THE ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS FUELS SOLID, LIQUID, AND GASEOUS THEIR ANALYSIS AND VALUATION FOR THE USE OF CHEMISTS AND ENGINEERS BY H. JOSHUA PHILLIPS, F.C.S. ANALYTICAL AND CONSULTING CHEMIST TO THE GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY FORMERLY CHIEF ASSISTANT IN THE LABORATORY OF THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY LONDON CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON 7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL 1891 PREFACE. THE great progress made in recent years in the adaptation of various kinds of fuel to special pur- poses, is sufficient, it is believed, to warrant the issue of a small work dealing with methods of analysis and valuation of fuel, and summarising some of the results already ascertained. The object of this little book is to comprise within small limits that which would otherwise have to be gleaned from widely scattered sources and larger works ; and the Author's endeavour has been to make it a practical and theoretical help both to the chemist and the engineer, by whom the analytical tables and practical results set forth in the volume will no doubt be found of service. He has to acknowledge his obligations to the various analytical works and articles in English and foreign journals, and the proceedings of socie- 390322 VI PREFACE. ties, &c., at home and abroad, which have been consulted. Should the work meet with the approbation of those who are interested in this important subject, the Author can see his way to its extension and improvement, and the increase of its usefulness, if it should have the honour of running to a second edition. TAVISTOCK SQUARE, October, 1890. CONTENTS. METHODS OF ANALYSIS. PAGE ASH, ESTIMATION OF 3 CARBON, ,, u COKE, ,, 4 FLASH POINT, IN LIQUID FUELS . . . 17 GASEOUS FUEL, ANALYSIS OF 32 HYDROGEN, ESTIMATION OF n MOISTURE, . 3 NITROGEN, ,, 8 OXYGEN, ,, 15 SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ,, 15 SULPHUR, 5 VOLATILE MATTER, ,, ....... 4 METHODS OF VALUATION- CALORIFIC VALUE, ESTIMATION OF, BY CALORIMETER . 18 ,, ,, ,, BY CALCULATION . 23 ,, ,, ,, (GASEOUS FUELS) . 38 TABLES, ETC. CONSUMPTION OF COAL BY COMPOUND AND ORDINARY LOCOMOTIVES (G.E.R.) 43 CONSUMPTION OF COAL AND EVAPORATION OF WATER BY COMPOUND AND ORDINARY LOCOMOTIVES (G.E.R.) . 44 AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS COALS ; . 44 COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS ANTHRACITES . * . . 45 PROGRESSIVE DIMINUTION OF HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN FROM WOOD TO ANTHRACITE 45 ANALYSIS OF PATENT FUELS 45 AVERAGE VALUE OF VARIOUS COALS 46 COMPARATIVE VALUES OF WELSH STEAM COALS . . 46 Till CONTENTS. PAGE RESULTS OF EVAPORATIVE DUTIES OF NEWCASTLE AND WELSH COALS 47 DISPOSAL OF HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF COAL UNDER STEAM BOILERS 48 ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCT OF RONCHAMP COAL . . 49 CARBON AND HYDRODEN IN ESCAPED COMBUSTIBLE GASES 49 INFLUENCE OF EXCESS OF AIR ON FRIEDRICHSTHAL AND ALTENWALD COAL 50 DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEAT OF COMBUSTION . . .50 LIQUID FUELS, RESULTS OBTAINED (MR. JAMES HOLDEN) . 52 COMPARATIVE COST OF LIQUID FUEL AND COAL ON LOCO- MOTIVES (G.E.R.) . . . . . . . . 53 COMPARATIVE EVAPORATION OF WATER BY DIFFERENT LIQUID FUELS ' . " . , -54 COMPARATIVE CONSUMPTION OF COAL AND OIL IN ORDI- NARY AND COMPOUND LOCOMOTIVES (BUENOS AYRES AND ROSARIO RAILWAY) 54 COMPARATIVE TRIALS WITH PETROLEUM, ANTHRACITE, BITU- MINOUS COAL, AND WOOD ON LOCOMOTIVES (GRAZI AND TSARITS1N RAILWAY) IN WINTER . . . -55 DITTO, DITTO, IN SUMMER 56 COMPARATIVE MONTHLY AVERAGES WITH COAL AND PETROLEUM REFUSE IN LOCOMOTIVES (GRAZI AND TSARITSIN RAILWAY) : CONSUMPTION OF FUEL PER TRAIN MILE; COST OF FUEL PER TRAIN MILE . . 57 THEORETICAL EVAPORATIVE VALUE OF PETROLEUM FUEL AND COAL 58 ANALYSES OF VARIOUS GASEOUS FUELS. AMERICAN NATURAL GAS . . .-'.'. . . .60 BESSEMER CONVERTER GASES . . . . . .62 BLAST FURNACE GASES . . . . . "... 60 BLOWHOLE GASES "". . . 62 COAL GAS, AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF . . . .. . 63 GASES OCCLUDED BY COAL J . . 61 GASES, VARIOUS, COMPOSITION OF . ... . 62 OIL GAS 63 SIEMENS PRODUCER GAS . 59 WATER GASES (VARIOUS) . . . . . . .61 THE ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. AT a time when fuel has become such an expen- sive commodity, the consideration of its quality, heating power, and economic application becomes a matter of great importance to engineers and steam users in general. In determining the value of a solid fuel such as coal, coke, or patent fuel, it is necessary to esti- mate the amount of moisture, volatile matter, coke and its quality, sulphur, the amount of ash left on the incineration of sample, together with the calorific and evaporating power ascertained (i) Theoretically, from a knowledge of the percentage of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen found to be present by an elementary organic analysis of the substance; or (2) Practically, by igniting a known weight in a calorimeter in oxygen and ascertaining the amount of ice that has been melted, or observ- B > : fA&AL.Yss /mp, VALUATION OF FUELS. ing the increase of temperature of a known weight of water; or (3) By ascertaining the amount of lead reduced from its oxide by a known weight of the sample. This method, however, is not often adopted for calorific power, the amount of lead reduced being a measure of the reducing power of a sample, rather than the amount of heat that it is capable of evolving. The calorific and evaporating power of fuels estimated by the foregoing methods must only be taken relatively. The actual highest practical value of any fuel would depend very materially upon the kind of furnace used, and the regulation of an appropriate influx of air, so as to insure complete combustion. The heat carried up the flues by the products of combustion should, if pos- sible, be reduced to a minimum, so as to obtain the most economic results. Liquid fuels are now coming to the front, and judging from recent experiments made on loco- motives in South Russia, where petroleum is plen- tiful and cheap, and coal comparatively dear, they seem to have the advantage over coal. The specific gravity, flashing point, and the calorific power obtained practically by slightly modifying the process as used in the case of coals, or by calculating it theoretically from the percentage of carbon and hydrogen found to be present, would ESTIMATION OF MOISTURE AND ASH. 3 be valuable data for guidance as to their selec- tion. Sulphur, generally speaking, is present in so small a quantity as to be not worth con- sideration. With regard to gaseous fuels, the principal heat- giving ingredients usually present are hydrogen, gaseous hydrocarbons (marsh gas, olefiant gas, &c.), and carbonic oxide. The determination of these, and the calculation of their respective calorific values on combustion, would convey an estimate of their efficiency for heating purposes. Estimation of Moisture and Ash (Solid Fuels). Weigh out 3 grams of the fairly averaged pow- dered sample in a shallow platinum dish, and dry in an air bath regulated to 105 C. for one hour, allow to cool in a good desiccator, and weigh ; the loss is taken as moisture. Coal and cokes should not be allowed to dry for more than one hour, otherwise the result obtained for moisture will be too low, owing to the oxida- tion of the pyrites present by the air. The dish with the dried sample is now cautiously heated to redness in a muffle until it is seen that all carbonaceous matter has been eliminated, and then allowed to cool in the desiccator and weighed. It is once more heated in a muffle for about five 4 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. minutes, and again cooled and weighed. If the weight is unaltered from that of the last weighing, the increase in weight over the dish is the amount of ash left by 3 grams of sample, which can easily be expressed centesimally. The amount of ash left by different samples is very variable, some coals showing only 7 per cent., while others as much as 20 per cent. Estimation of Coke and Volatile Matter. i gram of the sample is carefully weighed into a small porcelain crucible provided with a cover, and cautiously heated to redness by a large Bunsen burner for two minutes, and then heated for an additional two minutes at a higher temperature over a gas blow-pipe ; it is then allowed to cool in a desiccator and weighed. The loss moisture 4- volatile matter, and the residue ==coke (-f- ash). The coke is tested by means of a penknife, to ascertain if it is friable or compact. A little of it is placed on platinum foil and ignited, and noted as to whether it burns freely or not. Mr. G. E. Davis makes an interesting classifica- tion of coals according to the amount of coke that they are capable of producing : (i) Splint coal, burning with a long flame, and ESTIMATION OF SULPHUR. 5 yielding from 50 to 60 per cent, of powdery or slightly caked coke. (2) Gas coal, or coal of a bituminous nature, burning with a long flame, and yielding from 60 to 70 per cent, of fused but deeply seamed coke. (3) Smithy coal, or true bituminous coal, burning with a long flame, and yielding 68 to 75 per cent, of fused compact coke. (4) Caking coal, burning with a short flame, leaving from 75 to 82 per cent, of fused compact coke. (5) Anthracite or smokeless steam coal. Estimation of Sulphur. Sulphur is a very deleterious constituent of coal and coke, both for boilers and metallurgical pur- poses. Very small quantities finding its way into "pig" iron will render the latter unfit for steel- making, while the sulphurous vapour formed by its combustion in boilers corrodes fireboxes, boiler- tubes, &c. The disagreeable odour in our underground railway tunnels is largely attributable to com- pounds of sulphur (sulphuretted hydrogen, bisul phide of carbon, &c.), mainly brought about by the distillation of fresh portion of coal thrown on 6 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. to the red-hot coke in the fireboxes of the loco- motives. Sulphur exists in two forms in coals and cokes, being present as iron pyrites (Fe S 2 ), and techni- cally termed " brasses,'* and sulphate of lime (Ca SO 4 ). The sulphur present as iron pyrites alone appears to affect the economic application of the fuel. To determine the total sulphur present, weigh out 2 grams of the sample and mix thoroughly with 5 grams of pure powdered nitrate of potash, and add this mixture in small portions at a time to 8 grams of pure anhydrous sodic carbonate kept in a steady state of fusion in a capacious silver cru- cible by means of the oxidising flame of a Bunsen burner. The crucible should be tilted, and the flame kept as far from its mouth as possible, to prevent access of sulphur compounds from the gas. When the mixture has been fusing for about ten minutes, after the addition of the last portion of the sample, it is acidulated with dilute hydrochloric acid, evaporated to dryness, heated on sand bath to about 130 C. to render silica insoluble, mois- tened with 10 cc. of strong HCL, diluted with distilled water to 100 cc., filtered and washed, and the filtrate diluted to about 500 cc., heated nearly to boiling. A few cc. of a saturated solution of Baric chloride is now added, well stirred and ESTIMATION OF SULPHUR. 7 allowed to stand in a warm place if possible, for about twelve hours. The supernatant liquid is now syphoned off and the precipitated Baric sulphate (Ba SO 4 ) carefully filtered on to a No. 2 Swedish filter paper, and washed till free from soluble matter with hot water. The filter paper is then spread out on a watch-glass, and put to dry in a water oven ; in the meantime a small porcelain crucible is carefully weighed. When the filter is dry the Ba SO 4 is brushed into it, the filter burnt sepa- rately and its ash added to the main portion ; the crucible and its contents are then ignited at a dull red heat in the oxidising flame, allowed to cool, and weighed. Increase in weight = Ba SO 4 -f Ba SO 4 x "1373 X 100 ash, subtract ash, then = ^^ percentage of total sulphur. The sulphur present as sulphate of lime is deter- mined by boiling 5 grams of sample with a strong solution of sodic carbonate ; the sulphur is by this means converted into soluble sulphate of soda ; dilute and filter, and estimate sulphur as above. On subtracting the sulphur thus found from the total, the amount of sulphur present as pyrites is obtained. 8 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. Estimation of Nitrogen. Owing to the small quantity of nitrogen usually present in fuels, it is best determined volumetri- cally. The following is the process devised by Dumas. A combustion tube is selected about 1 20 cm. long, and sealed at one end like a test Fig. i. tube, cleaned and dried. A layer of pure bicar- bonate of soda 15 cm. long is first introduced, then a layer of copper oxide 20 cm. long, after this an intimate mixture of i '5 grams of the sample with oxide occupying 30 cm., then 30 cm. of coarse copper oxide and 20 cm. of small copper turnings ; the tube is now connected by means of a good fitting cork with the bent delivery tube B, Fig. i , ESTIMATION OF NITROGEN. 9 and placed in a combustion furnace. The further end of the tube containing the bicarbonate is then gradually heated to the extent of 6 cm. Carbonic acid gas is evolved and sweeps the air out of the tube ; when the gas has been coming off for a few minutes the end of the delivery tube is dipped under mercury contained in the trough M, and the issuing gas tested for air by inverting a test tube filled with a strong solution of potassic hydrate over it. If the gas as it comes in is completely absorbed all air has been eliminated ; if not, con- tinue the heating until the desired point is attained. The graduated tube A, which is filled with -- mercury and -J- with a strong solution of potassic hydrate, is then inverted over the end of the deli- very tube and held in position by the clamp K. The combustion is now proceeded with. The fore part of the tube containing the copper is first cau- tiously heated to redness, and the heat gradually extended to the further end until the point where the sample ends. When no more gas comes off from the sample, the other half of the bicarbonate is heated ; the second crop of CO 2 thus produced drives any nitrogen still left in the tube into A. When the volume of gas in the tube A is no longer diminished by the absorption of any CO 2 that may be still present, even on shaking, the tube is then transferred by means of a small dish filled with 10 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. mercury to a deep vessel containing water. The mercury will then be displaced by water ; the tube is pushed into the water until the levels of the liquid are coincident and the volume of nitrogen noted, together with the temperature and baro- metric pressure. The volume observed is reduced to o C. and 760 mm. pressure; and inasmuch as the gas is measured over water, allowance must be made for the pressure reduced by the tension of aqueous vapour at the temperature observed. The following is an example of an actual deter- mination of nitrogen in a sample of South Stafford coal: Volume of nitrogen observed . 25 cc. Temperature . '. . 1 5 C. Barometric pressure . . . 758 mm. The tension of aqueous vapour at 1 5 C. is equi- valent to 12 677 mm. of mercury. Taking i cc. of nitrogen at o C. and 760 mm. pressure as weighing -0012544 gram, then the per- centage of nitrogen by weight in the sample is 25 X 273 x (758 12-677) X -0012544 X IPO _ (273 + 15) X 76ox~i : 5 1-943 per cent, nitrogen. ESTIMATION OF CARBON AND HYDROGEN. I I Estimation of Carbon and Hydrogen. The principle of the method adopted for the deter- mination of carbon and hydrogen depends upon the fact that when a fuel is burnt in excess of air or oxygen, or any oxidising substance, the carbon is oxidised into carbonic acid gas (CO 2 ), while the hydrogen is converted into water (OH 2 ), evolved as steam. A known weight of the sample being taken, it is ignited with chromate of lead or copper oxide and oxygen or air ; the products of combus- tion CO 2 and OH 2 are absorbed by appropriate reagents and weighed separately, from which the amounts of carbon and hydrogen present are de- duced by a simple calculation. Select a wrought-iron tube 20 22 mm. in diameter and 115 cm. long ; oxidise inner surface of tube by heating it to redness in a combustion furnace and passing a current of steam through ; a layer of recently ignited coarse oxide of copper, about 20 cm. long, is pushed into the middle of the tube and kept in position by plugs of copper gauze placed one each side ; a sheet iron boat, about 30 cm. long, is nearly filled with recently fused and powdered chromate of lead and introduced into the tube, which is placed in a combustion furnace and heated below the fusing point of the chromate, a current of dry air being passed through, to rid 12 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. the tube of any moisture. The gas is then put out, and the tube plugged and cooled. The boat is then taken out, and from -3 to -5 gram of the powdered sample free from water quickly and thoroughly mixed with the chromate, and replaced in the tube ; a similar boat filled with recently reduced metallic copper is introduced at the other end of the tube, and the whole placed into the Fig. 2. furnace and coupled up to the desiccating and absorption apparatus. Fig. 2 shows the apparatus ready for a combustion. b is a cylinder containing a strong solution of potassic hydrate, which absorbs the great bulk of CO 2 present in the air used for the combustion ; it is coupled up to a gas holder by means of the tube /, and to the cylinder k y which is filled with fragments of soda lime, which complete the exhaustion of ESTIMATION OF CARBON AND HYDROGEN. 13 CO 2 . U tubes a a are filled with dry granulated calcium chloride which completely absorbs atmo- spheric moisture, they are connected to the com- bustion tube by means of the pipe x ; the bulb tube n contains dry calcic chloride which serves to absorb the water brought about by the combustion of the hydrogen in the sample. The bulbs B con- tain a strong solution of potassic hydrate, which absorbs the CO 2 produced by the combustion of the carbon, c is a small tube containing calcium chloride, which serves to retain any moisture carried from B by the issuing air. Before proceeding with the combustion, n and B are accurately weighed separately and attached to tube as in sketch ; all joints having been insured air tight, the gas is turned on at the end of the tube containing the reduced copper, and a gentle current of air made to pass through the apparatus, when it is at a dull red heat ; the gas is then gradually turned on until the boat contain- ing the sample is reached. Care is here required, and the heat is gradually raised to full redness, when .the chromate will fuse, and the sample is soon completely oxidised. After it has been insured that the combustion is complete, the cal- cium chloride tube n and potash bulbs B are detached and weighed. The increase in weight of the Ca C1 2 tube multiplied by 1 1 1 1 gives the amount 14 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. of hydrogen in quantity of sample taken, and the increase in weight of the bulbs B multiplied by 27273 gives the amount of carbon present in the quantity of sample taken. In estimating the carbon and hydrogen in non- volatile liquid fuels the two boats are filled with copper oxide and the weighed liquid absorbed in one of the boats, and the combustion proceeded with as above ; or if it be a volatile hydrocarbon it is weighed into a small thin tube, with a loose stopper and dropped into the boat, due care being taken that the combustion is not hurried, otherwise vapour will escape unoxidised. The following is an example of the results obtained for carbon and hydrogen in a Scotch bituminous coal, when "5 gm. was taken : Weight of Ca C1 2 tube before combustion 30*4562 after . 30-6884 Water absorbed -2322 2322 x -mi X 2 x 100 = 5'i59 P er cent- hydrogen. Weight of potash bulbs before combus- tion 5 2 *03i8 Weight of potash bulbs after combustion 53-4296 C0 2 . . 1-3978 THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COALS, ETC. 15 1-3978 x "27273 x 2 x ioo = 76*244 per cent, carbon. Estimation of Oxygen. There is no ready method for the direct deter- mination of oxygen in complex organic com- pounds. It is as a rule estimated by difference ; having a knowledge of the percentage of all other ingredients present in the sample, add these up and subtract from ioo, and the remainder may be taken as oxygen. The Specific Gravity of Coals, &c. It is often desirable to know the amount of space that a given weight of coal will occupy, and the determination of the specific gravity thus becomes necessary. To obtain this a small flask provided with a thermometer stopper, and holding a definite weight of water at a known temperature usually 60 F., which is previously accurately ascertained is taken, and 2 to 3 grams of the sample weighed into it ; water is then added, and the coal allowed to soak in it for some time, so as to eliminate air from the pores. The bottle is then filled with water at the standard temperature and again weighed. 1 6 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. The specific gravity is obtained as follows : Let W = weight of sample in air; R r= weight of flask -f water; R x weight of flask -f water -f sample. Then, Specific gravity = W + ^~ R * The weight of a cubic foot of the sample in pounds is obtained by log. specific gravity + 179588 = log. weight of cubic foot. The number of cubic feet in a ton = l '5543 7 lg- specific gravity = log. cubic feet. It is very important in determining the specific gravity of coals and cokes to insure that all air has been driven out of the sample by the water before diluting and weighing. An example may be given of the error that would be involved if this precau- tion were not taken. Mr. Crookes, F.R.S., ob- tained the following: 2-76 grams of coal gave the specific gravity 1*309 at 64 F., immediately after filling the flask with water ; after soaking twelve hours the specific gravity had increased to 1-328 for the same temperature. So that the latter determination would make a cubic foot of this coal THE FLASHING POINT. 17 weigh 8276 Ibs., and the former only 81-58, or i -i 8 Ibs. less. Specific Gravity of Liquid Fuels. The specific gravity of liquid fuels can in the majority of cases be determined at 15 C. by the hydrometer in the usual manner. It sometimes happens, however, that liquid fuels are too thick to obtain an accurate result by this means, and it has to be determined by the specific gravity bottle ; or if too thick for this, by placing a drop in a cylinder of alcohol at 15 C., and adding water until it remains stationary in any part of the fluid in which it is placed, a glass rod being used for the purpose ; the specific gravity of the fluid is then taken with the hydrometer, and the specific gravity of the sample is thus attained. The Flashing Point. The temperature at which the vapour coming off from liquid fuels ignites when mingled with air, on the application of a flame, is of some im- portance. The lower the temperature at which the vapour is capable of igniting, the more care, of course, will be required with its handling, stor- age, transport, &c. C 1 8 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. A ready mode of determining the flash point of a sample is to pour some of the liquid into a beaker (2" X 2") to within about half-an-inch from the top ; then cover with a disc of asbestos, through which a thermometer passes to within a quarter of an inch from the bottom of the beaker. The beaker, &c., is now put into a sand bath, and sur- rounded with sand to the level of the liquid ; a small flame is then applied under the bath, and the temperature allowed to rise about 2 per minute. After each rise of i , the asbestos disc is turned to one side, and a small flame is quickly put into the vapour. The temperature at which it ignites is taken as the flash point. A more definite method of testing the flash points of light oils is obtained by Sir Frederick Abel's standard flash-point apparatus, supplied by Townson and Mercer, London. Determination of the Calorific Value of Solid and Liquid Fuels by Thompson's Calorimeter. In this method, which is now most extensively used in estimating the heating power of fuels, a known weight of sample is ignited with an oxygen mixture in a copper cylinder, in a known weight DETERMINATION OF THE CALORIFIC VALUE. 19 of water, the temperature of which is first accu- rately observed. From the increase of tempera- ture of the water, due to the combustion of sample, the comparative heating and evaporating power can be deduced. The French unit of heat is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of i gram of water through i C., or more correctly from o to 20QOC.C. Fig. 3- i C. The calories as here expressed are the num- ber of grams, Ibs., or any unit weights of water raised i C. by the combustion of i gram or i lb., &c., of the sample. These can be converted into British Thermal units : viz., Ibs. of water raised i F. by i lb. of sample, by multiplying by f. For coals and cokes, 2 grams of the finely pow- dered and dried sample is thoroughly mixed with 26 grams of a finely powdered and dry mixture of 20 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. chlorate of potash 3 parts, and nitrate of potash i part, on a sheet of glazed paper. By means of a flexible steel spatula, the mixture is introduced in small quantities at a time into the copper cylinder B, Fig. 3. Each addition being pressed with about the same pressure with the rounded end of a test-tube, so that a fairly uniform com- bustion can be relied upon. When all has been brushed in, a short length of fuse (prepared by soaking lamp cotton in a strong solution of nitre and drying) is pushed into the mixture, and about half an inch allowed to protrude. It is fixed into the brass stand C. The glass cylinder D, having been charged with 2000 cc. of water, the condenser A is fixed over B into C, held firmly by the clutches K. The whole is then placed into D, and moved up and down in the water until the temperature of the latter is fixed. The temperature is recorded by a very delicate thermometer graduated to f V of a degree centigrade. The temperature of the room is usually higher than the water, so that a little hot water or ice (as the case may demand) must be added, until the differences are about as follow : Room at C 27 23 20 16 13 10 6 Water should be 21 18 15 12 10 85 Differences 6554321 DETERMINATION OF THE CALORIFIC VALUE. 21 When this is accomplished the apparatus is lifted out of the cylinder D and the condenser detached. A light is then applied to the fuse, and the con- denser quickly replaced and plunged into the water ; when gas appears through the holes at the bottom of A the time is noted, and an observa- tion made as to the regularity of the combustion. When the combustion is at an end, which should in most cases not occupy less than 60 seconds, the stopcock of A is opened and a wire forced down the pipe to clear it ; the whole is then moved up and down in the liquid with the thermometer until the temperature has attained its maximum, and the increase is then noted. Often there is a small quantity of sample that has escaped combustion, and to make allowance for this the liquid is made acid with hydrochloric acid, and evaporated to a small bulk in a porcelain basin. The residue is filtered off, washed, and dried, and brushed into a tared crucible, dried and weighed ; it is then ignited in a muffle, cooled, and again weighed ; the loss is assumed to be the carbon and hydrogen unburnt. To ascertain the temperature that this would raise the water to if completely burnt in the calori- meter : Let V = volatile matter minus water in 2 grams sample, C amount of carbon and hydrogen found to be unburnt, and T, the rise in temperature 22 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. in calorimeter, then the temperature corresponding to C will not be far short of, T lX C J-2 - y The following is an example of the determina- tion of the heating power of a sample of Welsh steam coal by the above process : Temperature of room i7'25C. ,, water before combustion 13 '20 C. after 20-30 C. Increase in temperature 2 o -3 1 3 * 2 = 7 i o C. Allowance for temperature of C and H unburnt *2i C. 7-3 i. Absorption of heat by Calorimeter -^ = 73 C. Total 8-04 C. 8*04 x 1,000 =. 8,040 calories that is, pounds of water heated i C. by i pound of sample. The latent heat of steam being 537 thermal units, the evaporative power (Ibs. of water evaporated at 100 C. (212 F.) by i Ib. of coal) becomes ^ = O / 14-97. On determining the heating power of substances rich in hydrogen such as patent and liquid fuels the oxygen mixture is diluted with from -5 to 3 grams of dry kaolin clay. The combustion is some- THEORETICAL CALORIFIC VALUES. 23 times difficult to start ; in most cases, however, this may be overcome by the employment of a little gunpowder or coal mixture with the fuse, the calorific value of which has been previously ascer- tained, and the temperature corresponding to the amount taken must be subtracted from the increase of temperature observed. Calculation of the Theoretical Calorific Values of Solid and Liquid Fuels from the Chemical Analysis. Carbon and hydrogen are the only elements in solid and liquid fuels that may be considered to be the source of their heating efficiency, consequently the amount of heat that would be expected from them would be thought to depend upon the re- spective amounts of these elements present in the fuel ; the quantity of oxygen present, however, has to be taken into account, which is assumed to be combined with its equivalent of carbon or hydro- gen as the case may be, and renders so much of the latter incapable of generating heat. The amount of heat rendered ineffective by the quantity of oxygen present will depend upon whether the latter is supposed to be combined with carbon or hydrogen. The amount of carbon rendered latent by a given quantity of oxygen 24 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. would be three times as much as the amount of hydrogen rendered latent by the same quantity of oxygen. The heat given out in the combustion of hydro- gen is always the same, but in the case of carbon it depends upon whether it is oxidised to its maxi- mum as carbonic acid (COJ or to its minimum carbonic oxide (CO), so that carbon can have two calorific values according whether the product of combustion be CO or CO 2 . In practical working great loss of heat would be entailed if the carbon was not oxidised to its full, as the following shows : Calories. The heat generated by the combustion of carbon to carbonic acid is . . = 8080 While the heat generated by the com- bustion of twice the weight of carbon to carbonic oxide is . . . . = 4946 Loss of heat by production of CO. . . = 3134 From accurate determinations made by Favre and Silbermann it has been found that the amount of heat generated by the combustion of hydrogen is 4-265 times as great as the heat given out by the combustion of the same weight of carbon to car- bonic acid. The relative calorific power of fuels may be deduced from the following formulae THEORETICAL CALORIFIC VALUES. (i.) Fuel containing car- bon only . . . . p C. (2.) Fuel containing car- bon and hydrogen . . p == C + 4 265 H. (3.) Fuel containing car- bon, hydrogen, and oxygen p =C-f- 4*265 (HJ-OJ* where, p = relative calorific power C, H and O = amounts of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen present in i part of fuel. If it be required to express the calorific power of a fuel in heat units then (i.) p= 8080 C. (2.) p = 8080 C -f 34462 H. (3.) p = 8080 C + 34462 (H - i O). The following table gives the calorific values of several substances as calculated from the above formulae : Composition of fuel. o tfl fco ?1 1 oS g G & ||B a Fuel. . i c o S * >- 2|* g RJ g a 1 J it ||| ^^5 O W <1 ti W ^ ^ H - Hydrogen . I -00 _ _ 4-265 34,462 344-62 62-658 March gas . o-75 0-25 1-816 14,675 146-75 26-682 Olefiant gas 0-875 0-143 1-466 11,849 118-49 2I "543 Welsh coal . o-8^ 0-048 0-041 0-049 1-020 8,241 82-41 H-983 Newcastle coal 0-821 0-053 0-057 0-038 I-OI7 8,220 82-20 Carbon I'OOO I -000 8,080 80-80 14-691 Scotch coal Derbyshire coal 0-785 0-797 0-0560-0970-040 0-0490.1010-026 0-973 0-956 7,861 7,733 78-61 77-33 14-292 14'OLO Lancashire coal 0-779 0-0530095 0-049 0-955 77-17 14-031 Kiln-dried peat 0-600 o 0600-3070-020 0-694 5,640 56-40 10-254 Air-diied peat 0-461 0-046 0-246 0-015 0-526 42-50 7-727 26 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. In determining the thermal effect of fuels from their percentage composition, when made to burn in air, corrections have to be made for the latent heat of water produced by the combustion of the available hydrogen ; and the specific heats of the carbonic acid, water vapour, nitrogen and air have also to be taken into account. The following is a formula for arriving at the thermal effect of a fuel when completely oxidised in air : cC + c'H-/W - S- 3-07 C + 9 H + S' W + S" N + S'" A" Here T = increase of temperature produced by combustion. C and H = quantities of carbon and hydrogen available in i part fuel. W = water produced by i part fuel. / = latent heat of water. S S' S" S'" = specific heats of carbonic acid, water vapour, nitrogen and air. C and C' = calorific power of carbon and hy- drogen. N = nitrogen in quantity of air necessary for complete combustion of fuel. A = any additional amount of air supplied for combustion. The result obtained by the above formula ex- presses the highest heat attainable as compared with carbon burnt to its highest oxide under the THEORETICAL CALORIFIC VALUES. 2; best conditions. The amount of heat generated practically, however, is usually less than what should be obtained by calculation as above ; this is due to a variety of causes, such as imperfect com- bustion, loss of fuel as smoke, imperfectly oxidised cinders, &c. Rankine adopts as his unit, the weight of fuel required to evaporate i Ib. of water at 212 F. (= 100 C.) under a pressure of 147 Ibs. per square inch, this being equivalent to 966 British Thermal Units. The results were obtained as follows : Let E be the corrected and reduced evaporation, e the weight of water evaporated, T l the standard boiling point 212 F. (= 100 C.). T f the temperature of feed water, T b the actual boiling point observed ; then E _ e i T 1 -T 1 + o- 3 (T b -T 1 ) ' i T&6 F or 537 C~ ' The result is the number of times its own weight of water which a fuel would evaporate at the standard temperature if no loss of heat occurs ; but as there always is some loss of heat, the effi- ciency of the furnace is expressed by the ratio, E/ (Available) which> if no waste occurred would Total be i. 28 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. The loss of units of evaporation by the waste gases may be obtained by the formula, i -I- A' Loss by chimney Tc (F.). J 4000 Here i + A' = weight of burnt gas per unit weight of fuel, 1 and Tc (F.) the temperature of the chimney gases above that of the atmosphere. For ordinary coal i -f A' ranges from 13 to 25, and for liquid fuels 16-3, if no excess of air is required. Taking some examples with coal, with a chimney draught, the temperature of the waste gases being 600 F. (= 3 i 5 C.),were, i + A' . . . . = 13 19 25 Tc = 600 6oo c 600 Vol. of gases in cu. ft. . = 325 475 625 Loss of evaporative power = 1-95 2-85 3.75 In estimating the evaporative efficiency of fuels from their chemical constitution, Rankine pro- posed the formula, Er= i 5 C + 64H - 8O; and to calculate the amount of air required for combustion, A 12 C -f 36 H 4j O. The prac- tical value of a fuel, however, is a little lower than estimated by the formula. The following results were obtained by Rankine : THEORETICAL CALORIFIC VALUES. Chemical Compo- sition. Evaporation due to C. H. 0. A. E. C. H-. Charcoal '93 o "*S 14-0 I4-0 o Coke . 08 O o 10-6 13-2 I3-2 Rock oils } g* '84 85 16 IS o i5'75 22-7 22-5 12-66 10-0 9-84 Coal 8 7 05 04 I2'l I5-9 13-05 2-85 85 05 06 11-7 15 5 12-75 2-75 ,, 75 05 05 io-6 14-1 11-25 2-85 Ethvlene 7,5 25 o 18-0 27-3 11-25 16-05 Acetylene 85 14 I 5*43 22-1 12-9 9-2 Peat, dry 5 06 '3 1 7'7 10-0 8-5 Wood, ury . ; . . 58 '5 40 6-0 7'5 7'5 Dr. Paul determines the evaporative power of hydrocarbons as the sum of that of the hydrogen and carbon present, assuming that when oxidised with the theoretical proportion of air each Ib. of carbon evaporates 1 1-359 Ibs. of water at 15-5 C., and each Ib. of hydrogen 41 '895 Ibs. of water at 15-5 F. into steam at 100 C. The results obtained by this method are given in the following table. Column 5 gives the evaporative duty when the furnace gases are discharged at 3i5C. above the temperature of the air supplied to the furnace. Car- Hydro- Oxy- Evaporative Power, Evaporative Duty, bon. gen. gen. Ibs. water at Ibs. water at 100 C. i5 '5 "' C. Phenol . . . 76-6 6-40 I7-00 12-2437 10-5025 Cresol . . . 777 7-41 14-82 13-0096 11-1632 Naphthalin . 9575 6-2 5 154350 i3'<75i Anihracine . . 94-38 5-62 15-24.7 13-2675 Xylol . . . 90-56 9'44 16-5866 14-2415 Cumol . . . 90-00 10-00 16-7838 14-4126 Cymol ... 89-55 10-45 ~ 16-9422 14-5500 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. It is computed, generally speaking, that in average practical working i Ib. of liquid fuel would not be likely to evaporate more than 16 Ibs. of water as steam. An example of Paul's method of obtaining the effective heat is as follows : COMBUSTION OF i LB. OF CARBON. Heat Units. Equivalent Evapo- ration of Water. At 212 F. At 60 F. Total heat of combustion .... 14,500 14.500 3,480 15 r Waste by furnace gases at 600 F. . Effective heat II,O2O 11-4 9-8 COMBUSTION OF i LB. OF HYDROGEN. Total heat of combustion .... Latent heat of water vapour . . . 62,032 8,695 64-2 Available heat C-2 HJ Waste heat of furnace gases . . . 11,520 11-9 Effective heat 4I.8l7 4V? 78 The following are the results obtained per Ib. of two kinds of liquid fuel, A and B : THEORETICAL CALORIFIC VALUES. A containing 86 per cent, carbon and 14 per cent. hydrogen. -t* 75 25 A. Carbo,,. Hydrogen. T g$S Equivalent Evapora- tion of Water. At 212 F. At 60 F. 86 X 145= I 2 47o 14 X 62032 = 8684 21-9 18-8 21154 Furnace Gases. Heat units in Furnace Gases. 2'2 Ibs. Carbonic acid . . 3-16 Water vapour . . 1-26 Nitrogen . . . n*45 Surplus air . . I4'37 411 359 1683 2124 3'74 4577 4-8 Total heat of combustion . . . 2H54 Latent heat of water vapour . . 1217 i*3 4-8 15-8 21-9 13-6 Waste in furnace gases . . . 4577 Effective heat 15360 Theoretical evaporating power .... ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. Carbon. Hydrogen. ^Son/ Equivalent Evapora- tion of Water. At 212 F. At 60 F. 75 X i4Soo=r 10775 25 x 62032 = 15508 27-1 2 3 -I 26283 Furnace Gases. Heat urrts in Purnace Gases. 2-6 Ihs. Carbonic acid . . 2-75 Water vapour . . 2*25 Nitrogen . . . 13-39 Surplus air . . 17 '59 358 64 r 1968 2483 35-78 5450 Total heat of combustion . Latent heat of water vapour Available heat .... Waste in furnace gases Effective heat .... Theoretical evaporating power . 26283 2174 2'2 5-6 iQ'3 16-6 24109 5450 18659 27-1 Gaseous Fuels. The great progress that has recently been made in the manufacture and application of gas suitable for fuel, metallurgical and domestic heating pur- poses, &c., necessitates a ready method by which its analysis and heating power can be quickly deduced with fair practical accuracy. GASEOUS FUEL. 33 For the very accurate and scientific analysis of complex gas mixtures, delicate processes such as Frankland and Ward's would have to be resorted to, which would, generally speaking, be far too A Fig. 4. Fig- 5- tedious and elaborate for practical working pur- poses. In metallurgical works, water-gas works, &c., it is often necessary to have several complete technical analyses of gas in a single day, in order D 34 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. to give an idea of the economic working of pro- cesses, &c. The apparatus which seems to commend itself for quick working and reasonable accuracy is that devised by Elliot, of which a sketch is here given. B, Fig. 4, is a tube graduated to 100 cc. in -]Vth cc. The stop cock I is a three-way tube with a delivery tube through its stem. The bottles K and L hold about a pint each. M is a portable funnel ground to fit above F and holds 60 cc. E is a rubber tube joining A and B. Before starting an analysis, the tubes A and B are filled with water from the bottles K and L, and manipulation of the stop-cocks C, F, and I ; when water rises into the funnel M, and all air elimi- nated, F and G are turned off, the funnel M re- moved, and the tube containing the gas for analysis attached in its place ; the bottle L is now slowly lowered and the stop F closed ; remove the gas tube from F and replace the funnel M, raise the bottle L, and lower the bottle K, open the stopcock G, the gas is thus driven into the graduated tube B. Lower the bottle K so that the level of the water therein is in a line with the zero mark D. The gas is then adjusted to the zero mark D by the bottle L, and the stop-cock G closed, and the temperature and pressure recorded. When the surplus gas has been displaced from GASEOUS FUEL. 35 the tube A by raising L and opening F, by mani- pulating the bottles and stop-cocks the gas is now drawn into A ; close the cocks, lower the bottle L, and fill the funnel M with a solution of potassic hydrate (i in 20). Cautiously open F and allow the liquid to flow into the tube A, always leaving, however, about 10 cc. in M. On allowing to stand until no further diminution in volume occurs, due to the absorption of carbonic acid (CO ) present in the gas, the residual gas is transferred to the tube B and measured, noting the temperature and pressure ; the loss on the original volume is CO 2 . Empty the tube A and wash out with water, and refill with water as before, the gas from B is trans- ferred to it, the funnel M is half filled with water, and a few drops of bromine added ; this is run into the tube until fumes of bromine are seen to be mixed with the gas. On allowing to stand until no further contraction occurs, due to the absorption of ethylene and other illuminants, some of the potash used for the ab- sorption of the CO 2 is added; this absorbs the excess of bromine. When this is complete the gas is measured as before, the loss in volume being put down to illuminants. After A has been cleared out and refilled with water the gas is again brought into it as before ; the funnel M is filled with a solution of potassic 36 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. hydrate (i in 8), to which has been added about 3 per cent, of pyrogallic acid ; this is run into the tube and the gas allowed to remain over it, until any oxygen present is completely absorbed ; it is then measured, loss = oxygen. Clean out A, with- draw the gas from B into it, fill M with strong hydrochloric acid, containing 25 per cent, of cu- prous chloride, and allow to stand till no further diminution in volume occurs, and measure as before ; the loss is due to carbonic oxide (CO). The residual gas may now contain marsh gas, hydrogen, and nitrogen, and to determine the pro- portion of these it will be necessary to explode them with oxygen by an electric spark. This is accomplished by means of the explosion tube, Fig. 5, graduated to 100 cc. in ^ cc. to within 2 inches from E, the stopcock B being the zero point. The funnel A is portable as M in Fig. 4 ; at C there are two platinum wires fused in, which are connected with an induction coil. The bent tube H is made to fit over the stopcock B when the funnel A is removed, which serves to facilitate the transfer of gas. Before starting remove the funnel M in the absorption tube, and fix in its place a bent tube like H. The gas having been transferred to A, the explosion tube is placed near it, and the bent tube H is attached to a piece of rubber tube, GASEOUS FUEL. 37 long enough to reach to the corresponding bent tube of the explosion tube. The explosion tube is now filled with water from the bottle G to the end of the tube H over the stop- cock B. Fill the piece of tubing with water, and connect the two bent tubes H with it. Now turn the three-way cock I, so that the bottom of the tube A is closed. Now open B and F, and by the aid of the bottles draw in 20 cc. of the gas into the explosion tube, leveling with the bottle G, and close the stop-cocks. Connect the inlet tube E with a gas-holder of oxygen under pressure, and intro- duce about 20 cc. into the tube and mix ; level off and note volume. Place the bottle G below F to expand the gases, pass the spark, and with a click the explosion is complete. Allow the flush of heat to debate, and observe the contraction after level- ing with G. By removing the bent tube H and fixing on the funnel A, the amount of CO 2 produced can be ascer- tained by introducing the solution of potassic hydrate, and observing the diminution in volume. The formula for the calculation of the proportion of hydrogen, marsh gas, and nitrogen present in the 20 cc. of residual gas taken (which must after- wards be calculated on the original gas taken) becomes : Let A = original volume ; 38 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. C = contraction ; D = carbonic acid formed ; X, Y, Z = H, CH 4 , and N respectively ; then ,, 2 C 4 D .A. in: - 3 Y = D Z ^3 A-2C + D 3 In working with the apparatus the analysis should be performed in a room where the tempera- ture will remain uniform during the analysis, and care should be taken that the water, chemicals, &c., are at the same temperature as the room. Inasmuch as a complete analysis can be made by this process in the course of an hour, the tem- perature and pressure, if suitable precautions be taken, w r ould rarely be altered during the readings, and the original gas being usually saturated with moisture, no correction would be necessary for the tension of aqueous vapour, since it is measured over water. Calorific Value. The heating power of a gaseous fuel containing carbonic acid, hydrogen, marsh gas, olefiant gas, nitrogen, carbonic acid, and aqueous vapour, Bunzen deduces as follows : CALORIFIC VALUE. 39 A = 3000 [x . k . o . 57 + 1-5 . h . 8 -f i-i . g . 4 + 1-17 . . 3-43] - 550 [g . h . + 2-25 . + 1-29 . Carbonic acid . 1-2257 , Oxygen . 1-1468 > 64-8585 789,694 CALORIFIC VALUE. 41 64*858 grams are almost exactly 1,000 grains, and i cubic foot of this gas will weigh 267-9 grains; then the 100 litres or 64-8585 grams or 1,000 grains are 3761 cubic feet. 3761 cubic feet of this gas contain 709,694 heat units, and 1,000 cubic feet will contain 210,069,604 heat units. Now 1,000 cubic feet of this gas will weigh 265,887 grains, or 38 Ibs. avoirdupois. We find that 64*8585 grams or 1,000 grains of carbon contain 524,046 heat units, and 265,887 grains or 38 Ibs. of carbon contain 139,398,896 heat units. Then 57*25 Ibs. of carbon contain the same number of heat units as 1,000 cubic feet of the natural gas, viz., 210,069,604. Now, if we say that coke contains in round numbers 90 per cent, of carbon, then we will have 62-97 Ibs. of coke equal in heat units to 1,000 cubic feet of natural gas. Then, if a ton of coke, or 2,000 Ibs., cost ios., 62-97 Ibs. will cost 4d., or 1,000 cubic feet of gas is worth 4d. for its heating power. We will now compare the heating power of this gas with bituminous coal, taking as a basis a coal slightly above the general average of the Pittsburg coal, viz. : 42 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. Carbon .... 82-75 per cent. Hydrogen .... 5-31 Niirogen . . . . 1-04 Oxygen .... 4-64 Ash . .. ' .. , 5-31 Sulphur . . . . -95 We find that 38 Ibs. of this coal contains 146,903,820 heat units. Then 54*4 Ibs. of this coal contains 212,069,640 heat units or 54*4 Ibs. of coal is equal in its heating power to 1,000 cubic feet of natural gas. If our coal cost us 53. per ton of 2,000 Ibs. then 54-4 Ibs. will cost 1^632 pence and 1,000 cubic feet of gas will be worth for its heat units 1-632 pence. As the price of coal increases or decreases the value of the gas will naturally vary in like propor- tions. Thus with the price of coal at los. per ton, the gas will be worth 3*264 pence per 1,000 cubic feet. If 54-4 Ibs. of coal be equal to i.ooo cubic feet of gas then i ton, or 2,000 Ibs., will be equal to 36,764 cubic feet or 2,240 lbs : of coal will be equal to 40,768 cubic feet of natural gas. If we compare this gas with anthracite coal, we find that 1,000 cubic feet of gas is equal to 58-4 Ibs. of this coal, and 2,000 Ibs. of coal is equal to 34,246 cubic feet of natural gas. Then if this coal cost 265. per ton, 1,000 cubic feet of natural gas will be worth 9 id. for its heating power. TABLES OF PRACTICAL RESULTS AND ANALYSES. COMPARATIVE CONSUMPTION OF COAL BY COMPOUND AND ORDINARY LOCOMOTIVES FOR THREE MONTHS ENDING 2isx MAY, 1886, ON THE GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY. Number and Class of Engines. 1886. Four weeks ending. Distance run. Coal consumed. Train Miles. Engine Miles. Total Cwts. Ibs. per Train Mile. Ibs.per Engine Mile. Pleven compounds . Rleven ,, . Elev. n Totals and averages . 26 Mar. 23 Apl. 21 May 34',84*H 38,H7| 37,794i 35,857f 8^979 9,939 30-2 28-8 2 9 -2 29T 28-0 28-4 [09,469|II2,754| 28,767 29-4 28-5 Six ordinary . , Seven - . , Seven . . Totals and averages . 26 Mar. 23 Apl. 21 May 18,610 23,7&i 22,300 19,355* 24,362^ 5,724 7,162 6, 66 1 34'4 337 33'4 32-9 32-5 64,671 66,6561 19.547 33-8 32-8 Mean saving by compounds . 4*4 4'3 44 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. COMPARATIVE CONSUMPTION OF COAL AND EVAPORATION OF WATER BY COMPOUND AND ORDINARY LOCOMOTIVES WORK- ING PASSENGER TRAINS FROM LONDON TO NORWICH ON THE GREAT EASTEKN RAILWAY. October, 1886. Compound No. 704. Ordinary No. 565. Coal consumption, total lb>. 2780 3444 ,, per mile . Ibs. 24-3 30-2 Water evaporation, total gallons 2196 2853 per lb. of coal Ibs. 7-9 8-2 Feed water, average per 5 minutes .... gallons II2'5 126-4 Feed water temperature Fahr. 64 65 Average steam pressure per square inch . . . Ihs. 138 122 Load, London to Ipswich vehicles H 15 Ipswich to Norwich vehicles 6 7 The compound steamed freely, weather very favourable. The ordinary engine steamed moderately, weather rather unfavour- able. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF COALS FROM DIFFERENT LOCALITIES. (Phillips' Admiralty Coal Investigation.} Locality. U o Carbon. Hydrogen. c fc 3 ,J3 Oi *3 in 1 >, <3 ^~ < 1 u Average of 36 samp es liom Wales . 18 samples from New- castle .... 28 samples from Lan- cashire .... 8 samples from Scotlmd . 7 samples from Derby- shire .... [> 3 I 5 1-256 1.273 1-259 1-292 8378 82-12 77-90 78-53 79-68 4-79 5-3I 5-32 5 -bi 4*94 0-98 i-35 .-30 I'OO 1-41 i'43 1-24 1-44 I'll i-oi 4-15 5-69 9-53 9-69 10-28 4-91 3-77 4-88 4'3 2-65 72-60 60-67 60-22 54-22 59-32 CALORIFIC VALUE. 45 COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS ANTHRACITES. d Locality. 1 & || j . Observers. d, cn rt U W o2ll 1 Pennsylvania Swansea . 462 348 89-21 9[-2q ;: 3-69 4-80 4-67 '5* I Mavenne . 343 9O-2O 4-18 3'37 2-25 )>Regnault. Roldue (near Aix-la ChapeLe 3^7 90-72 3-92 4-42 0-94 j Swansea . 270 90-5b 3-60 4-10 1-72 \ Sable Vizille . 750 1-730 87-22 94-09 2-49 2-85 6-90 I-9C > Jacquelin. Isere 1-150 94-00 1-49 3-58 4-00 ) TABLE SHOWING THE PROGRESSIVE DIMINUTION OF HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN FROM WOOD TO ANTHRACITE. (Prof. Johnson.") Carbon. Hydrogen. Oxygen. Disposable Hyurogen. Wood (average) 100 12-18 83-07 1. 80 Peat ,, IOO 9^5 S5'7 2-89 Lignite (mean of 15 va- rieties) .... ICO 8-37 42-42 3^7 Coal, South Staffordshire. IOO 6-12 21-23 3'47 Steam cual, Newcastle IOO 5'9i 18-^2 3 -62 Poitrele in coal, S. Wale>. roo 4'75 5-28 4-09 Penn>yivai)ian anthiacite . IOO 2-84 !'74 2-6 3 ANALYSIS OF PATENT FUELS. (Admiralty Investigation?) c 1 1 c Kind of Fuel. O 8 o 3 a 8, j p^ ,rj Di ft 2 5 3 Wailich's patent fuel MS 90-02 5-56 trace 1-62 2-91 8s-i Livingstone's sieam fuel . Livon's patent fuel . Wylam's Bell's , . Holland & Green's patent I8 4 13 10 14 86-07 4-1.^ 79-91 5 69 87-885-22 1-80 I -06 1-68 0-81 i-4S 1-29 1-25 0-71 2-03 2-07 6-03 0-42 4-52 4-66 4-8 4 4-96 65-8 71-7 fuel .... 1-302 70-144-65 I-I5 1373 4 6 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. AVERAGE VALUE OF COALS FROM DIFFERENT LOCALITIES. '+' _o ^ g i-^. .5 V a 3 .| p.iS' It rt i jl ^ >s *ii 1 v ~. ,3 3 "S S | 1 c | 8 Locality. l ^1 " O '5 , ^ ^3 " O * i 2 a- *&*. ^ & $31 |3S, sq. ft. cwts. Ibs. cub. It. cub. ft. Ibs. FIRST SERIES. (With common doors.) Wel-h, Wayne's Alert hyr, Re-olven, Merthyr Dare, Gellia, Cadoxton . 14*0 1 '93 15*44 32*4 2-31 10-42 Haitley Main Newcastle . 14-0 2-32 18-56 34'5 2-46 9-22 i WeLh Hartley . , . 14*0 1-92 15-40 30-4 2-17 9'8l 2 ,, 1 . v I^-O 1-76 14-08 28-7 2-05 10-12 I 2 . . 14-0 1-96 15-70 30-7 2-20 9-72 (With perforated doors.) Hartley Main . 14-0 2-06 16-50 30-2 2-16 9-IO SECOND SERIES. (With common doors.) Welsh-Powell's Diiffryn, Nixon's Na\igation, David's Merthyr . I4-0 2-09 16-68 37' 1 2-65 11-05 Newcastle Davidson's Hartley, Hasting's Hart- ley .... I4.O 2-29 18-29 34'5 2-46 9'39 \ Welsh \ Hartleys ... I4-0 2-03 16-24 34'4 2-46 10-56 2 I . .; 14-0 2'43 16-36 35-o 2*50 IO-6I Welsh . . . ; 14-0 2-19 17-48 59'3 2-80 11-16 THIRD SERIES. (With pe-.forated doors.) WeLh coal I4-0 1-87 14-95 327 2'34 10-86 Hartlexs . . . . 14-0 2-13 17-04 32-8 2 '34 9-61 \ Wel^h \ Hartleys . ; - 14-0 2-18 17-44 2-65 10-54 2 I I4-0 2-08 16-64 357 10-64 I 2 ... 14-0 2-18 17-42 2*01 10-39 David on's Hartley . 14-0 2-86 22-88 42-9 3 -06 \ Han ley \ WeLh . I4-0 2-30 18-40 31-0 2-22 10-80 FOURTH SERIES. I With smaller grate area. With common doors.) Welsh coal 10-5 2-II 22-46 38-3 3* 6 5 11-31 \ Welsh small \ David- son's Haitley 10*5 2-02 21-60 36-0 3-43 1 1 -06 \ WeLh beans \ Hasting's Hartley 10-5 2-I 4 22-85 36-7 3-50 10-65 F'FTH SERIES. (With perforated doors.) Hartleys .... WeLh \ Davidson's 10-5 2-2 9 24-40 42-0 4-00 11-42 Hartley ... 10-5 2-10 22-34 39'3 374 ii 65 48 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. DISPOSAL OF HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF COAL BURNT UNDER STEAM BOILERS, AND COMPOSI- TION OF THE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION. The following are results obtained by MM. Scheurer-Kestner and Meunier in 1868 in a French boiler at Thann. ( Vide Bulletin de la Societe In- dustrielle de Mulhouse.} sq. ft. Heating surface of heaters . . . 301-3 boiler . . . . 129-1 Total of boiler . 430*4 Heating surface of feed heaters . . 764-0 1,194-4 Direct heating surface exposed to fire < 32-3 Area of fire-grate . . ... . . 19-3 Area of air-spaces through grate . . 5.5 Ratio of grate area to total surface of boiler . . . . . . . i to 22-3 Ratio of grate area to total surface of boiler and fuel heaters . . . .. i to 63 The average composition of the Ronchamp coal used in the experiments devoted to the analysis of the chimney gauges was as follows : CALORIFIC VALUE. 49 Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen . Nitrogen . Ash 70 4 4 I 21 ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCT OF COMBUSTION OF RONCHAMP COAL UNDER A FRENCH BOILER AT THANN. f . |d Composition of the Gases. .cj 1 *J 8 ~o I w * - & u o . ' D . c a & rs * a ^s SLs > rt o IH o ^ g o 1 C O O "U & j c/5 g Coal. ^ rM 5 u Ash. "o^ -H n) n3 3 1-2 *H rt o .is y ffiO si 1 1 > p -^ i j 1 "o |a U Ronchamp, No. 3 . 7,825 r52 . 3 2V7 17 65 132 I7-3 4-46 Ibs. 8-77 No. 4 . 7,775 I6o"7 29-1 21 138 I 5 -8 4-84 9'49 Sarrebriick (mean of 7 coals) .... 7,5oo I59-0 31-0 20 7 2 130 14-0 4-72 8-17 Blanzy, Montceau . 7,067 '35'4 18 65 1 60 I2-C 4-60 7-89 ,, anthracite . Creusot, unthraci'e . 7,125 8,949 52-3 269-0 30-5 47-6 16 64 72 '75 144 24-4 4-58 4-60 8-18 10-53 Creuso f , f ; Ron- champ, ^ . . . Creusot, ; Ron- 8,565 230-1 36-2 ii 67 132 I3H 4-71 10-54 champ, ^ . 8,630 214-9 34' 2 8 62 r 45 I5'9 4-71 9-83 Wood, charcoal . . 8,080 250-, 42-5 155 0'5 9-2 The absolute heat of combustion of the fuels was estimated from the above to have been distributed about as follows : 52 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. per. cent. Heat in the steam (about 60 Ibs. pressure) . 6ro Heat ungenerated in the combustible gases 5-5 Heat lost in the clinker and ash . . . 1*5 Heat carried off in the gaseous products of combustion 5-5 Heat ungenerated in the smoke carbon . '5 Heat absorbed in the evaporation of the hygrometric water, and water newly formed 2*5 Heat lost in the brickwork . . . .23-5 Total RESULTS OBTAINED WITH LIQUID FUEL BY MR. JAMES HOLDEN, M.I.C.E., ON THE GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY. EXPERIMENT ON A SMALL CORNISH BOILER. Coal only used. 1 887. Consumption during one week from August 1 5th to 20th (inclusive), 74^ hours' work, including lighting up = 8o-| cwt. = 121-3 Ibs. per hour. Cost for 100 hours = 12,130 Ibs. of coal at us. per ton =2 193. 7-d. Coal y Coke and Tar used. " Holderis System." 1888. Consumption during one week from June DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT OF COMBUSTION. 53 25th to 3oth (inclusive), Syf hours' working ; includ- ing lighting up = coal 15 cwt = 19*2 Ibs. per hour =coke i i^cwt.= 147 Gas tar 280 gallons = 35-1 Total 69*0 Cost for 100 hours s. d. = 1,920 Ibs. of coal at iis. per ton = o 9 5 = i, 470 Ibs. of coke at 95. 6d. = o 6 i = 3,510 Ibs. of tar at 1 2S. 6d. = o 19 7 Total i 15 2 COMPARATIVE COST OF LIQUID FUEL AND COAL ON LOCOMO- TIVES OF THE GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY. 6 a Bl Total Ibs. used. Lbs. per Mile. HI* o!32 D ~ . s 'i . Ee c W .23 l^p s u o li 13 || 1 13 O | 13 .a lulSl 131 u ll H.s H U U U tn U H PH H o per cent. s. d. 19^ 95'f 13,511 10,505 784 I4-2 I IT 8 26-0 8 3 9 i 5 2-28 194 9511127,738 29-1 29-1 9 4 io| 2'3i Difference in favour of No. 193 engine . 03 si 'OS N.B. Cost of coal computed at 14/1 1 per ton (Radford coal used). liquid fuel computed at id. per gallon of II Ibs. chalk computed at 5/6 per ton. 54 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. COMPARATIVE EVAPORATION OF WATER BY DIFFERENT LIQUID FUELS INJECTED AND SPRAYED WITH HOLDEN'S PATENT INJECTOR. ON A SMALL VERTICAL BOILER ABOUT 6-n.p. WORKING AT 50 LBS. PER SQUARE INCH PRESSURE. With Yorks coal 4- 7 Ibs. water per Ib. of fuel and coal tar 57 and green oil 6-6 and astatki 9-1 ON A SMALL CORNISH BOILER ABOUT 30-H.p. WORKING AT A PRESSURE OF 35 LBS. P^R SQUARE INCH. With Yorks coal 8 -4 Ibs. water per Ib. of fuel and coal tar 9-9 and green oil 10-3 and astatki 12-3 ON A Loco. BOILER WORKING AS STATIONARY AT 80 LBS. PER SQUARE INCH PRESSURE. With Yorks coal 9-1 Ibs. water per Ib. of fuel and green oil 12-9 Evaporative power of Liquid Fuel alone. 6 Ibs. 7'3 10-2 , 11*3 Ibs. 12-3 15-1 Ibs. In all cases the figures give evaporation from feed water at atmospheric temperature. Shale oil about equals green oil for evaporative value. COMPARATIVE CONSUMPTION OF COAL AND OIL IN ORDINARY AND COMPOUND PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVES ON THE BUENOS AYRES AND ROSARIO RAILWAY. Coal, Ibs. Oil, Ibs. Four weeks from 27 May Distance to 25 June, 1887. run. Total. Per Mile. Total. Per 100 Miles. Ordinary engine, No. 10. 3,937 111,001 28-19 595^4 I5-I2 Compound No. 34. 3,638 81,350 22-36 599^5 16-48 DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT OF COMBUSTION. 55 Thus the compound burnt 2o| per cent, less coal than the ordinary engine, but used 9 per cent, more oil ; the actual money saving was 3 dollars 20 cents per hundred miles. The working pressure in the ordinary engine was 1 50 Ibs. per square inch, and in the compound 160 Ibs. The following are very instructive results ob- tained by Mr. Urquhart on the Grazi and Tsaritsin Railway locomotives, showing the efficiency of petroleum refuse. COMPARATIVE TRIALS WITH PETROLEUM, ANTHRACITE, BITUMINOUS COAL, AND WOOD, BETWEEN ARCHEDA AND TSARITSIN ON GRAZI AND TSARITSIN RAILWAY IN WINTER. Consumption, Train alone. including Cost Dis- tance run. Car. Miles. Fuel. Lighting-up. of Fuel P e f Iram Mile.* Atmospheric Temperature and Weather. No. of Loaded Cars. Gross Load. Total. Per Train Mile. tons. miles. Ibs. Ibs. pence. 25 400 388 9,700 Anthracite 81-90 n-957 14 to 25 40O 3 88 9,700 ( Bituminous ) 1 coal . ) 37,557-5 96-53 14-093 -13 c. Strong side 25 4OO I 94 4,850 ( Petroleum \ \ refuse } 9,462 48-77 5-487 wind. 25 400 194 4,850 Anthracite 12,639-5 65-15 9-512 6 6 to 25 25 400 400 194 194 4,850 4.850 f Wood in \ \ billets j | Petroleum } \ refuse j Cubic ft. I,07I-8 Lbs. 7,223 Cu. ft. Lbs. 37-23 4-188 Light side wind. * For prices of fuel, see next page. 56 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. The following are the additional data supplied : Prices of Fuel: Petroleum refuse, 2 is. per ton. Anthracite and bituminous coal, 273. ^d. per ton. Wood, i'47d. per cubic foot. Dimensions of Locomotives : Cylinders, i8|" dia. and 24" stroke. Wheels, 4ft. 3 in. dia. Total heating surface, 1,248 sq.ft. Total adhesion weight, 36 tons. Boiler pressure, 8 to 9 atmos. The following results were obtained on the above line in summer time : Consumption, Train alone. including Cost Train Lighting-up. of Fuel No. of Loaded Cars. Gross Load. Miles. Total. Per Train Mile. Train Mile. No. Tons. Ibs. Ibs. pence. 30 480 194 Bituminous coal 14,084-07 72-598 10-599 30 480 194 Petroleum refuse 6,175-325 3-58I 30 480 194 Anthracite 12,784-002 65*897 9-621 30 480 194 Petroleum refuse 6,103-097 31-459 3*539 1 I I> O ON -t 00 N M 00 i-" Tf CO vp 00~ VO 5 S? CO CM 1 ! i ON CM in CM CM oo ON M ON CO l> O VO CM Tj- ON VO OO CM b in vb in co M M O Tt- M oo o ON in co oo <* in co o O "* VO CM O *=J- co "^ in in oo co ON co co vo in vo " ON oo m m m co " M h-( vo CM ON co CM ON O O co ON CM vO OO CM O ~C\ CM CM ON Oi m -rt- ~t- co I Jl^ J.^ n oo m co in b ON b O* M 00 GO CO ^" CO CO l> O CO >H Tj- l> t> ON VO VO CM 'M Vj- in in in c 1 00 vO vO t~ CO co oo t> t^- -^ ON in b t-< vb b p^ c i CM * oo in in M in ON Tt- M vo IH IT) VO ON CM w Tj- M ON Vj- M in CM M HH 2 H | bi 3 in ^ O co ON m oo M p vp i CO in vb ON N ' r~- in co Tt- co a '2 bi 3 in ON O ON ON N t^- t> VO M i ON CM M CM 00 1 O 00 '* I> "^f w U >, "3 i > M oo co CM co ON rf co CM co 1 j_, - N ;_, 1 t^. in co ^ co H u 0) ft "3 1 1 vo t> t> i> m 00 M M VO M- , M CM VO CM <* j w oo co vb Vj- -i S 6 3 > SON M M ON . N .-* .-* 1 ON w m m CM ' t^ vo co co co s u 'o B 3 t> ^- r-> co oo o M VO 00 I> - I> CO M ON VO | M bi '* '<* '* & H I 6 r^ ^J* in t^- in CM 00 O l> O I t^ in co co co * tJ3 | It M oo Th vo CM - CO CO ^ 00 | M 60 Vt- in Vt- u K S V i t-. M CM in i> CM O CM O l> 1 vb '-t CM 'n- vb ' t^. VO ^ CO CO H ft CM 6' I> CO - rj- <* * PH ni ^- ON in r~* O i CO 00 M VO VO | '"i- ON vb vb vb o o 1 VO CO 00 t> CO ON vo rt- CM p i 60 i> V vb O; 1 O C^ m t>- * O 4) in ON CM co co CO ON O t^ CM * in "M i> b t^ B 1 i 00 CO CO "M O O u a rt t , 10 O T f'l U ON CM ON in l> , TJ- in CM co o 1 co b b* b vb o u I i ~ *C ^ w * S w I H 'JT^ '1T^ 3 i ! H in! I i H 1 1 1 1 1 " j 1 i Eight wheels coupled Six wheels coupled Four wheels coupled Four wheels coupled D 3 -1 Eight wheels coupled Six wheels coupled Four wheels coupled Four wheels coupled ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. Theoretical Evaporative Value of Petroleum Fuel and Coal. Theoretical Chemical Evaporation. ij IK Composition. Heating Lbs. of Water '"> Power. per Ibs. of Fuel. Fuel. *fc Bt-ifioli s *i a g I* ts c i. t: ritisn Thermal Units. From At8J Atmo- 1 !5 K g [o and at spheric effective in o& ws, 0& tt& 212 F. Pressure. Ibs. Ibs. Pennsylvania!! } heavy ciude oil J 886 84-9 13-7 1-4 20,736 21-48 I 7 -8 Caucasian light } crude oil . J 884 86-3 13-6 O'l 22,027 22-79 l8'9 Caucasian heavy ) crude oil . j 938 86-6 12-3 I-I 20,138 20-85 17-3 Petroleum refuse 928 87-1 11-7 I'2 19,832 20-53 I7-I Good English coal, \ mean of 98 sam- } 1-380 80-0 5-0 8-0 1-25 14,112 14-61 12-16 pies . . j In comparing petroleum refuse (Russian) and anthracite, Mr. Urquhart says that "the former has a theoretical evaporative power of i6'2 Ibs. of water per Ib. of fuel, and the latter of 12-2 Ibs., at an effective pressure of 8 atmospheres, or 120 Ibs. per square inch, hence petroleum has, weight for weight, 33 per cent, higher evaporative value than anthracite. Now in locomotive practice, a mean evaporation of from 7 to 7 J Ibs. of water per Ib. of anthracite, is about, what is generally obtained, thus giving about 60 per cent, of efficiency, while 40 per cent, of the heating power is unavoidably ANALYSES OF VARIOUS GASEOUS FUELS. 59 lost. But with petroleum an evaporation of 12^25 Ibs. is practically obtained, giving 12-25 _ 16-2 = 75 per cent, efficiency. Thus, in the first place petroleum is theoretically 33 per cent, superior to anthracite in evaporative power, and, secondly, its useful effect is 15 per cent, greater, being 75 per cent, instead of 6 per cent., while thirdly, weight for weight, the practical evaporative value of petroleum must be reckoned as at least from 12-25-7-50.^ 6 cent . to 12^5-7^0 = 7-50 7-00 cent, higher than that of anthracite. Analyses of Various Gaseous Fuels, ANALYSIS OF SIEMENS PRODUCER GAS. (Trans. Amer. Inst. Mm. Eng.} i 2 3 4 5 Carbonic acid . per cent. 3'9 per cent. 8-6 per cent. 9'3 per cent. i -5 per cent. 6-1 Carbonic oxide 27-3 20-0 16-5 23-6 22-3 Hydrogen . . 8 7 8-6 6-0 287 Marsh gas . i *4 1-2 27 3-0 i-o Nitrogen . . 67-4 61-4 62-9 65-9 4I-9 Heat units . . 93966 97184 99074 H4939 164164 6o ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN NATURAL GAS. (Ford, Jr. I. and S. Inst.} i 2 3 4 5 Carbonic acid . . . per cent. 0-8 per cent. 0-6 per cent. nil. per cent. 0-4 per cnt. nil. Carbonic oxide . . i-o 0-8 0-58 0-4 I -00 Oxvgen i'i 0-8 0-78 0-8 2*IO Olefiant gas . . . 07 0-8 0-98 0-6 0-80 EthyHc hydride . . 3 -b 5'5 7-92 12-3 5-20 Marsh gas . . . . 72-18 65-25 60-70 49-58 57-85 Hydrogen .... 20-02 26-16 29-03 35-92 9-64 Nitrogen .... nil. nil. nil. nil. 23-41 Heat units .... 728746 698852 627170 745813 592380 ANALYSIS OF THE GASES AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS OF THE ALFRETON BLAST FURNACE. Distance below the Furnace Mouth. 8 feet 14 feet 20 feet 24 feet 34 feet Nitrogen .... Carbonic acid . . . Carbonic oxide . . Marsh gas .... Hydiogen .... Olefiant gas . . . Cyanogen .... 5477 9-42 20-24 8-23 6-49 0-85 50-95 9-IO I9-3 2 6-64 12-42 i'57 60-46 10-83 19-48 4-40 4-83 56-75 10-08 25-19 2'33 5'65 trace 58-05 37H3 3-18 i'34 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 ANALYSES OF VARIOUS GASEOUS FUELS. 6 1 ANALYSIS OF WATER-GAS. (i) (2) (3) (4) "Strong" Water-Gas Wate.-Gas Gas made Gas Coke used Coke used by Beilby's (Dr. Moore). (Langlois). (Frankland). Process. Carbonic acid . . . 2-05 I2-OOO 13-80 2I-32 Carbonic oxide . . 35-88 3I-860 29-30 10-72 Marsh gas .... Hydrogen .... 4-11 52-76 I'62 j 54-52 / { 56-9 nil. 37''9 Oxygen 0-77 Nitrogen .... 4'43 377 100-00 100-00 lOO'O 100-00 GASES OCCLUDED IN COAL. (Thomas.} Sample of Coal. Gas evolved by 100 grams at 100 C. in a vacuum cc. C0 a . CH 4 . C 2 H 6 . (C a H 5 ) 2 . N. Wigancannel, 5/3 seam 350 yards deep . . Do., 3/2 seam, 600 yards deep. . . . Scotch (Heywood) can- nel . . 42I-3 350-6 16-8 } s" 30-2 6-44 9-05 53-94 84-55 68-75 10-93 80-69 77-19 2-6 7 | C 3 He \ 86-90 8-12 5-96 46-06 28-58 2-17 Scotch (Les-mahagow) cannel Whitei ill cannel shale Whitbyjet .... 62 ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF FUELS. ANALYSIS OF GASES ISSUING FROM THE MOUTH OF THE BESSEMER CONVERTER. (Snelus, I. and S. Inst.) Time after Commencement of Blow. After addition oi 2 4 6 IO 12 14 Spiegeleisen at Bochum mins. mins. mins. mins. mins. mins. Works. Carbonic acid . . IO-7I 8'SlJ 8-20 V>8 2-30 !'34 _ 0-86 Carbonic oxide . . nil. 3'95 4-S2 19-59 29-30 31-11 82-6 78-55 Oxygen .... 0-92 1-32 Hydrogen . . \ Nitrogen . . . / 88-37 / 0-88 I 86-58 2 'OO 85-28 2-OO 74-83 2-16 66-24 2-00 65-55 2-8 I4-3 2-52 16-38 COMPOSITION OF GASES IN BLOWHOLES OF STEEL INGOTS. (Stead, Clev. Inst. Eng.} Steel containing 1 C = o'42 p. c. Si = i'on p. c. mn = i'oa p. c. Steel containing C =0-33 p. c. Si o'io p. c. mn. = 0^69 p. c. Steel containing C = 0-17 p. c. Si = 0*09 p. c. mn. 0*89 p. c. Hydrogen Nitrogen . . 67-10 3 2-6C 86-62 13-29 0-32 037 87-2I II-I5 1-64 Carbonic oxide .... Oxygen ... AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF COAL GAS. (Thorpe.} Hydrogen . 45*58 Methane 34'9O Carbon Monoxide 6*64 Ethene 4-08 Quartene 2-38 Sulphuretted hydrogen . . . ', 0-29 Nitrogen . ..... 2-46 Carbonic acid '.. . 3-67 100-00 OIL GAS. COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS GASES. (By Weight.) N H CO, CO CH 4 C 8 H 4 Autho- rity. Blast furnace, Scotch 48-20 0-90 21-70 29-24 Bell Blast furnace, Askam 5 2 '59 0-14 r 3'47 33-80 Cro?sl y Blast furnace, Cleveland S8-S4 0-06 14-32 27-03 Stead Producer gas, Siemens . Producer gas, Siemens . 64-50 63-22 0-65 6'95 8-71 24-92 25'97 0-89 I- 45 2'73 Snelus Producer gas, Wilson . 61-70 0-90 6-91 29- S8 0-91 Stead Producer gas, Wilson . 62-84 1*11 8-29 26-33 1-4.3 Retort-made town gas . 8-I 7 18-61 56-10 17-12 Oil Gas. The following are interesting results obtained by Dr. Macadam on experimenting with Pintsch's and Keith's apparatus. BLUE PARAFFIN OIL USED. Pintsch's Apparatus. Keith's Apparatus. A B Ave- rage. A B Ave- rage. Specific gravity of oil . Flashing pt Filing pt 877-6 2 9 6 356 90-7 62-5 *4 126-8 39-2 23,128 878-2 294 352 103-4 S9'i 1-18 122-5 37-i 26,356 877-9 295 354 60-8 1-29 124-6 38-2 24,742 874-1 292 348 85 63-2 2'3 197-5 39-9 21,772 877-6 286 346 84-8 59-5 i'3 111-9 38-2 21,671 875-9 289 347 84-9 61-4 1-8 1547 39-o 21,721 Gas per gallon, cubic feet Illuminating power . . Volume of oil flowing into each retort per hour Gas per retort per hour . Heavy hydrocarbons per cent Gas per ton (cubic feet) . PRINTED BY J. S. VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED, CITY ROAD, LONDQ^., J' PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON. In the Press. THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S OFFICE BOOK: a Work of Reference fur Machine and Holier Construction. In Two P.irts. Parti. ENGI- NEKRING DATA, FORMULAE, AVD RESULTS. Part II. BOILKR CONSTRUCTION. By NELSON FOLHY. Containing Forty-eight specially prepared Plates, and many other illus, rations. 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Comprising a Treatise on Mod rn Engines and Boilers, Maiin , Locomotive, and Stationary. And containing a large collection of Rules and Practical Data relating to recent Practice in Des gning and Constructing all kinds of Engines, Boilers, and other Engineering Work. ByWALiER S. Hi TTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer. With upwards of 370 Illustrations. Third Edition, Revised w th Additions. Medium 8vo, price i8s. strongly bound. \* A Complete Catalogue of CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6- SON'S Publications will be forwarded nn request. 7,gtATJONERS'/HaLL;GOpRT, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.G. 7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LONDON, E C October, 1889. CATALOGUE OF BOOKS INCLUDING MANY NEW AND STANDARD WORKS IN ENGINEERING, MECHANICS, ARCHITECTURE, NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE, INDUSTRIAL ARTS, TRADE AND COMMERCE, AGRICULTURE, GARDENING, LAND MANAGEMENT, LAW, dc. PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON. MECHANICS, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. New Manual for Practical Engineers. THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HAND-BOOK. 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In the Third Edition, the following among other additions have been made, viz.: Rules for the Proportions of Riveted Joints in Soft Steel Plates, the Results of Experi- ments by PROFESSOR KENNEDY for the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Rules for the Proportions of Turbines Rules for the Strength of Hollow Shafts of Whit- worth's Compressed Steel, &c. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " The author treats every subject from the point of view of one who has collected workshop notes for application in workshop practice, rather than from the theoretical or literary aspect. The volume contains a great deal of that kind of information which is gained only by practical experi- ence, and is seldom written in books. 1 ' Engineer. "The volume is an exceedingly useful one. brimful with engineers' notes, memoranda, and rules, and well worthy of being on every mechanical engineer's bookshelf." Mechanical World. "A formidable mass of facts and figures, readily accessible through an elaborate index .... Such a volume will be found absolutely necessary as a book of reference in all sorts of 'works 'connected with the metal trades." Ryland's Iron Trades Circular. " Brimful of useful information, started in a concise form, Mr. Hutton's books have met a press- ing want among engineers. The book must prove extremely useful to every practical man possessing a copy." Practical Engineer, "TJie Modernised Templeton." THE PRACTICAL MECHANICS WORKSHOP COM- PANION. Comprising a great variety of the most useful Rules and Formulae in Mechanical Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calcu- lated Results for Facilitating Mechanical Operations. By WILLIAM TEMPLE- TON, Author of "The Engineer's Practical Assistant," &c. &c. Fifteenth Edition, Revised, Modernised, and considerably Enlarged by WALTER S. HUTTON, C.E., Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook," "The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. Fcap. 8vo, nearly 500 pp., with Eight Plates and upwards of 250 Illustrative Diagrams, 6s., strongly bound for workshop or pocket wear and tear. K~ TEMPLETON'S " MECHANIC'S WORKSHOP COMPANION " has been for more than a quarter of a century deservedly popular, and, as the well-worn and thumb- marked vade mecum of several generations of intelligent and aspiring workmen, it has had the reputation of having been the means of raising many of them in their position in life. In consequence of the lapse of time since the Author's death, and the great advances in Mechanical Science, the Publishers have thought it advisable to have it entirely Reconstructed and Modernised; and in its present greatly Enlarged and Improved form, they are sure that it will commend itself to the English workmen of the present day all the world over, and become, like its predecessors, their indispens- able friend and referee. A smaller type having been adopted, and the page increased in size, while the number of pages has advanced from about 330 to nearly 500, the book practically con- tains double the amount of matter that was comprised in the original work. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. In Its modernised form Hutton's Templeton ' should have a wide sale, for It contains much valuable information which the mechanic will often find of use, and not a few tables and notes which he might look for in vain in other works. This modernised edition will be appreciated by all who have learned to value the original editions of ' Templeton.' "English Mechanic. "It has met with great success in the engineering workshop, as we can testify; and there are a great many men who, in a great measure, owe t heir rise in life to this little book." Building Netus. " This familiar text-book well known to all mechanics and engineersT-is of essential service to the every-day requirements of engineers, millwrights, and the various trades connected with engineering and building. The new modernised edition is worth its weight in gold.." Building- News. (Second Notice.) " The publishers wisely entrusted the task of revision of this popular, valuable and useful book of Mr. Hutton, than whom a more competent man they could not have found." Iron, MECHANICS, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 3 Stone-working Machinery. STONE-WORKING MACHINERY, and the Rapid and Economi- cal Conversion of Stone. With Hints on the Arrangement and Management of Stone Works. By M. Powis BALE, M.I.M.E. Crown 8vo, 95. "Should be in the hands of every mason or student of stone- work. "Colliery Guardian. "It is in every sense of the word a standard work upon a subject which the author is fully competent to deal exhaustively with." Builder's Weekly Reporter. ' A capital handbook for all who manipulate stone for building or ornamental purposes.' 1 Machinery Market. Pump Construction and Management. PUMPS AND PUMPING : A Handbook for Pump Users. Being Notes on Selection, Construction and Management. By M. Powis BALE, M.I.M.E., Author of " Woodworking Machinery," " Saw Mills," &c. Crown 8vo, 2S. 6d. cloth. [Just published. "The matter is set forth as concisely as possible. In fact, condensation rather than difluseness has been the author's aim throughout; yet he does not seem to have omitted anything likely to be of use " Journal of Gas Lighting. " Thoroughly practical and simply and clearly written." G^fgtrw Herald. .__, Turning. LATHE-WORK : A Practical Treatise on the Tools, Appliances, and Processes employed in the Art of Turning. By PAUL N. HASLUCK. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 53. cloth. " Written by a man who knows, not only how work ought to be done, but who also knows how to do it, and how to convey his knowledge to others. To all turners this book would be valuable." Engineering; " We can safely recommend the work to young engineers. To the amateur it will simply be invaluable. To the student it will convey a great deal of useful information." Engineer. "A compact, succinct, and handy guide to lathe- work did not exist in our language until Mr. Hasluck, by the publication of this treatise, gave the turner &tr\\eziade-mecut." House Decorator. Screiv-Cutting. SCREW THREADS : And Methods of Producing Them. With Numerous Tables, and complete directions for using Screw-Cutting Lathes. By PAUL N. HASLUCK, Author of " Lathe- Work," &c. With Fifty Illustra- tions. Second Edition. Waistcoat-pocket size, price is. cloth. " Full of useful information, hints and practical criticism. Taps, dies and screwing-tools gene- rally are illustrated and their action described." Mechanical Wjrld. Smith's Tables for Mechanics, etc. TABLES, MEMORANDA, AND CALCULATED RESULTS, FOR MECHANICS, ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, etc. Selected and Arranged by FRANCIS SMITH. Fourth Edition, Revised and En- larged, 250 pp., waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. limp leather. " It would, perhaps, be as difficult to make a small pocket-book selection of notes and formulae to suit ALL engineers as it would be to make a universal medicine ; but Mr. Smith's waistcoat- pocket collection may be looked upon as a successful attempt." Engineer. "The best example we have ever seen of 250 pages of useful matter packed into the dimen- sions of a card-case." Building News. "A veritable pocket treasury of knowledge." Iron. Engineer's and Machinist's Assistant. THE ENGINEER'S, MILLWRIGHT'S, and MACHINIST'S PRACTICAL ASSISTANT. A collection of Useful Tables, Rules and Data. By WILLIAM TEMPLETON. 7th Edition, with Additions. i8mo, 2s. 6d. cloth. " Occupies a foremost place among books of this kind. A more suitable present to an appren tice to any of the mechanical trades could not possibly be made." Building Ne-ws. "A deservedly popu'.ar.work, it should be in the 'drawer' of every mechanic." English Mechanic. Iron and Steel. 11 IRON AND STEEL " : A Work for the Forge, Foundry, Factory, and Office. Containing ready, useful, and trustworthy Information for Iron- masters and their Stock-takers ; Managers of Bar, Rail, Plate, and Sheet Rolling Mills ; Iron and Metal Founders ; Iron Ship and Bridge Builders ; Mecnanical, Mining, and Consulting Engineers ; Architects.Builders, and Draughtsmen. By CHARLES HOARE, Author of " The Slide Rule," &c. Eighth Edition, Revised and considerably Enlarged. 32mo, 6s. leather. One of the best of the pocket books." English Mechanic. 'We cordially recommend this book to those engaged in considering the details of all kinds of iron and steel works." Naval Science. 4 CROSBY LOCK WOOD S> SON'S CATALOGUE. Engineering Construction. PATTERN-MAKING : A Practical Treatise, embracing the Main Types of Engineering Construction, and including Gearing, both Hand and Machine made, Engine Work, Sheaves and Pulleys, Pipes and Columns, Screws, Machine Parts, Pumps and Cocks, the Moulding of Patterns in Loam and Greensand, &c., together with the methods of Estimating the weight of Castings; to which is added an Appendix of Tables for Workshop Reference. By a FOREMAN PATTERN MAKER. With upwards of Ihree Hundred and Seventy Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. " A well- written technical guide, evidently written by a man who understands and has prac- tised what he has written about. We cordially recommend it to engineering students, young "journeymen, and others desirous of being inii iated into the mysteries of pattern-making." Builder. " Likely to prove a welcome guide to many workmen, especially to draughtsmen who have lacked a training in the shops, pupils pursuing their practical studies m our factories, and to em- ployers and managers in engineering works. Hardware Trade Journal. /'More than 370 illustrations help to explain the text, which is, however, always clear and ex- plicit, thus rendering the work an excellent -vade mecunt for the apprentice who desires to become master of his trade." English Mechanic. Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering Terms. LOCK WOOD'S DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN THE PRACTICE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, embracing those current jn the Drawing Office, Pattern Shop, Foundry, Fitting, Turning, Smith's and Boiler Shops, &c. &c. Comprising upwards of 6,000 Definitions. Edited by A FOREMAN PATTERN-MAKER, Author of " Pattern Making." Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. "Just the sort of handy dictionary required by the various trades engaged in mechanical en- gineering. The practical engineering pupil will find the book of great value in his studies, and every foreman engineer and mechanic should have a copy. Building News. "After a careful examination of the book, and trying all manner of words, -engineer will here find all he is likely to require. It will be argely used." Practical Engineer. . "This admirable dictionary, although primarily intended for the use of draughtsmen and other technical craftsmen, is of much larger value as a book of reference, and will find a ready welcome .in many libraries." Glasgow Herald. "One of the most useful books which can be presented to a mechanic or student." English . Mechanic. " Not merely a dictionary, but, to a certain extent, also a most valuable guide. It strikes us as a happy idea to combine with a definition of the phrase useful information on the subject of which .it treats." Machinery Market. "This careiully-compiled volume forms a kind of pocket cyclopaedia of the extensive subject to which it is devoted. No word having connection with any branch of constructive engineering seems to be omitted. No more compreher.sive wo'k has been, so far, issued." Knowledge. ' We strongly commend this useful and reliable adviser to our friends in the workshop, and to -students everywhere." Culliery Guardian. Steam Boilers. A TREATISE ON STEAM BOILERS: Their Strength, Con- struction, and Economical Working. By ROBERT WILSON, C.E. Fifth Edition. i2mo, 6s. cloth. "The best treatise that has ever been published on steam boilers." Engineer. "The author shows himself perfect master of his subject, and we heartily recommend all em- ,, ploying steam power to possess themselves of the work." Ryland's Iron Trade Circular. Eoiler Chimneys. BOILER AND FACTORY CHIMNEYS; Their Drau*ht-Power and Stability. With a Chapter on Lightning Conductors. By ROBERT WILSON, C.E., Author of "A Treatise on Steam Boilers," &c. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. "Full of useful information, definite in statement, and thoroughly practical in treatment." ' The Local Government Chronicle. " A valuable contribution to the literature of scipntific bbilHing. . . . The whole subject is a very interesting and important one, and it is giatifyirg to know that it has fallen into such com- p-tent hands." The Builder. .Boiler Malting. THE BOILER-MAKER'S READY RECKONER. With Ex- amples of Practical Geometry and Templating, for the Use of Platers, Smiths and Riveters. By JOHN COURTNEY, Edited by D. K. CLARK, M.I.C.E. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions, izmo, 55. half-bound. " No workman or apprentice should be without this book." Iron Trade Circular. "A reliable guide to the working boiler-maker." Iron. " Boiler-makers will readily recognise the value of this volume. . . . The tables are clearly -printed, and so arranged that they can be referred to with the greatest facility, so that it caunot be -doubted that they will be generally appreciated and much used." Mining Journal. MECHANICS, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 5. Steam Engine. TEXT-BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE. With a Sup- plement on Gas Engines. By T. M. GOODEVE, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, Author of "The Elements of Mechanism," &c. Tenth Edition, Enlarged. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s. cloth. [Just published. " Professor Goodeve has given us a treatise on the steam engine which will bear comparison with anything written by Huxley or Maxwell, and we can award it no higher praise." Engineer, " Professor Goodeve's book is ably and clearly written. It is a sound work." Athentzitm. " Mr. Goodeve's text-book is a work of which every young engineer should possess himself." Mining' Journal. "Essentially practical in its aim. The manner of exposition leaves nothing to be desired." Scotsman. Gas Engines. ON GAS-ENGINES. Being a Reprint, with some Additions, of the Supplement to the Text-booh on the Steam Engine, by T. M. GOODEVE, M.A. Crown 8vo, zs. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " Like all Mr. Goodeve's writings, the present! s no exception in point of general excellence. It is a valuable little volume." Mechanical World. ^" This little book will be useful to those who desire to understand how the gas-engine works." English Mechanic. Steam. THE SAFE USE OF STEAM. Containing Rules for Un- professional Steam-users. By an ENGINEER. Sixth Edition. Sewed, 6d. " If steam-users would but learn this little book by heart boiler explosions would become sensations by their rarity." English Mechanic. Coal and Speed Tables. A POCKET BOOK OF COAL AND SPEED TABLES, for Engineers and Steam-users. By NELSON FOLEY, Author of " Boiler Con- struction." Pocket-size, 35. 6d. cloth ; 45. leather. "This is a very useful book, containing very useful tables. The results given are well chosen, and the volume contains evidence that the author really understands his subject. We can recom- mend the work with pleasure." Mechanical WorM. " These tables are designed to meet the requirements of every-day use ; they are of sufficient scope for most practical purposes, and may be commended to engineers and users of steam." Iron. " This pocket-book well merits the attention of the practical engineer. Mr. Foley has com- piled a very useful set of tables, the information contained in which is frequently required by engineers, coal consumers and users of steam." Iron a>nd Coal Trades Review. Fire Engineering. FIRES, FIRE-ENGINES, AND FIRE-BRIGADES. With a History of Fire-Engines, their Construction, Use, and Management; Re- marks on Fire- Proof Buildings, and the Preservation of Life from Fire ; Statistics of the Fire Appliances in English Towns; Foreign Fire Systems ; Hints on Fire Brigades, &c. &c. By CHARLES F. T. YOUNG, C.E. With numerous Illustrations, 544 pp., demy 8vo, i 45. cloth. " To such of our readers as are interested in the subject of fires and fire apparatus, we can most heartily commend this book. It is really the only English work we uow have upon the subject." Engineering. " It displays much evidence of careful research ; and Mr. Young has put his facts neatly together. It is evident enough that his acquaintance with the practical details of the construction of steam fire engines, old and new, and the conditions with which it is necessary they should comply, is accurate and full." Engineer. Gas Lighting. COMMON SENSE FOR GAS-USERS: A Catechism of Gas- Lighting for Householders, Gasfitters, Millowners, Architects, Engineers, etc. By ROBERT WILSON, C.E., Author of "A Treatise on Steam Boilers." Second Edition, with Folding Plates and Wood Engravings. Crown Svo,- price is. in wrapper. " All gas-users will decidedly benefit, both in pocket and comfort, if they will avail themselves of Mr. Wilson's counsels." Engineering. Dynamo Construction. HO WTO MAKE A D YNA MO : A Practical Treatise for Amateurs. Containing numerous Illustrations and Detailed Instructions for Construct- ing a Small Dynamo, to Produce the Electric Light. By ALFRED CROFTS. Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Crown Svo, 25. cloth. [Just published:. "The iastrucHons given in this unpretentious little br>olc are suffi iently clear and explicit to enable any ami'eur mjcha'iic possess ;d of average skill and th SON'S CATALOGUE. THE POPULAR WORKS OF MICHAEL REYNOLDS (" THE ENGINE DRIVER'S FRIEND "). Locomotive-Engine Driving. LOCOMOTIVE-ENGINE DRIVING : A Practical Manual for Engineers in charge of Locomotive Engines, By MICHAEL REYNOLDS, Member of the Society of Engineers, formerly Locomotive Inspector L. B. and S. C. R, Eighth Edition. Including a KEY TO THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE. With Illus- trations and Portrait of Author. Crown 8vo, 45. 6d. cloth. "Mr. Reynolds has supplied a want, and has supplied it well. We can confidently recommend the book, not only to the practical driver, but to everyone who takes an interest in the performance of locomotive engines." The Engineer. " Mr. Reynolds has opened a new chapter in the literature of the day. This admirable practical treatise, of the practical utility of which we have to speak in terms of warm commendation." Athentzum. " Evidently the work of one who knows his subject thoroughly."- Rail-way Service Gazette. " Were the cautions and rules given in the book to become part of the every-day working of our engine-drivers, we might have fewer distressing accidents to deplore." Scotsman. Stationary/ Engine Driving. STATIONARY ENGINE DRIVING: A Practical Manual for Engineers in charge of Stationary Engines. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Third Edition, Enlarged. With Plates and Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 45. 6d. cloth. "The author is thoroughly acquainted with his subjects, and his advice on the various points treated is clear and practical. . . . He has produced a manual which is an exceedingly useful one for the class tor whom it is specially intended." Engineering. " Our author leaves no stone unturned. He is determined that his readers shall not only know- something about the stationary engine, but all about it." Engineer. "An engineman who has mastered the contents of'Mr.Reynolds's bookwill require but little actual experience with boilers and engines before he can be trusted to look after ti\em."EnglishMechanic. The Engineer, Fireman, and Engine-Boy. THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER, FIREMAN, and ENGINE-BOY. Comprising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer Locomotive Engines and their Inventors. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. With numerous Illus- trations and a fine Portrait of George Stephenson. Crown 8vo, 45. 6d. cloth. " From the technical knowledge of the author it will appeal to the railway man of to-day more forcibly than anything written by Dr. Smiles. . . . The volume contains information of a tech- nical kind, and facts that every driver should be familiar with." English Mechanic. "We should be glad to see this book in the possession of everyone in the kingdom who has ever laid, or is to lay, hands on a locomotive engine." Iron. ^Continuous Hallway SraJces. CONTINUOUS RAILWAY BRAKES : A Practical Treatise on the several Systems in Use in the United Kingdom ; their Construction and, Performance. With copious Illustrations and numerous Tables. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Large crown 8vo, gs. cloth. " A popular explanation of the different brakes. It will be of great assistance in forming public -opinion, and will be studied with benefit by those who take an interest in the brake." English, Mechanic. " Written with sufficient technical detail to enable the principle and relative connection of the various parts of each particular brake to be readily grasped." Mechanical World. Engine-Driving Life. ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE : Stirring Adventures and Incidents in the Lives of Locomotive-Engine Drivers. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Second Edition, with Additional Chapters. Crown 8vo. zs. cloth. [Just published. "From first to last perfectly fascinating. Wilkie Collins's most thrilling conceptions are thrown Into the shade by true incidents, endless in their variety, related in every page." North British Mail. "Anyone who wishes to get a real insight into railway life cannot do better than read ' Engine- Driving Life ' for himself ; and if he once take it up he will find that the author's enthusiasm and real love of the engine-driving profession will carry him on till he has read every page." Saturday Review. Pocket Companion for Enginemen. THE ENGINEMAN'S POCKET COMPANION AND PR AC- TICAL EDUCATOR FOR ENGINEMEN, BOILER ATTENDANTS, AND MECHANICS. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. With Forty-five Illustra- tions and numeiou 5 Diagrams. Second Edition, Revised. Royal i8mo, 35. 6d. t strongly bound for pocket wear. "This admirable work is well suited to accomplish its object, being the honest workmanship of a competent engineer." Glasgo-w Herald. " A most meritorious work, giving in a succinct and practical form all the information an engine- minder desirous of mastering the scientific principles of his da ly calling would require." Miller, " A boon to those who are striving to become efficient mechanics." Daily Chronicle, CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. 7 French-English Glossary for Engineers, etc. A POCKET GLOSSARY of TECHNICAL TERMS: ENGLISH- FRENCH, FRENCH-ENGLISH; with Tables suitable for the Architectural, Engineering, Manufacturing and Nautical Professions. By JOHN JAMES FLETCHER, Engineer and Surveyor ; 200 pp. Waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d., limp leather. " It ought certainly to be in the waistcoat-pocket of every professional man. Iron. "It is a very great advantage for readers and correspondents in France and England to have so large a number of the words relating to engineering and manufacturers collected in a liliputian volume. The little bk will be useful both to students and travellers." Archi:ect. " The glossary of terms is very complete, and many of the tables are new and well arranged. We cordially commend the book. Mechanical World. Portable Engines. THE PORTABLE ENGINE; ITS CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT. A Practical Manual for Owners and Users of Steam Engines generally. By WILLIAM DYSON WANSBROUGH. With 90 Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. " This is a work of value to those who use steam machinery. . . . Should be read by every- one who has a steam engine, on a farm or elsewhere." Mark Lane Express. " We cordially commend this work to buyers and owners of steam engines, and to those who have to do with their construction or use." Timber Trades Journal. " Such a general knowledge of the steam engine as Mr.. Wansbrough furnishes to the reader should be acquired by all intelligent owners and others who use the steam engine.'' Building News. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. MR. HUMBER'S IMPORTANT ENGINEERING BOOKS, The Water Supply of Cities and Towns. A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE on the WATER-SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS. Ey WILLIAM HUMBER, A-M.Inst.C.E., and M. Inst. M.E., Author of "Cast and Wrought Iron Bridge Construction," &c. &c. Illustrated with 50 Double Plates, i Single Plate, Coloured Frontispiece, and upwards of 250 Woodcuts, and containing 400 pages of Text. Imp. 4to, 6 6s. elegantly and substantially half-bound in morocco. List of Contents. Conduits.-XIII. Distribution of Water. XIV. Meters, Service Pipes, and House Fittings. XV. The Law and Economy of Water Works. XVI. Constant and Intermittent Supply. XVII. Description of Plates. Appendices, giving Tables of Rates of Supply, Velocities, &c. &c., together with Specifications of several Works illustrated, among which will be found : Aberdeen, Bideford, Canterbury, Dundee. Halifax, Lambeth, Rotherham, Dublin, and others. I. Historical Sketch of some of the means that have been adopted for the Supply of Water to Cities and Towns. II. Water and the Fo- reign Matter usually associated with it. III. Rainfall and Evaporation. IV. Springs and the water-bearing formations of various dis- tricts. V. Measurement and Estimation of the flow of Water VI. On the Selection of the Source of Supply. VII. Wells. VIII. Reser- voirs. IX. The Purification of Water. X. Pumps. XI. Pumping Machinery. XII. The most systematic and valuable work upon water supply hitherto produced in English, or In any other language. . . . Mr. Humbers work is characterised almost throughout by an exhaustiveness much more distinctive of French and German than of English technical treatises." Engineer. " We can congratulate Mr. Humber on having been able to give so large an amount of Infor- mation on a subject so important as the water supply of cities and towns. The plates, fifty in number, are mostly drawings of executed works, and alone would have commanded the attention of every engineer whose practice may lie in this branch of the profession." Builder. Cast and Wrought Iron Bridge Construction. A COMPLETE AND PRACTICAL TREATISE ON CAST AND WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION, including Iron Foundations. In Three Parts Theoretical, Practical, and Descriptive. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A.M.Inst.C.E., and M.Inst.M.E. Third Edition, Re- vised and much improved, with 115 Double Plates (20 of which now first appear in this edition), and numerous Additions to the Text. In Two Vols., imp. 4to, 6 i6s. 6d. half-bound in morocco. "A very valuable contribution to the standard literature of civil engineering. In addition to elevations, plans and sections, large scale details are given which very much enhance the instruc- tive worth of those illustrations." Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal. "Mr. H umber's stately volumes, lately issued in which the most important bridges erected during the last five years, under the direction of the late Mr. Brunei, Sir W. Cubitt, Mr. Hawk- shaw, Mr. Page, Mr. Fowler, Mr. Hemans, and others among our most eminent engineers, are. drawn and specified in great detail." Engineer CROSBY LOCK WOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. MR. HUMBER'S GREAT WORK ON MODERN ENGINEERING, Complete in Four Volumes, imperial 4to, price "12 125., half-morocco. Each Volume sold separately as follows : A RECORD OF THE PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEER- ING. FIRST SERIES. Comprising Civil, Mechanical, Marine, Hydraulic, Railway, Bridge, and other Engineering Works, &c. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A-M.Inst.C.E., &c. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, drawn to a large scale, Photographic Portrait of John Hawkshaw, C.E., F.R.S., &c., and copiou& descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &c., 3 35. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. Victoria Station and Roof, L. B. & S. C. R. (8 plates) : Southport Pier (2 plates) ; Victoria Station and Root, L. C. & D. and G. W. R. (6 Thames, West London Extension Railway ( plates) ; Armour Plates : Suspension Bridge, Thames (4 plates); The Allen Engine; Sus- pension Bridge, Avon (3 plates); Underground Railway (3 plates). plates); Roof of Cremorne Music Hall; Bridge over G. N. Railway ; Roof of Station, Dutch Rhenish Rail (2 plates) ; Bridge over the " Handsomely lithographed and printed. It will find favour with many who desire to preserve In a permanent form copies of the plans and specifications prepared for the guidance of the con- tractors for many important engineering works." Engineer. HUMBER'S RECORD OF MODERN ENGINEERING. SECOND. SERIES. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of Robert Stephenson, C.E., M.P., F.R.S., &c., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &C H "3 35. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. Birkenhead Docks, Low Water Basin (15 ; Charing Cross Station Roof, C. C. kailway (3 plates); Digswell Viaduct, Great Northern Railway ; Robbery Wood and Abergavenny Railway; Ebbw Viaduct, Merthyr, Fredegar, and Abergavenny Rail- way ; College Wood Viaduct, Cornwall Rail- way ; Dublin Winter Palace Roof (3 plates) ; Bridge over the Thames, L. C. & D. Railway (6 plates) ; Albert Harbour, Greenock (4 plates). Viaduct, Great Northern Railway; Iron Permanent Way; Clydach Viaduct, Merthyr, Tredegar, " Mr. Humber has done the profession good and true service, by the fine collection of examples he has here brought before the profession and the public." Practical Mechanic's Journal. HUMBER'S RECORD OF MODERN ENGINEERING. THIRD SERIES. Imp. 4to, with 40 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of J. R. M'Clean, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Speci- fications, &c., 3 35. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. Sewer, Reservoir and Outlet (4 platrs) ; Outfall Sewer, Filth Hoist ; Sections of Sewers (NortJf and South Sides). THAMES EMBANKMENT. Section of Riven Wall ; Steamboat Pier, Westminster (2 plates); MAIN DRAINAGE, METROPOLIS.- North Side. Map showing interception of Sewers ; Middle Level Sewer (2 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over River Lea (3 plates); Outfall Sewer, Bridge over Marsh Lane, North Woolwich Railway, and Bow and Barking Railway Junc- tion ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over Bow and Barking Railway (3 plates); Outfall Sewer. Bridge over East London Waterworks' Feeder (a plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Reservoir (2 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Tumbling Bay and Outlet ; Out- Landing Stairs between Charing Cross and Waterloo Bridges ; York Gate (2 plates) ; Over- flow and Outlet at Savoy Street Sewer (3 plates) ; Steamboat Pier, Waterloo Bridge (3 plates) ; Junction of Sewers, Plans and Sections ; Gullies, Plans and Sections ; Rolling Stock ; Granite and Iron Forts. fall Sewer, Penstocks. South S/fr.- Outfall Sewer, Bermondsey Branch (2 plates) ; Outfall ' The drawings have a constantly increasing value, and whoever desires to possess clear repre- sentations of the two great works carried out by our Metropolitan Board will obtain Mr. Humber's volume." Engineer. HUMBER'S RECORD OF MODERN ENGINEERING. FOURTH SERIES. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of John Fowler, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Speci- fications, &c., 3 35. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. Abbey Mills Pumping Station, Main Drain- age, Metropolis (4 plates) ; Barrow Docks (5 plates) ; Manquis Viaduct, Santiago and Val- paraiso Railway (2 plates) ; Adam's Locomo- tive, St. Helen's Canal Railway (2 plates) ; Cannon Street Station Roof, Charing Cross Railway (3 plates) ; Road Bridge overthe River Moka (2 plates) ; Telegraphic Apparatus for ' We gladly welcome another year's issue of this valuable publication from the able pen of Mr. Humber. The accuracy and general excellence of this work are well known, while its useful- ness in giving the measurements and details of some of the latest examples of engineering, aa carried out by the most eminent men in the profession, cannot be too highly prized." Artiean* Mesopotamia ; Viaduct over the River Wye, Midland Railway (3 plates) ; St. Germans Via- duct, Cornwall Railway (2 plates); Wrought- Iron Cylinder for Diving Bell ; Millwall Docks (6 plates); Milroy's Patent Excavator; Metro- politan District Railway (6 plates); Harbours, Ports, and Breakwaters (3 plates). CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. MR. H UMBER'S ENGINEERING BOOKS continued. Strains, Calculation of. A HANDY BOOK FOR THE CALCULATION OF STRAINS IN GIRDERS AND SIMILARSTRUCTURES,AND THEIR STRENGTH. Consisting of Formulas and Corresponding Diagrams, with numerous details for Practical Application, &c. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A-M.Inst.C.E., &c. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, nearly 100 Woodcuts and 3 Plates, 75. 6d. cloth. " The formulae are neatly expressed, and the diagrams gc o<\:'Athenteerittf. Heat, Expansion by. EXPANSION OF STRUCTURES BY HEAT. By JOHN KEILY, C.E., late of the Indian Public Works and Victorian Railway Depart- ments. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. Section I. FORMULAS AND DATA, Section II. METAL BARS. Section III. SIMPLE FRAMES. Section IV. COMPLEX FRAMES I AND PLATES. Section V. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. Section VI. MECHANICAL FORCE OF HEAT. Section VII. WORK OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. Section VIII. SUSPENSION BRIDGES. Section IX. MASONRY STRUCTURES. " The aim the author has set before him, viz., to show the effects of heat upon metallic and other structures, is a laudable one, for this is a branch of physics upon which the engineer or archi- tect can find but little reliable and comprehensive data in books." Builder. " Whoever is concerned to know the effect of changes of temperature on such structures as suspension bridges and the like, could not do better than consult Mr. Keily's valuable and handy exposition of the geometrical principles involved in these changes." Scotsman. Practical Mathematics. MATHEMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN: Being a Common- place Book of Pure and Mixed Mathematics. Designed chiefly for the use of Civil Engineers, Architects and Surveyors. By OLINTHUS GREGORY, LL.D., F.R.A.S., Enlarged by HENRY LAW, C.E. 4th Edition, carefully Revised by J. R. YOUNG, formerly Professor of Mathematics, Belfast College. With 13 Plates, 8vo, i is. cloth. " The engineer or architect will here find ready to his hand rules for solving nearly every mathe. matical difficulty that may arise in his practice The rules are in all cases explained by means of examples, in which every step of the process is clearly worked out." Builder. " It is an instructive book for the student, and a text-book for him who, having once mastered the subjects it treats of, needs occasionally to refresh his memory upon thea\."uilalinf News. Hydraulic Tables. HYDRAULIC TABLES, CO-EFFICIENTS, and, FORMULM for finding the Discharge of Water from Orifices, Notches, Weirs, Pipes, and Rivers. With New Formulae, Tables, and General Information on Rainfall, Catchment-Basins, Drainage, Sewerage, Water Supply for Towns and Mill Power. By JOHN NEVILLE, Civil Engineer, M.R.I.A. Third Edition, care- fully Revised, with Additions. Numerous Illustrations. Cr. 8vo, 145. cloth. " Alike valuable to students and engineers in practice ; its study will prevent the annoyarce of avoidable failures, and assist them to select the readiest means of successfully carrying out any given work connected with hydraulic engineering." Mining- Journal. " It is, of all English books on the subject, the one nearest to completeness. . . . From the good arrangement of the matter, the clear explanations, and abundance of formulae, the carefully calculated tables, and, above all, the thorough acquaintance with both theory and construction, which is displayed from first to last, the book will be found to be an acquisition." Architect. Hydraulics. HYDRA ULIC MANUAL. Consisting of Working Tables and Explanatory Text. Intended as a Guide in Hydraulic Calculations and Field Operations. By Lowis D'A. JACKSON, Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," " Modern Metrology,'' &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Large cr. 8vo, i6s. cl. " The author has had a wide experience in hydraulic engineering and has been a careful ob- server of the facts which have come under his notice, and from the great mass of material at his command he has constructed a manual which may be accepted as a trustworthy guide to this branch of the engineer's pro'ession. We can heartily recommend this volume to all who desire to be acquainted with the latest development of this important subject." Engineering. " The most useful feature of this work is its freedom from what is superannuated, and its thorough adoption of recent experiments ; the text is, in fact, in great part a short account of the great modern experiments." Nature. 12 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. Drainage. ON THE DRAINAGE OF LANDS, TOWNS AND BUILD- INGS. By G. D. DEMPSEY, C.E., Author of " The Practical Railway Ei> gineer," &c. Revised, with large Additions on RECENT PRACTICE IN DRAINAGE ENGINEERING, by D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst.C.E. Author ot " Tramways : Their Construction and Working," " A Manual of Rules, Tables, and Data for Mechanical Engineers," &c. &c. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. "The new matter added to Mr. Dempsey s excellent work is characterised by the comprehetv slve grasp and accuracy of detail for which the name of Mr. D. K. Clark is a sufficient voucher." jlthen&um. " As a work on recent practice in drainage engineering, the book is to be commended to all who are making that branch of engineering- science their special study." Iron. " A comprehensive manual on drainage engineering, and a useful introduction to the student.'"' Building News. Tramivays and their Working. TRAMWAYS: THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING. Embracing a Comprehensive History of the System ; with an exhaustive Analysis of the various Modes of Traction, including Horse-Power, Steam, Heated Water, and Compressed Air ; a Description of the Varieties of Rolling Stock ; and ample Details of Cost and Working Expenses : the Progress recently made in Tramway Construction, &c. &c. By D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst.C.E. With over 200 Wood Engravings, and 13 Folding Plates. Two Vols., large crown 8vo, 305. cloth. " All interested in tramways must refer to it, as all railway engineers have turned to the author's work ' Railway Machinery.'" Engineer. " An exhaustive and practical work on tramways, in which the history of this kind of locomo tion. and a description and cost of the various modes of laying tramways, are to be found. ' Building News. " The best form of rails, the best mode of construction, and the best mechanical appliances are so fairly indicated in the work under review, that any engineer about to construct a tramway will be enabled at once to obtain the practical information which will be of most service to him." Athenceutn. Oblique Arches. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OP OBLIQUE ARCHES. By JOHN HART. Third Edition, with Plates. In> erial 8vo, 8s. cloth. Curves, Tables for Setting-out. TABLES OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES AND MULTIPLES for Setting-out Curves from 5 to zoo Radius. By ALEXANDER BEAZELEY, M.Inst.C.E. Third Edition. Printed on 48 Cards, and sold in a cloth box, waistcoat-pocket size, 35. 6d. " Each table is printed on a small card, which, being placed on the theodolite, leaves the hands free to manipulate the instrument no small advantage as regards the rapidity of work." Engineer. "Very handy ; a man may know that all his day's work must fall on two of these cards, which he puts into his own card-case, and leaves the rest behind." A thetuzunt. Earthivorft. EARTHWORK TABLES. Showing the Contents in Cubic Yards of Embankments, Cuttings, &c., of Heights or Depths up to an average of 80 feet. By JOSEPH BROADBENT, C.E., and FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. " The way in which accuracy is attained, by a simple division ot each cross section into three- elements, two in which are constant and one variable, is ingenious." Athenaum. Tunnel Shafts. THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TUNNEL SHAFTS: A Practical and Theoretical Estay. By J. H. WATSON BUCK, M.Inst.C.E., Resident Engineer, London and North-Western Railway. Illustrated with Folding Plates, royal 8vo, 125. cloth. " Many of the methods given are of extreme practical value to the mason ; and the observations on the form of arch, the rules for ordering- the stone, and the construction of the templates will be found of considerable use. We commend the book to the engineering profession." Building Nevis. "Will be regarded by civil engineers as of the utmost value, and calculated to save much time and obviate many mistakes." Colliery Guardian. Girder 8 9 Strength of. GRAPHIC TABLE FOR FACILITATING THE COMPUTA. TION OF THE WEIGHTS OF WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL GIRDERS, etc., for Parliamentary and other Estimates. By J. H. WATSON BUCK, M.Inst.C.E, On a Sheet, zs.6d. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. 13 River Engineering. RIVER BARS : The Causes of their Formation, and their Treat- ment by " Induced Tidal Scour ; " with a Description of the Successful Re- duction by this Method of the Bar at Dublin. By A. J. MANN, Assist. Eng. to the Dublin Port and Docks Board. Royal 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. " We recommend all interested in harbour works and, indeed, those concerned in the im- provements of rivers generally to read Mr. Mann's interesting work on the treatment of river bars." Engineer, Trusses. TRUSSES OF WOOD AND IRON. Practical Applications of Sciencein Determining the Stresses, Breaking Weights, Safe Loads, Scantlings, and Details of Construction, with Complete Working Drawings. By WILLIAM GRIFFITHS, Surveyor, Assistant Master, Tranmere School of Science and Art. Oblong 8vo, 45. 6d. cloth. " This handy little book enters so minutely into every detail connected with the construction oc roof trusses, that no student need be ignorant of these matters." Practical Engineer. Hallway Working. SAFE RAILWAY WORKING. A Treatise on Railway Acci- dents: Their Cause and Prevention; with a Description of Modern Appliances and Systems. By CLEMENT E. STRETTON, C.E., Vice-President and Con- sulting Engineer, Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants. With Illus- trations and Coloured Plates, crown 8vo, 45. 6d. strongly bound. " A book for the engineer, the directors, the managers ; and, in short, all who wish for informa- tion on railway matters will find a perfect encyclopaedia in ' Safe Railway Working.' "Rail-way Review. " We commend the remarks on railway signalling to all railway managers, especially where a Jiniform code and practice is advocated." Herepath's Rail-way Journal. "The author maybe congratulated on having collected, in a very convenient form, much valuable information on the principal questious affecting the safe working of railways." Rail- nay Engineer. JField-BooTc for Engineers. THE ENGINEER'S, MINING SURVEYOR'S, AND CON- TRACTOR 'S FIELD-BOOK. Consisting of a Series of Tables, with Rules, Explanations of Systems, and use of Theodolite for Traverse Surveying and Plotting the Work with minute accuracy by means of Straight Edge and Set Square only ; Levelling with the Theodolite, Casting-out and Reducing Levels to Datum, and Plotting Sections in the ordinary manner; setting-out Curves with the Theodolite by Tangential Angles and Multiples, with Right and Left-hand Readings of the Instrument: Setting-out Curves without Theodolite, on the System of Tangential Angles by sets of Tangents and Off- sets : and Earthwork Tables to 80 feet deep, calculated for every 6 inches in depth. By W. DAVIS HASKOLL, C.E. With numerous Woodcuts. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 12$. cloth. "The book is very handy; the separate tables of sines and tangents to every minute will make it useful for many other purposes, the genuine traverse tables existing all the same." Athennum. " Every person engaged in engineering field operations will estimate the importance of such a work and the amount of valuable time which will be saved by reference to a set of reliable tables -prepared with the accuracy and fulness of those given in this volume." Railway News. Earthwork, Measurement of. A MANUAL ON EARTHWORK. By ALEX. J. S. GRAHAM, C.E. With numerous Diagrams. i8mo, 2s. 6d. cloth. " A great amount of practical information, very admirably arranged, and available for rough estimates, as well as for the more exact calculations required in the engineer's and contractor's offices. " Artizan. Strains in Ironwork. THE STRAINS ON STRUCTURES OF IRONWORK; with Practical Remarks on Iron Construction. By F. W. SHEILDS, M.Inst,C.E Second Edition, with 5 Plates. Royal 8vo, 55. cloth. "The student cannot find a. better little book on this subject.' 'Engineer. Cast Iron and other Metals 9 Strength of. A PRACTICAL ESSAY ON THE STRENGTH OF CAST IRON AND OTHER METALS. By THOMAS TREDGOLD, C.E. Fifth Edition, including HODGKINSON'S Experimental Researches. 8vo, its. cioth. 14 CROSBY LOCK WOOD S< SON'S CATALOGUE. ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, etc. Construction. THE SCIENCE OF BUILDING : An Elementary Treatise on the Principles of Construction. By E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A., Architect. Second Edition, Revised, with 58 Engravings. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. "A very valuable book, which we strongly recommend to all students." Builder, " No architectural student should be without this handbook of constructional knowledge." Architect. Villa Architecture. A HANDY BOOK OF VILLA ARCHITECTURE : Being a Series of Designs for Villa Residences in various Styles. With Outline Specifications and Estimates. By C. WICKES, Architect, Author of "The Spires and Towers of England," &c. 61 Plates, 4to, i us. 6d. half-morocco, gilt edges. " The whole of the designs bear evidence of their being the work of an artistic architect, and they will prove very valuable and suggestive." Building News. Text-Book for Architects. THE ARCHITECT'S GUIDE: Being a Text-Book of Useful Information for Architects, Engineers, Surveyors, Contractors, Clerks of Works, &c. 6-c. By FREDERICK ROGERS, Architect, Author of " Specifica- tions for Practical Architecture," &c. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s. cloth. " As a text-book of useful information for architects, engineers, surveyors, &c., it would be bard to find a handier or more complete little volume." Standard. "A young architect could hardly have a better guide-book." Timber Trades "Journal. Taylor and Cresy's Rome. THE ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES OF ROME. By the late G. L.TAYLOR, Esq., F.R.I. B.A., and EDWARD CRESY, Esq. New Edition, thoroughly Revised by the Rev. ALEXANDER TAYLOR, M.A. (son oi the late G. L. Taylor, Esq.), Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, and Chap- lain of Gray's Inn. Large folio, with 130 Plates, half-bound, 3 35. N.B.This is the only book which gives on a large scale, and with the precision of architectural measurement, the principal Monuments of Ancient Rome in plan. elevation, and detail. "Taylor and Cresy's work has from its first publication been ranked among those professional books which cannot be bettered. ... It would be difficult to find examples of drawings, even among those of the most painstaking students of Gothic, more thoroughly worked out than are the one hundred and thirty plates in this volume." Architect. Architectural Draiving. PRACTICAL RULES ON DRA WING, for the Operative Builder and Young Student in Architecture. By GEORGE PYNE. With 14 Plates, 4to, 75. 6d. boards. Civil Architecture. THE DECORATIVE PART OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. By Sir WILLIAM CHAMBERS, F.R.S. With Illustrations, Notes, and an Examination of Grecian Architecture, by JOSEPH GWILT, F.S.A. Edited by W. H. LEEDS. 66 Plates, 4to, zis. cloth. House Building and Repairing. THE HOUSE-OWNER'S ESTIMATOR ; or, What will it Cost to Build, Alter, or Repair? A Price Book adapted to the Use of Unpro- fessional People, as well as for the Architectural Surveyor and Builder. By JAMES D. SIMON, A.R.I.B.A. Edited and Revised by FRANCIS T. W. MILLER, A.R.I.B.A. With numerous Illustrations. Fourth Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " In two years it will repay its cost a hundred times over" Field. " A very handy book." English Afuhanic. ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, etc. 15 Designing, Measuring, and Valuing. THE STUDENTS GUIDE to the PRACTICE of MEASUR- ING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS' WORKS. Containing Directions for taking Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing the Quantities into Bill, with Tables of Constants for Valuation of Labour, and for the Calcula- tion of Areas and Solidities. 'Originally edited by EDWARD DOBSON, Architect. Revised; with considerable Additions on Mensuration and Construction, and a New Chapter on Dilapidations, Repair?, and Contract?, by E. WYNDHAM TARN, M. A. Sixth Edition, including a Complete Form of a Bill of Quantities. With 8 Plates and 63 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. clo \Just published. " Well fulfils the promise of its title-page, and we can thoroughly recommend it to the class for whose use it has been compiled. Mr. Tarn's additions and revisions have much increased the usefulness of the work, and have especially augmented its value to students." Engineering. "This edition will be found the most complete treatise on the principles of measuring and valuing artificers' work that has yet been published." Building News. foc7cet Estimator and Technical Guide. THE POCKET TECHNICAL GUIDE, MEASURER AND ESTIMATOR FOR BUILDERS AND SURVEYORS. Containing Tech- nical Directions for Measuring Work in all the Building Trades, with a Treatise on the Measurement of Timber and Complete Specifications for Houses, Roads, and Drains, and an easy Method of Estimating the various parts of a Building collectively. By A. C. BEATON, Author of "Quantities and Measurements," &c. Fifth Edition, carefully Revised and Priced according to the Present Value of Materials and Labour, with 53 Woodcuts, leather, waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. gilt edges. [Just published. " No builder, architect, surveyor, or valuer should be without his ' Beaton.' " Building News. _ " Contains an extraordinary amount of information in daily requisition in measuring and estimating. Its presence in the pocket will save valuable time and trouble." Building World. Donaldson on Specifications. THE HANDBOOK OF SPECIFICATIONS; or, Practical Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder, in drawing up Specifications and Contracts for Works and Constructions. Illustrated by Precedents of Buildings actually executed by eminent Architects and En- gineers. By Professor T. L. DONALDSON, P.R.I.B.A., &c. New Edition, in One large Vol., 8vo, with upwards of 1,000 pages of Text, and 33 Plates, i us. 6d. cloth "In this work forty-four specifications of executed works are given, Including the specifica- tions for parts of the new Houses of Parliament, by Sir Charles Barry, and for the new Royal Exchange, by Mr. Tite, M.P. The latter, in particular, is a very complete and remarkable document. It embodies, to a great extent, as Mr. Donaldson mentions, 'the bill of quantities with the description of the works.' ... It is valuable as a record, and more valuable still as a book of precedents. . . . Suffice it to say that Donaldson's ' Handbook of Specifications ' must be bought by all architects." Builder. BartJiolomew and Hogers 9 Specifications. SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURE. A Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder. With an Essay on the Structure and Science of Modern Buildings. Upon the Basis of the Work by ALFRED BARTHOLOMEW, thoroughly Revised, Corrected, and greatly added to by FREDERICK ROGERS, Architect. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. With numerous Illustrations, medium 8vo, 155. cloth. " The collection of specifications prepared by Mr. Rogers on the basis of Bartholomew's-work k too well known to need any recommendation from us. It is one of the books with which every young architect must be equipped ; for time has shown that the specifications cannot be set aside through any defect in them." Architect. " Good forms for specifications are of considerable value, and It was an excellent Idea to com- pile a work on the subject upon the basis of the late Alfred Bartholomew's valuable work. The second edition of Mr. Rogers's book is evidence of the want of a book dealing with modern re- quirements and materials." Building News. Building ; Civil and Ecclesiastical. A BOOK ON BUILDING, Civil and Ecclesiastical, including Church Restoration ; with the Theory of Domes and the Great Pyramid, &c. By Sir EDMUND BECKETT, Bart., LL.D., F.R.A.S., Author of "Clocks and Watches, and Bells," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, 55. cloth. " A book which is always amusing and nearly always instructive. The style throughout is In the highest degree condensed and epigrammatic." Times. 16 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. Geometry for the Architect, Engineer, etc. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY, for the Architect, Engineer and Mechanic. Giving Rules for the Delineation and Application of various Geometrical Lines, Figures and Curves. By E. W. TARN, M.A., Architect, Author of "The Science of Building," &c. Second Edition. With Appen- dices on Diagrams of Strains and Isometrical Projection. With 172 Illus- trations, demy 8vo, 95. cloth. " No book with the same objects in view has ever been published in which the clearness of the rules laid down and the illustrative diagrams have been so satisfactory." Scotsman. " This is a manual for the practical man, whether architect, engineer, or mechanic. . . .The object of the author being to avoid all abstruse formulae or complicated methods, and to enable persons with but a moderate knowledge of geometry to work out the problems required." English Mechanic. The Science of Geometry. THE GEOMETRY OF COMPASSES; or, Problems Resolved by the mere Description of Circles, and the use of Coloured Diagrams and Symbols. By OLIVER BYRNE. Coloured Plates. Crown 8vo, 3$. 6d. cloth. " The treatise is a good one, and remarkable like all Mr. Byrne's contributions to the science of geometry for the lucid character of its teaching." Building News. DECORATIVE ARTS, etc. Woods and Marbles (Imitation of). SCHOOL OF PAINTING FOR THE IMITATION OF WOODS AND MARBLES, as Taught and Practised by A. R. VAN DER BURG and P. VAN DER BURG, Directors of the Rotterdam Painting Institution. Royal folio, iSi by 12^ in., Illustrated with 24 full-size Coloured Plates; also 12 plain Plates, comprising 154 Figures. Second and Cheaper Edition. Price i us. 6d. List of Plates. i. Various Tools required for Wood Painting Finished Specimen 19. Mahogany : Specimens -a, 3. Walnut: Preliminary Stages of Graining of various Grains and Methods of Manipulation id Finished Specimen 4. Tools used for 20, ai. Mahogany: Earlier Stages and Finished Marble Painting and Method of Manipulation 5,6. St. Remi Marble: Earlier Operations and Finished Specimen 7. Methods of Sketching different Grains, Knots, &C.8, g. Ash: Pre- liminary Stages and Finished Specimen 10. Methods of Sketching Marble Grains n, ia. Breche Marble : Preliminary Stages of Working and Finished Specimen 13. Maple : Methods of Producing the different Grains 14, 15. Bird's- eye Maple: Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen 16. Methods of Sketching the dif- ferent Species of White Marble 17, 18. White Specimen 22,23,24. Sienna Marble : Varieties of Grain, Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen -25, 26, 27. Juniper Wood : Methods of producing Grain, &c. : Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen 28, 29, 30. Vert de Mer Marble : Varieties of Grain and Methods of Working Unfinished and Finished Speci- mens 31. 32. 33. Oak: Varieties of Grain, Tools Employed, and Methods of Manipulation, Pre- liminary Stages and Finished Specimen 34, 35, 36. Waulsort Marble: Varieties of Grain, Un- finished and Finished Specimens. Marble: Preliminary Stages of Process and *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. "Those who desire to attain skill in the art of painting woods and marbles will find advantage 4n consulting this book. . . . Some of the Working Men's Clubs should give their young men the opportunity to study 'A" Builder. " A comprehensive guide to the art. The explanations of the processes, the manipulation and management of the colours, and the beautifully executed plates will not be the least valuable to the student who aims at making his work a faithful transcript of nature." Building News. " Students and novices are fortunate who are able to become the possessors of so noble a work." -Architect. House Decoration. ELEMENTARY DECORATION. A Guide to the Simpler Forms of Everyday Art, as applied to the Interior and Exterior Decoration of Dwelling Houses, &c. By JAMES W. FACEY, Jun. With 68 Cuts. 121110, as. cloth limp. As a technical guide-book to the decorative painter it will be found reliable." Building NCTUS . PRACTICAL HOUSE DECORATION : A Guide to the Art of Ornamental Painting, the Arrangement of Colours in Apartments, and the principles of Decorative Design. With some Remarks upon the Nature and Properties of Pigments. By JAMES WILLIAM FACEY, Author of " Elementary Decoration," &c. With numerous Illustrations, izmo, zs. 6d. cloth limp. N.B.The above Two Works together in One Vol., strongly half-bound, 55. DECORATIVE ARTS, etc. 17 Colour. A GRAMMAR OF COLOURING. Applied to Decorative Painting and the Arts. By GEORGE FIELD. New Edition, Revised, Enlarged, and adapted to the use of the Ornamental Painter and Designer. By ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. With New Coloured Diagrams and Engravings. 12010, 35. 6d. clo{h boards. "The book is a most useful resume of the properties of pigments." Builder. House Fainting, Graining, etc. HOUSE PAINTING, GRAINING, MARBLING, AND SIGN WRITING, A Practical Manual of. By ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. Fifth Edition* With Coloured Plates and Wood Engravings. i2rao, 6s. cloth boards. " A mass of information, of use to the amateur and of value to the practical man." English Mechanic. "Simply invaluable to the youngster entering upon this particular calling, and highly service- able to the man who is practising it." Furniture Gazette, Decorators, ^Receipts for. THE DECORATOR'S ASSISTANT : A Modern Guide to De- corative Artists and Amateurs, Painters, Writers, Gilders, &c. Containing upwards of 600 Receipts, Rules and Instructions ; with a variety of Informa- tion for General Work connected with every Class of Interior and Exterior Decorations, &c. Third Edition, Revised. 152 pp., crown 8vo, is. in wrapper; " Full of receipts of value to decorators, painters, gilders, &c. The book contains the gist of larger treatises on colour and technical processes. It would be difficult to meet with a work so full of varied information on the painter's art." Building News. " We recommend the work to all who, whether for pleasure or profit, require a guide to decora- tion." Plumber and Decorator, Moyr Smith on Interior Decoration. ORNAMENTAL INTERIORS, ANCIENT AND MODERN. By ]. MOYR SMITH. Super-royal 8vo, with 32 full-page Plates and numerous smaller Illustrations, handsomely bound in cloth, gilt top, price i8s. \2sF In "ORNAMENTAL INTERIORS" the designs of more than thirty artist- decorators and architects of high standing have been illustrated. The book may therefore fairly claim to give a good general view of the works of the modern school of decoration, besides giving characteristic examples of earlier decorative arrange- ments. "ORNAMENTAL INTERIORS" gives a short account of the styles of Inferior Decoration as practised by the A ncients in Egypt, Greece, Assyria, Rome and Byzan- tium. This part is illustrated by characteristic designs. %* OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " The book is well illustrated and handsomely got up, and contains some true criticism and a good many good examples of decorative treatment." The Builder. " Well fitted for the dilettante, amateur, and professional designer." -Decoration. " This is the most elaborate, and beautiful work on the artistic decoration of interiors that we have seen. . . . The scrolls, panels and other designs from the author's own pen are very beautiful and chaste ; but he takes care that the designs of other men shall figure even more thaa his own." Liverpool Albion. ' To all who take an interest in elaborate domestic ornament this handsome volume will b welcome." Graphic. " Mr. Moyr Smith deserves the thanks of art workers for having placed within their reach a book that seems eminently adapted to afford, by example and precept, that guidance of which most craftsmen stand in need." furniture Gazette. British and Foreign Marbles. MARBLE DECORATION and the Terminology of British and Foreign Marbles. A Handbook for Students. By GEORGE H. BLAGROVE, Author of " Shoring and its Application," &c. With 28 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. This most useful and much wanted handbook should be in the hands of every architect and buUder." Building- World. " It is an excellent manual for students, and interesting to artistic readers generally." Saturday " A carefully and usefully written eatise ; the work is essentially practical." Scotsman. Marble Working, etc. MARBLE AND MARBLE WORKERS: A Handbook for Architects, Artists, Masons and Students. By ARTHUR LEE, Author of " A Visit to Carrara," " The Working of Marble," &c. Small crown 8vo, 2s. cloth . 11 A really valuable addition to the teclir.ical literature of archi'ects and m.a&oa.s."Buildinj Neius. 1 8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. DELAMOTTE'S WORKS ON ILLUMINATION AND ALPHABETS, A PRIMER OF THE ART OF ILLUMINATION, for the Use of Beginners : with a Rudimentary Treatise on the Art, Practical Directions for its exercise, and Examples taken from Illuminated MSS. .printed in Gold and Colours. By F. DELAMOTTE. New and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to, 6s. orna- mental boards. "The examples of ancient MSS. recommended to the student, which, with much good sense, the author chooses from collections accessible to all, are selected with judgment and knowledge, as well as taste." Athenceum. ORNAMENTAL ALPHABETS, Ancient and Medieval, from the Eighth Century, with Numerals; including Gothic, Church-Text, large and small, German, Italian, Arabesque, Initials for Illumination, Monograms, Crosses, &c. &c., for the use of Architectural and Engineering Draughtsmen, Missal Painters, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, Carvers, &c. &c. Collected and Engraved by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, zs. 6d. ornamental boards. "For those who Insert enamelled sentences round gilded chalices, who blazon shop legends over shop-doors, who letter church walls with pithy sentences from the Decalogue, this book will be use- ful. A thenaum. EXAMPLES OF MODERN ALPHABETS, Plain and Ornamental; including German, Old English, Saxon, Italic, Perspective, Greek, Hebrew, Court Hand, Engrossing, Tuscan, Riband, Gothic, Rustic, and Arabesque ; with several Original Designs, and an Analysis of the Roman and Old English Alphabets, large and small, and Numerals, for the use of Draughtsmen, Sur- veyors, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, Carvers, &c. Collected and Engraved by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, zs. 6d. ornamental boards. " There is comprised in it every possible shape into which the letters of the alphabet and numerals can be formed, and the talent which has been expended in the conception of the various plain ind ornamental letters is wonderful." Standard. MEDIEVAL ALPHABETS AND INITIALS FOR ILLUMI- NATORS. By G. DELAMOTTE. Containing 21 Plates and Illuminated Title, printed in Gold and Colours. With an Introduction by J. WILLIS BROOKS. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to, 45. ornamental boards. " A volume in which the letters of the alphabet come forth glorified in gilding and all the colours of the prism interwoven and intertwined and intermingled." Sun. THE EMBROIDERER'S BOOK OF DESIGN. Containing Initials, Emblems, Cyphers, Monograms, Ornamental Borders, Ecclesiastical Devices, Mediaeval and Modern Alphabets, and National Emblems. Col- lected by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. Oblong royal 8vo, is. td. ornamental wrapper. " The book will be of great assistance to ladies and young children who are endowed with the art of plying the needle in this most ornamental and useful pretty work." East Anglian Times. Wood Carving. INSTRUCTIONS IN WOOD-CARVING, for Amateurs; with Hints on Design. By A LADY. With Ten large Plates, zs. 6d. in emblematic wrapper. " The handicraft of the wood-carver, so well as a book can Impart it, may be learnt from ' A Lady's' publication." Athenceum. " The directions given are plain and easily understood. "English Mechanic. Glass Painting. GLASS STAINING AND THE ART OF PAINTING ON GLASS. From the German of Dr. GESSERT and EMANUEL OTTO FROMBERG, With an Appendix on THE ART OF ENAMELLING, zamo, zs. 6d. cloth limp. Letter fainting. THE ART OF LETTER PAINTING MADE EASY. By JAMES GREIG BADENOCH. With 12 full-page Engravings of Examples, is. 6d. cloth limp. "The system is a simple one, but quite original, and well worth the careful attention of letter painters. It can be easily mastered and remembered." Building News. CARPENTRY, TIMBER, etc. ig CARPENTRY, TIMBER, etc. Tredgold's Carpentry, Enlarged by Tarn. THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY. A Treatise on the Pressure and Equilibrium of Timber Framing, the Resist- ance of Timber, and the Construction of Floors, Arches, Bridges, Roofs, Uniting Iron and Stone with Timber, &c. To which is added an Essay on the Nature and Properties of Timber, &c., with Descriptions of the kinds of Wood used in Building ; also numerous Tables of the Scantlings of Tim- ber for different purposes, the Specific Gravities of Materials, &c. By THOMAS TREDGOLD, C.E. With an Appendix of Specimens of Various Roofs of Iron and Stone, Illustrated. Seventh Edition, thoroughly revised and considerably _enlarged by E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A., Author of "The Science of Build- ing," &c. With 61 Plates, Portrait of the Author, and several Woodcuts. In one large vol., 4to, price i 55. cloth. "Ought to be in every architect's and every builder's library." Builder. " A work whose monumental excellence must commend it wherever skilful carpentry Is con- cerned. The author's principles are rather confirmed than impaired by time. The additional plates are of great intrinsic value." Building News. Woodworking Machinery. WOODWORKING MACHINERY : Its Rise, Progress, and Con- struction. With Hints on the Management of Saw Mills and the Economical Conversion of Timber. Illustrated with Examples ot Recent Designs by leading English, French, and American Engineers. By M. Powis BALE, A.M.lnst.C.E.,M.I.M.E. Large crown 8vo, 125. 6d. cloth. " Mr. Bale is evidently an expert on the subject and he has collected so much information that his book is all-sufficient for builders and others engaged in the conversion of timber." Architect. "The most comprehensive compendium of wood-working machinery we have seen. The author is a thorough master of his subject." Building Ne-ws. " The appearance of this book at the present time will, we should think, give a considerable Impetus to the onward march of the machinist engaged in the designing and manufacture of wood-working machines. It should be in the office of every wood-working factory." English Mechanic. Saw Mills. SAW MILLS: Their Arrangement and Management, and the Economical Conversion of Timber. (A Companion Volume to " Woodworking Machinery.") By M. Powis BALE. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, IDS. 6d. cloth. " The administration of a large sawing establishment is discussed, and the subject examined from a financial standpoint. Hence the size, shape, order, and disposition ot saw-mills and the like are gone into in detail, and the course of the timber is traced from its reception to its delivery in its converted state. We could not desire a more complete or practical treatise." Builder. "We highly recommend Mr. Bale's work to the attention and perusal of all those who are en- gaged in the art of wood conversion, or who are about building or remodelling saw-mills on im- proved principles." Building Nevus* Carpentering. THE CARPENTER'S NEW GUIDE ; or, Book of Lines for Car- penters ; comprising all the Elementary Principles essential for acquiring a knowledge of Carpentry. Founded on the late PETER NICHOLSON'S Standard Work. A New Edition, Revised by ARTHUR ASHPITEL, F.S.A. Together with Practical Rules on Drawing, by GEORGE PYNH. With 74 Plates, 4to, i is. cloth. Sandrailing. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HANDRAILING : Showing New and Simple Methods for Finding the Pitch of the Plank, Drawing the Moulds, Bevelling, Jointing-up, and Squaring the Wreath. By GEORGE COLLINGS. Illustrated with Plates and Diagrams. i2mo, is. 6d. cloth limp. " Will be found of practical utility in the execution of this difficult branch of joinery." Builder. " Almost every difficult phase of this somewhat intricate branch of joinery is elucidated by the aid of plates and explanatory letterpress." Furniture Gazette. Circular WorJc, CIRCULAR WORK IN CARPENTRY AND JOINERY: A Practical Treatise on Circular Work of Single and Double Curvature. By GEORGE COLLINGS, Author of " A Practical Treatise on Handrailing,," Illus- trated with numerous Diagrams, izmo, 2s. 6d. cloth limp. " An excellent example of what a book of this kind should be. Cheap in price, clear in defini- tion and practical in the examples selected." IJuilaer. 20 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON 'S CATALOGUE. Timber Merchant's Companion. THE TIMBER MERCHANT'S AND BUILDER'S COM- PANION. Containing New and Copious Tables of the Reduced Weight and Measurement of Deals and Battens, of all sizes, from One to a Thousand Pieces, and the relative Price that each size bears per Lineal Foot to any given Price per Petersburg Standard Hundred ; the Price per Cube Foot of Square Timber to any given Price per Load of 50 Feet ; the proportionate Value of Deals and Battens by the Standard, to Square Timber by the Load of 50 Feet ; the readiest mode of ascertaining the Price of Scantling per Lineal Foot of any size, to any given Figure per Cube Foot, &c. &c. By WILLIAM DOWSING. Fourth Edition, Revised and Corrected. Cr. 8vo, 35. cl. " Everything is as concise and clear ss it can possibly be made. There can be no doubt thai every timber merchant arid builder ought to possess it." Hull Advertiser. " We are glad to see a fourtn edition of these admirable tables, which for correctness and simplicity of arrangement leave nothing to be desired." Timber Trades Journal. " An exceedingly well-arranged, clear, and concise manual of tables for the use of all who buy or sell timber." Journal of forestry. Practical Timber Merchant. THE PRACTICAL TIMBER MERCHANT. Being a Guide for the use of Building Contractors, Surveyors, Builders, &c., comprising useful Tables for all purposes connected with the Timber Trade, Marks of Wood, Essay on the Strength of Timber, Remarks on the Growth of Timber, &c. By W. RICHARDSON. Fcap. 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. " Contains much valuable information for the use of timber merchants, builders, foresters, and all others connected with the growth, sale, and manufacture of timber.' Journal of Forestry. Timber Freight Book. THE TIMBER MERCHANTS, SAW MILLER'S, AND IMPORTER'S FREIGHT BOOK AND ASSISTANT. Comprising Rules, Tables, and Memoranda relating to the Timber Trade. By WILLIAM RICHARDSON, Timber Broker; together with a Chapter on " SPEEDS OF SAW MILL MACHINERY," by M. Powis BALE, M.I.M.E., &c. i2mo, 35. 6d. cl. boards, "A very useful manual of rules, tables, and memoranda relating to the timber trade. We re- commend it as a compendium of calculation to all timber measurers and merchants, and as supply- Ing a real want in the trade." Building News. Packing-Case Makers, Tables for. PACKING-CASE TABLES ; showing the number of Super- ficial Feet in Boxes or Packing-Cases, from six inches square and upwards. By W. RICHARDSON, Timber Broker. Second Edition. Oblong 410, 33. 6d. c>. " Invaluable labour-saving tables." rronmonsrer. "Will save much labour ard calculation." Grocer. Superficial Measurement. THE TRADESMAN'S GUIDE TO SUPERFICIAL MEA- SUREMENT. Tables calculated from i to 200 inches in length, by r to 108 inches in breadth. For the use of Architects, Surveyors, Engineers, Timber Merchants, Builders, &c. By JAMES HAWKINGS. Third Edition. Fcap., 55. 6d. cloth. " A useful collection of tables to facilitate rapid calculation of surfaces. The exact area of any s irface of which the limits have been ascertained can be instantly determined. The book will be found of the greatest utility to all engaged in building operations." Scotsman. " These tables will be found of great assistance to all who require to make calculations in super- ficial measurement." English Mechanic. Forestry. THE ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY. Designed to afford In- formation concerning the Planting and Care of Forest Trees for Ornament or Profit, with Suggestions upon the Creation and Care of Woodlands. By F. B. HOUGH. Large crown 8vo, IDS. cloth. Timber Importer's Guide. THE TIMBER IMPORTER'S, TIMBER MERCHANT'S AND BUILDER'S STANDARD GUIDE. By RICHARD E. GRANDY. Compris- ing an Analysis of Deal Standards, Home and Foreign with Comparative Values and Tabular Arrangements for fixing Nett Landed Cost on Baltic and North American Deals, including all intermediate Expenses, Freight, Insurance, &c. &c. Together with copious Information for the Retailer and Builder. Third Edition, Revised. lamo, 2s. cloth limp. Everything it pretends to be : built up gradually, it leads one from a forest to a treenail, and throws in, as a makeweight, a host of material concerning bricks, columns, cisterns, &c."Engli.< ft Mechanic. NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, NAVIGATION, etc. 21 MARINE ENGINEERING, NAVIGATION, etc. Chain Cables. CHAIN CABLES AND CHAINS. Comprising Sizes and Curves of Links, Studs, &c., Iron for Cables and Chains, Chain Cable and Chain Making, Forming and Welding Links, Strength of Cables and Chains, Certificates for Cables, Marking Cables, Prices of Chain Cables and Chains, Historical Notes, Acts of Parliament, Statutory Tests, Charges for Testing, List of Manufacturers of Cables, &c. &c. By THOMAS W. TRAILL, F.E.R.N., M. Inst. C.E., Engineer Surveyor in Chief, Board of Trade, Inspector of Chain Cable and Anchor Proving Establishments, and General Superin- tendent, Lloyd's Committee on Proving Establishments. With numerous Tables, Illustrations and Lithographic Drawings. Folio, -2 25. cloth. "It contains a vast amount of valuable information. Nothing seems to be wanting to make it H complete and standard work of reference on the subject." Nautical Magazine. Engineering. MARINE ENGINES AND STEAM VESSELS (A Treatise on). By ROBERT MURRAY, C.E. Eighth Edition, thoroughly Revised, with considerable Additions by the Author and by GEORGE CARLISLE, C.E., Senior Surveyor to the Board of Trade at Liverpool. i2mo, 55, cloth boards. " Well adap'ed to give th young- steamship engineer or marine engirt i and boiler maker a general introduction into his pra.tical work." Me haniczl Wor/a. " We feel sure that this thoroughly revised editioa will continue to be as popular in the future p.s it has been in the past, as for ics size, it contains more useful information than any similar realise. " Industries. "The iaformati m given is both sound and sensible, and we'I quali'ied tD direct young sea- going hands on the straight road to the extra chief's certificate." Glasgow Herald. " An indispensable manual for the student of marina enjineeung." Liverpool Mercury. JPoc7cet-Soo7c for Naval Architects and Shipbuilders. THE NAVAL ARCHITECT'S AND SHIPBUILDER'S POCKET-BOOK of Formula, Rules, and Tableland MARINE ENGINEER'S AND SURVEYOR'S Handy Book of Reference. By CLEMENT MACKROW, Member of the Institution of Naval Architects, Naval Draughtsman. Third Edition, Revised. With numerous Diagrams, &c. Fcap., I2S. 6d. leather. "Should be used by all who are engaged in the construction or design of vessels. . . . Will be found to contain the most useful tables and formulae required by shipbuilders, carefully collected from the best authorities, and put together in a popular and simple form." Engineer. " The professional shipbuilder has now, in a convenient and accessible form, reliable data for solving many of the numerous problems that present themselves in the course of his work." Iron. "There is srarrelv a subject on which a naval architect or shipbuilder can require to refresh his memory which wil Inot be found within the covers of Mr. Mackrow's book." English Mechanic. X*oc7cet-Boo7c for Marine Engineers. A POCKET-BGOK OF USEFUL TABLES AND FOR- MULA FOR MARINE ENGINEERS. By FRANK PROCTOR, A.I.N.A. Third Edition. Royal 32010, leather, gilt edges, with strap, 45. "We recommend it to our readers as going far to supply a long-felt want." Naval Science, "A most useful companion to all marine engineers." United Service Gazette. Introduction to Marine Engineering. ELEMENTARY ENGINEERING: A Manual for Young Marine Engineers and Apprentices. In the Form of Questions and Answers on Metals, Alloys, Strength of Materials, Construction and Management of Marine Engines, &c. &c. With an Appendix of Useful Tables. By J. S. BREWER, Government Marine Surveyor, Hongkong. Small crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. [Just published, " Contains much valuable information for the class for whom it is intended, especially in the chapters on the management of boilers and eng nes." Nautical Magazine, ' A useful introduction to the more elaborate text books " Srotsman. " To a student who has the requisite desire and resolve to attaia a thorough knowledge, Mr. (Brewer offers decidedly useful help."' Athenxum. Navigation. PRACTICAL NAVIGATION. Consisting of THE SAILOR'S SEA-BOOK, by JAMES GREENWOOD and W. H. ROSSER; together with the requisite Mathematical an i N lutical Fables for the Working of the Problems. By HENRY LAW. C.E. , and Professor J. R. YOUNG. Illustrated, 13010,75. strongly half-bound. CROSBY LOCK WOOD S> SON'S CATALOGUE. MINING AND MINING INDUSTRIES. pp., 2 Metalliferous Mining. BRITISH MINING : A Treatise on the History, Discovery, Practical Development, and Future Prospects of Metalliferous Mines in the United King- dom. By ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S., Keeper of Mining Records; Editor of " Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines," &c. Upwards of 950 , with 230 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. Super-royal 8vo, 2 25. cloth. "One of the most valuable works of reference of modern times. Mr. Hunt, as keeper of mining records of the United Kingdom, has had opportunities for such a task not enjoyed by anyone else, and has evidently made the most of them. . . . The language and style adopted are good, and the treatment of the various subjects laborious, conscientious, and scientific." Engineering: "The book is, in fact, a treasure-house of statistical information on minine subjects, and we know of no other work embodying so great a mass of matter of this kind. Were this the only merit of Mr. Hunts volume, it would be sufficient to render it indispensable in the library of everyone interested in the development of the mining and metallurgical industries of the country." Atheiitzurn* "A mass of information not elsewhere available, and of the greatest value to those who may be interested in our great mineral industries." Engineer. "A sound, business-like collection of interesting facts. . . . The amount of information Mr. Hunt has brought together is enormous. . . . The volume appears likely to convey more instruction upon the subject than any work hitherto published." Mining Journal. "The work will be for the mining- industry what Dr. Percy's celebrated treatise has been for the metallurgical a book that cannot with advantage be omitted from the library." Iron and Coal Trades Review. "The volume is massive and exhaustive, and the high intellectual powers and patient, persist- ent application which characterise the author have evidently been brought into play in its produo t.on. Its contents are invaluable." Colliery Guardian. Coal and Iron. THE COAL AND IRON INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. Comprising a Description of the Coal Fields, with Returns or their Produce and its Distribution, and Analyses of Special Varieties. Also an Account of the occurrence of Iron Ores in Veins or Seams ; Analyses ot each Variety ; and a History of the Rise and Progress of Pig Iron Manufacture since the year 1740. By RICHARD MEADE, Assistant Keeper of Mining Records. With Maps of the Coal Fields and Ironstone Deposits of the United Kingdom. 8vo, i 8s. cloth. " The book is one which must find a place on the shelves of all Interested in coal and iron production, and in the iron, steel, and other metallurgical industries." Engineer. " Of this book we may unreservedly say that it is the best of its class which we have ever met. . . . A book of reference which no one engaged in the iron or coal trades should omit froai his library." Iron and Coal Trades Review. "An exhaustive treatise and a valuable work of reference." Mining- yournal, Prospecting for Gold and other Metals. THE PROSPECTOR'S HANDBOOK: A ^Guide for the Pro- spector and Traveller in Search of Metal-Bearing or other Valuable Minerals. By J. W. ANDERSON, M.A. (Camb.), F.R.G.S., Author of "Fiji and New Caledonia." Fourth Edition, thoroughly Revised and Enlarged. Small crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " Will supply a much felt want, especially among Colonists, n whose way are so often thrown many mineralogical specimens the value of which it is difficult for anyone, not a specialist, to determine. The author has placed his instructions before his readers in the plainest possible terms, and his book is the best of its kind." Engineer. "How to find commercial minerals, and how to identify them when they are found, are the leading points to which attention is directed. The author has managed to pack as much practical detail into his pages as would supply material for a book three times its size." Mining Journal. " Those toilers who explore the trodden or untrodden tracks on the face of the globe will find much that is useful to them in this book." Athcnamtn. Mining Notes and Formulas. NOTES AND FORMULA FOR MINING STUDENTS. By JOHN HERMAN MERIVALE, M.A., Certificated Colliery Manager, Professor of Mining in the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Second Edition, carefully Revised. Small crown 8vo, cloth, price 2s. 6d. " Invaluable to anyone who is working up for an examination on mining subjects." Coal and Iron Trades Review. "The author has done his work in an exceedingly creditable manner, and has produced a book that will be of service to students, and those who are practically engaged in mining operations. 1 ' Engineer " A vast amount of technical matter of the utmost value to mining engineers, and of consider- able interest to students." Schoolmaster. MINING AND MINING INDUSTRIES. 23 Gold, Metallurgy of. THE METALLURGY OF GOLD: A Practical Treatise on the Metallurgical Treatment of Gold-bearing Ores. Including the Processes of Concentration and Chlorination, and the Assaying, Melting and Kenning of Gold. By M. EISSLER, Mining Engineer and Metallurgical Chemist, formerly Assistant Assayer of the U . S. Mint, San Francisco. Second Edition, Revised and much Enlarged. With 132 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. [Just published. " This book thoroughly deserves its title of a ' Practical Treatise.' The whole process of gold milling, from the breaking of the quartz to the assay of the bullion, is described in clear and orderly narrative and with much, but not too much, fulness of detail." Saturday Review. " The work is a storehouse of information and valuable data, and we strongly recommend it to all professional men engaged in the gold-mining industry." Mining Journal. "Anyone who wishes to have an intelligent acquaintance with the characteristics of gold and gold ores, the methods of extracting the metal, concentrating and chlorinating it, and further oa of refining and assaying it, will find all he wants in Mr. Eissler's book." Financial Neius. Silver, Metallurgy of. THE METALLURGY OF SILVER: A Practical Treatise on the Amalgamation, Roasting and Lixiviation of Silver Ores. Including the Assaying, Melting and Refining of Silver Bullion. By M. EISSLER, Author of "The Metallurgy of Gold. 1 ' With 124 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, ics. 6d. cloth. [just published. " A practical treatise, and a technical work which we are convinced will supply a long-felt want amongst practical men, and at the same time beot value to students and others indirectly connected with tne industries." Mining Journal. " From first to last the book is thoroughly sound and reliable." Colliery Guardian. " For chemists, practical miners, assayers and investors alike, we do not know of any work on the subject so handy and yet so comprehensive." Glasgow Herald. Mineral Surveying and Valuing. THE MINERAL SURVEYOR AND VALUER'S COMPLETE GUIDE, comprising a Treatise on Improved Mining Surveying and the Valua~ tion of Mining Properties, with New Traverse Tables. By WM. LINTERN, Mining and Civil Engineer. Third Edition, with an Appendix on " Magnetic and Angular Surveying," With Four Plates. i2mo, 45. cloth. " An enormous fund of information of great value." Mining Journal. " Mr. Lintern's book forms a valuable and thoroughly trustworthy guide." Iron and Coal Trades Review. " This new edition must be of the highest value to colliery surveyors, proprietors and mana- gers." Colliery Guardian. Metalliferous Minerals and Mining. TREATISE ON METALLIFEROUS MINERALS AND MINING. By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S., Mining Engineer, &c., Author of "A Treatise on Slate and Slate Quarrying." Illustrated with numerous Wood Engravings. Fourth Edition, carefully Revised. Crown 8vo, 125. 6d. cloth. "Neither the practical miner nor the general reader interested in mines can have a better book for his companion and his guide." Mining Journal. "The volume is one which no student of mineralogy should be without." Colliery Guardian, "A book that will not only be useful to the geologist, the practical miner, and the metallurist. but also very interesting to the general public." Iron. "As a history of the present state of mining throughout the world this book has a real v?hie, and it supplies an actual want, for no such information has hitherto been brought together within such limited space." Athenaum. Earthy Minerals and Mining. TREATISE ON EARTHY AND OTHER MINERALS AND MINING. By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S. Uniform with, and forming a Com- panion Volume to, the same Author's " Metalliferous Minerals and Mining." With 76 Wood Engravings. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, i2s. 6d. cloth. "It is essentially a practical work, intended primarily for the use of practical men. . . . We do not remember to have met with any English work on mining matters that contains the same amount of information packed in equally convenient form." Academy. " The book is clearly the result of many years' careful work and thought, and we should be inclined to rank it as among the very best of the handy technical and trades manuals which have recently appeared." British, Quarterly Review. " The volume contains a great mass of practical information carefully methodised and pre- sented in a very intelligible shape." Scotsman. "The subject matter of the volume will be found of high value by all and they are a numer- ous class who trade in earthy minerals." Athen SON'S CATALOGUE. Underground Pumping Machinery. MINE DRAINAGE. Being a Complete and Practical Treatise on Direct-Acting Underground Steam Pumping Machinery, with a Descrip- tion of a large number of the best known Engines, their General Utility and- the Special Sphere of their Action, the Mode of their Application, and their merits compared with other forms of Pumping Machinery. By STEPHEN MICHELL. 8vo, 155. cloth. " Will be highly esteemed by colliery owners and lessees, mining engineers, and students generally who require to be acquainted with the best means of securing the drainage of mines. It fc a most valuable work, and stands almost alone in the literature of steam pumping machinery." Colliery Guardian., " Much valuable information is given, so that the book is thoroughly worthy of an extensive circulation amongst practical men and purchasers of machinery. ' Mining Journal. Mining Tools. A MANUAL OF MINING TOOLS. For the Use of Mine Managers, Agents, Students, &c. By WILLIAM MORGANS, Lecturer on Prac- tical Mining at the Bristol School of Mines. I2mo, zs. 6d. cloth limp. ATLAS OF ENGRAVINGS to Illustrate the above, contain- ing 235 Illustrations of Mining Tools, drawn to scale. 4to, 45. 6d. cloth. " Students in the science of mining, and overmen, captains, managers, and viewers may gain practical Knowledge and useful hints by the study of Mr. Morgans' manual." Colliery Guardian. "A valuable work, which will tend materially to improve our mining literature." Mining yournal. Coal Mining. COAL AND COAL MINING: A Rudimentary Treatise on. By Sir WARINGTON W. SMYTH, M.A., F.R.S., &c., Chief Inspector of the Mines of the Crown. New Edition, Revised and Corrected. With numerous Illus- trations. i2mo, 45. cloth boards. " As an outline is given of every known coal-field in this and other countries, as well as of the .principal methods of working, the book will doubtless interest a very large number of readers." Mining Journal. Granite Quarrying. GRANITES AND OUR GRANITE INDUSTRIES. By GEORGE F. HARRIS, F.G.S., Membre de la Societe Beige de Geologic, Lec- turer on Economic Geology at the Birkbeck Institution, &c. With Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, 2$. 6d. cloth. " A clearly and well-wriuen manual for persons engaged or interested in the granite industry." Scotsman. " An interesting work, which will be deservedly esteemed. We advise the author to write again." Colliery Guardian. " An exceedingly interesting and valuable monograph, on a subject which has hitherto received .unaccountably little attention in the shape of systematic literary treatment." Sc ottish Leader. NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE. Text Book of Electricity. THE STUDENT'S TEXT-BOOK OF ELECTRICITY. By HENRY M. NOAD, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. New Edition, carefully Revised. With an Introduction and Additional Chapters, by W. H. PREECE, M.I.C.E., Vice-President of the Society of Telegraph Engineers, &c. With 470 Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, izs. 6d. cloth. "The original plan of this book has been carefully adhered to so as to make it a reflex of the existing state of electrical science, adapted for students. . . . Discovery seems to have pro- gressed with marvellous strides ; nevertheless it has now apparently ceased, and practical applica- tions have commenced their career ; and it is to give a faithful account of these that this fresh edition of Dr. Noad's valuable text-book is launched forth." Extractfrom Introduction by IV. H. Preece, Esq. " We can recommend Dr. Noad's book for clear style, great range of subject, a good index and a plethora of woodcuts. Such collections as the present are indispensable. Athenceum. " An admirable text book for every student beginner or advanced of electricity." Jitgineering. Electricity. A MANUAL OF ELECTRICITY: Including Galvanism, Mag- netism, Dia-M agnetism, Electro-Dynamics, Magno-Electriciiy, and the Electric Telegraph. By HENRY M. NOAD, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. Fourth Edition. With 500 Woodcuts. 8vo, i 45. cloth. "It is worthy of a place in the library of every public institution." Mining Journal, NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE. 25 Electric Light. ELECTRIC LIGHT : Its Production and Use. Embodying Plain Directions for the Treatment of Voltaic Batteries, Electric Lamps, and Dynamo-Electric Machines. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E., Author of " Electro- plating: A Practical Handbook." Edited by F. C.WEBB, M.I.C.E., M.S.T.E. Second Edition, Revised, with large Additions and 128 Illusts. ?s. 6d. cloth. " The book is by far the best that we have yet met with on the subject." Athentzum. "It is the only work at present available which gives, in language intelligible for the most part to the ordinary reader, a general but concise history of the means which have been adopted up to the present time in producing the electric light." Metropolitan. "The book contains a general account of the means adopted in producing the electric light, not only as obtained from voltaic or galvanic batteries, but treats at length of the dynamo-electric machine in several of its forms." Colliery Guardian* Electric Lighting. THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC LIGHT- ING. By ALAN A. CAMPBELL SWINTON, Associate I.E.E. Second Edition, Enlarged and Revised. With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, is. 6d. cloth. "Anyone who desires a short and thoroughly clear exposition of the elementary principles of electric-lighting cannot do better than read this little work." Bradford Observer. Dr. Lardner's School Handbooks. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. LARDNEP. 328 Illustrations. Sixth Edition. One Vol., 35. 6d. cloth. " A very convenient class-book for junior students in private schools. It is intended to convey, i i clear and precise terms, general notions of all the principal divisions of Physical Science." British Quarterly Review. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. LARDNER. With 190 Illustrations. Second Edition. One Vol., 35. 6d. cloth. "Clearly written, well arranged, and excellently illustrated." Gardener's Chronicle. Dr. Lardner's Electric Telegraph. THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. By Dr. LARDNER. Re- vised and Re-written by E. B. BRIGHT, F.R.A.S. 140 Illustrations. Small 8vo, zs. 6d. cloth. " One of the most readable books extant on the Electric Telegraph." English Mechanic. Astronomy. ASTRONOMY. By the late Rev. ROBERT MAIN, M.A., F.R.S., formerly Radcliffe Observer at Oxford. Third Edition, Revised and Cor- rected to the present time, by WILLIAM THYNNE LYNN, B.A., F.R.A.S., formerly of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, izmo, 2s. cloth limp. "A sound and simple treatise, very carefully edited, and a capital book for beginners." Kno-wledg'.. [tiottal Times. " Accurately brought down to the requirements of the present time by Mr. Lynn." Edu<:a- Tlie Bloivpipe. THE BLOWPIPE IN CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND GEOLOGY. Containing all known Methods of Anhydrous Analysis, many Working Examples, and Instructions for Making Apparatus. By Lieut.- Colonel W. A. Ross, R.A.,F.G.S. With 120 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. {.J ust published. "The student who goes conscientiously through the course of experimentation here laid down will gain a better insight into inorganic chemistry and mineralogy than if he had 'got up 'any of the best text-books ot the day, and p'assed any number of examinations in their contents." Chemi- cal News. The Military Sciences. AIDE-MEMOIRE TO THE MILITARY SCIENCES. Framed from Contributions of Officers and others connected with the different Ser- vices. Originally edited by a Committee of the Corps of Royal Engineers. Second Edition, (most carefully Revised by an Officer of. the Corps, with many Additions; containing nearly 350 Engravings and many hundred Woodcuts. Three Vols., royal 8vo, extra cloth boards, and lettered, 4 IDS. " A compendious encyclopaedia of military knowledge, to which we are greatly indebted." Edinburgh Review. "The most comprehensive book of reference to the military and collateral sciences." Volunteer Service Gazette. Field Fortification. A TREATISE ON FIELD FORTIFICATION, THE ATTACK OF FORTRESSES, MILITARY MINING, AND RECONNOITRING. By Colonel I. S. MACAULAY, late Professor of Fortification in the R.M.A., Wool- wich. Sixth Edition, crown 8vo, cloth, with separate Atlas of 12 Plates, xas. 26 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. Temperaments. OUR TEMPERAMENTS, THEIR STUDY AND THEIR TEACHING. A Popular Outline. By ALEXANDER STEWART, F.R.C.S. Edin. In one large bvo volume, with 30 Illustrations, including A Selection from Lodge's " Historical Portraits," showing the Chief Forms of Faces. Price 155. cloth, gilt top. "The book is exceedingly interesting:, eren for those who are not systematic students of an- thropology. ... To those who think the proper study of mankind is man, it will be full of attrac- tion." Daily Telegraph. "The author's object is to enable a student to read a man's temperament in his aspect. The work is well adapted to its end. It is worthy of the attention of students of human nature." Scotsman. " The volume is heavy to hold, but light to read. Though the author has treated his subject exhaustively, he writes in a popular and pleasant manner that renders it attractive to the general reader." Punch. Antiseptic Nursing. ANTISEPTICS: A Handbook for Nurses. Being an Epitome of Antiseptic Treatment. With Notes on Antiseptic Substances, Disinfection, Monthly Nursing, &c. By Mrs. ANNIE HEWER, late Hospital Sister, Diplpmee Obs. Soc. Lond. Crown 8vo, is. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " This excellent little work . . . is very readable and contains much information. We can Strongly recommend it to those who are undergoing training at the various hospitals, and also to ti.ose who are engaged in the practice of nursing, as they cannot fail to obtain practical hints from its perusal." Lancet. " The student or the busy practitioner would do well to look through its pages, offering as they do a suggestive and iaithfui picture of antiseptic methods." Hospital Gazette. "A clear, concise, and excellent little handbook." The Hospital. Pneumatics and Acoustics. PNEUMATICS : including Acoustics and the Phenomena of Wind Currents, for the Use of Beginners. By CHARLES TOMLINSON, F.R.S., F.C.S., &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. With numerous Illustrations. I2mp, is. 6d. cloth. " Beginners in the study of this important application of science could not have a better manual." Scotsman. " A valuable and suitable text-book for students of Acoustics and the Phenomena of Wind Currents." Schoolmaster. Conchology. A MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSC A : Being a Treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells. By S. P. WOODWARD, A.L.S., F.G.S., late Assistant Palaeontologist in the British Museum. Fifth Edition. With an Appendix on Recent and Fossil Conchological Discoveries, by RALPH TATE, A.L.S., F.G.S. Illustrated by A.. N. WATERHOUSE and JOSEPH WILSON LOWRY. With 23 Plates and upwards of 300 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d, cloth boards. " A most valuable storehouse of conchological and geological information." Science Gossip. Geology. RUDIMENTARY TREATISE ON GEOLOGY, PHYSICAL AND HISTORICAL. Consisting of " Physical Geology," which sets forth the leading Principles of the Science ; and " Historical Geology," which treats of the Mineral and Organic Conditions of the Earth at each successive epoch, especial reference being made to the British Series of Rocks. By RALPH TATE, A.L.S., F.G.S., &c., &c. With 250 Illustrations. i2mo, s s > cloth boards. " The fulness of the matter has elevated the book into a manual. Its information is exhaustive and well arranged." School Board Chronicle. Geology and Genesis. THE TWIN RECORDS OF CREATION; or, Geology and Genesis : their Perfect Harmony and Wonderful Concord. By GEORGE W. VICTOR LE VAUX. Numerous Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, 55. cloth. " A valuable contribution to the evidences of Revelation, and disposes very conclusively of the arguments of those who would set God's Works against God's Word. No real difficulty is shirked, and no sophistry is left unexposed." The Rock. " The remarkable peculiarity of this author is that he combines an unbounded admiration of science with an unbounded admiration of the Written record. The two impulses are balanced to a nicety ; and the consequence is-that difficulties, which to minds less evenly poised would be seri- ous, find immediate solutions of the happiest kinds." London Review, NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE. 27 DR. LARDNER'S HANDBOOKS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. THE HANDBOOK OF MECHANICS. Enlarged and almost re- written by BENJAMIN LOEWY, F.R.A.S. With 378 Illustrations. Post 8vo, 6s. cloth. "The perspicuity of the original has been retained, and chapters which had become obsolete have been replaced by others of more modern character. The explanations throughout are studiously popular, and care has been taken to show the application of the various branches of physics to the industrial arts, and to the practical business of life." Mining Journal. "Mr. Loewy has carefully revised the book, and brought it up to modern requirements." Nature. " Natural philosophy has had few exponents more able or better skilled In the art of popu- larising- the subject than Dr. Lardner ; and Mr. Loewy is doing- good service in fitting this treatise, and the others of the series, for use at the present time." Scotsman. THE HANDBOOK OF HYDROSTATICS AND PNEUMATICS. New Edition, Revised and Enlarged, by BENJAMIN LOEWY, F.R.A.S. With 236 Illustrations. Post 8vo, 55. cloth. "For those 'who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science without the pro- found methods of mathematical investigation,' this work is not merely intended, but well adapted.'' Chemical A'e-ws. "The volume before us has been carefully edited, augmented to nearly twice the bulk of the former edition, and all the most recent matter has been added. . . . It is a valuable text-book." Mature. " Candidates for pass examinations will find it, we think, specially suited to their requirements.' English. Mechanic. THE HANDBOOK OF HEAT. Edited and almost entirely re- written by BENJAMIN LOEWY, F.R.A.S., &c. 117 Illustrations. Post 8vo, 6s, cloth. " The style is always clear and precise, and conveys instruction without leaving any cloudiness or lurking doubts behind." Engineering. "A most exhaustive book on the subject on which it treats, and is so arranged that it can be understood by all who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science Mr. Loewy has included all the latest discoveries in the varied laws and effects of heat." Standard. "A complete and handy text-book for the use of students and general readers." English Mechanic. THE HANDBOOK OF OPTICS. By DIONYSIUS LARDNER,D.C.L., formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University College, London. New Edition. Edited byT. OLVER HARDING, B.A. Lond., of University College, London. With 298 Illustrations. Small 8vo, 448 pages, 55. cloth. "Written by one of the ablest English scientific writers, beautifully and elaborately illustrated." Mechanic's Magazine. THE HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, AND ACOUSTICS. By Dr. LARDNER. Ninth Thousand. Edit, by GEORGE CAREY FOSTER, B.A., F.C.S. With 400 Illustrations. Small 8vo, 55. cloth. _ "The book could not have been entrusted to anyone better calculated to preserve the terse and lucid style of Lardner, while correcting his errors and bringing up his work to the present state of scientific knowledge." Popular Science Review. *** The above Five Volumes, though each is Complete in itself, form A COM- PLETE COURSE OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. Dr. Lardner's HandbooJc of Astronomy. THE HA NDBOOK OF A STRONOMY. Forming a Companion to the " Handbook of Natural Philosophy/' By DIONYSIUS LARDNER, D.C.L., formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University College, London. Fourth Edition. Revised and Edited by EDWIN DUNKIN, F.R.A.S., Royal Observatory, Greenwich. With 38 Plates and upwards of loo Woodcuts. In One Vol., small 8vo, 550 pages, 95. 6d. cloth. "Probably no other book contains the same amount of information in so compendious and well- arranged a form certainly none at the price at which this is offered to the public." Athenaum. "We can do no other than pronounce this work a most valuable manual of astronomy, and we strongly recommend it to all who wish to acquire a general but at the same time correct acquaint- ance with this sublime science." Quarterly Journal of Science. "One of the most deservedly popular books on the subject . . . We would recommend not only the student of the elementary principles of the science, but he who aims at mastering the higher and mathematical branches of astronomy, not to be without this work beside him." Practi- cal Magazine* 28 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. DR. LARDNER'S MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART, THE MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. Edited by DIONYSIUS LARDNER, D.C.L., formerly Professor ot Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University College, London. With upwards of 1,200 Engrav- ings on Wood. In 6 Double Volumes, i is., in a new and elegant cloth bind- ing ; or handsomely bound in half-morocco, 315. 6 SON'S CATALOGUE. Horology. A TREATISE ON MODERN HOROLOGY, in Theory and Prac- tice. Translated from the French of CLAUDIUS SAUNIER, ex-Director of the School of Horology at Macon, by JULIEN TRIPPLIN, F.R.A.S., Besancon, Watch Manufacturer, and EDWARD RIGG, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. With Seventy-eight Woodcuts and Twenty-two Coloured Copper Plates. Second Edition. Super-royal 8vo, z zs. cloth ; 2 IDS. half-calf. " There is no horological work in the English language at all to be compared to this produc- tion of M. Saunier's for clearness and completeness. It is alike good as a guide for the student and as a reference for the experienced horologist and skilled workman." Horological Journal. " The latest, the most complete, and the most reliable of those literary productions to which continental watchmakers are indebted for the mechanical superiority over their English brethren in fact, the Book of Books, is M. Saunier's 'Treatise.'" Watchmaker, Jeweller and Silversmith. WatcIimaMng. THE WA TCHMA HER '5 HA NDBOO K. Translated from the French of CLAUDIUS SAUNIER, and considerably Enlarged by JULIEN TRIPP- LIN, F.R.A.S., yice-President of the Horological Institute, and EDWARD RIGG, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. With Numerous Woodcuts and Fourteen Copper Plates. Second Edition, Revised. With Appendix. Cr. 8vo, gs. cloth. " Each part is truly a treatise in itself. The arrangement is g9od and the language is clear and concise. It is an admirable guide for the young watchmaker." Engineering. " It is impossible to speak too highly of its excellence. It fulfils every requirement in a hand- book intended for the use of a workman. Should be found in every workshop." Watch and Clockmaker. CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES & COMMERCE. Alkali Trade, Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, etc. A MANUAL OF THE ALKALI TRADE, including the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Sulphate of Soda, and Bleaching Powder. By JOHN LOMAS, Alkali Manufacturer, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and London. With 232 Illustrations and Working Drawings, and containing 390 pages of Text. Second Edition, with Additions. Super-royal 8vo, i IDS. cloth. "This book is written by a manufacturer for manufacturers. The working details of the most approved forms of apparatus are given, and these are accompanied by no less than 232 wood en- gravings, all of which may be used for the purposes of construction. Every step in the manufac- ture is very fully described in this manual, and each improvement explained." Athenaum. " We find here not merely a sound and luminous explanation of the chemical principles of the trade, but a notice of numerous matters which have a most important bearing on the successful conduct of alkali works, but which are generally overlooked by even experienced technological authors." Chemical Review. Brewing. A HANDBOOK FOR YOUNG BREWERS. By HERBERT EDWARDS WRIGHT, B.A. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. " This little volume, containing such a large amount of good sense in so small a compass, ought to recommend itself to every brewery pupil, and many who have passed that .stage." Brewers' Guardian-. " The book is very clearly written, and the author has successfully brought his scientific know ledge to bear upon the various processes and details of brewing." Brewer. Commercial Chemical Analysis. THE COMMERCIAL HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL ANA- LYSIS; or, Practical Instructions for the determination of the Intrinsic or Commercial Value of Substances used in Manufactures, in Trades, and in the Arts. By A. NORMANDY, Editor of Rose's "Treatise on Chemical Analysis." New Edition, to a great extent Re-written by HENRY M. NOAD, Ph.D., F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, i2s. 6d. cloth. "We strongly recommend this book to our readers as a guide, alike indispensable to the house- wife as to the pharmaceutical practitioner." Medical Times. " Essential to the analysts appointed under the new Act. The most recent results are given, and the work is well edited and carefully written." Nature. Explosives. A HANDBOOK OF MODERN EXPLOSIVES. Being a Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Application of Dynamite, Gun- Cotton, Nitro-Glycerine, and other Explosive Compounds. By M. EISSLER, Mining Engineer , Author of "The Metallurgy of Gold," " The Metallurgy of Silver," &c. With about 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. [In the press. AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 35 Dye- Wares and Colours. THE MANUAL OF COLOURS AND DYE- WARES : Their Properties, Applications, Valuation, Impurities, and Sophistications. For the use of Dyers, Printers, Drysalters, Brokers, &c. By J. W. SLATER. Second Edition, Revised and graatly Enlarged. Crown 8vo, js. 6d. cloth. " A complete encyclopaedia of the materia tinctoria. The information given respecting each article is full and precise, and the methods of determining 1 the value of articles such as these, so liable to sophistication, are given with clearness, and are practical as well as valuable." Chemvt and Druggist. " There is no other work which covers precisely the same ground. To students preparing for examinations in dyeing and printing it will prove exceedingly useful." Chemical News. Pigments. THE ARTIST'S MANUAL OF PIGMENTS. Showing their Composition, Conditions of Permanency, Non-Permanency, and Adul- terations; Effects in Combination with Each Other and with Vehicles ; and the most Reliable Tests of Purity. Together with the Science and Arts Department's Examination Questions on Painting. By H C. STANDAGE. Second Edition, Revised. Small crown 8vo, as. 6d. cloth. "This work is indeed mnltum-in-parTJo, and we can, with good conscience, recommend it to all who come in contact with pigments, whether as makers, dealers or users." Chemical Review. "This manual cannot fail to be a very valuable aid to all painters who wish their work to endure and be of a sound character ; it is complete and comprehensive. "^Stectator. "The author supplies a great deal of very valuable information and memoranda as to the chemical qualities and artistic effect of the principal pigments used by painters." Builder. Gauging. Tables and Rules for Revenue Officers, Brewers, etc. A POCKET BOOK OF MENSURATION AND GAUGING : Containing Tables, Rules and Memoranda for Revenue Officers, Brewers, Spirit Merchants, &c. By J. B. MANX (Inland Revenue). Oblong i8mo, 45. leather, with elastic band. " This handy and useful book is adapted to the requirements of the Inland Revenue Depart- ment, and will be a favourite book of reference. The range of subjects is comprehensive, and the arrangement simple and clear." Civilian. " A most useful book. It should be in the hands of every practical brewer." Brewers' Journal. AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. Agricultural Facts and Figures. NOTE-BOOK OF AGRICULTURAL FACTS AND FIGURES FOR FARMERS AND FARM STUDENTS. By PRIMROSE MCDONNELL, Fellow of the Highland and Agricultural Society ; late Professor of Agricul- ture, Glasgow Veterinary College. Third Edition. Royal 32mo, full roan, gilt edges, with elastic band, 45. " The most complete and comprehensive Note-book for Farmers and Farm Students that we have seen. It literally teems with information, and we can cordially recommend it to all connected with agrcuilture." North British Agriculturist. Youatt and Burn's Complete Grazier. THE COMPLETE GRAZIER, and FARMER'S and CATTLE- BREEDER'S ASSISTANT. A Compendium of Husbandry; especially in the departments connected with the Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, and General Management of Stock ; the Management of the Dairy, &c. With Directions for the Culture and Management of Grass Land, of Grain and Root Crops, the Arrangement of Farm Offices, the use of Implements and Machines, and on Draining, Irrigation, Warping, &c. ; and the Application and Relative Value of Manures. By WILLIAM YOUATT, Esq., V.S. Twelfth Edition, En- larged by ROBERT SCOTT BURN, Author of " Outlines of Modern Farming," " Systematic Small Farming," &c. One large 8vo volume, 860 pp., with 244 Illustrations, i is. half-bound. " The standard and text-book with the farmer and grazier." Farmer's Magazine. " A treatise which will remain a standard work on the subject as long as British agriculture endures." Afar* Lane Express (First Notice). " The book deals with all departments of agriculture, and contains an immense amount of valuable information. It is, in fact, an encyclopaedia of agriculture put into readable form, and it is the only work equally comprehensive brought down to present date. It is excellently printed on thick paper, and strongly bound, and deserves a place in the library of every agriculturist." Mark Lane Express (Second Notice). "This esteemed work is well worthy of a place in the libraries of agriculturists." North Kritish Agriculturist. 36 CROSBY LOCKW OD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. Flour Manufacture 9 Milling, etc. FLOUR MANUFACTURE: A Treatise on Milling Science and Practice. By FRIEDRICH KICK, Imperial Regierungsrath, Professor of Mechanical Technology in the Imperial German Polytechnic Institute, Prague. Translated from the Second Enlarged and Revised Edition with Supplement. By H. H. P. POWLHS, A.M.I.C.E. Nearly 400 pp. Illustrated with 28 Folding Plates, and 167 Woodcuts. Royal 8vo, 255. cloth. " This valuable work is, and will remain, the standard authority on the science of milling. , . The miller who has read and digested this work will have laid the foundation, so to speak, of a suc- cessful career ; he will have acquired a number of general principles which he can proceed to apply. In this handsome volume we at last have the accepted text-book of modern milling in good, sound English, which has little, if any, trace of the German idiom." The Miller. " The appearance of this celebrated work in English is very opportune, and British millers will, we are sure, not be slow in availing themselves of its pages." Millers' Gazette. Small Farming. SYSTEMATIC SMALL FARMING; or, The Lessons of my Farm. Being an Introduction to Modern Farm Practice for Small Farmers. By ROBERT SCOTT BURN, Author of " Outlines of Modern Farming." With numerous Illustrations, crown 8vo, 6s. cloth. "This is the completest book of its class we have seen, and one which every amateur farmer will read with pleasure and accept as a guide." Field. " The volume contains a vast amount of useful information. No branch of farming is left untouched, from the labour to be done to the results achieved. It may be safely recommended to all who think they will be in paradise when they buy or rent a three-acre farm." Glasgow Herald. Modern Farming. OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING. By R. SCOTT BURN. Soils, Manures, and Crops Farming and Farming Economy Cattle, Sheep, and Horses Management of Dairy, Pigs and Poultry Utilisation of Town-Sewage, Irrigation, &c. Sixth Edition. In One Vol., 1,250 pp., half- bound, profusely Illustrated, i2S. The aim of the author has been to make his work at once comprehensive and trustworthy, and in this aim he has succeeded to a degree which entitles him to much credit." Morning Advertiser. " No farmer should be without this book."an6ury Guardian. Agricultural Engineering. FARM ENGINEERING, THE COMPLETE TEXT-BOOK OF. Comprising Draining and Embanking ; Irrigation and Water Supply ; Farm Roads, Fences, and Gates ; Farm Buildings, their Arrangement and Con- struction, with Plans and Estimates ; Barn Implements and Machines ; Field Implements and Machines ; Agricultural Surveying, Levelling, &c. By Prof. JOHN SCOTT, Professor of Agriculture at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, &c, In One Vol., 1,150 pages, half-bound, 600 Illustrations, 125. "Written with great care, as well as, with knowledge and ability. The author has done his work well ; we have found him a very trustworthy guide wherever we have tested his statements. The volume will be of great value to agricultural students," Mark Lane Express. "For a young agriculturist we know of no handy volume so likely to be more usefully studied. Bell's Weekly Messenger. English Agriculture. THE FIELDS OF GREAT BRITAIN : A Text-Book of Agriculture, adapted to the Syllabus of the Science and Art Department. For Elementary and Advanced Students. By HUGH CLEMENTS (Board of Trade). Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. i8mo, zs. 6d. cloth. "A most comprehensive volume, giving a mass of information." Agricultural Economist. "It is a long time since we have seen a book which has pleased us more, or which contains such a vast and useful fund of knowledge." Educational Times, New Pocket Book for Farmers. TABLES, MEMORANDA, AND CALCULATED RESULTS for Farmers, Graziers, Agricultural Students, Surveyors, Land Agents Auc- tioneers, etc. With a New System of Farm Book-keeping. Selected and Arranged by SIDNEY FRANCIS. Second Edition, Revised. 272 pp., waist- coat-pocket size, is. 6d., limp leather. [Just published. " Weighing less than i oz., and occupying no more space than a match box, it contains a mass of facts and calculations which has never before, in such handy form, been obtainable. . Every operation on the farm is dealt with. The work may be taken as thoroughly accurate, having been revised by Dr. Fream. We cordially recommend it." Bell's Weekly {Messenger. " A marvellous little book. . . . The agriculturist who possesses himself of it will not be disappointed with his investment." The Farm. AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 37 Farm and Estate Book-keeping. BOOK-KEEPING FOR FARMERS 6- ESTATE OWNERS. A Practical Treatise, presenting, in Three Plans, a System adapted to all Classes of Farms. By JOHNSON M. WOODMAN, Chartered Accountant. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth boards ; or as. 6d. cloth limp. " The volume is a capital study of a most important subject. "Agricultural Gazette. " Will be found of great assistance by those who intend to commence a system of book-keep- ing, the author's examples being clear and explicit, and his explanations, while full and accurate, being to a large extent free from technicalities." Live Stock Journal. Farm Account Book. WOODMAN'S YEARLY FARM ACCOUNT BOOK. Giving a Weekly Labour Account and Diary, and showing the Income and Expen- diture under each Department of Crops, Live Stock, Dairy, &c. &c. With Valuation, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet at the end of the Year, and an Appendix of Forms. Ruled and Headed for Entering a Com- plete Record of the Farming Operations. By JOHNSON M. WOODMAN, Chartered Accountant, Author of "Book-keeping for Farmers." Folio, 75. 6d. half bound. [culture. "Contains every requisite form for keeping farm accounts readily and accurately." Agri- Early Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables. THE FORCING GARDEN ; or, How to Grow Early Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables. With Plans and Estimates for Building Glass- houses, Pits and Frames. Containing also Original Plans for Double Glazing, a New Method of Growing the Gooseberry under Glass, &c. &c., and on Venti- lation, &c. With Illustrations. By SAMUEL WOOD. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. " A good book, and fairly fills a place that was in some degree vacant. The book is written with great care, and contains a great deal of valuable teaching." Gardeners' Magazine. " Mr. Wood's book is an original and exhaustive answer to the question 'How to Grow Early Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables ? ' "Land and Water. Good Gardening. A PLAIN GUIDE TO GOOD GARDENING ; or, How to Grow Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers. With Practical Notes on Soils, Manures, Seeds, Planting, Laying-out of Gardens and Grounds, &c. By S. WOOD. Third Edition, with considerable Additions, &c., and numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. " A very good book, and one to be highly recommended as a practical guide. The practical directions are excellent." Athenaum. " May be recommended to young gardeners, cottagers and amateurs, for the plain and trust- worthy information it gives on common matters too often neglected." Gardeners,' Chronicle. Gainful Gardening. MULTUM-IN-PARVO GARDENING', cr, How to make One Acre of Land produce 620 a-year by the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables ; also, How to Grow Flowers in Three Glass Houses, so as to realise 176 per annum clear Profit. By SAMUEL WOOD, Author of "Good Gardening, 1 ' &c. Fourth and cheaper Edition, Revised, with Additions. Crown 8vo, is. sewed. "We are bound to recommend it as not only suited to the case of the amateur and gentleman's gardener, but to the market grower." Gardeners' Magazine. Gardening for Ladies. THE LADIES' MULTUM-IN-PARVO FLOWER GARDEN, and Amateurs' Complete Guide. By S. WOOD. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. " This volume contains a good deal of sound, common sense instruction." Florist. " Full of shrewd hints and useful instructions, based on a lifetime of experience." Scots-man. Receipts for Gardeners. GARDEN RECEIPTS. Edited by CHARLES W. QUIN. i2mo, is. 6d. cloth limp. "A useful and handy book, containing a good deal of valuable information." Athenaum. Market Gardening. MARKET AND KITCHEN GARDENING. By Contributors to " The Garden." Compiled by C. W. SHAW, late Editor of "Gardening Illustrated." izmo, 35. 6d. cloth boards. \Just published. " The most valuable compendium of kitchen and market-garden work published." Farmer. Cottage Gardening. COTTAGE GARDENING; or, Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables for Small Gardens. By E. HOBDAY. i2mo, is. 6d. cloth limp. "Contains much useful Information at a small charge." Glasgow Herald. 38 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. ESTATE MANAGEMENT, AUCTIONEERING, LAW, etc. Hudson's Land Valuer's Pocket-Book. THE LAND VALUER'S BEST ASSISTANT: Being Tables on a very much Improved Plan, for Calculating the Value of Estates. With Tables ior reducing Scotch, Irish, and Provincial Customary Acres to Statute Measure, &c. By R. HUDSON, C.E. New Edition. Royal szmo, leather, elastic band, 45. "This new edition includes tables or ascertaining: the value of leases for any term of years; and for showing how to lay out plots of ground of certain acres in forms, square, round, &c., with valuable rules for ascertaining the probable worth of standing timber to any amount ; and is of incalculable value to the country gentleman and professional man." Farmers' Journal. Ewart's Land Improver's Pocket-Book. THE LAND IMPROVER'S POCKET-BOOK OF FORMULA, TABLES and MEMORANDA required in any Computation relating to the Permanent Improvement of Landed Property. By JOHN EWART, Land Surveyor and Agricultural Engineer. Second Edition, Revised. Royal 32100, oblong, leather, gilt edges, with elastic band, 45. "A compendious and handy little volume." Spectator, Complete Agricultural Surveyor's Pocket-Book. THE LAND VALUER'S AND LAND IMPROVER'S COM- PLETE POCKET-BOOK. Consisting of the above Two Works bound to- gether. Leather, gilt edges, with strap, 75. 6d. " Hudson's book is the best ready-reckoner on matters relating to the valuation of land and crops, and its combination with Mr. Ewart's work greatly enhances the value and usefulness of the latter-mentioned. ... It is most useful as a manual for reference." North of England Farmer. Auctioneer's Assistant. THE APPRAISER, A UCTIONEER, BROKER, HOUSE AND ESTATE AGENT AND VALUER'S POCKET ASSISTANT, for the Valua- tion for Purchase, Sale, or Renewal of Leases, Annuities and Reversions, and of property generally; with Prices for Inventories, &c. By JOHN WHEELER, Valuer, &c. Fifth Edition, re-written and greatly extended by C. NORRIS, Surveyor, Valuer, &c. Royal 32010, 53. cloth. " A neat and concise book of reference, containing an admirable and clearly-arranged list of prices for inventories, and a very practical guide to determine the value of furniture, &c." Standard. " Contains a large quantity of varied and useful information as to the valuation for purchase, sale, or renewal of leases, annuities and reversions, and of property generally, with prices for inventories, and a guide to determine the value of interior fittings and other effects." Builder. Auctioneering. AUCTIONEERS: Their Duties and Liabilities. By ROBERT SQUIBBS, Auctioneer. Demy 8vo, IDS. 6d. cloth. "The position and duties of auctioneers treated compendiously and clearly." Builder. "Every auctioneer ought to possess a copy of this excellent work." Ironmonger, " Of great value to the profession. . . . We readily welcome this book from the fact that it treats the subject in a manner somewhat new to the profession." Estates Gazette. Legal Guide for Pawnbrokers. THE PAWNBROKERS', FACTORS' AND MERCHANTS' GUIDE TO THE LAW OF LOANS AND PLEDGES. With the Statutes and a Digest of Cases on Rights and Liabilities, Civil and Criminal, as to Loans and Pledges of Goods, Debentures, Mercantile and other Se- curities. By H. C. FOLKARD, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, Author of " The Law of Slander and Libel," &c. With Additions and Corrections. Fcap. 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. " This work contains simply everything that requires to be known concerning the department of the law of which it treats. We can safely commend the book as unique and very nearly perfect." "The task undertaken by Mr. Folkard has been very satisfactorily performed. . . . Such ex- planations as are needful have been supplied with great clearness ana with due regard to brevity." City Press. ESTATE MANAGEMENT, AUCTIONEERING, LAW, etc. 39 Sow to Invest. HINTS FOR INVESTORS : Being an Explanation of the Mode of Transacting Business on the Stock Exchange. To which are added Com- ments on the Fluctuations and Table of Quarterly Average prices of Consols since 1759. Also a Copy ot the London Daily Stock and Share List. By WALTER M. PLAYFORD, Sworn Broker. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. " An invaluable guide to investors and speculators." Bullionist Metropolitan Hating Appeals. REPORTS OF APPEALS HEARD BEFORE THE COURT OF GENERAL ASSESSMENT SESSIONS, from the Year 1871 to 1885. By EDWARD RYDE and ARTHUR LYON RYDE. Fourth Edition, brought down to the Present Date, with an Introduction to the Valuation (Metropolis) Act, 1869, and an Appendix by WALTER C. RYDE, of the Inner Temple, Barrister- at-Law. 8vo, i6s. cloth. " A useful work, occupying a place mid-way between a handbook for a lawyer and a guide to the surveyor. It is compiled by a gentleman eminent in his profession as a land agent, whose spe- cialty, it is acknowledged, lies in the direction of assessing property for rating purposes." Land Agents' Record. House Property. HA NDBOOK OF HO USE PROPERTY. A Popular and Practical Guide to the Purchase, Mortgage, Tenancy, and Compulsory Sale of Houses and Land, including the Law of Dilapidations and Fixtures ; with Examples of all kinds of Valuations, Useful Information on Buildings, and Suggestive Elucidations of Fine Art. By E. L. TARBUCK, Architect and Surveyor. Fourth Edition, Enlarged, xamo, 55. cloth. "The advice is thoroughly practical." Law Journal. "For all who have dealings with house property, this is an indispensable guide." Decoration. "Carefully brought up to date, and much improved by the addition of a division on fine art. " A well-written and thoughtful work." Land Agents Record. Inwood's Estate Tables. TABLES FOR THE PURCHASING OF ESTATES, Freehold, Copyhold, or Leasehold; Annuities, Advowsons, etc., and for the Renewing of Leases held under Cathedral Churches, Colleges, or other Corporate bodies, for Terms of Years certain, and for Lives ; also for Valuing Reversionary Estates, Deferred Annuities, Next Presentations, &c. ; together with SMART'S Five Tables of Compound Interest, and an Extension of the same to Lower and Intermediate Rates. By W. INWOOD. 23rd Edition, with considerable Additions, and new and valuable Tables of Logarithms for the more Difficult Computations of the Interest of Money, Discount, Annuities, &c., by M. FEDOR THOMAN, of the Societe Credit Mobilier of Paris. Crown 8vo, 8s. cloth. "Those interested in the purchase and sale of estates, and in the adjustment of compensation cases, as well as in transactions in annuities, life insurances, &c., will find the present edition of eminent service. " Engineering. " ' Inwood's Tables ' still maintain a most enviable reputation. The new issue has been enriched by large additional contributions by M. Fedor Thoman, whose carefully arranged Tables cannot fail to be of the utmost utility." Mining- Journal. Agricultural and Tenant-Hight Valuation. THE AGRICULTURAL AND TENANT-RIGHT-VALUER'S ASSISTANT. A Practical Handbook on Measuring and Estimating the Contents, Weights and Values of Agricultural Produce and Timber, the Values of Estates and Agricultural Labour, Forms of Tenant-Right-Valua- tions, Scales of Compensation under the Agricultural Holdings Act, 1883, &c. &c. By TOM BRIGHT, Agricultural Surveyor. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. "Full of tables and examples in connection with the valuation of tenant-right, estates, labour contents, and weights of timber, and farm produce of all kinds." Agricultural Gazette. " An eminently practical handbook, full of practical tables and data of undoubted interest and value to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations ot all kinds." Farmer. Plantations and Underwoods. POLE PLANTATIONS AND UNDERWOODS: A Practical Handbook on Estimating the Cost of Forming, Renovating, Improving and Grubbing Plantations and Underwoods, their Valuation for Purposes ot Transfer, Rental, Sale or Assessment. By TOM BRIGHT, F.S.Sc., Author of " The Agricultural and Tenant-Right-Valuer's Assistant," &c. Crown 8vo 35. 6d. cloth. [just published. "Very useful to those actually engaged in managing wood." Belts Weekly Messenger. " To valuers, foresters and agents it will be a welcome aid." North British Agriculturist. "Well calculated to assist the valuer in the dieeharge of his duties, and of undoubted interest and use both to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations of all kinds. 'Kent Herald. 40 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. A Complete Epitome of the Laws of this Country. EVERY MAN'S OWN LAWYER: A Handy-Book of the Principles of Law and Equity. By A BARRISTER. Twenty-sixth Edition. Reconstructed, Thoroughly Revised, and much Enlarged. Including the Legislation of the Two Sessions of 1888, and including careful digests of The Local Government Act, 1888; County Electors Act, 1888; County Courts Act, 1888; Glebe Lands Act, 1888; Law of Libel Amendment Act, 1888; Patents, Designs and Trade Marks Act, 1888; Solicitors Act, 1888; Preferential Pay- ments in BanKruptcy Act, 1888; Land Charges Registration and Searches Act, 1888 ; Trustets Act, 1888, &c, Crown 8vo, 638 pp., price 6s. 8d. (saved at every consultation ! ), strongly bound in cloth. [Just published. \* THE BOOK WILL BE FOUND TO COMPRISE (AMONGST OTHER MATTER) THE RIGHTS AND WRONGS OF INDIVIDUALS MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL LAW PARTNERSHIPS, CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS GUARANTEES, PRINCIPALS AND AGENTS CRIMINAL LAW PARISH LAW COUNTY COURT LAW GAME AND FISHERY LAWS POOR MEN'S LAWSUITS LAWS OF BANKRUPTCY WAGERS CHEQUES, BILLS AND NOTES COPYRIGHT ELECTIONS AND REGISTRATION INSURANCE LIBEL AND SLANDER MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE MERCHANT SHIPPING MORTGAGES SETTLE- MENTS STOCK EXCHANGE PRACTICE TRADE MARKS AND PATENTS TRESPASS NUI- SANCESTRANSFER OF LAND WILLS, &c. &c. Also LAW FOR LANDLORD AND TENANT MASTER AND SERVANT HEIRS DEVISEES AND LEGATEES HUSBAND AND WIFE- EXECUTORS AND TRUSTEES GUARDIAN AND WARD MARRIED WOMEN AND INFANTS LENDER, BORROWER AND SURETIES DEBTOR AND CREDITOR PURCHASER AND VENDOR COMPANIES FRIENDLY SOCIETIES-CLERGYMEN CHURCHWARDENS MEDI- CAL PRACTITIONERS BANKERS FARMERS CONTRACTORS STOCK BROKERS SPORTS- MEN GAMEKEEPERS FARRIERS HORSE DEALERS AUCTIONEERS HOUSE AGENTS- INNKEEPERSBAKERSMILLERSPAWNBROKERSSURVEYORSRAILWAYS AND CAR- RIERS CONSTABLES SEAMEN SOLDIERS, &c. &c. IS?" The following subjects may be mentioned as amongst those which have re- ceived special attention during the revision in question: Marriage ot British Subjects Abroad ; Police Constables ; Pawnbrokers ; Intoxicating Liquors ; Licensing ; Domestic Servants; Landlord and Tenant; Vendors and Purchasers; Muni- cipal Elections ; Local Elections ; Corrupt Practices at Elections ; Public Health and Nuisances ; Highways ; Churchwardens ; Legal and Illegal Ritual; Vestry Meetings ; Rates. It is believed that the extensions and amplifications of the present edition, while intended to meet the requirements of the ordinary Englishman, will also have the effect of rendering the book useful to the legal practitioner in the country. One result of the reconstruction and revision, with the extensive additions thereby necessitated, has been the enlargement of the book by nearly a hundred and fifty pages, while the price remains as before. The PUBLISHERS feel every confidence, therefore, that this standard work will continue to be regarded, as hitherto, as an absolute necessity FOR EVERY MAN OF BUSINESS AS WELL AS EVERY HEAD OF A FAMILY. %* OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " It is a complete code of English Law, written in plain language, which all can understand. . . . Should be in the hands of every business man, and all who wish to abolish lawyers' bills." Weekly Times. " A useful and concise epitome of the law, compiled with considerable care. Law Magazine. "A concise, cheap and complete epitome of the English law. So plainly written that he who runs may read, and he who reads may understand.'' Figaro. " A dictionary of legal facts well put together. The book is a very useful one." Spectator. " A work which has long been wanted, which is thoroughly well done, and which we most cordially recommend." Sunday Times. Private Bill Legislation and Provisional Orders. HANDBOOK FOR THE USE OF SOLICITORS AND EN- GINEERS Engaged in Promoting Private Acts of Parliament and Provi- sional Orders, for the Authorization of Railways, Tramways, Works for the Supply of Gas and Water, and other undertakings of a like character. By L. LIVINGSTON MACASSEY, of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law, and Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers; Author of " Hints on Water Supply.' 1 Deiny 8vo, 950 pp., price 255. cloth. " The volume is a desideratum on a subject which can be only acquired by practical experi- ence, and the order of procedure in Private Bill Legislation and Provisional Orders is followed. The author's suggestions and notes will be found of great value to engineers and others profession- ally engaged in this class of practice." Building News. " The author's double experience as an engineer and barrister has eminently qualified him for the task, and enabled him to approach the subject alike from an engineering and legal point of view. The volume will be found a great help both to engineers and lawyers engaged in promoting Private Acts of Parliament and Provisional Orders." Local Government Chronicle. J, OGDEN AND CO. LIMITED, PRINTERS, GREAT SAFFRON HILL, B.C. ' 2&uttfmentarj) LONDON, 1862. THE PRIZE MEDAL Was awarded to the Publishers of "WEALE'S SERIES." A NEW LIST OF WEALE'S SERIES RUDIMENTARY SCIENTIFICjEDUCATIONAL, AND CLASSICAL. Comprising nearly Three. Hundred and Fifty distinct -works in almost every department of Science, Art, and Education, recojnmended to the notice of Engineers, Architects, Builders, Artisans, and Students generally, as well as to those interested in Workmen's Libraries, Literary and Scientific Institutions, Colleges, Schools, Science Cla ses, d. extra. LONDON : CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON, WEALE S RUDIMENTARY SERIES. Architecture, Building, etc., continued. in. ARCHES, PIERS, BUTTRESSES, &c.: Experimental Essays on the Principles of Construction. By W. BLAND. Illustrated, is. 6d. 116. THE ACOUSTICS OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS; or, The Principles of the Science of Sound applied to the purposes of the Architect and Builder. By T. ROGER SMITH, M.R.I. B.A., Architect. Illustrated, is. 6d. 127. ARCHITECTURAL MODELLING IN PAPER, the Art of. By T. A. RICHARDSON, Architect. Illustrated, is. 6d. 128. VITRUVIUSTHE ARCHITECTURE OF MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLO. In Ten Books. Translated from the Latin by JOSEPH GWILT, F.S.A., F.R.A.S. With 23 Plates. 55. 130. GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE, An Inquiry into the Principles of Beauty in ; with an Historical View of the Rise and Progress of the Art in Greece. By the EARL OF ABERDEEN, is. %* The ttv o preceding Works in One handsome Vol,, half bound, entitled "ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE," price 6s. 132. THE ERECTION OF DWELLING-HOUSES. Illustrated by a Perspective View, Plans, Elevations, and Sections of a pair of Semi- detached Villas, with the Specification, Quantities, and Estimates, &c. By S. H. BROOKS. New Edition, with Plates. 2s. 6d.t 156. QUANTITIES & MEASUREMENTS'^ Bricklayers', Masons', Plasterers', Plumbers', Painters', Paperhangers', Gilders', Smiths', Carpenters' and Joiners' Work. By A. C. BEATON, Surveyor. New Edition, is. 6d. 175. LOCK WOOD & SON'S BUILDERS & CONTRACTORS PRICE BOOK, containing the latest Prices of all kinds of Builders' Materials and Labour, and of all Trades connected with Building, &c., &c. Edited by F. T. W. MILLER, Architect. Published annually. 35. 6d. ; half bound, 43. 182. CARPENTRY AND ?OINRYTHE ELEMENTARY PRIN- CIPLES OF CARPENTRY. Chieflv composed from the Standard W^ork of THOMAS TREDGOLD, C.E. With a TREATISE ON JOINERY by ff,. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A. Fourth Edition, Revised. 35. 6d.t 182*. CARPENTRY AND JOINERY. ATLAS of 35 Plates to accompany the above. With Descriptive Letterpress. 4to. 6s. 185. THE COMPLETE MEASURER ; the Measurement of Boards, Glass. &c. ; Unequal-sided, Square-sided, Octagonal-sided, Round Timber and Stone, and Standing Timber, &c. By RICHARD HORTON. Fifth Edition. 45. ; strongly bound in leather, 55. 187. HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS. By G. WIGHTWICK. New Edition. By G. H. GUILLAUME. Illustrated. 35. 6d4 1 88. HOUSE PAINTING, GRAINING, MARBLING, AND SIGN WRITING: with a Course of Elementary Drawing for House- Painters, Sign- Writers, &c., and a Collection of Useful Receipts. By ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. Fifth Edition. With Coloured Plates. 55. clotb limp ; 6s. cloth boards. 189. THE RUDIMENTS OF PRACTICAL BRICKLAYING. In Six Sections : General Principles ; Arch Drawing, Cutting, and Setting ; Pointing ; Paving, Tiling, Materials ; Slating and Plastering ; Practical Geometry, Mensuration, &c. By ADAM HAMMOND. Seventh Edition, is. 6d. 191. PLUMBING. A Text-Book to the Practice of the Art or Craft ot the Plumber. With Chapters upon House Drainage and Ventilation. Fifth Edition. With 380 Illustrations. By W. P. BUCHAN. 35. 6d4 192. THE TIMBER IMPORTER'S, TIMBER MERCHANT'S, and BUILDER'S STANDARD GUIDE. By R. E. GRANDY. as. 206. A BOOK ON BUILDING, Civil and Ecclesiastical, including CHURCH RESTORATION. With the Theory of Domes and the Great Pyramid. &c. By Sir EDMUND BECKETT, Bart., LL.D., Q.C., F.R.A.S. 43. 6d.i 226. THE JOINTS MADE AND USED BY BUILDERS in the Construction of various kinds of Engineering and Architectural Works. By WYVILL J.CHRISTY, Architect. With upwardsof i6oEngravingson Wood. 35. t HilT" The J indicates that these vols. may be had strongly bound at 6d. extra. 7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL, B.C. WEALE'S RUDIMENTARY SERIES. Architecture, Building, etc., continued. 228. THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROOFS OF WOOD AND IRON. By E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A., Architect. Second Edition, revised, is. 6d. 229. ELEMENTARY DECORATION: as applied to the Interior and Exterior Decoration of Dwelling-Houses, &c. By J. W. FACEY. 2s. 257. PRACTICAL HOUSE DECORATION. A Guide to the Art of Ornamental Painting. By JAMES W. FACEY. 2s. 6d. %* The two preceding Works, in One handsome Vol., half-bound, entitled " HOUSE DECORATION, ELEMENTARY AND PRACTICAL," price $s. 230. HANDRAIL1NG. Showing New and Simple Methods for finding the Pitch of the Plank. Drawing the Moulds, Bevelling, Jointing-up, and Squaring the Wreath. By GEORGE COLLINGS. Plates and Diagrams. is.6d, 247. BUILDING ESTA TES : a Rudimentary Treatise on the Develop- ment, Sale, Purchase, and General Management of Building Land. By FOWLER MAITLAND, Surveyor. Second Edition, revised, as. 248. PORTLAND CEMENT FOR USERS. By HENRY FAIJA, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E. Second Edition, corrected. Illustrated. 2s. 252. BRICKWORK ': a Practical Treatise, embodying the General and Higher Principles of Bricklaying, Cutting and Setting, &c. By F. WALKER. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, is. 6d. 23. THE PRACTICAL BRICK AND TILE BOOK. Comprising: 189. BRICK AND TILE MAKING, by E. DOBSON, A.I.C.E.; PRACTICAL BRICKLAY- 252. ING, by A. HAMMOND ; BRICKWORK, by F. 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WYNDHAM TARN, M.A. Lond. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With 59 Wood Engravings. 33. 6d.+ [Just published. SHIPBUILDING, NAVIGATION, MARINE ENGINEERING, ETC. 51. NA VAL ARCHITECTURE. An Exposition of the Elementary Principles of the Science, and their Practical Application to Naval Construc- tion. By J. PEAKE. Fifth Edition, with Plates and Diagrams. 35. 6d4 S3*. SHIPS FOR OCEAN & RIVER SER VICE, Elementary and Practical Principles of the Construction of. By H. A. SOMMERFELDT. is. 6d. S3**. AN ATLAS OF ENGRA VINGS to Illustrate the above. Twelve large folding plates. Royal 4to, cloth, ys. 6d. 54. MASTING, MAST-MAKING, AND RIGGING OF SHIPS, Also Tables of Spars, Rigging, Blocks ; Chain, Wire, and Hemp Ropes, &c., relative to every class of vessels. By ROBERT KIPPING, N.A. 2s. 54*. IRON SHIP-BUILDING. With Practical Examples and Detail-. By JOHN GRANTHAM, C.E. 5th Edition. 43. fej?" The % indicates that these vols. may be had strongly bound at 6d. extra. 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