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COTTON 
 
 CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 IN WHICH IS GIVEN A DESCRIPTION OF THE 
 
 Manner of Picking, Baling, Marketing, Opening and 
 Carding Cotton. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED A LIST OP 
 
 Valuable Tables, Rules and Eeceipts, 
 By FOSTER WILSON, LoweU, Mass. 
 
 "Not slothful in business ; fervent in spirit, serving the Lord." — RoM. Xll: 11. 
 
 " A blessing now, — a curse no more, 
 
 Since He whose name we breathe with awe, 
 The coarse mechanic vesture wore, — 
 A poor man toiling with the poor. 
 
 In labor as in prayer, fulfilling the same law," 
 
 — Whittier. 
 
 LOWELL, MASS.: 
 
 STONE, HUSE & CO., BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS, No. 130 CENTRAL ST. 
 1876. 
 
 LIBRARY 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The author makes his lowest bow to his patrons as he intro- 
 duces the Cotton Cardeks' CoMPANioisr. Many works have, 
 been written on cotton manufacturing — written mostly by gentle- 
 men and scholars. The author has read them with great profit, 
 and yet he has many times felt the need of just such a work as 
 this. His work is not designed to take the place of any that have 
 preceded it, but is a sort of little particular supplement. Most 
 works on this subject take in the whole of manufacturing. This 
 only carding. Many deal largely in theories. This in practice. 
 Some are general. This is particular. This little work will come 
 to the notice of the learned, as well as laboring men. The former 
 will please bear in mind that the writer of it is himself a labor- 
 ing man; and that it is designed particularly to aid his own class 
 in the successful prosecution of their vocation ; though it contains 
 some ideas worthy the notice of any engaged in the manufacture 
 of cotton goods. And though the style is simple, he trusts the 
 matter may be profitable. If a book is good, it does not need a 
 long preface. If it is dry, a long preface only makes it drier. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 FOSTER WILSON. 
 
I N DEX. 
 
 CHAPTEK I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cotton, and the Machinery used in its Manufacture, .... 5 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Opening, or Picking, Cotton, . 13 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Carding, 34 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Drawing, 76 
 
 CHAPTER y. 
 
 Speeders, 96 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Miscellany, 119 
 
 PARTICULAR INDEX. 
 
 Re-working Waste, 17 
 
 Grinding, 38 
 
 Amount of Work for a Card, 48 
 
 Stripping Cards, 55 
 
 Screens, 59 
 
 Laying Drawing in Railway Boxes, 79 
 
 Regulating Tension, , 100 
 
 Progressive Doublings and Drawing, 109 
 
 Lowell Speeder Tables, 114 
 
 Hank Table, 119 
 
 Twist Table, . . 124 
 
 Hygrometer Table, 132 
 
 Belt Table, 140 
 
 Perpetual Calendar, 142 
 
 Weights of Various Articles, 149 
 
 Receipts, 150 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by 
 
 FOSTER WILSON, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 Cotton, and the Machinery used in its Manufacture. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS — COTTON — WHAT IS IN IT — HOW IT GETS 
 THERE — A carder's BUSINESS — PICKING COTTON — DRY- 
 ING COTTON — GINNING COTTON — BALING COTTON — TRANS- 
 PORTING COTTON — AFFECTED BY THE ATMOSPHERE AND 
 ELECTRICITY — MACHINERY AND IMPROVEMENTS — WHAT 
 IT SHOULD BE, AND HOW KEPT SO. 
 
 In a work of this kind it seems appropriate to 
 begin at the bottom. When a physician is called 
 to a sick man, the first thing he does is to find out 
 the nature of the disease, so that he may be able 
 to treat it successfully. When we are about tak- 
 ing a journey to a distant place, we first acquaint 
 ourselves with the condition of the road that leads 
 there, that we may know what kind of convey- 
 ance is best adapted to it. If we have a material 
 to work upon, it is well to inform ourselves as to 
 its nature and general character, that we may pro- 
 vide ourselves with the proper implements. If the 
 material is cotton the first thing to do is to find 
 out what cotton is, what is its condition, how it 
 came to be in such a condition, and what is neces- 
 sary to work such changes as we desire. 
 
 We find cotton to be the fibre of a plant ; 
 and if there was nothing else but 'good, nice, 
 straight fibre, we should find it comparatively 
 easy to convert it into yarn and cloth. But 
 unfortunately for us, good long, straight fibre is 
 mixed up with other things, and such other things 
 as we do not want, and must be rid of in order 
 to utilize the fibre. Cotton as it comes to us has 
 dead leaf, sand, seeds, blights, and what we call 
 
6 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 nits and gins, and the fibre is considerably curled 
 up. The business of a cotton carder is to rid it 
 of all extraneous matter, lay the fibres parallel, 
 and form them into a thread called roving. 
 
 It may be interesting and profitable to examine 
 into the causes of so much foreign matter being 
 mixed up with the fibre of cotton ; and to do this 
 we must take a look at it in the field where it 
 grows, watch the process and progress of picking, 
 preparing for market and its transportation. 
 
 Cotton grows in what it would be natural for 
 us to call pods, but the planters call them bolls. 
 When it is ripe the bolls open ; the fibre is curled 
 up round the seed. This is a provision of nature 
 for its own propagation. But at this point art lays 
 hold of it and appropriates it. The bolls begin to 
 open the latter part of July or first of August, 
 according to the season. When a sufficient num- 
 ber of bolls have opened the pickers commence 
 their work ; each is provided with a bag suspended 
 from the neck, so that both hands may be used. 
 The contents of all the open bolls are transferred to 
 the bag. The bolls that have been open longest 
 have some of them shed their contents out on to 
 the ground, or they have been beaten out by the ac- 
 tion of the elements, but they are all gathered up by 
 the picker ; hence we find dirt in cotton. The bolls 
 do not open all at once, and by the time the pickers 
 have passed over the fields once, another set are 
 open, and the hands pass over it a second and third 
 time, and thus it continues sometimes as late as 
 December. 
 
 During this time there is usually some frost 
 which stops the growth of the plant and kills the 
 leaves and the leaves of weeds and other vegeta- 
 tion contiguous to the cotton plant. These leaves 
 are soon dry, crumble up, get mixed with the 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 7 
 
 cotton, and find their way into the picker's bag. 
 When the frost comes and puts a stop to the growth 
 there are some which are not ripe, and the green, 
 frost-bitten boll dries up and turns black ; the un- 
 ripe cotton inside clings to it ; this kind is also 
 transferred to the picker's bag. So we find dead 
 leaf and blighted cotton as well as dirt. 
 
 If the weather is cloudy and damp at the time 
 of picking, the cotton is spread out to dry for a 
 time. After it is dry it is taken to the gin-house 
 to be ginned. The gin is a savage sort of machine, 
 and it may be so worked as to injure the fibre ; 
 indeed cotton often bears unmistakable evidence 
 of injury received in ginning. The savage gin 
 referred to is called the " saw gin," which is the 
 only kind the writer has ever seen^ and those at 
 rest, and he is not qualified to give an intelligible 
 description of them ; yet from what he does know 
 of the character of cotton and the effect of ma- 
 chinery upon its fibre, he is able to form some 
 idea of how injury may be done in the process. 
 
 The plan is to draw the fibre through a wire 
 frame or rack by means of saw teeth. Let the 
 reader picture to his mind a number of smallish 
 circular saws, fixed on a shaft, or arbor, side by 
 side, with the teeth just projecting through the 
 bars of a wire rack ; behind the saws a revolving 
 brush to clear them. Thus much the writer has 
 seoQ, and the rest he must himself imagine. We 
 will suppose that the machine is set in motion — 
 saws revolving with considerable velocity, and the 
 brush in an opposite direction to clear the saws, 
 the operator placing the cotton in the wire rack ; 
 the saw teeth lay hold of it and draw the fibre 
 through, leaving the seeds behind, the brush 
 cleaning the saws and passing the cotton along 
 towards the delivery. Now, suppose everything 
 
8 WILSON'S COTTON CARDEKS' COMPANION. 
 
 is in order and the cotton properly fed to the 
 machine, we can conceive how the work may be 
 very nicely done ; but suppose the machine to be 
 out of order, the brushes too far off, or they may 
 have become worn and consequently ineffective, 
 or the operator may crowd the machine. In either 
 of the above ways, and perhaps in others, the ma- 
 chine may work badly, get loaded up, the cotton 
 pass through between the bars of the wire rack 
 several times on the points of the saw teeth, and 
 get bruised and ground up, producing that peculiar 
 little white nub, or nit, or nep ; it is something 
 familiar to carders, whatever its proper name may 
 be, and after once being formed they are hard to 
 get rid of, and consequently it is very important 
 that cotton be properly ginned. 
 
 There is another kind of gin called the roller 
 gin, less severe in its action upon the fibre, though 
 slower in its operation. The object of ginning is 
 to rid cotton of seeds. This it does in a good 
 degree, though some find their way through the 
 bars of the rack or the rolls in a roller gin, and 
 hence we have some seeds in addition to all other 
 substances that have been mentioned. 
 
 The next process after ginning is baling. This 
 is done in about the same manner as farmers 
 bale hay in New England — a press with a long 
 wooden screw worked by man, or horse power, or 
 both. The bales as put up by the planters are 
 very much larger than they are when we get them. 
 After it is baled it is taken to the landing on the 
 river, or to the railroad station, as the case may 
 be. At these places it often lies for days waiting 
 for shipment ; sometimes rains fall on it, and it 
 frequently gets tumbled about in the dirt, or mud, 
 or both, considerably before loading on the steamer 
 or cars. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 9 
 
 On arriving at market (the planters' market) it 
 is inspected, assorted, rebaled under a hydraulic 
 press ; and here the bales are pressed harder, and 
 made smaller for convenience of transportation. It 
 is now ready for market. It goes through a simi- 
 lar carting and rolling about in the mud to that 
 described above. 
 
 Southern mud is very adhesive and will stick to 
 a cotton-bag as well as anything else, and does so 
 stick. ■ When this mud gets dry much of it works 
 through the bag, and we find it in the shape of 
 sand ', so we have another ingredient in compound. 
 It may be well to sum them up : First, dirt gath- 
 ered with the cotton in the field ; second, dead 
 leaf; third, unripe or blighted cotton ; fourth, nits 
 made in ginning, in some cases ; fifth, seeds ; 
 sixth, sand. When cotton is rebaled, it is fre- 
 quently damp, and the tremendous pressure to 
 which it is subjected renders it more difficult to 
 relieve from these substances than it otherwise 
 would be. 
 
 Cotton differs in one particular firom any other 
 vegetable fibre. It is this : each fibre is a little 
 independent twisted thread, the twist so close that 
 it cannot be seen with the naked eye, though it is 
 discernible with a powerful glass. This property 
 gives the fibres an attraction to each other, and an 
 adhesiveness after being joined by extraneous twist, 
 rendering it capable of a tenuity far beyond any 
 Dther vegetable fibre. It is considerably affected 
 by the atmosphere, and in working it is subjected 
 to the continual changes which are taking place 
 in that element. It will absorb five per cent, of 
 its own weight in dampness in the atmosphere, 
 under some circumstances. 
 
 It is also affected by electricity, though a non- 
 sonductor. Electricity is excited more or less by 
 
10 WILSON'S COTTON CARDEKS' COMPANION. 
 
 machinery through which cotton passes in its man- 
 ufacture, and when the air is dry it is also a non- 
 conductor. Under these circumstances the elec- 
 tricity remains where it is excited, and is frequently 
 the cause of great annoyance to cotton carders. 
 We used to say — " When the air is dry it is full 
 of electricity." The fact is, when the air is dry 
 it does not conduct the electricity away, and it 
 remains where it is excited, attracting cotton fibres 
 in all directions, drawing rolls up, and roving will 
 not draw down, nor twist smooth. These facts 
 should be borne in mind by cotton carders. The 
 remedy for these evils will be considered, each 
 under its appropriate head, as this \vork progresses. 
 
 We have now traced cotton from the boll to the 
 bale. We have seen how other substances have 
 got mixed up with it, and how hard they have 
 been pressed into it. Our next business will be 
 to consider how to get these foreign substances 
 out of it, the fibres completely separated from 
 them and laid parallel. It will be our object, in 
 considering this subject, to point out the most 
 convenient, and at the same time efficacious, man- 
 ner of doing it. 
 
 The primitive old plan of doing this business 
 was very simple, performed by hand, slow and te- 
 dious ; so that when men began to multiply rap- 
 idly and began to have a desire to dress fashiona- 
 bly, the supply fell short of the demand. Then 
 it was, some hundred years ago or more, that men 
 in England began to turn their attention to the 
 invention of machinery to assist in this branch of 
 cotton manufacture, as it had been employed in 
 spinning. The first attempts in this direction 
 were rude and simple ; but as one machine after 
 another was constructed and applied to the pur- 
 pose, improvements suggested themselves to the 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 11 
 
 minds of the builders and operators ; new ma- 
 chines were built, old ones were remodeled, and 
 faults remedied from time" to time, until a whole 
 system of machinery was arranged to take cotton 
 from the field and change it into cloth. And 
 when the system was completed, improvements 
 continued and are vigorously kept up until this 
 present, and are likely to continue as long as the 
 world stands. We have learned something, and 
 yet we are learning. " Every day brings some- 
 thing new," is as true in cotton manufacturing 
 as in anything else. 
 
 Sometimes enthusiastic inventors have a zeal 
 with which unfortunately their knowledge does 
 not keep pace, and we are offered some impracti- 
 cable machinery. But good judgment is sure to 
 come to the rescue, sooner or later, and we are 
 enabled to discern between that which is right 
 and proper and that which is not — keep the good 
 and cast the bad away. We are sometimes trou- 
 bled with poorly-built machinery. Cheapness is 
 the great desideratum. This has led to a sharp 
 competition and given us some machines that are 
 not A No. 1. Accuracy of construction is very 
 necessary in all cotton machinery, but nowhere 
 more so than in that belonging to the carding de- 
 partment. Cast-iron pulleys work more satisfac- 
 torily when covered with leather ; belts are not 
 required to be so tight when they are so covered, 
 as they are without such covering, thus making a 
 saving not only in belts and belt fastenings, but a 
 saving in shafting, hangers and oil. All kinds of 
 shafting should be hung level and straight, and in 
 new mills, where there is a liability of shrinkage 
 of wood-work and settling of walls, it should be 
 re-leveled as often as occasion may require. Every 
 carder should insist on having thoroughly-built 
 
12 WILSON'S COTTON" CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 and accurate machinery ; and if it is not so, he 
 should report to the proper authorities, so that 
 censure may come in the right place, if it comes 
 at all. All kinds of machinery should be careful- 
 ly watched and kept in repair ; the first begin- 
 nings of disorder should be attended to. " A 
 stitch in time saves nine " is true in this particu- 
 lar. Machinery should not be left to run alone — 
 not even on loose pulleys — as there is a liability 
 of trouble. A pulley may heat and throw fire, 
 or it may stick and start a frame. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 Opening, or Picking, Cotton. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS — CHANGES — PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLES OP 
 OPENING AND PICKING COTTON — OLD METHOD — GRADUAL 
 CHANGES — NAMES OF MACHINES — INVENTIONS — VARIA- 
 TIONS IN COTTON — MIXING — THE BEST METHOD — REASONS 
 GIVEN — WASTE, HOW IT WILL WORK ALONE — FIRST MA- 
 CHINE — WHAT IT USED TO BE — A WHIPPER — WHAT SPEED 
 TO RUN — THE CALVERT WILLOW — OLD STYLE — IMPROVE- 
 MENTS ON SAME— NEW MACHINERY — ADVANTAGES CLAIMED 
 
 — PRODUCTS OF SAME — RELATIONS OF BEATERS AND ROLL- 
 ERS — SPEED OF BEATERS — QUALIFICATIONS OF TERMS — 
 DRAUGHT OF PICKERS — FAN DRAUGHT — SELF-REGULATING 
 DOORS AND KVENERS — DOUBLE PICKING — SINGLE— REGU- 
 LATING BY SOUND OF BEATERS— OLD PRACTICE OF WORKING 
 WASTE — NEW ONE SUGGESTED — OBJECTIONS CONSIDERED 
 
 — MAKING THE MOST OF EVERYTHING — INJURY OF FIBRE 
 
 — WHAT DO WE MEAN BY IT — WHAT IT IS NOT — WHAT IS 
 NECESSARY'^ — HOW TO MANAGE — THE MODERN PICKER AT 
 WORK — WHAT IT DOES, AND HOW — THE CREDIT OF THE 
 MACHINE TO WHOM IT BELONGS — KITSON'S NEW OPENER." A 
 DESCRIPTION OF — SPRINKLERS — A SUGGESTION. 
 
 Picking as it used to be called was, and is now, 
 the first process that cotton passes through in its 
 manufacture; and though this process has been 
 known in different sections, at different times, by 
 various names, such as " whipping," " willowing," 
 " picking " and " opening," and the names of the 
 machines used for these purposes have been as 
 varied as the names of processes, yet the purpose 
 and principle remain the same. The purpose is to 
 open out and disentangle the fibre, relieve from 
 dirt as much as possible, and prepare it for the 
 card. The principle is to subject it to the action 
 of machinery of some kind, with more or less se- 
 verity of whipping, scratching and pounding, to 
 
14 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 produce the desired result. Within the last twen- 
 ty years, more or less, this branch of business has 
 been made a department by itself by many large 
 concerns and some small ones. It is common in 
 these times to find in many places the " picker 
 house " (as it is usually called), with its apjjurte- 
 nances, all independent of the carding, or any 
 other room. Where this is the case, of course 
 picking is no part of the carder's business. But 
 there are still some places where this business is 
 carried on in connection with the carding, and un- 
 der the supervision of the carder, and consequent- 
 ly must be considered in this volume. With the 
 change in style of doing this work, making it a 
 department by itself, it becomes a question of more 
 interest than formerly. More attention is paid to 
 it now than used to be under the old system. 
 
 Many changes, and some improvements, have 
 been made in machines ; but as has been remark- 
 ed, the purpose and principle remain the same. 
 It is the manner that changes. The old method 
 of separating the cotton fibre from seeds and dirt 
 was first to spread a quantity on a bench or plat- 
 form, and whip it with willow sticks. This loos- 
 ened out the fibre a little ; then it was picked by 
 hand ; then carded between two flat hand cards. 
 It is very probable that, as machinery began to 
 take the place of some of the instruments used 
 for these purposes, the machines took the names of 
 instruments. Machines were first worked by hand- 
 power, then horse-power, then water and steam. 
 
 In this light it is easy to conceive how machines 
 used for loosening out and cleaning cotton fibres 
 were first called a "^^ willow" and a ^^ picker," 
 because they originally performed the work with 
 willow sticks and by hand picking. " Scutch " 
 was the name of an instrument used in England 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 15 
 
 in old times to break flax with ; so in that coun- 
 try what used to be called a " picker " with us, 
 was by them called a " scutcher." We are getting 
 nearer together now, and most people call this 
 business opening and picking cotton. 
 
 It is not necessary, in a work of this kind, to 
 trace out the names of inventors from those prim- 
 itive times down to tho present ; neither would it 
 be safe to undertake it, as many of the same in- 
 ventions are claimed on both sides of the Atlantic. 
 It is generally conceded, however, that a Scotch- 
 man by the name of Snodgrass was the inventor 
 of the beater principle, though his original idea 
 has been greatly enlarged upon, and still the work 
 is going on. A sentence in the circular announc- 
 ing this work, reads as follows : " The best meth- 
 od of putting cotton through the various processes 
 through which it passes in preparation for spin- 
 ning will be discussed at some length, each under 
 its appropriate head, and reasons given." And 
 the writer would invite particular attention to the 
 last words of the sentence, "And reasons given." 
 
 The writer has had some experience in the pre- 
 paration of cotton, and in some particulars he 
 knows whereof he speaks. It is not guess-work, 
 though he would not lay down a particular rule, 
 to be governed by under all circumstances. Cot- 
 ton varies so much in length, strength, fineness, 
 smoothness and cleanness of fibre, that it would be 
 very unwise to treat it all alike in preparation ; 
 but there are some general rules that are applica- 
 ble to all kinds. 
 
 And under this head may be mentioned, mixing 
 previous^to working with machinery. In this par- 
 ticular it may ; yea, it should all be treated alike. 
 Men have their own peculiar notions as to the best 
 course to pursue in mixing. The writer has tried 
 
16 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 various ways, under direction of parties for whom 
 he has worked, some of them very cumbersome 
 and laborious; and he has no fault to find with 
 any of them. But there is one plan he has tried 
 with entire satisfaction ; while there may be many 
 good ways, this one is considered the best. First, 
 a large, airy room should be provided — the larger 
 the better. The bales, after removing the bags, 
 should be laid down close together on the edge. 
 Proceed in this manner until the room is filled, all 
 except a space near the first machine through 
 which it is to pass. Second, card the bags, and 
 place the cotton thus removed in a pile by itself. 
 The reason for laying bales down edgewise instead 
 of sidewise, is because the bales were packed in 
 that way. and they pick up very much nicer and 
 easier from the edge than they do from the side. 
 They should be allowed to lie twenty-four hours 
 or more after they are taken into the room, before 
 any is used. The reason for this is, when the bag 
 is first removed the cotton in the bale is damp, and 
 this time is necessary for it to dry. In this man- 
 ner the top of all the bales will dry down a certain 
 distance, become kind of loose and light b}' exposure 
 to dry air, and the cotton works easier. 
 
 Next comes '* picking up cotton," in order to 
 mix It is impossible to make uniform work in the 
 carding-room unless the cotton is well mixed in the 
 picker-house, it varies so much in quality, even in 
 the same grade ; and it is often the case that two 
 or more grades are worked together, so that, if all 
 the long staple in a certain lot should be worked 
 together, then the medium, and lastly the short, 
 the ups and downs in the work that follows would 
 be intolerable To avoid this it must be mixed in 
 the picker-room. It is thought by some that where 
 there is double carding, and a large number of 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 17 
 
 breaker cards run into one lap-head, the cotton is 
 mixed in this way, and it is ; but this plan can 
 never be substituted for mixing in the picker-room. 
 To secure good, uniform work, all kinds must be 
 mixed together before it is worked at all. As the 
 cotton is picked up, a layer from each bale some 
 six, eight, or ten inches deep, as the case may be 
 (enough to last one day), the waste from the card- 
 ing-room and spinning-room — one day'^s waste, or 
 all the waste made in these rooms in one day, that 
 is calculated to be re-worked in all the machines 
 through which the cotton passes — should be mixed 
 with it ; also, a portion of the cotton that has been 
 carded from the bags; and the whole thrown in a 
 pile near the first machine, through which it is to 
 pass in preparation 
 
 And here the writer may be allowed to make a 
 remark on the manner of re-working waste, as it 
 seems to him that a great mistake is made just at 
 this point. According to his views of this subject, 
 all the working cotton needs is enough to clean 
 and straighten the fibre and get it in proper shape 
 to spin ; more than this is injurious. Now, if this 
 view is correct, what shall we think of taking clean 
 waste, such as is made about breaker and finisher 
 cards, or single cards, lap-heads, drawing, roving 
 and spinning frames, back to the picking-room and 
 mixing it with the new cotton, putting it through 
 all the opening machinery, then through all the 
 cards and other machinery used in the preparation ? 
 What is the effect upon the fibre of this cotton, 
 and what is the effect of working this waste in the 
 usual manner upon the whole work with which it 
 is mixed ? It must be most demoralizing, render- 
 ing it weak and uneven. If any are desirous of 
 knowing exactly how^ such waste will work when 
 it has had a second run through the opener, picker,. 
 
18 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 breaker and finisher cards, railways and drawing, 
 let such an one try a little alone without being 
 mixed with new, or any other kind of cotton, and 
 he will find out. It will be with great difficulty 
 he will be able to pass it along as far as the last 
 drawing head; and when it has passed through that 
 machine it will utterly refuse to go farther. Take 
 up a piece of drawing two feet long, and it will 
 drop apart ; it will not hold together to go through 
 a speeder — not at all. It has had too much work- 
 ing, and it must go back to the picker, and a very 
 small quantity be mixed with a large quantity of 
 new cotton, in order to work it. 
 
 If this is correct, and no one has disputed it, 
 such waste should not be re-worked with the new 
 cotton. Breaker flyings, and any other dirty waste 
 that needs to be re-w^orked considerably to clean 
 it, may and ought to be mixed with the cotton 
 when it is picked up. The way to work clean 
 waste will be explained in another place. 
 
 When the cotton has been picked up and mixed 
 in the manner described above, it is ready to pass 
 through the first machine. This first machine 
 was formerly in this country, and to some extent 
 in England, a cone willow ; such are used now in 
 some places, and they are a very good kind of 
 machine ; may be run at about 350 or 375 revo- 
 lutions per minute, and they are capable of taking 
 care of as much cotton as an ordinary man can 
 stuff through the aperture in the top. They clean 
 the cotton very well, and if the delivery is kept 
 clear, and the waste underneath is not allowed to 
 fill up to the rack, very little injury is done to the 
 staple. But if the bin fills up so as to obstruct 
 the delivery, then they will string the cotton, or 
 as some call it, " roll the cotton." Keep them 
 clear, and they will work very well. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 19 
 
 Some use a stick whipper as the first machine 
 for opening cotton. These are excellent machines 
 — cheap, effective, and durable. The speed may be 
 from 175 to 200 revolutions of the driving shaft 
 per minute. One man will whip 12,000 pounds 
 of cotton per day and do it well, too. This ma- 
 chine gives cotton a nice preparation for any 
 machine that is to follow ; and it is the opinion of 
 the writer that cotton should always pass through 
 such a machine as this, or some similar machine, 
 before it passes through rigid rolls and beaters. 
 As cotton comes out of the bale in damp flakes it 
 is in no condition for such machinery, and if it is 
 passed through such as the first process, it is done 
 to the injury of both cotton and machinery. 
 
 The Calvert willow is still in use in some places, 
 and if cotton is first whipped in a stick whipper, 
 some 700 or 800 pounds may be nicely willowed 
 in one of these machines in a day — ^^that is, if the 
 machine is in its original shape. Much fault has 
 been found with these machines in times past. It 
 has been said that they injure the fibre in many 
 ways; that they make loops, strings, rolls, nits, 
 neps and various kinds of trouble arise from their 
 use. And these charges may all be true to some 
 extent, and yet it may be more the manner of 
 treating the machine than anything else ; for in- 
 stance, forcing too much cotton through them will 
 produce these results. Owing to the peculiar 
 construction of the comb-cylinder, if more cotton 
 is crowded through the rolls than this same comb- 
 cylinder can take care of properly, it will do it 
 improperly. The little grooves in front of each 
 comb being filled up entirely full, more than full, 
 and kept so, the tendency is to roll and string the 
 cotton, instead of loosening out the fibre nicely, 
 as it will do when properly fed. 
 
20 WILSON'S COTTON CAEDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 The Merrimack Manufacturing Company greatly 
 improved these Calvert willows by building every 
 part stronger, putting them together in such a 
 manner that any cylinder could be taken out with- 
 out taking the whole machine to pieces, putting 
 the tooth racks (or bars) on the wooden cylinders 
 in spiral form instead of straight across, leaving 
 out the third slow tooth-cylinder entirely and rais- 
 ing the front of each comb about a sixty-fourth of 
 an inch, and making the grooves in front of the 
 combs a trifle larger and wider-mouthed. This 
 last-mentioned improvement was the first one 
 made. It was done by Mr. David Harding, over- 
 seer of the picker-house. First, one cylinder was so 
 arranged as an experiment, and it was found to 
 work so much better that all the others were 
 changed, and it led to the other improvements 
 mentioned. What this Company did others can 
 do if they choose, and they have the benefit of 
 such example and experience. Yet, with all these 
 improvements, the cry was continued that they 
 injured the staple, which was no doubt true in a 
 sense, as these machines clean the cotton better 
 than any other known machine. It is a logical 
 conclusion, that they injure the fibre more than 
 any other. They have within a few years past 
 mostly been changed for more modern machines. 
 But the Merrimack Manufacturing Company keep 
 one to clean the waste made by breaker cards. 
 One of the machines, improved as above described, 
 will clean 2000 pounds per day of ordinary cotton 
 very well ; and if the fibre is somewhat injured, it 
 will do with less working in machines that follow. 
 
 In most large concerns at the present time 
 (1875), old pickers and willows have been re- 
 moved, and new and more popular machinery has 
 been substituted. The advantages claimed for 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 21 
 
 the new machines (whether English or American) 
 are — 
 
 1st. They will do more work. From 2500 to 
 4000 pounds per day are claimed for most of the 
 new openers ; and it is a fact that such quantities 
 are being run through them, and the work is tol- 
 erably well done. Some of them are named 
 "Duplex," and others "Compound Openers," be- 
 cause they have double feed — two regular sets of 
 feed rollers and two feed aprons — the grists of the 
 two uniting before they reach the second pair of 
 rollers. The product of these machines is calcu- 
 lated to be finished on a picker, or lapper, with an 
 evener, or self-regulating weight, so that the cotton 
 is spread on the double-feed opener aprons without 
 being weighed, as a general thing. The author 
 has never had personal experience with these ma- 
 chines ; but, as has been remarked before, " the 
 principle remains the same " ; and as the machines 
 themselves are not materially different in principle 
 from others that have preceded them, they call for 
 the same general management. 
 
 2nd. It is claimed that these new openers do 
 the work better than the old ones, or, that they 
 clean the cotton with less injury to the staple, 
 which may be true. It is not for the author of 
 this work to say. It is his business to tell how 
 to manage any machine without particular refer- 
 ence to the merits of the machines themselves. 
 The relation of beaters to rollers should in all 
 cases be determined by the quantity and quality 
 of cotton, and the position they occupy. 
 
 The first beaters should be set at a greater dis- 
 tance from the rollers than any of the others that 
 follow, for the reason that the grist is heaviest 
 there, and the cotton has not previously been 
 worked much, and consequently is tough, and 
 
22 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 works harder there than at any other point. If 
 the feed is very heavy, the first beater should 
 clear the rollers three-eighths of an inch, but may 
 vary from that to five-sixteenths, according to cir- 
 cumstances, and they may be set gradually nearer 
 to each set of rollers down to the last pair in the 
 finisher-picker, the last one not being allowed to 
 run nearer than a tenth or twelfth of an inch. 
 
 The speed of beaters should vary in the same 
 manner. They may run at any speed, from 1400 
 to 1800 revolutions per minute, according to di- 
 ameter or breadth ; the first on lowest speed, and 
 the last on highest, for the same reasons that they 
 are set at different distances from rollers! It is 
 necessary on modern pickers, and an advantage to 
 any kind, to have more or less draught. It may 
 vary from four to ten in different machines. If there 
 are two sets of rollers at any point, as is the case 
 in some machines, it is well to have a little draught 
 between the two sets, say li to H. The draught of 
 a picker, as a whole, may be arranged to suit cir- 
 cumstances. The weight of a yard of lap from 
 the finisher-picker may range from 6 to 14 ounces. 
 
 Finisher-pickers, or lappers, as they are fre- 
 quently called nowadays, are calculated to do 
 one-half the work of the modern opener. Two 
 finishers are supplied with laps from one opener. 
 The laps are usually run three into one ; on old- 
 fashioned pickers two into one, and in some cases 
 pickers are single. 
 
 It is very proper to say that a machine will 
 do so much work in a day, or a week. This 
 means under ordinary circumstances and average 
 kind of cotton. If cotton is very dirty, of course 
 it must be worked more than if it is very clean. 
 The feed of a picker should be changed to suit the 
 quality of cotton, while the beaters and fans may 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 23 
 
 have the same speed for all kinds ; and the draught 
 may remain the same. It is better to put cotton 
 through two rapid processes than once slowly ; 
 I that is, it cleans it better, as much of the dirt in 
 cotton is as light as the cotton itself, though not 
 as tenacious ; it will rattle out if it has a chance, 
 when it could not be knocked or blown out. 
 
 It will be readily seen that modern pickers re- 
 quire more draught than old-fashioned ones. It is 
 necessary to have a good fan draught in all kinds 
 of pickers, not only to rid the cotton of dust, but 
 to pack it evenly on the revolving screen cylinders, 
 as it passes through the machine. Without this 
 arrangement a good, smooth lap cannot be made. 
 Most modern pickers have fans attached to their 
 own driving gear, and so stop and start with the 
 machine. Some annoyance has been experienced 
 with this arrangement, where several pickers run 
 in the same room and all discharge their dust into 
 one dust-room. When one stops it takes the dust 
 of others up into the one standing. Mr. Richard 
 Kitson, now of the Kitson Machine Company, has 
 invented a self-adjusting door at the end of the 
 dust-box of each machine, so nicely balanced that 
 when the picker starts it opens, and when it stops 
 the door shuts. Mr. David Harding has fitted a 
 binder to the cone belt which regulates the evener 
 on modern machines, and makes them much more 
 effective than formerly. The last-named improve- 
 ment has been patented and assigned to Richard 
 Kitson, Esq. The old-fashioned pickers take care 
 of about 800 or 1000- pounds of cotton per day, 
 wh-en run single, and when double (that is, as a 
 (breaker and finisher) double that amount. As a 
 ^general thing double picking is to be preferred to 
 single, for the same reasons that double carding 
 
24 WILSON'S COTTON^ CARDERS' COMPANION 
 
 is preferable to single. This subject will be con- 
 sidered in a future chapter, on carding, 
 
 A picker, when everything is in perfect order 
 and working all right, makes a round, well-defined 
 hum, like a large bumble bee. If the sound of 
 the beaters is sharp, like the buzz of a smaller 
 insect, it indicates that they are too near the rolls. 
 If, on the other hand, the sound is coarse and flut- 
 tering, it shows that they are either too far from 
 the rolls, or running too slow, or being fed too 
 heavily. Of course the sound is not a sure guide, 
 but a practised ear will detect a wrong sound very 
 quickly. 
 
 And here the author may be allowed to make 
 a suggestion perhaps with regard to the proper 
 preparation of cotton. It has already been said 
 that '' all the working cotton needs is enough to 
 clean and straighten the fibre ; more than this is 
 injurious." If this is a correct fundamental prin- 
 ciple on which to proceed in the preparation of 
 cotton (and the author has never heard it ques- 
 tioned), then there is a chance for improvement in 
 our practice. It is the general custom to take 
 all the waste from the carding from breaker and 
 finisher cards, lap heads, drawing and roving 
 frames, and all kinds of spinning frames, back to 
 the picking mill and mix it with the cotton to be 
 re-worked, and put it through all the other pro- 
 cesses of preparation. So far as the waste from 
 breaker-cards is concerned, that method is all right; 
 because that kind of waste is dirty and needs the 
 re- working to clean it. But does the waste made 
 on finisher-cards — such as top-strippings and fly- 
 ings — waste made about a lap head, or where a 
 finisher-card breaks down, or waste from a draw- 
 ing, roving, or spinning frame — all clean and nice 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 2 b 
 
 — do these kinds of waste need all this re-working ? 
 Most certainly not. It is a positive injury to it, 
 and by such a use of it all the other work is made 
 weak. This is the opinion of the author : it can 
 be taken for what it is worth. He has never tried 
 any other plan, because he has not been situated, 
 for several years past, so that he could. If he had 
 been working independent of all others, and had 
 charge of pickers in connection with his own room, 
 he would long ere this have tried another plan. 
 As it is. his suggestion is to collect the waste from 
 finisher-cards, lap heads, drawing frames, roving 
 frames and spinning frames — all clean — carry it 
 to the whipper and pass it through that machine 
 by itself; then spread it on the apron of a finisher- 
 picker and make a lap, to be used on a finisher- 
 card. Let it be distinctly understood, that this 
 plan is not a revival of the old plan of taking 
 waste generally — dirty and clean — back to the 
 picker and making a lap for the breaker-card, 
 called '' a waste card." But this plan is recom- 
 mended for clean waste, and no other. 
 
 An objection may be raised here, on the ground 
 that it is not, or cannot be, well mixed with the 
 other cotton by this plan. But let it be remem- 
 bered that it had a good mixing the first time it 
 was worked. What need of more mixing ? But 
 it may be objected, again, that it would injure the 
 product of the section of cards through which it 
 passed, mingling with the work of only ten or 
 twelve finisher cards, instead of the whole as now. 
 That is true; but would it injure the work of that 
 section, in the manner described, as badly as it 
 injures the whole by the old plan, especially when 
 roving waste is run through a scratching machine 
 and torn all to pieces by the process ? This sug- 
 
 3 
 
26 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 gestion is thrown in for the consideration of those 
 who may deem it worth their while to think of it. 
 
 In the preparation of cotton, like most other kinds 
 of business, it is well to make the most of every- 
 thing ; and to this end it is a good plan, when 
 loose cotton falls down from one story to another 
 — as from the willow-room to the picker-room — to 
 let it pass over a rack, or fall on a rack, or both, 
 as much loose dirt will rattle out in this way and 
 may be gotten rid of very cheaply. It would, 
 perhaps, astonish a man who never saw it tried, or 
 rather, a man who should see it for the first time, 
 to see the amount of dirt that will rattle out of 
 cotton in this manner ; and this is a kind of work- 
 ing that does nor injure the staple. 
 
 And here, perhaps, a few remarks on this par- 
 ticular subject may be in order. What is meant 
 by the term wjuring the staple, or fibre, of 
 cotton ? Do we understand by it, breaking the 
 staple? That would, certainly be an injury; but 
 is that what is meant by it ? If it is. there is 
 probably very little if any of that kind of injury 
 done to cotton in modern carding or picking ma- 
 chinery, as the conditions necessary to produce this 
 result do not exist, in proper machinery and ordi- 
 nary cotton. In order to break the staple, one end 
 must be so firmly held between a pair of rollers 
 as to resist a sufficient power to break it while so 
 held ; and our ordinary cotton does not show staple 
 over an inch at the longest, and most of it is shorter 
 than that ; while in modern opening and picking 
 machinery the gripping and pounding, or scratching, 
 powers are two inches apart in most cases. When 
 it is understood that the fibres lie in all directions 
 at this stage — as often crosswise as lengthwise of 
 the machine — we must conclude that there is not 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 27 
 
 much staple broken in this way, or in fact in any 
 other way in any ordinary machinery at this date. 
 Probably our cotton is not injured in that manner, 
 viz : by breaking the staple. Most all our common 
 grades of cotton vary considerably in length of 
 staple, or rather, the staple varies considerably in 
 the same lot, even while in the boll, and if we look 
 sharp we shall find nearly all lengths, from one- 
 fourth of an inch to an inch in length in the bale, 
 and at almost every stage in the process of work- 
 ing ; but we shall find that the proportion of short 
 grows less as we advance, instead of increasing. 
 Much of it finds its way into waste, in various 
 ways. It is knocked out by the whipper, opener 
 and willow, by the beaters, by card-teeth, and after 
 it gets out into open air, as in drawing, roving and 
 spinning frames, much of it is thrown off by cen- 
 trifugal force. The air is full of it. After a while 
 it settles on the roller-beams and flyer-plates and 
 on the floor, while the long staple is held in place 
 and goes along in the work. 
 
 The author of these pages is of the opinion that 
 we do not brmJc the staple, at the present time, if 
 we ever did, in working. But the question, " Do 
 we injure it ? " still continues. No doubt every 
 process that cotton passes through, in preparation 
 for spinning, wears it more or less — frets the ends 
 of the fibre, strains and weakens it in a degree, and 
 it is a necessity ; there is no getting rid of it, if we 
 clean and straighten the fibre, as we must do if we 
 would have good, smooth yarn. 
 
 But in this, as in most other kinds of business, 
 there is a best way to do it ; and the best way is to 
 work as little as possible and accomplish our object. 
 In the opinion of the author it is not the best way 
 to carry clean cotton (waste made on cards, draw- 
 ing, roving and spinning frames) back to the open- 
 
28 WILSON'S COTTOX CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 ing room and put it through all the machines that 
 the raw cotton passes through ; but the best way 
 would be to get it into a lap as quickly and easily as 
 possible, put it on a finisher card, and in that man- 
 ner mix it with the other cotton. 
 
 Again : it is not the best way to run roving 
 waste through an extra process beforehand. It is 
 more than probable that a great saving of fibre 
 could be made by a different mode of operation 
 with regard to our clean waste and dirty waste, 
 too, perhaps ; but the question of dirty waste will 
 be more fiilly discussed in the chapter on carding. 
 
 One thing more in this connection : The fibre of 
 cotton may be injured by being subjected to the 
 action of beaters and rolls. As it first comes from 
 the bale in damp flakes, it is then too solid to re- 
 ceive such blows ; it should be run through a stick- 
 whipper, or something equivalent, to loosen it out 
 a little ; then beaters won't hurt it. 
 
 The modern picker is a machine which while at 
 work challenges the admiration of the beholder at 
 once. Receiving a lot of loose, disconnected, dirty 
 cotton, and turning out a smooth, even sheet, compar- 
 itively clean, and nicely winding it on a roll ready 
 to be handled at the pleasure of the operator, 
 seems almost like magic to those who are unac- 
 quainted with the particulars of the plan of opera- 
 tions. The writer was once showing some company 
 through the mills, and while explaining the w^ork 
 of the picker and remarking that in this process 
 the cotton was separated from the dirt, one lady 
 asked the question — '' How does this machine know 
 dirt from cotton?" This question of course raised 
 a laugh ; but it was, and is, a fair question. How 
 does it know? Has the machine intelligence? No : 
 but the builders had ; and by employing the ele- 
 ments, and making use of the laws of nature in its 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 29 
 
 construction and operation, the desired results are 
 produced. By a strong fan draught the cotton, as 
 it passes through the weighted rolls towards the 
 beater, is held up against its blades and receives 
 the full force of each succeeding blow; and by 
 these blows from the beater blade the heavy dirt, 
 seeds, etc., are driven down through the rack under- 
 neath, or over the " throat piece," as the case may 
 be ; but the cotton and light dust are drawn for- 
 ward by the f^m draught; and cotton is packed on 
 the wire cylinders, the dust is drawn through them 
 and finds its way into the dust^oom, while the cot- 
 ton here receives its first shape in form of a lap, 
 and passes on through a succession of rolls, beaters 
 and cylinders until it is wound up in convenient 
 form to be placed on other pickers, to pass through 
 the same process again, and come out in a condi- 
 tion to be placed on a card. The credit of this 
 machine, in its present form, is not due any one 
 man, or two, or threC; but has come into being 
 through a succession of efforts by different men 
 for many years. One man has conceived some- 
 thing in his own brain that would improve it in one 
 particular, at one time ; another, something else at 
 another time ; and yet there is room. 
 
 Like most other machines there is still a chance 
 for improvement ; and there are men now at work 
 in this direction, with as much zeal as any who 
 have preceded them in the same kind of business, 
 and their labors are being crowned with as much 
 success. Among the indefatigable laborers in this 
 direction may be mentioned Richard Kitson, Esq., 
 who has been engaged in the business for the last 
 twenty years, and has brought out a machine, or 
 rather a set of machines (openers and lappers), 
 equal to any of this class in the country; and still 
 he is at work on improvements. Mr. Kitson for- 
 
30 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 merly did business on bis individual account, but it 
 increased to such an extent that it became necessary 
 to form a company, and such a company was formed 
 in July, 1875, with a large capital. Mr. Kitson is 
 president, and S. E. Stott treasurer and agent. The 
 company are now at work on an improved opener. 
 It differs somewhat from their deservedly popular 
 compound opener. Instead of the double feed 
 (two aprons and two sets of rolls and beaters) the 
 cotton is taken from the bale, and after being 
 mixed, is placed on two narrow aprons, each half 
 the width of ihe opener frame, and run side by side 
 with a partition between. When it arrives at the 
 frame, it drops a little over the end of the aprons, 
 then turns a sharp corner, half to the right and the 
 other half to the left, and is facilitated in this 
 movement by a little rough roller and a strong fan 
 draught, up to an arch-like entrance into what ap- 
 pears like entering the end of a cylindrical-shaped 
 box above the centre. Inside this same cylindrical- 
 shaped box are two wrought-iron circular plates, 
 running side by side, and close together, and in 
 opposite directions. One is a little smaller than 
 the other. These plates are armed with wrought- 
 iron bars firmly riveted in a circle not far from the 
 edge of each, so that the arms of the larger plate 
 project over the edge of the smaller one ; the 
 smaller plate has a similar circle of bars or arms, 
 the two forming circles of projecting bars, one in- 
 side the other, a few inches apart, and running in 
 opposite directions, all projecting towards the en- 
 trance where they receive the cotton, which is held 
 up to their ends by a strong fan draught until the 
 fibre is somewhat loosened out; and as it becomes 
 loose it enters the box, receives considerable of a 
 stirring up between these double sets of bars, and 
 is passed along to the beater in the usual manner. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 31 
 
 This new arrangement is called an Atmospheric 
 Opener. The speed is about 700 revolutions per 
 minute. 
 
 The first beater in this machine is also a new 
 invention. It is a three-knife beater, but instead 
 of the blades running straight through, from one 
 end to the other, in the ordinary manner, they are 
 put on in three sections. The whole thing per- 
 fectly balanced and dealing continuous blows, runs 
 very steadily, with less jar than is usually made by 
 beaters. Another' new thing about this beater is 
 that the arms, instead of being drilled through the 
 shaft, as is common, are so arranged by means of 
 collars and packing boxes, that they will yield a 
 little when they come in contact with anything 
 unusually thick or solid. This is called a Sectional 
 Elastic Beater. It runs about 1200 revolutions 
 per minute. The Company have one of these new 
 openers at work in the Boott Cotton Mills. It is 
 claimed by the inventors that this opener will do 
 its work in a satisfactory manner, with less severity 
 of action on the fibres of cotton than any other 
 modern opener. The action is similar to that of 
 the old " stick whipper." It certainly commends 
 itself to the judgment of the writer, as it is his 
 opinion that cotton from the bale should not be 
 subjected to the action of rolls and beaters as the 
 first process. This new opener has come to the 
 knowledge of the writer since he commenced this 
 chapter ; and the new invention, together with the 
 f^ict that he has for the last two or three years used 
 laps made. on the Kilson picker (the Merrimack 
 Manufacturing Company, at Lowell, have adopted 
 the Kitson machines within that time, excluding all 
 other lappers), must be his apology for this digres- 
 sion. A good, even, clean, well-wound lap is a very 
 essential starting-point in carding ; and that ma- 
 
32 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 chine, or set of machines, that will produce this re- 
 sult with the least wear and tear of fibre, is the most 
 desirable. 
 
 With all opening and picking machinery, it is 
 necessary to set everything properly and firmly, 
 and to keep machines in order. They need the 
 constant, watchful care of a living man, and he 
 should be wide awake and active. 
 
 There is some danger of fire in a picker-house, 
 and as the material is so very combustible, it is 
 necessary to be constantly on the watch. Most 
 picker-houses and carding-rooms are amply pro- 
 vided with facilities for extinguishing fire, and cer- 
 tainly all should be. Many have sprinkler pipes 
 running all over the building, that may instantly 
 be filled with water and produce a shower all over 
 the room. It has sometimes occurred to the writer 
 that there should be some unmistakable mark by 
 which any one at a glance may see whether the 
 sprinkler gate is open or shut, as it sometimes 
 happens in case of fire that one man opens the 
 sprinkler gate, and immediately another man, not 
 knowing that any one has preceded him, thinks he 
 opens it when he shuts it instead. Another dis- 
 covers that the gate is not open, and so he proceeds 
 to open it ; and by- the time the water begins to 
 flow through it the second time, the pipe has be- 
 come red hot, and is broken as the cold water 
 strikes it, and the use of the sprinkler is lost for 
 that time, when if there had been some plan of the 
 above description the property might have been 
 saved. 
 
 In case of fire in the picking or carding depart- 
 ment, what is most needed is very prompt action. 
 Suppose a spark of fire drops from a bearing over- 
 head on to the floor among loose fibres of cotton. 
 Some one sees it. If he stops to get a pail of water,. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 33 
 
 or to go after a blanket some distance away, by the 
 time he gets back there will be likely to be more 
 fire than he can manage, either with a blanket or 
 a pail of water. The most effective means of ex- 
 tinguishing a little fire, when it first strikes cotton, 
 is to smother it ; grab it right up in the hand quick 
 as thought, then it may be carried to a pail of water 
 at leisure and submerged. If fire is discovered in- 
 side a frame or box, or any other enclosed place, don't 
 open the doors until you have soiiiething in readi- 
 ness to extinguish it with. Get the water and the 
 blankets readv first, in that case. Fire will not 
 burn much without air, and a little air sometimes 
 helps to spread it most wonderfully. 
 
 Gas pipes should be brushed off clean every even- 
 ing before lighting up, as the loose fibres of cotton 
 that are continually flying around the room some- 
 times gather on gas burners and pipes in sufficient 
 quantities to make a fire, if a blaze comes in con- 
 tact with them. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 Carding. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS —CLOTHING CARDS — POWKR REQUIRED FOR 
 FILLETS — HOW TO ASCERTAIN IT — TOPS — DIFFERENT KINDS 
 OF CLOTHING — GRINDING: OLD STYLE — IMPROVEMENTS: HOW 
 MADE — PARKER. GRINDER — FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS SUG- 
 GESTED — grinders: how to make true and straight — 
 
 HOW TO CLOTHE A GRINDER — GRINDING CARDS — CARD 
 CLOTHING RISING — HOW THEY ACT — HOW TO CURE — SET- 
 TING UP CARDS — THE QUANTITY — DOUBLE OR SINGLE CARD- 
 ING — DISTRIBUTING DRAWING IN RAILWAYS — STRIPPING 
 CARDS — SCREENS — SPEED OF MAIN CYLINDERS — LICKER- 
 INS — DRAUGHT OF CARDS — GRINDING — CLOTHING GRINDERS 
 
 — OLD EMERY — RE-CLOTHING CARDS — PATCHING UP — 
 WASHING CARDS — IMPROVEMENTS IN CARDS — A NEW GUIDE 
 
 — WORKING WASTE. 
 
 However nicely cotton may be opened and pre- 
 pared in laps, it needs carding; of course the nicer 
 the preparation in the shape of opening and pick- 
 ing, the less carding it needs ; but it must have 
 some. Picking is a kind of wholesale business, as 
 compared with carding. It has in this process been 
 handled by the lump ; it must now be handled more 
 in detail ; individual fibres must be attended to, and 
 nothing but properly adjusted card teeth will do 
 this. As this process is one of the most important, 
 if not the most important, process cotton passes 
 through in its preparation, it will be dwelt on in 
 all its particulars. Remarks on machinery in the 
 first chapter of this work should here be borne in 
 mind. 
 
 Before any card cylinders are clothed, they should 
 each be covered with good, stout, even cotton cloth, 
 put on perfectly smooth, either with thin glue or 
 size. After they have had time to dry, the little 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 35 
 
 black specks and other nubs should either be shaved 
 off with a sharp knife, or hammered down smooth ; 
 then the cylinder is ready for the clothing. A 
 breaker main cylinder should be clothed with cloth- 
 ing stuck with No. 32 wire, in well-tanned and 
 nicely prepared leather, A No. 1 in quality. There 
 is very little danger of drawing sheets on a main 
 cylinder too tight. When they are new, of course 
 such a thing is not impossible ; but where this is 
 the case once, it will probably be the other way a 
 hundred times. Nothing is more discouraging to 
 a carder, or injurious to owners, than to have card 
 clothing " huff;" or rise, in a few months after it is 
 put on, and necessitate " drawing over." It is a 
 waste of time, a disagreeable job, loss of the work 
 of cards, expensive, as well as keeping the grinders 
 from their legitimate business, and it is destructive 
 to clothing. After a main cylinder has been drawn 
 over its death warrant is signed ; the next thing 
 that may be looked for is breaking out, and a kind 
 of breaking out that continues until it becomes 
 necessary to remove the clothing and put on new. 
 As a general thing sheets should be drawn when 
 new as hard as the leather will bear. Of course 
 drawing over is sometimes necessary, and when it 
 is so it must be attended to, and then be careful 
 and not draw too tight. Remember, the stretch is 
 out of the leather now, and it must be dealt with 
 gently or immediate breaking out may be expected. 
 Draiv easy the sedond time. 
 
 Fillets, with which dofFers, licker-ins, and some- 
 times main cylinders, are clothed, work very differ- 
 ently from sheets They are continually working 
 loose. When they are at work they go one way, 
 and while grinding they go the other. It is possible 
 to draw a doffer on too tight ; and if they are so 
 drawn they will be very likely to break out more 
 
36 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 or less while grinding. It is well to draw a dofFer 
 twice in clothing ; that is, nail one end, and wind 
 the fillet on loosely ; then wind it back on the drum ; 
 then apply weight enough to the friction strap to 
 make about forty-eight pounds' power or strain on 
 the fillet, and in this manner carefully wind it on 
 the doffer cylinder ; then reverse and wind back 
 on the drum, keeping it tort all the while. Before 
 winding on the last time, reduce the power to about 
 thirty-six pounds. The first winding with power 
 takes the stretch out of the leather, and the second 
 with thirty-six pounds' power will be tight enough 
 to grind well ; and it has been found by the author 
 that doffer fillets put on in the manner described 
 will run longer without becoming loose than they 
 will put on in any other way. When a doffer runs 
 loose, as they are likely to do, it will generally be 
 detected at the end of the cylinder while being 
 ground. Two or three coils may be drawn over by 
 hand and make the whole thing all right, as the re- 
 mainder will frequently be tight enough while the 
 end may be loose. But if there is a general ap- 
 pearance of being loose all over — edges huffing, 
 with an inclination to rise, either while at work or 
 grinding — then take it out of the card and put it 
 in the machine and draw it all over, applying about 
 twenty-eight pounds of power ; not more for an old 
 doffer. 
 
 The power, or resistance, of a drum may be as- 
 certained in the following manner : Put the fric- 
 tion strap over the pulley and weight it; then wind 
 a few coils of narrow belting, or a small cord, round 
 the drum, confined to it at one end, and let the 
 loose end hang over in the direction that the fillet 
 will draw ; then, by means of hooks, attach weight 
 to it — 28, 36, or 48 as desired, and remove the 
 weight from the friction strap until the drum moves, 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CAEDERS' COMPANION. 37 
 
 allowing the same weight to remain on the friction 
 strap while winding the doffer fillet from the drum 
 to the cylinder ; and this weighing of power must 
 be repeated often, as the same weight and strap are 
 not sure to give the same power on two different 
 days, owing to a different state of the atmosphere. 
 Licker-ins, if the fillets are set with diamond wire 
 and need no grinding, may be drawn as tight as 
 the leather will bear. The teeth seldom break out. 
 If they are set with round wire, and consequently 
 must be ground, the same plan recommended for 
 doffers may be pursued with them. 
 
 Tops, before they are clothed, should be carefuly 
 jointed, and the plates set out of wind ; and when 
 old clothing is removed, before new is put on, they 
 should go through the same process, as wood can- 
 not be depended on to stay exactly where it is left 
 year after year. Top clothing needs very little 
 drawing. No ratchet, or treadle, is necessary. A 
 weight of from 6 to 9 pounds, according to cir- 
 cumstances, may be attached to the strap running 
 through the levers of the clothing pliers, and is 
 sufficient, convenient and gives the clothing a uni- 
 form drawing. If there is thin, or spongy, leather, 
 it will of course draw down a little more ; but never 
 mind ; it is of more importance to have the cloth- 
 ing properly drawn than it is to have a nice, straight 
 edge simply to look at ; and the same is true of 
 all other sheet clothing, whether it be main cylin- 
 ders, tops, or strip cards ; and strip cards need less 
 drawing than tops, because the leather is thinner 
 and the teeth not so closely set, and they do the 
 work of stripping better to be a little loose. Every 
 class of cards, and every card, should be carefully 
 set up after the clothing is finished, whether it is 
 to be ground or not, as teeth that are out of place 
 are rather a damage than a benefit to any card. 
 
38 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 The clothing for tops on a breaker should be set 
 with different sized wire, according to position. — 
 Nos. 1 and 2, No. 29 wire ; Nos. 3 and 4, No. 30 
 wire ; Nos. 5 and 6 with No. 31 wire, and the re- 
 mainder with No. 32 wire — same as main cylinder 
 and doffer. A licker-in should be set with No. 26 
 diamond wire. When cards are clothed with fillets, 
 a scraper should be run round between the coils, to 
 make sure that there is no lapping of one coil on 
 the edge of another. 
 
 All the above has reference to leather clothing ; 
 there are many other materials used to set card 
 teeth besides leather ; but as these vary so much — 
 some very good, and others very poor ; some giving 
 no trouble whatever, and others always troublesome 
 — no general rules can be given ; the carder must 
 be governed by circumstances. 
 
 GRINDING. 
 
 After clothing comes grinding ; and there are 
 about as many different opinions as to the best 
 method of grinding as there are different men who 
 have this business in charge. That this branch has 
 been greatly improved, within the last thirty years, 
 no one who has had experience in it will d'eny ; and 
 the end is not yet. Many of our improvements 
 were discovered by accident, or were brought about 
 by the force of circumstances. Under the old sys- 
 tem, when the driving pulley on the main cylinder 
 was 24 inches in diameter, the driven pulley on the 
 grinder 2 inches, and the speed of the main cylin- 
 der 120 revolutions per minute (making the speed 
 of the fancy grinder 1440 revolutions in the same 
 space of time): those were days that tried men's 
 patience and sadly injured cards. It used to re- 
 quire from four to six weeks to grind a new card ; 
 then two or three days must be spent in ^^strickling," 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 39 
 
 to take the barb off the points of the teeth, and it 
 was poorly done at that ; for when cards were new, 
 it was expected that they would have a" wire edge," 
 as it used to be called. They did not card well, 
 strip well, or do anything well. When cards of a 
 more modern plan began to be introduced, with 
 driving pulle}' on the main cylinder 16 inches in- 
 stead of 24, we used to grind better, quicker, and 
 our cards worked better, stripped better and were 
 better, in every way. The speed of the grinder 
 was reduced by this arrangement from 1440 to 960 
 revolutions per minute. 
 
 But was this change made for that purpose? 
 Probably it was not ; but it did benefit us in that 
 particular. Probably few carders ever attributed 
 it to slower speed. The author of this work 
 did not. When the Parker traverse grinder was 
 introduced it was found, by actual trial, that one of 
 this kind (7 inches in length, instead of 37 inches 
 — the length of the fancy roller grinder) would 
 grind a card much quicker and in a more satisfac- 
 tory manner than the fancy grinder ever had done 
 the same work. Carders began to inquire into the 
 reason for this. Something was claimed for the 
 new kind of traverse, and something belonged 
 there, no doubt ; but it was evident that the new 
 traverse should not be credited with the whole im- 
 provement. There was something else to be taken 
 into account ; and that something else was the 
 comparative low speed of the Parker grinder. It 
 had a 5 inch driven pulley instead of a 2 inch, 
 making the speed 576 revolutions per minute on 
 the 24 inch driver and 384 with a 16 inch driver. 
 Probably Mr. Parker never thought that slow speed 
 would facilitate grinding ; but, on the other hand, 
 it is very likely he made calculation to drive his 
 grinder as fast as it could be driven, consistent with 
 
40 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 its construction. Happy for him and all manufac- 
 turers, it would not admit of the old-fashioned high 
 speed ; and to this fact alone much of its superi- 
 ority over the old, long grinder may be justly at- 
 tributed. This is not all : We have learned to 
 drive all kinds of grinders slower than formerly, 
 and we are constantly reaping the advantages 
 which this system affords. And have we, at this 
 date, arrived at perfection in this particular ? Who 
 shall say we have ? Perhaps from 350 to 400 
 revolutions per minute is slow enough to drive a 
 5 inch grinder ; but it has been the opinion of the 
 author, for some years past, that we might make 
 another equally valuable improvement by driving 
 our cylinders slower and allowing the grinder to 
 retain its present speed. In nearly all other kinds 
 of grinding and polishing, with either emery or 
 stone, the emery roll, or stone, is driven at high 
 speed, and the article to be ground, or polished, is 
 driven slow. How is it with grinding spindles, or 
 other iron and steel rods, or cylinders, with a stone 
 or emery? The grinder moves ftist, and the article 
 to be ground moves slow. Why should grinding 
 cards be an exception to all other kinds of grind- 
 ing ? Can any one tell ? 
 
 Several years ago the author experimented con- 
 siderably in this particular. In 18G6 he had an 
 extra stud fastened in a large plate and the plate 
 fixed to the frame of a card about to be ground, 
 and on the stud were two sets of pulleys — one set 
 driven from the main shaft overhead, and the 
 other set smaller, which drove the main cylinder, 
 thus reducing the speed of cylinder while grind- 
 ing ; and the result was that cards ground by the 
 slower process were ground better, worked better 
 and gave better satisfaction in every way. He is 
 still experimenting; he has not yet arrived at a 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 41 
 
 point where he can say, '' Eureka," but he is satis- 
 fied that a slower speed, at some point below where 
 we now grind cylinders, would be beneficial. 
 
 A small counter-shaft might be placed immedi- 
 ately over the card, from whic^h the cylinder, dofFer 
 and grinder could be driven at any desired speed. 
 The present pattern of the Hardy grinder, with the 
 small pulley on the screw, necessitating a tight belt, 
 often causes a little jump in the grinder when the 
 lacing, or hooks, pass over it. The remedy is a 
 large pulley, both driving and driven. Care should 
 be taken, in adjusting any kind of a grinder to a 
 card, to have all the nuts and bolts thoroughly 
 screwed up, so that the grinder may remain firm 
 in place while grinding. If it gets loose, it makes 
 very bad work in a short time. 
 
 The first step towards good grinding is a good 
 grinder, properly made, perfectly true and straight, 
 and perfectly balanced. If it lacks any of these 
 qualities it will not be a good grinder. Grinders 
 constructed of tin are seldom quite round. To make 
 them so, first paint and let it dry. Prepare a leather 
 fillet three fourths of an inch wide and fix it on 
 the grinder with glue, giving the fillet all the strain 
 it will bear. When it has had time to dry, place 
 in a frame and run it in its own bearings or boxes, 
 and drive it with its own pulley at a high speed — 
 as high as it is calculated to run while grinding. 
 Fix a rest its entire length ; then with a sharp 
 chisel, or plain iron regulated by a guard outside 
 the rest, turn it off round and straight ; paint the 
 leather, let it dry, and repeat until the grain is 
 filled and the surface smooth. When this is ac- 
 complished, put on a coat of old copal varnish and 
 wind it with twine, while the varnish is green. 
 After it is dry it is ready for the emery. A grinder 
 prepared in this manner will last years, if care is 
 
42 WILSON'S COTTON CARDEKS' COMPANION. 
 
 taken with it. Especially be careful not to let it 
 lie long in hot water, in removing a coat of emery. 
 
 All kinds of grinders should be painted and 
 wound with twine previous to clothing with emery, 
 whether they need any leather or not; and the 
 twine should be wound into green varnish in all 
 cases. The best emery for clothing grinders is 
 No. 10 English emery ; and only one coat should 
 be put on at any one covering. No sizing should 
 be used on a coat of emery, if it is desired to have 
 it grind well. If it is sized, it will soon glaze over 
 and become an old, worthless grinder, while it 
 should and would be a good, effective one without 
 any size. 
 
 It is sometimes said by carders that their " emery 
 won't stick" without sizing. [See recipe for making 
 glue in Chapter Sixth.] 
 
 In covering a grinder everything should be in 
 readiness beforehand, so that there may be no delay 
 after the work of clothing has commenced, and it 
 is better to have help enough to rush it a little. 
 Spread the glue evenly over the surface of the 
 grinder and put the emery on copiously, keeping 
 the grinder moving slowly all the time. After the 
 emery is all on, roll it with an iron roller and keep 
 the grinder moving slowly round for a half-hour or 
 more after the clothing is all over. This prevents 
 the glue from settling down on the lower side of 
 the grinder, as it will surely do if left at. rest im- 
 mediately after the emery is put on. A grinder 
 should be allowed to dry 48 hours after being cov- 
 ered before using. When first started hold a piece 
 of pine wood on it, to knock off any high kernels 
 of emery that may adhere to it. 
 
 It is important in grinding cards to have good 
 men to attend to it, as well as good grinders and 
 grinding machines ; both are called grinders — ma- 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CAEDERS' COMPANION. 43 
 
 chines and men. A man in order to be a good 
 grinder must have good eyes and quick ears, 
 especially the latter, as much depends on hearing 
 in adjusting a grinder properly. He must be a 
 man of a mechanical turn of mind, and must be 
 interested in his work. The best grinders are those 
 who commence to work about cards in youth and 
 are promoted from one position to another until 
 they are promoted to grinders. In this manner 
 they may, and do, acquire a sort of general knowl- 
 edge of the business before actually entering upon 
 it that is almost indispensable. A new hand — a 
 man who comes from outside, from other business — 
 will rarely make as good a grinder as one who has 
 been brought up in the carding-room. 
 
 The time required to grind a new card, or an old 
 one, depends upon circumstances. If the cylinders 
 are perfectly true and in balance, the grinder good, 
 properly applied and the clothing even, it will grind 
 very quick — sometimes in 10 or 15 hours. If any 
 of these good qualities are lacking, it will take 
 longer, and in proportion to the deficiency. When 
 the cylinders are out of true, or out of balance, as 
 is often the case, it will and often does take from 
 five to twenty times as long to grind a new card 
 as it would if all were right. And that is not the 
 worst feature of it : in such a case one side of the 
 cylinder is often necessarily ground more the first 
 tfme than would be necessary to grind it in ten 
 years if it had been true and balanced. Good, nice 
 cards are injured and often break out the first 
 time grinding for the above reason, and no other. 
 But they must be ground until all the parts are 
 finished. 
 
 There are other causes of cards breaking out 
 besides being out of true, or out of balance. The 
 wire of which the clothing is made may be poor ; 
 
44 WILSON'S COTTOK CAKDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 there may be a hard splice in the leather ; they 
 may be ground too hard or too long, as they often 
 are. Some of these causes the carder has no 
 control over, and knows nothing of until the 
 results appear ; and when they appear, they must 
 be met as best they can. But a carder should 
 insist on having his cylinders true and balanced, 
 on having good clothing, and grind no longer or 
 harder than is necessary. 
 
 Sometimes card clothing rises and causes great 
 vexation. There used to be an opinion that there 
 was something mysterious about this matter — 
 something that could not be explained or even 
 understood. Rising is not confined to any partic- 
 ular kind of clothing or cylinders. Sheets, fillets, 
 main cylinders and dofFers, all rise, or are liable to 
 rise, and one as much as another. But different 
 kinds require different treatment. When sheets 
 rise, they must be drawn over; there Js no other 
 cure. It is sometimes curious to see a little patch 
 rise in a sheet when all the rest of the teeth are 
 down in their places — perhaps two or three little 
 patches ; it may be half-a-dozen, more or less — in 
 some instances only a few teeth in a place. When 
 this is the case, the high teeth are forced back with 
 a card-brush, a gauge, and sometimes with*a piece 
 of soft pine board ; and then the cylinder is turned 
 by hand or started very carefully, until filled with 
 cotton ; afterwards they will sometimes run until 
 another grinding. At other times, this has to be 
 repeated until the patience of* the grinder is ex- 
 hausted, and he calls his overseer or the second 
 hand ; and the two, and sometimes three, work for 
 hours together to get a card of this kind started. 
 There may be a little refractory group of teeth 
 that will rise every time the cylinder is started 
 until the operators are all worked up into a fever. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 45 
 
 when perhaps an excited carder takes a hammer 
 and pounds them down solid and walks away to 
 his bench, declaring there is something mysterious 
 about card-teeth rising ; that he never saw any one 
 who could explain it ; he don't believe that any- 
 body knows or ever will know why it is. 
 
 A main cylinder clothed with a fillet will some- 
 times act about as bad, and the same is sometimes 
 true of a doflfer. The author of this work has 
 had experience in all these kinds of rising ; and 
 although he has sometimes been terribly tried, he 
 never pounded down any card-teeth with a ham- 
 mer ; but he has set himself at work to find the 
 cause, and after a long and diligent search found 
 it, and is now able to cure every case with com- 
 parative ease. But he prefers preventive to 
 cure. If main cylinders clothed with sheets are 
 drawn tight enough, when first put on, they will 
 seldom rise ; if they do, they must be drawn over, 
 as teeth are liable to rise if the leather is loose ; 
 hut ihey can never rise if it is tight. The author 
 once clothed some cards in a hurry with clothing 
 made in a hurry, and poor stock at that, as it 
 proved. These cards (especially main cylinders) 
 after being ground roilnd about three times began 
 to rise in the most annoying manner. The grinder 
 was directed to remove the tacks from the back of 
 a sheet that was in trouble of this kind, and do it 
 so caiefully as not to disturb the teeth, and allow 
 a peep to be taken at the underside, to ascertain 
 exactly how they looked and what position they 
 were in. This peep explained the whole mystery. 
 First, the leather was loose and had risen up by 
 centrifugal force ; second, some of the teeth went 
 up with it, retaining their position j third, the 
 leather had slipped up on other teeth and left 
 them, the lower ends resting on the cylinder; 
 
46 WILSON'S COTTON CARDEBS' COMPANION. 
 
 fourth, the teeth that were set tight enough in the 
 leather to retain their original position were the 
 ones that we supposed had risen, and those that 
 lay on the cylinder seemed as they usually appear 
 when they are all right. 
 
 It will be readily understood that drawing over 
 is the only remedy ; but it should be carefully 
 done ; there is danger of drawing cards too tight 
 the second time. If the teeth all retain their 
 places in the leather, then it is said that the sheets 
 huff up, and there is no mistake about it. Such 
 readily show when they need drawing over. There 
 is another trouble with sheets : sometimes there 
 will be a spot in the middle huffed up when all th 
 rest of it seems to be right ; and it is frequently 
 the case that such sheets are drawn over and the 
 trouble continues. Such cases are usually caused 
 by a soft or spongy spot in the leather, and the 
 rest all firm ; in such cases the drawing over does 
 not affect it. When this occurs search out the 
 boundary line of the soft spot in the leather ; draw 
 out a row of teeth on either side ; slit it up with a 
 knife ; then draw that particular place, and the 
 trouble is cured. 
 
 Fillets will rise occasionally when they seem to 
 be tight enough, and are tight enough, and the 
 cause of the rising is, they crowd. Cloth fillets 
 are more apt to do so than leather, but the latter 
 is not entirely free from it. A strip of cloth or 
 leather, either by frequent pulling or straining, gets 
 loose on the edges, and whefi two edges come 
 together there is a tendency to rise ; and these are 
 often drawn over without removing the evil. When 
 a fillet acts in that manner, draw over lightly and 
 lay it apart ; let a thin piece of iron run between 
 the edges as it is being drawn, and the trouble 
 will disappear. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 47 
 
 I Cards having been once ground down need but 
 little grinding at any one time afterwards, unless 
 they get jammed, faced, have to be drawn over or 
 something unusual happens to them. The old plan 
 msed to be to grind about so long any way. Some 
 lused to grind two days, others a day and a half, and 
 others still a day. This plan is all wrong. The 
 more a card is ground, after it has been brought 
 to the right condition (that is, the teeth ground to 
 a point) the worse. They may need to be ground 
 an hour or two, perhaps three hours, but never 
 grind a minute after the teeth have been brought 
 to a sharp point. It is difficult to grind too often, 
 but very easy to grind too long. Cylinders do not 
 usually suffer so much from over-grinding as do 
 tops, as they are ground on a more scientific plan. 
 The cylinder moves quickly and the card moves 
 slowly over it, and as a consequence they grind 
 faster, and before the grinder is aware of it they 
 are often — yes, almost always — ground too much. 
 The writer has seen tops spoiled in a few months — 
 ground down to the knee. Grinders should be 
 constantly cautioned about grinding tops. Sliding 
 across the grinding cylinder about a half-dozen 
 times is sufficient, as a general rule. It is well to 
 have two grinding machines set close together, 
 where it is practicable to do so, and require each 
 grinder to run two while grinding a set of tops. 
 They will usually grind, in this manner, about as 
 fast as they can be changed. Licker-ins, if set 
 with diamond wire, need no grinding, unless they 
 get badly faced. 
 
 In setting a card up ready for work, first clean 
 it nicely — then set the doffer as near as it will run 
 without touching the main cylinder and secure it 
 firmly, so that it will not get out of place while at 
 work. Next set the tops, commencing with those 
 
48 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 nearest the dofFer. The proper way to set tops is, 
 to set the front twice the distance from the cylinder 
 that the back is set ; this plan brings the nearest 
 point about two-thirds from front to back, and this 
 part should be set as close as it will run, down to 
 No. 5, and from there to No. 1 set off a very little 
 farther ; in other words, tops should be set so that 
 they will fill even. If it is found that they load 
 too heavily on the front, raise them a little ; and on 
 the other hand, if the fronts fill scant, lower them. 
 Care should be taken to have every top set square 
 on all the screws^ so that there may be no rocking. 
 If workers and strippers are used, they should be 
 set as near as they will run without touching, and 
 the same of licker-ins. On a finisher-card the top 
 feed roller should be set as close to the cylinder as 
 it will run, and no play should be allowed to the 
 caps in the roll stands. On breakers, where licker- 
 ins are used, set the bottom roll the nearest — the 
 same as a top roll in a finisher. 
 
 When everything has been adjusted ready to 
 start, turn the cylinder backwards by hand to make 
 sure that it don^t come in contact with anything 
 about it. This precaution will save many a card 
 being faced, as it takes but a short time when a 
 cylinder is running at full speed (points first) and 
 rubs the doffer, tops or rollers, to spoil the points, 
 and the work of grinding has been all lost in that 
 case ; and worse than that, it has sustained a per- 
 manent injury. Set combs just near enough to 
 clear the doffer. 
 
 THE AMOUNT OF WORK FOIL A CARD. 
 
 As to the quantity of cotton a card will work 
 in a day, there are, perhaps, more opinions than 
 about any other one question. We find them 
 carding from 30 to 160 pounds, under different 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 49 
 
 circumstances and conditions according to the kind 
 of card used and the kind of work to be made. 
 There is also a great difference in the amount 
 carded with the same machines, and the same kind 
 of work in different places and under different 
 management. The question whether it is best to 
 card cotton once or twice is still unsettled and 
 open for discussion. There are many very strong 
 advocates of the former plan, and perhaps just as 
 marly and just as strong advocates of the latter 
 plan. Many manufacturing establishments have 
 changed from single to double carding, and perhaps 
 an equal number have changed from double to 
 single ; and still others which have changed back 
 and forth more than once, while some have both 
 kinds at work. With all these trials cotton manu- 
 facturers as a class are undecided which plan is 
 best. There are individuals, and some manufac- 
 turing concerns, who think they have settled the 
 question so far as they are concerned ; and no 
 doubt they have. But as some have settled it one 
 way, and others another, the inquirer is still in the 
 fog, because each party who thinks he has settled 
 the question claims that his way is right and 
 that the others must be wrong, so the discussion 
 goes on. 
 
 Perhaps a little reflection on the part of those 
 interested would go far towards solving this prob- 
 lem. If the position assumed in this work is 
 correct, viz : that cotton needs to be worked just 
 enough to clean and straighten it, and no more, 
 the question naturally arises at this point — Are 
 we carding cotton too much now ? If we are, it 
 is a very easy matter to card less, or rather, put 
 more cotton through a card than we are now do- 
 ing ; and this can be carried to any desired ex- 
 tent without resorting to single carding. On the 
 
50 ' WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 other hand, if we are not carding cotton enough 
 to accomplish the desired result, we can put a less 
 quantity through each card, though of course this 
 latter plan would call for more cards. 
 
 Are we carding cotton too much ? Let the 
 cloth answer. Are there not black specks enough 
 in it ? If we find by examination that there are 
 not, we can increase them by carding heavier — 
 giving each card more work to do — and it matters 
 but little whether it is single or double carding, 
 but the little difference that it does make is in 
 favour of double carding. By the double process 
 we get a better mixing, which is certainly an ad- 
 vantage if that was all. But it is not ; for by the 
 double carding process we reverse the fibre and 
 operate on both ends instead of one ; and that is 
 a second advantage over the single process. The 
 author is aware that some of our English friends 
 advocate as little reversing of staple as possible in 
 the process of preparation ; but he is not yet con- 
 vinced that this theory is correct — indeed he is 
 strongly of the opposite opinion, and has arrived 
 at this conclusion after a fair trial of both plans. 
 Moreover, he is of the opinion that whoever will 
 give this matter a fair and impartial trial will 
 come to the same conclusion. 
 
 The contrast between double and single carding 
 is best seen in the yarn and cloth ; and let it be 
 understood that this difference is always noticeable 
 to a greater or less degree where everything is 
 managed in a proper manner — single cards doing 
 half the work of double ones each, as they always 
 should do, other things being equal, wherever and 
 whenever this system is adopted. What has killed 
 single carding in many places has been trying to 
 do as much on each card in this manner as double 
 ones are accustomed to do. It will be very readily 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CAKDERS' COMPANION. 51 
 
 seen that by this plan the carding is increased 50 
 per cent, which is rather more than it will bear 
 profitably, as a general thing. As has been before 
 remarked, if we are carding too much we can card 
 less. But where is the concern that can stand an 
 increase of 50 per cent, and live through it? 
 Many have tried it and signally failed. 
 
 The difference between double and single card- 
 ing is : First, rougher yarn from single than double ; 
 second, dirtier yarn ; third, spinning does not run 
 as well ; fourth, the cloth is not as smooth, or clean, 
 from single as from double carding. It is true that 
 yarn made from single carding, other things being 
 equal, will stand a greater tension on a yarn-tester 
 than double ; and the reason may be found in the 
 fact that the fibre has not been worked so much. 
 But this advantage is more than balanced by the 
 amount of dirt in it, causing it to run badly through 
 every process it passes. Another advantage of 
 double over single carding is, the cotton has to be 
 handled over more times, and in every handling 
 some dirt is rattled out, and without damage to 
 the fibre either. Of course, in estimating the 
 amount a card will do in a day or a week much 
 depends on the kind of cotton used. Dirty, nubby 
 cotton requires more carding than clean. Much 
 depends on the kind of card used ; the greater the 
 working surface and the more cylinders, tops, and 
 workers, the more it will card. There are a great 
 variety of cards and likely to be aiore before there 
 are less. Two gentlemen of this city (Lowell, 
 Mass.) have invented, and are now (October, 1875) 
 building a new kind of card ; the cylinder 36 in- 
 ches ; but it has two licker-ins and double the 
 number of tops in a Wellman self-stripper. It 
 remains to be seen what it will do, but it seems to 
 
52 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 be a step in the right direction. The name of this 
 firm is Fo^s & Pevey. 
 
 The kind of goods to be made has something to 
 do with the amount of cotton carded in a given 
 time. If the goods are fine and light, it is neces- 
 sary to card more than if heavy and coarse. On 
 print goods 64 x 64, seven yards to the pound, a 
 36-inch card will do a pound and a half to an inch 
 in length of cylinder per day on ordinary kind of 
 stock, and do it very well, too, double carding. If 
 single, then half the above quantity. When cards 
 are kept sharp and in shape every way, they will 
 do very much more work (and do it well) than they 
 will if allowed to run dull and out of place. The 
 beauty of a card of any kind is to have it so ar- 
 ranged as to readily seize, and as readily let go, 
 the cotton, and if they do the first, they will usu- 
 ally do the second ; and to do either, there must be 
 a fine needle-point on the teeth. If the points are 
 barbed, or as denominated, have a wire edge, they 
 will do neither. Cotton may be forced through 
 such cards, but it will not be carded. It will be 
 ground or jammed through, and it is impossible to 
 make good work of such. 
 
 A licker-in is a very useful appendage to any 
 card. The stout, diamond-pointed wire, or the saw 
 teeth, such as are in use in some places, take hold 
 of the cotton first, loosen it out and throw consid- 
 erable dirt down on the floor. It is well to cut out 
 a space, five-eighths of an inch wide, under the bot- 
 tom feed roller, to allow the dirt to fall outside the 
 card-frame, instead of inside, to be mixed with the 
 flyings, making it necessary to pass them through 
 other machinery to again separate them from dirt. 
 When it has once been thrown out (in the manner 
 described) we have done with it, and it will be 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDEKS' COMPANION. 53 
 
 swept up and carried to the waste-house, where it 
 belongs, and the licker-in is no longer troubled 
 with it, but can, and does, pass the cotton to the 
 cylinder minus this dirt, thus saving wear and tear 
 of card clothing, and leaving it at liberty to do its 
 best with the cotton. The above idea originated 
 with Asa B. Lyford, a carder on the Merrimack 
 Corporation, in Lowell. 
 
 Goodwin & Atkinson's Patent Mofe-Collector is 
 a useful appendage to a finisher-card. It is much 
 more effective on finishers than breakers; or, in 
 other words, it is more effective where there are no 
 licker-ins than with cards that have licker-ins. A 
 strip of common cotton cloth, four double and about 
 an inch and a fourth wide, so fastened to a self- 
 stripping card as to just touch the top, will keep 
 them very free from dust and lint, which it will 
 collect in a roll that may be removed twice a day. 
 It also prevents much dirt 'from being brushed off 
 by the hands who clean cards, which is usually 
 brushed or blown into the gearing, and into the 
 work again. 
 
 Great annoyance has been experienced by card- 
 ers in not being able to properly distribute the 
 drawing on the railway aprons in both breakers 
 and finishers ; and it is quite as important in the 
 one as the other ; for if the cotton goes up to the 
 lap-head uneven, it will make an uneven lap for 
 the finisher to work, straining the clothing with the 
 thick places and leaving the main cylinder and 
 dofier streaked, and making bad work generally, 
 while in the finisher-boxes, if it is not evenly dis- 
 tributed, it tries the top rollers in the railway head 
 and will not draw evenly, and will soon injure the 
 rollers so that they will not do good work. Kenf s 
 Card Guide is a very great help in this particular. 
 But the humble author of this work invented a 
 
 5* 
 
64 WiL^ON> COTTON CAKDERS^ COMPANION. 
 
 card guide, some four or five years ago, that is 
 better than any he has ever seen. There is no 
 patent on it, and probably never will be, and there 
 is only one at work at present, and there never have 
 been any more ; but if the world stands a while 
 lono^er, and cotton manufacturinor continues, there 
 will be likely to be more of them in use. A gen- 
 tleman made some changes in the author's guide, 
 and there are a number of those at work in the 
 Merrimack Manufacturing Company's carding- 
 rooms, which are working very well. But the 
 original, as built b\' the author, possesses three 
 important advantages over all others that he has 
 seen. First, it is less expensive than any other ; 
 second, it is more convenient ; third, it is more 
 effective, doing exactly what is desired to a hair's 
 breadth, while the others have to be moved just so 
 much, if moved at all. It is claimed by some 
 carders that if the ends are once properly distrib- 
 uted and put in right shape they wnll always be 
 right : but a little reflection will convince any one 
 that we need an adjustable card guide — one that 
 by the touch of the thumb can be changed — as 
 almost every day a different card in the same row 
 is stopped to grind, causing a derangement of the 
 whole sheet unless some convenient plan for re-ad- 
 justment is adopted. The card guide spoken of 
 can be seen at work in Xo. 6 Carding-Room, Merri- 
 mack Manufacturing Company, Lowell. 
 
 Another source of annoyance to carders, and 
 waste to owners, is the cotton dropping down at 
 the ends of the doffer on to the railway box or the 
 floor, as the case may be. This trouble can be 
 remedied by a little care in clothing new cards, or 
 a little change in old ones. If the clothing on the 
 doffer is a trifle shorter than that of the main cyl- 
 inder, the trouble ceases. Where the clothing of 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 55 
 
 the dolFer reaches out beyond that of the main 
 cylinder, the dropping takes place as the currents 
 of air produced by the revolutions of the main 
 cylinder blow some cotton on to the surplus ends 
 of doffer clothing, and it is knocked off by the 
 comb on to the railway box or floor, instead of go- 
 ing into the work properly carded as it would, and 
 will go, if the two surfaces agree, or if the doffer 
 is slightly shorter than the main cylinder. 
 
 STRIPPING CARDS. 
 
 Stripping cards has undergone considerable 
 change within the last ten or fifteen years in more 
 than one particular. The old style used to be to 
 strip tops by hand once in 12 or 15 minutes — half 
 the tops on each card. It is now mainly done by 
 power. Wellman's and other self-strippers have 
 come into very general use, and very properly, too, 
 as the work is done much cheaper than formerly 
 and quite as well, and the speed can be regulated 
 so as to strip more or less often to suit the taste of 
 those who have the management of them. The old 
 time has been doubled, or rather the stripping has 
 been doubled in most places. One-half of the tops 
 are now stripped by power once in 8 to 10 min- 
 utes. The author is of the opinion that one-half 
 the present stripping might profitably be dispensed 
 with. It may seem to be a strange idea to many, 
 but a little examination into the facts of the case 
 will certainly do us no harm, and we may possibly 
 learn a valuable practical lesson from such an ex- 
 amination. Let any one who thinks it worth his 
 while try the following experiment : Take a top 
 from any part of a card, front or back — a top that 
 has mn its full time and ought to be stripped, ac- 
 cording to rule, because it has been working 10, 
 1 5 or 20 minutes, as the case may be ; strip it clean 
 
£,v ^iLS03rS COTTOS CASDEBS' CO:j£PiL3IIOy. 
 
 ■ad canrfnlty whk m land card, weigh the waste 
 rtiipp e d <^ <m a nice pair of roving scales and write 
 dofwii the number of grains it weighs ; then replace 
 IJbe top Jttd let it remain in place exactly one min- 
 wAt Vj the watch ; remove and strip as before, 
 iPOgiiiBg tiie waste, and it will be found that it 
 weighs 50 per cent as much as the fonner weigb- 
 Biig did. Now, if this is the case (and no one is 
 a^ed to believe it until he has tried it), what does 
 il skofv ! Simply that the dean top helped itself 
 finrst cotton that came along by it untfl it was 
 t» a certain d^ree; and if the waste is 
 
 oiined, it will be found to be almost as good 
 Li.n as there is in the room. Suppose we strip 
 all the tops as rapidly as possible by hand and con- 
 tinue the opera tioB a few minutes, we shall find we 
 have gready fcafiCBcd the weight of the drawing 
 defifvred by the ewd, whether it be a breaker or 
 a inher. What does this diow ? That a great 
 fflttt of the eottoD can be stripped off &om the tope, 
 if thej are stripped often enough. Well, what have 
 we learned by these experiments ? We have learned 
 t^s, it would seem : that it takes a c*ertain amount 
 of eotloii to fill a top up to a working condition, and 
 certain amount of cotton is as good as any 
 carded ; and, also, that the top will 
 to catch dirt, nubs, leaf^ and nits, just 
 08 wen for a considerable time afterwards. Who 
 knows how long ! Evidently more than 36 or 46 
 minutes. This is probably a new idea to many if 
 
 */> most of carders and manufacturers in general 
 j^iMK it is worth trying, and may prove useful K 
 Aie theory is correct, it is no use talking about 
 stripping Ae h w m tofie oftener than those higher 
 np^ -^ ^^*« been advocated by some. The author 
 hoe . cards to run two hours with the strip- 
 
 per wlamim^heSmt pcfoaving any difference in 
 
 ( 
 
WILSOX'S OOTTOr CASDESE' COMPASIOK- 57 
 
 je working of the (jard He will not lay down 
 any role to strip t * js bj^ but thinks the time now 
 occupied may pniitably and safely be double the 
 present, or in other words, strip tops one-half aB 
 much as the3' are stiipped now — ^profitably, becanMC 
 good cotton will be saved, the percentage of waste 
 will be smaller, and the wear and teai* of machineiy 
 le y. because he thinks they will remove as 
 
 much axil as they do now. 
 
 There is one serious objection to putting the 
 speed of a Wellman stripper down yery low, to se- 
 cure slow or less stripping. If it is slow it keeps 
 the top ofi^ the card too loDg. If some plan could be 
 devised lu niuve the stripper slowly from one top to 
 another, at the same time having a change of speei 
 to do the stripping, so as to rise, stiip and replace 
 the top quickly, a great advastige vwld be gained. 
 Perhaps there are such stiippere in the country ; 
 there will probably be more. Mr. George H. 
 Chandler, asa^aiit superintendent at the Merri- 
 mack MaDufjicturing Company's works, has a plan 
 in his mind, and is now at work on it, having this 
 
 ]d in view. Breaker cards, as a general thii^ 
 need more stripping than finishers — both tops and 
 cylinders- 
 
 With regard to stripping cylinders, it continues 
 to be done mostly by hand; but we strip veiy 
 much less than we used to do in former years. 
 The first the writer heard about any change was 
 - me eight or nine yeai's ago, when an old associate 
 _ illed on him who wjis then running a large rc»om 
 iD all aijoining State We had not met for years, 
 and tliis ^- - " _ ^ le meetii^; m»d, in a 
 
 hurried 11 ind answered a great 
 
 manv qu Among others he asked, - How 
 
 often do y. u snip cylinders?'' He was told once 
 in two hours ; that was the old style, and was con- 
 
58 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 siclered the orthodox plan. " Well," said he, " try 
 stripping them once in four weeks, or as often 
 as you grind." He was supposed to be jesting ; 
 but he added, " I am in earnest ; and that is 
 as often as I strip mine." It is needless to stop 
 to describe how much astonished the writer was 
 to hear such talk, from such a source ; but he 
 had long ere that day made up his mind to try 
 whatever he heard of in way of improvement 
 if it seemed reasonable, and sometimes if it did 
 not. This was one of the times when it did not so 
 seem -, but directions were given a stripper not to 
 strip a certain cylinder any more until further 
 orders; and it ran without stripping until the time 
 of grinding, some three weeks, and no perceptible 
 difference was discovered in the work of that card. 
 It was watched daily — almost hourly. One day, 
 while the carder was at his desk, marking down 
 time, near night, a stripper came up and said he 
 was desired to say to the overseer a certain grinder 
 wanted to leave. . He was asked what the trouble 
 was. " 0," said he, "" he is on a job he thinks he 
 will never live to finish, and he wants to leave be- 
 fore he is ' killed entirely.' " ^* Well, what is he 
 doing ? " " Stripping that cylinder that has run 
 so long without stripping." The cylinder was ex- 
 amined, and there was plenty of time to examine 
 it before the bad job was completed. It stripped 
 hard — very hard, so hard indeed that the carder 
 was fearful that the clothing would be injured 
 before the stripping was completed ; and it was 
 thought it had run too long without stripping. No 
 others were tried for the same length of time ; but 
 they were tried at shorter periods until one day was 
 settled down on as the proper time for a cylinder 
 to run without stripping. The writer has adopted 
 that plan, and practised it for a number of years. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 69 
 
 having one-half the cylinders stripped in the fore- 
 noon, and the other half in the afternoon — every 
 other cylinder in each row. Perhaps cylinders 
 might run longer than that, under some circum- 
 stances — as for instance where the work is light 
 and the cotton clean ; under other circumstances 
 it might not be often enough, where the work is 
 heavy and the cotton dirty. No positive rule can 
 be laid down that will be .safe to follow in all cases. 
 The carder must exercise his own judgment. But 
 there are two or three things which are pretty cer- 
 tain : first, the cases are very rare where it is 
 necessary to strip cylinders once in two hours, as 
 we used to do ; second, the cases are rare where 
 they can be profitably run four weeks, or three 
 weeks, without stripping ; third and last, but not 
 least, all kinds of stripping, whether cylinders or 
 tops, and whether they are stripped often or other- 
 wise, one-half should be stripped at a time — every 
 other top on a card, and every other cylinder in 
 the same row, for the reason that every stripping 
 makes the work lighter for the time being, and 
 where alternate tops or cylinders are stripped, it 
 affects the work less than if they were all stripped 
 at about the same time. 
 
 The question of placing screens under cylinders, 
 or not placing them there, or anywhere else, has 
 been considerably agitated at different times and 
 in different places. Some use them ; others do not. 
 They had a very general popularity once. Now 
 they are popular in some places, and in others they 
 are not. The author has used them, has nothing 
 to say against the principle, rather likes it, and if 
 screens are properly made, of the right material, 
 he has no doubt they might be, and perhaps are, a 
 benefit. Screens made of wire netting did not 
 work satisfactorily with him ; there was too much 
 
60 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 of a tendency to bed over and stop everything 
 going through them ; then they v^ere no longer 
 screens, but a sort of under-casing, that keeps too 
 much dirt in the work. Cleaning often enough 
 will obviate this difficulty ; but it is necessary to 
 do it so often it becomes burdensome. Zinc, with 
 round or other holes punched in it, is objectionable, 
 because it is so difficult to make the edges of the 
 holes smooth that it is hardly ever done perfectly, 
 and the result is cotton dirt clings to them and 
 soon stops them up, though they are not as bad as 
 wire netting. A cast-iron rack, made of bars and 
 set in grooves that conform in shape to the surface 
 of the cylinder — the bars made three-cornered, flat 
 side next to cylinder, and two sharp edges forming 
 the edges of the openings set three-eighths of an 
 inch apart, and the other sharp edge down, and the 
 general surface of the rack five-eighths of an inch 
 fVom the cylinder — works well under some cylinders. 
 There is probably no reason why such a rack would 
 not work well under a main cylinder of a card if 
 placed there. Such a rack would not probably get 
 clogged up very easily. 
 
 Any kind of screens now in use can be run ad- 
 vantageously, if sufficient care is taken to keep 
 them clear. One very common error is placing 
 them too near the cylinder surface. They should 
 not be placed less than five-eighths of an inch from 
 it. If waste from the cards is to be re-worked at 
 all there should be as much of it kept in the work, 
 as it is passing, as is possible to keep in ; or, 
 rather, it is best to keep the fibre in, and let the 
 dirt out. Screens will do that on common kinds 
 of cards. 
 
 The speed of main cylinders varies considerably 
 under different circumstances and as managed by 
 different men. If there are no screens under main 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CAKDEKS' COMPANION. 61 
 
 cylinders one hundred and twenty-five revolutions 
 per minute for a 36-inch cylinder, or in that pro- 
 portion for other sizes, is about right. If such 
 cylinders run much faster than that they throw 
 off too much waste ; if they run much slower they 
 do not clean the cotton well. Tf there are screens, 
 they may run as high as a hundred and fifty or 
 sixty, without harm, and they clean the cotton 
 better on high than they do on low speed. The 
 surface of the main cylinder should exceed the 
 licker-in speed from twenty-five to thirty per cent. 
 The draught of cards varies as much as speed. 
 They will draw as much as they are asked to do, 
 as a general thing ; and yet it is not best to go to 
 extremes in either direction — not too low nor too 
 high ; from sixty to eighty, as a general thing, is 
 about right for the draught of a card of ordinary 
 dimensions. If we have a thin lap and conse- 
 quently must have a low draught, it necessitates a 
 slow speed of the doffer, and the cylinder will not 
 clear well. If, on the other hand, we have a very 
 thick, heavy lap, making it necessary to have a 
 high draught, the lap being so thick is not held firm- 
 ly enough between the rollers to be well carded. 
 It will draw off in flakes, more or less ; so it is 
 best to have a medium draught, if possible The idea 
 that cotton passes round a cylinder several times, 
 before being taken off by the doffer, is fully be- 
 lieved in by many carders and spinners. But the 
 author of this work is of the opinion that the 
 cotton that passes the doffer once is either thrown 
 off under the cylinder in the shape of flyings, or 
 it sticks to the main cylinder and remains until 
 removed by the card of the stripper in the shape 
 of main cjiinder waste. If the feed and doffer 
 be stopped for any length of time and the cylinder 
 and the top stripping goes on, the doffer will re- 
 
62 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 ceive a little additional streak of waste, and the 
 cylinder will throw some of its waste upon the 
 newly stripped tops ; but when everything is in 
 motion, what the doffer does not take off when it 
 first reaches it, does not come at all in that way. 
 If any one wishes to see how cotton looks, and 
 what kind of a condition it is in, after passing 
 by the doffer several times, their curiosity can 
 be gratified by drawing the dofier off from the 
 cylinder a thirty second of an inch, and allowing 
 it to run in that manner a few minutes. But it 
 will be at the expense of the cotton so carded. 
 It can be seen in another way : Grind the card 
 hard enough to barb the points of the teeth so that 
 the cylinder will not clear, and the same result 
 will follow. The Gbre will be ruined in either 
 case. The beauty of a card of any kind is to have 
 it so arranged as to readily seize the cotton and 
 as readily let it go, when the proper time comes ; 
 in other words, it should clear well — nothing be 
 allowed to load except tops, and allow them to 
 load with dirt, leaf and other foreign substances 
 instead of cotton. 
 
 "How often is it necessary to grind cards?" is 
 a question frequently asked. Well, the question 
 can be asked quicker than it can be properly an- 
 swered. As a general thing they should be ground 
 often enough to keep them in good working order ; 
 but that is very indefinite ; and another question 
 is immediately asked — " Well, how often is that ?" 
 That depends entirely upon circumstances. If a 
 card is properly ground and adjusted, no one part 
 rubbing or chafing against another, and it is 
 carefully managed, not over-loaded, and good 
 stock well prepared in the picker, it will run 
 a month without grinding, or between grindings, 
 very well. But if ground once in two weeks they 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 63 
 
 would work better ; or one week, better still. In- 
 deed it would be difficult to grind too often, if the 
 grinding is properly done. There is no time a 
 card works so well as it does the first day after it 
 is ground. 
 
 When we used to have fewer cards, card heavier 
 than now, on the same kind of work, we ground 
 oftener, and it was necessary to do so, too. A 
 grinder in those days used to have 26 cards to 
 grind ; and he got around with them once in two 
 weeks or thereabouts, generally grinding two cards 
 per day. Those were the old wooden-framed cards, 
 which were not as reliable as iron frames or as 
 easily managed. Nowadays we have modern cards, 
 card lighter than formerly, consequently have 
 more of them ; and a grinder has from 60 to 60 
 cards to take care of, and he should grind 15 per 
 week ; and that usually keeps them in very good 
 condition. 
 
 In taking care of cards much depends on the 
 thoroughness and skill of the grinder. If when 
 he sets a card up, he does it in such a manner that 
 everything remains in place until the time comes 
 to grind it again, it will be in a comparatively 
 good condition. If, on the other hand, things have 
 been left loose — not properly adjusted, and those 
 that have been properly adjusted not properly 
 secured, and move — the doffer, rolls, or tops get on 
 the cylinder, the points are soon spoiled, and the 
 card will not work satisfactorily. To be sure, the 
 cotton goes through ; but it will not be carded : it 
 will be ground through. It is impossible to make 
 good yarn of cotton which has not been properly 
 carded. No future process, either in the carding 
 room or the spinning room, will remedy such an 
 evil as that. 
 
64 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 How often to re-clothe grinders is another ques- 
 tion. Some carders allow their fancy or Hardy 
 grinders to run a long time ; some a year, and 
 others not so long. The writer is of the opinion 
 that a fancy five-inch grinder should generally be 
 re-clothed once in three months, and a twelve-inch 
 top grinder once a year ; a Hardy traverse at least 
 once a month. A grinder should not be allowed 
 to run so long as to get glazed over. If they do, 
 they are of very little service, and will not grind 
 satisfactorily. The regular motions may be gone 
 through with, but a card will not grind well with 
 an old, smooth, glazed grinder ; and if it is not 
 ground it will not work well. 
 
 Whether to re-use old emery is another question. 
 It is contended by some that emery will not come 
 the same side up tw^o different times — that it is 
 just as well to use it a second time. But let us 
 see : Is it not just as likely to come the same side 
 up twice, as it is to change sides ? Of course it 
 is ; and for that reason, if for no other, it should 
 not be used a second time — so it seems to the 
 writer. 
 
 How long shall we run old card clothing, is an- 
 other important question. A cylinder has become 
 short, some teeth are broken out, tops have got 
 worn short, or a doffer is broken out in spots. At 
 what stage shall it be renewed ? As soon as it 
 begins to work badly. It is not profitable to run 
 card clothing so long that it makes bad work — 
 not even one card, for one bad-working card will 
 often injure the work of a whole section. But a 
 good manager may use his old clothing all up by 
 taking a little pains. When a majority of the 
 sheets in a main cylinder become bad, remove the 
 whole and re-clothe with new sheets ; but pick out 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 65 
 
 the tolerably good sheets and lay them by. When 
 another main cylinder is found with a part of the 
 sheets in a bad condition, remove the bad ones and 
 replace with those that have been saved out of the 
 last lot. It is necessary, however, to exercise great 
 care in the selection of sheets to patch up with. 
 Those longer than the original should never be 
 used ; but if they are shorter, one or more strips 
 of cloth or paper may be laid under them, stuck 
 with thin glue to Ijold them in place until the 
 clothing is put on. A gauge or card calipers may 
 be used to ascertain the length of teeth accurately. 
 Tops may also be patched in the same manner, 
 without the necessity of measuring the length of 
 the teeth, as they can be set to accommodate dif- 
 ferent lengths without difficulty, so far as carding 
 and grinding is concerned. It is necessary, how- 
 ever, that tops should all take into the strip card 
 alike. To accomplish this a nice little arrange- 
 ment has been made by placing two set screws in 
 the plate ; the heads are slotted and may be ad- 
 justed by a gauge made for the purpose, so as to 
 work on the jaw of the stripper and allow the top 
 to take into the strip card exactly right — no mat- 
 ter whether the teeth are long or short. This is 
 the invention of Jabez Edwards, a veteran carder 
 on the Merrimack Corporation. 
 
 The speed of the different parts of a card, so far 
 as rollers and doffer are concerned, depends upon 
 the draught. The speed of a main cylinder may 
 be the equivalent of 125 revolutions per minute 
 for a 36-inch main cylinder when tops are used, 
 and 150 with workers and cleaners, or workers and 
 strippers. It is a fact that main cylinders are ran 
 much faster than the above in many places, and it 
 is claimed that they work well, even better than 
 when run at a lower speed ; and it will not be dis- 
 
66 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 puted. The writer has tried high speed for main 
 cylinders, and has no fault to find with their work, 
 but they throw off a great quantity of waste where 
 there are no screens, and they get a terrible bat- 
 tering when anything gets into them beside cotton, 
 as will sometimes "happen in the best-regulated 
 families." 
 
 There should be just draught enough between 
 the lap roll and feed roll to keep the lap straight. 
 Say two-hundredths of one or one and two-hun- 
 dredths, as figures would express it. The same 
 between the comb and calender rolls, where there 
 are such, or between the comb and apron, where 
 there are no calender rolls. 
 
 The principal drawing should be done between 
 the feed rolls and dofFer ; it can be done there to 
 almost any extent without injury ; but when cot- 
 ton is passing in a sheet or sliver any considerable 
 distance it should not he drawn. But this subject 
 will be considered more at length under the head 
 of drawing and speeders. 
 
 Cards, like everything else that is used much, 
 need washing sometimes. All the iron work and 
 the lower wood work may be washed with soap 
 and water ; but water should never be applied to 
 tops, as it is very apt to cause them to spring. 
 Rub tops with waste made damp with benzine or 
 spirits of turpentine ; afterwards rub with waste 
 made damp with raw linseed oil. When done with 
 both kinds of such waste either burn it in the fires 
 under the boilers or throw it in the river, as it is 
 very unsafe to be kept wnth other Avaste. Never 
 try it ; for it may take fire. 
 
 A Avell-arranged carding engine is almost as 
 much of a marvel in its operation as a modern 
 picker. It takes the cotton as left by that ma- 
 chine in the shape of a lap or sheet, receives it 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDEKS' COMPANION. 67 
 
 very slowly and turns it out in the shape of a 
 sliver or continuous roll, and very clean. This is, 
 in fact, the last regular cleansing process. It is 
 true that some dirt rattles out of it as it passes 
 from one machine to another, and through them. 
 But the great cotton-cleanser is the card ; all the 
 little nits, or neps, that cling to the fibre through 
 the card continue to cling to it until they reach 
 the cloth ; hence the great importance of keeping 
 cards sharp and fti , good working order all the 
 time, for no other machine that succeeds the card- 
 ing will do the work of the card. 
 
 There are various kinds of cards in use in dif- 
 ferent places, and something is claimed by different 
 men who have from time to time improved upon 
 Arkvvright's and Slater's cards ; but* that those 
 gentlemen made so long a step in this particular 
 at the beginning, that less has been done by way 
 of improving cards, within the last twenty or thirty 
 years, than has been accomplished in other depart- 
 ments, is a fact well known to all acquainted with 
 cotton manufacturing. The self-stripper is about 
 all ; otherwise we are doing the carding by about 
 the same methods as it was done thirty years ago. 
 We don't card quite as heavily, but the general plan 
 is nearly the same. If some cotton-working Rip 
 Van Winkle, who was laboring in a mill forty years 
 ago, had fallen into a sleep and should wake up now 
 (October, 1875) and be placed in a dressing-room, 
 he would hardly know where he was, or remember 
 that he had ever seen anything like it. Put him 
 into a spinning-room, and he would probably re- 
 member a little more. He would of course know 
 the weaving by the noise. But place him in the 
 carding-room, and he would feel at home. Rail- 
 ways and the present lap heads would look a little 
 
68 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 odd, but the familiar look of the cards would set 
 him right at once. 
 
 There are two principal cards now in use : the card 
 with tops or flats, as they are often called, and the 
 roller cards, or cards without flats, and instead small 
 cylinders, called workers and strippers or workers 
 and clearers. Both kinds have very strong ad- 
 vocateS; but the former are the most • numerous. 
 Workers and strippers have been placed under the 
 main cylinder by some, as well* as on the top. But 
 it has been found by actual trial that they don't 
 work very well. Within the last year two gentle- 
 men of this city (Lowell, Mass.) have been study- 
 ing on an improvement in carding; in other words, 
 on an improved card. They have succeeded in 
 bringing out a machine that certainly promises 
 well. It is a common 36-inch main cylinder, but 
 instead of being placed in a square frame, like a 
 common card, it is placed on a kind of pedestal or 
 foot, so that a large portion of the cylinder under- 
 neath can be seen and easily handled by a little 
 stooping. The doifer is placed a little higher than 
 in an ordinary card ; the feed is under the doffer. 
 There is a regular licker-in, and between it and 
 the main cylinder is another cylinder, a little larger 
 than the licker-in; which takes the cotton from the 
 licker-in, and the main cylinder takes it from that. 
 Under both these little cylinders there are racks, 
 in the form of screens. The licker-in rakes the 
 cotton down, as it takes it from the feed rolls. The 
 main cylinder rakes down as it takes the cotton 
 from the second little cylinder. Underneath the 
 main cylinder, from the point where it takes the 
 cotton from the second little cylinder, is placed 
 what would generally be called tops, but in this 
 case it would be more proper to call them flats, 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 69 
 
 twenty in number, and an equal number en top, 
 reaching over to the dofFer, from which it will be 
 seen that this card has double the usual amount of 
 flats and an extra cylinder. This seems to be aji 
 improvement. It is certainly most skilfully ar- 
 ranged, taking advantage of the laws of nature 
 in getting rid of dirt — throwing it down instead 
 of carrying it up and over, as is the case with an 
 ordinary card. There is a small space between 
 where the second cylinder delivers the cotton 
 to the main cylinder and the under set of flats. A 
 rack or screen has been placed there, under the 
 main cylinder ; but as this cylinder acts altogether 
 differently from a common one, inasmuch as it car- 
 ries its whole load down, the centrifugal force drives a 
 portion of good cotton down through the rack, and 
 it must be a very fine rack to work there. In a 
 common card the main cylinder takes the load up 
 under the tops or rollers, as the case may be, and 
 then delivers it to the dofFer. A screen or rack 
 may be placed under such a cylinder as that, and 
 as the cylinder is comparatively empty, not much 
 good cotton can be thrown through it. But it will 
 readily be seen that this is a different affair. Twelve 
 of these cards were put into No. 1 Carding-Room, 
 on the Merrimack Corporation, of Lowell, Mass., 
 a few weeks since, and put to wotk by the side of 
 twelve finishers. These cards are supplied w^ith 
 laps from the picker, and are conse*quently what 
 may be called single cards, or single carding. The 
 work is being kept by itself, for the purpose of 
 testing and comparison. They have not been run- 
 ning long enough yet to enable one to come to any 
 definite conclusion as to their real merits. But 
 they certainly promise well thus far. It puzzles 
 the oldest heads to pick out the drawing or roving. 
 The spinner reports that the work runs well, and 
 
70 WILSON'S COTTON CARDEKS' COMPANION. 
 
 the yarn tests well — a little stronger than the 
 double carding. What it will do in the way of 
 preparing material for good, smooth, clean cloth 
 remains to be seen, although there is no doubt but 
 they will do much better business than ordinary 
 single cards. 
 
 The writer has been somewhat prejudiced against 
 single carding for some years, having had some 
 unpleasant experience with i.t during three 
 years, at one period of his life. Trying to card 
 too much to a card was what did the mischief in 
 that case ; and the same complaint has troubled 
 many another man, and other concerns besides the 
 one where this occurred. The trial has often been 
 made on this wise : to increase the work of the 
 same kind of a card one hundred per cent. ; that 
 is, make one card do the work of two. It has 
 almost always been found to be too much to work 
 well. But the kind of card just spoken of is new 
 and has many advantages over the old ones. First, 
 the arrangement for feed is very much better — 
 the licker-in and main cylinder both working 
 down; second, nearly the whole surface of the 
 main cylinder is at work all the time ; third, there 
 are two entire sets of flats, half of them under the 
 cylinder instead of on top in which position they 
 are much more effective. There is an arrangement 
 by which the bottom flats are stripped twice to the 
 top set once, though the stripping is all done by 
 one set of double-acting cams. It is claimed by 
 the builders (Foss & Pevey) that this card will do 
 seventy-five per cent, more work than an ordinary 
 card, and equally as well ; that is, in the propor- 
 tion of four cards to seven, whether carding single 
 or double. There is at present no one prepared to 
 dispute the claim. If this claim is met, or the ex- 
 pectation of the builders realized, it will be seen 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 71 
 
 that a great saving of floor-room will be made as 
 well as power, appurtenances and help to run the 
 machines, though of course help would not be re- 
 duced in regular proportion. If they do more 
 work, it is more work to tend them, and they must 
 also be ground oftener to keep them in good order. 
 But this card is a long way ahead 9f the old kind, 
 as it is now ; and it is not completed yet. The 
 builders, and those who may have charge of them, 
 will think of a great many improvements that 
 will be suggested from time to time by working 
 with them. 
 
 This card has a decided improvement in the way 
 of driving the stripper. It is so arranged that the 
 stripping starts and stops with the feed ; when the 
 feed stops the strippers stop, too, instead of work- 
 ing away in the old manner until they have nearly 
 emptied both tops and cylinders, causing a break- 
 down and light work when the feed starts again, 
 as they always do en the old plan, if the cylinders 
 run any length of time with the feed and doffer 
 standing. 
 
 It is more than probable that the main cylinder 
 might be run as high as 150 revolutions per min- 
 ute, instead of 125, as at present, especially if 
 there is a solid casing put under it, between the 
 second little cylinder, instead of a rack, as it seems 
 likely there will be. It is possible that this is the 
 grand central point where the advocates of both 
 double and single carding may harmoniously meet, 
 this being not exactly the one or the other, but a 
 sort of compromise, or cross between the two, like 
 Cropton's mule. 
 
 Whatever kinds of cards may be used, it is 
 necessary, in order to secure good work economi- 
 cally, to have good, nice card clothing. Perhaps 
 the writer may be allowed to digress from the main 
 
72 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 object of this work enough to say that the Lowell 
 Card Company make such, and he speaks advis- 
 edly, as he has used this Company's clothing for 
 some years, with entire satisfaction. 
 
 Another important qualification for good carding 
 is good grinders : machines are meant. The Ladd 
 grinder, built by Mr. A. H. Saunders, of Nashua, 
 N. H., is a great improvement on the long fancy 
 grinder, as the traverse is positive and can be re- 
 gulated to the wish of the operator, is reliable, 
 more comfortable to handle and does better work 
 than the old-fashioned, haphazard traverse. The 
 Hardy grinder is good and makes a very nice- 
 pointed tooth. Any grinder must be kept in 
 order and should be perfectly true and straight. 
 
 Since the author commenced this chapter he 
 has made further experiments in grinding. In a 
 couple of stands, rigged up at the ends of the 
 doffer and nearly over the comb shaft, is a little 
 shaft one inch in diameter, driven from the main 
 shaft overhead. From this shaft the main cylinder 
 is driven 44 revolutions per minute, the grinder 
 400 and a doffer 124, or thereabouts. In this man- 
 ner a card is ground very nicely ; with any kind 
 of a good grinder they grind quicker and better, 
 and it don't seem to be so hard on the clothing as 
 the old style. 
 
 Where breaker cards are used, and consequent- 
 ly lap heads, it should be the aim of the carder 
 to so guide the different grists from railway boxes 
 into the frame of the lap head as to make a uni- 
 form, even lap for the finisher cards. If one laps 
 over the other and there are thick and thin stripes 
 in the lap, the finisher will not work well. The 
 cylinder will have stripes in it ; and the teeth, 
 where these stripes form, will break out very 
 soon. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 73 
 
 Since the preparation of this chapter was begun 
 the author has invented another new card guide. 
 It is cheap, convenient, durable and can be placed 
 in any position within range of the railway box in 
 a quarter of a minute. There is no patent on it. 
 Anybody can make and use it who chooses to do 
 so; and another splendid thing about it is, it 
 does not infringe on any patent. Take a piece 
 of nail plate, three-quarters of an inch wide and 
 long enough to reach from the calender roll to the 
 top of the railway box ; turn a knee or elbow, an 
 inch and a half long and running horizontally close 
 to the top of the railway box ; to this short piece 
 rivet a common card trumpet or eye, such as is 
 used in the cover of a railway box ; drill a hole in 
 the upright part, within an inch of the top ; sus- 
 pend the whole thing from the calender roll-stand 
 with a five sixteenth bolt ; let the bolt hold it in 
 place. In this manner it will swing the entire 
 width of the railway box, and can be secured at 
 any point by simply tightening up the little bolt. 
 This is a good guide. The only objection to it is, 
 it leaves a hole open across the box ; but the ob- 
 jection is in proportion to the size of the hole, so 
 make it small ; then the objection is small. It is 
 of great importance to have the ends from the cards 
 uniformly distributed on the railway aprons of 
 both breakers and finishers. A cheap and conven- 
 ient guide is necessary to do this. It pays to 
 manipulate them as often as cards are ground or 
 anything happens to disarrange the ends on the 
 apron. 
 
 1 here are a great many different opinions as to 
 the best method of disposing of waste made in a 
 carding-room. Some advocate throwing it out of 
 the work altogether, where the work is fine, or 
 where it is desired to have it nice, and work the 
 
74 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 waste by itself into some coarser material. This 
 plan might work well ; no doubt it is practised in 
 some places. 
 
 The writer has some few suggestions to make 
 at this point : First, let the construction, arrange- 
 ment and management of carding engines be such 
 as to make no waste fit to work over for any kind 
 of cloth on these machines. Let cards have screens 
 of some kind, either such as are suggested in a 
 former part of this chapter, or some better ones, 
 allowing a space for dirt to drop out, but no fibre, 
 or so little fibre and so short that it will not be 
 worth working over for anything. That plan takes 
 care of flyings. Second, cut out under the feed 
 rollers of breakers so as to let dirt drop out there, 
 before it goes any farther ; quite a quantity will 
 drop out there. Apply the mote-catcher to fin- 
 ishers, and empty them as often as they get full. 
 Third, so far as dirty waste is concerned, don't 
 strip either tops or cylinders, on any kind of cards, 
 often enough to remove any waste that will be fit 
 to work over in any kind of cloth. Let cards run 
 without stripping until the waste is dirty enough 
 to go for batting. Cards will fill up to a certain 
 degree with good cotton immediately after they 
 are started ; then they may run a long time — much 
 longer than is generally supposed — without taking 
 on more good cotton, but will continue to catch 
 dirt. 
 
 This plan provides for dirty card waste, such as 
 strippings and flyings, and such as is generally 
 worked over with the cotton. Such waste can 
 never be mixed with cotton in so nice shape as it 
 is in while already there. Why not keep it there, 
 instead of knocking it out, carting back and forth, 
 re-mixing and re-working, to the great injury of the 
 whole work ? For the management of clean waste. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 75 
 
 the reader is referred to another part of this chap- 
 ter. The writer has only one amendment to offer 
 to the plan suggested there ; that is, instead of 
 running it through a finisher-picker, as is there re- 
 commended, let a new picker be built on purpose 
 for it, with one beater and one set of cylinders. Get 
 it back into a lap as quickly and easily as possible. 
 One thing more in this connection : Let every 
 carder see that no more waste is made at any point 
 in his room than is absolutely unavoidable. Every 
 pound of waste made is a dead loss, so far as labor 
 is concerned ; and moreover it is a positive injury 
 to the whole work when it comes back. Arrange 
 machines so that they will run well and have them 
 watched. Nice carding is the soul of good yarn. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 Drawing. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS — RAILWAYS — ENDS IN THE BOX — TWO 
 SYSTEMS — GUIDES — WHERE TO DRAW AND WHERE NOT TO 
 DRAW — THREE GENlJliAL RULES — HOW MUCH TO DRAW 
 BETWEEN BACK ROLLERS — EVENERS— THE WHOLE DRAUGHT 
 OF A RAILWAY — AN EXCEPTION TO THE RULE — WEIGHTING 
 TOP ROLLERS —DOUBLINGS — SPEED OF FRONT ROLLER OF 
 RAILWAY — electricity: HOW TO GET KID OF IT — TOP 
 ROLLERS — SHELL ROLLERS — SPEED OF FRONT ROLLER OF 
 DRAWING FRAME — CROWDERS — DOUBLING AND DRAWING 
 — PHILOSOPHY OF DRAWING — TRAVERSE — CLEARERS — 
 WEIGHING DRAWING — BELTS — GENERAL SUMMING UP. 
 
 Drawing succeeds carding, and very properly, 
 too. The object of drawing is two-fold : To 
 straighten and lay the fibres of cotton parallel. 
 Whatever a picker or cards do to cotton, there is 
 one thing they do not do, and that is, they do not 
 straighten the fibre much. If a fleece of cotton is 
 taken up and held between the eye and the light, 
 it w^ill be noticed that the fibres lie almost every 
 way. There is, perhaps, a slight tendency of a 
 majority to lie a little more in one direction than 
 another ; but as for anything like a general 
 straightening, it is not found there. Again : as 
 cotton comes from cards, the different slivers vary 
 in weight considerably, owing to a number of 
 causes : First, the laps from the picker may vary 
 a little; second, all cards do not clear equally 
 well ; third, there may be a little variation in the 
 feed rolls, doffers, doffer pulleys or calender rolls. 
 (See Chapter I.) From all these causes there is 
 a variation in weight, and hence the necessity of 
 doubling ; and this brings us to the second part 
 of drawing, viz : To draw it down after being 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 77 
 
 doubled. When the doublings of a mill are counted, 
 we begin back at the finisher-picker, and it is pro- 
 per to do so ; but so far as the evenness of the 
 work is concerned, doubling before it comes to the 
 drawing frame, as the saying is, " don't amount to 
 a row of pins." It is a most excellent way to 
 mix cotton, and good mixing is indispensable to 
 uniform yarn ; but so far as regulating inequalities 
 of weight in the different slivers, it does not do 
 that to any great extent. Drawing is a very im- 
 portant branch in the preparation of cotton for 
 spinning ; and in order to secure good, even yarn, 
 all the drawing frames must be properly built, well- 
 proportioned, rightly adjusted, kept in order and 
 carefully tended. 
 
 There have been, and are still, a number of dif- 
 ferent kinds of frames in use, each possessing some 
 merit. These frames have been greatly improved 
 within the last twenty yeaj^s or more. When they 
 were first brought into use there were no stop- 
 motions attached, and if the girl who attended 
 them did not see an end when run through and so 
 stop the frame, it continued to run just as well 
 with a portion of the ends out as with them all 
 in, but the work suffered. If she did not take out 
 the single, of course there was a portion too light, 
 and if she did, then waste was made. After a 
 time stop-motions were applied to the frames in 
 such a manner that when an end broke or ran out 
 the frame stopped, and so they continued to run 
 for years ; but within a few years past the stop- 
 motion has been extended, and now if one of the 
 strands breaks in front, or if a bunch comes down 
 in front, the frame stops. The same principle has 
 been applied to railways, and it is a great advan- 
 tage, as that machine cannot stop long at a time 
 without great inconvenience and loss. 
 
78 WILSON'S COTTON CARDEES' COMPANION. 
 
 Drawing frames have been built in various shapes 
 and sizes. We have them all the way from two 
 to six lengths of rollers, and from three to six sets. 
 We find them with plungers, cast-iron crowders, 
 coilers, wooden and tin crowders, and no crowders 
 at all. They are running with dead weights and 
 lever weights. Cans are made to revolve in some 
 machines, and in others they are stationary, and 
 they vary in diameter from six to twenty inches. 
 There is a great variety of opinion as to the proper 
 speed to run them ; how much weight should be 
 applied to rollers and how to apply it ; how much 
 to draw and where ; how much to double, &c. 
 
 We have already considered the nature of cot- 
 ton ; it is not necessary to repeat here. We 
 have traced it in the various processes through 
 which it passes in preparation down to the railway 
 box or the can, as the card has delivered it. We 
 find it as it leaves th§ card in a light, loose and 
 almost transparent sliver — tolerably clean, but fibres 
 lying in every direction. The opening and cleans- 
 ing has been performed. The next thing in order 
 is to lay the fibres parallel, in smooth, compact and 
 even sliver. For this purpose it is drawn out, 
 doubled and drawn several times, according to the 
 quality of the work desired, the taste of the man- 
 ager, or both. Railways have been very generally 
 adopted in this country within the last twenty-five 
 or thirty years, and this is the most convenient, 
 economical and comfortable method of gathering 
 a number of card slivers together in shape to re- 
 ceive the first drawing ; and this, too, leads us to 
 a consideration of the railway-head. And, first of 
 all, it is necessary to deliver the slivers to this 
 same head in a smooth, even sheet. The edges 
 should not be allowed to rub against the box in 
 their passage through it ; if they do, they will get 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 79 
 
 fretted and will not make a smooth, even-edged 
 sliver of drawing. 
 
 There are two systems of laying card slivers 
 into a railway box. One we will denominate the 
 B system ; the other the E system. The former 
 is to make a calculation of how many thicknesses 
 of sliver from cards it is necessary to have for a 
 certain width of apron, in order to cover it uni- 
 formly, and whatever number it takes lay that 
 number down, one sliver exactly over another, in 
 the center of the railway box at the farthest end 
 from the railway ; the next two ends meet in the 
 center of those already laid down ; and then shingle 
 on each side alternate ends until they are all used. 
 This system makes a most excellent sheet, and its 
 only fault is, it leaves the edges the thickness of 
 a single card sliver. But it has advantages over 
 all others : first, it makes the best sheet, with the 
 single exception mentioned above ; second, it re- 
 tains its shape the best, when one end is out by 
 reason of a card stopping to be stripped or for 
 other purposes. The tendency is to close up a 
 little, and so partially cover up the deficiency, 
 making the sheet narrower instead of leaving a 
 vacancy. 
 
 The E system, like the other, needs a calcula- 
 tion as to the number of ends and width of apron ; 
 when ascertained, lay down one-fourth, one-third 
 or one-half, the ends from the first cards or those 
 farthest from the railway, till the apron is covered ; 
 then repeat layer upon layer until they are all 
 used. This system makes a very nice sheet and 
 square edges ; but they are apt to spread out 
 somewhat and chafe the edges against the sides of 
 the box — especially those first laid down. Again : 
 when one card is out, there is a square deficiency ; 
 no help for it. With a perfect, adjustable guide 
 
80 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 either system can be used, according to the taste 
 of the operator. Without such a guide, it is diffi- 
 cult to arrange satisfactorily or employ either sys- 
 tem. 
 
 There is one other system at work in some 
 places : the haphazard system, where the ends 
 from cards are laid on the apron without regard to 
 position — in some places four double, in others two, 
 and others one, just as it happens. Such cannot 
 make good work long at a time, as they soon spoil 
 the rolls in the railway-head. 
 
 The card slivers, after being nicely laid down in 
 the box on the apron, are ready to pass through 
 the railway-head ; and at this point, let it be re- 
 membered, cotton receives its first doubling and 
 drawing proper; in other words, it is the point 
 where the doubling and drawing begin to tell on 
 the evenness of roving and yarn. It is well, in 
 making calculations of doublings, to begin at the 
 finisher-picker or lapper -, and it is as well, also, to 
 bear in mind that, so far as the evenness of roving 
 is concerned, these doublings don't amount to much 
 until we arrive at the railway-head. The others 
 are good in their place. We cannot dispense with 
 them. But it is at the railway-head where we be- 
 gin to draw down and even our work. A railway 
 generally has four rolls, or rather sets of rolls ; at 
 least all should have this arrangement. There has 
 been a great deal said about the right number of 
 rolls, or what number is right, for a drawing frame ; 
 but not much about railways. The principle is the 
 same in both frames. The difference is, the sliver 
 or sheet is heavier in a railway than in a drawing 
 frame and consequently takes more power to hold 
 and draw here -, and somebody probably made the 
 discovery, at some time, that four sets of rolls would 
 do this work better than three. He did well : they 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 81 
 
 do ; and it is probable that if all who have used 
 railways from that time to the present had known 
 as much as the man who made the discovery, there 
 would not have been so many mistakes made in 
 arranging the draught of the machine. 
 
 As it is, we find them drawing considerably be- 
 tween each set of rolls. We may safely conclude 
 that the man who found it necessary to have four 
 sets of rolls in a railway did not draw very much 
 between the second and third sets. He did not 
 place them there for that purpose, but to hold the 
 sheet firm while the first and second pairs of rolls 
 did the drawing. This may seem to be a strange 
 doctrine ; and perhaps just here a few remarks on 
 drawing in general may be in place. It is a deli- 
 cate and somewhat complicated subject to handle, 
 and the writer may not be able to make himself 
 perfectly understood, but he will do his best. 
 
 First, cotton fibres, as we find them in slivers of 
 drawling, are somewhat curled up — more so in card 
 slivers than any other, from the fact that every pro- 
 cess of drawing, proper, straightens them a little ; 
 second, the object of drawing is not only to straighten 
 the fibres and lay them parallel, but to draw down 
 as well, especially after doubling. What we want 
 is the best method of doing this business of draw- 
 ing fibres straight, laying them parallel and reduc- 
 ing slivers down to their proper tenuity. 
 
 There are three general rules that may be ob- 
 served with profit, though like all rules there may 
 be exceptions to them : first, do the principal part 
 of drawing in all kinds of drawing, roving and 
 spinning franaes between the first pair of rollers, 
 or the two first sets ; second, draw no more in any 
 one place than is strictly necessary ; third, increase 
 as it progresses or advances from one frame to an- 
 other on its way toward yarn. And now we will 
 
82 WILSON'S COTTON CAEDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 explain the above rules, look at them in their true 
 light, and mention exceptions. 
 
 Perhaps the writer can make himself understood 
 as well, if not better than in any other way, by 
 introducing a little incident. Some years ago a 
 gentleman called on him and entered into conver- 
 sation concerning the preparation of cotton for 
 spinning. He said he had been brought up a 
 mule-spinner, but was then a mill owner and cot- 
 ton manufacturer. He professed to understand 
 the whole process of preparation, in all its partic- 
 ulars from beginning to end. We talked about 
 drawing, among other things: the best way to do 
 it, where to draw, how much, &c. ; and in the 
 course of his remarks he said he would have only 
 two sets of rollers in a drawing frame, if he was 
 going to build them for his own use ; that the third 
 set were useless ; that the drawing should all be 
 done between the two first sets, any way, and what 
 is the use of a third set ? The writer took the 
 matter into serious consideration. He asked him- 
 self the question, " Of what use is the third or 
 fourth set of rollers in a drawing frame ? " He 
 agreed with the ex-mule-spinner, that the most of 
 the drawing should be done between the first two 
 sets of rollers. But why are there three, four and 
 sometimes five sets ? Have manufacturers and 
 machine builders been throwing all this labor, 
 material and power away ? It could not be possi- 
 ble ; and so he set himself to work to find a use 
 for the third and fourth sets of rollers in a draw- 
 ing frame. He thought like this : Suppose we 
 remove the third set of rollers and do all the draw- 
 ing between two sets ; then we must weight the 
 back roller heavy enough to hold the sliver while 
 the front rollers draw it out. In a word, we must 
 put as much weight on the back set as we now 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 83 
 
 have on two sets (if they are rightly adjusted), 
 and that amount of weight would soon spoil the 
 top rollers of the back set. But if we can divide 
 the weight necessary to hold the sliver while it is 
 being drawn among two or three sets of rollers 
 and make them all hold, then the weight of each 
 individual set of back rollers will be comparatively 
 light, and the top rollers will keep in good condi- 
 tion and last a long time. Once more, by way of 
 illustrating and enforcing this first rule : Pick up 
 a sliver of drawing, take it between the thumb 
 and forefinger of both hands and grip it in two 
 places ; let there be a space of a half inch be- 
 tween the two grips ; pull apart a little, gently, and 
 it will be perceived that there is a little give or 
 yield before separation takes place. That little 
 give is taking out the curl of the fibre, straighten- 
 ing it preparatory to drawing out, or a separation 
 of fibres and attenuation of sliver ; and that give 
 or yield is the exact amount of draught required 
 between the two or more sets of back rollers ; no 
 more is needed, and less would be about the same 
 as none at all. In this manner all the sets of back 
 rollers hold, whether two or more, and the front set 
 does the drawing, and that is right. 
 
 But somebody says — " I draw nearly as much 
 between my middle and back rollers as I do be- 
 tween the front and middle sets. I divide my 
 draught pretty nearly equal on drawing frames." 
 You are not the first man who has done that same 
 thing, and probably not the only man who is doing 
 it now. But there is a more excellent way to draw 
 cotton sliver. The construction of drawing frames 
 seems to say very plainly that they were not de- 
 signed for such use. If it is proper to draw as 
 much between middle and back as between front 
 
84 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 and middle, then most certainly they should be set 
 as near together, which is not the case. Again : if 
 we undertake to equalize this draught, we must 
 weight them all equally ; and more than that, we 
 must put more weight on each set than we are 
 called to do when it is drawn according to rule, for 
 it will draw harder in both places. Another man 
 says — '^ I do not draw the same between both sets 
 of rollers, but I draw some between the middle 
 and back sets — considerably less than between the 
 front and middle. I think that the best way." So 
 it is, if the "some" is small enough ; but if you draw 
 enough to separate fibres there, it is very hard work 
 — hard for rollers — and it will not draw even ; it 
 cannot ; the rollers are too far apart ; it won't come 
 out regular, but in flakes. Draw just enough to 
 take the curl out of the fibre, and you are right. 
 
 The question now arises, How much should we 
 draw between back sets of rollers ? What should 
 the draught be, as shown by figures ? Well, that 
 depends somewhat upon circumstances ; it depends 
 upon how much the fibre is curled up. We find it 
 most curled in card slivers, and therefore should 
 draw more between back sets of rollers in railways. 
 And this takes us back to w^here we started. The 
 other two rules will be explained as we progress in 
 this chapter. We may allow a draught of from 
 1.25 to 1.50, as figures show (see remarks on 
 draught, Chapter VI.), between the two back 
 sets, and from 1.15 to 1.25 between the middle sets 
 on a railway-head, and do the rest of the drawing 
 between the two front sets. We may draw more 
 in these places on a railway than a drawing frame, 
 for the reason that the fibre is most curled there. 
 The whole draught on a railway, where eveners are 
 attached, is necessarily variable, and most railways 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 85 
 
 have them in these times. They are a very impor- 
 tant and useful appendage. Some object to them 
 on account of the constant changes in draught ; 
 but kt it be remembered that we are obliged to 
 have these changes in draught or changes in 
 weight. The former are preferable. As railways 
 take the slivers of a section of cards varying in 
 number from six to twelve, and as there is more 
 or less stopping of cards for stripping, grinding, 
 accidents and laps running through, without 
 eveners it is impossible to avoid light work unless 
 it is broken and taken out, and that operation 
 makes a great deal of waste, which is alv^ays to 
 be deprecated. There is an arrangement through 
 a double set of draught gears by which the absence 
 of the end from one card is made up ; but it is 
 only one. If two ends are out the work must be 
 light, and nothing seems to remedy such evils 
 except the evener. That is not all the benefit of 
 the evener: it acts in the other direction, also, 
 giving notice of, and counteracting heavy work, 
 though there is not usually so much trouble with 
 the latter as the former. 
 
 The proper point at which to regulate an evener 
 belt on the cones is about one-fourth the distance 
 from the large end of the driving cone ; and the 
 cones, and the whole evener work, should be of 
 sufficient compass to counteract the absence of 
 three ends from the cards. The whole draught 
 of a railway may vary from three to five where 
 there are eveners, and where there are none it may 
 be set at four and a half But here is an excep- 
 tion to the third rule laid down, viz : to increase 
 as it progresses from one frame to another. A rail- 
 way should, as a general thing, draw more than the 
 first head of drawing proper, for the reason that 
 the sliver is heaviest and the most curled state of 
 
86 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 the fibre exists there. The weight necessary to ap- 
 ply to the top rollers of a railway, or drawing frame 
 of any kind, should be exactly enough to hold, not a 
 pound more. In many modern railways there is a 
 rack by which the weight of all the rollers is con- 
 nected and the power applied with one long lever 
 and one weight. This is a good arrangement. 
 Let the carder experiment with the weight until 
 he " touches bottom," or has reduced weight until 
 it will not hold to draw ; then increase until it 
 will hold. 
 
 We should have no more power applied to the 
 top rollers of a railway-head or drawing frame 
 than is absolutely necessary, for three reasons : 
 First, an extra amount excites naore electricity than 
 the right amount, and there is enough of that un- 
 der the most favorable circumstances; second, it 
 is an unnecessary wear and tear of top rollers ; 
 third, it requires more power to drive it. There 
 should be no draught between the front set of rolls 
 and the calender rolls, either in a railway or a 
 drawing frame. 
 
 It used to be the rule to have a little draught 
 in that place ; it was supposed to be necessary. 
 In a drawing frame the front fluted roller is usu- 
 ally one and one-quarter inches in diameter, and 
 the calender roll two and one-half; the old arrange- 
 ment was the following : Suppose there were 36 
 teeth in the driving gear on the front roller, then 
 it was thought there must be a gear of 71 teeth 
 on the calender roll, giving the thin, gauze-like 
 sliver a slight draught. ^ little reflection will 
 enable any one to realize the impropriety of draw- 
 ing cotton in this place. First, the long distance 
 between these two sets of rollers — usually from 
 ten to thirteen inches ; second, the condition of the 
 sliver, so thin and delicate that a breath will sever 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 87 
 
 it ; and when we come to apply a continual strain 
 to it, in the shape of a fraught, it must necessarily 
 make it uneven. There is usually contraction 
 enough in the fibre of cotton to keep it straight 
 in this place while running exactly square — that is, 
 no draught at all ; and when there is considerable 
 electricity excited and the air is dry, a draught 
 here becomes intolerable, is exceedingly difficult 
 to manage and materially injures the work. The 
 writer is aware that railway-heads and drawing 
 frames are built and arranged for a slight draught 
 here, and that the general opinion of machine 
 builders and carders is that it must be so, that the 
 frames will not run without it ; and this is an old, 
 deep-rooted and long-settled conviction ; probably 
 nothing but an actual trial will dissipate this illu- 
 sion. If the rolls are accurate, the front exactly 
 one and one-quarter inches, and the calender ex- 
 actly two and one-half inches in diameter, then 
 there may be a 36-teeth driver on the front roll 
 and a 72-teeth driven on the calender, or in that 
 proportion for any other number of teeth, and it 
 will run nicely. The author has run drawing in 
 this manner for years ; he knows what he is talk- 
 ing about, and he claims to be the discoverer of 
 the draught error, and the author of the "new de- 
 parture." A trial will satisfy the most sceptical 
 of the correctness of it. 
 
 The doublings proper commence with the rail- 
 way-head ; the number of course depends on the 
 number of cards that run into one head ; it may 
 be six, nine, ten, twelve or fourteen. The speed 
 of the front roll of a railway is necessarily vari- 
 able where there are eveners attached, as here is 
 the variation of draught. Medium speed of a 
 front roll one and one-half inches in diameter may 
 be about 370 revolutions per minute ; maximum, 
 
88 WILSON'S COTTOX CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 390. The above kinds of speed will answer very 
 v^ell where there are stop motions attached, but 
 where there are none, they should run slower, as 
 when railways run very fast, without stop motions, 
 when the front roller rolls up it is liable to do a 
 large amount of mischief in a short time. 
 
 Speculations have been indulged in as to why 
 the front roller of a railway and drawing frame is 
 larger than the other rolls. The inquiry has been 
 raised, " What is the object ? Are they any better 
 than they would be if the rollers were all of one 
 size ?" The author never heard any one say aught 
 in answer to these questions ; but he will venture 
 a guess, based on his knowledge of such things in 
 general. The reason for it is probably to save run- 
 ning the front roller as many revolutions in a given 
 time as it would be necessary to do if they were 
 all alike. There is no particular objection to run- 
 ning a railway or drawing frame at a high speed, 
 if they are provided with modern stop-motions. 
 The work is as well done on high as low speed, 
 notwithstanding there are many of a contrary 
 opinion. The writer once took charge of a room 
 where there was 'a superabundance of drawing, 
 and he thought it would be a good time to improve 
 his work by diminishing speed of drawing ; for 
 that purpose he reduced the speed of one-quarter 
 from 350 revolutions of the front roll to 240, and 
 kept the work separate, and it was spun separate, 
 numbered and tested separate, and it was found to 
 be no better than the other yarn made from draw- 
 ing running at high speed. 
 
 Electricity is excited more or less by all rail- 
 ways and drawing frames, and the same causes and 
 cures are applicable to both kinds of frames. The 
 general cause is friction ; and when the air is dry 
 it is a non-conductor, and hence the electricity ex- 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 89 
 
 cited remains to trouble the work ; and sometimes 
 it acts very badly. To get rid of this annoyance 
 several kinds of treatment are resorted to, all of 
 which are more or less effective. Pointed wires 
 are sometimes suspended over drawing belts, and 
 a channel of escape is thus opened into a sprinkler 
 pipe or some other iron passage; a portion may be 
 gotten rid of in that manner. Steam pipes are 
 sonaetimes opened, and a little loose steam let out 
 in the room soon dampens the air and makes it a 
 conductor; then the electricity vanishes. But pre- 
 vention is better than cure. First, have no more 
 weight on rollers than is absolutely necessary ; 
 second, keep rollers well oiled — don't let them heat 
 up; third, don't let stirrups chafe the rolls, and avoid 
 all unnecessary friction everywhere; fourth, put 
 a coat of varnish on rolls that are old, rough and 
 dry [See Recipe, Chapter VL] ; but after all 
 has been done as a preventive that can be done, 
 then resort to some of the methods mentioned 
 above to conduct it away. When no more con- 
 venient means are at hand, set buckets of hot 
 water about the railways and drawing frames ; the 
 air will soon grow moist and take the troublesome 
 fluid, or as it is called in these days, " force," 
 away. 
 
 It is essential to good drawing that the top 
 rollers be looked after very closely, both in rail- 
 ways and drawing frames. Where solid rollers are 
 in use, the front ones call for very frequent oiling, 
 owing to the heavy weight necessary. If they 
 get a little warm and dry they will make heavy 
 work, if they don't cut. It won't do to put on 
 much at a time; little and often is the rule; for if 
 the leather gets saturated with oil it soon becomes 
 an old, worthless roller. The patent weighting 
 apparatus saves rolls considerably. Taking the 
 
90 WILSON'S COTTON CAEDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 weight off over Sundays and holidays prevents 
 them from being pressed out of shape. This same 
 arrangement is also very useful in removing weights 
 at any time. Owing to the fact that the doffers 
 and feed of cards are driven by the railway and 
 consequently stop when the railway stops, as the 
 main cylinder throws some extra cotton on to the 
 doffers, and when they start are apt to break down 
 more or less ends, thus causing an irregularity in 
 the sheet as it goes to the railway : for these 
 reasons it is desirable to run railways as regularly 
 and stop as seldom as possible and as short a time 
 as may be when they are stopped. In case of a 
 '- roll up " it is often necessary to remove the 
 weights from rollers. Railways weighted in the 
 old style take much more time than the new, and 
 on that account, in addition to others mentioned, 
 the new style are preferable to the old. 
 
 When any of the small rollers in a railway or 
 drawing frame need to be changed, always work 
 the old ones back, and put the new one in next to 
 the front. Never put a new roll in backside ; it 
 can and should be better employed, while an old 
 one will hold very well in that place. Where shell 
 rollers are used, much of the trouble experienced 
 with solid rolls vanishes at once ; they are the 
 ■great invention, so far as top rollers are concerned. 
 Once in two weeks is often enough to oil railway 
 front top shell rollers, rather than once in two hours, 
 as is often the case with solid ones. The writer 
 can hardly refrain from speaking in the highest 
 terms of the shell roller, though it is not the object 
 of this volume to commend any machine ; but he 
 may be warranted in doing so, perhaps, under 
 these circumstances : He never was acquainted 
 with the inventor, or any of his agents ; never so 
 much as spoke with either • it is not on their ac- 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 91 
 
 count he speaks, although the inventor is most 
 certainly worthy of the highest commendation ; but 
 he speaks for the whole cotton manufacturing in- 
 terest: owners, treasurers, superintendents and all 
 factory operatives : men, women and children. Let 
 it be understood, then, that shell rollers are a 
 saving of oil, rolls and labor ; that they make 
 better work, besides cleaner, better looking and 
 more easy to handle. 
 
 Modern railways, with all the improvements 
 attached — stop motion, evener, patent weighting 
 apparatus and shell roller — are very complete and 
 effective machines. Eveners are worthy the name 
 they bear. When the cotton is dry and sliver 
 needs to be lighter than at any other time, 
 they make it so; because the fibres at such times 
 stand out and create more friction in the trumpet. 
 On the other hand, when the air is damp, and the 
 cotton has absorbed a quantity of water (and 
 should on that account be heavier) the fibres lie 
 down smooth and go through the trumpet easily, 
 and the same bulk is heavier. Again : when an 
 end breaks down, they adapt themselves to the 
 circumstances immediately, and the deficiency is 
 counteracted. Keep them in order, and they are 
 faithful servants. 
 
 So much has been said under the head of rail- 
 ways, which are a kind of drawing frame, possess- 
 ing many of their common characteristics, that as 
 a matter of course what has been said is necessarily 
 equally applicable to both, and but little remains 
 to be said of the latter. Where no railways are 
 used, the first head of drawing may draw more be- 
 tween the back and middle rollers than any that 
 succeed it. [See reason explained under head of 
 railway.] We find drawing frames with three, four 
 nd five sets of rolls. With a three or four-roll 
 
92 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 head the back sets should all be made to hold, and 
 the principal drawing be done between the two 
 front sets, as already explained. With a five roll 
 head they may be, and generally are, arranged as 
 two sets, or more properly do the work of two or- 
 dinary frames. The three back sets (two small and 
 one large) correspond to the common three-roll head, 
 and should be managed the same. After passing 
 these it usually passes through a guide before enter- 
 ing the two front sets. During this passage it needs 
 no draught. After entering the two front sets it 
 passes another drawing process, similar to the one 
 already passed : the only difference is one back top 
 roller holds it while being drawn, instead of two, 
 as in the other case. This latter plan is open to 
 objections already made. The front roller of a 
 drawing frame may run anywhere from 350 to 400 
 revolutions per minute. 
 
 There are various devices to fill or crowd cans, 
 such as coilers, plungers and plates, or, as called by 
 some, crowders. The only difficulty with any of 
 the above arrangements is, they are often allowed 
 to run too full and crimp or snarl the drawing. 
 Change the cans when moderately full, and there 
 is no trouble with any of them. The objection to 
 crowders has been so great in some places that 
 they have been entirely dispensed with — no 
 crowders of any kind ; the girl crowds the draw- 
 ing with her hand, and this is generally the most 
 irregular kind of crowding that drawing gets. 
 Drawing is improved by being condensed a little 
 by a groove in the bottom, a tongue in the top 
 calender rolls and a little weight applied to the 
 top roller. 
 
 Doubling and drawing are as closely connected 
 as faith and works. If we have one we must have 
 the other ; they must go together. If we should 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 93 
 
 undertake to draw card sliver (as delivered from 
 the card without any doubling) enough to lay the 
 fibres parallel, we should get it down so small be- 
 fore the object would be accomplished that we 
 could do nothing with it. But by doubling we 
 are enabled to do this perfectly, and at the same 
 time equalize the different strands so that they are 
 all alike, or nearly so, in weight per yard. 
 
 The philosophy of drawing, as applied to cotton, 
 is to displace the fibres, or a portion of them, in 
 such manner as to elongate the strand or thread, 
 as the case may be, and in proportion as it is 
 elongated it is made lighter. This drawing out 
 fibres by rollers running at different speeds is done 
 the easiest and in the most perfect manner when 
 the draught is considerable ; the more the draught 
 * the fewer fibres are displaced, or drawn out, at a 
 time. The writer would not be understood to intimate 
 that there is no limit to draught. What he wishes 
 to be understood as saying is, that a draught of 
 four can be performed easier and more satisfactory 
 than a draught of two. Just draught enough to 
 separate the fibres is the hardest kind of draught — 
 the hardest for rolls, hardest for the fibres, and it 
 takes more power. This is the reason why it is 
 not well to draw between the two sets of back 
 rollers in any drawing or roving frames. Take 
 up a piece of railway drawing and grip it tightly 
 between the thumb and forefinger of both hands ; 
 leave a space of about an inch and a-quarter be- 
 tween the two bites, and then pull hatd enough to 
 separate it. That will show the power necessary 
 to draw a little. Then take up a piece of the same 
 kind and hold in one hand as before, and with the 
 other thumb and forefinger take hold of a few 
 fibres and draw them out; repeat rapidly; and 
 that will show the power required to draw consid- 
 
94 WILSON'S COTTON CAEDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 erably, and it will be found to be much less than 
 the former. The draught necessary for back sets 
 of rollers has been explained. The draught of all 
 frames, drawing and roving, should increase as it 
 progresses from one frame to another, with the 
 single exception of the railway-head, or first head 
 of drawing, where there are no railways. There 
 are two reasons for this. First, it is growing 
 lighter ; second, it draws easier the farther it goes ; 
 that is, it draws easier in a coarse speeder than in 
 the last head of drawing ; and it draws easier in 
 an intermediate than in the coarse speeder, and so 
 on. 
 
 Top rollers should be perfectly round, straight 
 and both ends of a size. Cover the front ones 
 with good calf skin ; sheep skin will do for back 
 ones, though calf is better, more reliable and does 
 not bed down so quick. There is in most modern 
 drawing frames a traverse attached. Rolls wear 
 better with them than without them, though it is 
 necessary to weight a little heavier with the 
 ordinary traverse. 
 
 There is a traverse motion in existence, so ar- 
 ranged that the two ends under the same rollers 
 traverse in opposite directions instead of both go- 
 ing one way, as they do on the old plan. It is 
 said they require less weight and are consequently 
 better. The writer has never seen any of them, 
 but has read of them in Draper's book, and judges 
 that they may be an improvement. 
 
 Clearers for top rollers in railways and drawing 
 frames should not be allowed to run so long as to 
 have the cloth worn entirely smooth. 
 
 The best kind of saddles for solid top rollers in 
 drawing frames are those bushed with green hide, 
 whether hooks or saddles, dead weights or lever 
 weights J and when they get worn, renew them. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 95 
 
 It is well to weigh railway drawing twice a day, 
 as a general thing. Have a standard weight per 
 yard, and keep it as near the standard as possible 
 by changing the- weight of the evener when it is 
 found to be too light or too heavy. 
 
 Drawing frames should be kept clean and tidy 
 and in perfect order, so that they will run well and 
 avoid piecing as much as possible, and also save 
 making waste to be re-worked. The less piecing 
 and less waste there is made the better for the 
 work. 
 
 The driving belts should be allowed to run as 
 loosely as they will drive, they stop so much bet- 
 ter than with a tight belt, or rather the stop- 
 motion works more satisfactorily and less ends run 
 through. 
 
 We may sum up drawing about as follows : The 
 doubling in the railway-head will be according to 
 the number of cards that furnish it, from 6 to 14. 
 Draught, medium, 4i ; speed of front roll (li inches 
 diameter), 375 revolutions per minute ; first head, 
 double two or three into one draught, 3i ; speed of 
 front roll (li inches diameter), 400 revolutions per 
 minute ; third head, double three into one, draught 
 3h to 31; speed of front roll (li inches diameter), 
 400 revolutions per minute. 
 
CHAPTER Y. 
 Speeders. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS — NAMES — TWO KINDS OF POWER — DRAW- 
 ING WITH ROLLERS— WINDING — ^TENSION : HOW TO REGULATE 
 — A NEW APPLIANCE — TWIST! HOW TO CALCULATE — HANK: 
 WHAT IS IT — THE OBJECT OF TWIST — A RULE — VARIATIONS 
 WHEN MADE — BALANCE WEIGHTS — SPEED OF ROLLS AND 
 FLYERS IN DIFFERENT FRAMES — FLYERS! HOW BALANCED 
 
 — RAIL RUNNING BY! HOW TO GUARD AGAINST IT — OIL — 
 BELTS — DANCING BOBBINS : WHAT CAUSES THEM, AND HOW 
 TO CURE — TRAVERSE FOR TRUMPET ROD — RECAPITULATION 
 
 — PROGRESSIVE DOUBLINGS AND DRAWING. 
 
 After the sliver of cotton has been drawn to a 
 certain tenuity, and the number correspondingly 
 multiplied, fibres mostly parallel and pretty well 
 straightened out, in order to continue the process 
 it is necessary to twist it, to make it hold its shape, 
 and also to make it more convenient to handle, as 
 ends increase in number. We used to employ 
 for this purpose, what we called " speeders and 
 stretchers," and though the work is done now in a 
 somewhat similar manner, the number of frames 
 has been increased, plan of construction modified, 
 manner of tending almost a new trade, and names 
 changed. " Speeder and stretcher " have been for 
 many years peculiarly American. While " slubber 
 and fly-frame " have been, and are now, peculiarly 
 English terms. " Speeders " are the names applied 
 to roving frames in this country, within a few years 
 past. Coarse speeders, intermediate speeders and 
 fine speeders compose the list of roving frames ; 
 and though there is a striking similarity in general 
 principle between all these frames, yet in detail 
 there is a great difference. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 97 
 
 In all these frames there are two motions : one 
 absolute and regular ; the other relative and vary- 
 ing. The relative and varying motion or speed is 
 in all cases produced and regulated by the use of 
 a compound and cone or cones. In a speeder the 
 relative power is applied to the spindles and rail^ 
 and the absolute to the flyers, while in the slubber 
 and fly frame it is applied to the bobbins on the 
 spindles and to the rail, the absolute to spindles, 
 and to these the flyers are attached. In either 
 case they are about as complex as a watch, and 
 require very skillful management in order to secure 
 good work. Cotton may receive the most approved 
 opening, picking, carding and drawing, and yet it 
 may be all spoiled in the roving frames. Though 
 these frames are so complicated and delicate, they 
 have been brought to a very high state of perfec- 
 tion, and w^hen properly adjusted and cared for 
 wdll produce most excellent roving. 
 
 So far as the drawing with rollers is concerned, 
 it should be regulated the same as drawing frames, 
 as described in a preceding chapter. On a coarse 
 speeder or a slubber it is not customary to double, 
 though it is sometimes done two into one. The 
 draught of a coarse speeder may be from four to 
 four and a half, as required to furnish the right 
 weight. 
 
 Next comes twist. [See remarks on twist and 
 twist table in Chapter VI.] 
 
 Next comes winding on the bobbin ; and there 
 are two or three things in this particular equally 
 applicable to all kinds of roving frames, whether 
 they are the old soft bobbin or the presser, whether 
 they have heads, are straight; or double taper. 
 First, regulate the speed of the rail so that the 
 roving, as it is wound on the barrel of the bobbin, 
 will exactly cover, neither pile up nor show spaces 
 
 9 
 
98 WILSON'S COTTON CAEDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 between the coils, but make a smooth layer — 
 almost as smooth and straight as the barrel itself; 
 and as roving varies in size in different seasons of 
 the year, and in consequence of changes in the at- 
 mosphere between dry and damp, it is necessary 
 to look out for these changes, and make calcula- 
 tions accordingly. There are those who tell us 
 exactly what the diameter of every variety of 
 hank roving is, bur as they have forgotten to tell 
 us whether it was in January or in dog-days, when 
 they measured it, or how hard it was twisted, or 
 anything of this kind, we can place very little 
 reliance on such information. The space in this 
 volume does not permit us to go into calculations 
 in this direction, and it is a matter that more par- 
 ticularly belongs to machine builders than carders, 
 though it is well for every carder to understand it ; 
 and the author may at a future time go into such 
 a work ; but let it suffice at present to say, that 
 machines are usually built with reference to the 
 hank sought — so near generally that they can be 
 adjusted with gears to suit the circumstances. 
 Make the first layer of roving just cover the bar- 
 rel of the bobbin. Second, never allow any draught 
 between the front roller and the bobbin ; watch 
 the tension close ; keep it loose, for if it draws 
 hard there it will certainly be spoiled. Drawing 
 in this place is more injurious than it is in the 
 drawing frame, between the front fluted and cal- 
 ender rolls, because it is lighter. It is true, we 
 twist it in a roving frame, but with most kinds of 
 speeders, and the back row of ends on a fly frame 
 or slubber, there is a little thin place drawing over 
 a portion of the rolls so close that the twist does 
 not run up to the bite of the rolls ; and this is the 
 place where the straining is done. The twist usu- 
 ally runs up better in slubbers and fly frames than 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 99 
 
 in speeders, for the reason that it don't drop down 
 so suddenly, and the half-turn round of the flyer- 
 nose has a tendency to throw the twist back some. 
 There is a tube put in the nose of the flyer of a 
 speeder which helps throw twist back, and it is a 
 very good thing. A Providence, R. I., firm puts 
 in such tubes when desired. If speeder roll stands 
 inclined a little more from back to front, it would 
 help throw twist back nearer the bite of the rolls. 
 All these things are safeguards ; but let it be un- 
 derstood that none of them, nor all of them together, 
 will counteract a draught in this place, and it 
 should never be allowed under any circumstances. 
 The tension in this place is constantly changing 
 and needs to be watched and changed as occasion 
 calls. On the old soft work, or what we used to 
 call "stretchers and speeders," there is not much 
 chance to change tension conveniently. There is 
 usually a chance to change the cone belt, or rather 
 its position on the cone, at the starting point an 
 inch or more, and that is all ; if more is wanted, 
 as is often the case, there must or ought to be a 
 change of racks to finer or coarser as needed. 
 This involves great labor, but it is the only way 
 the writer knows to do it on that kind of frame. 
 There may be some of the old geared cones run- 
 ning yet, somewhere in the country, and if there 
 are it is necessary, in order to change the tension 
 on such, to change an entire set of gears on both 
 cones, and this requires more labor still ; but it is 
 the only way to do it. Fly frames and slubbers 
 are easily managed in this particular, and are usu- 
 ally provided with a number of change gears, which 
 are very convenient and may be used to any de- 
 sired extent. The Lowell speeder double-taper 
 bobbin also has a very convenient change of gears 
 for this purpose. 
 
100 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 In addition to what the builders have provided 
 for regulating the tension of these frames, Mr. 
 Jabez Edwards, of the Merrimack Manufacturing 
 Company, Lowell, Mass., has invented and secured 
 a patent on a very useful and convenient appliance 
 to assist in this particular. The guide through 
 which the cone belt runs is so arranged by means 
 of two inclined slots running in opposite directions 
 meeting at the top, and from that point diverging, 
 downward, regulated by a pin passing through the 
 slots and attached to a burr or rod, underneath the 
 regular bar on which the cone belt stand slides. 
 This lower bar is held in a socket in the stand 
 where the spring is coiled, at one end ; the other 
 end is held by a bolt in a slide at the end of the 
 cones, and can be lowered or raised at pleasure a 
 distance of some three and a half inches by simply 
 loosening the nut on the bolt. The effect is to 
 change the position of the belt on the cones at 
 once, and also to change the rate of the let-off. 
 Suppose we find a frame drawing or winding too 
 tight, where this patent is attached, we raise the 
 bar a trifle ; this throws the cone belt ahead 
 slightly, and the trouble is remedied at once, and 
 at the same time the rate is changed ; it now lets 
 off more each time than it did before. Again : 
 suppose we find a frame winding too loose : the 
 girl who tends it would say — "My frame runs 
 slack." We lower the end of the bar a little, and 
 that throws the cone belt back a trifle, and it 
 tightens up immediately, at the same time changing 
 the rate ; it lets off less at each time now. The 
 advantage of this appliance is — first, it remedies 
 an existing irregularity at once, w^hich changing 
 gears does not, but they must have considerable time 
 to adapt themselves, or the work, to the new let- 
 off, and it makes some bad work the while ; second, 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS^ COMPANION. 101 
 
 it is quickly done ; there is no danger of letting 
 the chain slip and the belt on the cone losing its 
 place, the nut being lowered on the builder screw, 
 or anything of the sort ; it is all safe, easy, effective 
 and comfortable. This arrangement is equivalent 
 to a change of three teeth in a 50-teeth gear, when 
 it is moved the whole distance ; and if more is 
 wanted, the gears are at hand to do it, in addition 
 to the regulator. 
 
 The writer does not claim that he has given an 
 intelligent description of this appliance ; perhaps 
 it cannot be given without drawings ; but he thinks 
 every carder will understand and appreciate its 
 work. Mr. Edwards, the inventor, is a veteran 
 carder, and a man who has invented and applied a 
 great many important improvements to carding 
 machinery. This is the only one he has ever 
 patented, and this one is shut up in a few frames 
 in the Merrimack Manufacturing Company's mills 
 in Lowell, Mass. The reason is his genius, indus- 
 try and perseverance are only excelled by his 
 modesty. He has scarcely told anybody that he 
 has such a thing ; but it is of too much impor- 
 tance to be thus concealed. Cotton manufacturers 
 should have the benefit of it, and they surely will 
 when it is known. 
 
 Tension varies more in frames where the presser 
 is used than on soft work, for the reason that the 
 bobbins of roving don't yield so much ; but there 
 should be no strain allowed in this place on any 
 kind of frames. 
 
 Next in order is twist. It has been a question 
 of considerable importance to carders to know ex- 
 actly how much to twist roving in order to secure 
 the greatest production, and at the same time make 
 it strong enough to hold and run well, and handle 
 without' difficulty. The square root of the hank 
 
102 WILSON'S COTTOX CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 has been adopted as a basis on which to work — 
 not that it has anything in particular to do with it, 
 only as it forms a regular scale on which to work. 
 There are twist-tables in abundance ; they are 
 about as varied as the men who made them. Some 
 twist-table manufacturers understand their business, 
 and others do not ; some are made on a regular 
 grading scale, others are not. There are some rules 
 that should be adopted in establishing roving twist 
 for any kind of frames. First, there should be a 
 regular grading scale used ; second, the same rule 
 should be used for all kinds, i. e., coarse, interme- 
 diate and fine, on the same class of frames. 
 
 In order to a proper understanding of this 
 subject, and to begin at the bottom, we will first 
 consider the term " hank." A hank of roving or 
 yarn (cotton) is 840 yards ; and when we say 
 half-hank, we mean that 420 yards of such weigh 
 a pound; three-fourths of a hank (630 yards) 
 >veigh a pound; one hank (840 yards) weighs a 
 pound; two hanks (1680 yards) weigh a pound ; 
 and so on of all kinds. When we use the square 
 root of the hank as a basis to work on in estab- 
 lishing twist, it is the general custom to multiply 
 the square root of the hank by some number 
 uniformly, from the lowest to the highest, as for 
 instance : 1.20 is a favorite multiplier by our Eng- 
 lish brethren for fly frames. That means to multi- 
 ply all kinds of hank, from the coarsest slubber to 
 the finest fly frame, by 1.20 to get the proper twist, 
 and the same of any other multiplier. Any one 
 may tell the first time he puts his eye on a twist 
 table (no matter whose) what the maker used for 
 a multiplier, that is, if the table is regular. See 
 what the twist of 1 hank roving is, as the square 
 root of 1 is always 1 ; whatever it says twist 1 
 hank, is the multiplier used. We have said that 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 103 
 
 where the square root is used as a basis for calcu- 
 lating twist, it is the general custom to use some 
 number as a multiplier ; and it is, though the rule 
 has exceptions, as there are some who use the 
 square root " straight," without any multiplier at 
 all. In that case the twist of 1 hank would be 1 
 turn of twist to the inch, and so on in that propor- 
 tion for all kinds of hank. We find different 
 parties in these days using for a multiplier of the 
 square root of the hank as a basis for twist of rov- 
 ing, numbers all the way from 1.05 to 1.48, or 
 rather, we find twist that would require such vari- 
 ety of numbers as that to give them. 
 
 The object of twist is to put roving in compact 
 form — so compact as to hold together in good order 
 to wind on the bobbin, as it is made in the frame, 
 and render off in the creels of other roving and 
 spinning frames, without stretching or straining 
 in the process, and that is all the twist that is 
 needed ; more is injurious. A twist table will be 
 found in the chapter of tables, with as small in- 
 tervals as is practicable. The square root of the 
 hank is carefully worked out and placed opposite 
 everv number : the fraction is carried out three 
 figures; that is far enough for all practical pur- 
 poses. The multiplier that is used is 1.24, and it 
 is designed for the Lowell speeder, double taper 
 bobbins. The writer has used such twist on these 
 same frames with success for a number of years. 
 He would recommend that number as a multiplier 
 for the square j:oot of the hank roving for that 
 kind of frames — 1.20 for fly frames and slubbers ; 
 1.18 for soft work, where there are no pressers. He 
 would not lay down an arbitrary rule to be fol- 
 lowed under all circumstances ; but it is well to 
 have a rule, and vary from it when necessary, never 
 unnecessarily nor for any outside reason. It should 
 
104 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 never enter the mind of a carder to increase or 
 decrease twist, to increase or decrease quantity, 
 though it is often done. Never try to twist roving 
 hard enough to overcome tension in roving frames, 
 bad steps, or dull skewers in roving or spinning 
 frames. After the twist has once been put right 
 it should never be changed for any of the above 
 reasons. 
 
 When to vary from the rule : Increase — First, 
 when the roving breaks or stretches between the 
 creel and the back roll ; if everything else is right 
 increase twist until it holds ; second, unusually 
 high speed of frames sometimes calls for more 
 than ordinary twist ; third, unusually heavy bob- 
 bins and unusually short staple of cotton need 
 more twist in either case. Decrease — First, when 
 it is noticed that roving worms about between 
 rollers and does not draw well : if everything else 
 is right decrease twist until it draws through 
 straight ; second, unusually low speed of frames, 
 light bobbins or long staple may in either case do 
 with less twist. 
 
 Steps in creels of roving or spinning frames and 
 the points of skewers should be kept in order all 
 the time, or the roving will suffer. Presses on all 
 kinds of frames should have a uniform power of 
 spring, and be kept at right angles with the bobbin, 
 especially on double-taper bobbins. An interme- 
 diate roving frame may draw from 4.75 to 5.10; a 
 fine speeder from 6 to 6.50. 
 
 Flyers should be w^ell polished out inside, to in- 
 sure a smooth passage for roving through them. 
 Balance weights for rails — either bobbin or spindle 
 — should either be lighter than the rail with bob- 
 bins empty, or heavier than the rail with bobbins 
 full, as it makes it very bad when they just about 
 balance each other. In that case the rail will run 
 
I- 
 
 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 105 
 
 unsteadily and vary in its motion all the back 
 lash will allow, will not wind well, or make a 
 smooth bobbin of roving. They should hang all 
 the time one way or the other. The speed of the 
 front roll in a coarse speeder may be from 180 to 
 200 revolutions per minute ; the flyer, from 675 
 to 700 ; intermediate front roll, from 150 to 160 ; 
 flyer, from 880 to 900; fine front roll, from 112 
 to 120 ; flyer, from 1150 to 1200. The improved 
 fly frame and slubber long tubes may run as fast 
 as the speeder, but the old style, where the im- 
 provements are wanting, must run more slowly. 
 It is of the greatest importance that flyers are 
 properly balanced ; if they are not, in fly frames 
 the spindles will wear one-sided, and in speeders, 
 the noses of flyers wear the same. It is difficult 
 to balance flyers with the presser on, and they 
 must be so balanced. As the presser is constantly 
 changing position, of course the run of the flyer 
 is affected. The proper way to balance them is to 
 do it on the fly and fasten the presser half-way 
 between the barrel of the bobbin and the outside. 
 Balanced in this manner they will throw one way 
 on the start, and the other way when it is full; 
 that is the best that can be done. 
 
 It sometimes happens with a slubber or a fly 
 frame, and occasionally with a speeder, that the 
 rail motion does not change and the rail continues 
 to move up or down, as the case may be, until it 
 cornes in contact with something strong enough to 
 stop it. When such things take place there is a 
 ^^ smash up," frequently doing a great amount of 
 mischief in a short time. There are various causes 
 that produce such results. In a slubber or fly 
 frame any little stick of the upright shaft, with 
 the bevel gear on top, blanks in it for the driver to 
 run in at all times, except when changing. If this 
 
106 WILSON'S COTTON CAKDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 shaft happens to stick, so as not to start when the 
 builder has passed up or down by the arm, then 
 the rail continues to move on, and trouble follows. 
 Of course accidents will sometimes happen, but 
 frequent examinations and careful management 
 will prevent many of them. It is well to have a 
 smart spring drawing at the bottom of this shaft, 
 so that when the builder passes the spring will 
 immediately start and the gear take into it. Some- 
 times the bevel gears at the top of this shaft do 
 not take in right ; then a gear is broken, and per- 
 haps other mischief done. It is quite a trade to 
 set these gears right ; it is best to set the first tooth 
 next the blank, about half the thickness of a 
 tooth from the driver, instead of setting it as close 
 as it will run, as is the rule with some. In a 
 speeder or " stretcher," where the rail is carried by 
 cams, the rail never runs by; but the rack and 
 pinion principle as applied to these frames is the 
 same as a fly frame, though the changes are made 
 differently ; they sometimes run by. It is impor- 
 tant to have everything connected with the change 
 and rail motions adjusted so as to act free. In t^e 
 Lowell speeder double taper, at the point where 
 the traverse is longest, the rail goes very near the 
 ladder and the floor, so if they do run by they 
 cannot go far, though it makes great trouble when 
 they do. Everything about them should be thor- 
 oughly screwed up, to start with, and watched, as 
 wood shrinks and other things take place to loosen 
 nuts. 
 
 It is well to have dripping pans under all kinds 
 of roving frames, the whole length and breadth of 
 every kind. This is not generally practised w ith 
 fly frames, but it would be better to do so, as more 
 or less oil gets on the floor and will in time w ork 
 through. A mixture of one-third sperm and two- 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDEKS' COMPANION. 107 
 
 thirds Downie's paraffine oil makes a very good 
 lubricator for carding room machinery — better, in 
 some respects, than clear sperm oil, as it will not 
 gum and is cheaper. 
 
 The beauty of a roving frame of any kind is to 
 have it sit level and straight, so that everything 
 will run perfectly easy. If the spindle or bobbin 
 rail goes at all hard, it will strain the roving ; so 
 of cones, or the compound, unless the bobbin leads, 
 and in that case the ends will run loose, which 
 is not as bad as straining, though it is bad enough. 
 In either case they should go free, and for the 
 purpose of keeping them so, the suggestions above 
 should be heeded ; and in addition, keep them 
 clean and well oiled. Perhaps it should be men- 
 tioned that the above-named oil has been charged 
 with staining cotton when it gets on it, and that the 
 stains will not bleach out very readily. All this 
 trouble may be avoided by using clear sperm for 
 rolls, spindles and pressors, and the other for all 
 underneath work. 
 
 Cone belts should not be made of hard or stiff 
 leather ; if they are it is difficult to make them 
 hold, and if they do not hold well the same results 
 follow that have been mentioned in connection with 
 hard-going rails or spindles. Belts for speeders 
 should not be so tight as to start the frame with 
 a jerk ; if they are there is a liability to be a slip 
 of the cone belts and a straining of roving. 
 
 Bobbins sometimes " dance " and cause bad 
 winding, and consequently strain roving. There 
 are various causes for dancing bobbins. First, the 
 spindle or bobbin shaft may be out of true and 
 cause a throw. If it is so, straighten it at once. 
 Second, a little bunch of cotton or some other sub- 
 stance may have got into the gears that drive. If 
 so, remove them. Third, gears may be set too 
 
108 WILSON'S COTTON CARDEES' COMPANION. 
 
 close, especially spiral bevels. If that is the case, 
 set them right. Fourth, the bobbin may be loose 
 on the speeder spindle, and the jar of the frame 
 produce the dancing. This is a hard disease to 
 cure. Exposure to a damp air may help such, but 
 don't let them dance. 
 
 There should be a traverse to the trumpet rod 
 in all roving frames, and have it work as long as 
 the bosses of the rolls will admit. A very quick 
 traverse is not so good' as a more moderate one. 
 
 If a roving frame does not let off at any time, 
 and runs up and down two or three times, or until 
 the roving gets strained so much that it begins to 
 break down, and the girl comes and says — " My 
 frame won't run ; there don't seem to be any twist 
 in the roving " ; then doff that frame, and wind off 
 the roving until it comes good. Never let such 
 pass into the spinning-room ; it makes abominable 
 yarn, and will spoil the run of a whole web, per- 
 haps. It is true that this treatment makes w^aste, 
 and a very bad kind of waste to re-work ; but it 
 is the lesser of two evils. 
 
 As this is the last process cotton goes through, 
 before spinning, it may be well before closing this 
 chapter to recapitulate a little. A synopsis of the 
 whole thing may be more convenient and satisfac- 
 tory, in a work of this character, than to be obliged 
 to turn to many different places to find all the par- 
 ticulars.* 
 
 First, then, we will begin with the picker. The 
 whole draught in a set of pickers and lappers may 
 vary from 4 to 10 ; card draught, from 60 to 80 ; 
 
 *The author's manuscript is all in the hands of the printer at 
 this time, so far as written and corrected, and he has only two or 
 three sheets on hand ; but he thinks he has this subject sufficiently 
 well in mind to go over it very nearly as it has been written, and 
 he trusts that any small variation under these circumstances may 
 be pardoned. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 109 
 
 railways, from 4 to 5 ; first head drawing, from 3 
 to 3i ; second head, from 31 to 4 ; coarse speeder, 
 from 4 to 4:h; intermediate, from 41 to 6i; fine 
 frames, 6 to 61^ ; slubbers and fly frames, same as 
 speeders ; speed of beaters in a picker or lapper, 
 ordinarily from 1,400 to 1,800, according to size of 
 beater ; card cylinders, from 120 to 160, according 
 to circumstances ; front roll in railway, from 325 
 to 375 ; drawing, from 350 to 400 ; coarse speeder, 
 from 180 to 200; intermediate, from 150 to 160 ; 
 fine frame, from 110 to 120; coarse speeder flyers, 
 from 680 to 700; intermediate, from 850 to 900; 
 fine frame, from 1,000 to 1,100. 
 
 These speeds are calculated for modern, im- 
 proved frames ; if they are old-fashioned or shaky, 
 it is not well to run them so fast. For the new 
 Higgins and some other machines the builders 
 claim that their frames, with long bolsters, centri- 
 fugal pressers and other improvements, will run at 
 much higher speeds than mentioned above. The 
 writer has had some experience with such, and he 
 would not recommend running any of them at a 
 higher speed than he has mentioned, either for 
 quantity or quality. 
 
 One very important matter in carding cotton 
 and preparing it for the spinner is to handle care- 
 fully in every process. Don't tear laps, snarl 
 drawing, bang roving about, or let it lie on frames 
 or anywhere else until it is all covered with lint 
 and dust. If it must lie, cover it up. Roving is 
 best when first made ; whatever may be the case 
 with yarn, roving does not improve by age. 
 
 Progressive doublings and drawing have to be 
 taken into account in making calculations for a 
 new mill or in changing an old one ; and though 
 we cannot make exact calculations, always to be 
 depended upon to a fraction of a grain, yet we 
 
 10 
 
110 WILSON'S COTTON CAKDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 may approximate very nearly to what we desire 
 by figures ; and then, when we come to put work 
 through the machinery, make such changes as are 
 necessary to get the exact thing. The reason why 
 such calculations do not always hold out according 
 to figures, or give such results practically as a 
 correct theory says they will, is owing to the fact 
 that machinery is not perfect in all its parts; that 
 is to say, all the pulleys, rollers and cylinders may 
 not always measure exactly what they are said to 
 measure. Again : some part of the work has to 
 be estimated. It is not known, nor can it be 
 known, exactly how much cotton may be thrown 
 off in the shape of waste in working ; but we can 
 usually come near enough to warrant a start, and 
 then, as has been suggested above, make such 
 changes as appear to be necessary to obtain what 
 we desire. Take an example : We will suppose a 
 certain picker lap weighs 10 ounces or 4,375 grains 
 per yard. Whole draught from breaker-lap roll to 
 lap-head delivering roll 67.20, which we use for a 
 divisor for the weight of lap ; 4,375-^67.20=64.53 
 grains as the weight of one yard of breaker sliver, 
 as delivered from the card. Next we multiply the 
 weight of one yard by the number of cards doubled 
 into the lap-head, and we will call the number 75 : 
 64.53X75=4,889.75 grains as the weight of one 
 yard of finisher lap ; 5 per cent, out for loss in card- 
 ing where there are no screens, and the flyings re- 
 worked =4,594.75 as the real weight of one yard 
 of finisher-lap ready to be carded. 66.21 draught 
 for finishers, and 4i per cent, for loss, will make a 
 yard of drawing sliver from finisher-cards weigh 
 66.27 grains; 1.11 out for draught between card 
 delivery and the back roll of railway=63.50 grains 
 as the weight of a yard of finisher drawing, as re- 
 ceived by the railway. 63.50X9 (the number of 
 
WILSON'S C0TT0:N^ CARDERS' COMPANION. Ill 
 
 finishers into one railway )=57 1.50 as the weight 
 
 of one yard of the sheet, as doubled and enters 
 
 the railway to the drawing down ; 671.50-^-4.50 
 
 i (railway draught )=127 as the weight of one yard 
 
 of railway drawing, as delivered from that head. 
 
 , 127X2 (doublings in first head of drawing)= 
 
 I 154-3.12 (draught of first head)=81 grains that a 
 
 ; yard of second head drawing should weigh. 81X3 
 
 I (doubling for third head)=243-^3.57 (draught of 
 
 I third' head)=68 grains as the weight of a yard of 
 
 i drawing from the third head. 68-^4.10 (coarse 
 
 speeder draught )=16.58 grains as the weight of a 
 
 yard of coarse speeder roving. 16.58X12 (see 
 
 rule for hank roving)=199 grains to 12 yards. 
 
 100.0 0-^1 9 9=T%% hank roving for coarse speeder. 
 
 199X2 (doubling for intermediate)=398. 398- 
 
 5.25 (draught of intermediate)=75.80 grains that 
 
 12 yards of intermediate roving will weigh. 
 
 100.00-75.80=1.31 as the hank. 75.80X2== 
 
 151.60 doubling for fine frame. 151.60-6.50 
 
 (draught of fine frame)zr:r23.32 as the weight of 12 
 
 yards of fiie roving. 100.00-23.32=4.31 hank; 
 
 and if it is desired it can be taken one step farther 
 
 and be put into yarn, though this is not carders' 
 
 business as a general thing. But it is well for 
 
 every carder to understand all about it. 
 
 Suppose the draught of a spinning frame to be 
 7.25 ; then 7.25x4.31=31.25 (nearly) as the nuni- 
 ber of the yarn ; but practically we find that it 
 would be heavier than figures show, because the 
 twist in the yarn takes up a little ; so we find it 
 necessary to add three per cent, for this shrinkage, 
 or, what is the same thing, subtract three per cent, 
 from the number of the yarn as shown by figures : 
 31.25X3=94 (nearly); 31.25-.94=30.31, and 
 that is about the number of yarn that such roving 
 and spinning draught as described will make. The 
 
112 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 carder can tell what number of yarn the spinner 
 is making at any time if he knows his draught. 
 
 The above plan of operation for calculating the 
 numbers for a mill is shown above, in principle ; 
 any number desired can be worked out in that 
 manner. Or, reverse the operation ; begin with 
 the yarn, and the weight of picker lap necessary 
 to make it will be shown. 
 
 The doublings of a mill are reckoned as follows : 
 Suppose three laps are run into one on the finisher 
 picker, as is the case in most modern pickers ; if it 
 is only two, then begin with two, or if it is only 
 one and the doublings don't begin until we come 
 to cards, then begin there wherever the doublings 
 commence, but for an example we will call it three 
 into one on the last picker, 75 into one lap-head, 
 10 into one railway, 2 into first head of drawing, 
 3 into second head, 2 into intermediate, and 2 into 
 fine frame. They would run thus: 3X76X10X 
 2X3X2X2=54,000, and that is enough for ordina- 
 ry kinds of work. Doublings are more nowadays 
 than formerly, that is, where the carding is double. 
 Suppose we take an example of single carding to 
 see where we come out, and we will suppose every- 
 thing is well adapted to that kind of work. We 
 will have to start with the three ends in the picker 
 as before, then the ten ends in the railway and the 
 rest are all the same: 3X10X2X3X2X2=720 
 doublings ; and though it is a fact that so far as 
 evening the work is concerned the drawing and 
 roving frames do that, yet it is another fact that the 
 double carding and more doublings make smoother 
 and better work. The writer once worked in a 
 place where there were 120 doublings made in the 
 following manner : picker 2 into one, single cards 
 10 into one, drawing 3 into one, fine frames 2 into 
 one: 2X10X3X2=120, and the yarn was not 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 113 
 
 good, and never will be as long as that plan is 
 pursued. Doublings can be carried to any desired 
 extent, but if they are carried too far on drawing 
 it gets very tender and slippery and don't work 
 well. 
 
 Perhaps no better idea of the production of a 
 speeder can be given than a table prepared by 
 George Richardson, Esq., Superintendent of the 
 Lowell Machine Shop, Lowell, Mass. He has 
 founded these tables on the actual average produc- 
 tion of the Lowell speeder, and he has kindly 
 allowed the author to introduce them here for gen- 
 eral information. 
 
 10* 
 
114 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 Lovv^ell Speeder.— 1875. 
 
 Si in. space. — 12 in. traverse. 
 
 Tables showing production, &c., under 10-hour system and ordinary circumstances. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Grains per 
 
 Twist per 
 
 Rev. of V4 
 in. front 
 
 Rev. of 
 
 Hanks per 
 
 Pounds per 
 
 Roving. 
 
 yard. 
 
 inch. 
 
 roll per 
 minute. 
 
 flyer per 
 minute. 
 
 day per 
 spindle. 
 
 day per 
 spindle. 
 
 .25 
 
 33.33 
 
 .640 
 
 248.68 
 
 625 
 
 12.595 
 
 50.378 
 
 .26 
 
 32.05 
 
 .653 
 
 243.84 
 
 625 
 
 12.452 
 
 47.892 
 
 .27 
 
 30.86 
 
 .665 
 
 239.29 
 
 625 
 
 12.334 
 
 45.680 
 
 .28 
 
 29.76 
 
 .677 
 
 235.05 
 
 625 
 
 12.220 
 
 43.641 
 
 .29 
 
 28.73 
 
 .689 
 
 230.89 
 
 625 
 
 12.109 
 
 41.756 
 
 .30 
 
 27.77 
 
 .701 
 
 227.00 
 
 6-25 
 
 12.003 
 
 40.009 
 
 .31 
 
 26.88 
 
 .713 
 
 223.25 
 
 625 
 
 11.900 
 
 38.387 
 
 .32 
 
 26.04 
 
 .725 
 
 219.68 
 
 625 
 
 11.013 
 
 36.037 
 
 .33 
 
 25.25 
 
 .735 
 
 216.63 
 
 625 
 
 11.736 
 
 35.564 
 
 .34 
 
 24.51 
 
 .746 
 
 213.18 
 
 625 
 
 11.658 
 
 34.288 
 
 .35 
 
 23.81 
 
 .758 
 
 208.64 
 
 625 
 
 11.567 
 
 33.047 
 
 .36 
 
 23.15 
 
 .768 
 
 207.23 
 
 625 
 
 11.508 
 
 31.966 
 
 .37 
 
 22.52 
 
 .778 
 
 204.52 
 
 925 
 
 11.451 
 
 30.948 
 
 .38 
 
 21.93 
 
 .789 
 
 201.85 
 
 625 
 
 11.381 
 
 29.949 
 
 .39 
 
 21.36 
 
 .799 
 
 199.27 
 
 625 
 
 11.327 
 
 29.043 
 
 .40 
 
 20.83 
 
 .809 
 
 196.73 
 
 625 
 
 11.274 
 
 28.185 
 
 .41 
 
 20.32 
 
 .819 
 
 194.28 
 
 625 
 
 11.223 
 
 27.373 
 
 .42 
 
 19.84 
 
 .829 
 
 191.89 
 
 625 
 
 11.173 
 
 26.602 
 
 .43 
 
 19.38 
 
 .840 
 
 189.53 
 
 625 
 
 11.111 
 
 25.839 
 
 .44 
 
 18.94 
 
 .849 
 
 187.55 
 
 625 
 
 11.076 
 
 26.1T6 
 
 .45 
 
 18.52 
 
 .859 
 
 185.30 
 
 625 
 
 11.029 
 
 24.510 
 
 .46 
 
 18.12 
 
 .869 
 
 183.06 
 
 625 
 
 10.984 
 
 23.877 
 
 .47 
 
 17.73 
 
 .878 
 
 181.25 
 
 625 
 
 10.952 
 
 23.302 
 
 .48 
 
 17.36 
 
 .887 
 
 179.43 
 
 625 
 
 10.920 
 
 22.750 
 
 .49 
 
 17.00 
 
 .896 
 
 177.63 
 
 625 
 
 10.890 
 
 22.223 
 
 .50 
 
 16.66 
 
 .905 
 
 175.86 
 
 625 
 
 10.860 
 
 21.719 
 
 .51 
 
 16.34 
 
 .914 
 
 174.15 
 
 625 
 
 10.830 
 
 21.235 
 
 .52 
 
 16.02 
 
 .923 
 
 172.45 
 
 625 
 
 10.800 
 
 20.770 
 
 .53 
 
 15.72 
 
 .932 
 
 170.80 
 
 625 
 
 10.772 
 
 20.325 
 
 .54 
 
 15.43 
 
 .941 
 
 169.17 
 
 625 
 
 10.744 
 
 19.897 
 
 .55 
 
 15.15 
 
 .950 
 
 167.57 
 
 625 
 
 10.717 
 
 19.485 
 
 .56 
 
 14.88 
 
 .957 
 
 166.24 
 
 625 
 
 10.712 
 
 19.129 
 
 .57 
 
 14.62 
 
 .966 
 
 164.69 
 
 625 
 
 10.686 
 
 18.747 
 
 .58 
 
 14.37 
 
 .975 
 
 163.17 
 
 625 
 
 10.660 
 
 18.379 
 
 .59 
 
 14.12 
 
 .983 
 
 161.91 
 
 625 
 
 10.645 
 
 18.042 
 
 .60 
 
 13.88 
 
 .992 
 
 160.44 
 
 625 
 
 10.620 
 
 17.699 
 
 Driving pulleys are 13 inches diameter, 2| inches face. 
 Speed of pulleys=.307 revolutions per minute. 
 Cotton on full bobbin=60 to 64 oz. 
 Lengths of Speeders, including pulleys, are as follows : 
 
 20 spindles 
 
 16 ft., 2.5 in 
 
 22 
 
 17 " 7.5 
 
 24 
 
 19 '* .5 
 
 26 
 
 20 " 5.5 
 
 28 
 
 21 " 10.5 
 
 30 
 
 23 " 3.5 
 
 32 
 
 24 " 8.5 
 
 long. 
 
 34 spindles, 26 ft. 
 
 36 
 38 
 40 
 42 
 44 
 
 27 
 28 
 30 
 31 
 33 
 
 Those of 
 1.5 in. long, 
 6.0 
 11.5 
 4.5 
 9.5 
 2.5 
 
 Width outside =20 inches. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDEKS' COMPANION. 115 
 
 Lo^vell Speeder.— 1875. 
 6i in. space.— 9i in. traverse. 
 
 Tables showing production, &c., under 10-hour system and ordinary circumstances. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Grains per 
 
 Twist per 
 
 Rev. of 1% 
 in. front 
 
 Rev. of 
 
 Hanks per 
 
 Pounds per 
 
 Bovitig. 
 
 yard. 
 
 inch. 
 
 roll per 
 minute. 
 
 flyer per 
 minute. 
 
 day per 
 spindle. 
 
 spindle. 
 
 .50 
 
 16.66 
 
 .905 
 
 281.38 
 
 900 
 
 13.812 
 
 27.624 
 
 .55 
 
 15.15 
 
 .950 
 
 268.11 
 
 900 
 
 13.270 
 
 24.128 
 
 .60 
 
 13.88 
 
 .990 
 
 256.70 
 
 900 
 
 12.843 
 
 21.405 
 
 .65 
 
 12.82 
 
 1.080 
 
 246.82 
 
 900 • 
 
 12.448 
 
 19.151 
 
 .70 
 
 11.90 
 
 1.070 
 
 237.67 
 
 900 
 
 12.083 
 
 17.261 
 
 .75 
 
 11.11 
 
 1.108 
 
 229.73 
 
 900 
 
 11.765 
 
 15.687 
 
 .80 
 
 10.42 
 
 1.144 
 
 222.54 
 
 900 
 
 11.488 
 
 14.361 
 
 .85 
 
 9.80 
 
 1.180 
 
 215.77 
 
 900 
 
 11.229 
 
 13.210 
 
 .90 
 
 9.26 
 
 1.215 
 
 209.64 
 
 900 
 
 10.994 
 
 12.215 
 
 .95 
 
 8.77 
 
 1.248 
 
 204.09 
 
 900 
 
 10.788 
 
 11.356 
 
 1.00 
 
 8.33 
 
 1.280 
 
 198.94 
 
 900 
 
 10.603 
 
 10.603 
 
 1.05 
 
 7.93 
 
 1.310 
 
 194.09 
 
 900 
 
 10.442 
 
 9.944 
 
 1.10 
 
 7.58 
 
 1.340 
 
 189.65 
 
 900 
 
 10.288 
 
 9.353 
 
 1.15 
 
 7.25 
 
 1.370 
 
 185.58 
 
 900 
 
 10.141 
 
 8.818 
 
 1.20 
 
 6.94 
 
 1.402 
 
 181.68 
 
 900 
 
 9.986 
 
 8.321 
 
 1.25 
 
 6.66 
 
 1.430 
 
 177.95 
 
 900 
 
 9.865 
 
 7.892 
 
 1.30 
 
 6.41 
 
 1.459 
 
 174.48 
 
 900 
 
 9.742 
 
 7.494 
 
 1.35 
 
 6.17 
 
 1.487 
 
 171.20 
 
 •900 
 
 ' 9.631 
 
 7.134 
 
 1.40 
 
 5.95 
 
 1.514 
 
 168.17 
 
 900 
 
 9.530 
 
 6.807 
 
 1.45 
 
 5.75 
 
 1.540 
 
 165.24 
 
 900 
 
 9.439 
 
 6.509 
 
 1.50 
 
 5.55 
 
 1.568 
 
 162.40 
 
 900 
 
 9.339 
 
 6.226 
 
 1.55 
 
 5.38 
 
 1.590 
 
 159.80 
 
 900 
 
 , 9.277 
 
 5.985 
 
 1.60 
 
 5.21 
 
 1.619 
 
 157.27 
 
 900 
 
 9.177 
 
 5.735 
 
 1.65 
 
 5.05 
 
 1.645 
 
 154.82 
 
 900 
 
 9.097 
 
 5.513 
 
 1.70 
 
 4.90 
 
 1.669 
 
 152.57 
 
 900 
 
 9.030 
 
 5.312 
 
 1.75 
 
 4.76 
 
 1.693 
 
 150.40 
 
 900 
 
 8.965 
 
 5.123 
 
 Driving pulleys are 13 inches diameter, 2| inches face. 
 Speed of pulley8=442 revolutions per minute. 
 Cotton on full bobbin =25 to 30 oz. 
 Length of Speeders, including pulleys, are as follows : 
 
 52 
 54 
 56 
 
 58 
 60 
 
 36 spindles 
 
 21ft., 8.5 in. long. 
 
 38 '' 
 
 22 " 9.5 " 
 
 40 
 
 23 " 10.5 " 
 
 42 " 
 
 24 " 11.5 " 
 
 44 " 
 
 26 " .5 " 
 
 46 
 
 27 " 1.5 " 
 
 48 
 
 28 " 2.5 " 
 
 )llows : 
 
 Those of 
 
 29 ft., 
 
 3.5 in. long. 
 
 30 " 
 
 4.5 '' 
 
 31 " 
 
 6.5 " 
 
 32 « 
 
 6.5 " 
 
 33 " 
 
 7.5 " 
 
 34 " 
 
 8.5 " 
 
 Width outside=20 inches. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 Lowell Speeder.— 1875. 
 
 5 in. space. — 8i in. traverse. 
 
 Tables showing production, &c., under 10-hour system and ordinary circumstances. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Grains per 
 
 Twist per 
 
 Rev. of 1>^ 
 in. front 
 
 Rev. of 
 flyer per 
 
 Hanks per 
 
 Pounds per 
 
 Roving. 
 
 yard. 
 
 inch. 
 
 roll per 
 
 day per 
 spindle. 
 
 day per 
 
 
 
 
 minute. 
 
 iXLllJUtC* 
 
 spindle. 
 
 1.20 
 
 6.940 
 
 1.402 
 
 242.18 
 
 1200 
 
 12.737 
 
 10.614 
 
 1.30 
 
 6.410 
 
 1.459 
 
 232.71 
 
 1200 
 
 12.321 
 
 9.478 
 
 1.40 
 
 5.950 
 
 1.514 
 
 224.26 
 
 1200 
 
 11.952 
 
 8.537 
 
 1.50 
 
 5.550 
 
 1.568 
 
 216.54 
 
 1200 
 
 11.616 
 
 7.744 
 
 1.60 
 
 5.210 
 
 1.619 
 
 209.72 
 
 1200 
 
 11.324 
 
 7.077 
 
 1.70 
 
 4.900 
 
 1.669 
 
 203.43 
 
 1200 
 
 11.056 
 
 6.503 
 
 1.80 
 
 4.630 
 
 1.718 
 
 197.63 
 
 1200 
 
 10.810 
 
 6.005 
 
 1.90 
 
 4.380 
 
 1.764 
 
 192.47 
 
 1200 
 
 10.596 
 
 5.579 
 
 2.00 
 
 4.166 
 
 1.805 
 
 188.11 
 
 1200 
 
 10.421 
 
 5.210 
 
 2.10 
 
 3.970 
 
 1.855 
 
 183.04 
 
 1200 
 
 10.204 
 
 4.859 
 
 2.20 
 
 3.780 
 
 1.898 
 
 178.89 
 
 1200 
 
 10.036 
 
 4.562 
 
 2.30 
 
 3.620 
 
 1.940 
 
 175.02 
 
 1200 
 
 9.880 
 
 4.295 
 
 2.40 
 
 3.470 
 
 1.983 
 
 171.22 
 
 1200 
 
 9.725 
 
 4.052 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.330 
 
 2.022 
 
 167.92 
 
 1200 
 
 9.597 
 
 3.839 
 
 2.60 
 
 3.205 
 
 2.063 
 
 164.58 
 
 1200 
 
 9.464 
 
 3.640 
 
 2.70 
 
 3.090 
 
 2.103 
 
 161.45 
 
 1200 
 
 9.340 
 
 3.459 
 
 2.80 
 
 2.980 
 
 2.141 
 
 158.58 
 
 1200 
 
 9.230 
 
 3.296 
 
 2.90 
 
 2.870 
 
 2.180 
 
 155.75 
 
 1200 
 
 9.120 
 
 3.145 
 
 3.00 
 
 2.777 
 
 2.214 
 
 153.36 
 
 1200 
 
 9.033 
 
 3.011 
 
 3.10 
 
 2.680 
 
 2.253 
 
 150.70 
 
 1200 
 
 8.930 
 
 2.881 
 
 3.20 
 
 2.600 
 
 2.290 
 
 148.27 
 
 1200 
 
 8.838 
 
 2.762 
 
 3.30 
 
 2.530 
 
 2..S24 
 
 146.10 
 
 1200 
 
 8.759 
 
 2.654 
 
 3.40 
 
 2.450 
 
 2.360 
 
 143.87 
 
 1200 
 
 8.676 
 
 2.552 
 
 3.50 
 
 2..380 
 
 2.395 
 
 141.77 
 
 1200 
 
 8.599 
 
 2.457 
 
 3.60 
 
 2.310 
 
 2.428 
 
 139.84 
 
 1200 
 
 8.531 
 
 2.370 
 
 3.70 
 
 2.250 
 
 2.460 
 
 138.02 
 
 1200 
 
 8.469 
 
 2.289 
 
 3.80 
 
 2.193 
 
 2.495 
 
 136.09 
 
 1200 
 
 8.398 
 
 2.210 
 
 3.90 
 
 2.140 
 
 2.528 
 
 134.31 
 
 1200 
 
 8.335 
 
 2.137 
 
 4.00 
 
 2.083 
 
 2.560 
 
 132.63 
 
 1200 
 
 8.278 
 
 2.069 
 
 4.10 
 
 2.030 
 
 2.592 
 
 130.99 
 
 1200 
 
 8.221 
 
 2.005 
 
 4.20 
 
 1.980 
 
 2.623 
 
 129.44 
 
 1200 
 
 8.169 
 
 1.945 
 
 4.30 
 
 1.938 
 
 2.655 
 
 127.88 
 
 1200 
 
 8.116 
 
 1.887 
 
 4.40 
 
 1.890 
 
 2.685 
 
 126.46 
 
 1200 
 
 8.069 
 
 1.834 
 
 4.50 
 
 1.850 
 
 2.714 
 
 126.26 
 
 1200 
 
 8.027 
 
 1.784 
 
 4.60 
 
 1.810 
 
 2.746 
 
 123.65 
 
 1200 
 
 7.977 
 
 1.734 
 
 4.70 
 
 1.770 
 
 2.775 
 
 122.35 
 
 1200 
 
 7.936 
 
 1.689 
 
 4.80 
 
 1.740 
 
 2.803 
 
 121.13 
 
 1200 
 
 7.900 
 
 1.646 
 
 4.90 
 
 1.700 
 
 2.834 
 
 119.80 
 
 1200 
 
 7.855 
 
 1.603 
 
 5.00 
 
 1.666 
 
 2.862 
 
 118.64 
 
 1200 
 
 7.820 
 
 1.564 
 
 Driving pulleys are 13 inches diameter, 2| inches face. 
 
 Speed of pulleys =453 revolutions per minute. 
 
 Cotton on full bobbin =12 to 14 oz. 
 
 Lengths of Speeders, including pulleys, are as follows : Those of 
 
 44 spindles, 20 ft., 
 
 22 
 23 
 25 
 27 
 
 6 in. long, 
 2 
 
 10 
 6 
 2 
 Width outside 
 
 64 spindles 
 
 ,28 ft., 
 
 10 in. 
 
 long. 
 
 68 " 
 
 30 " 
 
 6 
 
 
 72 
 
 32 " 
 
 2 
 
 <( 
 
 76 " 
 
 33 " 
 
 10 
 
 (< 
 
 80 " 
 
 35 " 
 
 6 
 
 « 
 
 20 inches. 
 
 
 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. II7 
 
 It will be noticed by close observers that Mr. 
 Richardson makes ejaculations to put more twist in 
 roving than does the author of this work ; Mr. 
 Richardson uses 1.28 as a multiplier for the square 
 root of the hank. 
 
 Great care should be exercised in adjusting the 
 shoe or builder of the Lowell Speeder, or any other 
 roving frame where the double taper is used. If 
 the . bobbin in filling runs a little more on one 
 taper than the other, on the first taper, the place 
 it runs over the roving will be strained, and the 
 other end will soon grow so slack that the end will 
 break down every time it comes to that place. 
 Mr. Jabez Edwards (who has invented so many 
 useful things) has invented an adjustable shoe, or 
 rather adjustable plates, which are attached to the 
 shoe in such a manner that any irregularities of 
 this kind can be set right at once, without filing 
 or even removing the builder. 
 
 The distance of rollers in a roving or in any 
 frame where drawing is done, should be just a trifle 
 more than the longest fibres of cotton ; and re- 
 member that the bites of rollers are a little closer 
 than the measure from center to center, as the top 
 rollers pressed down cover some space. 
 
 It is well to weigh fine roving every day or 
 enough to get the average — say ten bobbins from 
 different parts of the room ; keep a record, and on 
 Saturday add and average. It is well to have 
 sufficient of the hank table copied to cover the 
 variations in the same room. Stick it up near the 
 weigher's bench, so that when the average is taken 
 (always weighing twelve yards at a time) refer- 
 ence to the table will show the hank at a glance. 
 Where roving frames have hank clocks, take the 
 number of hanks indicated by the clock, multiply 
 by the number of spindles and divide by the aver- 
 
118 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 age hank during the week, and it gives the pro- 
 duction in pounds. If roving frames have other 
 than hank clocks, it is necessary to ascertain by 
 trial what a set will weigh ; then multiply sets by 
 the pounds one set weighs ; and don't set it down 
 as fixed forever, that a set will always weigh ex- 
 actly the same, even though the conditions are 
 apparently the same ; try them once in a while, 
 say in the spring and again in the fall ; they may 
 vary some. It is well to be regular in weighing, 
 and have the same man do it all the time, if pos- 
 sible. It don't make so much diflference where it 
 is done as it does how it is done; that is, it may 
 be done in the railway drawing, fine drawing, 
 coarse, intermediate or fine roving, or all these ; 
 but let it be done regularly. Good, nice, sensitive 
 scales are essential to correct weighing and ascer- 
 taining hank accurately. Where no better means 
 of testing roving scales can be employed the fol- 
 lowing may be resorted to : Weigh a good United 
 States nickel five-cent piece ; it weighs 77 grains. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Miscellany. 
 
 HANK table: explanation — RULE TO FIND HANK — TWIST 
 .table: EXPLANATION — RULE TO FIND TWIST— HYGRO- 
 METER table: EXPLANATION AND USE — TABLE OF QUAN- 
 TITY OF BELTING IN ROLLS IN CERTAIN CASES: EXPLANA- 
 TION — PERPETUAL CALENDER : EXPLANATION — ADDRESS 
 TO A COTTON CARDER — RULE TO CALCULATE DRAUGHT — 
 RULE TO CALCULATE SPEED — RECEIPTS FOR MAKING GLUE, 
 CEMENT AND ROLLER VARNISH — WEIGHTS OF VARIOUS 
 ARTICLES — TIME. 
 
 HANK TABLE. 
 
 Numher of yards, 12 in all cases. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 220 
 
 .45 
 
 129 
 
 .77 
 
 91.00 
 
 1.09 
 
 71.00 
 
 1.41 
 
 57.75 
 
 1.73 
 
 214 
 
 .46 
 
 127 
 
 .78 
 
 90.00 
 
 1.10 
 
 70.00 
 
 1.42 
 
 57.50 
 
 1.74 
 
 209 
 
 .47 
 
 126 
 
 .79 
 
 89.00 
 
 1.11 
 
 69.50 
 
 1.43 
 
 57.25 
 
 1.75 
 
 205 
 
 .48 
 
 125 
 
 .80 
 
 88.50 
 
 1.12 
 
 69.00 
 
 1.44 
 
 57.00 
 
 1.76 
 
 202 
 
 .49 
 
 124 
 
 .81 
 
 88.00 
 
 1.13 
 
 68.50 
 
 1.45 
 
 56.50 
 
 1.77 
 
 200 
 
 .50 
 
 123 
 
 .82 
 
 87.50 
 
 1.14 
 
 68.00 
 
 1.46 
 
 56.00 
 
 1.78 
 
 196 
 
 .51 
 
 122 
 
 .83 
 
 87.00 
 
 1.15 
 
 67.50 
 
 1.47 
 
 5.-).50 
 
 1.79 
 
 193 
 
 .52 
 
 121 
 
 .84 
 
 86.00 
 
 1.16 
 
 67.00 
 
 1.48 
 
 55.25 
 
 1.80 
 
 189 
 
 .53 
 
 120 
 
 .85 
 
 85.00 
 
 1.17 
 
 66.50 
 
 1.49 
 
 55.00 
 
 1.81 
 
 185 
 
 .54 
 
 119 
 
 .86 
 
 84.50 
 
 1.18 
 
 66.25 
 
 1.50 
 
 54.75 
 
 1.82 
 
 182 
 
 .55 
 
 118 
 
 .87 
 
 84.00 
 
 1.19 
 
 66.00 
 
 1.51 
 
 54.50 
 
 1.83 
 
 179 
 
 .56 
 
 117 
 
 .88 
 
 83.50 
 
 1.2J 
 
 65.50 
 
 1.52 
 
 54.25 
 
 1.84 
 
 176 
 
 .57 
 
 116 
 
 .89 
 
 83.00 
 
 1.21 
 
 65.25 
 
 1.53 
 
 54.00 
 
 1.85 
 
 173 
 
 .58 
 
 115 
 
 .90 
 
 82.00 
 
 1.22 
 
 65.00 
 
 1.54 
 
 53.75 
 
 1.86 
 
 170 
 
 .59 
 
 113 
 
 .91 
 
 81.00 
 
 1.23 
 
 64.50 
 
 1.55 
 
 53.50 
 
 1.87 
 
 167 
 
 .60 
 
 111 
 
 .92 
 
 80.50 
 
 1.24 
 
 64.00 
 
 1.56 
 
 53.25 
 
 1.88 
 
 164 
 
 .61 
 
 109 
 
 .93 
 
 80.00 
 
 1.25 
 
 63.50 
 
 1.57 
 
 53.00 
 
 1.89 
 
 161 
 
 .62 
 
 107 
 
 .94 
 
 79.00 
 
 1.26 
 
 63.00 
 
 1.58 
 
 52.50 
 
 1.90 
 
 158 
 
 .63 
 
 105 
 
 .95 
 
 78.50 
 
 1.27 
 
 62.50 
 
 1.59 
 
 52.25 
 
 1.91 
 
 155 
 
 .64 
 
 104 
 
 .96 
 
 78.00 
 
 1.28 
 
 62.00 
 
 1.60 
 
 52.00 
 
 1.92 
 
 153 
 
 .65 
 
 103 
 
 .97 
 
 77.00 
 
 1.29 
 
 61.50 
 
 1.61 
 
 51.75 
 
 1.93 
 
 151 
 
 .66 
 
 102 
 
 .98 
 
 76.50 
 
 1.30 
 
 61.25 
 
 1.62 
 
 51.50 
 
 1.94 
 
 149 
 
 .67 
 
 101 
 
 .99 
 
 76.00 
 
 1.31 
 
 61.00 
 
 1.63 
 
 51.25 
 
 1.95 
 
 147 
 
 .68 
 
 100 
 
 1.00 
 
 75.50 
 
 1.32 
 
 60.75 
 
 1.64 
 
 51.00 
 
 1.96 
 
 145 
 
 .69 
 
 99 
 
 1.01 
 
 75.00 
 
 1.33 
 
 60.50 
 
 1.65 
 
 50.75 
 
 1.97 
 
 143 
 
 .70 
 
 98 
 
 1.02 
 
 74.50 
 
 1.34 
 
 60.25 
 
 1.66 
 
 50.50 
 
 1.98 
 
 141 
 
 .71 
 
 97 
 
 1.03 
 
 74 00 
 
 1.35 
 
 60.00 
 
 1.67 
 
 50.25 
 
 1.99 
 
 139 
 
 .72 
 
 96 
 
 1.04 
 
 73.50 
 
 1.36 
 
 59.50 
 
 1.68 
 
 50.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 137 
 
 .73 
 
 95 
 
 1.05 
 
 73.00 
 
 1.37 
 
 59.00 
 
 1.69 
 
 49.75 
 
 2.01 
 
 135 
 
 .74 
 
 94 
 
 1.06 
 
 72.50 
 
 1.38 
 
 58.50 
 
 1.70 
 
 49.50 
 
 2.02 
 
 133 
 
 .75 
 
 93 
 
 1.07 
 
 72.00 
 
 1.39 
 
 58.25 
 
 1.71 
 
 49.25 
 
 2.03 
 
 131 
 
 .76 
 
 92 
 
 1.08 
 
 71.50 
 
 1.40 
 
 58.00 
 
 1.72 1 49.00 
 
 2.04 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 HAISTK TABLE— Continued. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 48.75 
 
 2.05 
 
 38.60 
 
 2.59 
 
 3L90 
 
 3.13 
 
 27.30 
 
 3.67 
 
 23.75 
 
 4.21 
 
 48.50 
 
 2.06 
 
 38.50 
 
 2.60 
 
 31.80 
 
 3.14 
 
 27.20 
 
 3.68 
 
 23.70 
 
 4.22 
 
 48.25 
 
 2.07 
 
 38.40 
 
 2.61 
 
 31.70 
 
 3.15 
 
 27.10 
 
 3.69 
 
 23.65 
 
 4.23 
 
 48.00 
 
 2.08 
 
 38.20 
 
 2.62 
 
 31.60 
 
 3.16 
 
 27.00 
 
 3.70 
 
 23.60 
 
 4.24 
 
 47.75 
 
 2.09 
 
 38.00 
 
 2.63 
 
 31.50 
 
 3.17 
 
 26.90 
 
 3.71 
 
 23.50 
 
 4.25 
 
 47.50 
 
 2.10 
 
 37.85 
 
 2.64 
 
 31.40 
 
 3.18 
 
 26.80 
 
 3.72 
 
 23.45 
 
 4.26 
 
 47.25 
 
 2.11 
 
 37.70 
 
 2.65 
 
 31.30 
 
 3.19 
 
 26.75 
 
 3.73 
 
 23.40 
 
 4.^7 
 
 47.00 
 
 2.12 
 
 37.55 
 
 2.66 
 
 31.20 
 
 3.20 
 
 26.70 
 
 3.74 
 
 23.35 
 
 4.28 
 
 46.75 
 
 2.13 
 
 37.40 
 
 2.67 
 
 31.10 
 
 3.21 
 
 26.60 
 
 3.75 
 
 23.30 
 
 4.29 
 
 4(3.50 
 
 2.14 
 
 37.25 
 
 2.68 
 
 31.00 
 
 3.22 
 
 26.55 
 
 3.76 
 
 23.25 
 
 4.30 
 
 46.25 
 
 2.15 
 
 37.12 
 
 2.69 
 
 30.90 
 
 3.23 
 
 26.50 
 
 3.77 
 
 23.20 
 
 4.31 
 
 46.00 
 
 2.16 
 
 37.00 
 
 2.70 
 
 30.80 
 
 3.24 
 
 26.45 
 
 3.78 
 
 23.10 
 
 4.32 
 
 45.80 
 
 2.17 
 
 36.85 
 
 2.71 
 
 30.70 
 
 3.25 
 
 26.40 
 
 3.79 
 
 23.05 
 
 4.33 
 
 45.60 
 
 2.18 
 
 36.70 
 
 2.72 
 
 30.60 
 
 3.26 
 
 26.30 
 
 3.80 
 
 23.00 
 
 4.34 
 
 45.40 
 
 2.19 
 
 36.55 
 
 2.73 
 
 30.50 
 
 3.27 
 
 26.25 
 
 3.81 
 
 22.95 
 
 4.35 
 
 45.20 
 
 2.20 
 
 36.40 
 
 2.74 
 
 30.40 
 
 3.28 
 
 26.20 
 
 3.82 
 
 22.90 
 
 4.36 
 
 45.00 
 
 2.21 
 
 36.25 
 
 2.75 
 
 30.30 
 
 3.29 
 
 26.15 
 
 3.83 
 
 22.85 
 
 4.37 
 
 44.80 
 
 2.22 
 
 36.12 
 
 2.76 
 
 30.20 
 
 3.30 
 
 26.10 
 
 3.84 
 
 22.80 
 
 4.38 
 
 44.60 
 
 2.23 
 
 36.00 
 
 2.77 
 
 30.10 
 
 3.31 
 
 26.00 
 
 3.85 
 
 22.75 
 
 4.39 
 
 44.40 
 
 2.24 
 
 35.90 
 
 2.78 
 
 30.00 
 
 3.32 
 
 25.90 
 
 3.86 
 
 22.70 
 
 4.40 
 
 44.20 
 
 2.25 
 
 35.80 
 
 2.79 
 
 29.90 
 
 3.33 
 
 25.80 
 
 3.87 
 
 22.65 
 
 4.41 
 
 44.00 
 
 2.26 
 
 35.60 
 
 2.80 
 
 29.80 
 
 3.34 
 
 25.75 
 
 3.88 
 
 22.60 
 
 4.42 
 
 43.80 
 
 2.27 
 
 35.50 
 
 2.81 
 
 29.70 
 
 3.35 
 
 25.70 
 
 3.89 
 
 22.55 
 
 4.43 
 
 43.60 
 
 2.28 
 
 35.40 
 
 2.82 
 
 29.60 
 
 3. .36 
 
 25.65 
 
 3 90 
 
 22.50 
 
 4.44 
 
 43.40 
 
 2.29 
 
 35..30 
 
 2.83 
 
 29.55 
 
 3.37 
 
 25.60 
 
 3.91 
 
 22.45 
 
 4.45 
 
 43.30 
 
 2.30 
 
 35.20 
 
 2.84 
 
 29.50 
 
 3.38 
 
 25.50 
 
 3.92 
 
 22.40 
 
 4.46 
 
 43.20 
 
 2.31 
 
 35.00 
 
 2.85 
 
 29.45 
 
 3.39 
 
 25.40 
 
 3.93 
 
 22..S5 
 
 4.47 
 
 43.10 
 
 2.32 
 
 34.90 
 
 2.86 
 
 29.40 
 
 3.40 
 
 25.30 
 
 3.94 
 
 22.30 
 
 4.48 
 
 43.00 
 
 2.33 
 
 34.80 
 
 2.87 
 
 29.30 
 
 3.41 
 
 25.25 
 
 3.95 
 
 22.25 
 
 4.49 
 
 42.80 
 
 2.34 
 
 34.60 
 
 2.88 
 
 29.20 
 
 3.42 
 
 25.20 
 
 3.96 
 
 22.20 
 
 4.50 
 
 42.60 
 
 2.35 
 
 34.50 
 
 2.89 
 
 29.10 
 
 3.43 
 
 25.15 
 
 3.97 
 
 22.15 
 
 4.51 
 
 42.40 
 
 2.36 
 
 34.30 
 
 2.90 
 
 29.00 
 
 3.44 
 
 25.10 
 
 3.98 
 
 22.10 
 
 4.52 
 
 42.20 
 
 2.37 
 
 34.20 
 
 2.91 
 
 28.95 
 
 3.45 
 
 25.05 
 
 3.99 
 
 22.05 
 
 4.53 
 
 42.00 
 
 2.38 
 
 34.10 
 
 2.92 
 
 28.90 
 
 3.46 
 
 25.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 22.00 
 
 4.54 
 
 41.80 
 
 2.39 
 
 33.90 
 
 2.93 
 
 28.80 
 
 3.47 
 
 24.90 
 
 4.01 
 
 21.95 
 
 4.55 
 
 41.60 
 
 2.40 
 
 33.80 
 
 2.94 
 
 28.70 
 
 3.48 
 
 24.85 
 
 4.02 
 
 21.90 
 
 4.56 
 
 41.40 
 
 2.41 
 
 33.70 
 
 2.95 
 
 28.60 
 
 3.49 
 
 24.80 
 
 4.03 
 
 21.85 
 
 4.57 
 
 41.20 
 
 2.42 
 
 33.60 
 
 2.96 
 
 28.50 
 
 3.50 
 
 24.75 
 
 4.04 
 
 21.80 
 
 4.58 
 
 41.00 
 
 2.43 
 
 33.50 
 
 2.97 
 
 28.40 
 
 3.51 
 
 24.70 
 
 4.05 
 
 21.75 
 
 4.59 
 
 40.85 
 
 2.44 
 
 33.40 
 
 2.98 
 
 28.30 
 
 3.52 
 
 24.65 
 
 4.06 
 
 21.70 
 
 4.60 
 
 40.70 
 
 2.45 
 
 33.30 
 
 2.99 
 
 28.25 
 
 3.53 
 
 24.60 
 
 4.07 
 
 21.65 
 
 4.61 
 
 40.55 
 
 2.46 
 
 33.20 
 
 3.00 
 
 28.20 
 
 3.54 
 
 24.50 
 
 4.08 
 
 21.60 
 
 4.62 
 
 40.40 
 
 2.47 
 
 33.10 
 
 3.01 
 
 28.10 
 
 3.55 
 
 24.40 
 
 4.09 
 
 21.55 
 
 4.63 
 
 40.25 
 
 2.48 
 
 33.00 
 
 3.02 
 
 28.05 
 
 3.56 
 
 24.35 
 
 4.10 
 
 21.50 
 
 4.65 
 
 40.12 
 
 2.49 
 
 32.95 
 
 3.03 
 
 28.00 
 
 3.57 
 
 24.30 
 
 4.11 
 
 21.45 
 
 4.66 
 
 40.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 32.90 
 
 3.04 
 
 27.90 
 
 3.58 
 
 24.25 
 
 4.12 
 
 21.40 
 
 4.67 
 
 39.85 
 
 2.51 
 
 32.80 
 
 3.05 
 
 27.80 
 
 3.59 
 
 24.20 
 
 4.13 
 
 21.35 
 
 4.68 
 
 39.70 
 
 2.52 
 
 32.75 
 
 3.06 
 
 27.75 
 
 3.60 
 
 24.15 
 
 4.14 
 
 21.30 
 
 4.69 
 
 39.55 
 
 2.53 
 
 32.70 
 
 3.07 
 
 27.70 
 
 3.61 
 
 24.10 
 
 4 15 
 
 21.25 
 
 4.70 
 
 39.40 
 
 2.54 
 
 32.60 
 
 3.08 
 
 27.60 
 
 3.62 
 
 24.00 
 
 4.16 
 
 21.20 
 
 4.71 
 
 39.25 
 
 2.55 
 
 32.55 
 
 3.09 
 
 27.50 
 
 3.63 
 
 23.95 
 
 4.17 
 
 21.15 
 
 4.72 
 
 39.12 
 
 2.56 
 
 32.40 
 
 3.10 
 
 27.45 
 
 3.64 
 
 23.90 
 
 4.18 
 
 21.10 
 
 4.73 
 
 39.00 
 
 2.57 
 
 32.20 
 
 3.11 
 
 27.40 
 
 3.65 
 
 23.85 
 
 4.19 
 
 21.05 
 
 4.75 
 
 38.80 
 
 2.58 
 
 32.00 3.12 '27.35 
 
 3.66 
 
 23.80 
 
 4.20 
 
 21.00 
 
 4.76 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 121 
 HANK TABLE— Continued. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 20.95 
 
 4.77 
 
 18.87 
 
 5.30 
 
 17.24 
 
 5.79 
 
 15.92 
 
 6.28 
 
 14.75 
 
 6.78 
 
 20.90 
 
 4.78 
 
 18.85 
 
 5.31 
 
 17.22 
 
 5.80 
 
 15.90 
 
 6.29 
 
 14.73 
 
 6.79 
 
 20.85 
 
 4.79 
 
 18.81 
 
 5.32 
 
 17.20 
 
 5.81 
 
 15.87 
 
 6,30 
 
 14.70 
 
 6.80 
 
 20.80 
 
 4.80 
 
 18.77 
 
 5.33 
 
 17.17 
 
 5.82 
 
 15.84 
 
 6.31 
 
 14.67 
 
 6.82 
 
 20.75 
 
 4.82 
 
 18.73 
 
 5.34 
 
 17.14 
 
 5.83 
 
 15.82 
 
 6.32 
 
 14.64 
 
 6.84 
 
 20.70 
 
 4.83 
 
 18.69 
 
 5.35 
 
 17.12 
 
 5.84 
 
 15.80 
 
 6.33 
 
 14.60 
 
 6.86 
 
 20.65 
 
 4.84 
 
 18.65 
 
 5.36 
 
 17.09 
 
 5.85 
 
 15.77 
 
 6.34 
 
 14.56 
 
 6.88 
 
 20.60 
 
 4.85 
 
 18.61 
 
 5.37 
 
 17.06 
 
 5.86 
 
 15.74 
 
 6.35 
 
 14.. 50 
 
 6 90 
 
 20.55 
 
 4.86 
 
 18.58 
 
 5.38 
 
 17.03 
 
 5.87 
 
 1.5.71 
 
 6.36 
 
 14.45 
 
 6.92 
 
 20.50 
 
 4.87 
 
 18.53 
 
 5.. 39 
 
 17.00 
 
 5.88 
 
 15.69 
 
 6.37 
 
 14.40 
 
 6.94 
 
 20:45' 
 
 4.88 
 
 18.49 
 
 5.40 
 
 16.97 
 
 5.89 
 
 15.66 
 
 6..38 
 
 14.36 
 
 6.96 
 
 20.40 
 
 4.89 
 
 18.45 
 
 5.41 
 
 16.95 
 
 5.90 
 
 15.64 
 
 6. .39 
 
 14.32 
 
 6.98 
 
 20.35 
 
 4.91 
 
 18.42 
 
 5.42 
 
 16 92 
 
 5.91 
 
 15.62 
 
 6.40 
 
 14.28 
 
 7.00 
 
 20.30 
 
 4.92 
 
 18..39 
 
 5.43 
 
 16.90 
 
 5.92 
 
 15.60 
 
 6.41 
 
 14.24 
 
 7.02 
 
 20.25 
 
 4.94 
 
 18.36 
 
 5.44 
 
 16.87 
 
 5.93 
 
 15.57 
 
 6.42 
 
 14.20 
 
 7.04 
 
 20.20 
 
 4.95 
 
 18.33 
 
 5.45 
 
 16.85 
 
 5.94 
 
 15.54 
 
 6.43 
 
 14.16 
 
 7.06 
 
 20.15 
 
 4.97 
 
 18.29 
 
 5.46 
 
 16.82 
 
 5.95 
 
 1.5. .52 
 
 6.44 
 
 14.12 
 
 7.08 
 
 20.10 
 
 4.98 
 
 18.26 
 
 5.47 
 
 16.80 
 
 5.96 
 
 15.50 
 
 6.45 
 
 14.08 
 
 7.10 
 
 20.05 
 
 4.99 
 
 18.23 
 
 5.48 
 
 10.77 
 
 5.97 
 
 15.47 
 
 6.46 
 
 14.04 
 
 7.12 
 
 20.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 18.20 
 
 5.49 
 
 16.74 
 
 5.98 
 
 15.44 
 
 6.47 
 
 14.00 
 
 7.14 
 
 19.95 
 
 5.01 
 
 18.17 
 
 5.50 
 
 16.71 
 
 5.99 
 
 15.42 
 
 6.48 
 
 12..50 
 
 8.00 
 
 19.90 
 
 5.02 
 
 18.14 
 
 5.51 
 
 16.68 
 
 6.00 
 
 15.40 
 
 6.49 
 
 11.00 
 
 9.00 
 
 19.85 
 
 5.03 
 
 18.11 
 
 5.52 
 
 16.65 
 
 6.01 
 
 15.37 
 
 6.50 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 19.83 
 
 5.04 
 
 18 08 
 
 5.. 53 
 
 16.62 
 
 6.02 
 
 15.35 
 
 6.51 
 
 9.00 
 
 11.00 
 
 19.80 
 
 5.05 
 
 18.04 
 
 5.54 
 
 16.59 
 
 6.03 
 
 15.32 
 
 6.52 
 
 8.33 
 
 12.00 
 
 19.76 
 
 5.06 
 
 18.00 
 
 5..55 
 
 16.56 
 
 6.04 
 
 15.30 
 
 6.53 
 
 7.69 
 
 13.00 
 
 19.71 
 
 5.07 
 
 17.96 
 
 5..56 
 
 16.53 
 
 6.05 
 
 15.27 
 
 6.54 
 
 7.12 
 
 14.00 
 
 19.67 
 
 5.08 
 
 17.92 
 
 5.. 57 
 
 16.50 
 
 6.06 
 
 15.25 
 
 6.55 
 
 6.66 
 
 15.00 
 
 19.63 
 
 5.09 
 
 17.89 
 
 5..58 
 
 16.'18 
 
 6.07 
 
 15.23 
 
 6.-56 
 
 6.25 
 
 16.00 
 
 19.60 
 
 5.10 
 
 17.85 
 
 5.,59 
 
 16.45 
 
 6.08 
 
 15.20 
 
 6.57 
 
 5.90 
 
 17.00 
 
 19.57 
 
 5.11 
 
 17.82 
 
 5.60 
 
 16.42 
 
 6.09 
 
 15.18 
 
 6.. 58 
 
 5..55 
 
 18.00 
 
 19.52 
 
 5.12 
 
 17.78 
 
 5.(il 
 
 16.39 
 
 6.10 
 
 15.16 
 
 6..59 
 
 5.26 
 
 19.00 
 
 19.48 
 
 5.13 
 
 17.75 
 
 5.62 
 
 16.36 
 
 6.11 
 
 1.5.14 
 
 6.60 
 
 5.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 19.44 
 
 5.14 
 
 17.72 
 
 5.63 
 
 16.33 
 
 6.12 
 
 15.11 
 
 6.61 
 
 4.76 
 
 21.00 
 
 19.40 
 
 5.15 
 
 17.69 
 
 5.64 
 
 16..30 
 
 6.13 
 
 15.09 
 
 6.62 
 
 4.55 
 
 22.00 
 
 19..36 
 
 5.16 
 
 17.66 
 
 5.65 
 
 16.27 
 
 6.14 
 
 15.07 
 
 6.63 
 
 4.34 
 
 23.00 
 
 19.32 
 
 5.17 
 
 17.63 
 
 5.66 
 
 16.25 
 
 6.15 
 
 1.5.05 
 
 6.64 
 
 4.16 
 
 24.00 
 
 19.28 
 
 5.18 
 
 17.60 
 
 5.67 
 
 16.22 
 
 6.16 
 
 15.03 
 
 6.65 
 
 4.00 
 
 25.00 
 
 19.24 
 
 5.19 
 
 17.. 57 
 
 5.68 
 
 16.20 
 
 6.17 
 
 15.00 
 
 6.66 
 
 3.85 
 
 26.00 
 
 19.20 
 
 5.20 
 
 17..53 
 
 5.69 
 
 16.17 
 
 6.18 
 
 14.97 
 
 6.67 
 
 3.70 
 
 27.00 
 
 19.17 
 
 5.21 
 
 17.50 
 
 5.70 
 
 16.14 
 
 6.19 
 
 14.94 
 
 ^.68 
 
 3.57 
 
 28.00 
 
 19.13 
 
 5.22 
 
 17.47 
 
 5.71 
 
 16.12 
 
 6.20 
 
 14.92 
 
 6.69 
 
 3.45 
 
 29.00 
 
 19.09 
 
 5.23 
 
 17.44 
 
 5.72 
 
 16.09 
 
 6.21 
 
 14.90 
 
 6.70 
 
 3.33 
 
 30.00 
 
 19.05 
 
 5.24 
 
 17.41 
 
 5.73 
 
 16.06 
 
 6.22 
 
 14.88 
 
 6.71 
 
 3.22 
 
 31.00 
 
 19.02 
 
 5.25 
 
 17.38 
 
 5.74 
 
 16.04 
 
 6.23 
 
 14.86 
 
 6.72 
 
 3.12 
 
 32.00 
 
 19.00 
 
 5.26 
 
 17.35 
 
 5.75 
 
 16.02 
 
 6.24 
 
 14.85 
 
 6.73 
 
 3.03 
 
 33.00 
 
 18.97 
 
 5.27 
 
 17..32 
 
 5.76 
 
 16.00 
 
 6.25 
 
 14.82 
 
 6.74 
 
 
 
 18.94 
 
 5.28 
 
 17.29- 
 
 5.77 
 
 1.5.97 
 
 6.26 
 
 14.80 
 
 6.75 
 
 
 
 18.91 
 
 5.29 
 
 17.26 
 
 5.78 
 
 15.94 
 
 6.27 
 
 14.77 
 
 6.76 
 
 
 
 11 
 
122 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF HANK TABLE. 
 
 We have already seen that a hank is 840 yards 
 of roving. To ascertain what hank any particular 
 kind of roving is — that is, how many hanks there 
 are to the pound — it is necessary to weigh a cer- 
 tain number of yards. Grains are generally used 
 in weighing roving, but the pounds (that is, how 
 many hanks to the pound) are avoirdupois ; so in 
 making this calculation we must reduce troy-weight 
 to avoirdupois. We find that in one pound avoir- 
 dupois there are 7,000 grains ; so if we should reel 
 off 840 yards, and it should weigh 7,000 grains, 
 that would be one-hank roving ; 3,600 would be 
 two-hank; 1,750 four-hank, and so on; but this 
 would be a tedious job, and so we take a certain 
 part of 840 yards and a corresponding part of 
 7.000 grains and use the parts instead of the whole. 
 12 yards are ^ of 840 ; 100 is tV of 7,000 ; so we 
 weigh 12 yards and divide 100 by the number of 
 grains' weight, and that gives us the hank. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 12 yards weigh 25 grains: 
 
 25)100(4. The hank is 4. 
 100 
 
 Again : 12 yards weigh 25.50 : 
 
 25.50)100.00 ( 3.92. The hank is 3.92. 
 7650 
 
 23500 
 22950 
 
 5500 
 5100 
 
 400 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 123 
 
 Once more : 12 yards weigh 24.50 : 
 
 24.50)100.00 (4.08. The hank is 4.08. 
 9800 
 
 20000 
 19600 
 
 400 
 
 It is most convenient to put fractions in form of 
 decimals as in the above examples. If 12 yards, 
 or the average of several weighings, weigh a cer- 
 tain number of grains and a fraction, as is most 
 always the case, then add cyphers to the dividend 
 to balance the divisor. 
 
 From the foregoing examples and explanations 
 we derive the following rule to find the hank : — 
 First, weigh 12 yards of any kind of roving; second, 
 take the number of grains 12 yards weigh as the 
 divisor for 100; the quotient will be the hank 
 sought. 
 
 There are a number of rules to find hank ; the 
 writer has some half-dozen, more or less; but the 
 above is his best, so he gives no other. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 TWIST TABLE. 
 
 H.vnk. 
 
 Sq.Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 Hank. 1 Sq.Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 Hank. 
 1.56 
 
 Sq.Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 .50 
 
 .7071 
 
 .88 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.014 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.248 
 
 1.55 
 
 .51 
 
 .7141 
 
 .89 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.019 
 
 1.26 
 
 157 
 
 1.252 
 
 1.55 
 
 .52 
 
 .7211 
 
 .89 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.024 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.58 
 
 1.2.56 
 
 1.56 
 
 .53 
 
 .7280 
 
 .90 
 
 1.06 
 
 1.029 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.59 
 
 1.260 
 
 1.56 
 
 .54 
 
 .7348 
 
 .91 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.034 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.60 
 
 1.264 
 
 1.57 
 
 .55 
 
 .7416 
 
 .92 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.039 
 
 1.29 
 
 1.61 
 
 1.268 
 
 1.57 
 
 .56 
 
 .7483 
 
 .93 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.044 
 
 1.29 
 
 1.62 
 
 1.272 
 
 1.57 
 
 .57 
 
 .7549 
 
 .94 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.048 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.63 
 
 1.276 
 
 1.58 
 
 .58 
 
 .7615 
 
 .95 
 
 1.11 
 
 1.053 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.64 
 
 1.280 
 
 1.58 
 
 .59 
 
 .7681 
 
 .95 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.058 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.65 
 
 1.284 
 
 1.59 
 
 .60 
 
 .7745 
 
 .96 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.063 
 
 1.32 
 
 1.66 
 
 1.288 
 
 1.59 
 
 .61 
 
 .7810 
 
 .97 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.067 
 
 132 
 
 1.67 
 
 1.292 
 
 1.60 
 
 .62 
 
 .7874 
 
 .98 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.072 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.296 
 
 1.60 
 
 .63 
 
 .7937 
 
 .98 
 
 1.16 
 
 1.077 
 
 1.34 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.300 
 
 1.61 
 
 .64 
 
 .8000 
 
 .99 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.081 
 
 1.34 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.303 
 
 1.61 
 
 .65 
 
 .8062 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.18 
 
 1.086 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.71 
 
 1.307 
 
 1.62 
 
 .66 
 
 .8124 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.19 
 
 1.090 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.72 
 
 1.311 
 
 1.62 
 
 .67 
 
 .8185 
 
 1.01 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.095 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.73 
 
 1.315 
 
 1.63 
 
 .68 
 
 .8246 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.21 
 
 1.100 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.74 
 
 1.319 
 
 1.63 
 
 .69 
 
 .8306 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.104 
 
 1..37 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.322 
 
 1.64 
 
 .70 
 
 .8366 
 
 1.C4 
 
 1.23 
 
 1.109 
 
 1.38 
 
 176 
 
 1.326 
 
 1.64 
 
 .71 
 
 .8426 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.113 
 
 1.38 
 
 1.77 
 
 1.330 
 
 1.65 
 
 .72 
 
 .8485 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.118 
 
 1.39 
 
 1.78 
 
 1.334 
 
 1.65 
 
 .73 
 
 .8544 
 
 1.06 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.122 
 
 1.39 
 
 1.79 
 
 1.337 
 
 1.65 
 
 .74 
 
 .8602 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.126 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.341 
 
 1.66 
 
 .75 
 
 .8660 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.131 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.81 
 
 1.345 
 
 1.66 
 
 .76 
 
 .8717 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.29 
 
 1.135 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.82 
 
 1.349 
 
 1.67 
 
 .77 
 
 .8774 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.140 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.83 
 
 1.352 
 
 1.67 
 
 .78 
 
 .8831 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.144 
 
 1.42 
 
 1.84 
 
 1.356 
 
 1.68 
 
 .79 
 
 .8888 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.32 
 
 1.148 
 
 1.42 
 
 1.85 
 
 1.360 
 
 1.68 
 
 .80 
 
 .8944 
 
 1.11 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.153 
 
 1.43 
 
 1.86 
 
 1.363 
 
 1.69 
 
 .81 
 
 .9000 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.34 
 
 1.157 
 
 1.43 
 
 1.87 
 
 1.367 
 
 1.69 
 
 .82 
 
 .9055 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.161 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.371 
 
 1.70 
 
 .83 
 
 .9110 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.166 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.89 
 
 1.374 
 
 1.70 
 
 .84 
 
 .9165 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.37 
 
 1.170 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.90 
 
 1.378 
 
 1.71 
 
 .85 
 
 .9219 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.38 
 
 1.174 
 
 1.45 
 
 L91 
 
 1.382 
 
 1.71 
 
 .86 
 
 .9273 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.39 
 
 1.178 
 
 1.46 
 
 1.92 
 
 1.385 
 
 1.71 
 
 .87 
 
 .9327 
 
 1.16 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.183 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.93 
 
 1..389 
 
 1.72 
 
 .8S 
 
 .i<380 
 
 1.16 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.187 
 
 1.47 
 
 1.94 
 
 1.392 
 
 1.72 
 
 .89 
 
 .9433 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.42 
 
 1.191 
 
 1.47 
 
 1.95 
 
 1..3U6 
 
 1.73 
 
 .90 
 
 .9486 
 
 1.18 
 
 1.43 
 
 1.195 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.96 
 
 1.400 
 
 1.73 
 
 .91 
 
 .9539 
 
 1.18 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.200 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.97 
 
 1.403 
 
 1.74 
 
 .92 
 
 .9591 
 
 1.19, 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.204 
 
 1.49 
 
 1.98 
 
 1.407 
 
 1.74 
 
 .93 
 
 .9643 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.46 
 
 1.208 
 
 1.49 
 
 1.99 
 
 1.410 
 
 1.75 
 
 .94 
 
 .9695 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.47 
 
 1.212 
 
 1.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.414 
 
 1.75 
 
 .95 
 
 .9746 
 
 1.21 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.216 
 
 1.50 
 
 2.01 
 
 1.417 
 
 1.76 
 
 .96 
 
 .9797 
 
 1.21 
 
 1.49 
 
 1.220 
 
 1.51 
 
 2-02 
 
 1.421 
 
 1.76 
 
 .97 
 
 .9848 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.224 
 
 1.51 
 
 2.03 
 
 1.424 
 
 1.76 
 
 .98 
 
 .9899 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.51 
 
 1.228 
 
 1.52 
 
 2.04 
 
 1.428 
 
 1.77 
 
 .99 
 
 .9949 
 
 1.23 
 
 1.52 
 
 1.232 
 
 1.53 
 
 2.05 
 
 1.431 
 
 1.77 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.000 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.53 
 
 1.236 
 
 1.54 
 
 2.06 
 
 1.435 
 
 1.78 
 
 1.01 
 
 1.004 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.54 
 
 1.240 
 
 1.54 
 
 2.07 
 
 1.438 
 
 1.78 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.009 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.55 
 
 1.244 
 
 1.54 
 
 2.08 
 
 1.442 
 
 1.79 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 125 
 
 TWIST TABLE— Continued. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Sq.Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Sq. Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Sq.Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 2.09 
 
 1.445 
 
 1.79 
 
 3.06 
 
 1.749 
 
 2.17 
 
 4.69 
 
 2.165 
 
 2.68 
 
 2.10 
 
 1.449 
 
 1.80 
 
 3.09 
 
 1.757 
 
 2.18 
 
 4.72 
 
 2.172 
 
 2.69 
 
 2.11 
 
 1.452 
 
 1.80 
 
 3.12 
 
 1.766 
 
 2.19 
 
 4.75 
 
 2.179 
 
 2.70 
 
 2.12 
 
 1.4.56 
 
 1.80 
 
 3.15 
 
 1.774 
 
 2.20 
 
 4.78 
 
 2.186 
 
 2.71 
 
 2.13 
 
 1.81 
 
 3.18 
 
 1.783 
 
 2.21 
 
 4.81 
 
 2.193 
 
 2.72 
 
 2.14 
 
 1.462 
 
 1.81 
 
 3.21 
 
 1.791 
 
 2.22 
 
 4.84 
 
 2.200 
 
 2.73 
 
 2.15 
 
 1.466 
 
 1.82 
 
 3.24 
 
 1.800 
 
 2.23 
 
 4.87 
 
 2.206 
 
 2.74 
 
 2.16 
 
 1.469 
 
 1.82 
 
 3.27 
 
 1.808 
 
 2.24 
 
 4.90 
 
 2.213 
 
 2.74 
 
 2.17 
 
 1.473 
 
 1.83 
 
 3:30 
 
 1.816 
 
 2.25 
 
 4.94 
 
 2.222 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.18 
 
 1.476 
 
 1.83 
 
 3.33 
 
 1.824 
 
 2.26 
 
 4.97 
 
 2.229 
 
 2.76 
 
 2.10 
 
 1.479 
 
 1.83 
 
 3.36 
 
 1.833 
 
 2.27 
 
 5.00 
 
 2.236 
 
 2.77 
 
 2.20 
 
 1.483 
 
 1.84 
 
 3.39 
 
 1.841 
 
 2.28 
 
 5.04 
 
 2.244 
 
 2.78 
 
 2.22 
 
 1.489 
 
 1.85 
 
 3.42 
 
 1.849 
 
 2.29 
 
 5.08 
 
 2.253 
 
 2.79 
 
 2.24 
 
 1.496 
 
 1.85 
 
 3.45 
 
 1.857 
 
 2.30 
 
 5.12 
 
 2.262 
 
 2.80 
 
 2.26 
 
 1.503 
 
 1.86 
 
 3.48 
 
 1.865 
 
 2.31 
 
 5.16 
 
 2.271 
 
 2.81 
 
 2.28 
 
 1.509 
 
 1.87 
 
 3.51 
 
 1.873 
 
 2.32 
 
 5.20 
 
 2.280 
 
 2.82 
 
 2.30 
 
 1.516^ 
 
 1.88 
 
 3.54 
 
 1.881 
 
 2.33 
 
 5 24 
 
 2.286 
 
 2.83 
 
 2.32 
 
 1.523 
 
 1.89 
 
 3.57 
 
 1.889 
 
 2.34 
 
 5.28 
 
 2.297 
 
 2.84 
 
 2.34 
 
 1.529 
 
 1.90 
 
 3.60 
 
 1.897 
 
 2.35 
 
 5.32 
 
 2.306 
 
 2.85 
 
 2.36 
 
 1.536 
 
 1.90 
 
 3.63 
 
 1.905 
 
 2.36 
 
 5.36 
 
 2.315 
 
 2.86 
 
 2.38 
 
 1.542 
 
 1.91 
 
 3.66 
 
 1.913 
 
 2.37 
 
 5.40 
 
 2.323 
 
 2.87 
 
 2.40 
 
 1.549 
 
 1.92 
 
 3.69 
 
 1.920 
 
 2.38 
 
 5.44 
 
 2.332 
 
 2.88 
 
 2.42 
 
 1.555 
 
 1.93 
 
 3.72 
 
 1.928 
 
 2.39 
 
 5.48 
 
 2.3^0 
 
 2.89 
 
 2.44 
 
 1.562 
 
 1.94 
 
 3.75 
 
 1.936 
 
 2.40 
 
 5.52 
 
 2.349 
 
 2.90 
 
 2.46 
 
 1.568 
 
 1.95 
 
 3-78 
 
 1.944 
 
 2.41 
 
 5.56 
 
 2.357 
 
 2.91 
 
 2.48 
 
 1.574 
 
 1.95 
 
 3.8I 
 
 1.951 
 
 2.42 
 
 5.59 
 
 2.364 
 
 2.93 
 
 2.50 
 
 1.581 
 
 1.96 
 
 3-84 
 
 1.959 
 
 2.43 
 
 5.62 
 
 2.370 
 
 2.94 
 
 2.52 
 
 1.587 
 
 1.97 
 
 3.87 
 
 1.967 
 
 2.44 
 
 5.66 
 
 2.379 
 
 2.95 
 
 2.54 
 
 1.593 
 
 1.98 
 
 3 90 
 
 1.974 
 
 2.45 
 
 5.70 
 
 2.387 
 
 2.96 
 
 2.56 
 
 1.600 
 
 1.99 
 
 3.93 
 
 1.982 
 
 2.46 
 
 5.74 
 
 2.395 
 
 2.97 
 
 2.58 
 
 1.606 
 
 1.99 
 
 3-96 
 
 1.989 
 
 2.47 
 
 5.78 
 
 2.404 
 
 2.98 
 
 2.60 
 
 1.612 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.99 
 
 1.997 
 
 2-48 
 
 5.82 
 
 2.412 
 
 2.99 
 
 2.62 
 
 1.618 
 
 2.01 
 
 4.02 
 
 2.004 
 
 2-49 
 
 5.86 
 
 2.420 
 
 3.00 
 
 2.64 
 
 1.624 
 
 2.02 
 
 4.05 
 
 2.012 
 
 2-50 
 
 5.90 
 
 2.428 
 
 3.01 
 
 2.66 
 
 1.630 
 
 2.03 
 
 4.O8 
 
 2.019 
 
 2.51 
 
 5.94 
 
 2.437 
 
 3.02 
 
 2.68 
 
 1.637 
 
 2.03 
 
 4.11 
 
 2.027 
 
 2.51 
 
 5.98 
 
 2.445 
 
 3.03 
 
 2.70 
 
 1.643 
 
 2.04 
 
 4.14 
 
 2.034 
 
 2.52 
 
 6.02 
 
 2.453 
 
 3.04 
 
 2.72 
 
 1.649 
 
 2.04 
 
 4.17 
 
 2.042 
 
 2.53 
 
 6.06 
 
 2.461 
 
 3.05 
 
 2.74 
 
 1.655 
 
 2.05 
 
 4.20 
 
 2.049 
 
 2.54 
 
 6.10 
 
 2.469 
 
 3.06 
 
 2.76 
 
 1.661 
 
 2.05 
 
 4.23 
 
 2.056 
 
 2.55 
 
 6.14 
 
 2.477 
 
 3.07 
 
 2.78 
 
 1.667 
 
 2.06 
 
 4.26 
 
 2.063 
 
 2.56 
 
 6.18 
 
 2.485 
 
 3.08 
 
 2.80 
 
 1.673 
 
 2.07 
 
 4.29 
 
 2.071 
 
 2.57 
 
 6-22 
 
 2'.493 
 
 3.09 
 
 2.82 
 
 1.679 
 
 2.08 
 
 4.32 
 
 2.078 
 
 2.58 
 
 6-26 
 
 2.501 
 
 3.10. 
 
 2.84 
 
 1.685 
 
 2.09 
 
 4.35 
 
 2.085 
 
 2.59 
 
 6.30 
 
 2.509 
 
 3.11 
 
 2.86 
 
 1.691 
 
 2.10 
 
 4.38 
 
 2.092 
 
 2-60 
 
 6.34 
 
 2.517 
 
 3.12 
 
 2.88 
 
 1.697 
 
 2.10 
 
 4.41 
 
 2.100 
 
 2.60 
 
 6.38 
 
 2.525 
 
 3.13 
 
 2.90 
 
 1.702 
 
 2.11 
 
 4.44 
 
 2.107 
 
 2.61 
 
 6.42 
 
 2.533 
 
 3.14 
 
 2.92 
 
 1.708 
 
 2.12 
 
 4.47 
 
 2.114 
 
 2.62 
 
 6.46 
 
 2.541 
 
 3.15 
 
 2.94 
 
 1.714 
 
 2.13 
 
 4.50 
 
 2.121 
 
 2.63 
 
 6.50 
 
 2.549 
 
 3.16 
 
 2.96 
 
 1.720 
 
 2.14 
 
 4.54 
 
 2.130 
 
 2.64 
 
 6.54 
 
 2.557 
 
 3.17 
 
 2.98 
 
 1.726 
 
 2.14 
 
 4.58 
 
 2.140 
 
 2.65 
 
 6.58 
 
 2.565 
 
 3.18 
 
 3.00 
 
 1.732 
 
 2.15 
 
 4.62 
 
 2.149 
 
 2.66 
 
 6.62 
 
 2.572 
 
 3.19 
 
 3.03 
 
 1.740 
 
 2.16 
 
 4.66 
 
 2.158 
 
 2.67 
 
 6.66 
 
 2.580 
 
 3.20 
 
 11' 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 TWIST TABLE— Continued. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 3q.Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Sq.Root. 
 
 Twist, 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Sq.Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 6.70 
 
 2.588 
 
 3.21 
 
 9.05 
 
 3.008 
 
 3.73 
 
 11.73 
 
 3.424 
 
 4.25 
 
 6.74 
 
 2. .596 
 
 3.22 
 
 9.10 
 
 3.016 
 
 3.74 
 
 11.78 
 
 3.432 
 
 4.26 
 
 6.78 
 
 2. 60S 
 
 3.23 
 
 9.15 
 
 3.024 
 
 3.75 
 
 11.83 
 
 3.439 
 
 4.27 
 
 6.82 
 
 2.611 
 
 3.24 
 
 9.20 
 
 3.033 
 
 3.76 
 
 11.89 
 
 3,448 
 
 4.28 
 
 6.86 
 
 2.619 
 
 3.25 
 
 9.25 
 
 a. 041 
 
 3.77 
 
 11.95 
 
 3.456 
 
 4.29 
 
 6.92 
 
 2.630 
 
 3.26 
 
 9.30 
 
 3.049 
 
 3.78 
 
 12.00 
 
 3.464 
 
 4.30 
 
 6.96 
 
 2.638 
 
 3.27 
 
 9.35 
 
 3.057 
 
 3.79 
 
 12.06 
 
 3.472 
 
 4.31 
 
 7.00 
 
 2.645 
 
 3.28 
 
 9.40 
 
 3.065 
 
 3.80 
 
 12.12 
 
 3.481 
 
 4.32 
 
 7.04 
 
 2.653 
 
 3.29 
 
 9.45 
 
 3.074 
 
 3.81 
 
 12.18 
 
 3.489 
 
 4.33 
 
 7.08 
 
 2.660 
 
 3.30 
 
 9.50 
 
 3.082 
 
 3.82 
 
 12.24 
 
 3.498 
 
 4.34 
 
 7.12 
 
 2.668 
 
 3.31 
 
 9.55 
 
 3.090 
 
 3.83 
 
 12.30 
 
 3.507 
 
 4.35 
 
 7.16 
 
 2.675 
 
 3.32 
 
 9.60 
 
 3.098 
 
 3.84 
 
 li36 
 
 3.515 
 
 4.36 
 
 7.20 
 
 2.683 
 
 3.33 
 
 9.65 
 
 3.106 
 
 3.85 
 
 12.42 
 
 3.524 
 
 4.37 
 
 7.24 
 
 2.690 
 
 3.34 
 
 9.70 
 
 3.114 
 
 3.86 
 
 12.48 
 
 3.532 
 
 4.38 
 
 7.28 
 
 2.695 
 
 3.35 
 
 9.75 
 
 3.122 
 
 3.87 
 
 12.54 
 
 3..541 
 
 4.39 
 
 7.32 
 
 2.705 
 
 3.35 
 
 9.80 
 
 3.130 
 
 3.88 
 
 12.60 
 
 3.549 
 
 4.40 
 
 7.86 
 
 2.712 
 
 3.36 
 
 9.85 
 
 3.138 
 
 3.89 
 
 12.66 
 
 3 558 
 
 4.41 
 
 7.40 
 
 2.720 
 
 3.:i7 
 
 9.90 
 
 3.146 
 
 3.90 
 
 12.72 
 
 3.566 
 
 4.42 
 
 7.44 
 
 2.727 
 
 3.38 
 
 9.95 
 
 3.154 
 
 3.91 
 
 12.78 
 
 3.574 
 
 4.43 
 
 7.48 
 
 2.7.34 
 
 3.39 
 
 10.00 
 
 3.162 
 
 3.92 
 
 12.84 
 
 3..583 
 
 4.44 
 
 7.52 
 
 2.742 
 
 3.40 
 
 10.05 
 
 3.170 
 
 3.93 
 
 12.90 
 
 3. .591 
 
 4.45 
 
 7.5() 
 
 2.749 
 
 3.41 
 
 10.10 
 
 3.178 
 
 3.94 
 
 12.96 
 
 3.600 
 
 4.46 
 
 7.60 
 
 2.756 
 
 3.42 
 
 10.15 
 
 3.185 
 
 3.95 
 
 13.02 
 
 3.608 
 
 4.47 
 
 7.65 
 
 2.765 
 
 3.43 
 
 10^20 
 
 3.193 
 
 3.96 
 
 13.08 
 
 3.616 
 
 4.48 
 
 7.70 
 
 2.774 
 
 3.44 
 
 10.25 
 
 3.201 
 
 3.97 
 
 13.14 
 
 3.624 
 
 4.49 
 
 7.75 
 
 2.783 
 
 3.45 
 
 10.30 
 
 3.209 
 
 3.98 
 
 13.20 
 
 3 633 
 
 4.50 
 
 7.80 
 
 2.792 
 
 3.46 
 
 10.35 
 
 3.217 
 
 3.99 
 
 13.26 
 
 3.641 
 
 4.51 
 
 7.85 
 
 2.801 
 
 3.47 
 
 10.40 
 
 3.224 
 
 4.00 
 
 13.32 
 
 3.649 
 
 4.52 
 
 7.9(J 
 
 2.810 
 
 3.48 
 
 10.45 
 
 3.232 
 
 4.01 
 
 13.38 
 
 3.657 
 
 4.53 
 
 7.95 
 
 2.819 
 
 3.49 
 
 10.50 
 
 3.240 
 
 4.02 
 
 13.45 
 
 3.667 
 
 4.54 
 
 8.00 
 
 2.828 
 
 3.50 
 
 10. .55 
 
 3.248 
 
 4.03 
 
 13.50 
 
 3.674 
 
 4.55 
 
 8 04 
 
 2.835 
 
 3.51 
 
 10.60 
 
 3.255 
 
 4.04 
 
 13.55 
 
 3.681 
 
 4..06 
 
 8.08 
 
 2.842 
 
 .3.52 
 
 10.65 
 
 3.263 
 
 4.05 
 
 13.60 
 
 3.687 
 
 4.57 
 
 8.12 
 
 2.849 
 
 3..53 
 
 10.70 
 
 3.271 
 
 4.06 
 
 13.65 
 
 3.694 
 
 4.58 
 
 8.16 
 
 2.8.56 
 
 3.54 
 
 10.75 
 
 3.278 
 
 4.07 
 
 13.71 
 
 3.702 
 
 4.59 
 
 8.20 
 
 2.863 
 
 3 55 
 
 10.80 
 
 3.286 
 
 4.08 
 
 13.76 
 
 3 709 
 
 4.60 
 
 8.25 
 
 2.872 
 
 3.56 
 
 10.85 
 
 3.293 
 
 4.09 
 
 13.82 
 
 3.717 
 
 4.61 
 
 8.30 
 
 2.880 
 
 3.57 
 
 10.90 
 
 3..301 
 
 4.10 
 
 13.88 
 
 3.725 
 
 4.62 
 
 8.35 
 
 2.889 
 
 3.58 
 
 10.95 
 
 3..309 
 
 4.11 
 
 13.94 
 
 3.733 
 
 4.63 
 
 8.40 
 
 2.898 
 
 3.59 
 
 11.00 
 
 3.316 
 
 4.11 
 
 14.00 
 
 3.741 
 
 4.64 
 
 8.45 
 
 2.906 
 
 3.60 
 
 11.06 
 
 3.325 
 
 4.12 
 
 14.06 
 
 3.749 
 
 4.65 
 
 8.50 
 
 2.915 
 
 3.61 
 
 11.12 
 
 3.334 
 
 4.13 
 
 14.12 
 
 3.757 
 
 4.66 
 
 8.54 
 
 2.922 
 
 3.62 
 
 31.18 
 
 3.343 
 
 4.14 
 
 14.18 
 
 3.765 
 
 4.67 
 
 8.58 
 
 2 929 
 
 3.63 
 
 11.23 
 
 3.351 
 
 4.15 
 
 14.24 
 
 3.773 
 
 4.68 
 
 8.62 
 
 2.935 
 
 3.64 
 
 11.28 
 
 3.358 
 
 4.16 
 
 14.30 
 
 3.781 
 
 4.69 
 
 8.66 
 
 2.942 
 
 3.65 
 
 11.33 
 
 3.366 
 
 4.17 
 
 14.36 
 
 3.789 
 
 4.70 
 
 8.70 
 
 2.949 
 
 3.66 
 
 11.38 
 
 3.373 
 
 4.18 
 
 14.42 
 
 3.797 
 
 4.71 
 
 8.75 
 
 2.958 
 
 3.67 
 
 11.43 
 
 3.380 
 
 4.19 
 
 14.48 
 
 3.805 
 
 4.72 
 
 8.80 
 
 2.966 
 
 3.68 
 
 11.48 
 
 3 388 
 
 4.20 
 
 14.54 
 
 3.813 
 
 4.73 
 
 8.85 
 
 2.974 
 
 3.69 
 
 11.53 
 
 3.395 
 
 4.21 
 
 14.60 
 
 3.820 
 
 4.74 
 
 8.90 
 
 2.982 
 
 3.70 
 
 11.58 
 
 3.402 
 
 4.22 
 
 14.66 
 
 3.828 
 
 4.75 
 
 8.95 
 
 2.901 
 
 3.71 
 
 11.63 
 
 3.410 
 
 4.23 
 
 14.72 
 
 3.836 
 
 4.76 
 
 9.00 
 
 3.000 
 
 3.72 
 
 11.68 
 
 3.417 
 
 4.24 
 
 14.78 
 
 3.844 
 
 4.77 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 127 
 
 TWIST TABLE— Continued. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Sq.Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Sq.Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Sq. Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 14.84 
 
 3.852 
 
 4.78 
 
 18.38 
 
 4.287 
 
 5..31 
 
 22.24 
 
 4.715 
 
 5.84 
 
 14.90 
 
 3.860 
 
 4.79 
 
 18.45 
 
 4.295 
 
 5.32 
 
 22.32 
 
 4.724 
 
 5.85 
 
 14.96 
 
 3.867 
 
 4.80 
 
 18.52 
 
 4.303 
 
 5.33 
 
 22.40 
 
 4.732 
 
 5.86 
 
 15.02 
 
 3.875 
 
 4.81 
 
 18.59 
 
 4.311 
 
 5.34 
 
 22.48 
 
 4.741 
 
 5.87 
 
 15.09 
 
 3.884 
 
 4.82 
 
 18.66 
 
 4.319 
 
 5.35 
 
 22.55 
 
 4.748 
 
 5.88 
 
 15.16 
 
 3.893 
 
 4.83 
 
 18.73 
 
 4.327 
 
 5.36 
 
 22.62 
 
 4.756 
 
 5.89 
 
 15.23 
 
 3.902 
 
 4.84 
 
 18.80 
 
 4.335 
 
 5.37 
 
 22.68 
 
 4.762 
 
 5.90 
 
 15.30 
 
 3.911 
 
 4.85 
 
 18.87 
 
 4.343 
 
 5.38 
 
 22.75 
 
 4.769 
 
 5.91 
 
 15.37 
 
 3.920 
 
 4.86 
 
 18.94 
 
 4.352 
 
 5.39 
 
 22.82 
 
 4.777 
 
 5.92 
 
 15.44 
 
 3.929 
 
 4.87 
 
 19.00 
 
 4.358 
 
 5.40 
 
 22.89 
 
 4.784 
 
 5.93 
 
 15.51 
 
 3.938 
 
 4.88 
 
 19.07 
 
 4.366 
 
 5.41 
 
 22.96 
 
 4.791 
 
 5.94 
 
 15.58 
 
 3.947 
 
 4.89 
 
 19.14 
 
 4.374 
 
 5.42 
 
 23.04 
 
 4.800 
 
 5.95 
 
 15.65 
 
 3.956 
 
 4.90 
 
 19.21 
 
 4.382 
 
 5.43 
 
 23.10 
 
 4.806 
 
 5.96 
 
 15.72 
 
 3.964 
 
 4.91 
 
 19.28 
 
 4.390 
 
 5.44 
 
 23.18 
 
 4.814 
 
 5.97 
 
 15.78 
 
 3.972 
 
 4.92 
 
 19.35 
 
 4.399 
 
 5.45 
 
 23.26 
 
 4.822 
 
 5.98 
 
 15.84 
 
 3.979 
 
 4.93 
 
 19.42 
 
 4.4U6 
 
 5.46 
 
 23.35 
 
 4.832 
 
 5.99 
 
 15.90 
 
 3.987 
 
 4.94 
 
 19.49 
 
 4.414 
 
 5.47 
 
 23.44 
 
 4.841 
 
 6.00 
 
 15.96 
 
 3.994 
 
 4.95 
 
 19.56 
 
 4.422 
 
 5.48 
 
 23.52 
 
 4.847 
 
 6.01 
 
 16.00 
 
 4.000 
 
 4.96 
 
 19.63 
 
 4.430 
 
 5.49 
 
 23.61 
 
 4.859 
 
 6.02 
 
 16.07 
 
 4.008 
 
 4.97 
 
 19.70 
 
 4.438 
 
 5.50 
 
 23.68 
 
 4.866 
 
 6.03 
 
 16.13 
 
 4.016 
 
 4.98 
 
 19.77 
 
 4.446 
 
 5-51 
 
 23.76 
 
 4.874 
 
 6.04 
 
 IQ.'ZO 
 
 4.024 
 
 4.99 
 
 19.84 
 
 4.454 
 
 5.52 
 
 23.84 
 
 4.882 
 
 6.05 
 
 16.27 
 
 4.033 
 
 5.00 
 
 19.91 
 
 4.462 
 
 5.53 
 
 23.92 
 
 4.890 
 
 6.06 
 
 16.34 
 
 4.042 
 
 5.01 
 
 20.00 
 
 4.472 
 
 5-54 
 
 24.00 
 
 4.898 
 
 6.07 
 
 16.42 
 
 4.052 
 
 5.02 
 
 20.10 
 
 4.483 
 
 5.55 
 
 24.08 
 
 4.907 
 
 6.08 
 
 16.50 
 
 4.062 
 
 5.03 
 
 20.17 
 
 4.491 
 
 5..56 
 
 24.16 
 
 4-915 
 
 6.09 
 
 16.57 
 
 4.070 
 
 5.04 
 
 20.21 
 
 4.495 
 
 5-57 
 
 24.24 
 
 4.923 
 
 6.10 
 
 16.64 
 
 4.079 
 
 5.05 
 
 20.25 
 
 4.500 
 
 5.58 
 
 2-1.32 
 
 4.931 
 
 6.11 
 
 16.70 
 
 4.086 
 
 5.06 
 
 20.32 
 
 4.507 
 
 5.59 
 
 24.40 
 
 4.939 
 
 6.12 
 
 16.75 
 
 4.092 
 
 5.07 
 
 20.40 
 
 4.516 
 
 5.6O 
 
 24.48 
 
 4-943 
 
 6.13 
 
 16.81 
 
 4.100 
 
 5.08 
 
 20.48 
 
 4.525 
 
 5-61 
 
 24.57 
 
 4.957 
 
 6.14 
 
 16.88 
 
 4.108 
 
 5.09 
 
 20.56 
 
 4.534 
 
 5-62 
 
 24.65 
 
 4.965 
 
 6.15 
 
 16.94 
 
 4.115 
 
 5.10 
 
 20.64 
 
 4.543 
 
 5-63 
 
 24.73 
 
 4.975 
 
 6.16 
 
 17.00 
 
 4.123 
 
 5.11 
 
 20.75 
 
 4.555 
 
 5-64 
 
 24.80 
 
 4-979 
 
 6.17 
 
 17.07 
 
 4.131 
 
 5.12 
 
 20.82 
 
 4.562 
 
 5-65 
 
 24.b7 
 
 4-986 
 
 6.18 
 
 17.14 
 
 4.140 
 
 5.13 
 
 20.90 
 
 4.571 
 
 5-66 
 
 24.94 
 
 4-993 
 
 6.19 
 
 17.21 
 
 4.148 
 
 5.14 
 
 20.98 
 
 4.580 
 
 5-67 
 
 25.00 
 
 5-000 
 
 6.20 
 
 17.28 
 
 4.156 
 
 5.15 
 
 21.05 
 
 4.588 
 
 5-68 
 
 25.10 
 
 5-009 
 
 6.21 
 
 17.35 
 
 4.165 
 
 5.16 
 
 21.12 
 
 4.595 
 
 5-69 
 
 25.20 
 
 5-019 
 
 6.22 
 
 17.42 
 
 4.173 
 
 5.17 
 
 21.20 
 
 4.604 
 
 5*7J 
 
 25.27 
 
 5-026 
 
 6.23 
 
 17.49 
 
 4.182 
 
 5.18 
 
 21.25 
 
 4.610 
 
 5-71 
 
 25.34 
 
 5-033 
 
 6.24 
 
 17.56 
 
 4.190 
 
 5.19 
 
 21.32 
 
 4.617 
 
 5-72 
 
 25.42 
 
 5-041 
 
 6.25 
 
 17.63 
 
 4.198 
 
 5.20 
 
 21.40 
 
 4.626 
 
 5.73 
 
 25.50 
 
 5-049 
 
 6.26 
 
 17.70 
 
 4.207 
 
 5.21 
 
 21.47 
 
 4.633 
 
 5-74 
 
 25.60 
 
 5-059 
 
 6.27 
 
 17.77 
 
 4.215 
 
 5.22 
 
 21.55 
 
 4.642 
 
 5-75 
 
 25.68 
 
 5-067 
 
 6.28 
 
 17.84 
 
 4.223 
 
 5.23 
 
 21.62 
 
 4.649 
 
 5-76 
 
 25.75 
 
 5-074 
 
 6.29 
 
 17.91 
 
 4.232 
 
 5.24 
 
 21-70 
 
 4.658 
 
 5-77 
 
 25.82 
 
 5-081 
 
 6.30 
 
 17.97 
 
 4.289 
 
 5.25 
 
 21.77 
 
 4.665 
 
 5-78 
 
 25.91 
 
 5-090 
 
 6.31 
 
 18.03 
 
 4.246 
 
 5.26 
 
 21.84 
 
 4.673 
 
 5-79 
 
 26.00 
 
 5-099 
 
 6.32 
 
 18.10 
 
 4.254 
 
 5.27 
 
 21.90 
 
 4.679 
 
 5-80 
 
 26.10 
 
 5-108 
 
 6.33 
 
 18.17 
 
 4.262 
 
 5.28 
 
 22.00 
 
 4.690 
 
 5-81 
 
 26.18 
 
 5-116 
 
 6.34 
 
 18.24 
 
 4.270 
 
 5.29 
 
 22.08 
 
 4.698 
 
 5-82 
 
 26.25 
 
 5-123 
 
 6.35 
 
 18.31 
 
 4.279 
 
 5.30 
 
 22.16 
 
 4.707 
 
 5.83 
 
 26.33 
 
 5-131 
 
 6.36 
 
128 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 TWIST TABLE— Continued. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Sq.Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 Hauk. 
 
 Sq.Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 Hank. 
 
 Sq.Root. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 26.40 
 
 5.138 
 
 6.37 
 
 28.70 
 
 5.357 
 
 6.64 
 
 31.40 
 
 5.603 
 
 6.95 
 
 26.48 
 
 5.145 
 
 6.38 
 
 28.80 
 
 5.366 
 
 6.65 
 
 31.50 
 
 5.612 
 
 6.96 
 
 26.58 
 
 5.155 
 
 6.39 
 
 28.90 
 
 5.375 
 
 6.66 
 
 31.60 
 
 5.621 
 
 6.97 
 
 26.64 
 
 5.161 
 
 6.40 
 
 29.(0 
 
 5.385 
 
 6.67 
 
 31.70 
 
 5.629 
 
 6.98 
 
 26.75 
 
 5.173 
 
 6.41 
 
 29.10 
 
 5.394 
 
 6.69 
 
 3L80 
 
 5.639 
 
 6.99 
 
 26.83 
 
 5.179 
 
 6.42 
 
 29.20 
 
 5.403 
 
 6.70 
 
 31.90 
 
 5.648 
 
 7.00 
 
 26.92 
 
 5.183 
 
 6.43 
 
 29.30 
 
 5.413 
 
 6.71 
 
 32.00 
 
 5.656 
 
 7.01 
 
 27.00 
 
 5.196 
 
 6.44 
 
 29.40 
 
 5.422 
 
 6.72 
 
 32.10 
 
 5.665 
 
 7.02 
 
 27.08 
 
 5.203 
 
 6.45 
 
 29.50 
 
 5.431 
 
 6.73 
 
 .32.20 
 
 5.674 
 
 7.03 
 
 27.16 
 
 5.211 
 
 6.46 
 
 29.60 
 
 5.440 
 
 6.74 
 
 32.30 
 
 5.683 
 
 7.04 
 
 27.25 
 
 5.220 
 
 6.47 
 
 29.70 
 
 5.449 
 
 6.75 
 
 32.40 
 
 5.692 
 
 7.05 
 
 27.33 
 
 5.227 
 
 6.48 
 
 29.80 
 
 5.458 
 
 6.76 
 
 32.50 
 
 5.700 
 
 7.06 
 
 27.41 
 
 5.235 
 
 6.49 
 
 29.90 
 
 5.467 
 
 6.78 
 
 32.60 
 
 5.709 
 
 7.07 
 
 27.50 
 
 5.244 
 
 6.50 
 
 30.00 
 
 5.477 
 
 6.79 
 
 32.70 
 
 5.718 
 
 7.09 
 
 27.60 
 
 5.253 
 
 6.51 
 
 30.10 
 
 5.486 
 
 6.80 
 
 32.80 
 
 5.727 
 
 7.10 
 
 27.67 
 
 '5.260 
 
 6.52 
 
 30.20 
 
 5.495 
 
 6.81 
 
 32.90 
 
 5.736 
 
 7.11 
 
 27.75 
 
 5.267 
 
 6.53 
 
 .30.30 
 
 5.504 
 
 6.82 
 
 33.00 
 
 5.744 
 
 7.12 
 
 27.84 
 
 5.276 
 
 6.54 
 
 30.40 
 
 5.513 
 
 6.83 
 
 .33.10 
 
 5.753 
 
 7.13 
 
 27.92 
 
 5.283 
 
 6.55 
 
 30.50 
 
 5.522 
 
 6.85 
 
 33.20 
 
 5.761 
 
 7.14 
 
 28.00 
 
 5.291 
 
 6 56 
 
 30.60 
 
 5.531 
 
 6.86 
 
 33.30 
 
 5.770 
 
 7.15 
 
 28.10 
 
 5.300 
 
 6.57 
 
 30.70 
 
 5.540 
 
 6.87 
 
 33.40 
 
 5.779 
 
 7.16 
 
 28.20 
 
 5.310 
 
 6.58 
 
 30.80 
 
 5.549 
 
 6.88 
 
 .33.50 
 
 5.787 
 
 7.17 
 
 28.25 
 
 5.315 
 
 6.59 
 
 30.90 
 
 5.558 
 
 6.89 
 
 33.60 
 
 5.796 
 
 7.18 
 
 28.33 
 
 5.322 
 
 6.60 
 
 3L00 
 
 5.567 
 
 6.90 
 
 33.70 
 
 5.805 
 
 8.19 
 
 28.40 
 
 5.329 
 
 6.61 
 
 31.10 
 
 5.576 
 
 6.91 
 
 33.80 
 
 5.814 
 
 8.20 
 
 28.50 
 
 5.335 
 
 6.62 
 
 31.20 
 
 5.585 
 
 6.92 
 
 33.90 
 
 5.822 
 
 8.21 
 
 28.60 
 
 5.347 
 
 6.63 
 
 31.30 
 
 5.595 
 
 6.94 
 
 34.00 1 5.8.30 
 
 8.23 
 
 EXPLANATION OF TWIST TABLE. 
 
 (See remarks on twist in Chapter V.) This 
 table is calculated for the twist of roving on the 
 Low^ell speeder ; though it may be used for other 
 frames. It will be noticed that the multiplier 
 used is 1.24 (see twist of one hank). It will also 
 be noticed that the square root of the hank is 
 worked out at each interval ; so the table will be 
 of use to all classes and " creeds " of twist. All 
 that is necessary, after ascertaining the hank, is 
 to look on the table for the square root of that 
 particular hank, and then multiply it by any num- 
 ber that may be thought right. In this way any 
 carder can be suited and gratify his ow^n taste in 
 this particular. The writer uses 1.20 for slubbers 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDEKS' COMPANION. 129 
 
 and fly frames, and 1.24 for the Lowell speeder, 
 and 1.18 for the old soft work. 
 
 The manner of preparing this table was the fol- 
 lowing : Take 4.h hank, for an example, written 
 dceimally, and extract the square root, thus : 
 
 2)4.50(2.121 
 4 
 
 41)50 
 41 
 
 422)900 
 .844 
 
 4241)5600 
 4241 
 
 1359 
 
 We find by this operation that the square root 
 of 4.50 is 2.121 ; and by multiplying 2.121 by 
 1.24, we find the twist should be 2.63 per inch. 
 
 2.121 
 1.24 
 
 8484 
 4242 
 2121 
 
 2.63004 
 
 It is not to be supposed that we can always find 
 gears that will give us exactly the amount of twist 
 we may desire ; then take the gear that comes 
 nearest as the best that can be done. 
 
 RULE TO FIND TWIST. 
 
 First, find the number of revolutions of front 
 roll ; second, its diameter ; third, its circumference ; 
 fourth, multiply the revolutions of front roll by 
 the circumference, and that gives the number of 
 
130 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 inches delivered per minute; fifth, find the number 
 of revolutions of flyer; sixth, divide the inches 
 delivered into revolutions of flyer, and the quotient 
 will be the twist. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Suppose the front roll make 120 revolutions per 
 minute, and its diameter is li inches (written 1.12). 
 
 3.1416 
 112 
 
 62832 
 31416 
 31416 
 
 3.518592 
 
 We find the circumference to be 3.518592 — or, as 
 we should write it, 3.52 inches. The revolutions 
 of front roll 120: 
 
 3.52 
 120 
 
 7040 
 352 
 
 422.40 
 
 So we find that the front roller delivers 422.40 
 inches per minute. We will suppose the flyers 
 run 1125 per minute. 
 
 422.40)1125.00(2.66 
 84480 
 
 280200 
 253440 
 
 267600 
 253440 
 
 14160 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 131 
 
 We find in this case that the twist of a frame 
 of the above arrangement would be 2.66 per inch. 
 
 It is probably known to carders generally that 
 the twist gear in a slubber or fly frame is a driver, 
 and in the Lowell speeder and some others, the 
 twist gear is a driven. In the former more twist 
 requires a smaller gear, in the latter a larger one. 
 
 The author has had it in mind to insert a table 
 of diameter, area and circumference of circles, in 
 this volume ; but as there are so many such tables 
 in existence, it is hardly advisable to do so, per- 
 haps, but he will give the rules for obtaining them. 
 
 To find the circumference of a circle when the di- 
 ameter is given, multiply the diameter by 3.1416, 
 and the product will be the circumference. To 
 find the diameter when the circumference is given, 
 reverse the operation. To find the area of a circle, 
 square the diameter (that is, multiply it into itself), 
 and multiply that product by the decimal .7854', 
 and the product will be the area. To find an 
 equal square side of a circle, take the square root 
 of the area. To find the cubical contents of a 
 round ball, cube the diameter (that is, multiply it 
 into itself twice : suppose the diameter is 4 inches, 
 then 4X4=^16, and 16X4=64), and multiply that 
 product by the decimal .5236, and that product 
 will be the solid contents of the ball. 
 
132 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
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WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 133 
 
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134 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
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WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 135 
 
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 Oi05ooooi>>i--i:oi:OiOiOiO'«;f'^'^cocococ<i'Md 
 
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 "^1 
 
 i-i CO 
 
 OOiOOiOOiOOCOCOOt^^i-lOOiOrNOSCOCO 
 05a>a0Q0t:-t--C0:0t0iOO'*Tt<-:tiC0C0C0S<lG<lCM 
 
 o rMTHoaiQot-coir:)'*co^i-ioaiQoir-coiO'<:t<co 
 
 6 
 
 1—1 ^ 
 
 OOOOtOOOOCOCOOl— ^i-IQOtOClCSCOCO 
 05aiG0Q0t-t-C0C0Ot0iO-fTjH^C0C0C0Cl(MG<l 
 
 ^ ^ O 05 QO ir- CO O 'Tt^ CO 'N 1-H O Oi QO t- CO O '^ CO <M 
 '-' OCiOOQOQOGOQOOOOOGOQOOOt-t^t^r-l^t-t-t- 
 
 6 
 ? 
 
 lOOiOOOOOOCOCOOt-^^QOO^OiCOCO 
 GiOiQOQOt^t-COCOOOO'TH'^'^COCOCOG^CMCM 
 
 o OC55GOI:-COLOTfcOC<li-HOa)QOI:^COO'^C0^1i-l 
 ^ O5G(0QOQOO0QOQO0OQOQOQOb-l--l:^l>.|>-l:^l:^l^t- 
 
 
 lO O lO O lO O O O CO CO O b- TT" r-l QO lO S<1 05 CO CO 
 
 Oio:^Qoaoi:-t-cocoiOu':)0^^'*cococo(MCNC<i 
 
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 6 
 
 OOiCOtOO>OOCOCOOt-'rtHi-lQOO(MOiCOCO 
 05050CQOI:^l:-COCOiOOOT^Tt<TtiCOCOCOC<IC<l(M 
 
 o QO t^ CO O ^ CO CM tH O O QO t- CO O T*H CO <N t-l O 05 
 ^ QOQOGOcX)OOQOOOQOQOI>-l:^t-lr-t-t-l^l:^l^l:-CO 
 
 -88 
 
 LOOtOOOOiOOCOCOOt^^i-HQOtOCMOSCOCO 
 a50500QOl:-l:-COCOiOiOO^T:t^^COCOCOC<lCN(N 
 
 t^ O lO ^ CO 'tN ^ O Oi QO t- CO lO -^ CO CM rH O 05 QO 
 ^ QO QO QO QO CX) QO 00 QO t^ t^ t- t- t^ t- b- t- t- t- CO CO 
 
 
 OOU^OOOtOOCOCOOt-^THOOiOCMOSCOCO 
 0i050000t^t--C0C0u::)iOiOT^'<^-rt<C0C0C0C<IG<l(M 
 
 -, CO lO -!i^ CO CM 1-1 O 05 OO b- CO O -* CO CM 1-1 O Oi OO l:^ 
 ° O0O0O0O0O0OOQOl'-t^t-r-l--l— t-lr-l— t^cococo 
 
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 00<OOiOOiOOCOCOOI:^-TtHi-iOO>OCM05COCO 
 OOOOOOt-t^OCOOOO^'t'^COCOCOCMCMCM 
 
 ^ iO'^COC<li-IOa)C»t-COiO^COCMT-<005QOt-CO 
 ^ OOOOOOOOOOQOt^l^t-t^b-t-t^t-l^t^COCOCOCO 
 
 CO Ph 
 
 iOOtOO>OOOOCOCOOl--rt*i-(OOiO<MOiCOCO 
 OiOiOOOOt-r^COCOOOtO-Tt^rt^THcOCOCOCMCMCM 
 
 ^ '<;tHcocMT-Hoa50oi>-coo'*coG<ii-io05ooi— coo 
 ^ oo QO oo oo oc b- 1 - 1— t- t- t^ t-- h- t- r^ CO CO CO CO CO 
 
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 OOOOiOOiOOCOCOOt^-'^rHOOiOCMOSCOCO 
 050i0000lr-l~-C0C0OiOiO'rH^'*C0C0C0<M(M0<l 
 
 -, C0G<ItHO0500 1^ CO.IO TflCOCMi-l005QOr-COO'^ 
 ^ OOOOOOOOI>.l^|--l:-t-l:-l:-l>-l^t-COCOCOCOCOCO 
 
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 lOOOOiOOiOOCOCOOb-'^i— lOOiO(MC5COCO 
 OOJCXJOOt^b'COCOiOiOO'^'^'^COCOCOCMCMC^ 
 
 ^ (:Mi-MOOioor-coo^cocMrHoq5GOt--coo^co 
 ^ oooooot^t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-cococococococo 
 
136 WILSON'S COTTON CARDEES' COMPANION. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF HYGROMETER TABLE. 
 
 This table is to be used in connection with the 
 double-bulb thermometer, or hygrometer as such 
 an instrument is called. When one bulb is kept 
 wet, and the other dry, the dryness or dampness 
 is indicated by the number of degrees between the 
 two thermometers. The drier the atmosphere, the 
 greater the difference between the two ; the damper 
 the atmosphere, the less difference there will be 
 between the two. When they stand alike, then 
 the air is perfectly saturated and begins to drop 
 its load of moisture, which, however, does not 
 often take place in-doors unless the building leaks. 
 The use of this instrument and table in a carding- 
 room is, to enable the carder to govern* his weight 
 according to the condition of the atmosphere. 
 Cotton absorbs about five per cent, of its own 
 weight in moisture when the air is very damp, and 
 when the air is very dry it absorbs little or none. 
 
 It will be readily seen from the above that vari- 
 ations in weight of roving must be made to cor- 
 respond to variations of the atmosphere in the 
 room. If it is made to weigh no more when it has 
 two or thrQe per cent, of water in it, than it does 
 when dry, as a matter of course when the yarn 
 from such roving becomes dry it will be too light, 
 and the cloth too light. 
 
 The author has had some knowledge of hygro- 
 meters of different kinds, and of hygrometer tables, 
 for some years past ; but there was a long time he 
 did not understand what was meant by the terms 
 60, 60, or 70 per cent, of water in the air. He 
 could read thermometers and tables, and tell, as 
 accurately as any other man could tell, what 
 amount of moisture there was in the air at any 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 137 
 
 time, if he had the instrument and table to read 
 from; but he did not understand the subject. 
 Some years ago he wrote to a gentleman in Phila- 
 delphia, Pa., for some instructions in table work. 
 In reply he received ^ome documents which gave 
 the desired information, and from these documents 
 he learned how to make a table, and was enabled 
 to understand it. Among the above-mentioned 
 documents was a "Table of Quantity," showing 
 the weight in grains of a cubic foot of vapor at 
 different temperatures from 0^ to 95^ Fahrenheit ; 
 also, a table of corrections, and rules for calculat- 
 ing a table. The author wrote to the same gentle- 
 man a few weeks since, asking the privilege of 
 introducing those tables in this work, but has re- 
 ceived no answer, and therefore they are omitted. 
 He does not feel at liberty to copy other men's 
 productions without permission. He does, however, 
 feel at liberty to give the plan on which this table 
 was made. 
 
 It is not claimed that this table is exactly ac- 
 curate. It is not brought down so fine as would 
 probably be required for very nice experiments. 
 It is claimed by most meteorologists that there are 
 two degrees of absolute dryness to one . observed ; 
 that is, when the two thermometers are one degree 
 apart, it is said that there exist two degrees of 
 absolute dryness. Some even make a little addi- 
 tion to that, and multiply the degrees observed by 
 two and a small decimal for the absolute dryness. 
 The figures on the left of double columns, desig- 
 nated by an asterisk (*), are for the dry-bulb ther- 
 mometer ; the columns marked o are for the wet- 
 bulb thermometer ; the columns marked p. c. denote 
 the percentage of moisture in the air. 
 
 12* 
 
138 WILSOIS^'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Suppose the dry-bulb thermometer stands at 76^, 
 and the wet at 70^ ; we follow down the column 
 marked o until we come to 70^, and exactly op- 
 posite in the column marked p. c. we find 67 per 
 cent. The figures at the top of double columns 
 (whole and mixed numbers) denote the number of 
 grains of water a cubic foot of air will hold at 
 that particular temperature (dry-bulb). 
 
 THE WAY IT WAS MADE. 
 
 In the above example, 76^ dry, 70^ wet, differ- 
 ence observed 6^. In this case 6^X2.16=13^ 
 (nearly); 76^-13^=^63^ and we find the air at 
 a temperature of 76^ will hold 10 grains of water, 
 and at 63^ it holds 6.75 grains. Then, by the 
 rule of percentage, we divide : 
 
 10.) 6.75 (.67 
 60^ 
 
 ' 75 
 70 
 
 5 
 
 We find we have 67 per cent, of water in the 
 air; that is, 67 per cent, of 10 grains — what it is 
 capable of holding at a temperature of 76^. The 
 wet-bulb thermometer, or its readings, is called 
 " the dew point " ; and when they both stand alike 
 there is a- hundred per cent, of water in the air, or 
 in other words it is full, and rain begins to fall. 
 
 Several firms in Boston and some in Philadel- 
 phia make hygrometers ; and Charles Wilder, of 
 Peterboro', N. H., makes splendid instruments of 
 this kind — beautiful in appearance, that can be 
 relied on for accuracy.. The fountains should be 
 filled with soft water that has been boiled ; the 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 139 
 
 lace or silk which covers the bulb of the wet ther- 
 mometer, as well as the wick that supplies it with 
 water, should be changed occasionally. When there 
 are only two or three degrees difference between the 
 two thermometers, it is safe to allow one grain 
 extra in twenty-five, in the weight of roving. The 
 hygrometers seldom show less than 50 per cent, of 
 water in the air in-doors. Dry-bulb thermometer 
 70^ and wet 63^ or 64^ are the best conditions 
 for carding. The variations out doors are much 
 more; it is interesting to watch them. Almost 
 any man of ordinary intelligence, with one of 
 these instruments, a barometer and vane, could 
 with a little care and attention soon become quite 
 a respectable '' Prob." 
 
140 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPxVNION. 
 
 TABLE 
 
 TO ASCERTAIN THE LENGTH OF BELTING IN A ROLL, THE 
 INSIDE COIL SUPPOSED TO BE 1^ INCHES DIAMETER. 
 
 Coils. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Inches, 
 
 Coils. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 luches. 
 
 Coils. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Inches, 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 35 
 
 91 
 
 7 
 
 69 
 
 334 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 11 
 
 36 
 
 96 
 
 7 
 
 70 
 
 343 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 37 
 
 101 
 
 8 
 
 71 
 
 353 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 38 
 
 106 
 
 11 
 
 72 
 
 362 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 39 
 
 112 
 
 4 
 
 73 
 
 372 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 117 
 
 10 
 
 74 
 
 382 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 41 
 
 123 
 
 5 
 
 75 
 
 392 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 42 
 
 129 
 
 2 
 
 76 
 
 402 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 4;^ 
 
 135 
 
 1 
 
 77 
 
 413 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 44 
 
 141 
 
 1 
 
 78 
 
 423 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 45 
 
 147 
 
 3 
 
 79 
 
 434 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 46 
 
 153 
 
 6 
 
 80 
 
 444 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 • 15 
 
 4 
 
 47 
 
 159 
 
 11 
 
 81 
 
 455 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 48 
 
 166 
 
 6 
 
 82 
 
 ; 466 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 49 
 
 173 
 
 2 
 
 83 
 
 477 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 489 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 61 
 
 186 
 
 11 
 
 85 
 
 500 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 194 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 512 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 53 
 
 201 
 
 2 
 
 87 
 
 523 
 
 S 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 9 
 
 54 
 
 208 
 
 6 
 
 8» 
 
 535 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 216 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 547 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 10 
 
 56 
 
 223 
 
 7 
 
 90 
 
 559 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 42 
 
 2 
 
 57 
 
 231 
 
 3 
 
 91 
 
 571 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 45 
 
 7 
 
 58 
 
 239 
 
 2 
 
 92 
 
 583 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 49 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 
 247 
 
 1 
 
 93 
 
 596 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 52 
 
 9 
 
 60 
 
 255 
 
 3 
 
 94 
 
 608 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 56 
 
 6 
 
 61 
 
 263 
 
 6 
 
 95 
 
 621 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 62 
 
 271 
 
 10 
 
 96 
 
 634 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 64 
 
 6 
 
 63 
 
 280 
 
 4 
 
 97 
 
 647 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 68 
 
 9 
 
 64 
 
 288 
 
 11 
 
 98 
 
 660 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 297 
 
 9 
 
 99 
 
 673 
 
 7 
 
 32 
 
 77 
 
 6 
 
 66 
 
 306 
 
 7 
 
 100 
 
 686 
 
 11 
 
 33 
 
 82 
 
 1 
 
 67 
 
 315 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 86 
 
 9 
 
 68 
 
 324 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 'These calculations are based on the supposition 
 that the average thickness of the belt is i of an 
 inch. If it is more, the length will run short of 
 what the table indicates ; if less, it will overrun. 
 Count the coils, measure the diameter of the roll. 
 If the number of coils equal two to the inch, then 
 the table indicates correctly. If there are more 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CAKDERS' COMPANION. 141 
 
 than two coils to an inch of diameter, the feet will 
 overrun what the table says ; if less, it will fall 
 short. 
 
 ILLUSTRATION OF TABLE. 
 
 We will suppose the first, or inside, coil to be li 
 inches diameter, the circumference 4.71 inches, 
 called in the table 5 inches. If the belt is i of 
 an inch in thickness, another coil would make the 
 diameter of the roll 2 inches ; circumference 6.28 
 +5=11 inches. This table was made after that 
 manner. Suppose we have a roll of belting with 
 60 coils, and the diameter of the roll is 31 inches, 
 then there is 255 feet 3 inches in the roll. It is 
 proper to remark that 1 inch in diameter is always 
 to be thrown out for the hole in the centre of the 
 roll. 
 
142 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 A PERPETUAL CALENDAR. 
 
 The author has thought that a calendar which 
 could be used year after year, with a slight mani- 
 pulation, may be of some benefit to those possess- 
 ing it ; and, as a common calendar for one year is 
 of no use after that 'particular year has passed, and 
 only takes the room that might be put to some 
 use, he has concluded to place the appended per- 
 petual calendar in this work, or one which may be 
 made so with very little trouble. 
 
 Saturday, 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 Sunday, 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 1& 
 
 23. 
 
 30 
 
 Monday, 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 Tuesday, 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 
 Wednesday, 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 
 Thursday, 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 
 Friday, 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 
 Sunday, 
 
 1 
 
 ' 8 . 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 Monday, 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 Tuesday, 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 Wednesday, 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 
 Thursday, 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 
 Friday, 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 
 Saturday, 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 143 
 
 Monday, 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 Tuesday, 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 Wednesday, 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 Thursday, 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 
 Friday, 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 
 Saturday, 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 
 Sunday, 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 
 Tuesday, 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 Wednesday, 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 Thursday, 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 Friday, 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 
 Saturday, 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 
 Sunday, 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 
 Monday, 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 
 Wednesday, 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 Thursday, 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 Friday, 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 Saturday, 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 
 Sunday, 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 
 Monday, 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 
 Tuesday, 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 
144 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANIOX. 
 
 Thursday, 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 Friday, 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 Saturday, 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 Sunday, 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 
 Monday, 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 
 Tuesday, 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 
 Wednesday, 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 
 Friday, 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 Saturday, 
 
 2 
 
 ■ 9 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 Sunday, 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 Monday, 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 
 Tuesday, 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 
 Wednesday, 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 
 Thursday, 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 
 It will be noticed that by repeating the weekly 
 table seven times, we have the day that each month 
 in every year must commence on for all time to 
 come ; and it is only necessary to dot the day that 
 any month begins, with a pencil, to have a calen- 
 dar for that month. The operation can be repeated 
 during life, if desired, and then it can be left to 
 posterity. As January, 1876, commences with 
 Saturday, this calendar begins to reckon on that 
 day. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 145 
 
 ADDRESS TO A COTTON CARDER. 
 
 Friend and Brother Carder : 
 
 Some one, who was probably well qualified to 
 judge, has had sufficient confidence in your ability 
 and integrity to place you in charge of a very im- 
 portant department in cotton manufacturing. Your 
 position is a responsible one. There is committed 
 to your care a large amount of valuable machinery 
 and stock, and the preparation of material for the 
 use of all the other departments in your mill. 
 Upon your ability and faithfulness depend the 
 financial success of the concern for which you 
 work, the comfort of hundreds of laboring men, 
 women and children, and the satisfaction of thou- 
 sands of people who purchase and use the goods 
 you help to manufacture. If through your vigil- 
 ance and industry your machinery is all in good 
 order, everything well adapted to the end for 
 which it was made, every machine and part of 
 machine doing its appropriate work, properly at- 
 tended, and producing good, smooth, even, clean 
 roving, then the work throughout the entire mill 
 will run well ; spinners, spoolers, warpers, dressers 
 and weavers will be able to produce good work 
 comfortably, and good, nice cloth will be the result. 
 On the other hand, if your cards are dull, if your 
 drawing cuts and from any cause does not draw 
 evenly, if through your ignorance, or negligence, 
 or both, your machines are not well adapted one 
 to another, or if they are not well attended, and 
 as a result your roving is rough, uneven and dirty ; 
 then spinners, spoolers, warpers, dressers and 
 weavers will be obliged to labor hard to produce 
 poor work, and bad cloth will be the result. — 
 Weary limbs, aching heads and hearts, second 
 
 13 
 
146 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 quality of cloth, and disappointed hopes of owners, 
 will be the constant mementos of your inefficiency. 
 How to avoid the latter result, and how to secure 
 the former, should be your constant study. 
 
 An old and successful carder was once asked 
 what was the secret of his success, and what course 
 it was necessary for a young man to pursue, in 
 order to attain to a high degree of perfection in 
 this art. The old man's reply was — "Attend to it'' 
 And this answer, though short, is very comprehen- 
 sive. This trade requires the close application of 
 him who would succeed in it. Success and victory 
 do not come of ease and carelessness, but from 
 hard study, untiring vigilance and constant atten- 
 tion. It makes no difference who the man is, what 
 his attainments are, what his natural or acquired 
 ability may be, or what his qualifications are. 
 Hard w^ork and close attention are the constant 
 concomitants of this vocation ; they cover all the 
 ground in every man's experience. 
 
 Have you a good reputation as a carder ? Then 
 they are necessary for yoii, in order that you may 
 retain it; for a love of ease and habits of careless- 
 ness will soon rob youof it, how^ever high you may 
 have risen. Are you a young man without a rep- 
 utation ? Then they are necessary for you, that 
 you may thereby gain one. Did you take some- 
 body's old room, all run down, or did you take a 
 room all in perfect order, or did you start one ex- 
 actly to your own liking ? Are your tools poor 
 and ill adapted to the place they are in, or are 
 they all nice, exactly as you would have them ? 
 Are you working poor stock, or is it good, long 
 staple, and clean ? Have you a poor and unreli- 
 able set of help, or are they the best m the coun- 
 try, or are they average in quality ? Is your 
 employer strict, hard to please, sometimes unrea- 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 147 
 
 sonable, or is he loose and careless, allowing you 
 to do as you please ? Are your associates all good 
 men who understand their business, or are they 
 ignoramuses who don't care a straw which way 
 things go ? Under any of these circumstances, 
 keep at it through thick and thin ; industry, per- 
 severance, watchfulness and never-ceasing applica- 
 tion are necessary all the time ; and, what is more, 
 these are sure to wMn, sooner or later. No matter 
 what the circumstances or surroundings may be, 
 brains, like water, may be disturbed and forced up 
 or forced down out of their natural level, by tem- 
 porary conditions, but, be sure, they will find their 
 own level in time. Clouds, thick and black, caused 
 by jealousy and hypocrisy, may for a while cover 
 up talent, truth and energy ; but time will clear 
 these all away, so that they will shine out in an 
 unmistakable manner, while the opposite will go 
 to oblivion, where they belong. 
 
 Aim to be a better carder than any who have 
 preceded you. It is possible for you to be so. 
 Never be satisfied with present attainments, or 
 think for a moment that your work is going well 
 enough while it is possible for you to make it go 
 better. Improve every opportunity to learn ; you 
 may learn from high and low, rich and poor, in 
 early morning, at noon and night ; you may learn 
 from experience, from books, and from men. Make 
 carding cotton your principal business, though it 
 is neither necessary nor profitarble to confine your- 
 self to that alone. Most men have some one 
 business in which they excel, and other arts and 
 sciences are made auxiliary thereto. Few men 
 become adepts at more than one kind of business ; 
 and in order to do that it is often necessary to 
 make many other things contribute something 
 towards that one. A fair education in the com- 
 
148 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 mon branches is indispensable to proficiency in 
 this business, and a tolerable knowledge of natural 
 philosophy, mechanics, chemistry, meteorology, 
 astronomy, hydraulics and hydrostatics would be 
 better still. Set an example worthy to be imitated 
 by your help in promptness, faithfulness, fairness, 
 neatness and industry. Don't be a loafer yourself, 
 and have no loafers about you. Be civil and kind 
 to all, and especially to the poor. Be the helper 
 of the helpless. Have good, wholesome rules and 
 regulations; have them understood, and then see 
 that they are enforced. It is not enough for you 
 to give an order; it is your business to see that 
 your orders are executed. Be respectful to superi- 
 ors, and behave in such a manner yourself as to 
 be worthy of respect from equals and inferiors. 
 Yield strict obedience to your employer in all 
 things, as long as you work for him. No matter 
 how much you think you know, or how little you 
 think he knows. If you and he don't think alike, 
 it is your place to yield, and his to direct. You 
 may suggest and propose in a proper manner, but 
 don't bore him with your peculiar ideas, when you 
 have reason to think they are distasteful to him. 
 Let your works praise you. One thing more — 
 please not forget it : 
 
 " Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should 
 do to you, do ye even so to them." (Matt. : vii : 12.) 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDEES' COMPANION. 149 
 
 WEIGHTS OF VARIOUS ARTICLES. 
 
 A gallon of fresh water weighs 8 lbs., 5f oz. 
 
 A gallon of oil weighs 7.45 lbs. 
 
 A gallon of vinegar weighs 8.64 lbs. 
 
 A gallon of molasses weighs 11 lbs. 
 
 Cast-iron weighs per cubic foot, 451.68 lbs. 
 
 Wrought-iron weighs per cubic foot, 486.13 lbs. 
 
 Lead weighs per cubic foot, 708.75 lbs. 
 
 A cubic inch of cast-iron weighs .2608 lb. 
 
 A cubic inch of wrought-iron weighs .2807 lb. 
 
 A cubic inch of lead weighs .4101 lb. 
 
 To ascertain the capacity in bushels of a box, 
 bin, barrel or other vessel (dry measure), find the 
 cubic inches, and divide them by 2150.42 ; the 
 quotient is the bushels. 
 
 • To find the capacity in gallons of any vessel, 
 find the cubic inches, and divide them by 231 ; 
 the quotient will be the gallons. 
 
 Water is at its greatest density at 39^ Fahren- 
 heit. It expands both ways from this point. 
 
 Ice is one-ninth more bulky than water at the 
 above point, and steam seventeen hundred times. 
 
 13* 
 
150 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 How to make glue that will hold, spread well, and 
 keep well : Put 1 pound of good, dry glue to soak 
 in good cider vinegar enough to cover it ; let it 
 soak over night. In the morning put the glue pot 
 heating over a slow fire (sitting in a kettle of water 
 is best). When it is pretty well melted, put in 
 one gill of molasses; and after it is all dissolved, 
 put in 100 grains of borax and 100 grains of pul- i 
 verized chalk. The borax will melt, and the chalV 
 sink. Thin with water to the right consistency. 
 
 How to make helt cement: Dissolve fish glu) 
 (or, as some call it, isinglass) in rum and water ^ 
 half-and-half It dissolves quickly, is ready to use\ 
 as soon as dissolved, and is best when first made. 
 Make no more at any time than is wanted for 
 immediate use. 
 
 How to make a roll varnish for top rollers that 
 are old and dry, or rough : Mix common shellac 
 and raw linseed oil — two parts of the former to 
 one of the latter. Sand-paper the rolls first, and 
 then put the varnish on cold. Rub it in well with 
 a piece of yarn waste or a piece of cloth. 
 
 Another nice preparation for top rollers may be 
 made of gum arable and gelatine, half-and-half, 
 dissolved in water and rubbed on with the finger. 
 If rollers lap up, after receiving a coat of shellac 
 and oil, then put qn a little of this last-named 
 varnish, and they will be all right. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDEKS' COMPANION. 151 
 
 POWER. 
 
 The mechanical powers are three in number, ac- 
 cording to Haswell, viz : the lever, the inclined 
 plane and the pulley. Carders have most to do 
 with the lever, as that kind of weight is commonly 
 used in connection with most machines. To find 
 the power, when the longth of the lever and the 
 weight are known, multiply the weight by the dis- 
 tance from the fulcrum, and divide that product 
 by the distance of the fulcrum from the power. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 ♦ 
 A drawing weight weighs 6 pounds. It hangs 
 on a lever 6i inches from the fulcrum, and the ful- 
 crum is Ih inches from 'the power. What is the 
 power on the rollers ? 
 
 6.50 
 6 
 
 1.50) 39.00 (26 lbs.. Ans. 
 300 
 
 900 
 900 
 
152 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 RULE TO CALCULATE DRAUGHT. 
 
 A few remarks on draught may be in order be- 
 fore giving the rule to calculate it, as wrong ideas 
 are often given and received by the use of com- 
 mon terms. The meaning of the term as used in 
 connection witii machinery for carding and spin- 
 ning cotton, is to draw out, stretch or elongate a 
 sliver of cotton. There is no misunderstanding of 
 terms when we say a draught of 3, 4, 6, 7 or 7i. 
 It means that for every inch that a frame receives, 
 it delivers 3, 4, 6, 7 or Ti inches. Misunderstand- 
 ings occur where the draught is less than 1, as 
 when we say a draught of li or 1^. 
 
 If a machine delivers exactly what it receives, 
 of course there is no draught or stretch ; but ac- 
 cording to rule, all the rolls being alike in diame- 
 ter, and all the gears, drivers and drivens, the same 
 figures would say there was a draught of I be- 
 cause the drivens would contain the drivers one 
 time exactly. It will be understood by a careful 
 study of this subject, and especially the rule, that 
 one is in all cases to be deducted from draught as 
 shown by figures ; the remainder is the real 
 draught or stretch ; so that when we say a draught 
 of li, li, or H, it is really a draught of i, i, or i 
 The author makes these remarks because he has 
 been puzzled himself over these very things, and 
 he has never seen this subject referred to in any 
 work on cotton manufacturing. 
 
 The place to begin to count teeth, and take 
 measures for calculating the draught of any ma- 
 chine, is at its delivery, and work back to the 
 receiving roll. If the whole draught of a machine 
 is sought, intermediate rolls, cylinders, or gears 
 need not be taken into account, unless they are 
 directly connected by way of driving. The mid- 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 153 
 
 die rollers of a drawing, roving, spinning frame or 
 the doffer or feed rollers of a card, need not be 
 reckoned, unless in case of a card where there are 
 no calender rollers; in that case the doffer is the 
 delivering roller and must be so reckoned. We 
 sometimes find a gear which is both a driver and 
 a driven. In such a case leave it out, by the rule 
 of cancellation. Call the gear connected with the 
 delivering roll the first driver in all cases (whether 
 it is really a driver or a driven gear), and the gear 
 connected with the receiving roller is to be reck- 
 oned as the last driven always. 
 
 The principle of draught is, to run a sliver 
 through a succession of rollers — each pair, or set, 
 as it advances, running a little faster than the pre- 
 ceding — so that the rule to find draught is based 
 on the plan of an increase of speed of rollers ; and 
 if both receiving and delivering rollers were equal 
 in size, the question would amount to this : How 
 many revolutions does this delivering roller make 
 to the receiving roller one ? But as there is most 
 always a difference in size between the receiving 
 and delivering rollers, the question actually is : 
 How many inches are delivered for one received ? 
 And the difference in size of rollers must be taken 
 into account. 
 
 How to proceed to take dravght.— Y'w^i, pick 
 out all the driving gears, beginning as directed 
 above; count the teeth of each, and place the 
 number of teeth, or the diameter in inches of every 
 gear, or pulley, above a line, thus : 
 
 1st driver, 44 teeth ; 2nd, 50 ; 3rd, diam. receiving roll | 
 
 1st driven, 108 " ; " 77; " " delivering « V- 
 
 Second, count the drivens in the same way, and 
 place them under the line. We suppose in this 
 case that the front or delivering roller is li inches, 
 
154 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 and the back or receiving roller is H inches, which 
 are equal to I and V- in the shape of an improper 
 fraction. We next multiply all the drivers and 
 the diameter of the receiving roller together : 
 44X50X9=19,800. Next we multiply all the 
 drivens and the diameter of the delivering roller 
 together: 108X77X10=83,160. Next divide the 
 product of drivens by the product of drivers ; the 
 quotient is the draught sought. 
 
 19800)83160(4.20 
 79200 
 
 39600 
 39600 
 
 We may sum up the rule as follows : 
 
 I. Multiply all the drivers together, and that 
 product by the diameter of the receiving rolls. 
 
 II. Multiply all the drivens together, and that 
 product by the diameter of the delivering rolls. 
 
 III. Divide the product of the drivens by the 
 product of the drivers ; the quotient is the draught. 
 
 Note. — If the frame is driven by pulleys instead 
 of gears, or if there are both pulleys and gears, 
 take the diameter of pulleys in inches and decimal 
 parts of inches, instead of teeth. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 155 
 
 RULE TO CALCULATE SPEED. 
 
 The principle of calculating speed is the same 
 as calculating draught, with this difference: — 
 Draught has to do with the surface, and speed only 
 with the revolutions. 
 
 The speed of different drums, pulleys, or shaft- 
 ing, is in proportion to the diameter, or it may be 
 calculated after that manner. Suppose a driving 
 pulley or drum is two feet in diameter, and it drives 
 a drum or pulley one foot in diameter ; then the 
 latter makes two revolutions to the former one, and 
 so of a succession of drums or pulleys, no matter 
 how many ; so that a succession of such, or the 
 speed, may be calculated one way by multiplica- 
 tion, and the reverse by division. Suppose a driv- 
 ing pulley or drum is twelve feet in diameter, atid 
 it belts on to a pulley five feet in diameter, and 
 this latter shaft contains a second driving pulley 
 four and a half feet in diameter and belts on to a 
 driven three feet in diameter. The speed of the 
 main driver is one hundred and fifty revolutions 
 per minute. What would be the speed of the last 
 mentioned shaft or drum ? 
 
 Inches. Inches. 
 
 Ist(1nverr=rl44; 2nd dnverr=54; speed of main driver, 150 
 
 Inches. Inches. * 
 
 1st driven=60 ; " driven^86 
 
 In this example we first multiply the drivers to- 
 gether, and that product by the speed of main 
 driver. Next we multiply the drivens together, 
 and take the product for a divisor for the product 
 of the drivers. 
 
156 WILSON'S COTTOiN^ CARDEES' COMPANION. 
 
 144 
 54 
 
 
 36 
 60 
 
 576 
 720 
 
 
 2160 
 
 7776 
 150 
 
 
 
 388800 
 7776 
 
 
 
 2160) 1166400 ( 
 10800 
 
 540 
 
 
 8640 
 8640 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 We find by this operation that the speed of the 
 last-named drum is 540 revolutions per minute. 
 Now, suppose we have a shaft driven in the man- 
 ner described, the speed of which is 540 revolu- 
 tions per minute, and we wish to ascertain the 
 diameter of the main driver, we reverse the opera- 
 tion: 21 60X540-=1166400- 140=7776-54=144 
 inches. 
 
 From these examples and illustrations we derive 
 the following general rules for calculating speed : 
 
 I. Multiply all the drivers (diams.) together, 
 and that product by the speed of the main driver. 
 
 II. Multiply all the drivens together. 
 
 III. Take the products of the drivens for a di- 
 visor for the product of the drivers ; the quotient 
 will be the speed sought. 
 
 Note. With gears proceed in the same manner, 
 counting teeth instead of taking diameter. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 157 
 
 TIME. 
 
 Every carder should take note of time as it 
 passes, so that he may realize how fast it goes, and 
 act with promptness in the discharge of his duties. 
 It is interesting, if not profitable, to notice its divi- 
 sions and variations. The sun is the great source 
 of light ; it is supposed to stand still ; but the 
 motion of the earth around it gives us four sea- 
 sons : twelve calendar months, fifty-two weeks, three 
 hundred sixty-five and a fourth days, eight thou- 
 sand seven hundred and sixty-six hours, five hun- 
 dred twenty-five thousand nine hundred and sixty 
 minutes, thirty-one million five hundred fifty-seven 
 thousand and six hundred seconds, in round num- 
 bers, in a year. 
 
 The average length of sunlight for the year is 
 not far from twelve hours a day, though the ex- 
 tremes go as high as fifteen hours and sixteen min- 
 utes, and as low as nine hours and three minutes. 
 We have clocks and watches to keep time, and ar- 
 tificial light to help equalize the days ; but the 
 sun and the motions of the earth during the year 
 are the great regulators. When the sun is south 
 we call it noon, but scientific men have discovered 
 a little variation here, and fortunately for us, they 
 have told how much, and how we may keep regular 
 time during these variations. T\\e author has come 
 upon a nice little table in a certain work which 
 gives the exact time, by the clock, when the shadow 
 is at the noon mark, for every day in the year. He 
 wrote to the proper persons and asked liberty to 
 make an extract from their table, but having re- 
 ceived no answer, he will make a little calculation 
 by the Old Farmers' Almanac, showing what time 
 it is, or should be, by the clock when the sun 
 reaches the noon mark, not for every day in the 
 
 14 
 
158 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 year, but often enough to enable us to regulate a 
 clock. It will be noticed that the sun is south four 
 days in the year only, viz: April 15th, June ISth, 
 September 2nd and December 24th. 
 
 A reference to the following table will show 
 what time it should be when the sun reaches the 
 noon mark on the following days in the year : 
 
 WHEN THE SUN REACHES THE NOON MARK. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 True time, M. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 True time, M. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 True time, M. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 True time,M. 
 
 Jan, 
 
 H. M 
 
 April. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 July. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 1 
 
 12.04 
 
 1 
 
 12.04 
 
 2 
 
 12.04 
 
 3 
 
 11.49 
 
 5 
 
 12.06 
 
 5 
 
 12.03 
 
 6 
 
 12.05 
 
 6 
 
 11.48 
 
 10 
 
 ■12.08 
 
 10 
 
 12.01 
 
 14 
 
 12.06 
 
 10 
 
 11.47 
 
 15 
 
 12.10 
 
 15 
 
 12.00 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 11.46 
 
 20 
 
 12.11 
 
 20 
 
 11.59 
 
 Aug. 
 
 
 20 
 
 11.45 
 
 25 
 
 12.13 
 
 25 
 
 11.58 
 
 7 
 
 12.05 
 
 25 
 
 11.44 
 
 30 
 
 12.14 
 
 30 
 
 11.57 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 12.04 
 12.03 
 
 Nov. 
 
 
 Feb. 
 
 
 May. 
 
 
 25 
 
 12.02 
 
 13 
 
 11.45 
 
 5 
 
 12.14 
 
 5 
 
 11.56 
 
 29 
 
 12.01 
 
 20 . 
 
 11.46 
 
 20 
 
 12.14 
 
 23 
 
 11.57 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 ir.47 
 
 25 
 
 12.13 
 
 31 
 
 11.58 
 
 Sept. 
 
 
 28 
 
 11.48 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 12.00 
 
 30 
 
 11.49 
 
 Mch. 
 
 
 ,Tune. 
 
 
 4 
 
 11.59 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12.12 
 
 7 
 
 11.. 59 
 
 7 
 
 11..'8 
 
 Bee. 
 
 
 6 
 
 12.11 
 
 15 
 
 12.00 
 
 10 
 
 11. .57 
 
 3 
 
 11.50 
 
 10 
 
 12.10 
 
 21 
 
 12.02 
 
 12 
 
 11.56 
 
 5 
 
 11.51 
 
 15 
 
 12.09 
 
 28 
 
 12.03 
 
 15 
 
 11.55 
 
 10 
 
 11.53 
 
 20 
 
 12.07 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 11.54 
 
 15 
 
 11.56 
 
 25 
 
 12.06 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 11.52 
 
 20 
 
 • 11.58 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 11.51 
 
 22 
 
 11.59 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 11.50 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 12.00 
 12.01 
 12.02 
 
 To make a noon mark, find a door or window 
 frame that stands perpendicular, then with the aid 
 of a compass strike a line on the floor due north 
 from the corner where the sun shines. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 15" 
 
 In response to a circular announcing the intentioi 
 of the author to publish the Cotton Carders 
 Companion, orders were received from the fol 
 lowing individuals and firms : 
 
 Adams, Phiiielias, Stark Mills, Manchester, N. H. 
 
 Atkinson, Edward, Indian Orchard Mill, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Atwood, J. S., Wauregan Mills, Wauregan, Conn. 
 
 Aspinwall, M., Attawaugan Mills, Killingly, Conn. 
 
 Ainsworth, Wm. H., Wilmington Cotton Mills, Wilmington, N. C 
 
 Adams, Charles E., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Battles, F. F., Massachusetts Cotton Mills, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Burke, William A., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Blaisdell, Wm. F.,^ Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Blaisdell, C. E., Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Brown, H. H., Fisherville, N. H. 
 
 Bailey, C. R., Waltham, Mass. 
 
 Boyden, E., Prescott Mills, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Bedlow, George W., Chicopee, Mass. 
 
 Bacon, Francis E., & Co., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Burnham, William J., Lewiston, Maine. 
 
 Cumnock, A. G., Boott Cotton Mills, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Cheney, J. L., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Clark, C. Martin, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Chapin, Samuel, Tremont and Suffolk Mills, Lowell. Mass. 
 
 Cooledge, F. S., Lawrence Manufacturing Co., I^owell, Mass. 
 
 Call, A. F., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Conihe, William, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Clough, Henry, Tremont and Suffolk Mills, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Clark, Jeremiah, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Cumnock, J., Great Falls, N. H. 
 
 Chase, Jonathan, Albion Co., 17 Exchange St., Providence, R. I. 
 
 Chandler, Geo. H., Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass 
 
 Carroll, A. H., Mont Vernon Mills, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Collins, David M., Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Caverly, Robert B., Lowell, Mass. 
 
160 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 Dupee, James A., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Dix, Daniel, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Dickey, A. J., Manchester, N. H. 
 
 Davis, A. A., Hamilton Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Davis, S. H., Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Draper, George, & Son, Hopedale, Mass. 
 
 Davis, E. S., Lewiston, Maine. 
 
 Drew, W. S., Atlantic Manufacturing Co., Lawrence, Mass. 
 
 Davis, Edgar A., Nashua, N. H. 
 
 Dyer, D. H., Wilmington Cotton Mills, Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 Donaldson, R. I., English Manufacturing Co., Columbia, S. C. 
 
 Edwards, Jabez, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 Earle, D. D., Forestdale, R. I. 
 
 Foss & Pevey, Lowell, Mass. 
 Francis, James, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Green, Benjamin, Cabot Manufacturing Co., Brunswick, Maine. 
 Green, Amos, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 Giles, Melden, Tremont and Suffolk Mills, Lowell, Mass. 
 Gegenheimer, E. D., Taunton, Mass. 
 Greenleaf, Nath'l, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Hinckley, Isaac, Philadelphia, Penn. 
 
 Howe, J. S., Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Harding, David M., Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Harper, O. M., Pittsburg, Penn. 
 
 Hardy Machine Company, Biddeford, Maine. 
 
 Howard, B. B., Cordis Mills, Iklillbury, Mass. 
 
 Hill, William H., Dover, N. H. 
 
 Hale, F. W., South Berwick, Maine. 
 
 Haskins, S. W., Woonsocket, R. I. 
 
 Hayden, E. B., Plymouth W. and C. Factory, Plymouth, Mass. 
 
 Hard wick, Wm., Wilmington Cotton Mills, Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 Huse, H. E., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Jordan, Charles P., West Boylston, Mass. 
 
 Kent, Hervey, Exeter, N. H. 
 
 Kitson Machine Company, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Kimball, L. S., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Kimball, H. C, Blackstone, Mass. 
 
 Kimball, Wilson, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 161 
 
 Ludlam, J. S., Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Love joy, S. A., Melrose, Mass. 
 
 Lowell Card Company, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Lyford, A. B., Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Leonard, James, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Libbey, William F., Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Lowrie, George M., West Boylston, Mass. 
 
 Lovering, O. W., Lyman Mills, Holyoke, Mass. 
 
 Leigh, F. A., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Lawry, F. B., Lewiston, Maine. 
 
 Moulton, O. H., Hamilton Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Maxfield, J. P., Tremont and Suffolk Mills, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Mason, A. A., Biddeford, Maine. 
 
 Mahoney, J'eremiali, Chicopee, Mass. 
 
 Maxfield, R. A., Nashua Manufacturing Co., Nashua, N. H. 
 
 Moody, George A., West Peterboro', N. H. 
 
 McCrillis, C. H., Wait's River, Yt. 
 
 Miles, William H., Lewiston, Maine. 
 
 Ober, Oliver, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Palfrey, J. C, Boston, Mass. 
 Putnam, Frank P., Lowell, Mass. 
 Pray, Thomas, Jr., Providence, R. I. 
 Peach, Charles S., North Adams, Mass. 
 Prest, J. E., Pownal, Vt. 
 
 Sawyer, J. H., Appleton Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Saunders, Benjamin, Yale Mills, Nashua, N. H. 
 
 Stearns, Charles, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Smith, John W., Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Stiles, W. A., Tremont and Suffolk Mills, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Symonds, Benjamin, Boott Cotton Mills, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Straw, E. A., Amoskeag Manufacturing Co., Manchester, N. H. 
 
 Saunders, Francis, Hamilton Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Stone, William, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Slater, A. C, Whitinsville, Mass. 
 
 Sweet, Charles, Jr., Attawaugan Mills, Killingly, Conn. 
 
 Sands, B., Lewiston, Maine. 
 
 Spofford, Chas., Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Stevens, William, Lewiston, Maine. 
 
 Shaw, Thomas S., Tremont and Suffolk Mills, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Scribner, George F., Lowell Machine Shop, Lowell, Mass, 
 
 Sargent, J. L., Lowell, Mass. 
 
162 WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 Thyng, C. C, Warren, R. I. 
 Towne, Jacob A., Manchester, N. H. 
 Thompson, John B., Salmon Falls, N. H. 
 True worthy, J. B., Lowell, Mass. 
 Tripp, John, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Whiting, Phineas, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Wilder, Charles, Peterboro', N. H. 
 
 Wright, Wm. A., Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Welch, Willard C, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Wood, Horace J., Fall River, Mass. 
 
 Whitehead & Atherton, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Watson, A. B., Lewiston, Maine. 
 
 Whitney, William S., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Wattles, T. B., Chicopee Falls, Mass. 
 
 Weeks, George W., Lancaster Mills, Clinton, Mass. 
 
 Wright, Bliss & Faybian, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Whitney, William H. H., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Williston, A. L., Greenville Manufacturing Co., Florence, Mass. 
 
 Welch, John J., Wilmington Cotton Mills, Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 Winsor, E. M., Providence, R. I. 
 
 West, H. F., Gloucester City, N. J. 
 
 Watson, James, Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Cotton Carders' Companion is for sale by Foster 
 Wilson, 22 Merrimack Corporation, Lowell, Mass. 
 Sent to any part of the country, post paid, on re- 
 ceipt of price, $1.75. 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 EDWARDS' 
 IMPROVED CONE BELT GUIDE. 
 
 This appendage was invented and applied to the Lowell Speeder by Mr. 
 Jabez Edwards, but is equally applicable to other roving frames. The de- 
 sign is to change the position of the belt <>n the cones and at the same time 
 change the rate of let-oflf, as maybe required t'» regulate the winding of 
 roving to any kind of weather, it is simple in its construction, durable, 
 easily managed, operates immediately, and can be changed in one-tenth of 
 the time it takes to change a gear. Mr. Wilson has referred to it in his chap- 
 ter on Speeders, in the *' Cotton Carders' Companion," and has given some- 
 thing of a description of it, which please see. The attention of cotton man- 
 ufacturers and machine builders is invitf^d to it. It can be seen in use 
 in. the carding rooms of the Merrimack Manufacturing Company, and the 
 inventor will be pleased to show it, and explain its principles to anyone 
 who may (avor him with a call, or he will answer communications with ref- 
 erence to it. Address, 
 
 JABEZ ED WAMDS, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Under--Flat Cotton Card. 
 
 ADVANTAGES GAINED 
 
 With the use of the Uxder-Fi.at Cotton Card. 
 
 40 per cent, of labor, 
 
 •* floor room, 
 
 ** power, 
 
 ** belts, 
 
 •* oil, 
 
 ** clothing, 
 
 FOSS & BEVEV, 
 
 Howe St., Lowell, Mass, 
 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 33 
 
 Send for circular 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 JEREMIAH CLARK'S 
 
 Machinery Agency, 
 
 For the Purchase, Sale and Exchange of 
 
 All Kinds of Machinery, 
 
 New and Second- Hand. 
 
 Has on hand a Large Supply of Good Second-hand 
 
 Cotton and Woolen Machinery, 
 
 Netv and Second-Hand Card Clothing f Belting ^ 
 
 Bobbins, Shuttles, Loom Pickers, etc. 
 
 Also, Manufacturers* Supplies. 
 
 106 and 108 Middle Street, Lowell, Mass. 
 . L. S. KIMBALL, 
 
 ROLL COVERER, 
 
 And Manufacturer of 
 
 Leather Loom Pickers and Card Leather Belting. 
 
 The best of material used in roll covering. All orders promptly attended 
 
 to, personal attention given to work, and satisfaction 
 
 guaranteed in all cases. 
 
 27 Shattuck Street, - - - Loivell, Mass. 
 
 (Lowell Card Co.'s Building.) 
 
 LOWELL CARD COMPANY, 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 CARD CLOTHING 
 
 OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, 
 
 Set in Leather, Jiubber, and English and American 
 Card Cloth. 
 
 Particular attention given to NAPPING CARDS, and Cards designed 
 for Worsted work. The best of stock used, and satisfaction guaranteed in 
 all cases. 
 
 127 Market St., Loivell, Mass. 
 L. L. PERRIN, President. S. S. GOULD, Treasurer, 
 
WILSON'S COTTON CARDERS' COMPANION. 
 
 
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I-IATID^ MACI-IIlsrE CO., 
 
 Proprietors ami Manulactiirers of the 'ITardy" Improved 
 
 Traverse Wheel Card Grinders, 
 
 JPor Grinding Cotton, Woolen, Linen or Silk Cards, 
 
 This cut reprerents ' Hardy's" Improved Grinder, grinding the Doffer 
 and Main Cylinder, one or both, at the same time. (With adjustable stands, 
 complete.) Over 5000 of the?e machines are in constant use. Grinders for 
 Top-Flats, Lickerins, Worliers, Strippers, etc., 1 to 4 at one time. The grind- 
 ing wheel passes it-s whole wid'h beyond the range of card teeth before it 
 changes, thus grinding all the teeth alike. Al^o, build machines for grind- 
 ing Shears one for trueing Dresser Rolls, and a machine lor trueing Calen- 
 der Rolls without removal from frame. Also, planer knife and tool grinder, 
 to grind veneer cutters, curriers' knives, paper cutters or any long knivee. 
 
 The above cut represents our machine lor grinding! to 4 top-flats at one 
 time, with cylinfler brush for cleaning out the teeth before grinding— done 
 perfectly. Patented April 16, 18H7. 700 now in use. 
 
 HARDY MiCHIXE CO., Biddeford, Me. 
 
 Chas. Hardy, Treas. and Agt. 
 
Foster Wilson, Jr., 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 GENTLEMEN'S 
 
 HATS, GLOVES, 
 
 AND 
 
 Furnishing Goods. 
 
 Hats Made to Order 
 
 AND 
 
 Silk Hats made Over. 
 
 ON^E PEICE Ol^LY. 
 
 m Ceatsal Street, 
 LOWELL, MASS. 
 
RETURN TO the circulation desk of any 
 University of California Library 
 or to the 
 NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 BIdg. 400, Richmond Field Station 
 University of California 
 Richmond, CA 94804-4698 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 • 2-month loans may be renewed by calling 
 (510)642-6753 
 
 • 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing 
 books to NRLF 
 
 • Renewals and recharges may be made 4 
 days prior to due date. 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 AUG 5 \m 
 
 12,000(11/95) 
 
 J 
 
N? 803175 
 
 TS1578 
 Wilson, F. W7 
 
 Cotton carders* 
 companion. 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 DAVIS