep. 
 aridus, dry. 
 amplus, large. 
 magnus, great. 
 parvus, small. 
 multus, much. 
 bonus, good. 
 malus, bad. 
 certus, certain. 
 durus, hard. 
 dignus, worthy. 
 
 Justus, just. 
 propinquus, near. 
 longinquus, far. 
 ferus, fierce. 
 bar bar us, barbarous. 
 aequus, level, fair. 
 alius, another. 
 nullus, no. 
 solus, alone. 
 totus, all, entire. 
 unus, one. 
 ullus, any. 
 alter, the other. 
 uter, which (of two) ? 
 neuter, neither. 
 novus, new. 
 pauci ($\^few. 
 plenus, full. 
 rarus, rare. 
 reliquus, remaining. 
 medius, middle, central* 
 egregius, remarkable. 
 eximius, distinguished. 
 exiguus, scanty. 
 ceteri (pi.), the rest. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 97 
 
 NOUNS OF THE CONSONANT (THIRD) DECLENSION. 
 
 [Learn the Gender as marked.] 
 
 pars, F., part. 
 
 flumeii, N., stream. 
 
 virtus, F , valor. 
 
 finis, c., end. 
 
 fines (pi.), M., boundaries. 
 
 sol, M., sun. 
 
 mons, M., mountain. 
 
 pons, M., bridge. 
 
 rex, M., king. 
 
 civis, c., citizen. 
 
 civitas, F., state. 
 
 miles, M., soldier. 
 
 latus, N., side. 
 
 dolor, M., pain. 
 
 auctor, M., author. 
 
 iter, N., march, route. 
 
 pax, F., peace. 
 
 lex, F., law. 
 
 dux, C M leader. 
 
 tempus, N., time. 
 
 mos, M., custom. 
 
 ignis, TA.,fire. 
 
 mensis, M., month. 
 
 legio, F., legion. 
 
 Conors, F., cohort. 
 
 voluntas, F., wish, consent. 
 
 pes, M.,/00/. 
 
 opus, N., work, business. 
 
 navis, F., ship. 
 
 ratis, F., raft. 
 
 hiems, F., winter. 
 
 obses, c., hostage. 
 
 agmen, N., marching column. 
 
 eques, M., horseman. 
 
 pedes, M., footman. 
 
 frater, M., brother. 
 
 pater, M., father. 
 
 mater, p., mother. 
 
 soror, F., sister. 
 
 lux, F., light. 
 
 oollis, M.,' hill. 
 
 corpus, N., body. 
 
 salus, F., safety. 
 
 homo, c., man or woman. 
 
 potestas, F., power. 
 
 nox, F., night. 
 
 arbor, F., tree. 
 
 vulnus, N., wound. 
 
 urbs, p., city 
 
 trabs, p., beam. 
 
 palus, F., swamp. 
 
 pecus, N., flock. 
 
 imber, M., rain. [count. 
 
 ratio, F., reason, plan, ac- 
 
 aestas, F., summer. 
 
 latro, M., robber. 
 
 aetas, F., age. 
 
 funis, c., rope. 
 
 orbis, M., circle. 
 
 lac, N., milk. 
 
 caro, F., flesh. 
 
 pellis, F., skin. 
 
 fames, F., hunger. 
 
 mulier, F., woman. 
 
 merces, F., reward, pay. 
 
 piscis, UL.,flsh. 
 
 senex, M., old man. 
 
 sedes, F., seat, abode. 
 
 caput, N., head. 
 
 os (gen. oris), w.,face, mouth. 
 
 vox, F., voice. 
 
 servitus, F., slavery. 
 
 jus, N., law, right. 
 
 vectigal, N., revenue 
 
 nemo, c., nobody. 
 
 arx, F., citadel. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 mens, p., mind. 
 pudor, M., shame. 
 ordo, M., rank, company. 
 laus, p., praise. 
 frigus, N., cold. 
 genus, N., kind, race. 
 sors, F., lot. 
 hostis, c., enemy. 
 
 custos, c., guard. 
 hospes, c., host, friend. 
 comes, c., companion. 
 radix, F., root. 
 timor, u.,fear. 
 opes(pL), F., power, means, 
 facultas, F., means, oppor* 
 munus, N., gift. [tunify. 
 
 ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 [Those of 2 and 3 
 
 fortis, 2, brave. 
 nobilis, 2, noble. 
 facilis, 2, easy. 
 princeps, chief. 
 anceps, double-headed. 
 omnis, 2, all. 
 vetus, old. 
 mollis, 2, soft, gentle. 
 brevis, 2, short. 
 gravis, 2, heavy. 
 acer, 3, sharp. 
 alacer, 3, active. 
 communis, 2, common. 
 tenuis, 2, slender. 
 equester, 3, cavalry. 
 
 terminations are so marked.] 
 
 pedester, 3, infantry. 
 Silvester, 3, woody. 
 lenis, 2, gentle, slow. 
 fertilis, 2, fertile. 
 mediocris, 2, moderate. 
 supplex, suppliant. 
 duplex, double. 
 triplex, triple. 
 dives, rich. 
 felix, happy. 
 audax, bold. 
 velox, swift. 
 celer, 3, qitick. 
 humilis, 2, humble. 
 similis, 2, like. 
 
 NOUNS OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 
 
 cultus, culture, fashion. 
 victus, living. 
 adventus, coining. 
 discessus, departure. 
 vultus, countenance. 
 comxneatus, supplies. 
 nutus, nod. 
 manus, F., hand. 
 domus, F., house. 
 exercitus, army. 
 equitatus, cavalry. 
 
 fructus, fruit. 
 impetus, onset. 
 lacus, lake. 
 
 cornu, wing of an army. 
 portus, harbor. 
 aestus, tide. 
 consensus, consent. 
 conventus, court, meeting* 
 aditus, access. 
 principatus, leadership. 
 
Idiomatic Sentences. 99 
 
 NOUNS OF THE FIFTH DECLENSION. 
 
 res, thing. 
 
 dies, M. or F., day. 
 
 fides, faith. 
 
 acies, line of battle. 
 
 spes, hope. 
 species, appearance. 
 mer idles, M., midday. 
 
 IDIOMATIC SENTENCES, 
 
 TO BE COMMITTED TO MEMORY. 
 
 [References to the Grammar, in connection, may be given by th 
 teacher.] 
 
 1. Scito me domum ire, 
 
 You must know I'm going home. 
 
 2. Fatendum est me erravisse, 
 
 I must admit I was mistaken. 
 
 3. Tibi domum ire licet, 
 
 You may go home. 
 
 4. Nobis domum ire licuit, 
 
 We might have gone home. 
 
 5. Te domi esse oportet, 
 
 You ought to be at home. 
 
 6. Nos domi esse oportuit, 
 
 We ought to have been at home. 
 
 7. Potuit facere, sed noluit, 
 
 He could have done it ; but he would not. 
 
 8. Faciam si potero, 
 
 I will do it, if I can. 
 
 9. Longum est tibi enarrare omnia, 
 
 It would be tedious to tell you all completely. 
 
 IO. Jam triduum exspecto, 
 
 I have been waiting now three days. 
 
IOO Idiomatic Sentences. 
 
 11. Jam biduum exspectabat, 
 
 He had been waiting two days already. 
 
 12. Si hostes audierint, statim fugient, 
 
 If the enemy hear, they will instantly fly. 
 
 13. Literas et eas longas tantum non confeci, 
 
 I have all but finished the letter, and that too a 
 long one. 
 
 14. Audacior est quam sapientior, 
 
 He is more bold than wise. 
 
 15. Quo citius feceris, eo melius erit, 
 
 The sooner you do it, the better it will be. 
 
 16. Erga me fratrem se gessit, 
 
 He has behaved toward me like a brother. 
 
 17. Parum urbane me usus est, 
 
 He has treated me uncivilly. 
 
 1 8. Caesar, me judice, summus erat imperator, 
 
 Caesar was, in my judgment, a consummate general. 
 
 19. Hoc tibi sit exemplo, 
 
 Let this be an example to you. 
 
 20. Summae est dementiae bonos mores parvi 
 
 pendere, 
 
 It is the height of folly to undervalue good 
 character. 
 
 21. Per me licet abeas, 
 
 You may depart, so far as I am concerned. 
 
 22. Nobis omnia frustra tentantibus abiit, 
 
 He left, in spite of all we could do. 
 
 23. Nullis adjuvantibus opus confeci, 
 
 I have finished the work without assistance. 
 
Idiomatic Sentences. 101 
 
 24. Vobis me invito domo non exeundum est, 
 
 You must not leave home against my consent. 
 
 25. His paucis diebus certior factus sum, 
 
 I was informed a few days ago. 
 
 26. Diem ex die exspectabat, 
 
 He waited day after day. 
 
 27. Haec una res mihi deest, 
 
 This is the only thing which I want. 
 
 28. Ex quo tempore redii, in meos libros dili* 
 
 genter incubui, 
 
 Since I returned, I have diligently devoted myself 
 to my books. 
 
 29. Si quid opus facto erit, veniam, 
 
 If there is any need of action, I will come. 
 
 30. Me non sentiente exiit, 
 
 He went out without my noticing it. 
 
 31. Alius aliud faciebat, 
 
 One was doing one thing, another another. 
 
 32. Alius aliam in partem se recepit, 
 
 One retired in one direction, another in another. 
 
 33. Alius aliter se habet. 
 
 One is situated in one way, another another. 
 
 34. Aliter se res habet atque putabam, 
 
 The thing is otherwise than I supposed. 
 
 35. Magno opere praecavendum est ne deci 
 
 piamur, 
 We must take great precaution not to be deceived 
 
 36. Enitendum est ut vincamus, 
 
 We must strive to conquer. 
 
IO2 Idiomatic Sentences. 
 
 37. Hue accedebat, ut Caesar a me staret, 
 
 In addition to this, Caesar stood by me (on my side). 
 
 38. Improbi poenis deterrendi sunt, ne injurias 
 
 faciant, 
 
 Wicked men must be deterred by punishment from 
 doing injury. 
 
 39. Injuriam facis, qui mihi maledicas, 
 
 You do wrong to speak ill of me. 
 
 40. Vereor ne optimus quisque hoc sibi per- 
 
 suasum habeat, 
 
 I fear that all good men are persuaded of this. 
 
 41. Non recusabimus quominus tecum agamus, 
 
 We will not object to deal with you. 
 
 42. Improbi non sibi temperabunt quin injurias 
 
 faciant, 
 
 Wicked men will not refrain from doing injury. 
 
 43- Quod meo commodo facere possim te juvabo, 
 
 I will help you so far as I conveniently can. 
 
 44. Satis causae est quare me juves, 
 
 There is reason enough \ f r 3 to u hcl ? c ; 
 
 ( why you should help me. 
 
 45. Ostende nobis quid tui consilii sit, 
 
 Show us what is in your plan. 
 
 46. Mirum videbatur quid tibi meo auxilio opus 
 
 esset, 
 
 It seemed strange what need you had of my help. 
 
 47. Non est cur timeas, 
 
 There is no reason { f r 7 ****' f 
 
 ( why you should rear. 
 
Idiomatic Sentences. 103 
 
 48. Reliquum est ut quam primum abeas, 
 
 It remains for you to leave as soon as possible. 
 
 49. In eo est ut moriatur, 
 
 He is at the point of death. 
 
 50. Honestior est quam qui te decipiat, 
 
 He is too honest to deceive you. 
 
 51. Literas magna cum diligentia scribendas 
 
 curavi, 
 
 I have had the letter written very carefully. 
 
 52. Fieri potest ut quamvis subito accidat, 
 
 It may happen at any moment. 
 
 {gratiam habuit, 
 gratias egit, 
 gratiam retulit, 
 
 / felt grateful to me. 
 
 According to my desert he < thanked me. 
 ( requited me. 
 
 54. Duobus annis post Caesarem interfectum 
 
 periit Brutus, 
 
 Brutus perished two years after the killing of Caesar. 
 
 55. Vobis discedendi potestatem faciam, 
 
 I will give you leave to depart. 
 
 56. Difficile dictu est quanto opprobrio ignavia 
 
 sit. 
 
 It is hard to say how disgraceful laziness Is. 
 
IO4 Specimen of Examination Papers. 
 
 [To represent the nature of the work that may be 
 done with beginners in Latin, by the method sug- 
 gested in this " Primer," I subjoin the following copies 
 of the examination papers which were given to the 
 first class that used it. The class consisted of about 
 twenty pupils, whose ages ranged from fifteen to 
 twenty-two. To half of these, Latin was a new 
 study. They finished the " Primer " in about four 
 weeks, making ten (half-hour) recitations a week. At 
 the end of five months more, they had finished and 
 reviewed the first four books of Caesar, in the manner 
 represented by the examination papers, at the rate of 
 six (hour) recitations a week.] 
 
 Specimen of Examination upon the Second Book t after it 
 has been read and reviewed. 
 
 WILLISTON SEMINARY. 
 
 Junior Classical, Division A, December, 1877. 
 
 I. TRANSLATE : 
 
 Caesar obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque ipsius Galbae regis 
 duobus filiis, armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in deditionem Sues- 
 siones accepit, exercitumque in Bellovacos ducit. 
 RECOMPOSITION : 
 
 i. Caesar is going to receive the king's son as a hostage. 2. The 
 king is going to deliver up all the arms from the town. 3. All the arms 
 ought to be delivered up by the king. 4. The king ought to deliver 
 up his two sons as hostages. 5. The king himself being delivered up, 
 his sons also will be delivered up. 
 
 II. TRANSLATE: 
 
 Caesar honoris Divitiaci atque Aeduorum causa sese eos in fidem 
 recepturum et conservaturum dixit ; quod erat civitas magna inter Bel- 
 gas auctoritate et hominum multitudine praestabat, DC obsides po- 
 poscit. His traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido collatis ab eo loco in 
 fines Ambianorum pervenit, qui se suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. 
 
Specimen of Examination Papers. 105 
 
 1. Principal parts of receptunim, traditis, collatis? 
 
 2. Synopsis of conservaturum, praestabat, pervenit ? 
 
 3. Gender of honoris, civitas, multitudine, obsides ? 
 
 4. Rules for gender of fidem, auctoritate, oppido ? 
 
 5. Construction of sese, Belgas, auctoritate, armis, sua ? 
 
 6. Give the combined declension of eo loco. Inflect the tense of 
 dediderunt. Analyze praestabat and poposcit. 
 
 III. GIVE THE LATIN FOR THESE WORDS: 
 
 Body, swamp, hill, new, business, reward, demand, draw, pour, 
 nourish, use, find, rouse. 
 
 Specimen of Examination upon the Third and Fourth 
 Books, after they have been read and reviewed 
 
 WTLLISTON SEMINARY. 
 
 Junior Classical, Division A, February, 1878. 
 
 I. TRANSLATE : 
 
 Hac confirmata opinione timoris idoneum quendam hominem et 
 callidum delegit Gallum ex his quos auxilii causa secum habebat. Huic 
 magnis praemiis pollicitationibusque persuadet uti ad hostes transeat, et 
 quid fieri velit edocet 
 
 RECOMPOSITION : 
 
 i. We are going to choose certain fit men from those whom we have 
 with us as helpers. 2. These ought to be persuaded to go over to the 
 enemy. 3. We ought to go over to Caesar, and inform him what we 
 wish to be done. 
 
 II. TRANSLATE: 
 
 Sed tantae multitudinis aditu perterriti ex iis aedificiis quae trans 
 flumen habuerant demigraverunt, et cis Rhenum dispositis praesidiis 
 Germanos transire prohibebant. 
 
 Give the principal parts of all the verbs. Give the construction of 
 all the nouns, with the rules. Give the synopsis of the present system 
 of transire. 
 
 III. TRANSLATE: 
 
 Est autem hoc Gallicae consuettidinis, uti et viatores etiam invitos 
 consistere cogant, et quod quisque eorum de quaque re audierit, aut 
 
io6 Specimen of Examination Papers. 
 
 cognoverit, quaerant, et mercatores in oppidis vulgus circumpistat, qui- 
 busque ex regionibus veniant, quasque ibi res cognoverint, pronuntiare 
 cogant 
 
 Explain the subjunctives. Analyze veniant, cognoverint 
 
 IV. IDIOMATIC SENTENCES : 
 
 I will do it if I can. I am not the man to do this. He has acted 
 toward me like a brother. He is at the point of death. 
 
 V. GIVE THE LATIN FOR THESE WORDS : 
 
 Join, tear, measure, lie, hurt, desire, cover, flow, dig, winter, wound, 
 wheel. 
 
 Specimen of Examination upon the First Book, after it 
 has been read and reviewed. 
 
 WILLISTON SEMINARY. 
 
 Junior Classical, Division A, April, 1878. 
 
 I. TRANSLATE : 
 
 Postquam id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in proximum 
 collem subducit, equitatumque qui sustineret hostium irnpetum misit 
 Ipse interim in colle medio triplicem aciem instruxit legionum quatuoi 
 veteranarum. 
 
 Explain case of id. Compare proximum. Imperative active of 
 subducit? Sustineret, why subjunctive? 
 
 RECOMPOSITION : 
 
 i. Cavalry must be sent to resist the onset of the enemy. 2. Upon 
 the withdrawal of Caesar's forces the enemy are going to send cavalry 
 to the nearest hill. 3. Caesar, having drawn up his forces half way up 
 the hill, resisted the enemy's attack with four legions. 
 
 II. TRANSLATE : 
 
 Ad haec Ariovistus respondit : Jus esse belli ut qui vicissent iis quo* 
 vicissent quemadmodum vellent imperarent, item populum Romanum 
 victis non ad alterius praescriptum sed ad suum arbitrium imperare con- 
 suesse. Si ipse populo Romano non praescriberet quemadmodum suo 
 jure uteretur, non oportere sese a populo Romano in suo jure impediri 
 
Hints on Reading at Sight. 107 
 
 Rule for moods in indirect discourse? Rule for connection of 
 tenses ? Principal parts of all the verbs in this extract ? Synopsis of 
 praescriberet ? of uteretur ? Analyze these two verbs. Decline alterius 
 and jure. 
 
 RECOMPOSITION : 
 
 We ought not to be interfered with in our rights. We are accus- 
 tomed to use our rights according to our own choice. 
 
 III. IDIOMATIC SENTENCES : 
 
 In addition to this, he lied. Show us what is in your plan. He will 
 aiways be on my side. It happened every ten days. If there is any 
 need of action, we will come. 
 
 IV. Write the Table of Correlatives. 
 
 HINTS ON READING AT SIGHT. 
 
 [Compare Hints for Help in Translating, p. 73.] 
 
 To read Latin at sight, the following things, an 
 introduction to which has been given in the fore- 
 going pages, are of chief importance : 
 
 1. Familiarity with the inflectional endings. 
 
 2. Knowledge of the principal rules of syntax, and 
 of the arrangement of words in a sentence. 
 
 3. A good vocabulary of root- words. 
 
 4. Acquaintance wij;h the meaning of the forma- 
 tive endings, and of prepositions in composition. 
 
 5. Mastery of the chief idioms. 
 
 6. Attention to the drift and connection of what is 
 read. 
 
 7. Abstinence from the dictionary, except as a 
 last resort. 
 
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