^sss?
 
 THE KYMRY: 
 
 THEIR 
 
 ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND INTERNATIONAL 
 
 RELATIONS. 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. ROBERT OWEN, B.D. 
 
 Sometime Fellcnu of Jesus College, Oxford ; Senior Puhlic Examiner in Law and 
 
 Modern History. 
 
 Author of 'Treatise of Dogmatic Theology,' 'Sanctorale 
 
 Catholkum, j 'Essay on the Communion of Saints,' 'Institi'tes of Canon 
 
 Law,' ' The Pilgrimage to Rome, a Poem,' &c. 
 
 '' Proximi oceano Kimbri parva nunc civitas, sed gloria inpens." Tacitus, Ger- 
 
 mania, c. 37. 
 
 CARMARTHEN : 
 
 W. SPURRELL AND SON. 
 1891. 
 
 [All Rights reserved.]
 
 THE KYMRY 
 
 ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND INTERNATIONAL 
 RELATIONS.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chapter I. The Kymry on the Continent of Europe ... i 
 
 Chapter II. The Kymry in Pre-historic Britain ... 25 
 
 Chapter III. Character and Manners of the early Kymry ... 49 
 
 Chapter IV. The Kymry under the Roman Empire ... 63 
 
 Chapter V. The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry ... 75 
 
 Chapter VI. The later Welsh Princes ... ... 88 
 
 Chapter VII. Welshmen on the Continent ... ... 96 
 
 Chapter VIII. Ecclesiastical Sketches ... ... 103 
 
 Chapter IX. Mediaeval Literature of the Kymry ... ... 117 
 
 Chapter X. Later Literature of Wales ... ... 124 
 
 Appendix. No. I. Greek-Kymric Vocables ... ... 133 
 
 Appendix. No. II. Latin-Kymric Vocables ... ... 15c 
 
 Appendix. No. III. Ancient Gallic Vocables, preserved by the 
 
 Classic Writers ... ... ... ... ... 206 
 
 Appendix. No. IV. Kymric Affinities with the Basque or 
 
 Euskara ... ... ... ... ... ... 209 
 
 Appendix. No. V. Kymric Affinities with the Sanskrit 212 
 Appendix. No. VI. Greek Proper Names retained in or ex- 
 pounded by the Kymric or Gadhelic (Erse) ... ... 215 
 
 Appendix. No. VII. Gallic and British Proper Names ex- 
 pounded through the Kymric ... ... ... 218 
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. Geographical Traces of the Westward 
 
 Migrations of the Kymry from their Asiatic Cradle ... 221 
 Appendix. No. IX. Latin Names of Persons retained by the 
 Kymry, including those of the later Roman Empire, and 
 
 Greek Names therein occurring ... ... ... 276 
 
 Appendix. No. X. Griffith Roberts's Prologue ... 218 
 
 Appendix. No. XL French-Kymric Vocables ... ... 283 
 
 Appendix. No. XII. English-Kymric Vocables ... 292
 
 THE PREFACE. 
 
 The subject of the antiquities and foreign relations of the Kymry 
 seems to admit of a more interesting treatment than it has hitherto 
 received. The few scholars who have handled it generally fail in 
 acquaintance with foreign literature ; and their ambition has too 
 often led them to acquiesce in a dreary isolation and a barren 
 nationality. 
 
 The very term nationality now serves as a pretence for a fierce 
 attack on institutions, and a corresponding defence not always 
 conducted with temper nor with an absolute regard for truth. 
 The temper now roused in Wales is the Nemesis pursuing the 
 neglect of later times. Time was when a Roman Catholic self- 
 exiled from Cambria could dedicate a Grammar to the noble 
 William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, as to one who spoke pure 
 Welsh. Of late, how rarely find we one of the landed gentry who 
 even attempts a barbarous utterance of it ! Some of the ornaments 
 of the Church, Welshmen by blood, have studiously slighted it. 
 Yet Griffith Roberts, Vicar-General of Milan, could say : 
 
 " I beseech every native Kymro to pay due regard to the 
 Welsh language ; so that none may say of any of them, that it 
 was a sin ever to breed them on the milk of a Kymraes's breast, 
 for that they wished no better to the Welsh tongue." 
 
 Most Welsh scholars have employed their time on the pro- 
 duction of grammars and dictionaries. The Hebrew learning of Dr. 
 John Davies of Mallwyd seems to have influenced his countrymen
 
 vi. The Preface. 
 
 to accept the Puritan atavism of referring Welsh to the language 
 of Moses as its fountain. I cannot admit even the plausibility of a 
 theory which derives clearly Latin words, such as prcseb {praesepe) 
 and ysgcler {sceleratus) from Ebus and Sakal. Edward Lluyd ap- 
 pears to be the most candid and reasonable of Welshmen. A few 
 hints in his Archaeologia Britannica suggested the present Work. 
 
 Dr. Owen Pughe expounded the archaic Welsh of Aneurin and 
 Taliesin, which otherwise would have remained unintelligible. He 
 will even resolve terms of Greek origin, proper to Christianity, into 
 Welsh elements. But he wisely contents himself with suggesting. 
 John Williams, late Archdeacon of Cardigan, perceived traces of 
 Kymric settlements in Italy ; I had sought to develop the idea 
 more extensively before his essays came to my hand. The pa- 
 triotism which I share with most of my countrymen may have led 
 me into error, but it must take its own course. I may in this 
 Work have given the reins too freely to my imagination ; perhaps 
 the subject invited the indulgence. For have I not presumed to 
 trace the Kymry " through all the bounds of Doric land," and 
 " over Adria to the Hesperian fields, and o'er the Keltic roam'd the 
 utmost isles"? {Paradise Lost, Bk. /"., lines 51Q 21.) May I 
 hope the candid reader will respect a venture of patriotic sentiment, 
 which seeks to construct a national memorial, but not at the ex- 
 pense of others, nor to promote selfish ends ?
 
 THE KYMRY: 
 
 THEIR ORIGIN. HISTORY, ANT) INTERNATIONAL 
 RELATIONS. 
 
 1. The original 
 home of the Euro- 
 pean or Western 
 Aryan family of 
 mankind. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE KYMRY ON THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE. 
 
 In tracing the Kymry and their Keltic kinsmen the Gael to their 
 origin, some would confess the problem insoluble, and thereby gain 
 a cheap reputation for sound judgment. Re- 
 garding such discretion as unfruitful, I would 
 run the risk of being treated as a visionary. 
 And so I avow that Mons^ Sylvain Bailly's theory 
 finds favour with me; namely, that the original 
 civilization of mankind was antediluvian in the high plateau of 
 central Asia, whence it extended to India, Persia, and China; and 
 that it was a favoured climate before the transposition of the polar 
 axis of the earth. [Lettres sur VAtlantide de Platan, I77Q.] His 
 argument is supported by the fact of the cycles of iq and of 600 
 years being known to the ancients in those parts, the latter of 
 which cycles is attributed by Josephus to the antediluvians. [See 
 Count Carti, Lettres Americaines, 1788.] Modern discoveries coun- 
 tenance this hypothesis. Sir Robert McClure found in Arctic lands 
 an abundance of wood in places where now the willow and birch 
 have to struggle for existence; and Webb had seen flourishing fields 
 of corn at altitudes far exceeding the height of Mont Blanc* 
 
 * Justin (lib. ii. c. 1) sensibly infers the prior antiquity of the Scythians over the 
 Egyptians, because the higher regions of the world would be sooner habitable after a 
 general deluge; and, in fact, the great rivers sprang from the highlands of Asia.
 
 2 Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 
 
 The most homely incidents of a people's life will not be over- 
 looked by a philosopher, who would judge of the relations or 
 perhaps the original identity of nations now 
 I. Itoois rrom widely separated by language, polity, and locality. 
 Thus, when we find a farm-house in Turkestan 
 presenting the well-to-do features of a comfortable English homestead, 
 down to the shelves of clean earthenware and ornamented wardrobes; 
 the village boys, in their hob-nailed boots, cutting out slides on the 
 frozen roadside pond; the extremely fair women, recalling the crea- 
 tions of Rubens; it is indeed difficult to treat all this as accidental. 
 [Mr. Robert Shaiv^s Travels, i86g.~\ Sir Joseph Hooker noticed in 
 Tibet a child playing with a popgun of bamboo : he had seen men 
 in India for hours flying kites, and had got a jew's-harp from Tibet. 
 [Himalayan Journal, 1849.] Athenaeus (c. 23) notices the pipes a 
 span long used by the Phoenicians, and their shrill mournful sound. 
 It is uncertain whether the Keltic Highlanders brought their bag- 
 pipes from the East in the dawn of history or derived them from 
 the Phoenician intercourse with Britain. 
 
 The multiplication of families, and the necessity of finding 
 
 ampler provision for them, leading to separation and emigration, is 
 
 familiar to all from the example of Abraham 
 
 3. How they came and Lo ^ and the rels of their herdsmen. 
 
 to emigrate. 
 
 These causes would operate before the ambition 
 
 of the earliest princely dynasties filled the world with rapine and 
 destruction. But these more obvious reasons did not always actuate 
 mankind in their infancy. Imagination played a more important 
 part than moderns are apt to admit; although even now the pendu- 
 lum has swung widely from the prosaic motives of the eighteenth 
 century. Full faith in the destinies of the Slav race works power- 
 fully to their fulfilment; and the present condition of Europe belies 
 the flattering dreams that made a Palace of Crystal the fitting 
 exponent of the unity of mankind. I think we may trace the 
 motive which impelled the Hindu-Aryas eastward to the sunrising. 
 " Our great and ancient sires," says Vama-deva, " set out to seek 
 the light in its source." [Rig-Veda, translated by Langlois, p. 2J7.]
 
 Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 3 
 
 Two centuries before Christ, we are told, a Chinese explored the 
 eastern seas to find the elixir of immortality. [Michel Chevalier, 
 Mexico Ancient and Modern, /. 143 49.] And an impostor per- 
 suaded an emperor that he possessed ingredients (he unkindly forgot 
 to name them !) mingled with vermilion, which would produce a 
 drink whereby Ngan-ki-seng, who dwelt in an isle of the sea, had 
 already lived more than a 1000 years. [Annals of China, translated 
 by Moyrt'a dc Mai/lac.} Our age of Progress hath its knaves as well 
 as the Juventus mundi; but they are by no means so picturesque. 
 
 M. Viollet-le-Duc contends that the possession of the horse and 
 the employment of timber in building are marks distinctive of the 
 
 Aryan family of mankind. The Aryan cherishes 
 4. Westwards. 
 
 timber as having served for the abode of primi- 
 tive heroes, as a memento of a race that issued out of the northern 
 
 mountains and forests of Asia. This will apply to those who first 
 pressed on westwards from Balkh or Bactra, which was built by 
 Kayamurs the founder of the Persian monarchy, still believed to 
 be one of the earliest peopled portions of the earth. Aryana, the 
 home of the Aryas, ' the honourable or pure race, 1 was in Bac- 
 triana; and their name is connected with Iran or Persia in the east 
 and with Erin or Ireland in the west, with the Persians' ancient 
 name of Artaioi [Herodotus, VII. 61] and the Hebrew Elam or Air- 
 yama, with Plato's Er the Armenian and the German Ehren. The 
 noble Persians of old were the most chivalrous people of antiquity, 
 the finest horsemen, and the most dignified and refined in manners. 
 It is a pleasure to think of the near relation their language bore to 
 our own Teutonic as well as Keltic. The elder Cyrus is smiled on 
 by Heaven in Holy Scripture as its chosen instrument; and the 
 younger still lives in the pure Attic speech of Xenophon. Carte 
 the historian assigns the fruitful lands of Hyrcania and Bactriana to 
 Gomer the son of Japhet; and Pomponius Mela places the Chomari 
 and Cimmerii above the Caspian Sea. Travellers vie with each 
 other in extolling the glorious fertility of Hyrcania or Mazanderan. 
 [See Jean Straws. A.D. 16/O; Jean Chardin: Fraser : Sir Alex. 
 Barnes.] "The high and hard brown features of the peasantry
 
 4 Origin, &c, of the Kytnry. 
 
 often reminded" Mr. Fraser "of those of Scotland." {Travels, 
 A.D. 1822.] When the early emigrants reached the Caspian Sea, 
 we may imagine how, as they marked the line of light playing on 
 the waves towards the burning west, they longed " to tread that 
 golden path of rays, and thought 't would lead to some bright isle 
 of rest." Certainly the term ' UywenyddJ which in Welsh desig- 
 nates the glowing western horizon, suggests the sound and meaning 
 of ' llawenydd] or joy. 
 
 The traditional lore of the Kymry, embodied in the Triads, 
 
 designates Hu Gadarn, or Hesus the Mighty, as the hero who first 
 
 conducted them from the Land of Summer 
 
 5. Antiquity of /Qw/ad yr Hav) to the isle of Britain, and 
 such emigration. 
 
 taught them to plough land. We are not told 
 
 where that summer land was (I venture to treat as an unauthorized 
 gloss the parenthetic addition of " where Constantinople now is "), 
 nor where the lesson was conveyed. But bearing in mind the mys- 
 terious terms applied to their demigod by the later Welsh poets, I 
 am led to think they allude to some primoeval benefactor of remote 
 antiquity, if not to the Pater Ipse co/endi, the Parent of all 
 culture, the good God who never left His wandering children with- 
 out manifold tokens of His care. The land of summer denoted a 
 more genial clime, which the Kymry had quitted. It might be the 
 South of France; it might even be that ancient Thrace, " where 
 Constantinople now is," the land of Keltic princes, of Rhesus and 
 Medocus (Rhys a Madoc); but it ever pointed eastward to the 
 cradle of their forefathers. Iolo Goch styles the hero "emperor of 
 land and sea, and life of the world, who after the deluge held the 
 strong-beamed plough, showing to man that it was the best and 
 singular art with the faithful Father;" while another resolves the 
 myth into a parable of God, saying, " He is our lord and myster- 
 ious God; a particle of lucid sunshine is His chariot; He is greater 
 than the worlds." We are carried back to Asia, to days of Eld, 
 when the later Aryas of the East and West were yet one family. 
 Hear how Sobhari addresses the Twilights in words closely akin 
 to those of the Kymric bards: "Ye erst gave to Man the light of
 
 Origin, &c. t of the Kymry. 5 
 
 heaven; ye taught him to labour with the plough and to sow 
 barley ! " u Come not from the far-off country to make us depart 
 from the paternal life which Manou has traced for us ! " [A'ig- 
 Veda, pp. 4/6, 422.] Diodorus Siculus, to mark the extreme 
 antiquity of the inhabitants of Atlantis, says they M were un- 
 acquainted with cereals, because they had separated from the rest 
 of mankind before those fruits were shown to mortals." [Book F.] 
 Now barley was the only cereal with which the Guanches were 
 acquainted [Humboldt, Aspects of Nature, p. i"Ji\\ and it is called 
 by Pliny " the most ancient kind of food." [Nat. Hist. L. xiiii. 
 c. 7.] I consequently infer that the invention of the plough and 
 of barley-food was antecedent to the first emigration westward 
 whether of Iberians (Basques) or Kelts, as they had knowledge 
 thereof in common with the eastern Aryas and the Turanians. In 
 connexion with this I must remark how " this best and singular 
 art " of ploughing was held in honour by the Incas of Peru. The 
 Marquis De Beauvoir lately (March 25, 1867) saw "the gilt plough 
 and the sacred harrow with which the Emperor of China yearly 
 traces the furrow to call down the blessings of Heaven upon the 
 seed-time and harvest." [Voyage round the World.] 
 
 I have hinted that the Summerland of the Kymry ever retreats 
 
 eastward to Asia. It is connected with the strange name of Deffro- 
 
 bani. Scholars have striven to detect it under 
 
 6. Analogy of some Greek guise on the shores of the Euxine. 
 the Hindu-Aryas , , . , 
 
 and thp "Kelts an un P romisin g locality tor a land of summer. 
 
 It must have been a Kymric rendering of 
 Taprobane, or Ceylon, the golden land of Parvaim. [2 Chronicles, 
 Hi. 6.] Many points of connexion exist between the Kymry and 
 the Hindii-Aryas. Not only does the language applied to Hu 
 Gadarn recall the pantheistic hymn to Indra in the Rig-Veda, 
 " This world ye see is he " [Langlois, p. Jji] ; " the thousand 
 magic appearances" of Indra, the illusive apparitions of the Braminic 
 gods, are preserved in the Triads ; the Manou of the Hindus is 
 the original of the Menw, son of the Three Cries, in the Mabin- 
 ogion; the Alpeii-gluh, that most lovely rose-red flush of the Alpine
 
 6 Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 
 
 summits long after the valley sunsets, described by Kalidasa, at 
 least 50 B.C., was known to the Kymry of Cornwall by the truly 
 poetic name of Haul y meirw, a the Sun of the dead;'' the Indian 
 cairns of Malabar are simply identical in shape with those found 
 in Britain and Armorica; the doctrine of the Transmigration of 
 souls and the practice of human sacrifices prevailed in Britain as 
 in India; and a passage in the Appeasing of Lludd by Taliesin 
 might tempt us to assume (with Mr. Godfrey Higgins) the relation 
 of the Druids with Arya priests from the north of India, were it 
 not that the Phoenicians and cognate Hivites offer a nearer 
 analogue. The passage runs thus: "Men of the land of Asia and 
 of the Hivites, a prudent perfect folk of an unknown country, 
 ample their robes; who is equal to them?" " Gwyr gwlad yr 
 Asia, a gwlad Gavis, Pobl pwyllad enwir, eu tir ni wys, Amlaes eu 
 peisiau, pwy eu hevelys ? " 
 
 Before proceeding further, I must glance at the traditions pre- 
 served by the Kymry of the Deluge and other fearful cataclysms 
 that have changed the face of the globe. One 
 
 7. Traditions f ^ e Triads mentions, as one of three awful 
 
 of the Deluge and of . c , _ , 
 
 4.x. 7** . events, the eruption of the Ocean or Llyn 
 
 other cataclysms. v y 
 
 L/ion, " The Lake of Floods," and immersion 
 of all lands, so that all men were drowned, save Dwyvan and 
 Dwyvach, who escaped in a bare ship; adding that by them Britain 
 was repeopled. I conceive this to be a later form of the legend, 
 and that its simpler original refers to the ship of Nevydd Nav 
 Neivion, which bore in it male and female, when the Lake of 
 Floods broke out. It looks like a tradition of Noah's Ark ; and 
 taken in connexion with legends of most remote climes, which 
 reproduce the Hebrew tale with variations suggested by localities, 
 (as when the Mexican Tezpi sends out the humming-bird instead of 
 the dove), leaves little room for doubt. But the Kymry bore in 
 remembrance a secular catastrophe by fire. They spoke of " the 
 terror of the torrent fire, when the earth split up to its depth, and 
 most things living were destroyed." The terror of such a cataclysm 
 is brought home to us in a lively manner by the Codex Chimal-
 
 Origin, frV., of the Kymry. 7 
 
 popoca of Guatemala, saying that, " While a rain of sand fell, they 
 saw the tetzoutii boil and form rocks of a red colour." [Brassrur 
 de Bourbourg, Histoire des Mcxh ains, crV., /. 427.] Whence did 
 the Kymry derive these traditions ? I think, from Egypt. While 
 pro? lay as or cycles of mundane catastrophes caused by the destruc- 
 tive action of the four elements occur among the Hindus, the 
 Mexicans, and the ancient Etrurians [Humboldt, Researches, 1'<jI. I. 
 pp. /6, jo, 245], in the Egyptian and Kymric tradition the deluges 
 alternate with conflagrations. \Plato s Ttmaeus.] Strabo says the 
 Druids, while maintaining that the world was imperishable, held 
 that fire and water would prevail at last. 
 
 The Hindus are rich in traditions of submerged continents. 
 They tell of Lanca, a continent embracing Madagascar, the Maldi- 
 ves, Ceylon, and southern India, and separated 
 8. Traditions of the by a sea from the Himalayas; of Suxda, whose 
 
 A , . , fragments exist in Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and 
 
 other submerged 
 
 continents tne Moluccas [Janus Bircherode, Schediasma 
 
 de Novo Orbe non nwo or Ttfj-rj Tifuuov, cap. 
 
 I2~\\ and of Atai.a sunk in the ocean, which Krishna visited by 
 
 cutting a strait and went to the land of Maha-Sweta or ' great 
 
 silver.' Atala appears to me to mean the Atlantis of Plato. 
 
 the subject of so many beautiful dreams; and the land of silver 
 
 may be Spain. If (as Buffon holds) the Arctic Ocean of old 
 
 communicated with both the Euxine and Caspian Seas; if the 
 
 Aegean Sea was formed by the submersion of Lvktonia; if the 
 
 great African desert of Sahara was once an inland sea, perhaps 
 
 the Tritonian lake described by Diodorus; if the Mediterranean once 
 
 reached the volcanic rocks of Auvergne, and was drained by the 
 
 bursting of what was the Isthmus of Gibraltar [Albert Gaudry\\ 
 
 we may imagine how the displacement of these vast waters effected 
 
 the ruin of Atlantis. Some have treated the account Plato gives 
 
 us of Atlantis as ' a noble lie.' But the concurrence of patient 
 
 investigators, ancient and modern, convinces me of its substantial 
 
 correctness. The ten kings answering to the Sujfetes of Carthage; 
 
 the midnight deliberations like the American custom " before a
 
 8 Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 
 
 large common fire " [John Halhett] ; the blue robes (a colour 
 still affected in the Azores) [Henriques, Bullar]; the description 
 given of the capital, recalling that of the African Lixos in Pliny; 
 the appreciation of copper, "fine copper, precious as gold" [Ezra 
 viii. 2J\ a metal which now produces a magnificent show in 
 lances that shine with the glow of flaming torches [Schweinfurth, 
 Heart of Africa, II. 4j] ; all are touches which would hardly have 
 occurred to an Athenian bent on framing a romance. That honest 
 soldier-historian Ammianus Marcellinus not only accepts the account 
 of Atlantis, " an island in the Atlantic Sea larger than Europe, 
 torn away into the dark deep " [xvii. 7, ij], but also seems to 
 allude to it as a source of migration into Gaul, speaking of some 
 "from the outermost isles, driven from their seats by the inunda- 
 tion of the fervid sea " [xv. p, /]. If, as I think probable, the 
 Atlantic islands are remains of Atlantis, may not some of the 
 American tribes, as well as the Cambolectri, Alpine mountaineers, 
 called Atlantic by Pliny (" qui Atlantici cognominantur '," Nat. 
 Hist. III. 4), and the Guanches, have been refugees from the vast 
 cataclysm, for the South of France and northern Africa must have 
 previously been under water ? 
 
 Many considerations point to a possible connexion of the 
 
 Guanches or primitive inhabitants of the Canary Isles with the 
 
 Iberians and Kelts. Aluise Da Ca' da Mosto, 
 
 9. The Guanches in the 15th century, found them with fair 
 
 and their possible flaxen h and their bodies stained green 
 relations with the 
 
 Kelts &c rec ^> anc * y e ^w with juice of herbs, as the 
 
 Britons painted themselves blue. In Gomera 
 
 they wore their goatskins coloured with red or violet. Mrs. 
 
 Murray lately reports mummies with red-brown hair; and the 
 
 sacred reliquary of Camaxtli, the deified hero of Tlascala in Mexico, 
 
 was found to contain fair hair [Brasseur de Bourbourg], not 
 
 black like that of the Aztecs. 
 
 In Fuerteventura, their stone temple was a circle of stones like 
 
 those of Karnac and Stonehenge. Their singing was plaintive like 
 
 the Welsh. Their speed in climbing steep rocks, as seen by Sir
 
 Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 9 
 
 Richard Hawkins, A.D. 1593, reminds us of Giraldus Cambrensis' 
 picture of the bare-footed Kymric prince Kyneuric ap Rhys. The 
 king of Gaidar was crowned, seated on a consecrated stone, like 
 that of Scone in Scotland. A Briton would fain translate as 
 GtoaUog the name of the hero of Gomera Gualhegueya, who saved 
 his companions by leaping on a shark's back and stifling him. 
 They sang of him, " He was brave that day ! " [ Webb and 
 Bcrt/iclot, I. 114.} They had small clay pipes, similar in every 
 respect to those found in old kistvaens in Ireland, and were 
 acquainted with smoking, though it may not have been tobacco. 
 Their skulls are of a well-formed Caucasian race. [Sir W. Wilis 
 Wilde, A.D. 18J7.] The custom of polyandry or a woman's being 
 the wife of several brothers in rotation obtained among the 
 Guanches as among the ancient Britons [Caesar, De Bella Gallico, 
 V. 5] and the modern Tibetans; a circumstance which, taken with 
 the extreme antiquity of the Kymry, may imply some relation 
 between those primitive races.* Moreover, I invite attention to the 
 following Guanche terms with their British equivalents: 
 
 Aemon, ' water '=Avon, 'river.' 
 
 Ahof and Achemen, ' milk ' = Huven, 'cream.' [M and V being commutable 
 letters.] 
 
 A /to, 'the sun '=Haul. 
 
 Ben-tayca, a mountain in Ferro deemed sacred= Pen-teg, 'fair head." 
 
 Luna and Aguyan, ' a dog '=Cwn, ' dogs.' 
 
 Enac, 'evening '=Heno, 'to-night.' 
 
 Gantgo, ' a milk pail '=Can. 
 
 Gomera, the island so called =from the same root as Kymry. 
 
 Guanar-teme, ' the prince '=Gwanar, ' lord.' 
 
 Guanche, ' fair '=Gwyn, 'fair, white.' 
 
 Guang, 'a boy'=Ieuanc, 'young.' 
 
 Hara, 'a sheep '=Hwrdd, 'a ram." 
 
 * Polybius informs us that the same custom obtained in Sparta. Fragmenta 
 Va/icana, it'. 384. It was doubtless induced by the peculiar circumstances of that 
 
 military state.
 
 io Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 
 
 Nor may I forget to notice the Irish traditions concerning Tir 
 Hudi, the land of illusion, and O'Breasail, turned by the Greeks 
 into Basileia, the royal island of the Gods, a submerged portion of 
 Ireland, often rising to the sight of enthusiastic dreamers; which 
 lured S. Brandan from the cloister, and tempted learned inquirers 
 to connect it with Plato's ' noble lie.' [Vallancey, Introd. to 
 Vindication of Ancient Hist, of Ireland, p. 52; and Whitehurst, 
 Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth, p. 258. 
 The latter specially dwells on the existence of subterraneous fires 
 under the Atlantic Ocean.] 
 
 The institution of religious women living in community in the 
 Isle of Canary and endowed with privilege of sanctuary, called 
 Magadas, whose long white ^ robes and amber ornaments connect 
 them with the Druids, may have been akin to the Gallicenac off 
 the coast of Britanny, of whom Pomponius Mela tells such fairy tales 
 of enchantment, though the Guanches entertained a simpler faith 
 than that of the Keltic race. I think these remnants of Atlantis, 
 the Elysian Fields of the Hellenes, the Fortunate Islands of 
 Horace, were in truth the Gwerddonau Llion, the Green Isles of 
 the Ocean, which the Kymry peopled with the Fairies (Tylwyth 
 Teg) and departed heroes, in quest whereof Gavran ab Aeddan 
 with his faithful followers disappeared for ever, and where Havgan 
 {summer-shine) king of Fairyland still lavishes his superb laurels and 
 Hesperian fruit on the land of Doramas the brave.* 
 
 Justly to conceive the wild enjoyment of physical existence, 
 
 when Man was yet in his springtime, and Nature warm with 
 
 divine breath overflowed with life, we must 
 
 10. The Kelts' pro- transport ourselves into the primitive world, as 
 
 cress from the East ., n s* , * ,.,. , r , 
 
 traced in Caucasia. Maunce De Guenn has done in hls " onderful 
 
 work, called the Centaur. We trace in the dawn 
 
 of history a wide dissemination of various races of men, who must 
 
 originally have obeyed the wild impulse of curiosity and the 
 
 transport of animal life, which constitutes the child ' the father 
 
 * The orange and the laurel attain to perfection in the Atlantic islands.
 
 Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 1 1 
 
 of the man.' Among the earliest of those roving Centaurs we 
 already distinguish the Kimmerioi, whom I will presume to read 
 Kymry, placed in the imagination of the Greeks of Homer's age far 
 west beyond the river Ocean, that cloudy west, which they converted 
 into a land of perpetual darkness. About as long a time after 
 Homer as has now elapsed since the Reformation, the father of 
 history Herodotus, B.C. 450, say, places the Kelts " beyond the 
 Pillars of Hercules, bordering on the Kynetae, who dwelt farthest 
 westward of Europeans." [//. JJ.] In the language of later times 
 these would be the Veneti of Armorica who dwelt furthest west of 
 Gallia Keltica, in their own tongue Gwyndyd and Gwyddyl. But 
 it must be noticed that a kindred tribe of these Gwyndyd were in 
 Homer's age settled in Paphlagonia (he calls them Henetoi) [Iliad 
 II. 852], whence they emigrated into Italy under Antenor and 
 founded the state, still a living name, Venice. The vanguard of 
 the race were Gael, or Galli, who long preceded the march of their 
 brother Kymry, whose movements are related by Herodotus. But 
 their presence in the various countries which they traversed west- 
 wards is, I submit, amply testified by the geographical names 
 transmitted to us; particularly those of rivers, which I exhibit 
 elsewhere. In leaving the far east, they must have occupied a 
 country south of the Caucasus, extending from the river Araxes to 
 the Palus Maeotis or Sea of Azof, where Herodotus remarks on 
 the many places yet bearing the name of Kimmerian in his time. 
 In that land they must have practiced the Aryan fashion of timber 
 constructions. An old English traveller in Armenia, A.D. 1 58 1, 
 observes: " Here the houses are built of fir-trees, like unto the 
 houses in the Alpes." [Pure has, II. 1417} They had left far 
 behind them the stupendous Roof of the World, the Indian Koosh, 
 whose ancient name of Hemodus retains their speech denoting it 
 Y-man-dd, the place of snow.* They had crossed the great 
 river Iaxartes or Sihoon, which to them perhaps was Ia-sarth, 
 " the ice serpent," and Seiont, which now laves the regal castle 
 
 * Man-oii is still a fine mountain overlooking the charming vale of Festiniog.
 
 12 Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 
 
 of Caernarvon. They possibly occupied Quaris, a city on the 
 Oxus, which seems purely Kymric, Caerwys-ar-Wysc. The Oxus 
 would conduct them to the Caspian Sea, when they would 
 traverse the rich land of Hyrcania and cross the Socanda or 
 Sychan, ' the dry river.' Arrived in Armenia, they again behold 
 the snows on mount Niphates, derived from nyv, nives, snows. 
 There was Balisbiga, Bal-ysbig, the spiked summit. They would 
 advance to Albania and Iberia, countries still retaining in the west 
 their primitive names of Albany and Iberione, Alban ac Iwerddon, 
 as the Kymry term the Scottish Highlands and Ireland. In 
 Albania the river Auxan reproduces the name of the Oxus or 
 Usk; and the Udon, Ud-on, ' resounding water ' retains its own 
 in the Odon in Normandy. Involved in the Caucasus they cross 
 the black summit (Gor-ddu) of the Gordyaean mountains, where we 
 find the Dandari ' dwellers under the oaks ' (Dan-dar) ; a name 
 which retains the Druidical refrain of Hob i deri dan do, which 
 the swineherd sang to invite his charge to shelter beneath the 
 oaks. Let us descend the water-shed (Parth-e-dwr) of Partedorus 
 into Colchis, and cross the rivers Dyriodorus, Dur-dwr, the iron 
 water, the Adienus, Addien, fine, and the Isis or Usk, dear to 
 the lovers of letters and romance, as the cradle of learning and 
 chivalry. The rude fort of Borgys might be the bwrch or burg of 
 Kelts or of Teutons. The Kimmerian chersonese or Crimea pro- 
 claims its former indwellers; but the famous name of Bala-klava is 
 not so well known as the ally of the Balas and Ballys of Ireland, 
 Wales, and the Isle of Man. Gemelli-Carreri visited " the big 
 village of Bala" in Turkey, January 5, 1694. We then come to 
 the Palus Maeotis or Sea of Azof, which is written Maietis by 
 Herodotus, and so the Pwll-Maith, the long tedious lake, fully 
 deserves the name from its muddy shallows. If, as Pliny tells us, 
 its Scythian or Gothic name Temerinda signified Mother of the sea, 
 its meaning to a Kelt would be Tem-mer, the stagnant expanse. 
 
 There in Sarmatia we have the hoarse river Corax (Croch) 
 and the loud Totordanes [Ammiauus Marcellinus, xxii. 2Q\, which 
 a Kelt would derive from Dwrdan, noise. There is yet a Durdan
 
 Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 13 
 
 in Normandy. The Alani in the vicinity would in Irish be 
 termed Alain, white or fair. But, wherever the Kelts wandered, 
 three or four root-terms denoting rivers are sure to occur. They 
 are Ab or, as it would be sounded, Av, and Aw (meaning in 
 Welsh flmving motion), which the Latin developes into Amnis, the 
 Welsh into Avon, ' a river.' Perhaps, its primitive form would be 
 Aa, an imitation of the flow of water, retained in the Aa of France 
 and Holland. The next form Ab we find in the vaunted Abana 
 of Damascus, the Abas of Armenia, the Punj-ab or five rivers of 
 India, and the Abus or Humber in England. The Amnias of 
 Bithynia and the Amana or Ohm of Hesse in Germany belong to 
 the Latin amnis; while the Evenus of the Troad and of Aetolia. 
 the Anio of Latium, the Oanus of Sicily, the Aenus or Inn of the 
 Tyrol, the Gaves of the Pyrenees, the Auvona or Yonne of France, 
 and the numerous Avons of Britain preserve the Kymric Avon. 
 [Tacitus couples Auvona, the Bristol Avon, with the Severn.] 
 
 The next class group under the Irish root-word East or Uisck, 
 meaning water. This is numerous, as is shown by the Axon in 
 Lycia, the Oscios in Thrace, the Axios in Macedonia, the Oescus 
 and Escamus in Moesia, the Oxula (Ossola) and Aroscia in Italy, 
 the Oaxes in Crete, the Axona in France, and the Isca in Britain, 
 now expressed as Exe, Axe, Usk, and Esk. Perhaps I may add 
 the Osca and Escua of ancient Spain, though towns; and opine, 
 that Euscaldunac (as the Basques term themselves) may refer to 
 their settlement on the Sea, Wysc-al-dun-awc, ' the race dwelling 
 by the water.' A softened form prevailed, as we see by the Isis 
 of Colchis, the Aous of Macedonia, the Aesis of Italy, the Oise of 
 France, and the Isis and Ouse of England. I at present omit to 
 notice the compound names relating to the root Easg. 
 
 The third class of derivatives belong to the root-word, Dwr in 
 Welsh, Dobhar in Irish, Hydok in Greek, all meaning water. I 
 take the Irish to be its earliest form, preserved by the Macedonian 
 river Doberus and the torrent Doveria on the Simplon. Closer to 
 the Greek are the Dora of Piedmont, the Doron of Savoy, the 
 Dore of France (an affluent of the Allier), and our Herefordshire
 
 14 Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 
 
 Dore. Kymric in sound are the Tyras of Bessarabia, the Atyras 
 of Thrace, the Turias of Arragon ["Ad CeltiberosT Plin. Hi. 4], 
 the Autura or Eure of France, the Duranius or Dordogne, the 
 Durius of Portugal and England, now the Douro and the Dart, and 
 the Adour of Gascony, in Sussex the Adur. Possibly the Tiber 
 or Tevere belongs to this class. With the Kymric prefix Ys, 
 which answers to an emphatic ' It is,' the grand Danube becomes 
 Ister, ' Ysdwr ' (// is wafer), and is allied to the Italian Stura and 
 the many English Stours. 
 
 Lastly, we have the Irish root-word Ach, wafer, in Latin 
 Aqua. Few rivers, comparatively, are related to this term: but we 
 have Acis in Sicily; the Akesines in India and Sarmatia, which to 
 a Welsh ear proclaims itself Ach-iesin, fair water/ and the Medua- 
 cus of Venetia, Byron's ' deep-dyed Brenta,' in Welsh Mawdd-ach, 
 ' the expanding water,' a name expressed by the Kentish Medway, 
 and by my own native stream, the Mawddach of Merioneth. 
 
 To this root we refer the Achaei, the men of Achaia, the sea- 
 environed Peloponnese. On a review of all these facts I am led 
 to think that as the ancestors of the Gael and the Latin nations 
 are found geographically further west, so, as is seen, in priority of 
 nomenclature, did they also precede the Kimmerian and Greek 
 kinsmen in their westward migration. 
 
 I have sought in the nomenclature of rivers and mountains 
 
 some grounds for inferring the occupation of the country east of 
 
 the Euxine Sea by Kelts or Kymry at a very 
 
 '. . ,_. earlv period; because I find abundant traces of 
 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 their presence, which any temporary irruption 
 
 in later times will never suffice to explain. That that region was 
 
 for long the home of the Kymry is certain from Herodotus's clear 
 
 words: "The land the Scythians now dwell in is said to have been 
 
 of old that of the Kimmerioi." [L. IV. c. //.] He then proceeds 
 
 to tell of one of those tribal displacements, so common in barbaric 
 
 Asia; how the Massagetae pushed on the Scythians, and they in 
 
 turn threatened the Kimmerioi. who chose to avoid by flight an 
 
 unequal conflict. Thus early began the inveterate duel between
 
 Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 15 
 
 the Kelt and the Teuton, the Kymry and the Saxons. This 
 established historic event occurred B. Christ 635; when the Kimmer- 
 ian chief Lygdamis, whom by help of the Irish I would call Luchd- 
 amusadh, the archer (Callimachus), took Sardis, and held it eighteen 
 years. 1 may be told by 'the philosophy of history' that our 
 Kimmerioi were not Kymry, nor even a nation, but a temporary 
 association of warlike tribes like the much later Franks in Gaul: 
 but we find Homer about B.C. 962 places his Kimmerioi in the 
 extreme west of Europe. Their migration westward must then 
 have taken place long before historic memorials. To follow them 
 westward, we must imitate the later Kimmerioi, " who in their 
 flight ever pursued the seaboard." [Herod. IV. c. 12.] M. Adolph 
 Pictet assigns to the Kelts the line of migration I myself have 
 traced, with the sole exception that he makes them follow the 
 shores of the Euxine north instead of southwards. [Origines Indo- 
 Europcens, p. 5/.] We meet with the Pontic rivers Sidenus, or 
 Sid {circling); the Iris, or ir, fresh (it is still called in Turkish 'the 
 green river'); and the Halys, perhaps Heli, the briny. We pass 
 Blaena {Straho) or Blaenau, the frontier, into Paphlagonia, where 
 the Henetoi or Gwyndyd had settled before the Trojan war; and 
 traverse the Bithynian rivers Rhyndacus, Rhintach, the indented, 
 Rhebas, Rhev, the big, Sangarius, Sain-gar, of pleasant sound, and 
 the lake Ascanius, whose name is clearly the Irish Easgann, an eel. 
 Eryannos in Mysia will be Eirian. the bright river. We come to 
 the world-wide renown of the Granicus, Granig, the lustrous river. 
 and the Scamander in the Troad; the latter Ysgavn-dwr, truly a 
 scanty water, seeing Xerxes' army drank it dry. That lofty head- 
 land Sigeum is in Irish Suighe, a seat or coign of vantage, whence 
 we discern the sacred towers of Troy or Pergama, a name retained 
 in the Italian Bergamo, the Welsh Brig, a sum/nit, and the 
 German Berg, a hill. There is Mount Ida, the haunt of fabled 
 gods. Coelius Rhodiginus says the name means a mountain with 
 a wide view. It still, as Y Wyddva, designates the peak of 
 Snowdon. At its foot dwelt the Idaei Daktyli, the Gwyddyl 
 Dathyl or famous woodmen. Hereby were the mountains Gargarus,
 
 1 6 Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 
 
 Gaer-garw, the rude fort, and Pindasus, Pen-das, the head of the 
 massive range. Further south in Lydia, again to be occupied by 
 Kymry, we meet with rivers of Keltic sound, the Cogamus, Cog- 
 avon, echoing river, Halesus, Hallt-wysc, briny water, and Pactolus, 
 Paith-61, straight track. Perhaps the name of the Lydian king 
 Ardys B.C. 678, and of Ardiaeus the Pamphylian tyrant of remote 
 antiquity [Plato, De Republic A. \ may be interpreted by the Irish 
 Arddwy, governor. In Caria we have the rivers Glaucus, Glas, the 
 blue, Cludrus, Llwyd-dwr, gray water (if it be not identical with 
 the British Lleder and Lodore), and the Telmedius, Telmydd, the 
 running stream. Besides, some words of the old Carian tongue 
 remain to us, ' Labrys ' signified a hatchet \Plutarch\ and Llabir is 
 an old Kymric word for a sword. ' Alam ' was a horse, and Llam 
 is the Welsh for a leap. Pass we into Lycia; we are in the land 
 of Olen the most ancient of poets, whom we may identify with the 
 Keltic Alon, the author of musical cultivation. Here, too, a word 
 has escaped the ruins of Time. It is Ulamos, in the Magyar alma, 
 in the Erse ubhal, in Welsh aval, an apple. In the Lycian 
 remains of Tlos (W. tlos, beautiful?) Sir Charles Fellows saw a 
 resemblance to the mullioned windows of old England; Dr. Clarke 
 noticed in the Troad the raised dais, panelled wainscot, and high 
 latticed windows of an English manor-house; another (Lieut. Spratt) 
 at a village wedding pronounced the dance to be like a Highland 
 reel, and the air like a Scotch strathspey on a bagpipe. The steep 
 bluff of Cragus could only be the Kymric Craig, the rock, eminently; 
 Myra and Limyra, Llim-myr, the smooth sea, were towns by the 
 sea; the mount Amanus in Cilicia is the Keltic Avan, high; Crug, 
 the mound, would be the mount Corycus in Ionia, Cilicia, and 
 Crete; Pindenissus in Cilicia, the reduction of which nattered the 
 vanity of M. Tullius Cicero, may be Pendinas, the head fortress, 
 the British name of St. Ives in Cornwall, and of Pendennis castle 
 by Falmouth. I reserve the Keltic province of Galatia, so Keltic 
 that it retained its own tongue in S. Jerome's time (A.D. 340 
 420), and so brings our modern Kelts in contact with S. Paul's 
 disciples, to be dealt with separately.
 
 Origin, &"c, of the Kymry. 17 
 
 The traces of the Kelts multiply as we follow them westwards. 
 
 Some, who have not examined the matter, may be sceptical when 
 
 told of their close connexion with the primitive 
 
 ' . _ Greeks, and even shocked by their pretended in- 
 
 central Europe. 
 
 fluence on the most beautiful language and the 
 
 most intellectual race in the world. But the earliest Pelasgians had 
 
 not attained to the perfect speech of Sophokles and Plato, and M it 
 
 is very probable that the ancient Greek aspiration was much coarser 
 
 and rougher" than that preserved in after-times. [H. N. Coleridge, 
 
 On the Study of the Greek classic /hets, />. 224.] The Cyclopean 
 
 ruins of Tiryns in Argolis have remained in their present state 
 
 above 3000 years, and exhibit lancet arches almost as ancient as 
 
 the time of Abraham. Dr. Clarke inclines to believe them of Keltic 
 
 origin from their resemblance to Stonehenge. [Travels, \'<>l. I'/. 
 
 <(//>/>. 7, 8.] My vocabulary of Greek and Welsh words will amply 
 
 vindicate my contention; and I can at present notice only a few 
 
 vestiges of the Kymry in Greece. Apia, from the Kymric root 
 
 Aw, or Av, Ap, ' water,' that is, ' the water-environed land,' was 
 
 the name of the Peloponnese prior to the arrival of the Achaei. 
 
 Perhaps it is meant by Taliesin's gwlad Gavis, coupled with Asia, 
 
 as the land whence came the long-robed Druids. The broad 
 
 Aegean they would term Mor-aig from aig, the sen. Byron sings 
 
 of the isles of Greece. " Eternal summer gilds them yet ; " and 
 
 Samos seems derived from the Irish ' Samh,' in Welsh ' Haw' 
 
 summer. Among the Cyclades, Oliaros would share with Uliaros 
 
 (now the isle of Oleron in France) the parent-word Uliar, denoting 
 
 humidity. At Delos the goddess of dreams was Bri/o, Breuddwyd, 
 
 a dream. Sailing between Attica and Laconia they would encounter 
 
 the Myrtoum mare. Mor-mwrth. the hammering sea. The island 
 
 of Aegina denotes in Irish Aighe. a hill ; and if immortal Athens 
 
 was named from Athene the goddess of wisdom, the Irish Aithne 
 
 again denotes knowledge. The Attic headland Skiradium is Ysgyr- 
 
 ryd, the rough, and answers to the Skirrid in Monmouthshire. 
 
 Now we come to what I regard as a sure proof of the presence of 
 
 Kelts in Greece. The gulf between Athens and Corinth was called
 
 1 8 Origin, cfc, of the Kymry. 
 
 from Saron, the ancient name of an oak, because it was beset 
 with groves of oak. {Pliny IV. 5) Dar or Daron signifies oaks 
 in Welsh, as does ' zero ' in Breton, but in composition only. 
 Saronidai was an old Greek term for the Druids, meaning men of 
 the oak; and Sarron a Keltic king, Daron, oaken, was, probably, a 
 Druid. (Diodorus.) Cnacadium a mountain of Laconia (Pausa- 
 tiias) is the Irish Cnagaidh, protuberant ; we find yet in Radnor- 
 shire Cn wee-las, the green knoll. Skillus, the picturesque retreat of 
 the historian Xenophon in the Peloponnese, is the Irish Scealp, 
 the cliff: and perhaps, as Laconia and ' the isles of Elishah ' were 
 famous for ' blue aud purple ' (Ezekiel xxvii. 7), and those violet 
 seas could be lavish of their treasure, as the false queen suggests to 
 Agamemnon (Aeschylus), I may not greatly err in deriving Corcyra 
 from the Irish Corcor, purple* Advancing northward through 
 Macedonia into Thrace, which I regard as a Keltic settlement, and 
 passing the rivers Hebrus, Tibesis, and Oskios, which are yet 
 represented in Wales by the Hyver (by Nevern), the Teivi, and 
 the Usk, we arrive at the snowy Mount Haemus, the Haiv or snow- 
 drift, under its Turkish name Bal-cann, equally Welsh, meaning 
 the white peak, the object of European interest. Its offshoots are 
 the Ismarus, Ysmawr, the great, and Orbelus, Oervel, the cold. 
 Beneath it is the town of Uscudama (if not too bold a guess), 
 Wysc-ud-avon, the river of loud water. We meet with the Drugeri 
 (Pliny), Drwg-wyr, evil men; the Odrysae, Godrewys or borderers 
 (from Godre a border, and the plural termination l wys'); and the 
 Odomantes, to do them no injustice, Odd-mant-wys, men of the 
 projecting lip. The Skordiskoi were confessedly of late Gallic origin, 
 remnants of Brennus's invading host. The Diana of the Thracians 
 was Bendis (Strabo), in Irish Baindia, the goddess. Beside the 
 Rhys and Madoc already noticed, we have Scuthes, Saethydd, the 
 archer, the name of many Thracian princes; Sadales, Sadiawl, the 
 firm ally of Pompey the Great (Caesar); and Rhescuporis (Tacitus, 
 Annates, II. 64), perhaps Rhys-cu-por, Rhesus the beloved lord; and 
 
 Ek ttovtov tociScos. Homer, Odyss. V. I. 56. See Appendix No. I.
 
 Origin, &c. t of the A'vmry. 19 
 
 Rhoemetalkes, Rhwyv-e-talch. the shattering ruler. We proceed 
 by Dardania, Dar-dan, the oak-land of Moesia, and the towering 
 height of mount Skomios (Ysgwn) mentioned by Thucydides. 
 Reaching the briny waters of Lake Hal-///vr/.v (Hallt-myr) we 
 embark on the mighty Danube, and fall in with the Sygynnai, a 
 people whose name signified 'merchants' (Herodotus); perhaps from 
 Sygannu, ' to mutter, to chaffer.' You may hear the busy folk in a 
 French market-town, buzzing like myriads of insects. Mounting 
 the Danube, behold its fine tributaries, the Hungarian Teyss, 
 Tibiscus or Teivi-w ysc, and the Marissus, Maros or Mawr-wysc, the 
 great water; on the other hand the Carinthian Save, allied to the 
 Sow of India and of Stafford, in (Cymric Saw, the obstructing river, 
 and the Draw, " violentior ainnis " Pliny terms it (iVat. Hist. If I. 
 25), Trews, ' the sharp river' The name of Solva, a Romano- 
 Keltic town above the Drave, still lives in Pembrokeshire. The 
 city of Gran has two Keltic names Bregetium (Molemy), an ancient 
 fortress on a high rock, which would be Bre-ceth, the dark mount; 
 and a later, Strigoniuni, Ystry-gwvn. the white or fair dwelling. 
 In Austria we have the Roman town of Scarabantia (Pliny), Esgair- 
 pant, the bend or depression in the hill range. Mount Ketius, the 
 Kahlenberg by Vienna, is Mynydd-ceth, 'the dark mountain'; the 
 river Juvavus or Salza, Iou-avon, the river of Joie. Southward 
 beyond the Terglou, the Tri-gledd, three swords or peaks of the 
 Julian Alps we encounter the Carni, so called from Cam, a stone 
 heap, the dwellers in the stony Karst; and descend to Tergeste, 
 Ter-gest, the fair round expanse, the modern Trieste hemmed in 
 by the Karst and open only to the Adriatic* 
 
 We have now pursued the Centaur's course, and traced our 
 
 Kelts to the land of the evening star, to Hesperia, the West. At 
 
 the head of the Adriatic is Yenetia, or Gwyn- 
 
 13. The Kelts in cJd sett i e( j m i ater ages by fugitives from 
 
 Western Europe. 
 
 Troy, as they say. Perhaps the Vennonetes 
 
 * AV.</ means in Welsh a plate among mountains with but one outlet. Sa, 
 V (iCst near Portmado* , and Hergest in Herefordshire.
 
 20 Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 
 
 of the Vintzgau in southern Tyrol were Gwyndyd like the Veneti. 
 Re-inforced long after by the Galli Senones of France, the Kelts 
 became masters of two thirds of Italy. But in a pre-historic period 
 they seem to have been throughout the Peninsula. Whether the 
 Volsci were related to the Belgae of Gaul and Britain, I cannot 
 say: but the Osci, so called for their broad speech, seem to get 
 their name from the Welsh root Wsg, that which opens. How well 
 do the chief cities of Italy harmonize with Keltic roots ! Imperial 
 Rome derives from the Greek Rhome, the Welsh Grym, strength. 
 Milan or Mediolanum, built by the Gauls {Pliny III. iy), was at 
 first Mai-Ian, the clearing or place in the plain. It is still in 
 German Mailand. If we sought a Keltic name suited to its 
 modern splendour, it might be Meddv-lan, the delicate town. How 
 admirably does Genoa express its position at the bend where the 
 two Riviere trend east and west ! For Genoa, like Geneva and 
 Genabum (Orleans), is but the Irish Cean-abhan, the head of the 
 river, the Welsh Pen-avon. The grand features of nature, the 
 Alps and the Apennines, express to the Kelt their snowy height and 
 eminence. Vesuvius would be Gwes-wv, moisture (lava) in motion. 
 The vocable Wysc abounds in Piedmont in the form of Asca. 
 [J5. G. Anzasca, Calasca, Verzasca, Biasca, Novasca.] I venture 
 to interpret the Lacus Verbanus, Lago Maggiore, as Llwch Gwerdd- 
 van, the lake of the green hills; that of Lugano, as Llwch Llug- 
 gain, lacus lucis candidae, the bright lake; that of Como, the Lacus 
 Larius, as Llwch Llariaidd, the gentle lake; and that of Garda, the 
 Lacus Benacus, as Llwch Ben-aig, the head-water of the Mincio. 
 How characteristic the names of the Keltic rivers in Italy ! The 
 P6 or Padus was so called from the pades, in Welsh ffawydd, 
 beeches growing near its source. The Ticinus, a river grievous by 
 its inundations, with its tributary the Blenio, as also the Athesis, 
 were called Dygyn, Blin, Aethwysc, words denoting the trouble they 
 occasioned. The foaming Mincio must have been Mynych, frequent] 
 from its impetuosity. The torrent Quirna on the Simplon is 
 identical with the Guirna of Hindostan and the Chwernwy, a 
 tributary of the Irvon in South Wales; but the Welsh reveals its
 
 Origin, cfr., of the Kvmrv. 21 
 
 meaning of Chwyrn, rapid. If we wont seawards to the west, we 
 should be led to pursue the Ligurian Kelts, who have given their 
 names to Lloegyr (England) and Liguria, along that hones-path. 
 which might express Int-e-mel-ium (Hynt y mel) or Vintimiglia; 
 but in approaching Gallia, y Ore Gal, the chief settlement of the 
 Kelts, we meet with their traces everywhere; and having touched 
 Switzerland and Spain we will close this long excursion. At 
 Geneva, which was Cean-abhan, the head of the lake, as Pennilucus, 
 Pen-llwch, the head of the loch, was the Roman port at the upper 
 end of it, we are on the Lacus Lemanus, Llwch Llivon the lake of 
 Hoods, so called from "the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone."' 
 The Italians must have been preoccupied by the Arthurian romance, 
 when they called the city Ginevra after Arthur's queen Guenevere 
 (Gwen-hwyvar). So have I seen a Castello di Mcrlino mirroring 
 its snows in a green Alpine tarn at the head of the Val d' Antrona; 
 and a pass traversed by Hannibal became the Mont du Chat Artus, 
 the mountain of Arthur's Cat. (Paradin, Savote.) Let us indulge 
 our fancy in a Keltic tour round Mont Blanc. We leave on the 
 right the Mount Saleve. It is justly termed in Irish Sal, in Welsh 
 Sawdyl, the heel or extremity, from its precipices; on the left, the 
 Brezon, which is synonymous with the Welsh Breiddyn. Onwards 
 we come to Nant-arpenaz and Nant-Bourant; the one Nant-ar-pen- 
 wys, the hollow by the water-fail; the other, Nant-Brwnt. the toil- 
 some hollow, which it certainlv is. Attendant on the Monarch of 
 mountains are the Brevent, the windy summit (Bre-wynt); unless it 
 be Pen-vre, the head summit; and the Buet, Bu, the bull. Proudest 
 of the glaciers is Brenva, which I would willingly believe to be 
 Brenn-va, the royal place. There too is Tal-efre, Tal-geivr, the 
 jutting rock of the chamois; and Mont Tacul, Taccl, the arrow. 
 East of Mont Blanc is the Cramont, called so from its rocks 
 (creigiau). The lake Combal towards the Mount of Jupiter (the 
 Great S. Bernard) may have been Cwm-Beli. Bclinus' combe, whose 
 worship is indicated by the Sylva Belini, Belitfs wood, near Lau- 
 sanne. We descend to the valley of the Rhone by the Forclaz, a 
 verdant pass, which is the green fork (Fforch-las). We pass under
 
 22 Origin, crV., of the Kymrv. 
 
 the Dent de Morcles in the Valais, the Dant-mor-cledd, the tooth 
 of the great sword. Under the Dent du Midi is Lake Lioson, 
 Lliaws-on, abundant water. Again on Lake Leman we are at 
 Chillon, Cil-llon, the pleasant recess; opposite is Meillerie, which 
 for its beautiful name deserves to have the lark (Meilierydd) for 
 its sponsor. At Vibiscum, Cwm-wysc, we again detect the 
 Keltic wysc. 'Sweet Clarens' is Claer-wen, bright. Lausanne or 
 Losanna the Irish renders L6s-an, the water's end. We close 
 with fair Montbenon, Mwnt-benn-on, the mount at the head of 
 the ivater. 
 
 The Kelts advanced along the shores of the Mediterranean, 
 and were known by the name of Ligurians. They were intrepid 
 seamen, worthy of being the progenitors of Christopher Columbus. 
 They will again appear in Britain, and bequeath their name and 
 spirit to England, the Keltic Logres {Milton, Paradise Regained) 
 or Lloegyr. From Aquitania, the modern Gascony and Guienne, 
 called from its many rivers Ach-tan, the spread of water, they 
 would cross the ' Bryniau ' or Pyrenees beneath the towering 
 Canigou, Cann-ig-wy, the white terrible place, or, as M. Bullet has 
 it, Cann-gwddwv, the ivhite or snowy neck or ridge. To the South 
 they would find a race more ancient than themselves, the unsub- 
 dued Iberians or Basques; they, too,- had come from the Caucasus, 
 but were now Cantabri, called, I suggest, from Caint-tavar, the 
 spreading reach of land; for I cannot believe Biscay was their 
 Cvnta-vro or aboriginal land, as Lluyd holds. Here the two races 
 combined, or were so mixed up as to be called Kelt-iberians by 
 the Latin writers. It is perilous to advance Keltic claims in the 
 land of the Euscaldunac; but I will observe that some names of 
 their princes seem Keltic. Such I regard Abelux, E-belauc, the 
 warlike, a. chief opposed to Scipio (Livy), with Albutius and his 
 betrothed Indibilis, the. objects of Scipio's generosity, {Arrian) who 
 might be Elwyddan and Tudvil in Kymric. The mountain range 
 of Idubeda is Y du-bedw, the dark birch {Pliny III. J). Talavera 
 (in Castille) is pure Welsh, Tal-aber, the head of the confluence of 
 the Tagus and the Alberche; and Cape Finisterre is Artabrum
 
 Origin, crY., of the Kymry, ix 
 
 promontorium, Pcnrhyn Aberarth or Arthvar, the fell headland. 
 
 The British familiar names of the Avon, Tamar, Monnow, Towy. 
 
 Teivi, Llugwy, and Dee already distinguished rivers in the 
 
 Peninsula. The tribe of Praesamarci arc marked ' Keltic ' 
 
 by Pliny; they got their name from their Pres-march or fleet 
 
 steeds. The people of the province of Alemtejo in Portugal were 
 
 also known as Kcltici; one of their towns was Turobrica, Dwr- 
 
 brig, waters end. Another tribe in Baetica stvled 'Keltic' bv 
 
 Plinv was the Mirobrigenses, Myr-brig. dwellers on the sea 
 
 dunes. Bordering on the Kelticoi, in the forests of Tartessus 
 
 Gargoris or Gorgwr, chief] the oldest king of the Kynetae 
 
 (Gwyndvd) first discovered th- way to gather honey {Justin, 
 
 XLIV. 4)\ and I would imagine that Arganthonius king of 
 
 Tartessus, who lived a hundred and fifty years (Pliny, Strabo), 
 
 won from his silvery hair the name of Argann-tonn, the 
 
 glistering zcai e . 
 
 It may seem needless to discuss the notion of the Kelts having 
 
 passed through North Africa. But Nennius and the Irish scholars 
 
 will derive their Scottish ancestors from Egvpt 
 
 14. Were the Kelts bv of Spain; and the authoritv of Tacitus 
 
 in Africa? J 
 
 persuades me to accept the Iberian origin of, at 
 
 least, the Silures of South Wales. Baron Bunsen favours the 
 
 notion, as supported by a few etymons. An ingenious inquirer 
 
 derives the river Nile from the Erse Neimeamuil. hcarenly, blue. 
 
 The Lake iMoeris seems to be W. Mor, the sea. The Egyptian 
 
 goddess of art and industry, Neith. is connected with the Greek 
 
 net/io. the Welsh nvddu, to spin.' Thermuthis the daughter of 
 
 Pharaoh, who protected the infant Moses, might be Termud, silent ; 
 
 an epithet suited to that mysterious land. If the Iberians or Ligu- 
 
 rians reached Spain by way of Libya, they might have termed the 
 
 Libyans so from lleb, pale yellow, the Moorish complexion. The 
 
 Irish would interpret the Gaetuli as Gaoidheal, dwellers in the bush. 
 
 (M. le Baron De Bclloguet.) The Garamantes may imply Garm- 
 
 maint, loud outcry, or Garmwynion, horsemen. (E. Lhuyd.) In 
 
 Mauritania we have the river Mulucha, moloch, tumultuous, and the
 
 24 
 
 Origin, 
 
 of the Kviurv 
 
 Lixus or Llugwy, bright water. Dyrys or Diryn was the name of 
 a portion of mount Atlas, if not the Peak of Teneriffe; otherwise 
 Duryn, a beak or snout, as we speak of the Naze and the Cap du 
 Gris-Nez. Abyla opposite Gibraltar implies an Alp or highland. 
 The Phoenicians gave to Cadiz the name of Gaddir or Gadeira, 
 meaning like the Welsh ' Cader ' a fort or castle.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE KYMRY IN PRE-HISTORIC BRITAIN. 
 
 We have now " fled over Adria and the Hesperian fields, And o'er 
 
 the Celtic roam'd the utmost isles." [Paradise Lost, Book /.) 
 
 Gallia, so called from Gal, the open dis-afforested 
 
 _ ' . , . . plain, was reduced to cultivation by tribes more 
 
 Britain; probable ' 
 
 survival of Saurians. advanced in civilization than the ruder Kelts 
 who dwelt in the hash as trappers and fisher- 
 men. The latter were called Gwyddyl from their life in the wood- 
 lands. I avoid dwelling on France or Gallia, because its Keltic 
 origin is incontestable; the proofs are abundant; and my aim is to 
 illustrate only a portion of the race, the Kymry, as the Welsh still 
 call themselves. To them their Armorican brethren are still Britons 
 (Brython); their Gaelic or Irish cousins are Gwyddyl, Kelts; their 
 English supplanters, Saxons (Saeson,) but England remains Lignria 
 (Lloegyr). To believe their traditions, the Gwyddyl or Gael appear 
 as tribes, some hostile, some friendly, but ever subordinated to the 
 primary claim of possession advanced by the Kymry. I must think 
 that the westerly position of the Irish Kelts implies rather that 
 they, and not the Kymry, have the best title to priority of settle- 
 ment. Weird traditions exist of aboriginal dwellers so barbarous 
 that the foxes were their dogs and rude stone heaps their cabins. 
 But I judge this must refer to a dark consciousness of some 
 Turanian stragglers who preceded the Kelts. Britain, we are told 
 in the Triads, was known to the Gauls of the continent (Y Gal 
 Gre) by the name of Clas Meiddyn, the Green spot of the cliffs 
 before the Kymric settlement ; afterwards Y Vel Ynys, the honey 
 island. I suppose the name really was Y Wenn Ynys, the white 
 island or Albion. It later on was called Prydain, Britain, after an
 
 2i> The Kynirv in Pre- historic Britain. 
 
 heros eponymos, Prydain ab Aedd Mawr, a hero whose existence is 
 a myth. The Kymry found the island, not only the home of 
 wolves and bears, but also of the ychain bannawc, loild bulls or 
 buffaloes like the Urus of the Hercynian forest ; and it was infested 
 by the formidable Avanc, whose capture was a principal feat of the 
 Kymric chief Hu Gadarn. This, I presume, indicates the survival 
 of gigantic saurians in the ample swamps of Britain, and is con- 
 nected with similar legends e.g. of the Tarasque which S. Martha 
 in Provencal story drew out of the Rhone, and of those weird 
 monsters (Gwydd Ellyll,) which a Triad describes in terms (banawg, 
 ednyvedawg drythyll, a melyn) that would tinge with horror Mr. De 
 Quincy's wildest dream. [Confessions of an English Opium-eater.) 
 
 The account of themselves rendered by the Kymry of Britain 
 makes them consist of three tribes of the same stock, who came 
 
 over as peaceful settlers, eschewing wrong and 
 
 2. The original ., r . . . , , 
 
 _ . . ., & ,, oppression ; the Kymrv (in a restricted sense), 
 Kymric tribes; the 
 
 Kymry. the Lloegrwys, and the Brython. The two last 
 
 are made to come from Aquitania (Gwasgwyn) 
 
 and Armorica (in a large sense,) in other words, the coast of France 
 
 from the Pyrenees to the Rhine. Though bearing names implying 
 
 they were seamen (Liguria, Llyr, the sea) and plaided warriors, they 
 
 are distinctly said to have issued from the primitive stock of the 
 
 Kymry, and to have coalesced into one nation with the tribe 
 
 which bore the name of their common ancestors. This leading 
 
 tribe, they say, came over the hazy sea (Mor Tawch) under the 
 
 conduct of Hu Gadarn, or Hesus the Gallic war-god, from an 
 
 undefined country designated as. the summer-land. Caesar confirms 
 
 the tradition as it relates to their Gallic origin, and calls the people 
 
 Britanni. Not a single Roman or Greek writer seems to know 
 
 the name of Kymry, nor was it emploved by the Saxons. To 
 
 them the Britons were Welsh, (Gallici, Wylysce) ; an offshoot of 
 
 the continental Gauls, whose likeness they shunned and whose lack 
 
 of energy they despised.* With the Irish and Gael, the Welsh are 
 
 * " Inertia Gat/orum." Tacitus, Germama c. 28.
 
 The Kymry in Pie- historic Britain . 27 
 
 always Rrcathnach. The Armoricans always call themselves Bre'zon, 
 ' Britons.' We know not how the Britons called themselves in 
 their own tongue, while the Roman empire stood: their earliest 
 monuments date a century or more after the fall of the empire; but 
 from that period they have down to the present persistently called 
 themselves Kymry. M. Aurelien De Courson ingeniously supposes 
 they adopted the name in the sense of Aboriginal Britons, as a sort 
 of protest against Anglo-Saxon intruders. But this savours of a plea 
 set up in a law-court to estop encroachments. The debate between 
 the two nations was maintained in a ruder fashion, and I think it 
 more probable that the name which the Britons inherited from 
 their Kimmerian ancestors was never forgotten during the past, and 
 that it asserted itself vigorously when the framework of Roman 
 polity disappeared. One of the latest French Keltic scholars M. 
 Valroger offers no explanation of the term Kymry, (as De Courson 
 does,) nor notices the remains of Keltic speech in northern Europe 
 (as given by Pliny,) nor explains why the Kimmerioi (if German) 
 are found in the extreme west by Homer and Herodotus. I bow 
 to the authoritv of Tacitus, when, recalling the former splendour of 
 the Kimbri (of Denmark) in conflict with the Romans, he says it 
 took over two centuries to set about conquering Germany; [Germ. 
 c - 37) thereby implying that he took the Kimbri for Germans. 
 Yet when I read in Pliny that in the language of these Kimbri 
 the Northern Ocean was called Morimarusa, the sea of the dead, 
 and find it pure Welsh (Mor-marwys.) I cannot resist concluding 
 that either the Kimbri were Kymry, or else that in remote times 
 the tongues of Kelt and Goth agreed. This conclusion is fortified 
 by the fact that, according to Hecataeus, the name the Scythians 
 (Goths) gave the same Ocean was Amalchium, signifying congealed; 
 and in Welsh Mwlwch means a concrete mass. (P/inv.) It 
 is not impossible that some of the Kimmerioi. who retired from 
 their Asiatic home before the onset of the Scythians, took a 
 northern course, which the pursuers afterwards followed under the 
 conduct of Odin from the Sea of Azof to the shores of the Baltic. 
 Preciselv on the Baltic we find the Aestvi (or Esthonins.) whose
 
 28 The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain. 
 
 language approached the British, and who termed their valued 
 amber Glesum (Glwys, the beautiful thing) {Germ. c. 45) Their 
 adventurous neighbours the Goths seem to derive their name from 
 the Erse Gaoth, the sea; they were pirates. Treva (pure Welsh) 
 was the Kimbric name of Hamburg. In the North, a promontory 
 termed by Pliny ' Keltic ' was Lytarmis, perhaps Llwyd-armes, the 
 hoary presage of weather. Indeed Tacitus himself points out how 
 slight a barrier the Rhine proved to prevent the Gauls and 
 Germans from mutual encroachment, and how the Helvetii and the 
 Boii were confessedly Kelts. {Germ. c. 28.) Perhaps the Catti (or 
 Hessians) might be mixed Kelts. Their name seems to be Cad-wyr, 
 warriors. One of their princes was Catumerus, or Cadvor, the 
 great warrior. A bishop of Metz was Caddroe, or Cadwr, warrior. 
 The ancient tribe of Condroz near Liege were the Catuaci, or Cad- 
 gwawch, the war-cry men. The Hainaulters were Nervii, or Ner- 
 wyr, the strong men. Those of Brabant were the Levaci, Llevawc, 
 the shouters. They of Louvain were Grudii, from Gryd, a war- 
 hoop. Two Belgic princes occur with names clearly Kymric ; 
 Catualda, or Kadwal (Tacitus, Annates II. 62.) and Boduognatus, 
 Buddug-nawdd, victorious auspices (Caesar,) whom Antwerp honours 
 with a statue. The lake that afterwards became the Zuyderzee in 
 Holland was of old known as Flevum, Lliv, the flood. At 
 Domburg in Zealand an inscription was found to Nehalenia, the 
 Keltic goddess of the briny sea (Nyv-halen.) The coastmen of 
 ancient Belgium were called Menapii from their dwelling on the 
 waters edge (Min-av). This array of facts may, perhaps, justify 
 a conjecture that the Kymry were meant by the Gambrivii, whom 
 Tacitus mentions as among the true and ancient factors of the 
 nation more recently termed 'German.' (Germ. c. 2.) But, 
 assuming the Kymry came to Britain from the north, I am 
 persuaded they came thus gradually and by the narrowest passage, 
 not from the Kimbric peninsula. When Caesar [De Bello Gallico 
 II. 2Q~\ makes the Atuatici among the continental Belgae of 
 Kimbric origin, he would hardly have done so, had all the Gallic 
 Belgae been equally of Kimbric descent, that is, Kimbric of Jutland.
 
 The Kymry in Pre-kistortc Britain. 2q 
 
 Next to the Kymry, whether from priority of settlement or 
 
 larger occupation of territory I cannot tell, but certainly in order, 
 
 come the Lloegrwys or Ligurian Kelts, who 
 
 3. The original came over from Aquitania and appear to have 
 
 \ r ' admitted foreign elements t<> some extent; and 
 
 Lloegrwys and 
 
 Brython. therefore, perhaps, were on the whole less 
 
 homogeneous and loyal to their stock than the 
 other two tribes. While the Kymry glory in the untarnished 
 lustre of Caractacus, and the Brython bred the heroes of Gododin 
 and of the Strath-clyde, the Lloegrwys have to bear the infamy 
 of Vortigern. They were less successful than the Kymry in 
 maintaining their independence ; and their last foothold of liberty, 
 Cornwall, was wrested from them centuries before the extinction of 
 Kymric autonomy. The Cornish knight Sir Tristram occupies no 
 enviable position in the legends of chivalry. The cause of this 
 difference may be the completer subjection to Rome of the southern 
 Britons. The rude mountains, the inhospitable sea, have ever been 
 more kindly to liberty than the affluent ease of the lowlands. But 
 the Lloegrwys had long been inured to the citizenship of the world. 
 They had acquired the elegant tastes of the cultured Romans, as 
 the Aquae Solis of Bath and the hypocausts of Uriconium still 
 witness. Claudia Rufina had wedded the senator Pudens, and was 
 complimented by Roman poets. But, I imagine, a foreign strain 
 in their blood rendered them less sternly patriotic than the Kymry. 
 I conjecture that that foreign strain proceeded from intermixture in 
 Aquitaine with the Basques: but the consideration of this must be 
 reserved for the following section. 
 
 Third of the Kymric tribes were the Brython, who came from 
 Armorica or Llydaw ; not the Armorica restricted to the peninsula 
 that yet bears the name (Britanny,) but the Ar-e-mor or seacoast 
 of north-western France, Gallia Belgica. They seem to have been 
 more closely identified with the Kymry, and in later times 
 reproduced Kymric features in their continental settlement. This 
 view accords with Caesar's account. Bearing regard to the identity 
 of religion, their speech ' not very different,' and their behaviour in
 
 ;o The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain. 
 
 courting, and presently shrinking from ' danger,' he believed the 
 Southern Britons were Gauls, who still bore the names of those 
 ' cities ' or ciwdawd whence they came to Britain for plunder. 
 Such were the Parisii settled on the Seine and the Humber ; the 
 Atrebates of Artois and Berkshire ; and the Belgae of the north of 
 France and the west of England. Pliny notices a tribe of Britanni 
 along with the Ambiani. (Nat. Hist. IV. 1 6.) It may be that 
 Taliesin alludes to them in these lines ; " Morini Brython rhyddaro- 
 ganon, A medi heon am Havren avon." But more remains ; 
 Dionysius Periegetes notes Britanni south of the Rhine. Pliny 
 {XXV. :. 6.) remarks with astonishment a medicinal plant of Fries- 
 land that was in his time called Herba Britannica. A chain of 
 hills there is Brettenberg. Near Ems are vast heaths called 
 Bretansche Heide. The old name of Mons in Hainault was 
 Bretten. At the mouth of the Rhine by Katwijk was the fort of 
 the Britons, Brettenburg. At Domburg in Zealand was found an 
 inscription to the Keltic goddess of the briny sea, Nehalenia, Nyv- 
 halon. Ecbert of Holland, archbishop of Treves (ioth cent.) was 
 styled E. de Britannia. {De Belloguet.) 
 
 To conclude; the result of my inquiries implies the relation i. 
 of the Lloegrwys with the Ligurians of Italy and Gaul. 2. of the 
 Silures with the Iberians or Basques of Spain. 3. of the Kymry 
 or Britons with the Gauls of the continent, but especially with the 
 Belgae and Britanni of the lower Rhineland. 
 
 The red hair and large limbs of the Caledonians convinced 
 
 Tacitus they were of Germanic origin; a Triad classes the 'ciwdawd 
 
 Kelyddon' in the North, first of three protected 
 
 4. As reported tribes that came to Britain without arms or 
 
 by the Romans: The assault by consent of the R The second 
 non-Kymric tribes. 
 
 was " the Gael stock (Yr al Wyddyl,) and in 
 
 Albany they remain." The third was the men of Galedin, who 
 
 came in bare ships to the isle of Wight, when their country sank 
 
 beneath the sea. Lluyd suggests they were from Holland; but 
 
 their landing in Wight points to a catastrophe in the Pays de 
 
 Caux on the opposite coast; they were ' viri Caletini.' The whole
 
 77//' Kymry in frc-kistoric Britain. 31 
 
 subject is involved in difficulties. If we accept the account given 
 by the later Kymry, it offers no explanation of the origin of the 
 Gwyddyl or Gael, who certainly occupied South Britain long before 
 the Brython, whom Caesar encountered. I venture to suggest that 
 they occupied the place assigned by the Brython to themselves 
 under the name of 'Kymry' in the Triads; and that the three 
 tribes relate to 1. Kimmerians who arrived at a very early period; 
 
 2. Kimmerians who arrived from the shores of the Mediterranean; 
 
 3. Kimmerians who came from (iaul and the Baltic. It is said 
 that the Picts in Scotland were from Scandinavia. They are 
 called Gwyddyl Ffichti, painted (rael or dwellers in the bush, to 
 distinguish them from the true Gaelic stock from Ireland, that is 
 to say, Yr al Wyddel. But Lluyd has given a Pictish poem, 
 which is simply very barbaric or archaic Welsh. Their princes 
 Ougen (Owain) and Talargan (Tal-arian), A.D. 736 750, have 
 Kymric names. Another foreign race were the Korannyeid or 
 Coritani dwelling by the Humber, who are charged with being 
 ready traitors of the Kymry, and with uniting with the Romans 
 and Saxons. This will help to explain how the Angles so easily 
 overran eastern England. If the Korannyeid be derived from corr, 
 a (hvarf, they were probably dark squat people of Ligurian origin, 
 regarded with aversion by the Kymry. Mr. Price (Carnhuanawc) 
 says they were so clever as to ken every speech the wind fell in 
 with, and their mintage was arian corr: a tradition of the superior 
 intelligence of the Ligurian race ! The Triads make them come 
 from Pwyl, Apulia in Italy; and Pliny curiously notices in South 
 Italy the Corani, " a Dardano Trojano orti." (TV. H. III. 5.) 
 De Belloguet erroneously cites Owen Pughe as assigning the first 
 place to the Coritani among the settlers in Britain, according to 
 an old tradition, " which only admits the Britons after them, 
 making no mention of the Kymry." The truth is that the 
 tradition relates to seven hostile occupations, beginning with the 
 Coraniaid, then Draig Prydain, ' the Dragon of Britain ' (whatever 
 that was!), and ending with the Romans and Saxons. The painted 
 faces and black curly locks of the Silurians of South Wales as well
 
 32 The Kymry in Pre-histortc Britain. 
 
 as their situation over against Spain, made Tacitus believe they 
 were Iberians, who had emigrated into Wales. Other facts point 
 to the same conclusion. Dioscorides refers to Kourmi or cwrw, as 
 a drink made of barley, used by the Western Iberians and the 
 Britons. The Welsh of South Wales seem to have much affected 
 lime or whitewash. I cannot but think the taste and practice 
 came from the Basques or Iberians, from whom Tacitus derives the 
 Silures. May it not be that they in turn humbly imitated the 
 superb stucco of the Phoenicians, whose richly ornamented palaces 
 in Malta so impressed Diodorus ? (Lib. V.) Davydd ab Gwilym 
 calls on the summer to gild the castles of Glamorgan " white with 
 lime." The Germans too sometimes applied a plaster so pure and 
 resplendent as to resemble painting. (Tacitus, German. 16.) Henry 
 of Huntingdon avers that there came people from Spain into 
 Ireland, and that some of them remained who in his time still 
 used the same speech and were called Navarri. He means the 
 Iberians or Basques. (Lib. T.) It is remarkable that the Achau'r 
 Saint affirm that some of the sons of Brychan of Brecknock 
 (himself an Irish Kelt) went into Spain as Penrheithiau or chiefs 
 of jurisprudence;* and when S. Vincent Ferrer (A.D. 1400) preached 
 in Britanny, he was struck by the resemblance of the Breton charac- 
 ter and that of the Keltiberians of Spain. (Sanctorale Catholicum. 
 Aurelien De Courson.) 
 
 Nennius confesses that the origin of the Scots was uncertain. 
 He relates a strange tale of their encountering in mid-ocean a 
 tower of glass, and perishing in the attempt to investigate it. 
 They may have been deceived by a mirage. A visionary Island of 
 S. Brandan is sometimes seen in the latitude of the Canaries. Or 
 the tale may relate to a Druidical myth of the Isles of the Blessed, 
 which is preserved among the American Zuni, presumed descendants 
 of Madoc of Wales; and the Triads say that Merlin and his bards 
 went to sea in a house of glass. We tread on firmer ground, 
 
 * Their names were Pascen, Neffai, and Pabiali, born of a Spanish mother.- 
 Wm. Owen, Kambrian Biography.
 
 The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain. 33 
 
 when we are told that the sons of Liethan occupied Menevia, 
 Gower, and Kidwelly, till they were expelled by Kunedda Wledig 
 and his sons. This is confirmed by a poem of Howel ab Owain 
 Gwynedd, who mentions Rheged and Caer-liwelydd as being in 
 South Wales. He had ridden thither from Kerry. But as Caer- 
 liwelydd certainly was Carlisle, and Rheged in the north of England 
 or in Galloway, the names must have been applied by the men of 
 Kunedda to their new settlements in Wales; as so many Welsh 
 names were revived in Britannv, among them Kerdluel or Liywel 
 or Carlisle. Tacitus agrees with Caesar as to the Gallic origin of 
 the Belgae, the most numerous tribe of the Brython. Plutarch 
 tells how Cato the elder and Sulla had red hair and blue eyes, like 
 the Gauls. The type still survives in Wales. The Irish, thought 
 Plutarch, differed little from the Britons, and not for the better. 
 (Agricola, ii, 24) The geographer Mela, who confesses his means 
 of information imperfect, pronounces them " ignorant of all virtues, 
 and void of piety to a degree;" a charge which may turn to the 
 honour of the Gwyddyl, seeing Pompey's finding the Holy of 
 Holies at Jerusalem void of images made the Romans infer that 
 the Jews were next door to atheists. Diodorus, before Mela, notes 
 that the northern Britons towards Scythia, and those that dwelt 
 in Erin, some of them, were cannibals. Anthropophagy was a 
 Scythian custom; and I should thence infer that some of the 
 northern tribes (such as the Attacotti) were from Scandinavia. 
 
 Before the Britons reached their island-home, they had inherited 
 or invented the essentials of primitive civilization. Some of their 
 
 traditions resemble Semitic records of antedi- 
 
 5. Traditions of , , v , , . XT . 
 
 , ,*: , .,. luvian patriarchs. Nevydd nav Neivion, whose 
 
 primitive civilizers. J 
 
 ship saved the survivors of a deluge, may be 
 
 a memory of Noah, unless the Triad intends indefinitely The 
 
 Heavenly One, the Lord of lords. Gwyddon Ganhebon, " the first 
 
 in the world that composed vocal song," and " whose stones had 
 
 written upon them all the arts and sciences of the world," must, 
 
 surely, be intended for Seth, whose inscribed tablets in Egypt are 
 
 mentioned by Josephus, and whose name was borne by Sethos the 
 E
 
 34 The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain. 
 
 Egyptian king. If a portion of the Kelts traversed Egypt, they 
 would have been impressed by such monuments. 
 
 In Idris the astronomer I discern a myth of Enoch, who is 
 known to the Orientals as Edris. Under astronomy are veiled 
 the pretences of astrology. Such was the knowledge of the stars, 
 their nature and conditions, possessed by Idris, says the Triad, 
 that he foretold what men desired to learn. Such astronomy, 
 perhaps, Pliny was entitled to treat with little respect. {Nat. Hist. 
 XVIII. 25) Not so, the simple music that soothed the infancy 
 of mankind. " The ancient wisdom of the Greeks," remarks 
 Athenaeus, " appears to have been chiefly devoted to music." 
 Such musical wisdom was the endowment of Tydain-tad-awen, the 
 Father of song, whom Owen Pughe regards as the Egyptian Taaut 
 or Hermes Trismegistus; of Alon, who I think was the Olen of 
 Lycia; and of Blegrwyd the ancient king, whom Geoffry of Mon- 
 mouth pronounces 'incomparable' and 'the God of music,' and whom 
 Thomas Walsingham oddly classes with Orpheus and Nero of 
 Rome in respect of voice and skill in singing.* The connexion of 
 Hu Gadarn with the invention of ploughing land has been already 
 noticed: but it is difficult to imagine any Aryan race ignorant of 
 ploughing, unless the Kymry had lost the art in the forests of the 
 North and been barbarized into mere trappers and fishers, and Hu 
 had succeeded in recovering it. The Armorican S. Iltutus before 
 A.D. 480 introduced an improved method of ploughing. Many 
 less important inventions were owing to the continental Kelts. 
 The art of inlaying brass with silver, especially for the adorning 
 of horse-trappings was the invention of the Bituriges. Others 
 invented ploughs with wheels, hooped casks to preserve wine, 
 barm produced from ale to ferment bread, the use of marl to 
 enrich land. {Pliny, Nat. Hist.) Morddal, called in the Triads 
 Gwrgweilgi, the seaman, clearly a foreigner, perhaps a Phoenician, 
 taught the Kymry to work with stone and lime. Corvinwr, the 
 bard of tall Keri of the white lake, first made a ship with sails 
 
 * He calls him Bledgabred the Briton.
 
 The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain. 35 
 
 and rudder for the Kymry. Coll mab Collvrewy first brought 
 wheat and barley into Britain. Coel, a grandson of Caractacus, 
 introduced a mill with wheels. A curious mill, with a wheel 
 partly of iron, apparently made to work by magnetic action, was 
 to be seen A.D. 1574; and the remains of such an one was found in 
 Edeyrnion, says Dr. John Davies the lexicographer.* In a higher 
 department of civilization, that of government and law, Menw 
 appears to belong to remote antiquity. His name connects him 
 with the Hindu Menu, Menes the first king of Egypt, Minos king 
 of Crete, the Teutonic Mannus, and the Persian Mani. Prydain 
 ab Aedd mawr, Britannns son of Aednus the great, is said to have 
 ordained an elective monarchy, answering to the Greek Hegemonia 
 and very much resembling the Imperial constitution lately set up 
 in Germany, where the Emperor is Kaiser in Deutsch-land; this 
 certainly corresponds with the rule adopted in Keltic Gaul; but 
 Prydain, if he represents the Britanni of Gaul, as M. De Belloguet 
 maintains, should not be son of the Aedui, for the Britanni, 
 Ambiani, &c, were under the leadership of the Treviri. Dyvnwal 
 Moelmud, about B.C. 400, and Bran ab Llyr, are said to have 
 completed the work of their predecessor. Had the Kymry faith- 
 fully adhered to the spirit of this constitution, they would have 
 fared better. But the restless Keltic nature asserted itself. Tacitus 
 observes that the government of kings had given way to that of 
 chieftains; the result was faction, so that two or three 'states' 
 (ciwdawd, civitates) would rarely combine to ward off a common 
 peril; fighting singly, all were overcome. (Agrico/a, 12.) Pom- 
 ponius Mela also notices, that, although the British chiefs were rich 
 in land and flocks only, as was afterwards the case in Wales, yet 
 the lust of dominion and desire to extend their possessions caused 
 them often to molest one another. {III. 6.) 
 
 The Kymry from the earliest period of their 
 6 The Druids, their hist r to have ^^ dominated by a 
 
 religion, gods, and J 
 
 mythic personages, priestly caste, which offers a striking resem- 
 
 * See Owen Pughe's Dictionary under Breuan.
 
 ^6 The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain. 
 
 blance to the Brahmins of India. In Gaul they appear to have 
 superseded the more primitive and less organized rule of the 
 chiefs of clans. This sacerdotal order was called Derwyddon 
 or Druids, in Irish Draoith, after the oak or deru\ their 
 sacred tree, without whose leaves they performed no religious 
 rite. It procured them the name of Saronidae with the Greeks. 
 They used the vervain as well in their incantations; as Taliesin 
 sings, " A'n maglas blaenderw O warchan Maelderw," " A sprig of 
 oak has ensnared us by Maelderw's incantation." They were 
 regarded as enchanters by the Romans, as seems clear from the 
 Augustan History, where a Gallic Druias or Druidess predicts to 
 Dioclesian, then a private soldier, his future elevation to the 
 purple; and from Mela, who tells how a college of Druid virgins 
 in the isle of Sena assumed the forms of animals and procured 
 favourable winds to the mariners. We here perceive the origin of 
 the mediaeval fairies and enchanters. All are familiar with their 
 devotion to the mistletoe, and the ceremonious employment of a 
 golden falchion to gather it. The sacred isle of Mona, then dark 
 with umbrageous oaks, and called Ynys Dywyll, the dark isle, was 
 the Druids' favourite residence, such must have been that famous 
 forest of Darnant in the romances of Perceforest and of Lancelot, 
 which extended to the sea of Cornwall and of Sorelloys 
 (Scilly).* Their place tf solemn assembly in Britain was Abury in 
 Wiltshire, called Gorsedd-bryn-gwyddon, the throne of the wizards' 
 hill; in France "the ancient famous religious Druids" had their 
 chief abode at Dreux in the territory of the Carnutes. (Sir 
 Nicholas Throckmorton. Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, 
 June 24, 1560.) Even in Galatia, the Gallic emigrants met under 
 an oak, as the Basques did under that of Guernica. For they 
 termed their place of national assembly Dru-nemeton, or Derw- 
 nyvedon, the sacred oak. According to Taliesin, the Druids' lore 
 must have resented the fresh influence of their forest-life. He 
 says, " Pan yw dien gwlith, A govwy hinon, A mel a meillion, A 
 
 The name is pure Welsh, Dar-nanl, ihe brook or glen of the oaks
 
 The Kymry in Pte-historic Britain, 37 
 
 meddgyrn meddvvon, Addwyn i ddragon Ddawn y Derwyddon." 
 " When the dew lies still, and summer visits us, and the honey and 
 trefoils, and the mead-horns are full, pleasing to the prince is the 
 lore of the Druids." Caesar tells us that their teaching was oral 
 and embraced all knowledge available to them, but chiefly astronomy 
 and physical science. They taught their adepts a great number of 
 verses, so that some remained learners twenty years. M. De la 
 Villemarque in his Popular Songs of Britanny has preserved a 
 Druid song sung in a place in Finisterre, in which scraps of 
 matter are strung on numbers, as in the Welsh Triads. The 
 Druid teaches the mab gwenn or child, there are "three beginnings 
 and endings to man and an oak, three realms of Merlin, yellow 
 fruit, bright flowers, laughing infants." " Tri derou ha tri divez, 
 D'ann den ha d'ann derv ivez; Tri rouantelez-barr Varzin; Frouez 
 melen, ha bleun lirzin, Bugaligou o c'hoarzin." {Aurelien De 
 Courson, Histoire des Peuples Bretons, T. I. p. 57.) Above all 
 the Druids taught the immortality and transmigration of souls; but 
 whether it ended in Pantheism, I cannot resolve. The Metem- 
 psychosis is taught in the Kad Goddeu (Battle of the Trees) of 
 Taliesin; and in the Discourse between Arthur and his nephew 
 Eliwlod transformed into an eagle. If they on this side approached 
 the truth, a practice of human sacrifices and cannibalism was so 
 revolting, that in Gaul it was forbidden by Tiberius Caesar. {Pliny 
 XXX. I.) The motive of such atrocity must be sought in magic 
 and in a supreme effort to procure Divine aid, as we find exemplified 
 in Mesha king of Moab sacrificing his son in his utter distress. 
 The same motive is assigned in the Popol Vuh to the elders of 
 the Quiche nation, after their sufferings in icy regions ere they 
 reached America. Cannibalism was practised in Erin {Diodorus) ; 
 and we have already met with the formidable Attacotti near 
 Glasgow. {Gibbon, Decline and Fall, &c, Vol. III. p. Jl6.) A 
 gruesome example of incongruous religion is afforded us by the 
 Triad, which speaks of Gwrgi Garw-lwyd, a Caledonian who united 
 with Aethelfrid of Northumbria against the Kymry, and who 
 practised anthropophagy with a singular reservation in favour of
 
 38 The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain. 
 
 the Sunday. The birds of the ivhite lake (Adar y Uwch gwyn), 
 with golden collars about their necks, may designate Attacottian 
 cannibals decorated with the torques. If such at all existed, we 
 can understand how Druidic sanctuaries presented portentous images 
 of deformed lineaments and frightful aspect within deserted walls, 
 which with rugged mountains and destructive rivers were objects of 
 veneration to the Britons. (Gildas.) 
 
 The religion of the Druids in its primitive aspect closely 
 resembles that of the earliest races of men. The ancient inhab- 
 itants of Ceylon, Diodorus tells us, venerated the all embracing 
 Heaven and the Sun, and generally all the host of heaven. At 
 the feast of the Sun in May the Peruvian Yncas invoked the 
 Creator, the Sun, the Thunder, to multiply the people and grant 
 them peace. [Rites of the Incas by Chris toval De Molina, trans- 
 lated by Clements Markham.) So, we are told, Teutates, Duw-tat, 
 the Father- God, was the chief divinity adored by the Gauls. Then 
 we have Belenus or Belin, the sun-god, derived from the Phoenician 
 Belus or Baal, whose river, Avon-Beli, was a name of the estuary 
 of the Mersey, anciently Belisama, Beli-ys-avon; his Gallic name 
 also was Grannus, in Irish Grian, the Sun. He seems to have been 
 worshipped also as Belatucadrus, Bel-y-duw-cadr, Belt the mighty 
 God. Taranis was the divinified thunder, and is mentioned by 
 Lucan along with Hesus or Hu Gadarn, the special national god of 
 the Kymry, venerated as their leader in emigration and the author 
 of agriculture. He was sometimes identified with the Supreme 
 Being, and figures in romance as Huon of Bordeaux ' emperor of 
 Constantinople.' 
 
 Camulus (from the Irish Kama, the brave), was the Gallic 
 Mars. In Welsh, Campus means the dexterous. Ogmios (from 
 the Welsh Og-Hogyn, a youth, ' the strong ') was the Gallic 
 Hercules. The magic caldron of Keridwen denoted the renovating 
 power of Nature; to it Taliesin imputes his inspiration in the lines, 
 " Mi a gevais awen O bair Keridwen." Olwen, too, was a Nature- 
 goddess, in whose footsteps sprang up four white trefoils, whose 
 hair was yellower than the flowers of the broom, and her flesh
 
 The Kymry in Pre-historic Britain. 39 
 
 whiter than the foam of the wave. Her name, like the German 
 Alvina, seems allied to the Alfar or elves. ( Ystori Kwllwch.) 
 Gwenidw was the Kymric Leukothca, who daily drove ashore her 
 white flock of waves. Margan was a goddess of the deep ("dwywes 
 o annwvn;") which perhaps accounts for Morgaine la Faye being 
 called the Lady of the Lake. Perhaps she may be identified with 
 the Persian Peri Merjdn. Or, possibly, Gwenddydd, the day-star, 
 the sister of Merlin, may have been adopted in romances as the 
 sister of Arthur, and rendered through the German Morgen, 
 morning, into Morgaine la Faye, the enchantress and mistress of 
 Sir Lancelot. In Italian, the Fata Morgana gave celebrity to that 
 lovely phenomenon of the Mirage, so well described by Father 
 Angelucci in the Straits of Messina, Aug. 15, 1643. (Sivinburnc, 
 Travels in the Two Sicilies.) The Kymry conceived of the Power 
 of Evil as a female whose magic steed March Malaen conveyed 
 witches through the air, as the Canon Law intimates of Hecate 
 and Herodias, and as we read in the romance of Cleomades. 
 Possibly Malaen came from the Latin Maligna. Arianrod, a star- 
 goddess, was the mystic name given to the seven stars of Bootes 
 by the Britons. It signified the silver wheel* Gwyn ab Nudd, 
 Fair son of the Mist, was the happy name assigned to the 
 illusion of the king of Faery {Buchedd Collcnn. Sanct. Catholicum); 
 rendered, I conceive, by the romance-writers, in German as Elberich, 
 in French as Alberon, Auberon, or Oberon, being a translation of 
 Gwyn, the fair or white. He is classed by the Triads with Idris 
 and Gwdion ab Don as one of the three astronomers of Britain. 
 The latter seems to be Odin, borrowed from the Teutons. The 
 milky way is his burg or caer, Caer-gwdion, the Valhalla of the 
 Norsemen. But if borrowed, he was invested with a more pleasing 
 character by the Keltic imagination, and is found associated with 
 Math ab Mathonwy in conjuring by magic out of the blossoms of 
 the oak, the broom, and the meadow-sweet the fairest damsel 
 ever seen. (Mabinogion.) Taliesin treats them as enchanters, in 
 
 * Caer-Arianrod castrum argenteae rotae.
 
 -|.o The Kymry in Pre-historic Britain. 
 
 company with Eurwys and Eurion, and Euron and Medron, who 
 perhaps were Druids living in tradition. Galiant, "the most skilled 
 armourer of his time," was meant for Wayland smith, the Volundr 
 of the Edda. ( Ystoryau Chyarlymaen.) 
 
 The fact that minstrels and composers of poetic eulogies came 
 next the priesthood in the Druidic hierarchy marks the antiquity 
 
 of their system, and carries us back to the age 
 
 7. The Bards: their of Homer He tells us the si met with 
 ideal of civilization. 
 
 honour and respect among all men. (Odyssea, 
 
 VIII. 4, So.) The science of the old Kymry, like that of the 
 early Greeks, lay in music. Diodorus Siculus, B.C. 50, says that 
 the composers of lays among the Gauls, whom they call Bardoi, 
 sing praises or invectives along with instruments resembling lyres. 
 Robed in skyblue togas, the emblem of peace and heaven, they 
 also acted the part of the Hellenic keryx, and sought to reconcile 
 contending warriors. As among the early Greeks, they were 
 respected, and sometimes richly rewarded. Llywarch Hen could 
 boast of a cantrev and a hundred oxen, the gift of Rhun. Kyn- 
 ddelw says, Rhiryd gave him a gift of ruddy gold, nothing less. 
 ''Kelenig rudd aur a roddai Riryd, Nym rhoddai a vai lai." A 
 later bard boasts, that Rhys Gryg shed his gold into the bards' lap 
 like full ripe fruit, But the expenditure of the West was neces- 
 sarily mean, compared with that of ancient India. The Hindu- 
 Aryas lived in the golden age. " The gifts of Prithousravas are 
 magnificent," says Vasa, " that generous master has given me a 
 golden car." {Rig-Veda, p. 434, translation by Langlois.) Another 
 boasts of a gift of three hundred horses and ten thousand cows; 
 he was a master of hyperbolic style. But mere material ease and 
 wealth do not necessarily connote true civilization. The spiritual 
 must control the material. The most ferocious nation of America, 
 the Aztecs, whose imperial palace stank with human sacrifices, had 
 the most refined taste in goldsmith's work; and their speech possessed 
 inflexions expressing the respectful style. The Basques, Horace's 
 ' untamed Cantabrians,' have besides, a style to address children 
 with and one suited to women. {Baudrimont, Histoire des Basques
 
 The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain. 41 
 
 primitifs, p. 195) On the contrary, the gentle Guanches of the 
 
 Canaries, unacquainted with wheat and the use of fire, were obliged 
 
 by law to make way for every woman they met. The Keltic 
 
 bards, too, rose superior to mercenary motives. They stigmatized 
 
 the man who loved his appetite, wealth, and ease as one who was 
 
 no patriot; they reckoned learning of equal dignity with the noblest 
 
 descent; they declared there were three persons, whom everybody 
 
 should look upon with respect, namely, he that looks lovingly on 
 
 the face of the earth, on the exertion of art, and on little children; 
 
 and they professed their delight in the increase of knowledge, the 
 
 improvement of morals, and the triumph of peace over devastation 
 
 and anarchy. 
 
 I have ahead)' indicated the motives of fear, of curiosity, or of 
 
 interest that impelled the barbarian nations of antiquity to quit 
 
 their precarious settlements; how Lygdamis the 
 8. Keltic migrations K to avoid the more pmverfu i G oths, 
 
 to the East. ' ' 
 
 poured his horde on the rich plains of Lydia 
 
 from the Kymric settlement on the Palus Maeotis. More than a 
 century later, Elico or Helig, a Helvetian merchant, was employed 
 by an injured Etruscan to tempt an invasion of Italy by the Gallic 
 Kelts with the luscious bribe of figs and grapes, of the wine and 
 oil of that favoured land. {Pliny.) The children of Nature eagerly 
 embraced the offer; and under the conduct of Sigovesus (Sig-was, 
 the smasher) and Bellovesus (Bel-gwas, the warlike), Arvernian 
 princes, established themselves in the fertile plain of the P6, 
 founded the grand city of Milan, and were known as the Isambra 
 (in Irish noble), a name corrupted into Insubres. They were 
 followed by Gauls of Maine and Chartres, led by Elitovius (E-llid- 
 wv, the hurricane), who founded Brescia and Verona at the expense 
 of the Etruscans. Lastly, the Boii (in Irish Buidhe, the yellow- 
 haired) and the Senones (a name derived from Sen or Hen, the old, 
 the honoured) pushed forward and drove the Etruscans from their 
 settlements on the Adriatic. {Livy.) Observe, how their princes' 
 names still live in existing Keltic speech. Britomarus, a chief of 
 the Isambra, is in Welsh Brith-mawr, the great painted warrior.
 
 42 The Kymry in Pre-historic Britain. 
 
 (Livy.) And Moritasgus, a king of the Senones (Caesar), is 
 Mortagh or Murdoch, an Irish name. I know not whether the 
 similarity of sound in that of Omortag king of the Bulgarians, 
 A.D. 824 (Eginhard), be accidental or not. 
 
 A portion of these Gauls, following the auguries of the flight 
 of birds, doubled the Adriatic, and scaling the Carnic Alps settled 
 in Hungary. (Justin XXIV. 4.) B.C. 389 the Kelts of northern 
 Italy under their captain, whose title (not name) was Brennus (the 
 brenhin or king) took and burnt Rome, anticipating the equally 
 transient success of Alaric and Genseric. Meanwhile the Kelts of 
 the Danube inspired terror among neighbouring princes by their 
 very name. Belgius (Bel-gwas, the warrior) defeated the Mace- 
 donian king, B.C. 278. The brenhin, whose name we know not, 
 followed up this success, and proceeded to attack the sacred shrine 
 of Delphi in hope of plunder; with true Gallic levity he jestingly 
 remarked how the rich gods should bestow on men what they had 
 no need of. Unlike the austere Iberians of Spain, who would not 
 violate their rich soil, unless the lightning tore out its golden 
 ingots, and gave them as it were a gift from God. (Justin XLIV. 
 J.) A severe hailstorm, aided bv terrors of the supernatural, the 
 multiplied echoes and visions of the gods, saved the temple from 
 violation. The defeated Gauls fled, some to Asia, some to Thrace, 
 seeking their Pannonian home. One detachment under the name 
 of Skordiskoi (in Welsh, Ysgorddion, strangers) settled at the 
 confluence of the Danube and the Save. Another, the Tectosages,* 
 found their way back to their western settlement at Toulouse. 
 They were induced by a pestilence to cast their sacrilegious store of 
 Grecian plunder into a lake; as the Yncas of Peru did with their 
 coveted treasures. (Justin XXXII. J.) The gold of Toulouse became 
 proverbial, as bringing ruin on its possessors. The defeat of the 
 Romans by the Kymry in B.C. 101 was attributed to it. Some 
 scholars refuse to identify the Kimbri allied with the Teutons, 
 whom C. Marius defeated, with the Kymry and Kimmerioi of 
 
 * Teith-sach, from their use of the plaid or over-all, journey-sack ?
 
 The Kymry in J 're- historic Britain. 43 
 
 remote antiquity. Pliny (IV. c. 14) expressly classes them with 
 the Teutons as inland Germans; " Ingaevones (Innwohners) quorum 
 pars Cimbri, Teutones," &c. Suidas gives 'brigands' as the mean- 
 ing nt the word Kimbri, and it may be of the Welsh root Cymmer- 
 yd, t<> take or spoil; but if they were Germans, why are they not 
 included under the generic name of Teutons- Deutsch ? Besides, I 
 have shown from Tacitus that some Kelts were intermingled with 
 Teutons in Germany; some words of their speech, preserved to us, 
 are simply Welsh yet intelligible; and it is difficult to understand 
 how Tacitus could write that the Kimbri were in his day ' a small 
 estate, but their renown mighty,'* if they only formed an item in 
 the Teutonic nationality. [See Appendix No. VII.] 
 
 Few of the modern Kelts, Kymry, Brezonet, and Gael, are 
 aware that the Apostle S. Paul addressed an Epistle to a people of 
 
 their blood and kindred. Yet such is indubit- 
 
 9. The Galatian , , iU c . o 
 
 , ably the tact. So great an opinion was enter- 
 
 settlement. 
 
 tained in the East of the dash and prowess of 
 
 the Kymry-Galls that no prince engaged in war without Gallic 
 
 valour in his pay. (Justin XXV. 2.) And so Nicomedes king of 
 
 Bithynia gained their support by the cession of a province called 
 
 after them the Gallic Greece or Galatia. The settlers were from 
 
 the South of France, the Tectosages, the Trocmi (Trwch-wyr, truces 
 
 riri, ' desperadoes '), and the Tolistoboii (Tolws-tov-wyr, uproarious 
 
 band or array). The leader of the first tribe was Leonorios, in 
 
 Welsh Lluniwr, the marshal or disposer. (Strabo L. 12.) The 
 
 name was afterwards borne by a Breton saint. One of the most 
 
 interesting traditions connected with this colony is found in the 
 
 Triads of the Isle of Britain, which relate that Ur Luyddawg, Ur 
 
 the layer of hosts, a Scandinavian chief, doubtless of the kindred 
 
 Kvmry of Jutland, for a stranger would not so easily have 
 
 succeeded, came to Britain in the time of Gadial ab Erin (when we 
 
 are not told), and by artifice procured succours of men and treasure 
 
 to go on one of those marauding expeditions so dear to the Keltic 
 
 * " Parva nunc li vitas >ed gloria ingens." Gam. ,-,-.
 
 44 The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain. 
 
 spirit. They never returned, but went as far as the sea of Greece, 
 and settling in the land of Galas and Avena became Greeks. The 
 learned Lhuyd guessed Galas was Corfu; he could give no account 
 of Avena, and he has been followed by later scholars. But the 
 names, surely, indicate Galatia and Armenia the lesser; and the 
 adventurers went to re-inforce their Keltic congeners. Many names 
 of men and places in Galatia support its Kymric character. One 
 of its kings, Deiotarus (Duw-tarw, the divine bull), was the subject 
 of an oration of Cicero. His treasure-castle in Bithynia was 
 Blukion (Blwch, a box or treasury). Brogitarus (Broch-tarw, the 
 angry bull) was the Gallo-Greek priest of Pessinus. {Cicero.) 
 Donilaus (Dyvnwal or Donald) was a Galatian prince on Pompey's 
 side; Orgiagontis or Gwrgant, a Galatian king (Florus); Adiatorix 
 was, perhaps, Aedd-twrch, the loud boar (Strabo); Centaretus, Kyn- 
 drud, the chief brave, or Kyn-dardd, the first shot (Pliny); Poredorax, 
 a Gaul slain by Mithridates, P6r-e-dorch, the lord of the chain or 
 torques. (Plutarch) Camma (the crooked) avenged the murder of 
 her husband Sinetus (Henydd ?) by poisoning his slayer Sinorix, 
 Hein-rhi, chief of the swarm. Then there are the districts of 
 Cammanene or Cam-maenan, the crooked slate rock, and Morimene 
 bordering on Galatia, which I would fain connect with Morven the 
 realm of Fingal. (Morben or Penmawr, the great headland) We 
 find the mountains Gorbeus, Gor-van, high place, and Lithrus, 
 Llethr, the steep. We have Gangra the seat of king Deiotarus, 
 Gann-gra, the white gravel, perhaps white- washed in Iberian fashion; 
 and I ask indulgence for my fancy in rendering Rosologiacum by 
 Cwm-rh6s-g\vylla\vc, the combe of the gloomy moor. The manners 
 of these Gallo-Greeks were those of the parent nation. One of 
 their tetrarchs kept open house for a whole year, and even caused 
 travellers to stay till they had dined at his table. It was a Gallic 
 custom, says Caesar, to constrain travellers to tarry and answer 
 questions, and to crowd about pedlars in small towns. The 
 language of Galatia was that of the country about Treves in the 
 fourth century, says S. Jerome. Kenones was a term used by the 
 Montanist sectaries in Phrygia to denote the second rank in their
 
 The Kymry in Pre-historic Britain. 45 
 
 hierarchy, below Patriarchs but above Bishops. Perhaps the Phry- 
 gians borrowed it from the Keltic Galatians. Kynon in Welsh is 
 'a chief; and I observe that Conon was the native name of the 
 Isaurian emperor Leo IV. Cynon and Cynan were common Welsh 
 names. Tasgodroungitai was the name given in the vernacular of 
 Galatia to certain heretics, signifying ' men with a peg in their 
 nose.' (S. Epiphanius) Probably, they snuffled like our old 
 Puritans. 
 
 Not content with their indigenous traditions, the Kymry of 
 
 Britain, after the Roman conquest, greedily affected kinship with 
 
 the Masters of the World, to solace the wounded 
 
 10. lne fabulous susceptibility of a vanquished people, and pos- 
 Trojan origin of the 
 
 Kvmrv sibly to secure the favourable regard of the 
 
 Romans. How was this object to be effected ? 
 
 They soon perceived that all the Roman culture flowed from 
 
 Hellenic sources; and that by the irony of events the fountain of 
 
 Hellenic inspiration, the immortal Iliad, derived through the silver 
 
 tube of Virgil's melodious verse the praise of ' Troy divine ' as well 
 
 as of its captors. Rome had adopted the myth of a Trojan descent 
 
 through that correct but insipid hero, the pious Aeneas; all were 
 
 ambitious of securing a fashionable ancestry; Padua adopted Antenor 
 
 the Trojan, Lisbon the ingenious Ulysses, for their founders; the 
 
 Kymry invented a descendant of Aeneas, Brutus Darian/as, ' of 
 
 the blue shield,' who sailed from Italy and vanquished the giants 
 
 of Albion. How deeply and how long this fable influenced the 
 
 Kymric imagination may be judged by the fact, that Priam, 
 
 Hectcr and his victor Achilles, Paris, and Helena, Aeneas and 
 
 lulus, long lived in Kymric speech as Periv, Echdor ac Achelarwy, 
 
 Peris ac Elen, Einion ac Iolo. Taliesin terms the Kymry Gwedd- 
 
 illion Troia, ' relics of Troy.' When the Chronicler of Strata 
 
 Florida would scatter wild flowers on the grave of the Lord Rhys 
 
 of South Wales, A.D. 1197, he surpassed himself, when he made 
 
 his hero a match to Achilles for strength of chest, a Hector for 
 
 prudence, a Paris for beauty, an Ulysses for eloquence, and an 
 
 Ajax for spirit. {Brut y Tywysogton.) A century later, Arch-
 
 4 6 The Kymrv in Pre- historic Britain. 
 
 bishop Peckham laments, that the Welsh wore " too intent on 
 
 dreams and fanciful visions, following the footsteps of Brutus, who 
 
 advised by Diana's whisper entered Britain by dreaming;" and 
 
 bids them in future boast, not of the vanquished Trojans, but of 
 
 the Cross of the Lord Jesus, Who hath made all mankind one in 
 
 His Blood. [A.D. 1284. Wilkins, Concilia.] [See Appendix 
 
 No. VI.] 
 
 On this sandy foundation did Gruffydd ab Arthur, commonly 
 
 known as Geoffrey of Monmouth, erect a stately gallery of kings 
 
 anterior to the subjugation of Britain by the 
 
 11. The British kings R omans . From the pious credulity of un- 
 before the 
 Roman conauest critical ages we have fallen back on blank 
 
 scepticism. Like Herodotus the Father of 
 History, Geoffrey has been branded as utterly mendacious. But 
 modern travel and research have vindicated the credit of Herodotus; 
 and it is possible that after all the chronicler of British kings 
 was not entirely fabulous. Tacitus says expressly of the Britons, 
 " Formerly they obeyed Kings; now owing to Princes they are 
 distracted by factions, nor is any circumstance more favourable to 
 us than that they do not plan in concert." (Tacitus, Agricola 
 c. 12.) Mr. Stephens has shown that Geoffrey was possessed of 
 Armorican monuments procured by his philo-Kymric patron Walter 
 De Mapes. It is hard to relinquish to the iconoclast those 
 4 radiant shapes ' that have for so long tenanted our island, that 
 have preceded the gorgeous series of mediaeval romance, and that 
 have inspired some of the sweetest creations of Shakespeare, of 
 Spenser, and of Milton. I will not insist that Abaris, the myster- 
 ious Hyperborean who visited Greece in the mythic age, was a 
 Keltic Druid, an Ivor or Avarwy. But I may be permitted to 
 notice the names that are interwoven with our history and 
 literature. The reader of Milton's Comus is familiar with Locrine 
 the son of Brutus (Lloegrin), whose daughter Sabrina fled the 
 pursuit " of her enraged step-dame Guendolene." Her mother 
 Estrildis or Esyllt borrowed her name from Hersilia the wife of 
 Romulus, and transmitted it to the Yseulte or Isolda of romance.
 
 The Kymry in Pre -historic Britain. 47 
 
 Mombricius or Mymbyr gave his name to an old Italian writer, 
 Boninus Mombricius, and to the city of Oxford. Rhun Baladyr- 
 bras, of the stout shaft, was the original Sir Hudibras. Spenser 
 and Wordsworth derived the beautiful tale of the true brothers 
 Artegal and Elidure from the Brut of Arthal and Elidyr. Dun- 
 wallo Molmutius or Dyvnwal Moelmud is always acknowledged as 
 the source of Kymric legislation. His name lingered in Cumber- 
 land as Dunmail. A Donoual bishop of Alet occurs A.D. 1127. 
 (Cartn/airr de Redon.) In Scotland it is Donald. Bath was the 
 city of king Bladud, or Bleiddyd. His son Llyr, Shakespeare*- 
 ' King Lear,' has supplied a text for one of the profoundest 
 expositions of human nature. Belin and his son Lludd still live 
 on the lips of men in Billingsgate and Ludgatc. Another son of 
 Belin, Caswallawn or Cassivellaunus king of the Cassii is recorded 
 in the narrative of Julius Caesar. That wonderful man must have 
 deeply impressed the minds of the Britons, for they know the 
 Romans simply as Kessarieid, Caesar's-men ; and in the romantic 
 style of Kelts they termed his sword Yr Angeu Coch, Red Death. 
 The Triads assign a cause for the invasion of Britain, very far 
 removed from the politic motives that dwelt in the mind of Caesar. 
 It appears that Caswallawn 's mistress Fflur (Flora) was carried off 
 by Mwrchan the thief, a chief of the Gauls of Aquitaine, with a 
 view to present her to Caesar. Caswallawn crossed the sea to 
 recover her, accompanied bv his nephews Gwenwynwyn and 
 Gwanar with a numerous host. Most of them never returned, 
 but settled " among the Caesarians " in Gascony, which retains 
 traces of their settlement, according to Lhuyd quoting Goudelin. 
 Goyrans, Ganelu, Guitrad, Mouric, Goudelin, are the Gascon forms 
 of Geraint, Kynddelw, Gwerthydd, Meurig, and Gwythelin: among 
 names of places we have Chabanos or in Kymric Kevnau, the 
 backs; Carabodas or Kae'rbedw, Birch-field; Garrigue or Kerrig, 
 the stones; Vinnez or Gwynedd; Mont-audran or Mwnt-Aeddren 
 {Mom Adriani); and Mont-esquieu or Mwnt-yscaw, the mount of 
 elder trees. It was in revenge for this expedition, say the Kymry, 
 that the Romans invaded Britain. Caesar himself tells us, it was
 
 4^ The Kvmry in Pre-historic Britain. 
 
 in consequence of the naval aid the islanders afforded their brethren 
 of Gwenet (Vannes) in Armorica. His expedition, though it 
 stopped short of subjugation, yet proved to be the first sweep of 
 the tide, which laid Britain open to future conquest. The Kymric 
 princes, before the final success of Agricola, bowed before the 
 Roman Caesar, and paid a light tribute on the exports from Gaul, 
 ivory necklaces, amber, glass vessels, " and such rubbish." (Strabo.) 
 Such a prince was Kunobelinus of the coins and of Roman history, 
 the Cymbeline of Shakespeare. His name is still preserved by 
 Llan-gynvelin in Cardiganshire and by Plou-gonvelin near Ouimper 
 in Britanny. It is a semi-Gaelic form of the Welsh Pen-velyn, 
 and means yclloiv-head. His son Adminius may be the later 
 Welsh Ednyved, though W. Baxter renders the name by Adhvin- 
 was, the man with the projecting lips. {Etymologicon Britannicum.) 
 Far better known are his other children; the maidenly grace of 
 Imogen, the ingenuous freedom of Arviragus and Guiderius in their 
 sylvan solitude, who can forget ? The Kymric form of Imogen is 
 Enogent, perhaps from the Latin Innocentia. Her brothers were 
 Gweirydd and Gwydyr. Their refusal to pay tribute is said to 
 have occasioned the invasion under the emperor Claudius. Juvenal 
 thought the possible fall of Arviragus from his war-chariot a 
 compliment to Domitian. (Satira TV.) He is said by Polydore 
 Vergil to have granted land at Glastonbury to S. Joseph of 
 Arimathea. His son Meirig was the Bericus of Roman history.
 
 CHAPTER TIL 
 
 CHARACTER AND MANNERS OF THE EARLY KYMRY. 
 
 I no not attempt to write a formal history of the Kelts in 
 
 general, or of the Kymry in particular: my object rather being to 
 
 exhibit such points as may serve to interpret 
 
 . HUM er o e |.| ie | r character and place in the commonwealth 
 Kelts ' 
 
 of nations. The report of Diodorus, B.C. 50, 
 
 concerning the Britons was, that thev were simple, and far removed 
 from the guile and wickedness of modern times. So far from 
 regarding the custom of polyandry, that is, of a woman serving as 
 wife to a family of brothers (if such custom really existed among 
 them ?), as a proof of special depravity in the Kymry, I should 
 infer that it was a survival from some remote period and a conse- 
 quence of some special pressure; seeing it existed among the most 
 primitive and innocent race of men, the Guanches of the Canaries. 
 But the custom probably obtained only among non-Keltic tribes in 
 our island; and is the parent of the Pictish institution of succession 
 by the mother's side. I think it must be conceded that the Kelts 
 did not possess the virtue of purity to the extent that Tacitus 
 credits the Teutons with. When a Roman empress ventured to 
 reproach the wife of Argentocoxus (Ariant-goch, bright silver), a 
 Caledonian chief, with the immorality of her countrywomen, the 
 lady replied that the British women bestowed their favour on the 
 noble and the brave, and were strangers to the filthy excesses of 
 the Italians. {Xipliilin.) When the queen of the Brigantes Cartis- 
 mandua forsook her husband Gwyddno (Venutius) in favour of his 
 
 esquire Kadwal (Vellocatus), the public sympathy was enlisted in 
 G
 
 50 Character and Manners of the early Kymry. 
 
 favour of the injured spouse.* Nennius marks hospitality as the 
 Britons' distinctive virtue, anger as their special fault. To their 
 simplicity and passion were allied a silly, vainglorious ostentation 
 and excessive love of ornament. Their chiefs were loaded with 
 gold chains, brilliant with dyed stuffs, and plastered with gold. 
 (Strabo) The skeleton of Benlli Gawr was found under the 
 Fairies' Hill near Mold, with a corslet studded over with some 
 hundreds of beautiful amber beads and a filigree work of fine gold 
 based on pure gold. (Robert Williams, Eminent Welshmen) It 
 is remarkable that Homer describes a Phoenician merchant wearing 
 a gold chain strung with amber. (Odyss. XV. 460) When 
 Bituitus king of the Arverni (Bytheiad, the hound) fought against 
 the Romans, it was in a silver car; he had his pack of bloodhounds 
 with him, and boasted the foe could scarce serve them for a meal. 
 His envoy was escorted by gasindi glittering with gold and purple, 
 and beside him a bard sang to his crtvth the glory of the Arvernian 
 king. [Morns. Panlns Orosins.) This levity of temper some- 
 times led to tragical results. The Triads notice the battles of the 
 Scrubs and of Arderydd in Scotland, arising from disputes about a 
 doe with young, a lap-wing, and even a lark's nest. " Vetus 
 Britannia jugi cruore madescit," " Ancient Britain drips with con- 
 tinual bloodshed," became an adage. The saying applied most truly 
 to the period, which Milton stigmatized as offering (among the 
 Saxons) nothing but battles between kites and crows. This Keltic 
 recklessness mingled with their notions of grandeur. A prince of 
 Auvergne would rain his gold pieces on the public, and fill a huge 
 vat with liquors for his guests. {Posidonins, apud Athenaeum.) 
 Such a scene was exaggerated by the Provencal nobles before the 
 Albigensian crusade, when they out of ostentation sowed a furrow 
 with silver and slew their chargers. Ebriety was a natural result; 
 as when " men went to Cattraeth, a freespoken throng, the green 
 mead their dainty and their poison; three hundred combatting with 
 weapons; and after the war-shout there was the silence" of death. 
 
 * " Pro man to stadia civitatis." Tacitus, Hist. III. c. 45.
 
 Character and Manners of the early Kymry. 5 1 
 
 Gwyr a aeth Gattraeth, oedtl ffraeth y llu, 
 Glas-vedd eu hancwyn, a'u fjwenwyn vu; 
 Trichant trwy beiriant yn catau, 
 A gwedi elwch tawelwch vu. (Aneurin, Godtxini.) 
 
 When Rein the Scot (i.e. of Ireland), a pretender to the throne of 
 South Wales, A.D. 1020, led on his forces to battle, we are told 
 it was " after the manner of the Scots, proudly and ostentatiously " 
 (yn valch syberw) ; he was ' fearless,' but an arrogant ' challenger.' 
 {Brut y Tywysogion.) Sawyl Ben-uchel, Saul lofty-head, is noticed 
 in the Triads; but we are also told that his arrogance led to faction 
 and conspiracy with the Saxons against the Kymry. As Mr. 
 Matthew Arnold says, "Just the expansive, eager Keltic nature; 
 the head in the air, snuffing and snorting." (On the Study of 
 Keltic Literature.) A lively sketch of the bold, buoyant spirit of 
 the Gael and their French descendants, rather than that of the 
 Kymric race subdued by a strain of melancholy. 
 
 A shrewd and honest observer in the reign of Julian, A.D. 
 361, describes the Gauls in a way that brings before the eye scenes 
 that occur even now in Keltic lands. He notes their tall stature, 
 red hair, and threatening eyes; how greedy they were of quarrels; 
 how foreigners could not abide a domestic encounter, when a lady 
 with inflated neck and ponderous white arms administered kicks as 
 well as cuffs to her less adroit spouse, quick as the strokes of a 
 catapult. Even the voices of many of them, whether angry or 
 not, seemed to menace the hearer. Glancing at their fondness for 
 various drinks resembling wine, he notes with disgust the reeling 
 motion of some of the lower class, whose senses were dulled by 
 continual ebriety. But he praises their neatness of attire, where, 
 as in Aquitaine, the poorest female was never seen in rags, as 
 elsewhere. Above all, he commends the bravery of young and old, 
 fortified by labour and a bracing climate; among whom was never 
 found, as in Italy, a coward who cut off his thumb to escape 
 military service. (Ammianus Afarcellinus, XV. 12. I.) I regret 
 to say, that the Roman officer's account is confirmed by the Triad 
 relating to Rhore Yawr and her sister-viragos in Britain. But, in
 
 52 Character and Manners of the early Kxmrv. 
 
 fine, the leading feature in the Keltic character appears to me to 
 be their indomitable love of freedom and a spirit of independence 
 sometimes leading to a deplorable excess. We see it in the 
 conduct of Seuthes the Thracian (whom I would almost pronounce 
 a Kymro); banished from his home, he chose the life of a marauder 
 rather than exist a pensioner on another's bounty, " looking fur- 
 tively to his table like a dog." {Xenophon, Anabasis, VII 2.) 
 We see it in the long resistance the Britons offered their Teutonic 
 invaders, when the other provinces of the Roman empire fell an 
 easy prey to the barbarians. Giraldus of Wales notes how his 
 Kymric countrymen would speak boldly before kings and not be 
 ashamed. This feeling goes far towards solving the problem, why 
 the Anglican Church (too often the obsequious waiter on the 
 providence of Kings) has to such a serious extent lost the sympathy 
 of the people. Nor is it absent from the mental development of 
 such as Scottus Erigena, Abailard, and Renan. The heresy of 
 Morgan (Pelagius) proceeded mainly from the bardic influence, 
 which Titan-like would fain escape from the constraint of a 
 supernatural Power, which overruns the purposes of Man. M. De 
 Belloguet sums up the characteristics of the Gallic and Ligurian 
 elements in a masterly manner. They blend in the modern 
 French and in a lesser degree the Welsh nature. The Gauls had 
 a wild temper, wanted judgment, loved display, were proud of race, 
 frank, hospitable, simple. The Ligurians had quick wit, eloquence, 
 raillery {Tesprit Gau/ois), cunning, loved music and dancing, were 
 boastful (the Gascon humour) and avaricious. 
 
 We have already seen that Britain before the Roman conquest 
 
 had been governed by Kings, rich only in flocks and extent of 
 
 territory.* That form of government had given 
 
 J1 wa y to tne presidence of petty chieftains. 
 
 Kelts. 
 
 {Pomponius Mela III. 6. Tacitus, Agricola 
 
 xii.) A kingship, so precarious in its origin, was bound to yield 
 
 * Consult for the Welsh, Giraldus; for the Ligurians, Florus IT. j; for the 
 Iberians and Silurians, Tacitus Ann. xii. j2.
 
 Character and Manners of the early Kymry. 53 
 
 to the fluctuations of popular feeling. ' The nation of the Kymry, 
 the voice of country and people,' was paramount, ' The voice of 
 the country' is joined to 'monarchy' in the Triads, as forming 
 gwernment; and the monarchy thus limited is declared in accord- 
 ance with the regulation of Prydain ab Aedd Mawr, that is. the 
 primaeval genius of the Kymric race. Not a trace is discovered of 
 the Divine right, which was later on developed from Hebrew 
 sources by the Catholic clergy, not altogether unnaturally, perhaps, 
 yet with a singular oblivion of the sinister origin of the Israelitish 
 monarchy under Saul. The pernicious refinements of the Imperial 
 jurisprudence of Rome were, of course, unknown. Kymric royalty 
 was declared to be " under the protection of the voice of the 
 country;" and the old proverb, ' Trech gwlad nac arglwydd,' 'The 
 country is stronger than the prince,' is cited in confirmation. It 
 would seem indeed, that the Unbennaeth Prydain, The Monarchy 
 of Britain, which was the subject of their national air which urged 
 them to the battle, was nothing more than the Hegemonia of 
 Agamemnon before Troy; for a Triad derives the right to command 
 of Caractacus himself from a national convention distributed into 
 the fragments of commote and cantrev, in a word, from universal 
 suffrage. Such traditions were sure some day to wake up and 
 disturb the creation of priests and jurisconsults. 
 
 But, although the king's right to govern proceeded from the 
 will of his free people, his divinity was guarded from violation by 
 minute and whimsical penalties. Thus the laws of Howel Dda 
 rates the fine for insulting the Prince of Aberffraw at a hundred 
 kine for every cantrev belonging to him; a white bull with red 
 ears to every hundred kine; and a gold rod as long as himself and 
 equal in roundness to his little finger, and as thick as the nail of 
 a husbandman who has served for nine years. The local primary 
 chieftains were called Penhynaiv, chief of elders. Arthur, before 
 his elevation as Emperor or Penteyrnedd, was Penhynaiv at Pen- 
 rhyn Rhionydd in the North. In Wales a chief was called Cawr, 
 in North Britain Piiodawr, in Loegria Gwledig. The Pencenedyl 
 or chief of a clan was bound to support one of his clansmen; nor
 
 54 Character and Manners of the early Kymry. 
 
 was he fit for the position, unless he possessed the power as well 
 as will to fulfill his duty. A vast system of fines and payments 
 prevailed, invented to check eternal feuds and to secure to the 
 state its interest in men able to do it service. Even homicide was 
 condoned on the principle of not crying over spilt milk, and of 
 securing compensation. As Mr. Barnes well observes, " If exactness 
 of laws be a token of civilization, then the Britons of the ninth 
 century were more civilized than the Saxons." (Notes on Ancient 
 Britain and the Britons, by Rev. Wm. Barnes, B.D.) Land was 
 held of the king, and mortuaries paid to him, pretty much after the 
 feudal fashion of later times. " The mountains and the forests the 
 king reserved to himself as waste, so that he might receive exiles 
 from beyond sea for his liegemen, and grant free gifts, and appro- 
 priate the same to monasteries as eleemosynary land." ( Welsh Laws.) 
 In Caesar's time there were men among the Gauls pledged to 
 fight in their chieftains' cause, called Soldnrii. (Sawdwyr, from 
 
 ' Sawd,' war, battle) (De Bello Gallico, VI. 
 3. Their military , Th are termed b p i yb j us Qaessatae, 
 system. J J 
 
 probably from Gwastrawd, equerry, and denote 
 
 the semi-feudal associations of the ancient Gauls, answering to the 
 Gasindi under the Lombard kings of Italy, and the Gweision 
 bychain or retainers of the later Princes of Wales. On the 
 conquest of Wales the Archbishop of Canterbury, a Saxon and a 
 monk, viewing the unfamiliar and unknown with true English 
 dislike and distrust, begged Edward I. " for God's sake to do away 
 with the manner of living of Wysshan bighanP A.D. 1284. "On 
 his side he had ordered the with-holding the sacraments of Holy 
 Church from the idle; for that no one is in a state of salvation 
 who doth nobody any good." (Registrnm Peckham) 
 
 In the time of Caesar the Britons were armed in the Gallic 
 fashion, and their chiefs mounted on a cowain (covinus) or war- 
 chariot like the Hellenic heroes in the Trojan war. Homer notices 
 the war-chariot of Rhys the Thracian king and ally of Priam, how 
 it was adorned with gold and silver, and his arms of gold, a 
 wonder to see, meet only for the immortal gods ! (Iliad, I. X.,
 
 Chraractc and Manners of the early Kytnry. *,*. 
 
 lines 438 441.) Bituitus of Auvergne fought in coloured armour 
 on a car of silver. (Morns TIT. 2.) Cassivellaunus was one of 
 the three princes with golden cars. (Triads.) Their arms were 
 inlaid with gold and coral. Boadicea, as well as the Gaul slain by 
 Manlius Torquatus, wore their golden linked chain or torques. 
 Poor Llywarch could boast of having had twenty-four sons, leading 
 chiefs invested with the golden chain: " Pedwar meib ar ugeint 
 a'm buvn'. Eurdorchawg tywyssawg unbyn." Such must have 
 been the chain Joseph wore in Egypt. As the Gauls could furnish 
 the Tyrian dye, it is likely they painted themselves with vermilion 
 as Camillus did in triumph (Pliny xxxii. 2, xxxiii. /, 7), and 
 resembled an Indian brave in his war-paint. The Britons, says 
 Mela, stain their bodies with glass, whether for ornament or some 
 other reason is uncertain. (III. 6.) The better informed Pliny 
 says they did it with glastum or woad producing a blue dye. 
 (Nat. Hist.) The cavalry of the Kymry opposed to Marius, B.C. 
 10 1, was fearful to behold, with their helmets covered with the 
 grinning jaws of wild beasts and surmounted with birds' wings. 
 (Plutarch.) A Gallic chief was named Athenomarus or Adain- 
 mawr, The great wing; and Keindrech Ben-asgell, of the winged 
 head, occurs in the Triads. This monstrous head-gear was adopted 
 to add to their martial effect. Sometimes, a chief like the Kelt- 
 Iberian Salondicus (Alawn-dig, angry music ?) shook his silver spear 
 as one inspired by Heaven, and so won confidence. (Florus). In 
 the Mabinogion Kulloch (Kwllwch) waves his silver inlaid spear. 
 Like Queen Elizabeth they loved loud music, inspiring terror. 
 When the Kelts advanced towards Rome, B.C. 225, we are told 
 that besides unceasing horns and trumpets, " there rose all at once 
 such a concert of bellowings, that the earth seemed to roar 
 emulously." (Polybius I. II.) Froissart, long ages afterwards, 
 says, their kindred Scots made such a noise in playing their horns 
 at night, it seemed as if hell were let loose.* 
 
 * "II sembloit, que tous les grans diables d'enfer fussent la-venus." Chroni- 
 fius, I. c. iq.
 
 56 Character and Manners of the early Kymry. 
 
 It would be strange, if an insular nation, holding relations (as 
 we have seen) with the Scandinavians, at least with the Kymry of 
 Jutland, was not possessed of ships whether of 
 " war or commerce. Caesar was astonished at 
 the powerful navy of two hundred and twenty vessels, which the 
 Veneti of Armorica opposed to the Romans. Caswallawn was sent 
 to aid them, and his nephews chose to settle in Gaul. The Triads 
 mention Geraint and March (both Devonian or Cornish princes) as 
 owners of fleets of 120 ships, with 120 men in each ship; an 
 evident exaggeration in view of that of the Veneti ! And Dolor 
 son of the king of Man, with two others, appears as owner of a 
 pirate fleet (Llynges cynniwair). The British intercourse with 
 Ireland and Armorica seems never interrupted. 
 
 Strabo says the cities of the Britons were 'the bush;' mere 
 huts protected bv palisades or earth-works. Such was the Kaer- 
 
 verlam of Kaswallawn; such the hendrev of the 
 
 5. Their rural life. v .,, . . , ,. .. . , , * 
 
 Kymry, their winter home, distinguished from 
 
 the havotty occupied only during the summer months, when they 
 
 drove their flocks to the upland pastures. The Irish still kept up 
 
 this practice in the seventeenth century. They " removed, with 
 
 their tenants and cattle, from one place to another, where there is 
 
 conveniency of grass, water, and wood; and there having built a 
 
 house, which they do completely in an hour or two, they stay till 
 
 thev want grass, and then dislodge to another station." Such are 
 
 the mayens of the Swiss Alps even now. The sweetness and 
 
 nourishing quality of the Irish grass growing between limestone 
 
 rocks is noticed by Pomponius Mela as well as General Ludlow. 
 
 (Me/a, III. 6. Ludlow, Memoirs, I. pp. 327, 365) 
 
 The Triads mention three national shepherds and three national 
 
 herdsmen in Siluria, Mona, and Tegeingyl, who, according to the 
 
 primitive custom of the Kymry, looked after as many flocks of a 
 
 whole tribe, 120,000 sheep, and 20,000 herds each, with the 
 
 assistance of 300 slaves, under the protection of the nation. This 
 
 was their ancient pastoral life, coming from times when flocks and 
 
 herds made their owners princes. Such was Abraham in the eyes
 
 Character and Manners of the early Kymry. 57 
 
 of the Hittites; and Mesha the king of Moab was ' a sheep-master.' 
 
 Something of it still survives in those vast flocks that are driven 
 
 to pasture in the high Alps, when the magic of summer converts 
 
 the snowfields into sweet pastures of emerald verdure. The Britons 
 
 dwelling inland raised no corn, according to Caesar, but fed on 
 
 milk and flesh. But 1 doubt the accuracy of his information as 
 
 to the corn. The strange myth of Coll map Collvrewi seems to 
 
 belong to times long before Caesar, where a mystic sow of Dall- 
 
 waran Dal ben crosses the sea and deposits wheat in Gwent, barley 
 
 in Dyved, rye in Lleyn. which Dr. Owen Pughe ingeniously 
 
 supposes to point to a foreign, probably Phoenician, ship, which 
 
 imported these things into Britain. {Cambrian Biography.) They 
 
 reared poultrv and hares for their pleasure, but ate them not; the 
 
 reason in the latter case being the polluted fecundity of the hare, 
 
 which is mystically expounded in the Epistle of S. Barnabas as the 
 
 reason for the Mosaic prohibition of it. 
 
 The condition of women, though they were much at the mercy 
 
 of their husbands, and had to perform labour more suited to men, 
 
 was yet superior to that of proud Rome. They 
 
 shared with their husbands in a common stock, 
 women. 
 
 which the survivor was finally entitled to. If 
 
 they were not the objects of a sacred esteem, as among the 
 
 Teutons, some among them, as the priestesses in Gaul, were 
 
 consulted as the oracles of the gods: Boadicea and Cartismandua 
 
 were, among the Loegrian Britons, invested with the supreme 
 
 authority: and when Conan Tindaethwy prince of Gwynedd died in 
 
 A.D. 817 without male heirs, his daughter Esyllt was entitled to 
 
 secure the sceptre to her husband Mervyn king of the isle of 
 
 Man. 
 
 The domiciles of the Kymry were mere huts of timber and 
 
 clay with a pointed roof. Late in the ninth century, Howel Dda 
 
 convened a national council in his Ty Gwyn 
 
 7. Domestic ar Dav, the white timbered house on the Taff. 
 
 manners: domiciles; _ . _. , , . r 
 
 home-life Even in the fifteenth, the advance is only trom 
 
 wattles to whitewash; a Lancastrian bard sings,
 
 58 Character and Manners of the carlv Kymry. 
 
 " Iddo vo mae neuadd valch, 
 Ac yn wengaer gan wyn-galch; 
 Ac o gylch og)-lch i hon 
 Naw o arddau yn wyrddion." 
 
 " To him belongs a gay hall, white-walled with fair lime (\cvkoI 
 (ltto(tti\/3ovt<; a\ci<f>a.To<s . Homer : Odyss. III. 408), and round about 
 it nine gardens that are green." (Lewys Glyn Cothi) The 
 account given, January 23, 1 5 1 3, by a Venetian attache, of the 
 home-life in London quite corresponds with that of the old Kymry. 
 " In England," he reports, " the houses are all of wood. Aloft, at 
 the window-sills, they put rosemary, sage, and other herbs. Over 
 the planked floors they strew rushes, every ten days a fresh layer." 
 {Calendar of State Papers, Venetian Series) This pestilential heap 
 of vegetable matter was only removed on Easter Eve, I learn from 
 Caxton. Llywarch Hen lamenting over the ruined hearth covered 
 with ants sighs, saying, " Mwy gorddyvnasai babir gloew A chy- 
 veddach cywir;" "More congenial were the shining rushes with a 
 true banquet." They sate on rushes; "a youth was seen sitting 
 on a seat of green rushes." ("Yn eistedd ar demyl o ir-vrwyn." 
 Mabinogion) Even the Kymric king slept on rushes; for we are 
 told, that " the groom of the chamber's nawdd or right of affording 
 protection from arrest was from the time they go to gather rushes, 
 until they have finished spreading the king's bed with rushes, and 
 have covered him with clothes." ( Welsh Laws) It was a long 
 step from this rude simplicity to the luxury of the Normans, from 
 whom the Kymry learnt to bestow on ' the emperor ' Arthur a bed 
 of scarlet, and fur, and velvet, and fine linen. (Ystori Owain ab 
 Urien) The court of Howel Dda united the Saxon coarseness 
 with some strange reminiscences of the Roman empire. While the 
 court blacksmith was entitled to the delicacies of the banquet, 
 which are specified to be "the first liquor that shall come into the 
 hall;" and the troediatvg or footman was to hold the king's feet 
 in his lap from the time he sits at a banquet till bed-time (a 
 circumstance which has not escaped Sir Walter Scott in his 
 ' Betrothed ') ; the porter was not to sit in the hall, but upon his
 
 Character and Manners of the early Kymry. 59 
 
 knees to perform his business with the king; and the torch-bearer 
 was to hold the torch before the king when at meat. {Welsh 
 Laws) It was the custom to strike seven bells, when the servants 
 sat at the royal table. S. Paul Aurelian's bell, called by the 
 Bretons Hir-glas (for it is long and green), is still preserved at 
 the cathedral of S. Pol de Leon. S. David's miraculous bell was 
 called Ban-gu; S. Iltutus even coveted a brass bell, " that beautiful 
 thing more precious than gold." (Sane tor ale Ca thallium, pp. lJJ t 
 43"J.) At a court of Llewelyn ab Iorwerth were golden bells, 
 unless the bard deceives us: 
 
 " Mae llys yn RhAs Yair, BUM llyn, 
 Mae eur-gluch, mae Arglwydd Llewelyn." 
 
 I perceive in Xenophon's amusing account of the dinner given 
 to him and other Greek captains by the Thracian prince Seuthes, 
 
 the earliest narrative of a Keltic entertainment. 
 
 8. Festivities, music. Tu . . , . . , c , 
 
 Ihey sate /;/ a circle; tripods of carved meat 
 
 and loaves skewered together were brought, which vSeuthes tossed 
 
 to his guests, saving that one Arystas an Arcadian, a dreadful 
 
 hand at eating, dispensed with the distribution and helped himself, 
 
 and ate off his knees to the amusement of the company. The 
 
 servitors bore horns full of wine to the guests who pledged their 
 
 host and made him presents. Lastly came music with horns and 
 
 trumpets, and military vaulting or dancing, and there came in 
 
 buffoons. The Hir-las horn of mead inspired the princely bard 
 
 Owain Kyveiliawg; the amusement afforded by privileged fools or 
 
 buffoons long lingered in England. 'My lord of Canterbury's fool' 
 
 formed part of the state of Archbishop Abbot in the seventeenth 
 
 century. {Anabasis L. vii. c. j. John Chamberlain s Letters.) 
 
 We owe to a Greek philosopher the earliest description of a Gallic 
 
 dinner. The table was round, like king Arthur's. All the guests 
 
 sat, arranged according to their personal distinction; first the chiefs, 
 
 next the ambacti or feudal retainers behind them bearing their 
 
 lances. If these were of bright steel or brass, they must have 
 
 made a grand show, such as Dr. Schweinfurth witnessed in Africa,
 
 60 Character and Manners of the early Kvnirx. 
 
 when rows of dazzling lances, ' all of pure copper,' formed a 
 magnificent background to a royal throne. {Heart of Africa, II 
 4J.) They were served with bread and a quantity of roast and 
 boiled meat on plates of wood or earthen ware or silver. The 
 attendants frequently plied a goblet of wine or beer or mead. 
 After meat they indulged in a sham-fight, which, as soon as their 
 blood was up, grew terribly earnest. (Posidonius apud Athenaeum , 
 L. IV. c. ij.) Enough has been said to show, that the Kelts were 
 more advanced in the culinary art than the Teutons, whose 
 ordinary diet, says Tacitus, was wild fruits, fresh game, and 
 curded milk, and a drink of barley "corrupted into a resemblance 
 to wine." (Germania c. 2j.) I know not, whether, with Gauls 
 as well as Germans, to keep on drinking day and night brought 
 no disgrace (Ibid c. 22); but the Welsh festivity was marked by a 
 flood of liquors and tuneful song ("lliv gwirodau a llavar gerddau.") 
 (D. ab Ieuan Ddu.) Well, a full table, good wine, and song made 
 up Ulysses' ideal of happiness. [Odyssey, IX. 7.) The laws of 
 Howel Dda refer to a ceremonious cup, Givirawd yr Ebestyl, a 
 draught in honour of the Apostles; which we may presume was 
 something analogous to the wine drank formerly ' for the love of 
 S. John ' in the south of Germany. The potations, however, were 
 excessive. " Owain's liquor," sings Kynddelw, " how incessantly 
 it goes round ! Of clear sparkling wine without stint, and of 
 mead; all out of the buffalo's horn." 
 
 Gwirawd Ovvain mor vynych ei harvoll ! 
 . O win cyvrgain, nid cyvrgoll, 
 O vedd: o vuelin oil." 
 
 That intoxication was a matter of course is clear from Xenophon's 
 surprise at Seuthes' rising from table " no ways like a man in 
 liquor." (Anabasis, ubi supra.) And the Triads consign to infamy 
 the three arrant drunkards, the Silurian Geraint, Seithenyn of 
 Demetia, and the Loegrian Vortigern, whose misfortune deepened 
 into crime. But the music favourably distinguishes the Kelts from 
 the Teutons. The barbarian harp and the British chrotta, crivth.
 
 Chm mtrr unit Minimis of the early Kymry. t>\ 
 
 or guitar are mentioned in the sixth century by Venantius Fortu- 
 natus, lib. 7. carm. 8, in Gaul;* and as the Saxon pirates had no 
 humanizing tastes, when they settled in Britain, we may safely 
 conclude they acquired some skill in music from their Kymric foes 
 in the intervals of peace: for Bede says that all guests were 
 expected to sing to the harp in turn, as it was passed round the 
 company. {L. IF. 24.) S. Dunstan was skilled on the harp as 
 well as in designing patterns for embroidery. 
 
 For the outward aspect of the Kymry, Caesar says they wore 
 
 skins (surely, not necessarily undrest, perhaps furs), and shaved all 
 
 but the head and lip. Transalpine Gaul had 
 
 Q T^fPQQ ft 1 t"n A 
 
 *L learnt to produce the Tyrian dye and all other 
 
 Kymry. 
 
 hues to adorn their clothing. {Pliny, Nat. Hist. 
 
 L. xxii. c. 2.) The British nobles rejoiced in their gorgeous plaid 
 and solid torques of gold. 'The coat of many colours' gladdened 
 Jacob's eyes on his favourite son; and divers colours of needle work 
 on both sides Sisera's mother deemed meet for the necks of them 
 that take the spoil. This taste is universal in primitive nations. 
 The Spaniards, says Peter Martyr of Anghiera, found the natives 
 of Yucatan in vestures made of cotton of divers colours. {Decade 
 III. p. 149.) Sir Richard Hawkins, A.D. 1594, says, the Indians 
 of Araucania wore "cassockes most curiously woven, and in colours, 
 and on both sides alike." {Observations, &c, />. 98.) Capt. Basil 
 Hall in 181 b saw many dresses in the Loo-choo islands resembling 
 in every respect Highland tartans. A passage in the Brut y 
 Tywysogion, citing ' purple vestures ' (porfforolyon wiscoed) along 
 with jewels, may imply a predilection for crimson or deep red 
 clothing. Tacitus remarks how the German women affected purple 
 stripes in their linen. Red is still the garb of the British soldier. 
 In the Dream of Rhonabwy, a knight's mantle is of yellow- 
 velvet lined with green silk; "and that which was green in his 
 dress and his steed's trappings was as green as the leaves of the 
 
 * " Romanusque lyra plaudat tibi, Barbarus harpa, Graecus Achilliaca, chrotta 
 Britanna canat."
 
 62 Char aiter and Marnier s of the early Kymry. 
 
 pine tree, and the yellow such as that of the flowers of the broom:" 
 while in the tale of Gereint, though his surcoat of velvet and 
 cordovan shoes set with amethysts and pommels of gold are 
 borrowed from the later gorgeousness of chivalry, he is yet described 
 as bare-limbed like the Kelts. The Dream of Macsen Wledig 
 (Prince Maximus) describes a hero " with bracelets of gold on his 
 arms, many gold rings on his hands, a chain of gold round his 
 neck, and a diadem of gold on his head supporting his hair, and a 
 lordly state was his." Centuries of privation and poverty reduced 
 this magnificence. Giraldus Kambrensis describes Kenewric ab 
 Rhys, son of the Prince of South Wales, as he met the Archbishop 
 in the wilds of Elennith, "clad in his country fashion in a thin 
 cloak and tunic only, his bare legs and feet regardless of thorns and 
 briars;" but he "was fair and tall and had yellow curly hair," and 
 he possessed what was better than gold, a "great natural dignity, 
 with little aid of art." Later on the Kymry in Wales seem to 
 have conformed to the fashions prevalent in the powerful English 
 court. An old englyn describes Prince Llywelyn with his ' tall 
 men' or Gweision bychain dressed in green and white: "Mae 
 arglwydd Llywelyn, A gwyr tal yn ei ganlyn, Mil myrdd mewn 
 gwyrdd a gwyn." This livery of green and white recalls Philip 
 De Commines' mention of troops ' vestus en verd.' Green was the 
 colour affected by the young; afterwards by the commons, who 
 could not assume the chivalrous scarlet. For example, we read 
 that " the Maior of London with the aldermen in scarlet, and the 
 commons in greene, brought K. Edward IV. from Lambeth to the 
 Tower of London." {A.D. 1461. Stowe.) 
 
 It is very remarkable how the Britons, like the Etruscans, 
 Hindus, and old Siberians, burnt all that was dear to the departed, 
 down to animals, in one holocaust. Sometimes 
 " ' survivors would willingly share the funeral pile 
 
 of those they loved, to partake with them of another life. (A/e/a, 
 III. 2.) Carneddau or large heaps of stones marked the spot 
 where the ashes, or sometimes the inhumed remains, were deposited; 
 a custom which grew into disrepute, when Christianity prevailed.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE KYMRY UNDER THE ROMAN KMI'IRK 
 
 Although about a century elapsed from the imperfect attempt on 
 Britain by Caius Julius, the ablest of all the Caesars, to its success- 
 ful reduction under Claudius the most stupid of 
 
 1. Supposed them the comp i ete subjugation of Gaul, bound 
 
 succession of British 
 
 kings. ky every tie of religion and of race with the 
 
 islanders, could not but seriously affect their hope 
 of maintaining their freedom. Accordingly we find that during that 
 interval the Kymric chiefs, at least in the south, tried to escape 
 the ruthless maw of the monstrous Empire by paying voluntary 
 tribute to its Prince. Such is the tradition respecting Cunobelinus 
 or Cynvelyn, the yellow-head ', about A.D. 40, whom Shakespeare 
 has immortalized as ' Cymbeline.' And the discontinuance of 
 tribute by his son Arviragus or Gweirydd may have been the 
 pretext afforded to Rome for her final attack on Britain. The 
 testament of Prasutagus or Brasydog king of the Iceni, by which 
 he vainly sought to ensure protection for his more famous widow 
 Boadicea at the hands of the Emperor, is another example of that 
 feeble policy which afterwards became proverbial, the Saxons' policy 
 of buying off the Danes. Tacitus remarks that the Britons cheer- 
 fully underwent the taxation and duties imposed by the Empire, 
 " if injuries were absent " an important proviso, so painfully 
 neglected for centuries by the English in their treatment of the 
 Kelts. {Agricola.) 
 
 A succession of native Kymric princes, maintaining a claim on 
 the allegiance of their countrymen during the four centuries of 
 Roman dominion, has been conjured up by enthusiastic Cambrians. 
 I should deem it impossible, looking to the stern and jealous
 
 64 The Kvmry under the Roman Etnfire. 
 
 character of the Roman Emperors throughout. Any pretender to 
 regal rights was speedily disposed of. Besides, in the instances of 
 imperial pretenders, supplied us by History, they are always 
 military adventvirers unconnected with the Kymry, of foreign 
 extraction, bearing names equally foreign. Carausius was a Belgian 
 of Gessoriacum; Maximus, an Iberian of Spain. True it is, that 
 their names were cherished as successful rebels against a hated 
 domination; and that the later Welsh princes ambitiously claimed 
 descent from the great Iberian. Even so, the imperial dynasties of 
 Habsburg and of Hohenzollern trace their descent from Swiss and 
 Swabian foreigners. Such British princes, as occur under the 
 Empire, appear to have been only petty chieftains allowed, perhaps, 
 some precarious sway, where the military communications of the 
 Empire were yet imperfect. Lies ab Coel, who introduced Christ- 
 ianity from Rome, betrays by his name his vassalage to the 
 Empire; he was Lucius son of Coelius. And if the glorious 
 Caractacus (Caradog) returned to his hut in Britain, there is no 
 record of his kingly pretensions; while his grandsire is marked as 
 Llyr Llediaith, ' of barbarous speech.' 
 
 The Imperial government of Rome pursued a logical policy in 
 reducing the mvsterious island of white cliffs, which had formed a 
 
 corps of reserve to the provincials of Gaul. 
 2. Roman occupation T ike the Samnites and Gaul the Briton5 had 
 of Britain 
 
 no endurance in battle. Their charge alone 
 
 was terrible. What in fact could be expected from naked barbar- 
 ians, headed by a few gold-bedizened chiefs mounted on obsolete 
 chariots, against the steady discipline of Roman troops, who had 
 not yet forgotten the traditions of Rome's palmy days ? In thirty 
 five years (A.D. 43 78) the whole of south Britain had been 
 reduced by a series of able generals. Aulus Plautius subdued the 
 Britons in the south-east, Vespasian the Belgae in the south-west, 
 Ostorius Scapula the Silures of South Wales under the noble 
 Caradawg; Anglesey was reduced by Suetonius Paulinus, the Bri- 
 gantes or hill tribes of Yorkshire by Petilius Cerealis, the indomit- 
 able men of Wales by Julius Frontinus and Cneius Julius Agricola.
 
 The Kymry under the Roman Empire. 65 
 
 Their resistance and the energy of Agricola have been immortalized 
 by his son-in-law Tacitus, the first among Roman historians. 
 
 I am not composing historic annals; but am engaged in tracing 
 the features which preserve the unity of the Kymric race, as it 
 emerges from the waves of Time. Let me here point out how 
 they had profited by the Roman domination. It took the Saxons 
 one hundred and fifty six years (that is, A.D. 457 613, from the 
 battle of Crayford, when the Britons abandoned Kent and fell back 
 on London [Saxon Chronicle], to the Gweith Cair Legion, the 
 action of Chester, when Aethelfrid took Chester and thereby cut 
 off the communication of the Kymry of Wales and those of 
 Cumbria) to win and hold England east of the Dee and Severn. 
 Even two centuries passed, ere the West- Welsh were driven out of 
 Devonshire. The principal events that mark the period before the 
 reign of Constantine appear to be th? construction by Hadrian of 
 a vallum of turf between the Frith of Solway and the river Tyne, 
 A.D. 120, afterwards rendered in stone by Severus, A.D. 208; and 
 that of the Wall of Antoninus between Kinnoul and the mouth of 
 the Clyde, A.D. 146. How feeble a defence such primitive walls 
 afforded, when military courage and discipline declined, was too 
 painfully proved by the event. But upwards of forty cohorts of 
 Barbarian auxiliaries were settled in the northern districts, princi- 
 pally near the Roman walls: e.g. Tungrians brought in by Agricola 
 to carry on the war against Galgacus or Gwallawc the Caledonian, 
 whose descendants continue stationed near Castle Cary, Cramond, 
 &c. {Palgrave, History of the English Commonwealth, pp. 354 6.) 
 In the early period of the Roman occupation the five provinces of 
 Britain were governed by Praetors. The cities were nine colonies, 
 governed on the exact model of Rome; two Municipal cities, 
 Verulam and York, possessing the Roman citizenship and the right 
 of self-government; and ten Latian cities who could choose their 
 own magistrates. In the decline of the Empire they were all 
 invested with equal privileges; and Nennius has transmitted to us 
 a list of twenty eight cities, whose British names prove the 
 tradition of their former importance. The Kymry, who gradually
 
 66 The Kymry under the Roman Empire. 
 
 retired to the mountains of Wales, by force of circumstances, 
 retained little, if aught, of the internal economy of those their 
 ancestral cities. But we may be sure that the main idea was 
 preserved in those corporations that fell under the Saxon yoke. 
 The Mayor and Aldermen of modern English cities derive their 
 origin from the Senate or Curia of those Roman creations, as 
 presided over by their Principal, afterwards styled Count. And 
 the various Guilds of the City of London came down from the 
 Colleges or incorporations of artificers, which, possessing a common 
 property and a common fund, were empowered to regulate their 
 own affairs by the enactment of bye-laws. These corporations were 
 not without serious drawbacks. For the Decurions or members of 
 a city Curia were personally and individually liable to make good 
 any deficiency in the quota of taxation assessed upon the city; and 
 the Colleges of operatives were linked to their avocations by caste, 
 so that the employment of a handicraftsman descended to his 
 children, and his daughter's suitor could only obtain her by 
 wedding the trade of her family. Besides caste, they were some- 
 times attached to land as villani, in fact, as serfs. I find that 
 James I. granted manumission to John Williamson, miller, a bond- 
 man and villein, regardant to the manor of Gymingham in Norfolk, 
 releasing him and his children, as late as A.D. 1604. (Cal. of 
 State Papers) The incomparably learned Sir Francis Palgrave 
 illustrates the position by the practice of the Irish Kelts and of 
 certain Hindu villages. (Palgr. pp. jjj, 4.) The last instance 
 exhibits the unity of the Arya race under the most distant climes; 
 though it would seem by S. Paul's taking up his residence with 
 Aquila and Priscilla "because they were tent-makers," that this 
 system obtained in other parts of the East. 
 
 Under Constantine the government of the island was committed 
 to the Vicar of the Britains, residing at York; while under him 
 the three southern provinces of Britannia Prima, Britannia Secunda, 
 and Flavia Caesariensis were administered by Presidents, and the 
 two northern, Maxima Caesariensis and Valentia by Consulars. 
 The importance attached to the possession of Britain is shown, not
 
 The Kymry under the Roman Empire. 67 
 
 only by the presence and death at York of two emperors Severus 
 and Constantius Chlorus, but also by the glowing eulogy pro- 
 nounced on it by the orator Eumenius (Gibbon, Dec/, and Fall, 
 ch. XIII.) and the splendid remains of vanished luxury that dis- 
 tinguished Caerleon in the time of Henry the Second. (Giraldus 
 Cambrensis) Not only the cities, but even towns like Uriconium 
 (by Wroxeter, Salop) could boast of the special Roman indulgence 
 of public baths. The British provincials adopted the religion of 
 their masters; they were anxious to participate in the legendary 
 glory of a Trojan origin; they incorporated a large proportion of 
 Latin terms in their stubborn Keltic speech, especially terms 
 denoting objects (such as bridges, military walls, &c.) borrowed 
 from the Romans; and the Catholic Church introduced all the 
 words that denote the new ideas rendered necessary by the adoption 
 of the Faith. Traces of classic lore are still discernible. Gwgon 
 of the strong hand emulated the exploit of Sisyphus; Culhwch trod 
 in the steps of Hercules; Mel was lurked in the May-leaves to 
 abduct his mistress like Pluto; March was the British Midas; 
 everything he touched he turned into gold, but his ears were those 
 of a horse; Nynniaw and Peibiaw were the Neptune and Phoebus 
 of the classic poets. The names of persons prevalent under the 
 later Empire are abundantly represented in the British history long 
 after the retirement of the Romans, however strange and even 
 uncouth they may seem to moderns acquainted chiefly with the 
 earlier Roman history. Yet after fair deductions, the fact remains 
 that the Imperial government never succeeded thoroughly in Latin- 
 izing the Britons, as it did the Gauls. When the hour of trial 
 came, its system vanished as by magic; Ambrosius Aurelius or 
 Emrys Wledig appears in Nennius as the sole remaining teyrn of 
 Roman origin; according to his own statement, his father was a 
 consul (or Count) of the Romanic nation: and I suspect that, where 
 the Romanized natives escaped the sword of the Saxons, they, like 
 their Gallic brethren, were soon merged in the denomination of 
 the conquerors. 
 
 But greater vitality lingered in the military traditions of the
 
 68 The Kymry under the Roman Empire. 
 
 Empire. The Military constituted a distinct estate of three pro- 
 vinces, governed respectively by the Count of 
 
 3. The Roman Britain, the Count of the Saxon shore through- 
 military adminis- . . 
 
 tration (jU * Britain, and the Duke of the Bntai/is, 
 
 who were the magistrates as well as the com- 
 manders of the soldiery. The first bore sway in South Britain; 
 the second from Branodunum (Brandon in Suffolk) to the Portus 
 Adurni (Shoreham in Sussex); the third had charge of the Roman 
 Walls in the north. The soldiers of the Borders, called Limitanei, 
 held lands upon condition of military service, which approached 
 the feudal tenures of the Middle Ages, and appear to have been 
 adopted as the basis of the defensive system of the Empire. The 
 duty of bearing arms was inseparably connected with the property, 
 and descended from father to son. Again, territories were ceded 
 to the barbarian Laeti (Lueti-leod) on similar conditions. Vandals, 
 Marcomanni, and Quadi were settled in Britain. We find Thrac- 
 ians at Maglona (Machynlleth) and Moors at Aballaba (Appleby); 
 elsewhere Batavians, Dalmatians, Spaniards, and even Syrian and 
 Taifalic cavalry, " The ' Guests ' of the Romans lived apart from 
 the other inhabitants in distinct communities, owing obedience to 
 their own chieftains, themselves subordinate to the general military 
 administration of the Empire." {Palgrave, p. JSS-) 
 
 Thus was the island held in subjection, in the districts 
 traversed by the great roads constructed by the soldiery, the strata 
 viarum, still denominated ' Ystrad ' in Wales; and the Sarnau or 
 causeways, bearing the name of Helena, wife of Maximus, who 
 in Welsh tradition becomes the daughter of Euddav or Octavius of 
 Segontium (Caernarvon). On the other hand, the flower of the 
 Kymric youth was drafted abroad to serve in foreign countries, 
 according to the wise plan which avoided blunders analogous to 
 the English employment of Hindu sepoys in their native country. 
 The Notitia Dignitatum utriusque Imperii, the official blue-book of 
 the Empire, marks regiments of Britons serving in Illyricum, in 
 Thebais, and (if I mistake not) at Petra in Arabia. Something of 
 the Laetic infeoffment remained among the Kymry; for we are
 
 The Kymry under the Roman Empire. 69 
 
 told by Howel Dda, that the king reserved the mountains and 
 forests as waste lands, that he might be enabled to receive foreign 
 exiles as his liegemen. 
 
 The Britons long retained traces of Roman discipline. When 
 the Imperial troops finally left Britain, A.D. 418, they left samplers 
 
 of managing arms to guide the wretched pro- 
 
 4. Roman tactics , ... , A , r r 
 
 . . , vincials, as they bade them farewell for ever. 
 
 [Gildas, Hut. XIV.) At the battle of Cerdic- 
 
 esora, A.D. 514, the British leaders marshalled their troops finely 
 
 4 according to the rules of war/ says Huntingdon; they displayed 
 
 skill and caution; and as the rays of the rising sun smote on their 
 
 golden shields (another relic of Gallic ostentation), they struck 
 
 terror into the Saxons. Again, A.D. 556, this writer, who appears 
 
 possessed of authentic information, notices the array of the Britons 
 
 in nine lines, and the archers, pikemen, and cavalry disposed ' by 
 
 Roman ordinance;' again, A.D. 577, at Derham; again in 591 the 
 
 Britons won a battle by their Roman tactics. 
 
 At the battle of Pen, A.D. 658, the inherent fault of the 
 Kelts betrays itself; they lacked the persistency, the bulldog courage 
 of the Angles, " and their energy melted away like snow." It 
 had been remarked in the old Gauls, how their bodies and weapons 
 were huge, their charge beyond men, their endurance less than 
 that of women; how that their Alpine frames had something akin 
 to the snows, they melted in the heat of an engagement. (Mortis 
 I. ij, II. 4.) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle remarks how the 
 Welsh, their twelve divisions notwithstanding, fled from the Angles 
 'like fire.' In A.D. 617 Redwald king of the East Angles obtained 
 the victory over Aethelfrid of Northumbria by aid of tactics pro- 
 bably derived from the Romano-British. In the time of Giraldus 
 we may still detect the threefold order of combatants, thus summed 
 up in a single luminous sentence of Gibbon; "The cavalry of 
 Armorica, the spearmen of Gwent, and the archers of Merioneth 
 were equally formidable; but their poverty could seldom procure 
 either shields or helmets." {Bed. and Fall, ch. XXXVIII) 
 
 The orator Eumenius confessed that the province of Britain
 
 "jo The Kymry under the Roman Empire. 
 
 well deserved to become the seat of an independent monarchy 
 
 {Panegyrici Veteres V. 12); and the successful 
 
 0. The British rebellion of at least six pretenders may justify 
 Emperors; faint tra- 
 
 ditions of them Nennius s reference to the purpura Britanniae. 
 
 During ten years (A.D. 287 97) Carausius the 
 Menapian and his minister Allectus defied the power of Rome; the 
 former was even reluctantly acknowledged by Dioclesian. The 
 Flavian dynasty was intimately connected with Britain. A tradition 
 of Pagan Rome lingered in the legend, that Constantius (A.D. 306) 
 sowed three seeds in the pavement of Kair Segeint (Silchester) to 
 charm away poverty. {Nennius) He passes with the Welsh as 
 wedded to a British princess, Helena the mother of Constantine 
 the great. But the balance of probabilities weighs in favour of 
 Naissus in Dacia as his birthplace, and degrades her into an inn- 
 keeper's daughter of Drepanum in Bithynia. Her merits as the 
 zealous patroness of the Catholic faith and inventress of the Holy 
 Cross would naturally enlist warm advocates of her noble birth; 
 anyhow, her son assumed the purple in Britain, and his name was 
 long cherished by the Kymry, as a proverbial ideal of worth. 
 ' Constantine was not his equal ' (Ni ryvu gystal Gwstennin ac ev), 
 a late Welsh bard would say of his patron. [Davydd Benvras to 
 Llywelyn ab lorwerth) A Custennhin, grandson of Idwal prince 
 of Wales, occurs in A.D. 979; and I am tempted to regard the 
 title of Gw/edig, so common in British history, as the Kymric 
 rendering of the grade of Spectabilis established by Constantine. 
 The title of Augustus was retained by Awst a chieftain of Breck- 
 nockshire. The Pendragon represented to the Kymry the title of 
 Impcrator, and was probably connected with the dragons that 
 waved in gold and silk about the throne of the later emperors. 
 The golden dragon of Eryri is sung of by Kynddelw; and it would 
 appear that red and yellow were the colours affected by the Welsh 
 and Irish. (Iolo Goch.) A golden dragon was the ensign of the 
 kings of Wessex {Henry of Huntingdon), borrowed, I doubt not, 
 from the partly Romanized Britons; for the true Saxon ensign was 
 the white horse. Who knows not the White Horse of Wantage ?
 
 The Kymry under the Roman Empire. 71 
 
 But the principal figure in the imperial history of Britain is 
 Maximus, an Iberian by birth, called by the Welsh Macsen Wledig, 
 who assumed the purple, A.D. 385, in emulation of his more 
 successful countryman Theodosius the great. Orosius says of him, 
 he was worthy of being Augustus, had he not been elevated in 
 violation of his military oath. (Beda I. g.) Many Welsh princes 
 and Saints long afterwards claimed to be his descendants. To 
 establish his position, it was necessary to secure the adhesion of 
 Gaul and Spain, which with Britain then formed the Praetorian 
 Praefecture of the Gauls. He fixed his seat at Treves, where he 
 disgraced his fame by sentencing heretics to death against the 
 reclamations of Pope Simplicius and of SS. Ambrose and Martin. 
 His withdrawal of troops from Britain (according to the practice 
 before alluded to) was the direct cause of the disasters that ensued. 
 If he granted them beneficiary lands from the Mount of Jupiter 
 (the Great St. Bernard) to Cantguic (Etaples in Picardy), as 
 Nennius says (c. 2j) } we may understand why none of them 
 returned home. Among their chiefs was Conan Meriadec of Wales, 
 the legendary spouse of S. Ursula. He first commenced the 
 Kymric settlement in Armorica, and his granite sepulchre still 
 exists in the grand cathedral of S. Pol-de-Leon. In A.D. 388 
 Maximus tried conclusions with Theodosius, when his invasion of 
 Italy proved his ruin. If his consort Helena was a daughter of a 
 Kymric chief Euddav or Octavius of Segontium (Caernarvon), and 
 if his line was prolonged in the princes of Strathclyde, we need 
 not be surprized at the absence, in Welsh tradition, of the sinister 
 features of treachery and craft assigned him by the Romans, which 
 yet accord with his Iberian origin. In less than twenty years his 
 example was followed by the British soldiery in the election of 
 Marcus as Emperor; then of Gratianus, one of the municipal 
 magistrates ( u municeps tyrannus." Beda I. c. 11) lastly, of 
 Constantine; who, drawn from the lowest grade of soldiers and 
 unsupported by merit, owed his elevation to the hope inspired by 
 his name. Like Maximus, he ruled over Gaul and Spain, was 
 acknowledged by the legitimate emperors, and finally perished as a
 
 72 The Kymry under the Roman Empire. 
 
 rebel. If Dr. Owen Pughe is correct in identifying him with 
 
 Cystennin the Blessed, the son of Cynvor, to whom a church is 
 
 dedicated near Conway, it may teach us caution in accepting 
 
 traditions coloured by national prejudices. His own name, as well 
 
 as those of his sons the Caesars Constans and Julian, point to his 
 
 foreign origin or Latinized stock; and it is singular that the 
 
 countrymen of Carausius the Menapian and Maximus the Iberian, 
 
 I mean the Flemings of Gower and Pembroke and the Basque 
 
 auxiliaries of Edward the First, were precisely the people employed 
 
 to harass the Kymry, with whom they were unconsciously connected. 
 
 [See Appendix No. IX.] 
 
 In the year 411 a revolution, unparalleled in the annals of the 
 
 Empire, took place in Britain and Armorica. It appears accurately 
 
 stated in the words of the Greek historian 
 
 6. Revolution Zosimus: "The barbarians above the Rhine 
 of Britain and 
 
 Armorica ( t ^ Le Saxons) forced the dwellers in the British 
 
 isle and certain of the Keltic tribes to revolt 
 
 from the Roman empire, expelling the Roman commanders, and 
 
 setting up a government of their own, as they were able. The 
 
 emperor Honorius wrote to the British cities, charging them to 
 
 provide for themselves." {Lib. VI. pp. 376, 381.) The Welsh 
 
 Triads supply some valuable help towards explaining this event. 
 
 One of them calls it a resumption of the sovereignty from the 
 
 Roman emperor according to the natural right of the Kymry. 
 
 Another connects it with their refusal to pay their assessment 
 
 (' tribute ' they call it !) in consequence of the Roman government 
 
 drafting off the men best capable of military service to " Arabia 
 
 and other distant countries, whence they never returned." This 
 
 was strictly in accord with their practice in former times; but the 
 
 Triads insinuate that the Roman authorities accepted the levies in 
 
 lieu of arrears of assessments. The merit of this revolution is 
 
 attributed by the Kymry to Owain or Eugenius the son of Macsen 
 
 Wledig, that is, the emperor Maximus; who is, with Prydain and 
 
 Caradoc, styled one of the three Conventional Monarchs of Britain, 
 
 because their authority was conferred on them by a national
 
 The Kymry tinder the Roman Empire. j$ 
 
 convention of the Kymry. This fact also is in harmony with the 
 picture supplied to us by the pen of Tacitus; and clearly indicates 
 a conscious return to the old Keltic tradition of an oligarchy of 
 petty chieftains, controlled in time of peril by an elected Pendragon 
 or military Imperator. But when the Kymry pretend that the 
 Roman conscription was so drastic, that " only women and little 
 children were left behind," we must regret a spirit of exaggeration, 
 which only tends to discredit the noble resistance offered by their 
 countrymen to the Saxon invaders of Britain. Nennius states that 
 after Maximus "began Consuls, and never after were there Caesars;" 
 by which is meant that the magistrates of the poleis or communi- 
 ties, which Honorius urged to fight for themselves, thenceforth bore 
 sway independently of the Emperor. But he takes no notice of 
 Constantine the Blessed (the lucky private soldier elected Emperor), 
 because, perhaps, his memory was merged in the more striking 
 figure of Maximus; and he is, moreover, classed with Gwrddyled 
 and Morien as one of the three foreign sovereigns of Britain. 
 
 The principal nations, who poured down from the north on 
 
 the feeble Roman empire, had many of them held commercial 
 
 relations with the Romans or even served as 
 
 . nvasi no e aux jii ar i es m their armies. Many German 
 Barbarians. J 
 
 tribes had received Luetic feuds as a gage for 
 
 their military service. The Burgundians and Visigoths in particular 
 were so reasonable in their exactions, that the Roman provincials, 
 oppressed by fiscal rapine, eagerly welcomed a change of masters. 
 They were long accustomed to the presence of the barbarians on 
 their soil. But the natives of Britain, while they derived precar- 
 ious benefit from the Roman government, knew the Saxons only 
 as cruel pirates, to whom it was a pastime to cleave the blue sea 
 with their hide-bound barks. [Sidonius Apollinaris; Gibbon c. 
 XXV.) Their depredations were so continuous and formidable, 
 that we have seen how a chief military officer was in charge 
 of the Saxon shore or frontier. During one hundred and sixty five 
 years, from the time of Carausius to the settlement of Hengist 
 (A.D. 284 449), the ravages of these pirates were unceasing; nor 
 J
 
 74 The Kymry under the Roman Empire. 
 
 were they mitigated by any conversions to Christianity. Although 
 the Britons were courageous enough to assert their independence of 
 the tottering Empire, they were fain to invoke succour from the 
 masters they despised. About A.D. 400, they were relieved by the 
 illustrious Stilicho; and even five years after their revolt the 
 Romans aided them in repairing the Wall of Severus after the 
 usual mode of construction, left them plans of military tactics, and 
 bade them a last farewell. (Gildas, c. 14.) 
 
 The Saxon Chronicle naively expresses the vexation of the 
 pirates in missing their loot: "The Romans amassed all the gold- 
 hoard that was in Britain; and some they hid in the earth, that 
 sithence no man might find it." We may justly estimate the 
 estrangement effected between Rome and her late provincials, as 
 well as the weakness of the former, by the fact that thirty years 
 later (A.D. 446) the Britons, pressed by the onset of the Picts of 
 North Britain, applied in vain for succour to the Patrician Aetius. 
 Their land " was left as a tree in the wilderness to lose her leaves 
 by the continual blasts of these sharp northern winds." (Speed, 
 Chronicle, p. i8g.)
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE HEROIC AGE AND DECLINE OF THE KY.MRY. 
 
 The year following, A.D. 449, proved the most fatal to the 
 independence of the Kymry; for it witnessed the grant of Ynys 
 Rhuothim (the Isle of Thanet) as a feudal 
 tenure to Hengist the pirate, the Ealdorman of 
 the Jutes, by Vortigern (Gwrtheym) the Loegr- 
 ian Pendragon or Imperator of the Britons. This was done in 
 pursuance of Roman policy to engage the valorous strangers as 
 auxiliaries against the Picts. Vortigern has been consigned to 
 eternal infamy by his countrymen as their betrayer; and his conduct 
 attributed to his passion for Rowena the fair-haired daughter of the 
 Teuton. But I find no just ground for the severest censure. He 
 was guilty of a fatal blunder rather than of treachery. His sons 
 Vortimer and Catigern fell in defence of their country. Nor is it 
 likely that he invited the Saxons over from Germany {Gildas c. 2J; 
 Bcda I. 15; and the Saxon Chronicle); for Sidonius long before 
 calls them 'arch-pirates.' {fyp- L. VIII. 6.) Nennius points to 
 three chiulac (keels, ships) exiled from their home, say, on an 
 expedition of plunder. They came not to return; and were re- 
 inforced by Jutes from Jutland, Angles from Sleswick, Frisians, 
 Rugians, Danes, Huns, old Saxons, Prussians. (/ithelwcrd, L. I. 
 Bede, V. g.) These barbarians soon turned their arms against 
 their employer; and in A.D. 457 forced the Britons to abandon 
 Kent and fall back on the city of London. In further mitigation 
 of the wretched Vortigern's conduct, I must remark that " he was. 
 while he reigned, urged by fear of the Picts and Scots, by Romanic 
 attacks " (an obscure hint of the existence of an Imperial party in 
 Britain), " and by apprehension of Ambrosius " (Emrys Wledig),
 
 76 The heroic Age and Decline of tlie Kymry. 
 
 the sole remaining Count or Teyrn of Roman origin. {Compare 
 Gildas c. 25, and Nennius cc. 28, 45) We hear no more of 
 Hengist: but Gibbon regards the invasion of Scotland by Saxon 
 hordes at his instigation and the subsequent silence of English 
 history about them, as a proof that the Saxons were not always 
 successful. But Nennius distinctly says that they occupied much 
 land beyond the Frisic sea, " between us and the Scots." (c. j8.) 
 If so, may we not fairly conjecture that they rendered the Lothians 
 Teutonic, as we find later on that Cunedda (Kenneth) came from 
 that district called by the British Manaii Gnotodin, and expelled 
 the Scots or Gael (Gwyddelod) from North Wales with vast 
 slaughter, so that they never returned to dwell there ? It argues 
 great vitality and courage in the Loegrian Britons, that as each 
 successive wave of fierce barbarians burst on their shores, they 
 offered a gallant, if hopeless, resistance. From the silence of the 
 Saxon chronicle as to Aella's victory at the battle of Mearcredes- 
 burn in Sussex, A.D. 485, Langhorne infers the signal success of 
 the Pendragon Ambrosius Aurelius; who, perhaps more truly than 
 Arthur, was the pride of the Britons {Gildas c. 25. Nennius c. 
 45), and who (Cardinal Baronius imagines) continued in his person 
 the legitimate succession of the Empire of the West. But Aella 
 soon (A.D. 490) repaired his defeat by the capture of Caer-andred 
 (Anderida) and the ruthless extermination of its inhabitants; which 
 Huntingdon admits to have been owing to the losses the Saxons 
 had suffered at the hands of the defenders of that noble city. 
 {p. 710.) In opposing the landing of a fresh horde at Llongborth 
 (Portsmouth), A.D. 501, was slain the Duke of the Province, 
 Gerontius son of Urbinus (Geraint ab Erbin), whose loss the poet 
 Llywarch deplored, and whom the invaders themselves record as ' a 
 young and very noble man.' Seven years later, A.D. 508, Cerdic 
 the West-Saxon slew in battle the British Pendragon or ' chiefest 
 king,' as Huntingdon terms him, Natan-leod, whom some at chrono- 
 logical risks suppose to have been Ambrosius Aurelius. Eight 
 years pass, and Cerdic meets with a more puissant foe in the 
 illustrious Arthur, who by his success in the battle of Mount
 
 The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 77 
 
 Badon (Bath) delayed the westward advance of the Saxons for sixty 
 years. Yet the battle of Chardford (A.D. 519) marks the establish- 
 ment of the kingdom of Wessex (Saxon Chron.); and the Welsh 
 traditions concerning Arthur invariably represent him as exercising 
 authority in Wales, Cornwall, and Cumbria, with Maelgwn, Caradoc, 
 and Gwrthmwl as ' chief elders,' and Dewy, Bedwini, and Kenti- 
 gern as ' primates,' in Church and State. Arthur, the Map Uthyr 
 or ' the terrible,' was in fact the son of Meuruc son of Theodoric 
 of Tintern, prince of the Silures. The traditions of the Empire 
 converted the British Pendragon into 'the Emperor Arthur;' and 
 the fact of Riothamus (Rhi-tavwys, ' prince of the Thames ') having 
 sailed up the Loire with 12,000 Britons of either Britain or 
 Armorica and been quartered at Bourges in the pay of the Emperor 
 Anthemius to oppose the Visigoths (Sidonius Apollinaris, Epp. L. 
 III. p), may have helped the fiction of his warlike advance in 
 Italy. But the judicious William of Malmesbury allows that 
 Arthur clearly deserved to be celebrated by veracious History rather 
 than by dreamy fictions, seeing he had long supported his falling 
 country and animated the unbroken courage of his people. (Gail. 
 Malmes. f. 4.) We may, perhaps, accept as authentic his success 
 in twelve battles fought against the Saxons in the west and the 
 Angles in the north, and his death in that of Camlann (Camelford) 
 in Cornwall against his treacherous nephew Medrawd or Mordred, 
 A.D. 537. Some of the localities of these engagements, such as 
 the banks of the Duglas and the Ribble in Lancashire, the bank of 
 the Bassas and the forest of Galtres (Coit Celidon) in Yorkshire, 
 mark the advance of the Angles, of whom we learn so much less 
 than of the Saxons. Between the death of Arthur and of the 
 historian Gildas (A.D. 537 570) the Kymry were mis-ruled by 
 sundry petty princes, consigned to execration in the invectives of 
 Gildas, with what amount of justice we cannot ascertain. He 
 enumerates Constantine teym of Dumnonia (Devon), Aurelius 
 Conanus, Vortipor of Demetia, Cunoglasus, and Maglocunus of 
 North Wales. Cunoglasus would in the Pictish speech be Kond- 
 glas, in the Welsh Pen-glas, ' the gray head.' (Baxter.) Con-
 
 7 8 The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 
 
 stantine was, probably, Cystennin Gornau. Maglocunus was the 
 
 Maelgwn Gwynedd, who perished by the yellow plague described 
 
 by his contemporary Procopius, and whose last long sleep at 
 
 Llanrhos by Conway became proverbial, as ' Hir hun Wailgun en 
 
 lis Ros.' {Annates Kambriae.) His name is preserved in Britanny 
 
 by the Chateau Tremelgon near Vannes. Ten years after Arthur's 
 
 death the Britons of the north were still waging internecine war 
 
 against Ida the Angle, called by them the Flame-bearer (Fflam- 
 
 ddwyn). The fortifying of his stronghold of Bamborough was a 
 
 reproach to them, Din-gwarth Berneich, ' the reproach of Bernicia.' 
 
 They fought under Urien and his sons Owain, Gwallawc, and 
 
 Morcant; and their struggle was ennobled by the song of Taliesin 
 
 and Llywarch. 
 
 The long continued resistance offered by the Kymry to the 
 
 barbarians awoke in them the heroic spirit, which had of old 
 
 sustained their efforts against the Romans. 
 
 &. xtevival oi Unlike the more civilized invaders on the 
 heroism: the Arthur- 
 ian legend continent, the Saxon pirates offered no terms 
 
 but serfdom or death. At first Armorica 
 invited a multitude of fugitives from Britain; the greatest Exodus 
 thither occurred perhaps about A.D. 458, when the Saxons over- 
 ran Loegria from sea to sea. (Gildas c. 24.) Afterwards the 
 Kymry seem to have with varying success contested every foot of 
 territory. As a consequence of the exalted temper wrought by a 
 supreme effort in defence of life and freedom, we notice an out- 
 burst of poetry in the imperilled nation; it is now we are told 
 flourished at the same time Talhaearn, Aneurin, Taliesin, Blegrwyd, 
 and Cian Gueinthguaut; the last now unknown, unless the Bretons 
 retain his memory as Guench'lan. Now too began that marvellous 
 legend which gathered around Arthur and his knights, and was 
 improved by Norman ingenuity into a very Iliad of Keltic heroism. 
 Foremost of them is Sir Lancelot; his name L'ancelot or the 
 servant of the king seems a translation of Mael-gwn, and he some- 
 times figures as Melwas king of Somerset, who abducted Queen 
 Guenevere. In the Seint Greal his Norman name remains as
 
 The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 79 
 
 Lawmlot Dy lac. His son Sir Galahad or Galaath was the grandson 
 of a fabulous King Pellenor, ennobled by Milton where he sings of 
 11 knights of Logres and of Lyonness, Lancelot and Peleas and 
 Pellenore." {Paradise Regained) If Lancelot is intended for 
 Maelgwn, an historic son of the latter existed in Romanus the Fair 
 (Rhuvon Bevr), noted for his beauty, who fell in battle and was 
 buried on the brink of the sea; of whom Howel ab Owain 
 Gwynedd sang, Tonn wen orewyn a orwlych bedd, Gwyddva 
 Rhuvon Bevr ben-teyrnedd ; "The white foaming wave moistens 
 the grave, the barrow of Romanus the Fair, chief of princes." 
 Mannot is the fabled realm of Lancelot's father King Bann; a 
 mountain, in Merioneth still bears the name. 
 
 Caradawg Vreichvras, of the brawny arm, prince of Cornwall, 
 was Arthur's chief cavalry officer: he is the 'Sir Caradec' of 
 romance, and claimed by the Bretons as their own Guaroch count 
 of Vannes. Trystan ab Tallwch figures in romance as ' Sir Tris- 
 tram,' the lover of Esyllt (Yseult); but enjoys a fairer reputation 
 in the Welsh traditions. Kei ap Kynyr or ' Sir Kaye ' and 
 Bedwyr ab Pedrog or ' Sir Bedivere ' were by the Normans trans- 
 ferred to Maine and Anjou. (Villcmarquc, Les Romans de la Table 
 Ronde.) Gwalchmai the golden-tongued was Arthur's nephew and 
 herald: he is the 'Sir Walwayne,' whose gigantic skeleton drew 
 forth the admiration of a later age. Owain ab Urien or ' Sir 
 Gawayn ' justified the fictions of romance by his brave defence of 
 his country. The poetic merit of Llywarch surpasses the interest 
 inspired by ' Sir Lamorack.' Garwy son of Geraint ab Erbin is 
 the courteous knight 'Sir Gareth;' Llew ab Kynvarch, the 'King 
 Lot' of romance; Merddin Emrys, the ' barz Marzin ' of Britanny, 
 is the powerful enchanter Merlin. But the most congenial char- 
 acter is the knight of the red tabard, Peredur Gymro ab Evrawg, 
 ' Marchog y cwnsallt coch,' the genuine Kymro ' Sir Perceval.' If 
 he met with a church, his mother enjoined him to say his prayers. 
 If, where he found meat and drink, no one invited him to partake, 
 he was to help himself. If he heard a voice of one in distress, he 
 was to give heed to it. If he found a fine diamond, he was to
 
 So The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 
 
 take and make a present of it. If he saw a pretty woman, he 
 was to address her without waiting permission. The fall of Arthur 
 by domestic treachery and the lack of heroic men in the following 
 centuries caused the Britons to deplore the breaking up of his 
 noble fellowship or Round Table, and to hope for their national 
 hero's return on earth to secure a victory which his successors 
 could not achieve. 
 
 We have already noticed the gradual process by which the 
 
 ancient Loegria became Engla-land, the Angles' land. I resume 
 
 the subject, as it helps to invalidate the notion 
 
 3. Long- resistance that the g axon or English occupation of the 
 
 of the Kymry and 
 
 its effects island was speedy or complete. It was over a 
 
 century and twenty years after the conquest of 
 Kent, when the Britons lost Aylesbury and Eynsham. In A.D. 
 577 they lost Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath, when three kings, 
 Conmail, Condidan, and Farinmail fell, supposed to be Maelgwn 
 Gwynedd, Cynddylan, and Caranmael, sung of by Llywarch. But 
 Maelgwn died A.D. 547 of the yellow plague; and the two last 
 must have fallen when the Angles won Shrewsbury. They may 
 have fought at Derham. In 607 Ethelfrith took Chester, defeating 
 Selyv ab Kynan, when the massacre of the* monks of Bangor-Iscoed 
 took place. In 614, 2065 Wala or Welshmen were slain at 
 Bampton in Somerset; a proof that there they were still numerous. 
 In 72 t Rhodri Malwynawc won a battle against the Saxons at Heilin 
 or Hayle in Cornwall. Probably he was regarded by the Loegrian 
 Britons of West Wales as the Imperator. In 760 they fought at 
 Hereford. In 777 the princes of Powis were finally driven from 
 Shrewsbury, which they must have recovered after the fall of 
 Cynddylan: and Offa thereupon constructed his dike, the last 
 attempt at the Roman system of fortified boundaries, and won the 
 land east of the Wye. It was only in 816, that the Saxons 
 ravaged the mountains of Eryri. Caer Ebrauc (York) was not 
 taken till 866; Strathclyde in Scotland, not till 946; but a Keltic 
 prince Dwnwallawn (Donald) still ruled there till" 974. The result 
 of this prolonged struggle was a feeling of mutually intense
 
 The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 8 1 
 
 animosity, which even Saints could not overcome. When Beuno 
 the Kymro fell in with a Saxon on the Severn-side, he quickly 
 withdrew from the neighbourhood of 4 the man of uncouth speech ' 
 (Y gwr anghyvieith); and Guthlac the Angle's fears were allayed 
 when he discovered that the British brigands in the marshes of 
 Crowland were after all only devils, not men. (Sanctora/e Catholi- 
 cnm.) And I regret to notice that in A.D. 959 Owain son of 
 Howel the Good broke up the choir of S. Iltute's, because he 
 found therein certain scholars of the Saxon nobility. 
 
 It is generally supposed that the Saxon invaders blotted out 
 
 the very outlines of the Keltic settlement in Loegria, leaving 
 
 material ruins alone to witness to the Past. 
 
 4. Permanence of But not to dwell on the purely British nomen- 
 
 the Keltic race in 1 ^ c !* n r 
 
 , " ~j *~ clature of many localities, especially of rivers 
 
 England and Scot- ' . 
 
 land. an d mountains, and the impossibility of the 
 
 strangers' adopting it without long intervals of 
 peaceful intercourse with the dispossessed race, it must be borne in 
 mind that the Saxons were Germans, and must have acted in 
 Loegria, as they did in Germany, towards vanquished foes. The 
 serfs were not reduced to perform their lords' menial work, as 
 among the ostensibly more civilized Romans. But the masters 
 enjoined a certain quantity of corn or cattle or clothing; and the 
 serf to that extent obeyed. It was rarely that they beat or 
 imprisoned the serfs. When they slew them, the act proceeded 
 from a sudden impulse of anger, not from designed severity: but 
 the death of a serf went unpunished. {Tacitus, Germania, c. 25.) 
 To exterminate the Britons would not have profited their con- 
 querors; and it is reasonable to believe that the miserable remnant 
 which failed to escape from Loegria was spared. 
 
 To illustrate the position in detail: the Life of S. Collenn 
 gives the Kymric name of Rhysffa Cadvarch to the Torr of 
 Glastonbury; and Asser calls Selwood Forest Coet-maur. The 
 Cambrian Saints Kynngar, Keinwen, Tangwn, and Nwython be- 
 came the patrons of Congresbury, Keynsham, Taunton, and Hart- 
 land. King Alfred as a pilgrim invoked S. Guerir of Cornwall to
 
 Si The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 
 
 cure his headache; King Athelstane enriched the abbey of Middleton 
 in Dorset with the relics of S. Branwalator (Bran-gwaladr, ' royal 
 chief), an ancient Loegrian bishop, invoked as a Saint in the old 
 Litany of Exeter. British bandits infested the Fen-country; and 
 perhaps Morial carried off fifteen hundred head of cattle from 
 before Lincoln: "Y rhag Caer-lwydcoed neu's dug Morial pymthec- 
 cant biiyn a phen Gwrial ? " Professor Phillips has remarked in 
 mid-England and south-Yorkshire populations of short slim size, 
 with round head, dark eyes and hair. {Massy, Analyt. Ethnology, 
 p. 45.) According to Owen Pughe, S. Rhawin was buried at 
 Lincoln; SS. Samson and Dirynnig had churches dedicated to them 
 at York. S. Eoglodius (Hy-glod) was abbat of Iona, A.D. 606 
 {Ferrari)-, and Eadwin king of Northumbria was baptized by Rhun 
 map Urbgen in 626, say the Annales Kambriae. S. Evan occurs 
 at Irvine in Scotland, A.D. 839 {Memorials of Ancient British 
 Piety)-, later on, Iwen abbat of Furness. {Ms. Cotton. Vitellius A. 
 8.) A.D. 1 199, Griffin the Welshman and Matilda his wife 
 engage in a plea with Robert Fitz Ywenn about some land in 
 Warwickshire. {Hardy, Rotnli de Finibns.) In the same year 
 Robert Oein sues Gumbaud in Essex. {Palgrave, Rotnli Curiae 
 Regis.) Next year Iorverd, Ithel, Osbert and Arkeim, Madoc and 
 Morgan Philipp, sons of /ago the presbyter, pay King John 10 
 marks, that no one trouble them but in the King's presence. 
 {Hardy)) This was done in Lancashire, and is very remarkable, 
 in that we see here a British married priest settled in England 
 and protected by the King against the rigour of the Canon Law. 
 A.D. 1 2 14, Angereta daughter of Res (Angharad verch Rhys) 
 agreed with King John for 60 marks and two palfreys for leave to 
 marry whom she pleased. This was in Dorset or Somerset. 
 {Ibid). A.D. 1250, Seysil Gogh and Perewera his wife pay Henry 
 the Third a mark for an' assize of novel disseizin in Herefordshire. 
 {Roberts, Fines) Four years later Uctred (Uchdryd) De Depedene 
 in Suffolk and Esilia (Esyllt) his wife pay the King a mark for a 
 brief. {Ibid.) A.D. 1255, Robert Yweyn and others pay 40 
 shillings in a suit touching land in Worcestershire. {Ibid.) Four
 
 The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 83 
 
 years later John De Sainct Oweyn and Jane his wife in Oxford- 
 shire pay a mark for a brief. (Ibid.) These facts form but a 
 slender induction to ground a theory upon; but, in connexion with 
 other considerations already supplied, they deserve attention. 
 
 The Kymry acted in accordance with the universal tendency 
 of the Keltic race, when they split up into a petty clan-organization, 
 incapable of development into a durable com- 
 monwealth. This passion for a mischievous 
 pakties. r 
 
 Home Rule rendered them more liable to 
 
 absorption by an encroaching foe. The tradition of a lord para- 
 mount or generalissimo was preserved in Kambria, and the powers 
 were exercised in general by the princes of Venedotia, Gwynedd, 
 or North Wales. I append the succession of these rulers as a 
 tribute to the permanent vitality of the Kymry. The figures 
 denote the death of each prince. 
 
 A.D. 560, Maelgwn Gwynedd. 586, Rhun. 599, Beli. 603, 
 Iago. 630, Cadvan. 660, Cadwallon. 686, Cadwaladyr. 698, Ivor 
 son of Alan of Armorica. 720, Idwal Iwrch. 755, Rhodri Mael- 
 wynog. 817, Kynon Tindaethwy. 843, Mervyn Vrych king of 
 the Isle of Man, who acceded in right of his wife Esyllt daughter 
 of Kynon. 877, Rhodri Mawr. 913, Anarawd. 944, Idwal Voel. 
 950, Hywel Dda. 967, Iago. 973, Hywel. 984, Cadwallon. 985, 
 Maredudd ap Ywein. 999, Kynan. 1015, Aeddan. 1020, Llyw- 
 elyn vab Seisyll. 1031, Iago. 1061. Gruffydd ab Llywelyn. 1137, 
 Gruffydd ab Kynan. 1169, Owain Gwynedd. 11 72, Hywel ab 
 Owain. 1192, Davydd ab Owain. 1240, Llywelyn ab Iorwerth. 
 1246, Davydd ab Llywelyn. 1282, Llywelyn ab Gruffydd. 
 
 The next in importance of these principalities would seem to 
 be Deheubarth or South Wales, when its chief the Lord of Dinevor 
 was able to maintain his paramount authority over the chieftains 
 of Keredigiawn (Cardiganshire), Brycheiniawg, Elvael, and Glamor- 
 gan. But the last long prospered under a succession of Morgans, 
 renowned for their liberality, prudence, and longevity. The most 
 eminent of the South Wallian princes was Rhys ab Tewdwr, A.D. 
 1090, who, called upon to occupy the throne after a long period of
 
 84 The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 
 
 exile in Armorica, is said to have introduced into Wales the 
 romantic literature then rising into notice on the continent. His 
 grandson, commonly called the Lord Rhys, though he did homage 
 to Henry II. and even acted as his Justiciary, did not by his 
 policy secure for his sons immunity from the encroachments of the 
 Normans and the rapacity of the Suzerain. For, independently of 
 the conquest of the rich district of Kemmeys by Martin De Tours, 
 we find Henry III. granting to a Norman his castles of Caermar- 
 then and Cardigan and the lands which were Meilgon filz Meilgon's, 
 grandson of Rhys. {Roberts, Fines; A.D. 1250) The chief of 
 Demetia (Dyved) anciently bore the singular but euphonious title 
 of Pendaran Dyved ' the thunder chief of Demetia.' In A.D. 808 
 an Irish prince Rein appears to have been recognized. Gwent 
 (now Monmouthshire) is chiefly illustrated by the heroism of 
 Arthur grandson of Theodoric of Tintern and the Roman magnifi- 
 cence of Caerleon. It had its chief Madoc ab Iddon as late as 
 A.D. 1187. 
 
 The men of the principality of Powis (now Central Wales) 
 enjoyed the first rank in warfare, because of their constant exposure 
 to the attacks of the Angles and of their being so far the " van- 
 guard of liberty." But their princes seem to have earlier become 
 vassals of the English monarch: Owain Kyveiliog is known by his 
 poem on the Hirlas horn, imitated by Gray; his son Gwenwynwyn 
 became the feudal subject of King John. {A.D. 1208. Ms. Harl. 
 86.) The seat of these princes was at Caer-Pengwern (Shrewsbury) 
 in the sixth century, when Kynddylan fell, whose death the aged 
 Llywarch so pathetically deplores. Perhaps the Vale Royal of 
 Cheshire, then called Deyrnllwg, formed a part of their dominion, 
 where Cadell occurs in the fifth century. At the same period we 
 dimly discern Cadrod in Calchvynydd, a district among the 
 Cotswolds; who may have retained a precarious independence, 
 as well as Elidyr Mwynvawr (Heliodorus the munificent) in Lanca- 
 shire. The gallant little principality of Elmet near Leeds, 
 encircled by the Angles, only yielded in A.D. 616, under its chief 
 Keretic.
 
 The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 85 
 
 Cornwall, the most important state after Wales, was less 
 successful in maintaining its freedom. One of its sovereigns 
 Dwrngarth was drowned, A.D. 875; half a century later its bishop 
 Cunan represented it at the court of Athelstane. Elystan Glod- 
 rydd, a godson of that able monarch, enjoyed a dependent domain 
 in Herefordshire. The once powerful states of Bernicia and Deira 
 (Bryneich a Deivyr) melted before the Angles; we have no records 
 of their struggles, save the names of three brothers, warriors as 
 well as bards, who wreaked vengeance on the traitors of their 
 nation; and the British name of Bamborough intimates the disgrace 
 of Bernicia. But the Britons in Scotland and Cumbria offered a 
 more vigorous resistance. The state of Strathclyde, whose centre 
 was Dunbarton (Dinbrython) or Caer-Alclwyd, enjoyed a long 
 existence from the time of Rhydderch Hael down to that of 
 Dwnwallawn, who went to Rome, A.D. 974. We cannot now 
 determine the exact position or extent of the states of Rheged and 
 Mannau Gododin; but they were the scenes of Kymric prowess 
 and temerity, as we learn from Llywarch. It was still possible in 
 his time for the defeated warriors of the north to fall back on 
 Kambria, the last hope of the Britons: but the conquest of Chester 
 by the Angles broke up the solidarity of the Kymry (Cumberland 
 and Westmoreland). Still we find Westmere represented at Athel- 
 stane's court by its petty king Idwal in A.D. 931, and Galloway 
 (as detached from Strath-clyde), by Iago. The king of Strathclyde 
 (as we have seen) was Dwnwallawn, A.D. 974. The last Kymric 
 king of Westirere was Dunmail (Dyvnwal, Donald.) The Isle of 
 Man had a Kymric king Howel, A.D. 825; its king Mervyn had 
 acceded to the throne of. Gwynedd, A.D. 817. The Pictish 
 population in Scotland is involved in great obscurity: but I enter- 
 tain the opinion that they were the remnant of the ancient tribes 
 in the North, who had remained pagans and had never been 
 subjugated by the Romans. Gwendoleu map Keidiau about A.D. 
 573 seems to have been opposed to the Christian king of Strath- 
 clyde; and Aidan map Gavran, A.D. 607, is execrated by the 
 Kymry as a traitor to their cause. The names of the Pictish
 
 86 The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 
 
 kings, such as Ougen (Owain), Talargan (Tal-arian), and Eochod 
 Buidhe, are Kymric and Gaelic. 
 
 The Kymry seem to have felt the prestige that attached to 
 
 the possession of London, the principal seat of their more civilized 
 
 Loegrian brethren even before the Roman con- 
 
 6. Their dependence quest t h a t, whenever a vigorous ruler 
 on the 
 Crown of London appeared among the Saxon monarchs, we find 
 
 him asserting his supreme authority over the 
 
 Kymry, and that claim admitted when moderately enforced. Thus, 
 
 in A.D. 926, Athelstane confirms a peace with his subject kings 
 
 Huwal of West Wales (Howel the Good), Constantine of Scotland, 
 
 and Uwen of Gwent. {Saxon Chronicle.) Five years later, Huwal 
 
 and Eugenius (Owain), together with Juthwal (Idwal) of Cumbria, 
 
 Morcant of South Wales, and Cunan bishop of Cornwall, witness a 
 
 grant of land by Athelstane in Berkshire, where they evidently 
 
 had been paying court to the Bretwalda, the Saxon successor of 
 
 the Imperator and Pendragon of old. [Chronicon Abingdon^* 
 
 In A.D. 963 Eadgar exacted a tribute of wolves' heads of Iago king 
 
 of North Wales; an admirable expedient, if successful ! But instead 
 
 of an extirpation of those ferocious animals, we read that upon an 
 
 engagement of the Normans and Welsh in Gower, A.D. 1136, the 
 
 bodies were horribly mangled and devoured by wolves in the open 
 
 country. (Continnator of Florence of Worcester.) And in A.D. 
 
 1 28 1 Edward the First enjoined the taking of wolves in the 
 
 counties bordering on Wales. (Rymer, Foedera.) Malcolm king 
 
 of Scots and Rhys prince of Demetia did homage at Woodstock to 
 
 Henry the Second, A.D. 1163. (Matth. Paris.) Later on, A.D. 
 
 1 1 79, Cadwallon prince of Elvael, a district on the upper course of 
 
 the Wye, was slain on his return from doing homage to Henry, 
 
 who severely avenged his death as an affront on his safe-conduct. 
 
 * Gibbon falls into a singular error, when he describes these princes as " four 
 British lords of Somersetshire . . . honourably distinguished in the court of a Saxon 
 monarch." Dec/, and Fall, &c. C,a/>. XXXVIII.; quoting Carte ; Hist, of Engl. Vol. 
 I. p. 278.
 
 The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 87 
 
 Many were hung for the cruel deed, and others suspected were 
 compelled to hide in the woods. "The Welsh may mutually 
 comfort one another on the death of one of them receiving funeral 
 rites, sad to the English and hateful to the Normans, in the death 
 of many marchers," observes the sarcastic Londoner Radulf De 
 Diceto. Henry the Third, weak as he appears in his foreign 
 relations, showed exceptional vigour in his dealings with the Welsh. 
 He grants seizin of land in Merioneth through his Justitiary of 
 Chester (A.D. 1242. Roberts, 1242).); and the Prince of North 
 Wales pleads that he had received an outlaw, Fouques De Breaute, 
 " only a day," but adds with dignity, " Not that we are bound to 
 excuse ourselves in receiving him and his; for we have no less 
 liberty than the King of Scotland, who receives English outlaws 
 with impunity." (A.D. 1224. Ellis's Letters of Henry III) 
 
 The Anglo-Norman monarch not only bore sway from the 
 
 Scottish border to the Pyrenees, but was also strong in the physical 
 
 appliances of warfare, and dealt with more 
 
 7. The Castles, durable engines of subjugation than the Kymry 
 the State engine of could successfu n y resist . A single dark line 
 
 subjugation in 
 
 Wales. m tne Chronicle of the Princes reveals that 
 
 terrible engine of Feudalism, which worked 
 
 their downfall: "The Franks" (for so they styled the Normans), 
 
 " came to Demetia and Ceredigion, and strengthened the castles." 
 
 (A.D. 1091.) Roger earl of Clare, A.D. 1157, stored the castles of 
 
 Ystrat Meuruc, Aber Dyvi, Dinevor, and Rystut (Aberystwyth). 
 
 When Henry III. was worsted by the Welsh at Grosmont, he left 
 
 Poitevin routt'ers, those criminal soldiers of fortune, in the castles 
 
 of Wales. (A.D. I2jj. Roger of Wendover.) A little later, he 
 
 attacked them near Gannoc Castle (Dyganwy), near Conway; 
 
 " which is a thorn in the eye of the Welsh," charitably observes 
 
 that very English monk Matthew Paris. (A.D. 1245.) These 
 
 strongholds, which secured the infiltration of alien elements, had 
 
 nearly done their work, when Edmund Crouchback, King Edward 
 
 I.'s brother, began to build the castle of Aberystwyth. (A.D. 
 
 1277. Brut y Tywysogion.)
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE LATER WELSH PRINCES. 
 
 The Annals of the Kymric Princes in the later middle age afford 
 
 little to instruct or entertain the reader, save the spectacle of an 
 
 heroic struggle of a declining and antiquated 
 
 1. .Notes on tne race ma tched with foes of equal bravery and 
 Welsh Princes: the . . 
 
 Llewelvns superior military science. But " the Llewelyns 
 
 displayed qualities which only needed larger 
 
 room to render their names immortal." (M. Valroger) I would 
 
 notice that they were, by matrimonial alliances and increasing 
 
 social affinities, on the way to be absorbed in the feudal hierarchy 
 
 of England, before the policy of Edward demanded a more 
 
 immediate control of his feudatories in Scotland and Wales. And 
 
 I have little doubt that the Welsh princes would have been 
 
 mediatized, after the fashion we are familiar with in Germany, had 
 
 they loved inglorious ease more than freedom. While Owain of 
 
 Gwynedd asserted his independence in the mountains of Eryri, 
 
 Rhys of South Wales was proud to be nominated the Justitiary of 
 
 Henry II., and Gwenwynwyn of Powis became the liegeman of 
 
 King John. Howel, the gallant eldest son of Owain by an Irish 
 
 lady, who united some skill in military engineering with a true 
 
 poetic feeling and cultivation, soon gave way to the intrigues of 
 
 his wretched brother David, who seems to have copied his 
 
 connexion King John to the extent of blinding his unfortunate 
 
 prisoners. For he had been fain to marry Dame Emma, an 
 
 illegitimate daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, by 
 
 a woman of Maine, " with the hope of so enjoying his possessions 
 
 in peace." {Benedict. Petriburgens. Brut y Tywysogion.) He 
 
 held the lordship of Ellesmere as a fief of Henry II. since A.D.
 
 The later Welsh Princes. 89 
 
 1 177; but it was only by extreme instance that he with difficulty 
 
 obtained the hand of the haughty Norman's base sister ! (Radulf 
 
 De Diceto) A curious difficulty occurs about the end of this 
 
 unworthy Kymro. For the Chronicle of Aberconwy states that he 
 
 was strangled at Aber by his nephew and successor Llewelyn I. in 
 
 A.D. 1 190: while that of Strata Florida avers that being banished 
 
 from Wales he died in England, A.D. 1203. Probably at Elles- 
 
 mere. For I regard the latter as the truer version of facts; seeing 
 
 that King John did not bestow that lordship on his son-in-law 
 
 Llewelyn till April 16, A.D. 1204. (Rymer, Foedera.) It is a 
 
 matter of just astonishment to observe how minutely the great 
 
 Popes of that period exercised their right of supervision over the 
 
 Western Church. Innocent the Third, who could at the same 
 
 time regulate the affairs of Iceland and enjoin Thermopylae and 
 
 Thebes (A.D. 1208) to pay tithes, would direct the abbat of 
 
 Aberconwy and the prior of Enlli to confirm in his name the 
 
 espousals of Llewelyn to the daughter of the Prince of the Isles 
 
 (Sodor and Mann), who had been espoused before nubile years to 
 
 her father's brother; an evil incident, lately renewed in Italy under 
 
 Papal sanction. {Epistolae Innocentii, A.D. upp 120J.) It does 
 
 not appear that Llewelyn also 'confirmed' those espousals; for we 
 
 soon after find him married to King John's base daughter Joanna, 
 
 termed ' Domina Walliae ' {Annals of Tewkesbury), probably from 
 
 the same motive that swayed his uncle, the hope of greater security 
 
 and the agreeable dowry of the Lordship of Ellesmere. The 
 
 inconstant dame's intrigue with a prisoner of her husband, the 
 
 Lord William De Braus, provoked Llewelyn to take summary 
 
 vengeance. For on May 2nd, A.D. 1230, De Braus was "hung 
 
 on a tree, and that not secretly or by night, but openly and in 
 
 broad day, before eight hundred men and more, summoned to that 
 
 miserable spectacle." (Sir Henry Ellis, Royal Letters, Henry III.) 
 
 But her light conduct did not prevent Llewelyn from founding the 
 
 priory of Pen-mon to do honour to her last resting-place. He 
 
 died after her in A.D. 1240, "of long-continued palsy" (Matthew 
 
 Paris), after a successful reign of fifty years. His two daughters 
 L
 
 9<D The later Welsh Princes. 
 
 connect the Welsh reigning family with some interesting historic 
 characters. Helen the eldest married John Le Scot, Earl of 
 Chester, whose three sisters were the mothers of the three claim- 
 ants of the Scottish crown, John Balliol, Robert Bruce, and Henry 
 Hastyng. On his death, A.D. 1237, not without suspicion of 
 poison, Helen married his uncle or cousin Robert De Quincy, Earl 
 of Winchester; "at which," we are told, "Llewelyn was indignant." 
 {Annates de Dunstaple) Whether because of the nearness of 
 connexion, or from suspicion of their misconduct, or that the lady 
 presumed to dispense with his permission, I know not. His 
 younger daughter Gladusa married Roger De Mortimer, Earl of 
 March, and became the mother of the unhappy paramour of Queen 
 Isabella. His grandson Llewelyn ab Gruffydd is, on the whole, the 
 most interesting of the Princes of Wales. His connexion with the 
 monastic hero Simon De Montfort, Earl of Leicester; his romantic 
 attachment to his affianced bride Eleanor De Montfort (herself a 
 niece of Henry III.); his happy marriage to her at Worcester in 
 the presence of the kings of England and Scotland, A.D. 1277 
 (Chromcon Joan. De Oxencdes); his bravery and patriotism; the 
 interest he inspired in his people and even in foreigners (the 
 Annals of Dunstable call him " a most handsome man and stout 
 in war, who had all the Welsh as it were glued to him"); all 
 make us regret that he at last fell a victim to the settled policy 
 of Edward the First, aided (it must be granted) by the restless 
 temper of the Kymry. It was ' the malice of the Welsh,' that is, 
 their stubborn resistance to the feudal system of Edward I., that 
 reduced that able Prince to borrow money to subdue them. {Ayloffe, 
 Rotidi Walh'ae.) What accelerated the bitter end was the atrocious 
 conduct of David, the Prince's brother; who came suddenly on the 
 castle of Pen-harddlech (now Hawarden) and slew all the garrison, 
 save Roger De Clifford the lord of the castle and another. (A.D. 
 1281, 2. Brut y Tywysogion. Annates de Wigom) The just 
 prejudices of the Catholic Church and of Feudalism were outraged 
 by this act; in that it was perpetrated on Palm-Sunday; and 
 because the King had granted David the earldom of Huntingdon,
 
 The later Welsh Princes. 9 1 
 
 held heretofore by the Heir to the crown of Scotland; thereby 
 placing him in the first rank of the English peerage. But, 
 happily for the Kymry, this foul fact is balanced by the humane 
 conduct of two South-Welsh chiefs, Gruffydd and Rhys, who the 
 year following took and burnt the castle of Aberystwyth, " sparing 
 the lives of the garrison, because of Passion-tide that was nigh." 
 (Brut y Tywysogion.) The gallant Llewelyn perished by mis- 
 adventure of a soldier in Brecknockshire on December the nth, 
 A.D. 1282. A white monk (Cistercian) sang mass before him the 
 very day he was slain, thus sealing the loyalty of that order to 
 their native sovereign. (Archbishop Peckham to Edward I. apud 
 A'v/ncr.) His maimed and lacerated corpse was buried in the abbey 
 of Cwmhir (Bartholomew Cotton) ; while his comely head was 
 crowned with ivy and exposed to the jeers of a London rabble. 
 The King's chief instrument in the conquest of Snowdonia (Llew- 
 elyn, recognising its strategic importance, had assumed the style of 
 1 Lord of Snawdune '), were seven thousand Basques (themselves 
 unconscious kinsmen of the Kymry !), sent him by the King of 
 Spain, "who nearly all perished in battle." (Chronicon dc Hagncby; 
 Ms. Cotton. Vesp. B. XI.) Some however returned home under 
 the conduct of Sanchez De S. Aubin. (March II % 1283. Ayloffe.) 
 "After Llywelyn's death, his brother David, hoping that he himself 
 would be de jure Prince of Wales, convened his parliament of 
 Welshmen at Kynbergha, and renewed the war." (Chronicon de 
 Me/sa.) The locality, thus expressed in a Lincolnshire chronicle, 
 would be Kymmer abbey in Merioneth. For we find that on 
 June 17, A.D. 1284, David was taken prisoner in the castle of 
 Bere, described as a place almost inaccessible by reason of woods 
 and morasses. (Annals of Oseiuy.) This is Castell-ybyri, whose 
 weird ruins, half of hollowed rock and half of masonry, still lurk 
 in the recesses of Cadair Idris. The hapless ' Earl of Huntingdon ' 
 was drawn and hung at Shrewsbury as a rebel against the honour 
 of the Church and of Chivalry, October 2, 1284. At that date, 
 the Chronicle of Hagneby in Lincolnshire (from which I gather 
 the facts) observes, that " David's younger son Reginald, grandson
 
 92 The later Welsh Princes. 
 
 of the Lord Reginald De Gray, abides with him." His daughter, 
 whom Edward II. styles ' the lady Gladusa daughter of David late 
 Prince of Wales,' was a nun of Sempringham, and received alms 
 (alas !) from that king, who (whatever were his errors) was kindly 
 disposed towards the Kymry. (A.D. IJIJ. Ms. Cotton. Nero C. 
 8.) Gwenllian, the daughter of Llewelyn, was also a nun of 
 Sempringham, and a pensioner of Edward III. out of the revenue 
 of Lincolnshire. (Oct. JO, 1327. Rymer.) Her mother Eleanor 
 De Montfort had fortunately died before the final catastrophe. 
 (June 19, 1282. Barth. Cotton?) Ten years later, Madoc, a base 
 son of Llewelyn (I presume), but " who had made himself Prince 
 of Wales," was finally defeated at Maesmeidoc; and, to avoid his 
 uncle David's fate, came with his retinue into the King's peace, 
 was brought to London, and consigned to perpetual imprisonment, 
 (Aug. 10, 1295. Annates de Wigorn. Nicholas Trivet)) Again 
 King Edward from Aberconwy thanks his good seamen of Bayonne 
 for their services, that is to say, of Iberians against their Keltic 
 kinsmen.* He marked his sense of the importance of his successes 
 by a grand tournament held at the remote hamlet of Nevyn, by a 
 solemn pilgrimage to Menevia, and by a harmless bit of ritual 
 (betraying however his inner mind), when at Baladeulyn he enjoined 
 the Canons of Llangatauc to wear purple almuces in honour of S. 
 Maurice and " in memory of the departed, who were slaughtered 
 like sheep in Ystrad Teivi." (June 10, 1284. Ms. Harl: 6568) 
 " From that time," observes the shrewd Annalist of Oseney by 
 Oxford, " war long ceased in Wales: the Welsh now live almost 
 like the English, and amass treasures, fearing the loss of property, 
 what they used not to do before." But the politic monarch took 
 care to secure his conquest by ecclesiastical as well as municipal 
 colonies of foreigners, protected as a dominant institution by those 
 regal Castles, which now excite admiration by their ruins, as they 
 formerly inspired terror. After two centuries and a half had past, 
 
 * Letttes de Rots. Pierre De Langtoft in his rude French notices the service 
 of the Basques and Gascons ' en Snaudouns.')
 
 The later Welsh Princes. 93 
 
 44 Lord Clifford never saw any place more princely and pleasant 
 than Conway, save Windsor Castle." [Nov. 7, 1635. Calendar of 
 State Papers) After five centuries, Caernarvon Castle surpassed 
 Dr. Johnson's ideas; he did not think there had been such build- 
 ings: he pronounces it 44 an edifice of stupendous magnitude and 
 strength." {Aug. 20, 1774. Diary in North Wales.) Little 
 inferior was the picturesque Castle of Harlech. In remote times 
 called Caer-collwyn, it was the scene where Bran sate on the rock 
 on a summer's evening and descried on the blue horizon the bark 
 that brought evil tidings from Erin. The names of its earliest 
 Constables, Hugh De Wlonkeslowe and James De S. George {A.D. 
 1284, I2QD. Aylojfc), betray its political purpose. Its greatest 
 Constable was Sir Walter Manny, Knight of the Garter, A.D. 
 1332; it sheltered Queen Margaret of Anjou, and was the last in 
 Wales that surrendered to the Parliament, A.D. 1647, {Whitc- 
 loskc.) 
 
 The innate valour of the Kymry was henceforth utilised by 
 the English King against his fojs in France and Scotland. Edward 
 II. orders a contingent of 1400 foot from North Wales for his 
 army against the Scots; the proportion furnished by Merioneth and 
 Ardudwy being 300, and by Dyffryn Clwyd 200. {A.D. IJ09. 
 A'ymcr, Foedcra) Again in A.D. 1325, he orders 7 men at arms 
 and 274 footmen from North Wales to assemble at Bala, to be 
 thence conveyed by way of Salop and Portsmouth to serve the 
 King in Gascony. {Ibid) At the battle of Crecy the light-armed 
 Welsh and Cornish were employed in plundering and despatching 
 the fallen knights encumbered by their heavy armour. Even a 
 claimant of the inheritance of Llewelyn appeared at the French 
 court, known as Yvain de Galles, Evan or Owain of Wales, a 
 descendant of the last Prince. He was employed by the French 
 king, but was basely murdered by an English retainer, who was 
 rewarded for the act by the Black Prince to his eternal disgrace. 
 {Froissart. Pymer, Foedcra. Sept. 18, A.D. Ij8l) Another 
 famous Welshman of that period was the Chevalier Rufin (Gruff- 
 ydd), who ravaged France between the Loire and Seine as Captain
 
 94 The later Welsh Princes. 
 
 of a Free Company of marauders. {Ibid.) Few, perhaps, are 
 aware that the English Company of Enguerrand De Coucy, defeated 
 by the Swiss on January 13, 1376, at Buttisholz, was commanded 
 by Ieuan ap Einion; whom an old song of the period styles 
 1 Hertzog Yffo von Callis mit sim guldinen hut,' the chief Evan of 
 Wales with his golden hat. {Tschudi.) EnguerranI was a son- 
 in-law of Edward III. and held fiefs in Wales, which explains his 
 having a Welsh lieutenant. I find another Cambrian Thomas 
 Ellis, ' marshal of the English ' in the service of Venice, signing a 
 treaty to appease an affray between them and the Italians in the 
 harbour of Chioggia, on Feb. 4th, 1380. (Cal. of State Papers, 
 Venetian Series). 
 
 But far beyond the sparse records of these adventurers is the 
 fame of Owain of Glyndwvrdu, known to the world in the pages 
 
 of Shakespeare. A law student, attached to 
 
 2. Owen Glendonr. ., t -o- u a n u a u 
 
 the person 01 Richard LI., he was driven by 
 
 personal wrongs to attempt independence of the Crown of England 
 worn by a usurper. The increasing superstition of the time would 
 have it, that the rain, snow, and hail, Henry IV. suffered from in 
 Wales in the autumn of 1402, were raised by magic art of Owen 
 of Glendore. (Thomas Walsingham) But the ability and bravery 
 displayed by him is beyond dispute. While a humble monk of S. 
 Alban's wrote in the choir lines expressing the universal appre- 
 hension, " Christe, Dei splendor, Tibi supplico, destrue Gleendor " 
 (Annates Henrici IV. C.C.C. Cambr); the House of Commons 
 long after his death, A.D. 1431, declared that his success would 
 have been "to the destruction of all English tongue for evermore." 
 When Owen ' by the grace of God Prince of Wales ' had com- 
 missioned " at Doleguelli Master Griffin Yonge, Doctor of Decrees, 
 our Chancellor, and John Hanmer, to treat about an alliance with 
 the King of France, May 10, 1404;" Charles VI. on the 14th of 
 July ensuing duly concluded a treaty, styling Owen " the magnifi- 
 cent and powerful Owin Prince of Wales." (Rymer.) Troops 
 were despatched to South Wales; but, owing to Owen's inability 
 to afford them supplies, they were forced to return. Henry
 
 The later Welsh Princes. 95 
 
 Hotspur of Northumberland, who in A.D. 1401 had defeated the 
 Welsh by Cadair Idris ('/?' Catlierederys. 1 Ordinances of Privy 
 Council), became his ally; and Edmund Mortimer, last Earl of 
 March and Ulster, taken prisoner by Owen at Brynglas by 
 Knighton, A.D. 1403, was wedded to his daughter. {Annals of 
 Wtgmore) The family of Mortimer was already connected with 
 the Welsh Princes: Edmund died in 1424, almost twenty years a 
 prisoner in the castle of Trim in Ireland. (Wecver, Funeral 
 Monuments.) The English Prince of Wales, Harry of Monmouth, 
 far from being a mere boon-companion of a Falstaff, was busily 
 employed over ten years in reducing the Welsh insurgents. Now 
 he directs the siege of Harlech and Llanbadarn castles; now he 
 signs an indenture for the surrender of Aberystwyth; again he 
 pays the wages of sixty men at arms tarrying at Kymmer abbey 
 and Bala. (A.D. 1402, 7, 12. Rymer. Nicolas, Ordinances of 
 P.C.) On the decline of his fortune Owen retired to Hereford- 
 shire, where he dwelt obscurely in shepherd's weeds, near his 
 daughter Lady Scudamore, and died unmolested at Monnington-on- 
 Wye, Sept. 20, 141 5. His manor of Glyndouvrdwy was granted 
 by Henry VIII. to one Thomas Salter at the yearly rent of one 
 red rose. (A.D. 1514. Cal. of State Pafiers.) But, although no 
 attempt at independence again occurs, were the Kymry content 
 with the Government imposed on them by force ? Edward III. 
 complains to the Pope, that " the Church in Wales hath stubborn, 
 wayward, and extravagant subjects, as well of English origin as 
 Welsh." (A.D. 1328. Rymer) The Cymmort/ias or Kymric 
 custom of mutual help and festivity became obnoxious from the 
 insurrection of Glendower. Henry IV. ordained that it should not 
 be suffered, as heretofore; nor minstrels, bards, rhymers, wasters, 
 and other Welsh vagabonds (sic) be allowed to overcharge the 
 country. (A.D. 1401. Rymer.) The politic object of Govern- 
 ment is disclosed in an Order of Privy Council for the appre- 
 hension of a monk that told chronicles at Comorthas and open 
 gatherings to the stirring up of the people. (A.D. 1443. Nicolas)
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 WELSHMEN ON THE CONTINENT. 
 
 Having traced the vestiges of Keltic migrations on the continent 
 
 of Europe, we may not omit noticing the presence of the Kymry 
 
 abroad in their later and decaying state. We 
 
 ; ^ have seen how under the Empire thev contri- 
 abroad. ... 
 
 buted troops to the Imperial service in Egypt 
 
 and Illyria. An uncertain tradition makes Lucius the first Christ- 
 ian prince of the Britons the Apostle of Rhaetia or the Grisons. 
 Pelagius or Morgan, the sturdy champion of the Free Will of 
 Man to the detriment of the supernatural as implied by Revelation, 
 became famous in Italy and Palestine. In the sixth century 
 Wales and Armorica interchange their Saints. While SS. Samson 
 archbishop of Dol, Cadoc the Wise abbat and bishop of Bennavenna, 
 Gildas the historian ? Paul Aurelian bishop of Leon, Maelor of 
 Arvon, Machutus (Mechell), Tysilio the chronicler (S. Suliac), were 
 Cambro-Britons in Armorica; some of the founders of churches 
 and monasteries in Wales came over from Britanny. Such were 
 SS. Laudatus (Llawddad) abbat of Bardsey, Paternus bishop of 
 Llanbadarn by Aberystwyth, Cadvan of Towyn, Iltutus of Lantwit, 
 Tudwal of Lleyn, Mellon of Cardiff. S. Gudwal, the Patron of 
 Ghent, " who first the Flemings taught " (Drayton, Poly-olbion 
 XXIV.), was a Cadwal from Britain or Armorica. When S. 
 Columban on Nov. 3rd, A.D. 603, subjects his monastery of 
 Bobbio in North Italy to the See Apostolic, Cunochus (Kynog) a 
 monk, Gurgarus (Gwrgar) " by birth a Briton," Domcialis a Scot, 
 subscribe the document. (Monumenta Historiae Patriae I. Turin, 
 1836) Marbod bishop of Rennes, a writer on Gems, was (if we 
 may trust Pits) " a Cambro-Briton by birth, and surnamed Euanx."
 
 Welshmen on the Continent. 97 
 
 Cuhclin, a Cambrian better known as Alexander of Wales, was 
 present at the slaughter of S. Thomas of Canterbury, and wrote a 
 Latin account of it. Possibly he was the Archdeacon of Anglesea, 
 who interpreted in Wales for Archbishop Baldwin preaching the 
 crusade, A.D. 1188. {Gtraldus Cambrensis.) The chiefs in Wales 
 cut a poor figure at that juncture of supreme interest to Christen- 
 dom. They assumed the cross and stayed at home. One of the 
 princes of Powis, Morgan, stung by remorse for deeds of blood, 
 actually reached Palestine, but died at Cyprus on his way home. 
 {Brut y Tywysogi'on .) 
 
 Wales, if not the Kymry, may boast of a Cardinal in the 
 person of Thomas Jorze or George, called Gualensis, Chaplain to 
 Edward I. and Card. Bishop of S. Sabina, who died at Grenoble, 
 A.D. 1305, and was buried at Oxford. {Cave, Historia Ltttcraria.) 
 The Welsh take part in the relations of England with the 
 Continent. We find Sir John Trevnant in attendance on 
 the regent of Gascony, A.D. 1442. {Bcckington Diary) When 
 the English surrendered their fortresses to the French, A.D. 
 1450, John Edwards was captain of I^a Roche Guyon, and 
 Gryffyn Ddu ap Meredith of Regnieville-sur-le-mer. They 
 behaved no worse than those great lords of Guienne, the 
 Captal De Buch and the Souldich De l'Estrade. {Letters of Henry 
 VI.) Philip Morgan bishop of Ely was Henry Vth's ambassador 
 at the Council of Constance, A.D. 141 5. Sir Hugh Johnys of 
 Landymor Castle in Gower, Knight of the Holy Sepulchre, had 
 gone further afield, and had served five years " in the werris under 
 John Palaeologus Emprowre of Constantinople," and was buried at 
 Swansea, A.D. 1460? Nicholas Roberts, a knight of Rhodes, was 
 an envoy to 'the Great Turk,' A.D. 1523. {Cat. of State Papers. 
 Brewer.) Sir Edward Came of Glamorgan, descended from 
 Ithel king of Gwent, the last Ambassador of England to the Holy- 
 See, refused to return home, and died at Rome, A.D. 1561. Mary 
 the Catholic or the Sanguinary ? afforded him scant supplies; for 
 he complains he was so far in debt that the Roman merchants 
 would be loth to trust him any further. {Aug. 2j, 1558. Cal. 
 
 M
 
 9 8 Welshmen on the Continent. 
 
 of State Papers, Foreign?) Dr. John David Rhys, of the univer- 
 sities of Oxford and Sienna, appears to have been equally versed 
 in Welsh and Italian, and wrote on the grammar of both languages. 
 Though a Roman Recusant, his love of his native land induced 
 him to accept an invidious position at home. He died A.D. 1609. 
 About the same time ' one Evans ' was " made Rector at Padua 
 and graced extraordinarily." ( Winwood'* s State Papers; Jan. 26, 
 1604.) But the most interesting of these expatriated Kymry is 
 Owen Lewis of Malltraeth in Anglesea, sometime Archdeacon of 
 Douai, Vicar General to S. Carlo Borromeo Archbishop of Milan, 
 Nuncio in Switzerland of Pope Gregory XIV., Bishop of Cassano 
 in the kingdom of Naples; who laid the foundations of the English 
 colleges at Rome, Douai, and Rheims, and died A.D. 1595, having 
 lived thirty six years in exile. {Ferdinando Ughclli, Italia Sacra) 
 He was nearly being made Cardinal; but his favouring the 
 succession of the King of Scots to the English Crown marred his 
 chance, and the pious Caietan obtained the Hat. I observe with 
 pain that the mean jealousy of their own countrymen (a grievous 
 fault in the Welsh character !) crops up even at Rome: " Owen 
 and the rest laugh at Cassano's being Cardinal." This was Thomas 
 Owen, Head of the English College at Rome. The Bishop was 
 succeeded as Vicar General at Milan by Griffith Roberts, known in 
 Italy as Griffidio Rnberio. This worthy man, though an exile 
 from Cambria for his attachment to the Roman Church, cherished 
 a warm affection for the rude home of his forefathers. In the 
 preface (beautiful as an exordium of Plato) to a Welsh grammar, 
 published at Milan in 1567, he complains in limpid Kymraec of 
 certain unpatriotic Welshmen, that " so soon as they see the 
 Severn or the steeples of Shrewsbury, or hear an Englishman once 
 say ' good morrow,' they forget their Welsh." Beautiful Italy had 
 not weaned him from his first love. " Fair though this place be," 
 he saith, " and pleasant to see the green leaves a shelter from the 
 heat, and agreeable to hear this northerly breeze blowing beneath 
 the vines to cheer us in this excessive heat that oppresses all men 
 bred and born in so cold a land as Wales yet a Kymro's heart
 
 Welshmen on the Continent. 99 
 
 warms not towards them as it would on the Dee side or in the 
 low lying Vale of Clwyd, or many places I could name from 
 Maenol Dewi to Holyhead in Mona." 
 
 He longs " for many things found in Wales to pass away the 
 time merrily whilst avoiding the heat of a long summer's day. If 
 you would meditate or read alone, you might choose a fit place, 
 however intense the heat, either in green bowers, or beside a 
 running brook in a glen and greenwood, or in a blooming valley, 
 or in a grove of birch or ash trees, or on a clear breezy mountain, 
 or elsewhere away from the weariness bred by the warm weather. 
 But about this city (Milan), there is nothing of the sort." 
 Roberts's attachment to his country led him to warn one Roger 
 Smythe not to set foot beyond the Alps ("this side the mountain") 
 for. fear of imprisonment by the Inquisition, whose locks could not 
 be picked easily. " The Holyhead men say, ' Blacksmith, apply 
 thy work, or get thee hence.' " {May 28, 1596. Cal. of State 
 Papers.) Elsewhere he says; " I could feel a glow within, and my 
 heart bounding within my body of very joy, in hearing the 
 utterance of the British tongue." {Dr. Owen Pughc, Dictionary, 
 sub voce Cyrchncidiaw.'') Maurice Clennock, or of Clynnog, 
 Bishop-designate of Bangor under Mary, became the first Rector of 
 the English College at Rome about A.D. 1560, and was there 
 " noted for his great partiality towards his own countrymen of 
 Wales." {Anth. a Wood, Athcnae Oxonienses.) [See Appendix 
 No. X.] Another Roman Catholic of note in his day must be 
 noticed; John Jones, originally of Llanvaethlu in Anglesea, Arch- 
 bishop Laud's chamberfellow at S. John's College in Oxford, in 
 religion Father Leander a Sancto Martino of the Order of S. 
 Benedict, who died President of the English Congregation, A.D. 
 1636. Another Welshman, Augustine Llewelyn was 'Prefect of 
 the Province of Canterbury,' A.D. 1685. {Gallia Christiana.) 
 
 Most readers have been acquainted by Southey with the 
 
 legend, related in the Triads, of Madoc ap 
 
 . . JP Owain Gwynedd's having sailed westward in 
 tion to America. ' 
 
 quest of a new land, whence he never returned.
 
 ioo Welshmen on the Continent. 
 
 It is traced to Cyneuric ap Grono and Gutyn Owain in 
 Edward IVth's time, who yet have left no proofs to establish it; 
 and is maintained by Humphrey Lloyd of Denbigh, Hakluyt. 
 Purchas, and strenuously by Sir Thomas Herbert, Charles Ist's 
 faithful attendant, whose family pride led him to glorify a collateral 
 ancestor. He cites (I know not on what authority) the following 
 words as used by presumed Cambrians in America: Gwrando, to 
 hearken; Pengwyn, a white head; Gwyn-dowr, white water; Bar a, 
 bread; Tat, father; Mam, mother; Bryd, time; Bn, a cow; Clugar, 
 a heathcock; Llwynog, a fox; Wy, an egg; Calav, a quill; Trwyn, 
 a nose; Nev, heaven. "None save detracting opinionatists," thinks 
 the gallant knight, " can justly oppose such worthy proofs of what 
 I wish were generally allowed of." {Travels, p. 222) Now, how- 
 ever amusing Sir Thomas's confidence may appear, and although 
 the late Mr. Thomas Stephens has produced a presumption of 
 Madoc's death in his native land, it may be well to submit the 
 following passages which tend to render the legend not absolutely 
 incredible. Some nations of antiquity undertook voyages, which 
 (if we regard their slender means of navigation) are simply 
 marvellous. The Goths swept the seas from Scandinavia to 
 Trebizond. The Saxons in their frail barks braved the ocean and 
 sailed up the French rivers in search of plunder. Gavran is 
 reported to have sailed with his faithful liegemen (teulu, gasindi, 
 gweision bychain) in quest of the green isles of the ocean (Gwer- 
 ddonau Llion). 
 
 The Icelanders had a tradition of a country called by them 
 Hvitramannaland edr Irland ed mykla, White-Man's-land or Great 
 Ireland, placed west of Ireland, somewhat behind Vinland the 
 Good, which Professor Raske proves to have been the modern 
 States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The people were 
 reported to Thorfmn Karlsefne, A.D. 1007-9, to wear white 
 clothes and carry poles before them. Later on, A.D. 1029, Gudleif 
 Gudlaugson was driven from Iceland to the southwest of Ireland to 
 a strange land, where it seemed to them that the people spoke 
 Irish. Lionel Wafer at the close of the sixteenth century describes
 
 Welshmen on the Continent. ioi 
 
 the Indians of Darien as wearing long white gowns and bearing 
 pikes. Their speech strongly reminded him of Gaelic and Irish. 
 Some of them wore black gowns. The Abbe Emile Domenech 
 thinks the Powhatan language, once spoken in Virginia, is of 
 Keltic origin. In expression and harmony it is equal to Erse, 
 Gaelic, and the Kymric. (Deserts of North America) But does 
 the Abbe know these languages ? Further, Strabo tells us that 
 the natives of the Tin-lands (ancient Cornwall) wore black cloaks 
 and tunics reaching their feet, and walked with staves. S. Indrac- 
 tus an Irish pilgrim bore a staff tipped with brass, after the Irish 
 fashion. (Sanctoralc Catholic, p. 77.) Taking these facts together, 
 I think we may fairly infer some intercourse of Kelts with the 
 Western continent ages before Madoc or Columbus. Catlin believes 
 the Mandans on the Missouri descended from Madoc and his 
 adventurers, instancing their fair complexions, hazle eyes, and sweet 
 expression. (Prichard, p. 400.) Ten-Broecke says the same of 
 the Moqui in Colorado, and that they weave in the same manner 
 as the people of Wales. (Schoolcraft.) " Their features," says 
 Ives, " are strongly marked and homely, with an expression gener- 
 ally bright and good-natured. Many of them have fair hair and 
 blue eyes." (Bancroft, I. p. 530.) Ruxton says that the American 
 trappers call them Welsh Indians. (Ibid, p. 528.) The Zuni 
 Pueblos of New Mexico are thought to be of Welsh descent. 
 Their cacique, an old man with clear dark-blue eyes told Mr. 
 Cozzens a legend of a young Zuni warrior, who embarked in a 
 canoe brilliant as crystal, and reached the Island of the Blessed 
 with its eternal verdure; which certainly recalls the Hellenic golden 
 cup of the Sun-god, the Elysian plain of Pindar, the Green Isles 
 of the floods in the Triads, and Merlin's house of glass in Nennius 
 and Ariosto. (Cozzens, Marvellous Country.) Schoolcraft traces 
 certain characters common to Keltic and Virginian inscriptions. 
 (/. /. 124.) And Georg Van Hoorne, accepting the legend of 
 Madoc, sees him in a Virginian hero called Matec Ziinga. (III. 2.) 
 In fine, there appears to have been a constant tradition kept 
 up among seamen of a land in the far West, which the legend of
 
 102 Welshmen on the Continent. 
 
 Madoc represented to the Kymry and that of S. Brandan to the 
 Irish Kelts. "Thlyde [Lhuyd] the cunning mariner of all England" 
 navigated a Bristol ship, A.D. 1480, in quest of the fabulous " isle 
 of Brasylle in the West part of Ireland, sailed about for nine 
 months, but found no island." {Itinerarium Willclmi Wyrcestre.) 
 Eighteen years later, the Spanish ambassador writes from London, 
 that " the people of Bristol have for the last seven years sent out 
 light ships or caravels in search of the aforesaid isle according to 
 the fancy of a Genoese." (Bergenroth) This was " Zuan Cabot, 
 styled the great admiral." An Italian tells the Duke of Milan, 
 that " these English run after him like mad people, so that he can 
 enlist as many of them as he pleases, and a number of our own 
 rogues besides." It was reported that Cabot " had discovered the 
 Seven Cities on the western passage from England, the territory of 
 the Grand Cham " or Khan of Tartary.
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 The first notice we have of the early Christian missionaries to the 
 Kymry relates that Hid, Kyndav, and Arwystli hen (or Aristobulus 
 
 the elder priest ?) came over about A.D. 70, 
 1. The early British wJth the blessed Brkn the father of Caractacus, 
 Church. 
 
 who had become a Christian at Rome, Hid is 
 
 said to have been an Israelite; and is the S. Lide of the Scilly 
 isles. If S. Paul himself did not visit Britain, these Romans must 
 have known the great Apostle; and Hid, as a Jew, would belong 
 to the mission of S. Peter. A century later, Lleirwg, known 
 as king Lucius, a prince of the Silures, is said to have sought 
 help from Eleutherus bishop of Rome (y Pab Elidyr), who sent 
 Damianus and Paganus (Dyvan a Phagan), Meduinus and Albanus 
 (Mydwy ac Elvan), who taught the faith in Siluria and the isle of 
 Avallon. (The Triads.) It was maintained in later times that 
 the foundation of the See of Llandav was the fruit of their 
 mission. There is no trace in Welsh tradition of the connexion 
 of S. Joseph of Arimathea with Glastonbury. We have no details 
 of the government and discipline of the Church in Britain in the 
 Roman period; but may safely infer that it was in harmony with 
 the rest of the Catholic Church, save that the personal discipline 
 was more stringent, the government less developed, the endowment 
 precarious or entirely wanting. In proof of the first point; not 
 content with the ordinary Lent, they fasted the Apostles 1 Lent 
 (Graiiys yr ebystyl) from Ascension Day to Whitsunday, Mary's 
 Lent (Graiiys Meir) from the first to the fifteenth of August, and 
 Elias his Lent (Graiiys Helias) from Martinmas to Christmas.
 
 104 Ecclesiastical Sketches. 
 
 (Mus. Britannic. Addit. Mss. 14,912.) In proof of the second, 
 they appear to have been shepherded by rcgionary bishops, that is, 
 bishops who were not permanently attached to local sees. Thus, 
 we find S. Gistlianus (Goeslan) bishop of Menevia before a see 
 was established there; S. Maucannus (Meugant) bishop of or at 
 Silchester; S. Branwalator (Brangwaladr) in Dorsetshire; S. Cadoc 
 at Bennavenna; S. Dubricius (Dyvrig) at Kaergwair or Warwick. 
 {Leland IV. 169.) On the other hand, it is probable that the 
 more approved system prevailed among the Loegrian Britons, who 
 had become more thoroughly Latinized. S. Theanus passes as the 
 first bishop of London; and it is likely that the centres of Imperial 
 government would receive a settled episcopal supervision. Thus, 
 London, York, and Colchester were represented at the Council of 
 Aries, A.D. 314, by Restitutus, Eborius, and Adelphius, attended 
 by the priest Sacerdos and the deacon Arminius. The two first 
 are known in Welsh as Rhystid and Ivor. The third name defies 
 the efforts of Welsh scholars, who would appropriate him. I 
 think it probable that Colchester, the Colonia Londinensium, being 
 within the Littns Saxojiicum, was already but half Kymric; and 
 that the Latin names belonged to Latinized Loegrians, while 
 Arminius can only be the German Hermann. The martyrs under 
 Dioclesian in Britain all belong to that class of Britons, such as 
 Augulus bishop of London, Albanus and Amphibalus of Verulam, 
 Julius and Aaron, Stephen and Socrates of Caerleon. Vodin and 
 Gwythelin (Vitalianus) bishops of London were also, I conceive, 
 Loegrians; as well as Eldad of Gloucester, known at Oxford as S. 
 Aldate, and the hermit Abben of Chilswell by Oxford. In proof 
 of my third point, it may suffice to mention, how the poverty of 
 the British bishops compelled them to accept a subsidy from the 
 emperor when they attended the Synod of Ariminum, A.D. 359; 
 and the account given us of S. David and his monastery bears 
 witness to a more than Apostolic poverty. {Sane tor ale Catholicnm. 
 March J.) The Triads refer to David as chief bishop of Wales, 
 Bedwini of Cornwall, and Kyndeyrn of British Scotland or Cumber- 
 land in the larger sense; this account corresponds with the three
 
 Ecclesiastical Sketches. 105 
 
 principal fragments of Kymric dominion, after the Saxons had 
 broken up its solidarity. 
 
 It has been too much the fashion to assume the absolute 
 
 independence of the British church in respect to the See Apostolic 
 
 (as all Antiquity styles Rome), because Augus- 
 
 l. Its gradual t j nc f oun( j ft varied in a few trifling particulars 
 subjection to the See . ___ , 
 
 of Rome from the Western church on the continent. 
 
 These related to mere discipline. If we accept 
 
 the common view, we are forced to condemn the great and holy 
 
 Pope Gregory as arrogating usurped rights, when he expressly 
 
 leaves the British bishops to the correction of his emissary. But 
 
 Gregory's disclaimer of universal dominion, as well as his known 
 
 moderation, forbid the assumption. The Welsh bishops may have 
 
 forgotten it, but the decrees of the Emperors subjected the West 
 
 to the supervision of 'the Bishop of the Eternal City;' and the 
 
 nature and extent of that supervision is marked by Gregory's own 
 
 words, where, while assuming the parity of all bishops in general, 
 
 he declares, that, when the decrees of Councils were violated, he 
 
 knew not what bishop was not amenable to his supervision. But 
 
 the British bishops would have risen above human nature, had 
 
 they readily admitted the claims of a stranger, who came under 
 
 the patronage of their country's bitterest foes. The Welsh custom 
 
 of consecrating bishops on the festival of S. Peter's Chair (February 
 
 22nd) seems to imply a recognition of the Roman Primacy, at 
 
 least in its moderate form. If the bishop of Caerleon-on-Uske was 
 
 obeyed as Metropolitan, he does not appear to have left a succession. 
 
 The honorary title of Archbishop is a precarious circumstance. For 
 
 W find Elvod of Bangor, who was instrumental in procuring 
 
 conformity with Rome, A.D. 808, styled 'Archbishop of Gwynedd;' 
 
 and Asser bishop of Sherborne, A.D. 906, ' Archbishop of the Isle 
 
 of Britain.' {Brut y Tywysogion.) When Howel the Good went 
 
 to Rome, A.D. 926, he was accompanied by the bishops of 
 
 Menevia, Bangor, and Llandav. " The bishop of S. David," says 
 
 Henry of Huntingdon {Lib. /.), " received the pallium from the 
 
 Pope in our time, as it had been at Kairlegion; but he instantly
 
 106 Ecclesiastical Sketches. 
 
 lost it." Such too was the fate of Festinianus of Dol: the sons of 
 Zeruiah were too strong for them. Ivan had received it from 
 Pope Gregory, A.D. 1076, but reserving due subjection to the 
 church of Tours. The strong Norman will asserted itself; and 
 Bernard was hallowed bishop of Menevia at Westminster, A.D. 
 1 1 15, <( without leave or greeting of the clergy of the Kymry; and 
 then the bishop of Dewy lost his privilege, and the bishop of 
 Kent took it." {Brut y Tywysogion.) David, a venerable monk 
 of the Scots' abbey of S. Alban at Mainz, " elected by the Prince 
 of North Wales Gruffydd, the clergy, and people of Wales," was 
 also consecrated bishop of Bangor, A.D. 11 20, at Westminster by 
 the Norman archbishop {Continuator of Florence of Worcester); but 
 the circumstances indicate some forbearance on the part of the 
 suzerain King Henry I., probably induced by a show of firmness 
 by the Kymry. Near seventy years later, archbishop Baldwin, in 
 preaching the crusade, marked his spiritual conquest; for ''he sang 
 in every cathedral church of Wales a mass in pontificals, and that 
 was never seen before that time." (Trevt'sa, Foly-chroiticon.) As 
 the English archbishop prevailed over the native clergy of Wales 
 by might rather than right, we may not regret to find him super- 
 seded by his master the Pope of Rome. For we have on record 
 a few consecrations performed abroad either by the Pope or by his 
 subaltern. Thus, Richard De Carew, known by the Welsh as ' yr 
 Athraw Risiart o Gaer Ryw ' {Brut y Tywys.), was consecrated 
 Bishop of S. David's at Rome by Pope Alexander IV., A.D. 1280. 
 John Trevor Bishop of S. Asaph in the Roman Court, A.D. 1353. 
 Llywelyn ap Madoc, nominated Bishop of S. Asaph by the Pope's 
 bull, at Rome, A.D. 1357. {Le Neve, Fasti) Howel ap Grono, 
 by Papal provision Bishop of Bangor, at Avignon, A.D. 1371, 
 {Stubbs.) Edmund Bromfield, Bishop of Llandav, and John Trev- 
 nant, of Hereford, at Rome, A.D. 1389. 
 
 There is not the slightest indication that the Catholics of 
 Wales ever opposed the tendency, not merely to 
 
 e us &anct- i 10nour re ligiously, but to develope largely and to 
 exaggerate the place and office of the Mother-
 
 Ecclesiastical Sketches. 107 
 
 of-Gon and of His Saints in the Communion of Heaven and 
 Earth. The worship of Mary sprang from the heated zeal bred 
 by the early controversies relating to the Incarnation of the Son of 
 God; and must have been even welcomed in an illiterate age, when 
 few were inclined or qualified to pursue the purely intellectual 
 disquisitions of S. Paul in his epistles. The pseudo-Aneurin 
 proclaims Mary as ' the Royal Maiden born to lead us out of our 
 hard captivity;' u Merch vrenhinawl a aned A'ndiig o'n dygn 
 gaethiwed." A passage clear to any one conversant with Catholic 
 Theology, but which from lack of that knowledge the late Mr. 
 Stephens took to be a prophecy relating to Gwenllian daughter of 
 the last Llewelyn, who died a Nun of Sempringham. A popular 
 poem assigns Mary the rule of Purgatory, and sees her " over the 
 cold mountain, with a halo round her head, securing a place 
 between every soul and hell." (Satictorale Catholicum, sub voce 
 Longtnus.) The Blessed Mother (Mam wenn) was known as ' yr 
 Arglwyddes Vair,' the Lady Mary; a proof, I take it, of great 
 antiquity of style, seeing the most ancient Church calendars never 
 employ the titles of 'Saint' or 'Blessed.' With the Kymry, nuns 
 were ' Morwynion gwynion Mair,' Mary's fair maidens (Pscudo- 
 Taliesin); the pure fountain that burst from the hill-side was 
 4 Ffynnon Vair,' Mary's well. Even the Immaculate Conception 
 appears to have been admitted, in the sense of Wordsworth's " Our 
 tainted nature's solitary boast," when it was said " Ni chavad 
 arwydd pechawd na'i arlwybyr ami;" 'There was not found the 
 mark of sin nor its trace on her.' {Owen Pnghc, Diet, snb voce 
 Arlwybyr?) 
 
 Next to Mary, they venerated the archangel Michael and the 
 apostle S. Peter. Their churches (Llanvair, Llanvihangel, Llan- 
 bedr) abound in Wales; but we never find those of S. Paul or S. 
 John; a fact deserving notice, as I think it tells against the notion 
 of either the former's preaching ' in Britain or of a supposed 
 connexion of the British church with that of Ephesus. Of the 
 indigenous Saints, David and Winifred were the most popular as 
 Dewi and Gwenvrewi; and Faith hardened into superstition, if,
 
 108 Ecclesiastical Sketches. 
 
 indeed, bullocks were ever sacrificed to S. Beuno, or offerings 
 made at the wells of Elian and the venerable Kynvran. (Cal. of 
 State Papers, May JO, 158Q. Owen Pughe, Cambrian Biography) 
 The veneration of relics of the Saints seems to have struck 
 deep roots among the Kymry. In the Welsh Laws swearing on 
 relics in lawsuits was of constant occurrence. 
 
 4. The worship of The famous C roiz-neth or Croesnawdd, the 
 Relics. 
 
 Cross of protection, supposed to contain a 
 
 portion of the Lord's Cross, and adorned with gold and gems, was 
 solemnly borne before the Prince of Wales, as a palladium of 
 national salvation. On Llewelyn's death, it was offered at West- 
 minster abbey, April 30, T285; and Gavaston was made to swear 
 on it not to return to England. {Annals of Waverley, Matthew 
 of Westminster) S. David's miraculous handbell called Bangu 
 was kept at Glascwm in Elvael in 11 88 (Girald. Cambrcnsis, Itin. 
 I. 7); and the golden torques of S. Kanaucus (Kynog) at Dinevor. 
 It was in four pieces, constructed of rings. No one durst swear 
 falsely by it. {Ibid. I. 2.) The Bretons of Armorica evinced 
 similar veneration for the hand-mill of S. Gildas and the bell of S. 
 Paul of Leon. The undecaying hand of S. Oswald procured him 
 the surname of Lamn-guin ' blessed ' or ' fair hand ' {Ncnnins) ; a 
 solitary instance of Welsh regard for a Saxon saint, procured 
 him by his relic, not by his virtues, as Sir Francis Palgrave 
 imagined. 
 
 Of all the customs of the mediaeval Church, none could have 
 been more congenial to the Keltic nature than the institution, 
 which gratified their curiosity under the respect- 
 5. Pilgrimages. abJe sanction of Religion. And of all pilgrim- 
 ages, that of Rome promised the most ample satisfaction. If in 
 some respects it was injurious, it took the pilgrim out of his 
 narrow surroundings at home, and ennobled his thoughts, to go 
 " wandering and wondering among the ruins of ancient magnifi- 
 cence." One bard asks, " Is there any season so spiritual as to be 
 on the road, a course of great estimation, to the city of Rome 
 teeming with population ? "
 
 Ecclesiastical Sketches. 109 
 
 A oes hryd mor ysbrydawl 
 
 A bod ar ffordd 
 
 Tuedd cymmyredd mawr, 
 Trev Ruvain tyrva ryvawr ? 
 
 Meilir styles himself ' S. Peter's pilgrim ; ' Kynddelw dwells on the 
 wondrous sight of Rome 
 
 Caer Ruvain, ryvedd olygawd, 
 Caer uchav, uchel ei devawd. 
 
 Howel ab Rhys, a prince of Glamorgan went to Rome, A.D. 880, 
 and died three days after, owing to the heat, at the age of 124 
 years. Joseph bishop of Llandav died, A.D. 1043, at Aosta on 
 pilgrimage to S. Peter. {Liber Landavcjisis.) The records of 
 the English College at Rome notice Welsh pilgrims of all ranks 
 in the reign of Henry VII.; among them, Dom John Conway, 
 abbat of Bardsey, A.D. 1506. 
 
 The pilgrimage to S. James of Compostella in Spain was so 
 popular, that the Kymry gave the Milky Way the name of //jut 
 S. /aim, ' S. James's Way.' The Provencals too called it Camiu 
 dc St. Jacques. Henry VI. granted the owner of the good ship 
 Mary of Pembroke in Wales leave to convey passengers to S. 
 James of Galice, A.D. 1451 (Rymer)\ and William Wey found 
 Welsh ships at Corunna, A.D. 1456. (/tiucrary.) The home 
 pilgrimages were numerous and frequented. Two to Menevia (S. 
 David's) made up for one to Rome. (Oivcu Pughc, Diet, sub voce 
 Gordal.) Menevia could boast of royal pilgrims, Henry II. in 
 1 1 73, and Edward I. with his queen Eleanor in 1284. (Brut y 
 Tywysogiou. Auualcs Kambriac.) Leland remarks, " Greate pil- 
 gremage and offering was a late to S. Armon " (Germanus) at 
 Llanarmon in Yale (/tiucrary V.); the scene recently, not of 
 ' offering,' but of with-holding tithes. One of the looting class of 
 Reformers notices that five or six hundred pilgrims offered, A.D. 
 1538, to the image of Dervel Gadarn. (Elis Price, apud Sir 
 //airy Ellis's Original Letters.) This was at Llanddervel near 
 Bala. I regret to find in an old Ms. Kalendar ' the feast of the
 
 no Ecclesiustical Sketches. 
 
 living Image,' Gwyl y Ddelw vyw, on Sept. 9th; which must have 
 
 been a clumsy replica of some Italian Madonna, at Rhyw in Lleyn. 
 
 [Browne Willis.) 
 
 Whether it proceeded from a national repugnance to a tight 
 
 discipline, which rendered the clergy more amenable to the Pope 
 
 and his ally the English monarch, or from 
 
 , c y some cause inherent in the Keltic nature, I 
 
 clergy. 
 
 know not; but the celibacy of clerks appears 
 
 less strictly enforced in Wales and its sister land of Britanny. 
 
 Maredudd son of the Lord Rhys, Archdeacon of Cardigan, was 
 
 married, A.D. 1240. In the eleventh century Orscand bishop of 
 
 Quimper was forced to alienate some of the property of his see to 
 
 his brother the Count of Cornouailles for his license to take a 
 
 wife. Again, when his said wife Onwen disdained to rise in church 
 
 before the Countess Judith, the Bishop was obliged to give up 
 
 Loc-Maria. \Morice, Lobinean) How detrimental to the Church 
 
 such cases proved in a rude age may be seen by what we read of 
 
 a church in Norfolk, which " the parsons had ever held from 
 
 father to son to the parson that died last." {A.D. 1194. Palgrave, 
 
 Rotuli Curiae) 
 
 On no subject connected with religion is the feeling of 
 
 moderns so estranged from that of their forefathers as on that of 
 
 Monachism and the reason of its existence. 
 
 7. The Welsh monks; ^ , , , ... u . . 
 
 . . . . .. Enough has been written, however, to correct 
 
 their patriotism. 
 
 the fierce intolerance of the disciples of Cranmer 
 
 and Calvin. I am here no further concerned than to point out 
 
 the grounds, whereon in my judgment the ancient monks of Wales 
 
 are entitled to the respect and sympathy of the Kymry. Though 
 
 the faith of the moderns " has been reduced to a very few articles " 
 
 (I employ the language of a Swiss Protestant in relation to their 
 
 present pastors), yet most of the parishes in Wales recall the work 
 
 and devotion of those holy men of old. Far different was the 
 
 feeling which induced the old Kymry to call the Pleiades by the 
 
 name of ' the congregation of Theodosius ' (Twrr Tewdws), who 
 
 kept up their ceaseless vigil of prayer and praise in Glamorgan.
 
 Ecclesiastical Sketches. Hi 
 
 That perpetual service of God day and night, first mentioned in 
 the act of foundation of the abbey of S. Maurice in Switzerland 
 about A.D. 603, was called by the Kymry Dyval gyvangan, and is 
 stated to have been held at Ynys Avallon (Glastonbury), Caer- 
 Caradawg (Old Sarum), and Bangor-is-coed. {Triads.) This Laus 
 Percnnis therefore must have been earlier than the Swiss example, 
 for the two first places were lost to the Britons at the date above 
 mentioned. Next to their devotion, I will commend their patriot- 
 ism. Never shall we find among them a vile traitor like Madoc 
 Vin bishop of Bangor. Llewelyn ab Iorwerth escaped the English 
 by the help of a Cistercian of Cwm-hir. The Abbat had to pay 
 dearly for it to Henry III. to save his abbey from destruction. 
 {Mattheiv Paris.) The same monk even misled the castellain of 
 Montgomery and his men into a morass, where the Welsh 
 despatched them with their lances. (Roger De Wendover) Two 
 Welsh abbats, commissioned by the Pope in the cause of their 
 prince David ab Llewelyn, had the audacity to summon Henry III. 
 before them at Kerry in Wales (Carte, Hist, of England), A.D. 
 1245. And seven abbats, those of Whitland, Strata Florida, 
 Cwmhir, Strata Marcella, Aberconway, Kemer, and Vallis-Crucis, 
 wrote A.D. 1274, t0 PP e Gregory X. not to trust the Bishop of 
 S. Asaph, who tried to defame Lewelyn, Prince of Wales, their 
 strenuous patron. (Red Book of S. Asaph: Hengwrt Mss.) 
 
 The Cotton Ms. Titus C. X. gives the following order and 
 
 filiation of the religious houses in Wales; with which I blend brief 
 
 notices from other sources. In S. David's 
 
 8. Origin and filia- diocese, 1. Blancheland, Alba Domus, Whit- 
 
 , land, or Tygwyn-ar-Dav, an abbey in Howel 
 
 Dda's time. S. Paulinus or Peulyn Hen was 
 
 its first abbat; Rhydderch A.D. 11 80, Cadwgawn 12 10, Howel Seys 
 
 1352. 2. Strata Florida or Ystrad Fflur, founded by Griffin ap 
 
 Rhys. This abbey was in South Wales, what Aberconway was in 
 
 North Wales, the burial-place of the Prince and the depositary of 
 
 State charters. Its abbats were David A.D. 1180, Seisill 1188, 
 
 Kedivor 1220, Joab 1260, Phylip Goch 1280, Einawn Seis, Rhisiart
 
 H2 Ecclesiastical Sketches. 
 
 ap Griffith 1407. The Cistercian Menology of Henriquez gives us 
 on Feb. 13 "blessed Wulfrid " (probably Griffith) "a monk of 
 Strata Florida, endowed with prophetic gifts." 3. Cwm-hir in 
 Radnorshire; Meurug abbat A.D. 1180. 4. Lanheir ? 5. Neath; 
 Lleison abbat A.D. 1 513. 6. Margam; John de la Warre abbat 
 A.D. 1253, David 1 5 13. 7. Talley or Tal-y-llychau in Caermar- 
 thenshire. Its abbats were Iorwerth A.D. 12 15, Gruffin 1239, 
 David ap Ieuan 1519. 8. Caermarthen. Its priors were Kadmor 
 A.D. 1208, John Mathewe 1427, Griffin William 1524. 
 
 Landav diocese: 1. Caerleon, an offshoot of Strata Florida. 2. 
 Tintern, a daughter of Eleemosyna in France. 3. S. Kymmarch. 
 
 4. Ewenny. S. Asaph diocese: 1. De la Pole or Welchpool, a 
 daughter of Strata Florida. 2. De Valle Crucis or Llanegwestyl 
 yn Ial, a daughter of Pole, founded by Madawc at Gruffydd 
 Maelawr, 'an especial founder of monasteries.' [Brut y Tywysogion) 
 Its abbats were David ap Iorwerth A.D. 1500, David ap Owen 
 1504, David ap Bleddyn 15 18. 3. Basingwerke, a daughter of 
 Buldewas, Salop; founded by Henry II. 4. Bangor-iscoed, of early 
 British foundation. Its abbats were S. Dunawd in the time of 
 Augustine of Canterbury, Nenna A.D. 1252, Owain 1256. 5. 
 Strata Marcella in Montgomeryshire. Its abbats were Ithel A.D. 
 1 1 80, Gruffydd n 90, John ap Rice 1529. 6. Rhuddlan; Anian 
 prior A.D. 1267. Bangor diocese: 1. Insula Henlis, Ynys Enlli, or 
 Bardsey island, an abbey in king Arthur's time. Its abbats were 
 
 5. Laudatus or Llawddad of Armorica, Gervase ap David A.D. 
 1377, David ap Meredith 1448, Robert Meredith 1464, John 
 Conway 1506. A composition made on July nth, 1252, between 
 the abbat and convent of Enlli on the one part and the secular 
 Canons of Aberdaron on the other throws light on the Ritual 
 carried out in remote Wales in the old times. For it appears that 
 the former had given ' sacerdotal vestments, a silver chalice, and a 
 missal ' to the church of Aberdaron, and engage to give ' a pound 
 of incense ' yearly on S. John Baptist's day. {Ms. Harl. 6q6.) 
 2. Aberconwy, founded by Llewelyn 1st, A.D. 1 198, and translated 
 by Edward I. to Maenan near Llanrwst. Its last abbat Hugh
 
 Ecclesiastical Sketches. 1 1 3 
 
 Price was buried at Saffron Walden in Essex, where Mr. William 
 Cole saw his brass in 1747, vested in orfreyed cope with a pastoral 
 staff. {Ms. Cole, Vol. 2*J. Weever } Funeral Monuments) 3. 
 Kemmer in Merioneth, a daughter of Cwmhir, founded by Llew- 
 elyn I., A.D. 1209. Its first abbat was Esau. Old Testament 
 names seem to please the old Catholics as well as the Puritans. 
 Thus we find Enos Mac Nessa bishop of Connor, A.D. 506, and 
 Ooliba (Aholibah !) bishop of Angouleme in 892. Its last abbat 
 Lewis Thomas was consecrated by Cranmer Suffragan Bishop of 
 Shrewsbury; conformed under Mary, and held an ordination for 
 Bonner at S. Paul's cathedral, March II, 1542; and died Rector of 
 Llandwrog in Arvon under Elizabeth in 1560. {Mss. Harl. 6974, 
 6955.) 4. Arbeln magh ? sic. Does it relate to Abermawddach or 
 Barmouth and mean Egryn abbey? 5. Beddgelert or the Valley 
 of blessed Mary of Snowdon, declared by bishop Anian to be M the 
 oldest religious House of all Wales (except Bardsey the Isle of 
 Saints), and of the best hospitality to English and Welsh travelling 
 from England and West Wales to North Wales, and from Ireland 
 and North Wales to England." [Rymer ad ami. Dom. 1286.) Its 
 Priors were Madoc A.D. 1286, Lewelyn 1322, John de Leyn 1337, 
 Ievan ap Bledhyn 1380, Mathew 1390, David Conway last Prior. 
 6. Nevyn, whose prior in 1252 was William. 
 
 There were other religious houses, but mostly alien and 
 advanced posts of English domination, little connected with the 
 Kymry. I will here cite only three, the priories of Llanvaes and 
 Penmon or S. Seirioel of the Isle of Glannauc (called Priestholm) 
 and the collegiate church of S. Cybi at Holyhead. The priories 
 were founded by Llewelyn I. Llanvaes ruined in the Welsh wars 
 was restored by Henry V., " considering that the bodies of the 
 daughter of king John, of the son of a king of Denmark, of Lord 
 De Clifford, and others slain in the Welsh wars, rest there." Two 
 out of eight brethren were to be Welshmen, in order to procure 
 food for their support. {Rymer ad aim. 1414) Priestholm had 
 English Priors, Gervase de Bristol A.D. 1309, Thomas Trentham 
 
 1413, William Whalley 1444, William Ardescote 1452, John Ingram 
 o
 
 114 Ecclesiastical Sketches. 
 
 1468. Among the Provosts of Kaerkeby were Peter De Abyton 
 in 131 2, Thomas de Feriby 1390, Richard Clifford 1394. The 
 chief religious Orders known in Wales were Y Crevydd du, Black 
 monks or Benedictines; Y Crevydd gwyn, White monks or Cis- 
 tercians; Y Crevydd troednoeth, Barefooted freres or Franciscans; 
 Crevydd Ieuan, Knights of S. John or Hospitallers; and Y myneich 
 cochion, Red monks or Templars. The Hospitallers had land at 
 Gwanas in Merioneth, A.D. 1285 (Aylqffe, Rotuli Walliae); Edward 
 II. attached Templars in North and West- Wales, A.D. 1307. 
 
 A steady policy of espionage and a perverse mis-use of Church 
 
 Patronage was persistently kept up by the Suzerain Norman Kings 
 
 to subdue the Kymry. They little recked of 
 
 "V the ungodliness and indifference bred by this 
 
 Patronage. 
 
 wicked policy. The Welsh princes seem to 
 
 have incautiously helped it by their donations to aliens. For we 
 find Haghmon abbey, for example, endowed with lands in Wales 
 by three of them, one being Cadwaladr brother of Owen Gwynedd. 
 (Dug-dale.) The bad practice grew from the right of conquest. 
 Henry III. presents Lawrence de S. Martin to the church of Llan- 
 badarn-vawr, " in the King's gift, by reason of his conquest of the 
 lands of Maelgwn of South Wales." (A.D. 1246. Ms. Harl. 
 6gs7) Master Eudo de Berkeley held the same church, A.D. 
 1328. In 1361, William de Wykeham holds two prebends in the 
 collegiate church of Abergwili. In 1368, William Goldwin is 
 Archdeacon of Caermarthen. Richard II. is the chief offender in 
 this business, as we might expect from his weak and arbitrary 
 character. In his luckless reign we have Thomas de More parson 
 of Tenby; Robert Hallam portionary of Clynnog-vawr; John Sloleye 
 and Samuel de Wyk archdeacons of Merioneth; Thomas More 
 treasurer of Abergwili; Henry Chichele parson of Llanvarchell ; 
 John Innocent precentor of Abergwili; Robert Boleyne precentor of 
 Landav; William de Hunden parson of Aber; and Thomas de la 
 Feld parson of Llanrwst. Again, in 141 3, John de Bosco is parson 
 of Llanrhaiadr, in Bangor diocese; in 1447, Thomas Boleyn pre- 
 bendary of Abergwili; in 1452, Geoffrey Kemmer parson of Llan-
 
 Ecclesiastical Sketches. 1 1 5 
 
 rwst; till the abuse culminates in the appointment of De Puebla 
 the Spanish envoy to Henry VII. to the Archdeaconry of Llandaff. 
 (A/ss. Harl.) The Kymry entertained little reverence for such 
 intruders; we find, for example, A.D. 12 10, Robert of Shrewsbury 
 bishop of Bangor taken in his church and ransomed for 200 hawks. 
 This worthy had stolen S. Winifred's relics from Gwytherin to 
 enrich the abbey-church of Shrewsbury. The last Welsh princes 
 Llewelyn and David complained to the Pope, that the Archbishops 
 of Canterbury sent among them English bishops ignorant of the 
 customs and language of the Welsh, who could neither preach to 
 the people nor hear their confessions, save through interpreters: 
 charging them moreover with living luxuriously in England on 
 the plunder of the Welsh sees, and like the Parthians discharging 
 the arrows of excommunication while on flight and at a distance. 
 The Holy See had no relief to afford them. Hildebrand and 
 Innocent the third were at rest; and Innocent the fourth, of the 
 Genoese banking firm of Cibo, looked after money. 
 
 So enthusiastic a race as the Kymry could hardly be expected 
 to behold unmoved the innovations, which swept away the pictur- 
 esque religious observances of more than a 
 
 10. The decline of thousand years. Nor again, bearing in mind 
 Boman Catholicism 
 
 in Wales tne cnurc h abuses above enumerated, could 
 
 others fail to rejoice in the downfall of their 
 
 alien pastors. Nor yet, when once embarked on the dangerous 
 
 current of Reformation, could some fail to abhor a course, which, 
 
 though prudent, savoured to them of cowardice and time-serving. 
 
 Thus we find, that, although the Welsh generally accepted the 
 
 changes wrought by the wire-pullers in London, the party of 
 
 Recusants or Romanists refusing the tests imposed by the State, 
 
 and that of root-and-branch Reform headed by John Ap-Henry, 
 
 found room in Wales. No enthusiasm could be evoked by the 
 
 cruel end of a Protestant bishop such as Ferrar of S. David's, who 
 
 sacrilegiously sold the lead off the roof of his cathedral. The 
 
 bishops of the Via Media or Anglican church were sarcastically 
 
 told by Sir William Cecil, that " spiritual things were meetest for
 
 1 1 6 Ecclesiastical Sketches. 
 
 spiritual men ; their preaching would move the tenants to run after 
 them to pay their duties." {A.D. I55Q. Cal. of State Papers 
 Foreign.) In the diocese of S. David's, the bishop reports, A.D. 
 1583, there was "little popery, but the people were greatly infected 
 with atheism and wonderfully given over to vicious life." Six 
 years before, "there were no persons in S. Asaph diocese refusing 
 or neglecting to come to church." In 1603, there were only four 
 men and six women Recusants in the deanery of Dyffryn Clwyd. 
 (Ms. Harl. S94) 
 
 In the diocese of Bangor the Roman party was considerable. 
 A.D. 1570, 'disorderly services' were performed at an interment in 
 Beaumaris; the parties had all done penance. A secret meeting of 
 priests occurs in a hidden place, a cave by the seaside about three 
 fathoms deep, in the county of Caernarvon. In 1594, Mr. Robert 
 Pughe of Penrhyn, " who keeps a pinnace, dwells on a fortified 
 rock, and so draws the people to him, that in two parishes near 
 him scarce three or four go to church." Matters seemed ripe for 
 a rebellion. Twenty men could take Conway castle in an evening. 
 One Richard Williams spoke of building " two sconces on a bridge 
 that passes over a river into Anglesey." Thirty one years later, 
 Bishop Bayly of Bangor reports to Charles I., that the same party 
 was audacious, and a stranger lately surveyed the havens. One 
 hundred men would overrun the Isle of Anglesey. One of the 
 King's ships would be a great protection. (Cal. of State Papers.) 
 Shortly before, Father John Roberts of Merioneth, one of the first 
 Benedictine monks who came on the Anglo-Roman mission to 
 England, suffered for his zeal. (Reyner, Apostolatus Benedictinus. 
 Anth. a Wood, Athenae Oxonienses, I.) In 1679, Father David 
 Lewis and other priests were executed at Usk for exercising their 
 functions. To say Mass privately was hypocritically called 'pre- 
 ferring Roman power; ' and the priest was liable to cruel torture 
 and death.
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 MEDIAEVAL LITERATURE OF THE KYMRY. 
 
 Whkn we consider the depressed and precarious condition of the 
 Kymry after their severance from the Roman empire, how for 
 centuries their ambition was confined to the 
 ' successful assertion of their national independ- 
 
 ence, we may be inclined to admire their retention of literature in 
 any form rather than condemn their barrenness. We might in 
 vain look for such thinkers as Ockham or Duns Scotus; but the 
 kindred families of Kelts in Ireland and Britanny supply us with 
 John the Scot of Erin (Erigena), a wonderful genius for the period 
 he lived in, A.D. 874, and with the free thinker Abailard, A.D. 
 1 142. We know too little of Morgant (Pelagius) to fairly estimate 
 him; but the interest he excited abroad in the fifth century marks 
 him as a great man, though the true instinct of the Catholic 
 Church proscribed his teaching. I find no theological remains 
 save translations. Such is the Book of the Anchoret of Llanddewi- 
 brevi, Llyvr yr And*, a free rendering of the Elncidarius of S. 
 Anselm, which in the manner of a catechism gives on the whole 
 an admirable breviate of dogmatic Theology. Also, in the four- 
 teenth century, Davydd Ddu of Hiraddug, a priest, produced a very 
 poetical version of the Office of the blessed Virgin. 
 
 The department of Law is fairly represented by the Code of 
 
 Howel Dda, A.D. 926, which deals with the 
 
 2. Law, Medicine, minutest details of the civil and social life of the 
 
 .. ' ," Kymry. Medicine is occupied by the Physicians 
 culture, Geography, J ' r J ' 
 
 History. of Myddvai in Caermarthenshire, Rhiwallon and 
 
 his three sons, A.D. 1230; of whose work I
 
 1 1 8 Mediaeval Literature of the Kymry. 
 
 supplied a correct transcript for the latest edition at Llandovery. 
 A treatise called Kato Kymraeg, 'the Welsh Cato,' probably by 
 Walter Mapes, relates to Agriculture. Geography is rudely 
 sketched in Delw'r Byd, a translation of a popular work, the 
 Imago Mundi. The eastern travels of a Venetian friar, Odrigo da 
 Pordenone, were rendered into Welsh by Sir Davydd Vychan of 
 Glamorgan as ' Taith y brawd Odrig yn yr India,' A.D. 1490. In 
 1270, Edeyrn Davod Aur or Golden-tongue published a Grammar 
 under the sanction of the Welsh princes. History, in the infant 
 form of chronicles and declamation, was supported in the seventh 
 century by Gildas, Nennius, and Tysilio. Later on, A.D. 906, we 
 have Asser of Menevia, the tutor of king Alfred and bishop of 
 Sherborne. The Annales Kambriae occur in the twelfth century. 
 Then in n 52, Brut y Brenhinoedd, the Chronicle of the British 
 Kings, by Gruffydd ab Arthur, bishop of Llandav, better known as 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth, partly imitated in Norman French by 
 Maistre Wace. In 11 56, the Brut y Tywysogion, the Chronicle 
 of the Welsh Princes, founded on a work of Caradoc of Llancarvan, 
 and continued down to 1280 by the monks of Strata Florida, as I 
 think it evident from the minute notices relating to that monastery. 
 The Story of Gruffydd ab Kynan prince of Gwynedd exhibits the 
 vicissitudes of a sovereign, Irish by birth and sympathies. In 
 1 1 70, we have Walter de Mapes, archdeacon of Oxford, son of 
 Blondel de Mapes and Flora of Llancarvan, Author of Le Roman 
 des diverses Quetes du Saint Greal, versified by Chretien De 
 Troyes, and of La Mort d'Arthur, Englished by Sir Thomas 
 Malory or Maelor, A.D. 1480. In Gerald de Barry or Giraldus 
 Kambrensis, the grandson of Rhys prince of South Wales, A.D. 
 1 21 5, Wales possessed a writer whose lively spirit and patriotic 
 feeling proclaim him one she should be proud of. His Itinerary, 
 written in attendance on the Archbishop preaching the Crusade, is 
 a faithful mirror of the manners and feelings of his time. 
 
 In the department of legend and fiction, as of poetry, the 
 Keltic genius luxuriates. The historic Triads of the Isle of 
 Britain contain notices which descend from primitive national
 
 Mediaeval Literature of the Kymry. 119 
 
 tradition, possibly a portion of the oral teaching 
 
 , , of the Druids. Diogenes Laertius (in Proem. 1) 
 
 legendary lore. 
 
 reports a Triad as theirs, which is found in the 
 
 Welsh form also. It enjoins us 1. to worship the Gods; 2. to 
 
 do no wrong; and 3. to exercise courage. The Story of Kwllwch 
 
 and Olwen seems to belong to a remote antiquity; and the lovely 
 
 description of Olwen, the goddess of Nature in "whose steps spring 
 
 up four white trefoils, whose " head was more yellow than the 
 
 blossoms of the broom, her skin whiter than the foam of the wave, 
 
 her hands fairer than the opening buds of the water-lily amid the 
 
 small rippling of the fountain," has been pronounced unsurpassable. 
 
 {Matthew Arnold, On the Study of Keltic Literature.) The Mabi- 
 
 nogion or Juvenile Tales also belong to remote antiquity; but, like 
 
 the tales of Arthurian romance, the adventurous spirit was infused 
 
 into them by the Normans; the Catholic clergy chastened and 
 
 refined their tone. "Of the high-toned sentiments > which breathe 
 
 through the Mabinogion, we have no traces in the works of the 
 
 bards nor in the civilization of the period." {Thomas Stephens, 
 
 Literattire of the Kymry, pp. 411, 417.) 
 
 One tale, Kyvranc Lludd a Llevelys, The Reconciliation of 
 Lud and his brother Levelys, belongs to the pre-Roman period; 
 another, The Dream of Prince Maximus (Macsen Wledig) relates 
 to the fall of the empire; a third, The Dream of Rhonabwy, to the 
 Princes of Powis. The Story of Owain ab Urien (Sir Gawain), 
 that of Peredur ab Evrog (Sir Perceval le Gallois), and of Geraint 
 ab Erbin, together with the vast repertory of Y Saint Greal, form 
 the basis of the Arthurian romance, which was the solace of the 
 dreary hours in many a castle and even monastery; which helped 
 the conception of Spenser's Faery Queen and found reluctant favour 
 with the majestic Milton. Hagiology offers us the Lives of SS. 
 Beuno, Collenn, and Winifred, and doubtless others now lost. 
 
 We may regret that none of the grand creations of the classic 
 
 writers of Greece or Rome reached the Kymry in the baldest 
 
 translation. Greek must have been unknown; 
 4. Borrowed legends. and Ladn ^ attainable only in thc debased
 
 120 Mediaeval Literature of the Kymry. 
 
 mintage of theology. Virgil must have been studied. He was S. 
 Cadoc's favourite author, and is known in Welsh as Fferyll. But 
 I am persuaded that the natural beauties of Homer would have 
 been felicitously rendered,' when the Kymric speech flowed limpidly 
 in unpolluted channels. As the fact is, the gross taste of the 
 middle ages purveyed congenial nourishment. The Story of Dares 
 the Phrygian (Ystori Dared) told the Kymry the tale of Troy: that 
 of Hadrian the emperor and Epictetus the philosopher (Idrian 
 amherawdwr ac Ipotis ysbrydol) served for Ethics; followed up by 
 the Tales of the. Wise Men of Rome. 
 
 The Gospel of Nicodemiis, and the Gospel of the Sunday 
 (Ebostol y Sul), a pretended letter from Heaven enjoining Lord's 
 Day observance, traceable to Spain, gratified the taste of the 
 cloister. The Story of Bevis or Bovo of Hampton (Yst. Bown o 
 Hamtwn), that of Charlemagne (Yst. Siarlymaen), a work fathered 
 on Archbishop Turpin or Tilpin of Rheims, and The fellowship of 
 Amelius and his friend (Kydymdeithas Amlyn ac Amig) belong to 
 the ages of chivalry. Mr. Lhuyd also mentions the Golden Legend 
 (Y Llithon Euraidd Legenda Aurea). From that ample storehouse 
 they borrowed gruesome details of the harrowing of hell and 
 Christ's triumph over the old serpent, who. as a bard tells, 
 "boiled in his jaws 700,000 caldrons' full of souls;" "Y sarph 
 avlawen yn ei enau ydd oedd yn berwi Saith can mil peiriad o 
 eneidiau." {Gruffydd ab yr Ynad Coch.) Another bard transfers 
 to Yskolan the penance of Judas Iscariot. Attached to the pole of 
 a weir at Bangor his feet were devoured by sea- worms: " Edrych 
 di poen i mi gan mor-bryved ! " Hence the Kymry also learnt to 
 call the Holy Innocents Y vil veibion, The thousand children, and 
 S. Ursula and her company Gweryddon yr Almaen, The virgins of 
 Germany. 
 
 Foremost of Kymric poets stands Aneurin, A.D. 590, a prince 
 
 of the Otodini-Britons in Scotland, who in the Gododin narrates 
 
 the ruin of his clansmen in the fatal battle of 
 
 5. Poetry. Cattraeth (Cataractonium). It is, perhaps, the 
 
 longest sustained poetic effort of the Kymry, but singularly devoid
 
 Mediaeval Literature of the Kymry. 12 1 
 
 of incident, and, in truth, a string of descriptive panegyrics. His 
 contemporary Tai.iksix is styled Ben-beirdd, Chief of Bards, which 
 marks the judgment of his countrymen. But his poems are 
 disfigured by barbarous affectation and scraps of bad Latin; and 
 most moderns would with me strongly prefer the elegiac effusions 
 of Llywarch Hkn, a prince of Cumbria, A.D. 630, the Sir 
 Lamorack of romance. Very true and tender is his Lament over 
 his host Kynddylan of Powis; and his fond regret for his bravest 
 son slain in battle, " Teg yd gan yr aderyn dan berwydd bren Uch 
 pen Gwen; Kyn ei olo tan dywarch, briwai galch Llywarch Hen." 
 " Fair is the song of the bird on the apple-tree, above the head of 
 Gwen: Ere he was laid under the sod, he would bruise the mail of 
 old Llywarch." Mr. Stephens has laboured to show that the poet 
 Myrddin Wyllt of Scotland is identical with Myrddin Emrys 
 (Martinus Ambrosius); but Giraldus found a copy at Nevyn of 
 Merlin Wyllt, " long sought for and desired." {April p, 1188. 
 Itiuerar. Kambriae.) The same meritorious critic has assigned to 
 a later period the Stanzas of the Months attributed to Aneurin; I 
 will only notice their resemblance to those found in the old 
 Editions of the Kalendrier des Bergers, e.g. Paris, 1499. From 
 the seventh to the twelfth century was the Dark Age of Kymric 
 poetry; in its murky womb was slowly maturing the monster of 
 Alliteration, as Mr. Stephens humourously puts it. The true 
 poetic spirit reposed in the cloister. Bernard of Morlaix, a Breton 
 and kinsman of the Kymry, wrote his lovely Sequence ' Hie breve 
 vivitur,' the original of the now popular hymns, ' Brief life is here 
 our portion/ and ' Jerusalem the golden.' And a very free Welsh 
 translation of the Vent Creator Spiritus, ' Tyr'd Yspryd Sanct, 
 Creawdwr byd, bydoedd Eur-nav,' is found in the Llyvyr yr Ancr. 
 From the twelfth century till now there is an uninterrupted series 
 of poets of varying merit, who struggled in the bonds imposed by 
 their pedantic ancestors. It will suffice to notice Howel ab Owain 
 Gwynedd, prince of North Wales, A.D. 1130, Irish on his mother's 
 side, a charming fellow and a genuine unaffected poet; Gwalchmai 
 ab Meilyr, A.D. 1 1 60, whose war-song was admired by Bishop
 
 122 Mediaeval Liter attire of the Kymry. 
 
 Percy; Davydd ab Gwilym, A.D. 1370, the amatory poet of 
 
 Wales; and Lewys Glyn Cothi, A.D. 1470, an ardent partisan of 
 
 the House of Lancaster. 
 
 Although I may not be qualified to pass judgment on this 
 
 rough lyre of wild Wales, and have already intimated my small 
 
 respect for its artificial bonds and excess of 
 
 6. Suggestive Alliteration, I will not omit a brief notice of 
 character of Kymric . , TTri _ 
 
 poetry- lts su gg estlve character. When Tahesin sings, 
 
 " Neud garw hin, Pan yw gorvaran twrv tonau 
 
 wrth Ian ? " we are reminded of the melodious strength of Homeric 
 
 Greek or the poetic vividness of old French prose-writers, such as 
 
 Paradin. [Cronique de Savoie.) And in fewest words he suggests 
 
 the spring by " Pan yw dien gwlith, A briallu a briwddail," 
 
 ' When the dew is fresh, and the primroses and tender leaves.' 
 
 Alliteration is sometimes happily employed, as by Meredydd ab 
 
 Rhys; " Treisiaist goed am eu trysor, Tymhestyl, a mawr gwestyl 
 
 mor," ' Thou hast rifled the wood for its treasure, Thou tempest 
 
 and great whistle of the sea.' And by Davydd ab Gwilym, " Y 
 
 gwynt, ystyrmant yr ystormydd," ' Thou wind, the instrument of 
 
 the storms.' Llewelyn Vardd writes, " Ym mher Aber-Menwenver 
 
 ucher echwydd," ' In the sweet estuary of Menwenver of tranquil 
 
 evening;' a picture in a single line like the cvScieAos 'lOaKrj of the 
 
 Odyssey: and Gwalchmai " Addvwyn dyddaw dwvr dychwardd 
 
 gwyrdd wrth echwydd," ' Charmingly glides the dimpling green 
 
 water at evening.' Davydd ab Gwilym calls the snow ' lledrith 
 
 blawd gwenith,' an illusion of wheaten flour; and the verdure of 
 
 the earth is ' casul hav,' the chasuble of summer. The ceremonies 
 
 of the Church inspired men's imagination. In his Song of the 
 
 Blackbird the same bard describes the sweet bird singing at dawn 
 
 like a silver bell, celebrating Mass (cynnal Aberth) till the hour 
 
 when vapours have cleared off. In following the order of the 
 
 Church's offices, he strikes the note that lingers tremulously in 
 
 Herrick's lovely lines to the Daffodils. Another bard sees in the 
 
 primrose an image of the consecrated Hostia (avrllad). 
 
 It has been remarked that the poetic spirit of the Kymry is
 
 Mediaeval Literature of the Kymry. 123 
 
 better seen in some prose remains than in the stiff artificiality of 
 the bards. Mr. Matthew Arnold appears to 
 
 7. Picturesque admire the euphonious names of places, such 
 names of the British 
 
 Kelts as "ehndre, Caernarvon, &c. Let me draw 
 
 attention to the wealth of poetic surnames 
 among the Kymry of the Middle Ages. Such are Gwineu Deu 
 vreuddwyd, 'of the two dreams;' Kynvas curvagl, 'of the gold 
 staff; ' Dyvrig beneurog, ' golden head ; ' Davydd esgid-aur, ' of the 
 golden buskin;' Gogan g/eddyv-rhudd, ' of the ruddy sword;' Padr- 
 ogyl pa/adr-dde//t, ' Patroclus with the shivered shaft;' Rhiwallon 
 ivallt-banhadlcn, ' broom-head ; ' and Sandde bryd-ange/, ' Alexander 
 of angelic beauty.' (Owen, Cambrian Biography.) The Bretons 
 have fortunately retained the beautiful names of their fathers: the 
 Welsh, seeking conformity with the English, have lost them; and 
 by their adoption of Puritanism have taken up many of the mis- 
 pronounced and misunderstood names of the old Hebrews, as if a 
 return to Judaism was the crowning glory of Christianity.
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 LATER LITERATURE OF WALES. 
 
 If we accept a certain aptitude for re-producing an exhausted stock 
 of ideas, then we must acknowledge some merit in the numerous 
 bards and poetasters of Wales since the Reformation period. But 
 I prefer reminding the reader of men who, now greatly forgotten 
 in Wales, are more interesting and better merit attention. Their 
 writing in English or Latin and for a wider audience should not 
 deprive Kambria of the merit of her sons. We have then 
 
 i. Sir John Prise, who wrote a ' Description of Kambria,' 
 A.D. 1553. 
 
 2. William Thomas, Clerk of the Council to Edward VI., 
 author of a 'History of Italy' in black letter, A.D. 1554, a rare 
 and valuable work, and the first on that subject published in 
 England, full of racy old English. 
 
 3. Griffith Roberts, already mentioned, Vicar General of S. 
 Carlo Borromeo Archbishop of Milan, Author of ' Dosbarth byrr i 
 ramadeg Cymraeg,' dedicated to William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke 
 and Lord of Cardiff, who himself spoke the Welsh tongue purely; 
 published at Milan, A.D. 1567. 
 
 4. Maurice Clennock or Morys of Clynnog, bishop-elect of 
 Bangor, Rector of the English College at Rome, Author of a 
 manual of Christian doctrine, Athrawiaeth Gristnogawl, printed at 
 Milan, A.D. 1568. It contains expositions of the Creed, the 
 Pater, the Ave Maria, the Salve Regina, the Ten Commandments, 
 the Five Commandments of the Church, the Seven Sacraments, 
 the Eight Beatitudes, the Works of Mercy, and the Rosary or
 
 Later Literature of Wales. 125 
 
 Fifteen Mysteries of Our Lord, five joyful, five sorrowful, and five 
 glorious. 
 
 5. William Salisbury, Translator of the New Testament into 
 Welsh, A.D. 1567. 
 
 6. Humphrey Llwyd of Denbigh, Author of a History of 
 Wales, founded on the Welsh of Caradoc of Llancarvan, A.D. 
 1568. 
 
 7. William Morgan bishop of S. Asaph, the first Translator of 
 the holy Bible into Welsh, A.D. 1588. 
 
 8. Robert Gwynne, a Roman Catholic priest, Translator of 
 Parsons' Llyvr y Resolusion into Welsh, " a book much used and 
 valued among the Welsh people," A.D. 1 59 1 . 
 
 9. John Penry of Brecknockshire, too well known as the 
 writer of the Martin Mar-prelate tracts, the spirit of which a single 
 title reveals, ' Pap with an hatchet or a fig for my godson,' A.D. 
 
 1593- 
 
 10. Sir Roger Williams of Penrhos in Monmouthshire, a writer 
 on military science, A.D. 1595. 
 
 11. Captain William Middleton of Gwaenynog near Denbigh, 
 the first Translator of the Psalms into Welsh metre, A.D. 1595. 
 
 12. Thomas Churchyard of Monmouth, Author of a poem 
 'The Worthiness of Wales,' A.D. 1604. 
 
 13. Michael Drayton, the poet of 'the Poly-Olbion,' though 
 English, a warm Philo-Kambrian; whose knowledge of Welsh 
 topography was as correct as it is remarkable, A.D. 1631. 
 
 14. John David Rhys, an accomplished Italian and Welsh 
 grammarian; A.D. 1609. 
 
 15. John Owen 'the Epigrammatist,' of Llanarmon in Caer- 
 narvonshire, A.D. 1622. 
 
 16. Sir John Wynne of Gwydyr, Author of highly interesting 
 Memorials,- A.D. 1626. 
 
 17. Lewis Bayley of Caermarthen, bishop of Bangor, Author 
 of a once popular Manual, 'The Practice of Piety,' A.D. 1632. 
 
 18. John Philips, bishop of Man, Translator of the Bible into 
 Manx, A.D. 1633.
 
 126 Later Literature of Wales. 
 
 19. Doctor John Davies of Malhvyd, the Latin- Welsh lexico- 
 grapher, A.D. 1644. 
 
 20. Rhys Prichard, Vicar of Llandovery, Author of a popular 
 book in verse, called Canwyll y Kymry or the Candle of the 
 Welsh, A.D. 1644. 
 
 21. Edward, Lord Herbert of Chirbury, the Philosopher, A.D. 
 1648. 
 
 22. Thomas Vaughan, the Rosicrucian, writing under the name 
 of Eugenius Philalethes, A.D. 1665, whose Platonic disquisitions on 
 the soul anticipate some fine passages in Wordsworth's great Ode 
 on Intimations of Immortality. 
 
 23. James Howell of Jesus College, Oxford, the first Historio- 
 grapher Royal, a lively and agreeable writer, A.D. 1666. 
 
 24. Robert Vaughan of Hengwrt, the learned antiquary and 
 collector of Welsh manuscripts, A.D. 1667. 
 
 25. Henry Vaughan of Usk, brother of Thomas Vaughan, 
 self-styled the Si'/uri'st, an exquisite poet, whose lines on the 
 Pre-existence of the Soul may worthily compare with Wordsworth's 
 grand Ode above referred to, A.D. 1695. 
 
 26. Edward Lluyd of Chirk, the learned Author of ' Archae- 
 ologia Britannica,' and Wales's most judicious antiquary, A.D. 
 1709. 
 
 27. Ellis Wynne, Author of Bardd Cwsg, ' the Bard of Sleep,' 
 a popular work in Welsh after the manner of the Visions of Don 
 Alonzo de Quevedo, A.D. 1720. Mr. George Borrow has Englished 
 the work incorrectly as ' the Sleeping Bard.' 
 
 28. William Baxter of Llanllugan in Montgomeryshire, nephew 
 of the saintly Richard Baxter, Author of a Dictionary of British 
 Antiquities, A.D. 1723. 
 
 29. John Gambold of Haverfordwest, a Moravian bishop, Author 
 of some fine sermons, A.D. 1 771 . William Gambold, A.D. 1700, 
 was the author of an English- Welsh grammar. 
 
 30. Theophilus Evans of Llangammarch, Author of a popular 
 abstract of Welsh history, Drych y Priv Oesoedd or ' The Mirror 
 of the Early Times,' A.D. 1775.
 
 Later Literature of Wales. 127 
 
 31. Thomas Pennant of Downing in Flintshire, the happiest 
 of descriptive tourists, A.D. 1794. 
 
 Lastly, I gratefully commemorate Owen Jones of Myvyr and 
 Doctor William Owen Pughe, to whom we owe the preservation of 
 the Kambrian language and antiquities. 
 
 Shakespeare, as the Poet of humanity, presents the multiform 
 
 aspect of the thought of Man, not of any special race or family; 
 
 so it is no arrogance to claim for the Keltic 
 
 i. Keltic race a 5]^,^ } n hj s thought and sentiment, 
 
 influence on modern 
 
 literature ^ nc * ^ s0 > tne P rox i m ity ar, d political position 
 
 of the Kymry indicate them rather than the 
 Gael or Irish as the source of the Keltic strand in the many- 
 coloured web of Shakespearian thought. To enjoy the exquisite 
 proofs of the presence of that strand in Shakespeare, I must refer 
 the reader to Matthew Arnold's sympathetic account in his book of 
 1 Celtic Literature.' For the romantic, the unexpected, the revel- 
 ation of tender sentiment as by a lightning-flash of intuition, the 
 perception of the beautiful in evanescent forms and dew-drops of 
 thought such traits betoken the stirrings of Keltic genius. Spenser, 
 having chosen the mould of Middle Age romance for the production 
 of the Faery Queen, thereby adopted the creations of Keltic 
 thought; and in his delineation of King Arthur transports us to 
 Merioneth, where the silver Dee springs under ' Rauran mossy 
 hoar ' and old Timon reared his famous nursling. Drayton lingers 
 delighted among the torrents of Cambria, and like the Kelts pre- 
 sents a fairy vignette in a couple of lines. We owe ' the Bard ' 
 of Gray to the enthusiasm created at Cambridge by Mr. Parry the 
 harper, who " scratched out such wild ravishing music as set the 
 learned academicians dancing." 
 
 Whether Macpherson invented Ossian or improved on Gaelic 
 fragments matters little, so it be granted (as it must) that he 
 caught the true ring and inspiration of Keltic poetry; his poem, 
 for poem it is and a grand one, inflamed the imagination of 
 Napoleon; and Oscar became an honoured name in the House of 
 Bernadotte. The learned few, such as Ussher and Stillingfleet, had
 
 128 Later Literature of Wales. 
 
 long before done justice to the British Church; but the tide of 
 prejudice slackened, when Wotton edited the Laws of Howel Dda, 
 Sharon Turner vindicated the Bards, and Sir Francis Palgrave 
 investigated the records of Wales. The conception of Childe 
 Harold is akin to the wild self-assertion of Llywarch Hen, unsub- 
 dued as yet to the perfect beauty of sentiment and colouring of 
 Tennyson's lines ' Tears, idle tears,' &c. De Musset's fine stanzas 
 depicting autumn betray a Keltic feeling. Sir Walter Scott's 
 imagination was saturated with Keltic poetry: he was unfamiliar 
 with the Kymry, and failed comparatively in ' the Betrothed.' 
 Southey's ' Madoc ' shows at least his appreciation of the wild 
 charm of that romantic legend. Wordsworth loved Wales and its 
 scenery, as a true mountaineer could not fail to do. His glorious 
 Ode on Immortality, which saith that " trailing clouds of glory do 
 we come From God who is our home," echoes the Platonic strain 
 of Thomas Vaughan, who attributes the waywardness of the soul 
 to her dissatisfaction with aught but God, from Whom at first she 
 descended; " if she fancies herself in the midst of the sea, presently 
 she is there, and hears the rushing of the billows" this Words- 
 worth expands into one of the finest passages in the Ode. Lady 
 Charlotte Guest opened to the English reader the rich casket of 
 gems locked up in the Mabinogion. William Barnes, the Dorset- 
 shire poet, has written honestly and fairly about the Kymry. The 
 German Zeuss has established the basis of Keltic philology: De 
 Courson in his History of the Bretons has in part traversed the 
 field of Welsh antiquities; De la Villemarque is an enthusiast in all 
 that appertains to his race; while De Belloguet has left admirable 
 fruit of patient and critical research. 
 
 In quitting my subject, I invite the reader to contemplate the 
 
 last home and character of this old Kymric race, ere the effacing 
 
 fingers of modern Progress have marred its 
 
 , , **y lineaments beyond recall. The true Welshman 
 and character. ' 
 
 will still applaud the outburst of enthusiasm in 
 
 the lines of Howel ab Owain Gwynedd:
 
 Later Literature of Wales. 129 
 
 Carav ei br/Jedd braint hywredd, A'i diffaith mawr-vaith a'i maranedd ; 
 
 Carav ei morva, a'i mynyddedd, A'i chaer ger ei choed, a'i chain diredd, 
 
 A'i dolydil, a'i dwvyr, a'i dyffrynedd, A'i gwylain gwynion, a'i gwymp wragedd." 
 
 ' I love her regions with their gift of heroism, her vast solitude and strands: 
 I love her sea-land and her mountains, her fort by its wood and her bright 
 
 lawns, 
 Her dales and water and valleys, her white seagulls and her fair women.' 
 
 No later guide-book has surpassed in interest Leland's minute 
 gossip concerning the castles and abbeys, whilst there was yet an 
 1 Abbat of Whitland ' to welcome the tourist and draw his regard 
 to ' some praty pile longging to ould Syr Rhece.' Drayton (A.D. 
 1 631) was quite at home in Wales, though he may have learnt his 
 lore from his patron 'Master John Williams, goldsmith, of London,' 
 who seems to have opened the path more boldly pursued by the 
 noble furrier of Thames Street, Owen Jones of Myvyr. A little 
 later (A.D. 1639), Thomas Johnson the botanist traversed North 
 Wales, and recorded his impressions in elegant Latinity. A chemist 
 on Snow Hill, London, his classic taste converted Mynydd Bychan 
 in the home of storms (so he terms the most westerly point of 
 Merioneth) into Mi/viv fiapeiav. Another amiable naturalist, John 
 Ray, is full of sympathy with the Welsh, whom he pronounces 
 ' generally ' to be " extremely civil and well bred, very honest and 
 courteous to strangers." (A.D. 1658. Itinerary?) Two Venetian 
 envoys to the English court (A.D. 1 53 1 , &c.) reported somewhat 
 differently. Saith one, they " are given to larcenies, and boast of 
 being the true aboriginal Britons:" saith the other, "The Welch- 
 man is sturdy, poor, adapted to war, and sociable (conversevole);" 
 and "far above all, tall of stature, and robust." (Venetian State 
 Papers) In the eighteenth century Herring bishop of Bangor, 
 one of Myrddin's ' Esgyb anghyvieith, diffaith, diffydd,' on his 
 primary visitation, " rode intrepidly, but slowly, through North 
 Wales to Shrewsbury; and in a place of the most frightful solitude 
 (Beddgelert ?) a harper drew about him a group of figures, that 
 Hogarth would give any price for." (letters. Sept. 11, 1739.) 
 The poet Dyer, a native of the Towy-side, has in his ' Grongar
 
 130 Later Literature of Wales. 
 
 Hill ' depicted the milder beauties of Kambria. When Dr. Clarke 
 reached the summit of Parnassus in Greece, it resembled Kader- 
 Idris in Wales, with its crater and large pool of water. [Travels. 
 Dec. 76, 1801.) Samuel Johnson was never an admirer of Nature; 
 but Caernarvon Castle surpassed his expectations, and he even 
 discovered that the Welsh language was not inharmonious in a 
 pulpit discourse. [Diary of a Journey in North Wales.) Cadair 
 Idris and Penmaenmawr find notice in Wordsworth's 'Excursion;' 
 the first discharged lava three feet deep as lately as 1769. [Annual 
 Register. June 75.) Wordsworth records with admiration ' the 
 sea-sunsets of the Vale of Clwyd,' and " the sublime estuary of 
 Barmouth, which may compare with the finest of Scotland, having 
 the advantage of a superior climate." [Memoirs of W. W. } Vol. 
 IL. } p. 125) While Queen Victoria, whose artistic judgment all 
 admit, is reported as saying that " the scenery surrounding Pale 
 (in Merioneth) was brighter than that in Scotland at Balmoral." 
 The Standard. August 28, 188Q.)
 
 .31 
 
 APPENDICES 
 
 w^
 
 APPENDIX. No. I. 
 
 GREEK-K Y.MRIC VOCABLES. 
 
 AaskO) to hurt = gwascu, to press. 
 
 Ablcchros, incomplete, weak = avlwyr. 
 
 Abrotc, night = abred, the unseen world. 
 
 Abyssos, the deep = aphwys ; Sanskrit, avisha, the ocean ; Irish, 
 
 aibheis. 
 Ac/ieo, to suffer pain = achwyn, to complain. 
 Ac /mat, chaff = chwyn, weeds. 
 Achnymai, to complain or be vexed = achwyn. 
 Achos, grief = ochaiti, to groan. 
 Ade/os, uncertain = annilys. 
 Adranes, a wretch =y druan. 
 Ael/a, a gale = awe/. 
 Ageiro, to drive, e.g., cattle = gyrru. 
 Agcli\ a herd = /'/, hiliogaeth, seed, posterity. 
 
 = haig o bysgod, a shoal of fishes. 
 
 Ag/aoSf fair = glan; aglaon hydor, dwr gldn. 
 
 Agotu'a, a wrestling = egni, force, intense effort. 
 
 Agrios. wild = agarw. 
 
 Aigi'a/os, aigialon, a sea- beach =g/aun. 
 
 Ailinon, a dirge = allwynin, sorrowful. 
 
 Aipys, high = e/>ynt, a slope. 
 
 Airomat, to carry = arwedd. 
 
 Akares, a dwarf = korr. 
 
 Akcomai, to heal = iachan.
 
 134 Appendix. No. I. 
 
 Akos, healing = t'dck, sound. 
 
 Akoustikc, hearing = gosteg, bidding to hear or to be silent. 
 
 Akroaomat, to hear = gwrando. 
 
 Aktc: Demeteros akte (Hesi'od), a crop of com=atgen y ddaear, 
 
 the fruit of the earth. 
 Aktin, a sunbeam = echtywynnu, to glitter. 
 Aleo, to grind = main; chwalu, to scatter. 
 Aleipho, to besmear = llyvu, to lick; gw/yb, moist. 
 Ah'sgeo, to po\\ute= ha/ogt. 
 
 Allochroeo, to change colour, to fade = l/ygru, to corrupt. 
 Alios, another = all, second. 
 Alysco, to avoid; alalco, to ward off=gochel. 
 Amaldyno, to corrupt = mallu. 
 Amblyno, to blunt = ambylu. 
 Amblys, blunt = ambwl. 
 Ameter, a husbandman = antaethwr . 
 Ametros, immeasurable = anveidrol. 
 Amphi, around = am. 
 
 Amphibrochos, washed over = amvrochus, foamy. 
 Amphilyke nyx, night dawning into day (Homer) = nos amlwg, a 
 
 clear night. 
 Amyno, to ward off = amwyn. 
 Anagraphe, a copy = anghraifft, a sample. 
 Anangke, necessity = angen. 
 Anchi, near to = wngc and agos. 
 Aner, a man = ener, natural. 
 Anerithmos, countless = aneiriv. 
 Anogo, to urge = annog. 
 Ao, to flow = aw-on, a river. 
 Apeileo, to threaten = bygylu. 
 Apene, a chariot or wain = menu, y venn. 
 Araios, infrequent = arav, slow. 
 Arche, a beginning = dechreu. 
 Archo, to bid = erchi. 
 Arctos, a bear = arth.
 
 Appendix. No. I. 135 
 
 Argaleos, difficult = erchyll, horrible. 
 
 Arithmos, number = rhiv. 
 
 Aronrai, acres = erwri. 
 
 Askopera, a scrip =ysgreppan. 
 
 Aspis, a shield = aes. 
 
 Asyphelos, injured, hence bashful = swil. 
 
 Atar and autar, but = eithr. 
 
 Athreo, to see = athraw, a teacher, one who sees or who knows. 
 
 Atmetios {Homer), a slave = adyn, a wretch. 
 
 Attn and Tetta {endearing terms in Homer) = tad, father. 
 
 Atyzo-atychtheis, terrified = dychryn, fright. 
 
 Andao, cud, 1, to utter a cry = dywawd, say thou. 
 
 Attde, a cry = gwaedd. 
 
 Atiete, a shout = gwaedd. 
 
 Attge, light = awch. 
 
 Auo, to dry up = gwywo. 
 
 Aurion, to-morrow yvoru. 
 
 Baios, little = bdch. 
 
 Bambaino, to babble = baban; Italian, bambino, a baby. 
 
 Baptizo, to baptize = bedyddio. 
 
 Bapto, to dip = boddi, to drown. 
 
 Bart's {Josephus), a king's palace =prain. 
 
 Beio, to live = byw. 
 
 Belemnos, a bolt = bliv. 
 
 Belos, a bolt = bollt. 
 
 Bex, bechos, a cough =peswch: also, beichio, to hiccough. 
 
 Bios, K bow = bwa. 
 
 Biotos, a living = bywyd, life. 
 
 B/aisos, stammering = bloesg. 
 
 Bombaino, to buzz = bwhwmman. 
 
 Bora, food = bar a, bread. 
 
 Boreas, the north wind = bhr, violence. 
 
 Boubalos, a buffalo = bual. 
 
 Bottle, counsel =pwyll, discretion.
 
 136 Appendix. No. I. 
 
 Bou/esis, will = etvyllys. 
 
 Bounos, a hill = bann, bryn. 
 
 Bous, an ox = bu. 
 
 Brachion, an arm = braich. 
 
 Bradys, slow = braidd, scarcely. 
 
 Bremo, to roar = brevu, to low. 
 
 Briar os, strong = breyr, a baron or mighty man. 
 
 Broche, a loud sound = broch. 
 
 Brycho, to chafe = brochi. 
 
 Bryion, moss = bnvyn, rushes. 
 
 Bythos, depth = bedd, the grave. 
 
 Kaballes, a horse = keffyl. 
 Kakos, evil = kachiad, a coward. 
 Kados, a cask = kadw, to keep. 
 Kainos, kainon y new = hoen, fine. 
 Kalamos, a reed = kalav. 
 
 Kaleo, to call = galw : kalessa, I called = gelwais. 
 Kalon, fair = gldn. 
 Kalos, fair = glwys. 
 
 Kalypto, to hide = kelu : kelyddon, coverts. 
 Kamatos, labour = keimiad, a wayfarer. 
 Kampto, to bend = kammu. 
 Kanachizo, to knock = knoccio. 
 Kangkanos, dry = kaingc, a branch. 
 Kangchrys, barley = bar a kannrhyg, rye bread. 
 Kantharos, a pitcher = kann. 
 
 Kapane, the cover of a carriage = kavnu, to hollow. 
 Karanos, the head or skull = karan or garan. 
 Karkinos, a crab = krangc. 
 Kardia, the heart = krai. 
 Karpalimbs, instantly = kyvlym, swiftly. 
 Karteros, strong = kadarn. 
 
 Kazo, ekekasto, ' he had the trick of managing ' the spear {Homer) 
 = Aast, a trick.
 
 Appendix. No. I. 137 
 
 Kutccho, to detain = kadw. 
 
 Kathairo, to cleanse = karthu. 
 
 Kathcdra, a chair = kadatr. 
 
 Kaulos, pot-herbs = kawl, potage. 
 
 Kedet'os, dear = ku. 
 
 JCedo, to assail = kydio. 
 
 Kelainos, black = ke/at'n, a livid object, a corpse. 
 
 Keleuo, to bid, call on = galw ar. 
 
 A'ni/iio, kcntiin, to pierce = gwanu. 
 
 Knitron, a spur = Armoric, qttentr; Welsh, gottoyw. 
 
 Keraizo, to waste = kcryddu, to chastise. 
 
 Kercho, to curl = krychu. 
 
 , to scold = keccru. 
 
 Kerchnos, quarrelsome = keccrus. 
 
 Kcrdeon {Homer), better = goreu. 
 
 Kerdon, a cobbler = krydd. 
 
 Keryx, a crier, a herald = crt\ a cry. 
 
 Kestos, a girdle = kest, the stomach. 
 
 Keutho, to hide = kuddio; Sanskrit, Kiid y to cover. 
 
 Keyx, a kingfisher =gwyac/i 1 waterfowl. 
 
 Kt'bdeleuo, to deprave (coin) = kribddeiliaw, to extort. 
 
 Kichetni, to pursue = kychwyn, to start on a journey. 
 
 Kinados, a fox = kadnaw. 
 
 Kinco, to move = egi'no, to sprout. 
 
 Kirkos, a circle = kylch, and kyrch. 
 
 Kistc, a chest = kist. Kithare, a guitar = krwth. 
 
 Klados, a branch =ysg/odyn, a chip. 
 
 Klaio, to weep = wylo. 
 
 Klazo, to cry aloud = llais, a voice. 
 
 K/eio, to lock up = kloi. 
 
 Klema, a bough = kloven. 
 
 K/eoSy glory = glew, brave. 
 
 Klino, to bend towards = glynu, to adhere. 
 
 , to bend or give way = kilio. 
 
 Klotnax and Kolone, a knoll = klogwyn. 
 R
 
 138 Appendix. No. I. 
 
 Kloneo, to crowd = glynu, to adhere. 
 
 Klozo, to sibilate = clock, a bell. 
 
 Klyo, to hear = klywed. 
 
 Klyster, a syringe = chwistrell. 
 
 Klytos, renowned = glyd, a lord. 
 
 Klyzo, to wash = golchi. 
 
 Knaio, to bite = knot; Armoric, naff, to gnaw; Welsh, newyn, 
 
 famine. 
 Knemi, to shear = kneivio. 
 Knetho, to rub = knithio. 
 Kokkos, a red dye = koch, red. 
 Kokkyx. a cuckoo = kdg. 
 Koile, a gaol = geol. 
 Koilos, hollow = gwyll, spectres. The Persians term their evil 
 
 spirits Ghoids. 
 Kolone, a hill = klogwyn. 
 Kolouo, to maim = klwyvo. 
 Komizo, komizein, to carry = kywain. 
 Kompos, display = kamp, an exploit. 
 Kompsos, elegant = gwymp. 
 Konie, fine white dust = gwyn, white. 
 Konos, a. cone = konyn. 
 Korax, a raven = kryg, hoarse. 
 Koros, a boy = korr, a dwarf. 
 Korthyo, ' to lash ' into foam (Homeric with regard to waves = 
 
 korddi, to churn. 
 Korymbos, the topmost sprout = koryn, the head. 
 Koryphe, koryphen, the top of the head = koryn. 
 
 , a conclusion = gorphen, to finish. 
 
 Kouphon, light =ysgavn. 
 
 Kourmi, ale = kwrwv. 
 
 Kradaino, to shudder = krynn; and kryd, a fever. 
 
 Kradao, to shake = kryd, a fever. 
 
 Kraipna, quick = krap (olwg), at a glance. 
 
 Kranion, the skull = kreuan.
 
 Appendix. No. I. 1 39 
 
 Kratos, strength = kadr, strong, valiant. 
 
 Krauge, a cry = kriccied, a cricket. 
 
 JCreas, kreatos, flesh = knawd. 
 
 Krt'os, a ram = Irish, kaor; preserved in the Welsh kor-lan, a 
 
 sheepfold. 
 Krizo, to cry = krto. 
 Krige, a creaking = kryg, hoarse. 
 Kroaino, to clatter = krynu, to shake. 
 JCrouo, to knock = kuro. 
 Ktypos, a din = wbwb. 
 Kyaiios } dark blue = gwinau. 
 Kykdo, to disturb = gwg, anger. 
 KykJos, a circle = kylch. 
 Kyllos, bent = M/, narrow. 
 Kyma, a wave = cftwyv, a swell. 
 Jfymbe, a bowl = kwmm, a combe or hollow. 
 Kynee, a helmet = Gaelic, kean, head ; W. pen. 
 Kynidion, a whelp = kenau. 
 Kyo, kyso, to kiss = kusanu. 
 Kyon, a dog = hi. 
 Kypellon, a cup = hwppan. 
 Kyrtos, short or squab = korr, a dwarf. 
 
 C/iairo, to sport = chwarae. 
 
 Chaite, hair = kudyn, a lock of hair. 
 
 C/ialaino, to loose = gollwng. 
 
 Chalkon, brass = alka?i, tin. 
 
 Charadre, a waterfall = rhaiadr. 
 
 Chazo, chade, to allow or permit = gadael. 
 
 Chei/os, the lip = gwevl. 
 
 Cheimoiiy winter = gauav. 
 
 Chele, a pair of tongues = gevel. 
 
 Chcras, gravel = graian. 
 
 Cherros, rough, desert = gerwin. 
 
 Chleuazo, to mock = hellwair.
 
 140 Appendix. No. I. 
 
 Chliaros, lukewarm as klaear. 
 Cholos, lame = kloff. 
 Choiridion, a little pig = kardydwyn. 
 Chorde, a string = kortyn. 
 Choreuo, to dance = chwarae. 
 Choros, a choir = kor. 
 Chroys, chroyn, skin = krocn. 
 Chthes = echdoe, yesterday. 
 
 Dai'o, to burn = deivio, to singe ; diva, to consume. 
 
 Dakno, to bite = knoi; also dygn, painful. 
 
 Dakrya, tears = dagrau. 
 
 Darthano, to fall asleep = dar-hun. 
 
 Das, dados, a torch = dydd, the day. 
 
 Dasys, thick = das, a haystack ; Sanskrit, dhasas, a heap. 
 
 Deka, ten = deg. 
 
 Dcesis, a request = deisyv. 
 
 Deiknyo, deiknyeis, to show = dangos. 
 
 Deile, evening = tywyll, dark. 
 
 Deleo, to delude = twyllo. 
 
 Delo, to bait = da/a, to catch. 
 
 Demos, fat = tew. 
 
 Deomai, to beseech = deisyv. 
 
 Depseo, to bake = toesi. 
 
 Deriao, deriaasthon {Homer), to contend = taeru, to aver conten- 
 
 tiously. 
 Derko, to behold = edrych. 
 Dero, to flay = torri, to break or rend. 
 Deron, long ago = hir. 
 Deyro, hither ! = dyred, come here ! 
 
 Diaeta, diet, or Diota, a drinking cup = diawd, diod, drink. 
 Dikella, a fork or prong, i.e., an irregular weapon = dichell, deceit. 
 Dinai, the eddies of deep water = dwvn, deep. 
 Do (for doma Homer), a house = ty. 
 Dodeka, twelve = deuddeg.
 
 Appendix. No. I. 141 
 
 Dolos, deceit = twyll. 
 Drakon, a dragon = draig. 
 Drimys, pungent = trwm, heavy. 
 Dryinos, oaken = derwen, an oak. 
 Drypto, to tear = dry //to. 
 Drys, dryn, an oak = derw. 
 Dyno, to dip = dwvn, deep. 
 Dyo, two = dan. 
 
 Ear, the spring = ir, fresh, green. 
 
 Ekei, there = accw . 
 
 Echeo, echein, to scream = ochain. 
 
 Echetle, a plough-handle = haeddc/. 
 
 Echos, a scream = aich. 
 
 Eeldomai, to desire = ewy//ys } will. 
 
 Egeiro, to wake = agor, to open. 
 
 Eido/on, an image = dclw . 
 
 Eidos, appearance = gwedd. 
 
 Eilapine, a feast or merry-making = //aw en, merry. 
 
 Et/eo, to eddy = cnwy/, wheel. 
 
 Ei mi, I am = wyv. 
 
 Eimi, I go = mi a &v. 
 
 Eipe, he said = eb eve. 
 
 Eirgo, to enclose = argae. 
 
 Ei/a, after that = wedi. 
 
 E/aion, oil = e/t\ ointment. 
 
 E/ao, to chase = he/a. 
 
 E/aphos, a stag = e/ain, a doe. 
 
 E/asson, less = //at'. 
 
 E/auno, to drive = erlyn. 
 
 Elektor (Homer), the sun = hylathr, dazzling. 
 
 Elcphantos, an elephant = o/ijfant. 
 
 E/entheros, liberal = helaeth. 
 
 E/innyo, to tarry =g/ynnn, to adhere to. 
 
 E/itha, copiously = Ihoyth, a load.
 
 142 Appendix. No. I. 
 
 Emplastron, a plaister =plastr. 
 
 Emplen, beside =ymyl. 
 
 En (Doric, em), in =yn. 
 
 Enkykleo, to surround = amgylchu. 
 
 Enkylindeo, to surround = Armoric, englennaff, to stick to; Welsh, 
 
 glynnu. 
 Endon, within =ynddo. 
 Engys, near = wng and agos. 
 Enipe, reproach = enllib, slander. 
 
 Entha, here ; entha kai entha, here and there = yna, there. 
 Erannos, amiable = eirian, fair. 
 Eremos, quiet = arav, slow. 
 Ereundn, to search = olrheam. 
 Ergao, eorga, to do = ev a orug, he did. 
 Erike, heath = gryg. 
 Erinnys, a fury = arynnaig, fear. 
 Eris, strife = gwrys. 
 Erizomai, to strive = ymryson. 
 Erbe, eroes, a stoppage = aros, to stay. 
 Erythros, red = rhudd. 
 Ethos, habit = gwedd. 
 Eti, yet = eto. 
 Etor, heart = torr, belly. 
 
 , courage = hyder. 
 
 Enaldes, effectual = hyull. 
 Euboulos, well advised = hybwyll. 
 Eukelos, quiet = hygel, obscure. 
 Euklees, renowned = hyglod. 
 Enkolos, simple = hygoel. 
 Eukraes, well-tempered = hygrawn. 
 Eukyldos, well-rounded = hygylch. 
 Encharis, pleasing = hygar. 
 Eicchole, a vow = golwch, prayer. 
 Euaelos, conspicuous = hywel. 
 Eudromos, of free course = hydrytn.
 
 Appendix. No. I. 143 
 
 Eulabcs, dexterous = hylaw. 
 
 Eu/ampros, splendid = hylathr. 
 
 Eufytos, fragile = hylithr. 
 
 Eumathes, well-nurtured = hyvaith. 
 
 Eumeides, joyous = hyvaidd, bold. 
 
 Eumenes, amiable = hyvwyn; or, hywcn, smiling. 
 
 Eutnetros, skilful = hyvedyr. 
 
 Eunflo, to sleep = httno. 
 
 Enne, a bed, sleeping-place = htiti, sleep. 
 
 Eunous, indulgent, kind = hynaws. 
 
 Euphron, pleasant = hyvryd. 
 
 EuphronZ, night = hyvrwyn. 
 
 Eup/ekes, intricate = hyblyg. 
 
 Euporos, well-supplied = hyborth. 
 
 , expert = hyfforddus. 
 
 Euprepes, handsome = hybryd. 
 Eys, strong = hy, bold. 
 Eufe/es, cheap = hydal. 
 Euteyktog, easy, pliable = hydwyth. 
 Euthales, luxuriant (as to foliage) = hyddail. 
 Eutharses, confident = hyderus. 
 Euthraustos, easily shattered = hydraidd. 
 Eutribes, friable = hydraidd. 
 Eutrocha/os, easily rolling = hydreigyl. 
 EutycheSy lucky = hydwg. 
 
 Galene, a calm after a storm = goleuni, light. 
 
 Gamphelai, the jaws = gavae/, a hold. 
 
 Ganos, joy = hoen. 
 
 Ganymai, to be glad = /leiniv, joyous. 
 
 Gasier, the stomach = gest; also costre//, a bottle. 
 
 Gauros, fierce = cawr, a giant. 
 
 Gegoneo, to speak loud = keg, the mouth. 
 
 Genethle, a race or nation = kencdyl. Genys, a chin = gen. 
 
 Geranos, a crane = garan.
 
 144 Appendix. No. I. 
 
 Geron, an old man = gwr hen. 
 
 Geythmos, a taste = chwaeth. 
 
 Ginglismos, a tickling = goglais. 
 
 Glaukos = glds, gray, as in caseg las, a gray mare; green, as in 
 
 cae g/ds, a green field ; blue, as in awyr las, a blue sky. 
 Glenea, gems = glain, ornaments. 
 
 Glichomai, to desire voluptuously = gwlychn, to moisten (the lips). 
 Glypho, to scrape = llyvu, to lick. 
 
 Gnampto, to curry; also gnapto, to shear = hieivio, to shear. 
 Gnotos, manifest = honnaid. 
 Godo, to wail = gwaeddu. 
 Goe'ros, lamentable = goer, cold. 
 Gonia, a corner = congl. 
 Gbos, woe = gwae. 
 Grapho, to write or scratch with a metallic stylus = hravn, to 
 
 scratch; also argraffu, to print. 
 Grays, an old woman = gwrdch, a hag. 
 Gripaomai, to scratch = kripio. 
 Grypos, bent = hrwbach, a crook. 
 Gryzo, gryzein, to grunt grydian. 
 Gymnos, stript, naked = gwyn, white. 
 Gyne, a woman = given, fair. 
 Gyros, bent = gwyro, to bend. 
 
 Habros, delicate = arab, gentle. 
 
 Hades, the unseen world = hadau, seeds, atoms, the lowest state of 
 
 existence. 
 Halatos, salty = hallt. 
 Halios (Doric Greek), the sun = haul. 
 Halt's, enough = gwala, satiety. 
 Halisho, to drag or catch = llusgo. 
 Hallomai, to leap = llammu. 
 Haloo, to catch = hela, to hunt. 
 Hals, salt = halen. 
 Hamalos, soft = meddal.
 
 Appendix. No. I. 145 
 
 Hamilla, wrestling = amaclyd or ymavlyd. 
 
 Hap to, to touch = haeddti. 
 
 Hebt (Doric, Habd), bloom = hdv, summer. 
 
 Hekyros, a father-in-law = chwegr. 
 
 Helko, helkeis, to drag = kwyso, to turn up clods. 
 
 Helos, a nail = hoel. 
 
 Hesperos, evening = gosper. 
 
 Hesychia, quiet = heddwch. 
 
 Hex, six = chwech. 
 
 Hikanos, enough = digawn. 
 
 Holkos, a furrow = kwys. 
 
 Ho/os, whole = ho/I. 
 
 Homalos, alike = haval. 
 
 Horos, a border = goror. 
 
 Hyalon, glass = glain, beads. 
 
 Hye/os, glass = uvel, a sparkle. 
 
 Hygieia, health = inch, healthy. 
 
 Hypnos r sleep = hint. 
 
 Hypselos, lofty = uchel. 
 
 Hys, a sow = hwch. 
 
 Iachein, to groan = ochain. 
 
 Iallo, to speed = hivylio. 
 
 Iaotnai, to heal = iachau. 
 
 Ichor, a thin fluid = ichivr. 
 
 Ide (in Ionic Greek), forest {Herodotus) = gwydd. 
 
 Idia, property = eiddo. 
 
 Idioma, idiomatos, speech = iaith. 
 
 Jdmen (Doric Greek), we know =givyddom. 
 
 Ilys, dregs, mud = il, sediment. 
 
 lues, nerves = gwyn, aching. 
 
 lorkos {Oppian), a roe = iwrch. 
 
 Ion, oh ! = ow! 
 
 Ites, daring = ehud, rash. 
 
 Ixys, a leg = gwtsgt, nimble.
 
 146 Appendix. No. I. 
 
 Labros, vehement = llawer, abundant, multitudinous. 
 
 Lachne, fine down = gwldn, wool. 
 
 Laltma, breadth = llydan, broad. 
 
 Laleo, elalesa, to speak = Mat's, a voice. 
 
 , to talk = lol, babbling, idle talk. 
 
 Lamyros, eloquent = llavar, sonorous. 
 
 Laos, a people = lliaws, a throng; and //, a host. 
 
 Larynx and laukania, the throat = llwngc, swallow. 
 
 Lasho, to speak = Hat's, a voice. 
 
 Lathra, secretly = llathrudd, a clandestine abduction. 
 
 Lathraios, stealthy = lladradaidd. 
 
 Laura, a broadway = llawr, a floor. 
 
 Lechomai, to couch = llechu. 
 
 Lechos, a bed = lloches, a covert ; and llechu, to lie hid. 
 
 Lego, to cease = gollwng, to drop. 
 
 Leianeo, to smooth = llyvnhdu. 
 
 Leibo, to lick = llyvu. 
 
 Leinton, a meadow = llyvn, smooth ground. 
 
 Leirion, a lily = elestr. 
 
 Lepros, withered = lleipr. 
 
 Leukos, white = llewych, light. 
 
 Leusso, to look = gweled, gwelsom. 
 
 Lilaiomai, to desiie = ewyllys, will. 
 
 Limne, a lake = llyn. 
 
 Lix, an ancient Greek name of the earth {Clemens Alexandrinus) = 
 llwch, dust. 
 
 Lobetos, maimed = llabi, awkward. 
 
 Lochao, to lay an ambush or snare = llechu, to lurk. 
 
 Lochnie, a lurking-place = llechva. 
 
 Loigos, pestilence = llwg. 
 
 Lophao, to cease ; and loipos, what remains = llqffa, to glean, rem- 
 nants. 
 
 Lygros, wretched = llwgr; llygru, to corrupt. 
 
 Lyma, dirt = llyvi. 
 
 Lymd, a pestilence = klwyv, a disease.
 
 Appendix. o. I. 147 
 
 Lythros, clotted gore = l/uttrod, mire. 
 Lyttao, to madden = llidio, to be angry. 
 
 Ma, an adverb used in swearing ; e.g., Ala ton Dia, by Zeus or 
 
 God = myn Dnw. 
 Afakar, happy = mygr, fair. 
 Alakros, long = mawr, great. 
 Ma/a, very = gwala, enough. 
 Afalachos, soft = meddal. 
 Alalatto, to soften = meddalu. 
 Miileros, consuming = malurio, to grind small. 
 Alalthakos. soft = meddal. 
 Alalthao, to soften = meddalu. 
 Mandra, a sheep-fold = mangre, a dwelling-place. 
 Maniake, a necklace = mwnwgl, the throat. 
 Afanos, rare = man, minute ; and main, thin. 
 Maraino, to wither = merwinaw, to be stupefied. 
 Afarmairo, to glow = marwor, hot cinders. 
 
 Marnamai, mamasthai, to fight = ymomestu, to combat mutually. 
 Mekedanos, lengthy = maith, long in duration. 
 Aledo, to possess = meddu. 
 Megaron, a house = amogawr, a shelter. 
 
 Afegas tyrannos, a great prince = mech-dcym, a lord paramount. 
 Aleilisso, to sweeten = meluso. 
 Afeis, a month = mis. 
 Meleos, wretched = gwael. 
 Melinos, apple-coloured = melyn, yellow. 
 Afe/on, a sheep = mil, an animal. 
 Alelpo, to sing = maw/, praise. 
 Menio, to resent = monni, to be sullen. 
 Menoinao, to wish for = mynnu, to will. 
 Menos, mind = mynnu, to will. 
 Menyo, to indicate = mynegi. 
 Merimnao, to care = merwino, to throb. 
 Mermerizo, to reflect = myvyrio.
 
 148 Appendix. No. I. 
 
 Meros, a thigh = morddwyd. 
 
 Meta, after = gwedi. 
 
 Metaxy, betwixt = mysc. 
 
 Methiemi, to remit = methu, to fail. 
 
 Methy, strong drink = medd, mead. 
 
 Methysos, drunken = meddw. 
 
 Mz'kkos, little = bychan. 
 
 Miltos, scarlet dye = mellt, lightning (?). 
 
 Miskelos, abjectly poor = musgrell. 
 
 Mokao, to mock = moccio. 
 
 Monarcha, a sole ruler = mimer 
 
 Moros, destruction, death = marw, to die. 
 
 Mychos, a dark covert = mwgwd, blindfold. 
 
 Mydao, to rot from moisture = mzvydo, to grow wet. 
 
 Myelos, the marrow = miwail, soft. 
 
 Myrias, myrtados, ten thousand = myrdd. 
 
 Myrmex, an ant = myr and mor-gryg. 
 
 Myrfos, a myrtle-tree = myrtwydden. 
 
 IVakos, a fleece = hm. 
 
 Naio, naiein, to inhabit = kyvanneddu. 
 
 JVaos, a temple = neuadd, a hall'. 
 
 Necho, to swim = novt'o. 
 
 Net'atos, young = newydd, new. 
 
 Neottia, a nest = nyth. 
 
 Nephele, a cloud = nivwl. 
 
 jVetko, to spin = nyddu. 
 
 JVotis, moisture = tiddd, sap. 
 
 Obe/os, a wimble = ebill. 
 
 Oka, quick = tocc. 
 
 Okeanos and ogen, the ocean = eigiawn. 
 
 Okrioeis, jagged = ochrog. 
 
 Okys, quick = og, active. 
 
 Ocketo, he went = aeth.
 
 Appendix. No. I. 149 
 
 Ochlyzo, ochlisseian, to dislodge = lluchio, to fling. 
 
 Ochthco, to repine = ocheneidio, to sigh. 
 
 Ode, an ode = awdl. 
 
 Odyrmos, wailing = godwrdd, noise. 
 
 Oida, I know = adwacn, to ken. 
 
 Oideo, to swell = chwyddo. 
 
 Oigo, to open = agor. 
 
 Oima, motion = chwyv. 
 
 Ottos, sorrow = govid. 
 
 Olios, wealth = alav. 
 
 Olene, the elbow = elin. 
 
 Olisthlros, slippery = llithro. to slip. 
 
 Ollymi, to lose = colli. 
 
 Ololygmos, lamentation = gwylovain. 
 
 Olophyromai, to lament = galaru. 
 
 Oneidizo, to reproach = dannod. 
 
 Onyx, a nail = ewin. 
 
 Ophello, to augment = llwyddo, to prosper. 
 
 Orchamos, a prince = gorchav. 
 
 Ornis, a bird = aderyn. 
 
 Ornymi, to rouse = orti, fear. 
 
 Oro, to urge = gyrru. 
 
 Oros, a mountain =gor, high, that which overtops. 
 
 Orymagdos, a war-shout = gorwaedd. 
 
 Otheo, to push = gwthio. 
 
 Otryno, to urge, to press = godro, to milk by pressing the cow's 
 
 udder. 
 Oulos, wild = gwyllt. 
 Oxys, sharp = awchus. 
 Oyranos, the sky =y wybrcn. 
 Ozos, a branch = osgl. 
 
 Paio, to beat =pwyo. 
 
 Paipalc, fine dust =paill, farina, meal. 
 
 Palton, a javelin =paladr, a spear-shaft.
 
 150 Appendix. No. I. 
 
 Pas, every one =pawb. 
 
 Patio, to cease =peidio. 
 
 Pedon, the ground = bedd, the grave. 
 
 Peiko, to pick wool =pigo. 
 
 Pelagos, the deep sea = gweilgi. 
 
 Pelekys, a bill or hatchet = bilwg. 
 
 Pempe (Aeolic Greek), five =pump. 
 
 Pephno, to kill =paffio, to beat. 
 
 Pepto, to bake ; Sanskrit, pdta, fire =poethi, to heat. 
 
 Pemlmi, to barter =prynu, to buy. 
 
 Petalon, a leaf = deilen; dail, leaves. 
 
 , page = dalen. 
 
 Peteinos, a bird or flying thing = edn, a wing. 
 
 Petroselinon, rock-parsley = persli. 
 
 Phailone, a cloak =ffaling. 
 
 Pheidomai, to spare =pez'dz'o. 
 
 P/ierbo, to feed =porthi. 
 
 Phlao, to splinter =J?aw, a flaw. 
 
 Phobos, phobon, fear = ovn. 
 
 Phoiton, they kept coming and going {Homer} =ffwdan, an ado. 
 
 Phor, a marauder =fforio, to foray. 
 
 Phorbe, a pasture =porva. 
 
 Phrazo (Doric, phrasdo), to speak = ffraeth, eloquent. 
 
 Phrix {Homer), a ripple = crych, crisp. 
 
 Phylatto, to guard = gwylied. 
 
 Pikros, bitter = chwerw. 
 
 Plax, a plank plane. 
 
 Plethos, a crowd =plith, the midst; and llwyth, a tribe. 
 
 Plinthos, a brick = peithyn, a slate. 
 
 Plouteo, to be rich = llwyddo, to prosper. 
 
 Polemos, war plymnwyd, a conflict. 
 
 Polos, a pole =pawl, polyn. 
 
 Polos, a foal = <W. 
 
 Pompholyx, a bubble =pwmpyl, a knob or rising; bwmbwl, a bubble. 
 
 Porphyre, purple = porphor \
 
 Appendix. No. I. 151 
 
 Porrho, far off=pe//. 
 
 Posoi, how many? =py saw/? 
 
 Posti's, a door post =p6st. 
 
 Pote, ever = byth. 
 
 Poterion, a drinking-cup =pot. 
 
 Pons, podos, a foot; Sanskrit, pada, a foot = haw d, a thumb. 
 
 Pressomen, let us set about it =prysurwn. 
 
 Priamai, to buy =prynu. 
 
 Prinos, an oak -=pren, a tree; Sanskrit, parnin. 
 
 Proi, early = boreu, morning. 
 
 Ptai'ro, to sneeze = bytheirio. 
 
 Pyrgos, a tower = bwrck, a rampart. 
 
 Rhadios, easy = rhdd, cheap ; rhawdd, easy. 
 
 Rhaphe, a suture = rhdff, a rope. 
 
 Rheethron, a stream = r^af, a ford. 
 
 Rhegmin halos, the surf or breaking of the briny sea = rhwyg-vin 
 
 heli. 
 Rhegnyo, to tear = rhwygo; and rhygnu, to saw. 
 Rhenchein, to snore = chwyrnu. 
 Rhe'o, to flow = rnedeg, to run. 
 Rhetre, a compact = rhaith, an oath. 
 Rhezo, rhexas, to do = gorug. 
 Rhigos, chill = rfow, frost. 
 Rhiknos, wrinkled = rhygn, a notch. 
 Rhimpha, freely = rhwydd, free. 
 Rhin, a nose = trwyn : also r^p, headland. 
 Rh'nes, nostrils =ffroenau. 
 Rhinos, skin = kroen. 
 Rhion, a headland = rAp. 
 Rhiza, a root = gwraidd. 
 Rhodon, a rose = rhudd, red. 
 Rnoge, a rent = rhwyg. 
 Rhoma/eos, strong = rpt>. 
 Rhongchos, a snoring = rhwngc.
 
 152 Appendix. No. I. 
 
 Rhydon, abundantly = rhwydd, free. 
 Rhyomai, to deliver = rhyddhdu. 
 
 Sabakos, rotten = swbach, withered. 
 
 Sathroo, to shatter = sathru, to trample. 
 
 Satto, to load = sadell, a pack-saddle. 
 
 Skate, the left hand = aswy. 
 
 Skairo, to leap or dance = esgeiriau, legs. 
 
 Skelos, a leg = hegyl. 
 
 Skia, a shadow = kysgod. 
 
 Skorpizo, to scatter = gwasgaru. 
 
 Skotos, darkness = kysgod, shadow. 
 
 Skyleno, to strip a prey = ysglyvaethu. 
 
 Sky Ion, a prey =ysglyv. 
 
 Skymnos, a whelp = kyw, a chicken. 
 
 Skythros, difficult =ysgythredd, rough rocks; and ysgyrryd, rough. 
 
 Semnos, venerable = hen, old. 
 
 Sibyne, a. lance = saffwy. 
 
 Smycho, to smoke or smother =ysmygu 
 
 Sphalma, unluck = ffalm, gwynt ffalm, a whirlwind. 
 
 Sphyron, the ankle -=.ffer. 
 
 Sporas, sporades, scattered =yspred, refuse. 
 
 Stachys, an ear of corn = tywys. 
 
 Sterxis, natural affection = serch. 
 
 Stonachos, moaning =ystuchan (transposed syllables) = to complain. 
 
 Stratagema, a stratagem = y strange. 
 
 Stygeo {Homer), to fear = gostegu, to command silence. 
 
 Synedrion, a synod = seneddr. 
 
 Tachys, quick = tocc, soon. 
 
 Tagos (a Thessalian term for ' chief '= tywyssawg. 
 
 Talaos, miserable = tlawd, poor. 
 
 Tanyo, to spread = tanu : also tan. 
 
 Tarasso, to disturb = dyrysu. 
 
 Tarbeo, to scare = tarvu.
 
 Appendix. No. I. 153 
 
 Tarbos, a fright = tarv. 
 
 Tartaros, the place of darkness = tarth, a vapour. 
 
 Tasso, to order = tywyso, to lead. 
 
 Te [Homer. Odyss.), here, take it = hwde. 
 
 Tege, a house = ty. 
 
 Teino, to stretch = tynnu. 
 
 Te/e, far off =///. 
 
 Te/cios, perfect; and telentaios, final, complete = te/ediw, beautiful. 
 
 Te/eo, to pay or discharge = ta/u. 
 
 Te/eiotes, perfection = teledt'wrwydd, beauty. 
 
 Te/os, a tax = to//, custom. 
 
 Teretron, an auger = taradr. 
 
 Terso, to dry up = tes, heat. 
 
 Thego, to whet = hogi. 
 
 Thews, an uncle = ewythr. 
 
 Theorema, a sight, a view = trem. 
 
 Theriakc, a medicament = triag/. 
 
 Thermal, warm baths = ennaint twymyn; i.e., unguenta tcpida. 
 
 Thermaino, to warm = twymno. 
 
 Thermos, hot = tes, heat. 
 
 , = terwyn, white heat, violent. 
 
 Thin, a sandy beach = tywyn. 
 
 Th/ao, to shatter; and tho/eros, violent =s dii/io, to knock. 
 
 Tho/os, a hole = tw//. 
 
 Thorax, the breast = torr. 
 
 Thoresso, to arm = trwsio, to array. 
 
 Thorybos, a tumult = twrv. 
 
 Thouros, brave = dewr. 
 
 Thrasys, harsh = traws, stern. 
 
 Thrano, to knock = tar aw. 
 
 Threnos, lamentation = truan, miserable. 
 
 Thryganao, to rub = rhugno. 
 
 Thrypto, to relax = trwyth, dissolute. 
 
 Thyclla, a storm = tywy/l, dark. 
 
 Thymos, temper = tymmer.
 
 154 Appendix. No. I. 
 
 Thyreos, a door = dribs. 
 
 Tilos, manure = tail. 
 
 Titaino, to pull = tynnu. 
 
 Titrao, to pierce = treiddio; and trwyddo, through. 
 
 Titthe, the mother's breast = teth. 
 
 Tityskomai, to make ready = tidaw, to attach {e.g., a team); tywyso, 
 
 to lead ? 
 Tomos, a cut = tarn-maid, a morsel. 
 
 Tonos, tension, and tonthrys {Hesiod), commotion = tonn, a wave. 
 Tonthorys, a loud noise = dwndwr. 
 Toreo, to perforate = torri, to break. 
 Tomeuo, to turn = turnie. 
 Tree ho, to run = rhedeg. 
 Tromeros, trembling = trwm, heavy. 
 Tropos, a turn = tro. 
 
 Trypkos, a fragment = torri, to break; try w ami, to pierce. 
 Tn de (Doric for su de), thou too = tydi. 
 Tymbos, tymbon, a tumulus = tommen. 
 Tynchano, to befall = tyccio, tyceiant, success. 
 Typhlos, blind = tywyll, dark. 
 Typho, to singe = deivio. 
 Tyrannos, a prince = teyrn. 
 Tytthon {Homer), a little = tippy n. 
 
 Zeo, to boil = sio, to simmer. 
 
 Leibniz, Adelung, Ottfried Mtiller thought it was the Keltic 
 that supplied to the Latin the non-Hellenic portion of that lan- 
 guage {De Belloguet). Some primitive speech appears to have 
 affected the Greek as well; as may be inferred from the lost sound 
 known as the Digamma, and from the non-Hellenic forms found in 
 geography. The Kymric presents some reasonable claim to be that 
 speech.
 
 APPENDIX. No. II. 
 
 LATIN-KYMRIC VOCABLES. 
 
 Ab, from = mab, a son, offspring. 
 
 Abbas, abbat-is, an abbat = abaci. 
 
 Abrado, to scrape off = bradw, worn away. 
 
 Abscns, absent = absennol. 
 
 Abstrnsus, perplexed = astrus, crabbed. 
 
 Ac, and = ac. 
 
 Accentus, accent = accen. 
 
 Accersior, to fetch = kyrchu. 
 
 Accipiter, a hawk = hebog. 
 
 Accresco, to increase = achrwys. 
 
 Acer, sharp = egr, hagr. 
 
 Acerbus, bitter = chwcrw. 
 
 Acernns, a maple-tree = masarn. 
 
 Acridus x bitter = echrydus. 
 
 Aculeus, a sting = kolyn. 
 
 Acuo, to sharpen = hogi. 
 
 Acus, a needle = awch. 
 
 Addisco, to learn = addysg, learning. 
 
 Addo, to add = addu, to proceed. 
 
 Adduco, adduxit = addug, he brought. 
 
 Adeo, to approach, adii'it = acth, he went. 
 
 Aditus, a passage = adwy. 
 
 Admissus equus, a stallion = amws. 
 
 Admttto, to admit = addewid, a promise. 
 
 Adnoto, to annotate = adnodi.
 
 156 Appendix. No. II 
 
 Adoleo, to worship (with burning of incense) = addoli. 
 
 Adorior, adortus, to attempt = adorth, studious. 
 
 Adorno, to adorn = addnrno. 
 
 Adoro, to worship = addoli; properly corresponding with adoleo. 
 
 Adparo, to prepare = darparu. 
 
 Adsono, to echo = adseinio. 
 
 Advena, a stranger = advan. 
 
 Adventura, an adventure = antur. 
 
 Aedilis, a Roman officer charged with the reparation of public 
 
 buildings = adeiladu, to build. 
 Aequor, the sea = hoeg, sea-green. 
 Aerumna, originally a fork to hang things on ; in a derived sense, 
 
 ' trouble ' = rhwym, bound. 
 Aes, aer-is. brass = air, brightness. 
 Aetas, an age = oed. 
 Affectio, affection = affaith. 
 Afflictio = avlwydd, misfortune. 
 Ager, a field = acr, an acre. 
 Agnus, a lamb = oen. 
 Alienus, an alien = aliwn. 
 Alius, another = ail, second, a match. 
 Allegoria, an allegory = allcg. 
 Alluvio, an inundation = lliv. 
 Alodium, a freehold = anlloedd, wealth. 
 Aloe, aloes = elyw. 
 Altare, an altar = allawr. 
 Alius, high = gallt, a steep. 
 Amarus, bitter = avar, grief. 
 Ambigo, to doubt = ammheu. 
 Ambiguus, doubtful = ammheuus. 
 Ambio, to surround = ambwyaw . 
 Amictus, clothing = amdo, a shroud. 
 Amnis, a river = avon; in Sanskrit, avani. 
 Amoenus, pleasant ; in the Quichua of Peru, munay, love ; in 
 
 Sanskrit, many a = addvwyn, agreeable.
 
 Appendix. No. II. 157 
 
 Amp/itudo, fulness = antledd. 
 
 Amp/us, ample = ami. 
 
 Anachorcta, a solitary = ancr. 
 
 Anchor a, an anchor = angor. 
 
 Angc/us, an angel = angel. 
 
 Angor, anguish = angau, death. 
 
 Angulus, a corner = hong/. 
 
 Anhelitus, breath = anad/, anciently anhclit. 
 
 Animal, a living thing = anivail. 
 
 Annuo, to beckon = amnaid, a nod, beckoning. 
 
 Aperio, to open = ebyr (applied to the opening of flowers, &c). 
 
 Apex, a point pig. 
 
 Ap/uda (a Sabine term), coarse flour (A. Ge/lius) - blawd, fine flour. 
 
 AppeUo, to appeal to =ymbil, to entreat. 
 
 Apprehendo, to catch the meaning of something = amgyffred. 
 
 Aposto/us, an apostle = aposto/. 
 
 Aprilis, April = Ebrill, the opening month. 
 
 Apius, fit = addas. 
 
 Aqua, water = ach. 
 
 Aratrum, a plough = aradr. 
 
 Area, a chest = arch, an ark, a coffin. 
 
 Archidiaconus, an archdeacon = archddiagon. 
 
 Archicpiscopus, an archbishop = archesgob. 
 
 Arduus, lofty = hardd, comely. 
 
 Argentnm, silver = ariant, arian. 
 
 Argumentor, to reason = argymmhennu. 
 
 Aries, ariet-is, a ram = hwrdd. 
 
 Arma, arms, instruments = arvan. 
 
 Armarium, a press or aumbry = almari. 
 
 Aro, to plough = aru, arcdig. 
 
 Articu/us, an article = erthygl. 
 
 Arvum, a field = eriv, an acre. 
 
 Ascendo, to climb = csgyu. 
 
 Asinus, an ass = asyn. 
 
 Asperitas, sharpness = aspri, mischievousness.
 
 158 Appendix. No. II 
 
 Assula, a spar = astyllen. 
 
 Astutus, politic = astud, studious. 
 
 Atrox, savage = ethrych-wyllt. 
 
 Attempero, to season = ardymheru. 
 
 Attrecto, to touch = adrywedd, the scent that hounds follow in 
 
 hunting. 
 Auceps, a fowler = hebog, a hawk. 
 Auctor, an author = awdwr. 
 Auctoritas, authority = azudurdod. 
 Audeo, to dare = beiddio. 
 
 Aula, a court of justice = hawl, a claim at law. 
 Aura, a breeze = awyr, air. 
 Auratus, golden = euraidd. 
 
 Auriphrygium, orphreys, the ornament of a cope = gorffreis. 
 Aurora, the dawn = gwawr. 
 
 Aurum or ausum, from the Sanskrit ush, to burn, gold = aur. 
 Austerus, severe = astrus, crabbed. 
 Avidus, greedy = awyddus. 
 Avis, a bird = avais. 
 Autem, yet, beside = hi autem, they too, hwythau; me autem, me 
 
 too, minnau; eum autem, him too, yntau; haec autem, she too, 
 
 hithau; nos autem, we too, ninnau. 
 Auxilium, help = achlus. 
 Axilla, an arm = asgell, a wing. 
 Axis, an axletree = echel. 
 
 Bacca, a berry = bach, small. 
 
 Baculus, a staff = bagl. 
 
 Bajulo, to carry = baich, a burthen. 
 
 Balaena, a whale = balaen, steel. Perhaps a metaphor. 
 
 Bancus, a bench = maingc. 
 
 Barba, a beard = barv. 
 
 Baro, a soldier (emphatically, a man) ; in Low Latin, a baron = 
 
 breyr. 
 Basia, kisses = bus, gwe-vus, a lip.
 
 Appendix. No. II 159 
 
 Batuo, to beat = baeddu. 
 
 Baxea (Plautus), a wooden clog = bacsio, to tramp. 
 
 Bclua maris, a sea beast = morvil, a whale. 
 
 Bcncdictio, blessing = bendith. 
 
 Benedictus, blessed = bendigaid. 
 
 Beneficium, a loan of land conferred by the emperor on the Roman 
 
 veterans; thence, a feudal tenure or feoff; lastly, a boon or 
 
 benefit = benffyc, corrupted into benthyg. 
 Bestia, a beast = bwyst-vil. 
 Bibo, bibit-um } to drink =yved. 
 Blatero, to prate = baldordd. 
 
 Bonitas, goodness; hence, nobility = bonedd, noble descent. 
 Brassica, cabbage = bresych. 
 Brevis, short = byrr. 
 
 Brockus, having jagged teeth = br6ch, a badger. 
 Bruma, winter = barrug, a cold mist. 
 
 Brusca [Pliny), a gnarled knob in a maple tree = brysg, a mark. 
 Brutus, brutish = brwnt. 
 Bucca, the cheek = bdch. 
 Bufo, bufon-is, a toad = llyffant. 
 Bursa, a purse =pwrs. 
 Buteo, a buzzard = bdd y gwerni. 
 
 Cado, to fall = codwm, a fall; and cwyddo, to fall. 
 
 Caducus, falling = caddug, darkness attending sunset. 
 
 Caedes, slaughter = cad, battle; kcd, havock. 
 
 Coldarium, a caldron = callawr. 
 
 Calendae, the first day of a month = dydd Calan. 
 
 Calidus, warm = clyd. 
 
 Calix, a cup, a chalice = caregl, in the latter sense. 
 
 Calico, to ken, to be able=gallu. 
 
 Callidus, crafty = call, shrewd, knowing. 
 
 Callus, hardened flesh = calcd, hard. 
 
 Calx, lime = calch. 
 
 Camisia, a shirt = casmai.
 
 160 Appendix. No. II. 
 
 Campus, a field = campau, games of athletes. 
 
 Camurus, crooked = cam. 
 
 Cana/is, a channel = canaw/, cano/, middle. 
 
 Cance/ti, rails = canghcU, a chancel of a church. 
 
 Cande/a, a candle = cannwyll. 
 
 Candeo, to whiten = cannu, to bleach. 
 
 Candidus, white = cannaid. 
 
 Cano, to sing = canu. 
 
 Canonici, canons of cathedrals, originally men living under religious 
 
 rules = kynhonwyr . 
 Cantilena, a song = cathyl. 
 Cantor, a singer = cantor. 
 Canus, hoary = cann. Canutus = canwy. 
 Capellanus, a chaplain = caplan. 
 Caper, a goat = gavr. 
 Capio, to snatch = hipio. 
 Capistrum, a snaffle = kebystr. 
 Capitanctis, a captain = capten : not cadben, a battle chief, a term 
 
 of distinct origin. 
 Capitolavium, head- washing on Maundy Thursday = dydd Ian 
 
 1 Cab/yd: 
 Capihdum, the chapter of a cathedral = cabidwl. 
 Cappa, a cope or mantle worn in quire = cappan cor. 
 Captivitas, captivity = caethiwed. 
 Captivus, a captive = caeth. 
 Career, a prison = carchar. 
 Cardo, car dinis, a hinge = corddyn. 
 Caritas, caritat-is, affection = cariad, love. 
 Carpentum, a chariot = carvan, a beam; kerbyd, a chariot. 
 Carrus, a car = carr. 
 Cams, dear = car, a kinsman. 
 Casens, cheese = caws. 
 Cassns, worthless = eds, odious. 
 Castanea, a chestnut tree = castanwydd. 
 Castellum, a. castle = caste//.
 
 Appendix. No. II. 161 
 
 Castigatio, punishment = kystydd. 
 
 Castigo, to punish = kystwyo. 
 
 Castrum, a camp or fort = caer. 
 
 Casula, a chasuble or priest's vestment at mass = casul. 
 
 Catena, a chain = cadwyn. 
 
 Catus, a cat = cath. 
 
 Caucus, a bason = cawg. 
 
 Cauda, a tail = c6d, cwd, a bag; cwtta, short. 
 
 Can/is, pot-herbs = caw/, broth. 
 
 Caussa, a cause = achaws. 
 
 Cavea, cavella, a coop = catvell, a hamper. 
 
 Cavo, to hollow out = cauo. 
 
 Cavum, a hollow, a cave = ogoi>: cavn, a trough. 
 
 Cavus, hollow = can : gau-brophwydi, ' false ' prophets. 
 
 Kcdo, to give way = kadw yn 61. 
 
 Kclla, a cell or pantry = hell: gwin-gell, a wine-store. 
 
 Kelo, to hide = he hi. 
 
 Kenttim, hundred = cant. 
 
 Kenturio, a centurion = canwriad. 
 
 Kera, wax = cwyr. 
 
 Kerasus, a cherry tree = keiroes. 
 
 Keres, the Latin goddess of corn ; hence ' cereal ' crops = keirch, oats, 
 
 the cereal proper to the North. 
 Kervix, the neck = gwarr. 
 Kervus, a stag = kanv; plural, keirw. 
 Kiborium, a cupboard or cabinet = kib, a pot. 
 Kibus, meat = kibau, husks. 
 /Cicatrix, a scar, craith. 
 Kiker, vetches = keirch, oats. 
 Kicur, tame = gwdr. 
 
 Kicuta, hemlock = kegid; analogous to cocl, hollow. 
 Kingulum, a girdle = kengl. 
 Kippus, a stock = kyff. 
 Kircueo, to circle = kyrchu. 
 Kivitas, kivitat-is, a city, a state = h'wdawd, a people.
 
 1 62 Appendix. No. II 
 
 Clades, a slaughter = lladd, to slay. 
 
 Clamo, clamare, to shout = llavar, loud. 
 
 Clangor, noise = clegyr, to cackle. 
 
 Clams, br'ght = claer, llary. 
 
 Claudo, to enclose = clawdd, a fence or wall ; claddu, to hide or 
 
 bury. 
 Clandns, lame = cloff. 
 
 Clanstrnm, a cloister or close, a confined place = elds. 
 Clava, a club = clwppa. 
 Clavis, clavem, a. key = allwedd. 
 Clavns, a nail = clan, secure. 
 Clemens, gentle - llyvn, smooth. 
 Clocca, a bell = cldch. 
 Cludo, to shut up = cuddio. 
 Clunis, the hip = ctiin. 
 Coadnno, to unite = hyttuno. 
 Cochleare, a spoon = llwy. 
 
 Coctum; e.g., aurnm coctum, refined gold = coeth, aur coeth. 
 Codex, the stump of a tree, a wooden board, a book originally 
 
 made of boards = coed, wood. 
 Coecns, blind = coeg, vain. 
 
 Coena, a dinner or principal meal = Tciniaw and cwynos. 
 Conors, cohort-is, a band of soldiers = gosgordd, a train. 
 Columba, a dove = colommen. 
 Columna, a pillar = colovn. 
 Coins, a distaff = cogail. 
 Collatio, a setting together = kyvladd, suitable. 
 
 , and collatae pecuniae, an impost = kyllid, income. 
 
 Collatro, to bark = kyvarth, 'by transposition.' 
 
 Collis, a hill = col, a projection. 
 
 Colloco, to arrange = Icyvlen; (in a secondary sense), to hire = kyvlogi. 
 
 Collnceo, to shine forth = hyvlwg, luminous. 
 
 Collnctor, to struggle with = kyvhtdd, to hinder. 
 
 Comedo, to eat =kyvedd, to feast. 
 
 Comedere, comesse = hyvysn, to consume.
 
 Appendix. No. II 163 
 
 Comes, coin it-cm, a partner = kydwcdd. 
 
 , a companion = kydymaith. 
 
 Comitas, courtesy = kyweithas. 
 
 Comitatns, a train of followers = kymdcithas. 
 
 Comitinm, an assembly = cwmmwd, a commot. 
 
 Commeatns, a supply of provisions = menedd, possessions. 
 
 Commcndo, to bequeathe = hymmynu. 
 
 Commcnsurattis, suitable = kymmhesnr. 
 
 Commercium, exchange of wares = kyngwcrthydd. 
 
 Comminatio, threatening = kymmincdd, battle. 
 
 Comminno, to break to pieces = kymmynu, to hew or chip. 
 
 Commisceo, to mingle = kymmyscu. 
 
 Commoda, advantages = kyvoeth. 
 
 Commodo, to reconcile = kymmodi. 
 
 Commodus, advantageous = kymmhwys. 
 
 Commotio, disturbance = kymmwy. 
 
 Commovco, commotum, to stir = kyvodi, to rise. 
 
 Communio, the Holy Communion = Kymmun. 
 
 Communis, common = kyvnn. 
 
 , wonted = kynnevin. 
 
 Compages, a setting together = kyvagos, close. 
 
 Compar, a mate = hymmhar. 
 
 Comparo, to get up or set in order = kywciriaiv. 
 
 , to compare = kymmharu. 
 
 Compello, to compel = kymmhell. 
 
 Compleo, to complete = cwhlhau. 
 
 Complctio maris, the sea-tide = kymmlawdd mdr. 
 
 Complcxus, complex = kymmhlyg. 
 
 Compono, to comprize = kyffrcd; whence the term Kyffredin (vulgus), 
 
 the Commons, all comprized or reckoned together. 
 Compono, to arrange = kymmoni. 
 Compositns, set in order = kymmhwys, meet. 
 Comprchendo, to take up = kymmeryd. 
 Comprobo, to approve = kymmhrwyaw, to advantage. 
 Comedo, to grant = caniattau.
 
 164 Appendix. No. II 
 
 Conkentus, harmony = Tcynghanedd. 
 
 Concilio, to gather together = kynnull. 
 
 Concilium, a council = cwnsli. 
 
 Concino, to agree = kynghanu. 
 
 Concordia, an agreement of minds = kynghor, counsel. 
 
 Concordo, to agree = kyd-gordio. 
 
 Concresco, to grow up = kynnyrchu. 
 
 Conditio, a disposition = kynneddv. 
 
 Condo, to lay up, to hide = cuddio. 
 
 Conduco, to bargain = kynnyg. 
 
 Conducti milites, hired troops = kyndod, a band. 
 
 Confectio, a making up = kyffaith, dressing of leather. 
 
 Confero, contul-i, to collect = kynnull. 
 
 Confessio, confession = kyffes; e.g., gldn gyffes, the Sacrament of 
 
 Confession. Kyffes Ffydd, a Confession of Faith. 
 Confinis, a border = kyffin. 
 Confiteor, to confess =kyvaddev. 
 Conformo, to conform = kydffurvio. 
 Confortor, to succour = kymhorth and kynnorthwy. 
 Confrater, an associate = kymmrawd. 
 Confremo, to ring again = kyffroi, to wake up. 
 Congeries, a heap = kyngherth, entangled. 
 Congestum, heaped up = kynghest. 
 Congrcdior, to meet = kynghreiriaw, to confederate. Also, to engage 
 
 in battle = kyhydreg. 
 Conjicio, to guess = kynnyg. 
 Conj'ux, a wife, a partner = kywedd. 
 Connitor, connixus, effort = kynnudd, growth. 
 Consecro, to hallow kyssegru. 
 Consensus, agreement = kysswyn. 
 Consentior, to agree = kydsynied. 
 Consilium, counsel = kyssul. 
 
 Consolido, to solder or to join together = kyssylltu. 
 Consolor, to comfort = kyssuro. 
 Consonus, agreeing = kysson.
 
 Appendix. No. II. 165 
 
 Constralum, covered = kyvystrawd, a saddle. 
 
 Constringo, to bind tightly = kystrin, secrecy. 
 
 Constructio, grammatical construction = kystrawen. 
 
 Contendo, to strive = kyndynn, a man of strife. 
 
 Contention strife = kynnenn. 
 
 Couticeo, conticui, to hold one's peace = kynnhewi. 
 
 Contineo, to hold or contain = kynnwys. 
 
 Continuus, holding together = kyttnn. 
 
 Contorquco, to writhe or twist = kynddeiriawg, furious with emotion. 
 
 Contraho, contractus, a contract = kyvathrach, alliance. 
 
 Contrarius, adverse = Armoric, contraul ; Kymric, kythraul ; the 
 
 Adversary, the Antiquus Hostis or Old Enemy, as S. Gregory 
 
 the Great calls the Devil. 
 Contribulo, to vex = kythryblu. 
 Contribution a grant = kynnhreth. 
 Contrudo, to crowd = kythrudd, perturbation. 
 Contundo, to bruise = kystuddio: to afflict, kymmhwyo. 
 Conturbatio, disturbance = kynnwrv. 
 Conhirbo, to disturb = kynnhyrvu. 
 Convcntus, a convent = cwveint. Also, kenvaint vocn, a herd of 
 
 swine. 
 Cofiverro, to sweep clean = kyweiriaw. 
 Converto, convertit, to exchange = Icyngwcrthydd, what is given in 
 
 exchange. 
 Cojwictus, living in common = kyweit/ias, society. 
 Co-opertura, a cover = cwvert. 
 Copula, a couple = cwpl; cwvl, an embrace. 
 Copulatio = cov/eidio, to embrace. 
 Coquina, a kitchen = kegin. 
 Coquus, a cook = c6g. 
 Cor allium, coral = cwrel. 
 Corium, leather = croen, skin. 
 Cornus, a cornel-tree = cwyros. 
 Cornu, a horn = corn. 
 Corona, a crown = coron.
 
 1 66 Appendix. No. II. 
 
 Corpus, a body = corph. 
 
 Correctio, a setting right = kyvraith, law. Also, a rebuke = kerydd. 
 
 Corrigia, a shoe-latchet = carrai esgid. 
 
 Corylus, a hazle-tree = collen. 
 
 Costa, a rib = cost, a side, a coast. 
 
 Coxa, the hip = coes, the leg. 
 
 Crassus, heavy = eras, high baked : bras, thick. 
 
 Crates, cratella, a grate = gradell, a gridiron. 
 
 Creator, the Creator = Creawdwr. 
 
 Creatura, a. creature = creadur. 
 
 Creber, thick, frequent = r/iev. 
 
 Credo, to believe = credit. 
 
 Creo, to create = creu. 
 
 Cribellum, a rake = cribell. 
 
 Cribrum, a comb = crib. 
 
 Crinis, hair = rhawn, horse-hair. 
 
 Crispus, curley = crisb and crych. 
 
 Crudelis, cruel = creulawn. 
 
 Crudus, unripe, unseasoned = cri, raw; croyw, fresh. 
 
 Crumena, a leathern purse = croen, skin. 
 
 Cruor, gore = crau. 
 
 Crus, a leg = esgair. 
 
 Crux, a cross = crvg; in later times, croes. 
 
 Crystal/us, crystal = crisial. 
 
 Cubile, a bed = gwely. 
 
 Cubitus, an elbow = cuvydd. 
 
 Cuculus, a cuckoo = c6g. 
 
 Cucullus, a cowl = cwccwll; and cochol, a cloak. 
 
 Culices, flies = kylion. 
 
 Culpa, a fault = cwl. 
 
 Cultellus, a knife = hyllell. 
 
 Cutter, a coulter or plough-share = cwlltwr. 
 
 Cultus, cultivation = coledd. 
 
 Cumulus, a heap; hence in a derived sense, a cloud = cwmmwl. 
 
 Cuneus, a wedge = cun.
 
 Appendix. No. II, 167 
 
 Cufiicu/us, a cony or rabbit = cwningeu. 
 
 Cupa, a cup = cxvppan. 
 
 Cupidus, covetous = kybydd, a miser. 
 
 Cuprum, copper = copr. 
 
 Cttra, care = cur, ache. 
 
 Currens, aqua, a stream = kerhynt. 
 
 Curro, to run = gyrru, to drive. 
 
 Currus, a car = carr. 
 
 Cursus, a course = cwrs. 
 
 Cur tots, short = cwtta; corr, a dwarf. 
 
 Curvum, crooked = crwmm. 
 
 Curvus, bent = gwyr. 
 
 Cuspis, the point of a spear = cospi, to punish. 
 
 Cutis, the skin = cwd, a bag. 
 
 Chrismatio, the Sacrament of Chrism or Confirmation = Crysvad. 
 
 Dama, a doe = gavr danys, through the French dain. 
 Damnum, loss = damwain, hap. 
 Debeo, to owe = dylcu. 
 
 , debet, it is owing = devawd, custom ; deddv, law. 
 
 Debitois, due = dyledus. 
 
 Decanus, the Dean of a cathedral church = dcon. 
 
 Decido, to fall out, to happen = digwyddo. 
 
 Declaro, to clear up = disgleirio, to shine. 
 
 Decuma, the tenth or tithe = degwm. 
 
 Decuplum, the tenth = czvbl, entire. 
 
 Decus, grace, comeliness = teg, fair. 
 
 Defectus, a defect = diffyg. 
 
 Defcndo, to defend = diffyn. 
 
 Deficio, to fail = diffygio. 
 
 Dcfiuo, to flow forth = dylivo, to drip. 
 
 , to proceed = dcilliaw. 
 
 Defodio, to bury diffodd, to quench. 
 Deinde, thence = oddi yna. 
 Deitas, the Godhead =y Duwdod.
 
 1 68 Appendix. No. II. 
 
 Deleo, to blot out = dileu. 
 
 Deletum, blotted out = dylaith, death. 
 
 Deligo, to chuse = dethol. 
 
 Delineo, to mark out = dilyn, to follow. 
 
 Deliquium, a fainting fit = llewyg, llwgva. 
 
 Delubrum, a shrine = delw, an image. 
 
 Demando, to require = dytnuno. 
 
 Demeto, to cut down corn = diweddu, to finish. 
 
 Demo, to take away = diddymmu, to abolish. 
 
 Demoneo, to summon = dyvynnu. 
 
 Dens, dent-is, a tooth dant. 
 
 Densus, thick = dwys. 
 
 Denude, to strip = dynoethi. 
 
 Denuo, again = dyna. 
 
 Dependeo, to hang down = dibyn, a precipice. 
 
 , to hang on = dibynnu. 
 
 Deporto, to carry = dyborthu. 
 
 Depravatio, a spoiling = divrawd, a laying waste. 
 
 Depreteor, to under-rate = dibris, worthless. 
 
 Descendo, to descend = disgyn. 
 
 Describe, to describe = dysgrivio. 
 
 Descriptio, a description = dysgriviad. 
 
 Deserta, desert places = diserth. 
 
 Desicco, to dry up = dysychu. 
 
 Desperatus, hopeless = disperod, astray. 
 
 Destillo, to drop = distyllio. 
 
 Destinatio, purpose, destiny = tesni. 
 
 Destructio, a break up = distrych tonn, the foam of a wave. 
 
 Destruo, to destroy = distrywio. 
 
 Desubito, suddenly = disyvyd. 
 
 Detego, to uncover = didoi, to unroof. 
 
 Deus, God = Duw: perhaps originally the same as the Sanskrit 
 
 Dyaws, the Zeus, Dios of the Greeks, meaning the clear 
 
 ethereal sky, the image of the unseen God. 
 Develo, to strip = dihwylo.
 
 Appendix. No. II 169 
 
 Devotus, devout = dihexvydtis. 
 
 Dexter, a war-horse = eddestr. 
 
 Dextera, the right hand = dethan or deheu. 
 
 Diabolus, the devil = dt'avol. 
 
 Diaconus, a deacon = diacon. 
 
 Dialectike, the art of logic = dilechdid. 
 
 Dictito, to say = dywedyd. 
 
 Dies, day = dydd; diau, as in tridiau, three days. 
 
 Difflo, to blow out = diffodd. 
 
 Diluo, to dissolve = hidlo, to drop. 
 
 Diluvium, a deluge = diluw. 
 
 Ditnico, to strive = mic, spite. 
 
 Dimidium, the half = dimmai, a halfpenny. 
 
 Diminuo, to lessen = divynnio, to chop up. 
 
 Diri, wicked men = diriaid. 
 
 Dirimo, to break up = dirymmu, to abrogate. 
 
 Diskerno, to exhibit = disgyrnu dannedd, to show the teeth, to gnash. 
 
 Discipulus, a disciple or learner = dysgybl. 
 
 Disco, to learn = dysgu. 
 
 Discus, discul-us, a dish = dysgl. 
 
 Dispello, to dispel = disbwyllo, to cure. 
 
 , to draw out = dispeilaw cleddyv, to draw the sword. 
 
 Dispensator , a steward = distain. 
 
 Dispertior, to distribute = dosparthu. 
 
 Disseco, to dissect = disgywen, manifest. 
 
 Dissipatus, dried up = dispydd : dispaidd, an eunuch. 
 
 Distringo, districtus, reduced to shivers = dystrych tonn, the spray 
 
 of a wave. 
 Ditio, a lordship = tiid, a region. 
 
 Divello, to pluck up, to clear = diwyll, to cultivate land. 
 Divcrto, to divert, or in low Latin, ' to amuse ' = divyrru. 
 Dives, rich = tew, fat, rich; e.g., terra dives, tir tew. 
 Divestio, to strip = diosg. 
 Divinatio, divination, conjuring = dctvaiut, midnight, the witching 
 
 time.
 
 170 Appendix. No. IT. 
 
 Divino, to divine = dewinio. 
 Divinus, a diviner or wizard = dewin. 
 
 , a divine or theologian = dewinydd. 
 
 Divisio, a division = dewis, choice. 
 
 Divitiae, riches = devaid, sheep, the most primitive form of wealth. 
 
 Diu, ago = hwy, longer. 
 
 Diurnus, a day = diwrnod. 
 
 Do, to give = dodi. 
 
 Doctus, learned = doeth, wise. 
 
 Dolor, pain = dolur. 
 
 Domitor, The Subduer, God = Dovydd. 
 
 Domo, to tame = dovi. 
 
 Dona, gifts = doniau. 
 
 Donatus, a famous grammarian = dwnad, a grammar. 
 
 Donee, until = hyd oni. 
 
 Donnm, a gift = dawn. 
 
 Drulla, a dray = drbl. 
 
 Dulce melos, sweet melody = dwsmel, a dulcimer. 
 
 Dumeta, thickets = twyni. 
 
 Duplex, twofold = dyblyg. 
 
 Duplus, double = dwbl. 
 
 Durus, hard = diir, steel. 
 
 Dux, a. leader, a duke = di\g, tywysog. 
 
 Ebibo, ebibitum, to drain = yved, to drink. 
 
 Ebrius, drunken = brwysg. 
 
 Ecce, lo, behold = accw; Italian, eccof 
 
 Ecclesia, the Church = Eglwys. 
 
 Edo, esum, to eat=ysu, to consume; Sanskrit, ush, to burn. 
 
 Effectus, an effect effaith. 
 
 Effluvium, an overflow =yn yfflwn, in shivers. 
 
 Egenus, indigent = anghenus. 
 
 Egestas, want = eisiau. 
 
 E/'ulo, to wail = wylo.
 
 Atpendix. No. II 171 
 
 Elcctrtim, amber = elidr. 
 
 Elcctus, chosen = etholedig. 
 
 Elccmosyna, alms = eluscn. 
 
 Eleemosynarius, an almoner = amnerydd. 
 
 Eletnentum, an element = clven. 
 
 Elido, to dash = erh'd, to harass. 
 
 Eligo, to chuse = ethol. 
 
 Eluceo, to shine forth = cglwg, bright; e/wc/i, joy. 
 
 Emendo, to amend = emendaw. 
 
 Emotio, emotion = emod. 
 
 Episcopus, a bishop = esgob. 
 
 Epistola, an epistle = epistol. 
 
 Epistomium, a spout =ystw. 
 
 Ercmita, a hermit or solitary = ermid, meudivy. 
 
 Esse, to be, being = oes, an age. 
 
 Eiim, him = ev. 
 
 Eval/o, to clear = c/iwa/u, to disperse. 
 
 Evatigeh'um, the Gospel = Evengyl. 
 
 Examen apum, a swarm of bees = haid wenyn. 
 
 Excavo, to scoop =ysgdu. 
 
 Exce/sus, high = tic he/. 
 
 Excipio, to take up =ysgtpio, to snatch. 
 
 Exczpti/tis, a snare =ysgwvy/, a prey. 
 
 Excommum'cu, to excommunicate =ysgymmuiw. 
 
 Excoriatus, peeled 0% scoured =ysgarth, offscouring. 
 
 Excorio, to scour = ysgwrio. 
 
 Excuso, to excuse = esgusodt. 
 
 Exctitto, to shake out =ysgwyd and ysgydio; also, esgitd, nimble. 
 
 Excmplum, a sample = stamp/. 
 
 Exiguus, few =ychydtg. 
 
 , scanty = ei'siwedig, poor. 
 
 Existi'matio, esteem = cdmyg. 
 
 Exorior, to spring up, to be born = esgor, to give birth to. 
 
 Expello, to thrust out =yspellu. 
 
 Expendo, to deal out, to spin or shell pease = yspeiniaw .
 
 172 Appendix. No. II 
 
 Expletus, full, complete = esplydd. 
 
 Explico. to unfold =ysp/ygu. 
 
 Exploro, to spy out = yspi'o. 
 
 Expono, to expound = esponio. 
 
 Expositus, set forth, assured = ysbys, certified. 
 
 Exscalpo, sca/pere, to scrape = ysgravellu. 
 
 Exsculpo, to carve, to seize = ysgwvyl. 
 
 Exccare, to cut out = ysgar, to separate, to divorce. 
 
 Exseco, to cut out = yszgo, to bruise. 
 
 Exsi'h'o, to issue forth = esill, offspring. 
 
 Exspecto, to look out = yspcithiaw. 
 
 Exspuere, to spew out = ysbwria/, sweepings, rubbish. 
 
 Exsul, an exile = swil, distrustful, shy. 
 
 Extendo, to stretch forth = estyn. 
 
 Extentus, stretched out ystwyth. 
 
 Exterreo, to frighten =ystwrdio, to rate or scold. 
 
 Extimtis, outermost = cithav. 
 
 Extorris, an outsider = eithyr, a foreigner. 
 
 Extra, besides = eithr, but. 
 
 Extractum, drawn out = ystre, a course. 
 
 Extraneus, a stranger = estrawn, 
 
 Extumeo, to swell up = ystyvnig, obstinate. 
 
 Extundo, to hammer out = ystuno, to vex. 
 
 Fab a, a bean =ffa. 
 Faber, a joiner = saer. 
 Factum, a fact =ffaith. 
 
 , a thing done = gwaith, work. 
 
 Facu/a, a torch =ffagyl, a blaze. 
 Fagus, a beech-tree = ffaivydd. 
 Fa/co, a hawk = givalch. 
 Fa/lax, deceptive = gwallawg. 
 Fallo, to deceive = gwall, fault. 
 
 , to fail =ffaelu. 
 
 Fafsus, false =Jfals.
 
 Appendix. No. II 173 
 
 Famulus (in Oscan, fame/), a servant = mod; in Irish, m#o/, a 
 
 shaven person, as slaves were wont to be. 
 Fart] to speak = llcvaru. 
 Faskella, a bundle =ffasgcll. 
 Faskia, a swaddling band = gwasgu, to squeeze. 
 Fash's, a bundle of rods = batch, a burthen. 
 Fateor, to own = addev. 
 Fa turn, fate =-ffawd. 
 Favco, favet, favours = ffawd. 
 Favilla, ashes = w/a>. 
 Favor, favour =ffavr. 
 Februus, February = Chwevror. 
 Felo, a felon =Jfel, crafty. 
 Femina, a female = benyw. 
 Fenestra, a window =.ffencstr. 
 Fermentum, barm or yeast = burym. 
 Ferox, fierce =Jfer, strong. 
 
 Ferrum, iron =Jferr, intense cold; haearn: in Spanish, hicrro. 
 Ferveo, to boil = berwi. 
 Fervidus, hot = brwd. 
 Festino, to hasten =ffestinio; ffest, fast. 
 Fes turn, a feast = gwest. 
 Fetus, pregnant =ffaeth, ripe. 
 ^fcitf, a fig =#)'*. 
 Fides, faith =jfydd. 
 Figo, to prick =pigo. 
 Finis, end = ////, //*. 
 Firmamentum, the sky =ffurvavcn. 
 Firmus, steady = $j'rz\ 
 Fistula, a conduit =pisty//. 
 Flaccidus, flabby = //ace. 
 Flagellum, a whip =Jffaugd/. 
 Flagro, to burn, to glow as fresh vegetation does = blaguro, to 
 
 blossom, to burgeon. 
 Flamma, a flame fflamm.
 
 174 Appendix. No. IT. 
 
 Fiasco, a flask or flagon = fflasg. 
 
 Flavus, pale yellow -=jfawliw. 
 
 Flecto, to bend =plethu, to weave. 
 
 Floccus. a lock of wool =Jfluwc/i, a full head of hair. 
 
 Fluenta, streams = Want, fluent. 
 
 Fluidus, flowing =ffrwd, a stream; also, hidl, distilling. 
 
 Fluo Jtuere, to flow = I/wo/ lliveir-iant, a stream. 
 
 , =ffreuo, to gush out. 
 
 Fluvius, a stream = lliv. 
 Focus, a hearth = ffoc, a forge. 
 Foedus, foul =ffiaidd. 
 Foenum, hay = gwaun, a meadow. 
 Foetus, offspring = ffaeth, ripe. 
 Folium, a leaf = gwull, foliage. 
 Folk's, bellows ffull, haste. 
 
 Foils, fontana, a fountain = ffynnawn; in Breton, fonteun. 
 Foris, abroad = ffivrdd and fforest. 
 Forma, a fashion =ffurv. 
 Formica, a pismire = morgrug. 
 Forum, a market =ffair. 
 Fossa, a ditch =Jf6s. 
 
 Fossatum, a military entrenchment = ffossawd. 
 Fovea, a den ffau. 
 
 Fragilis virga, a light rod =ffrcwyll, a switch. 
 Frango, to break =Jfrwch, a violent outlet. 
 Frater, a brother = brawd. 
 Fraus, fraud-is, fraud =ffrawdd, harm. 
 Fregi, I have broken = breg, a breach. 
 Fremo, to chafe -=ffrojnmi. 
 Fretum, a firth or narrow sea =ffrwd. 
 
 Frigeo, to grow chilly = barugaw (pronounced brigo), a word ex- 
 pressing the fall of the rime or hoarfrost. 
 
 , to starve = trigo. 
 
 Frigo, to fry =ffrio. 
 Frio, to crumble = briwo.
 
 Appendix. No. II 175 
 
 Frivolus, a weakling =ffrll. 
 
 Froenum, a bridle =Jfrwyn; and ffrocn, nostril. 
 
 Fructus, fruit =ffrwyth. 
 
 Frustro, to hinder = rhwystro. 
 
 Frustum, a fragment =ffrwst, haste. 
 
 Frutcx, a sprout ffrwst, soon. 
 
 Fuctis, a disguise =jfitg. 
 
 Fugio, to escape =$oi. 
 
 Fulgco, to shine = gwoleuo, to lighten. 
 
 Fuligo, soot = huddigyl. 
 
 Fumarius, a chimney = ffumer. 
 
 Furca, a fork = fforch. 
 
 Furia, a fury=^w>r, a vehement onset. 
 
 Fur nits, an oven = ffwm. 
 
 Fustis, a cudgel =-ffust. 
 
 Galea, a helmet = kcih'og, a cock; i.e., galeatus avis, a crested bird. 
 
 Galliis, a cock = keiliog. 
 
 Gaiidiiim, joy = hoyw, gay. 
 
 Gemelli, twins = gevelliaid. 
 
 Gemma, a jewel =gem. 
 
 Genae, cheeks = genau, lips. 
 
 Genita, a daughter = geneth, a girl. 
 
 Genor, to be born = <??". 
 
 Gentilis, one of a clan = kenhedyl, a clan or race. 
 
 Gentilitas, gentilitatis, a clan = kenhcdlaeth. 
 
 Gestio, to play = castiau, tricks, games. 
 
 Gilvus, pale red = gwelw. 
 
 Glabcr, bald = cfoz;, corrupt, sick. 
 
 Gladiiis, a sword = cleddyv. 
 
 Glarca, gravel = graean. 
 
 Globus, a ball = globyn, a mass. 
 
 Glomus, a ball = clamp, a mass. 
 
 Gluten, glue = /</. 
 
 Glutino, to glue = glynnii, to adhere.
 
 176 Appendix. No. II. 
 
 Glutto, a glutton = glwth. 
 
 Gradior, to walk = kerdded. 
 
 Gradus, a step = grddd. 
 
 Grammatical grammar = gramadeg. 
 
 Grandis, big = crawn, heap. 
 
 Granum, grain = grawn. 
 
 Gratia plains, gracious = rhadlawn. 
 
 Gratia, grace = rhad. 
 
 Gressus, steps = grisiau. 
 
 Grillus, a grasshopper = grill, a chirping noise. 
 
 Grex, a herd = gre. 
 
 Grunno, to grunt = gryngian. 
 
 Grus, a crane = crehyr. 
 
 Gula, the throat =y gylla. 
 
 Gurges, a spendthrift = gwrgi, a ravenous dog. 
 
 Giistus, taste = gwst, moist. 
 
 Guttur, the throat = gwddwv. 
 
 Habenac, the reins of a bridle = avwynau. 
 
 Habilis, able = abl. 
 
 Habitatio, a dwelling, home = haddev. 
 
 Hac node, to-night = henoeth, heno. 
 
 Haedus, a kid = hydd. 
 
 Haeres, an heir = aer. 
 
 Hedera, ivy = eiddiorwg. 
 
 Helveolas, pale red = gwelw, pale. 
 
 Hie, he; haec, she, hi; hanc, her, honn; hi, they, hwy; hnnc, him, 
 
 hwn; hi antem, they too, hwythan. 
 Hircus, a goat = iwrch, a roe-buck. 
 Hirrire, to neigh (Festns.) = gweryru. 
 Hirsntus, prickly, harsh = arswydns, repulsive. 
 Hirtns, rough = hurt, stupid. 
 Hispidus, rugged = hispydd, barren. 
 Historia, a story =ystori; also, ystyr, meaning. 
 Hiulcus, gaping = bwlch, a gap.
 
 Appendix. No. II. 177 
 
 Hodie, to-day = hcddyw. 
 
 Honcstus, honest = gonest. 
 
 Honoratus, honoured = anrhydedd, honour. 
 
 Hora, an hour = awr. 
 
 Hordcum, barley = haidd. 
 
 Horridus, horrible = hyll. 
 
 Hortus, a garden = gardd. 
 
 Hospes, a guest = osp. 
 
 Hospitium, an hospice or inn =yspytty. 
 
 Humilis, humble = huvyll. 
 
 Humilitas, humilitat-is, humility = uvylltawd. 
 
 Humus, moist ground; humidus, moist = wv, flowing. 
 
 Hyades, the wet stars = hwyaid, ducks. 
 
 Hymnus, a hymn = emyn. 
 
 Ibex, the steinbock of the Alps=jy bwch, the goat par excellence. 
 Ictus, a blow = ich, that which penetrates, sharp. 
 Idoneus, a rich man = eidion, oxen; hence, the owner of them. 
 Ignis (Sanskrit, agni), fire = egino, to spring up as vegetables by 
 
 heat. 
 Illi, they; illi duo, they two = ill dau. 
 Immitis, savage = anvad. 
 Immortalis, undying = anvarwawl. 
 Imperator, a military commander or Emperor = Ymherawdwr. Im- 
 
 pero, to order = peri. 
 
 Impeto, to assail =ymbwyo. 
 
 Imploro, to beseech =ymbil. 
 
 Import- a ticium frumentum, imported corn = ymborth, nourishment. 
 
 Imprudens, unwise = ammhrudd. 
 
 In, the preposition 'in'=^w. 
 
 Incendo, to kindle = ennyn. 
 
 Incommodus, unfit = anghymmhwys . 
 
 Incomparabilis, incomparable = anghymmharawl . 
 
 Iticonditus, ill-framed = anghynnwys. 
 
 Incongruus, unsuitable = anghyngres. 
 w
 
 178 Appendix. No. II 
 
 Incurro, to set on = ymgyrchu. 
 Incus, an anvil = eingion. 
 Incutio, to engage = ymgydio. 
 Inde, thence =yna. 
 Induviae, clothes = amdo, a shroud. 
 Ineptus, silly = anaddas. 
 Inferna, the lower region or hell = uffern. 
 Infidus, faithless = anffydd. 
 Infinitus, not ended = anniben, endless, slow. 
 Informis, shapeless = anffurv. 
 Ingenium, a man's nature = anian. 
 Inimici, enemies = envys. 
 
 Initium, beginning = preserved in Df Mawrth Ynyd, Shrove Tues- 
 day, Initium Quadragesimae , the beginning of Lent. 
 In querela, in a quarrel = ymgeccru, to wrangle. 
 Inqmsitio, an inquiry =ymgais. 
 In-quit, he saith = yn gweyd. 
 Inruptio, an invasion = anrhaith, spoils. 
 Insono, to echo = amseiniaw . 
 Instabilis, unsteady = anystywallt. 
 
 Instrumentum, instrument = ysturmant, a Jew's harp. 
 Insula, an island =-ynys. 
 Inlendo, to wrestle =ymdynnu. 
 In terra-mentum, burial = terment. 
 Intus, within =yn ty, in the house, at home. 
 Inungo, to anoint = enneinio. 
 Invidus, envious ynvyd, foolish. 
 Ira plenus, ireful = irllawn. 
 Iratus, angry = eiriad, dreadful. 
 Ita, yes = ie. 
 Item, besides = hevyd. 
 Iter, itin-eris, a journey = hynt. 
 
 Jugulum, the throat = gwegil, the nape of the neck. 
 Jugum, a yoke = iau. 
 Jusculum, broth = isgell.
 
 Appendix. No. II. 179 
 
 Juvencus, young = iettanc. 
 Juventns, youth = ewaint. 
 
 Labasco, to decay = llesg, feeble. 
 
 Labor, labour = llavur. 
 
 Labor, to slip = llithro. 
 
 Laboriosus, laborious = llavnrus. 
 
 Labrusca, a wild vine = brwysg, drunken. 
 
 Lac, lact-is, milk = Uacth. 
 
 Lacus, a lake = llwch. 
 
 Laedo, to hurt = //add, to slay. 
 
 Laesio, a hurt =gloes, anguish. 
 
 Laesus, hurt = clais, a mark of a blow. 
 
 Laevigo, to smooth = Uyvnhdu. 
 
 Lacvis, smooth = llwvn. 
 
 Lacvns, oblique = Ueddv. 
 
 Laicns, a layman = gwr lleyg. 
 
 Lambo, to lick = Uyvn. 
 
 Lamina, the blade of a sword = Uavn. 
 
 Lana, wool; lanugo, downy hair = gwldn. 
 
 Langueo, to relax = gollwng. 
 
 Languesco, to languish = llesghau. 
 
 Latiguidus, weary = llnddedig. 
 
 Lanista, a fencing master = llain, a sword. 
 
 Lapido, to stone = llabvidio. 
 
 Lapis, a stone = clap, a round mass. 
 
 Latebra, a covert = Hetty, a place of refuge. 
 
 Latex, juice, liquor = llaith, moist. 
 
 La tr ones, robbers = lladron. 
 
 Latus, wide = llydan. 
 
 Laurtis, a bay-tree = llaivr-wyddcn. 
 
 Lans, laud-is, praise = llawdd and clod. 
 
 Laxo, to loose or discharge = llocsi. 
 
 Laxus, loose = llaes. 
 
 Lcctica, a litter = lleit/iig, a footstool.
 
 180 Appendix. No. II. 
 
 Lector, a reader = lleawdr. 
 
 Lectus, a bed = Hetty, a shelter. 
 
 Legio, a legion = lleng. 
 
 Lego, to read as lleain. 
 
 Leo, a lion = llew. 
 
 Lepra, leprosy = clavr. 
 
 Lethum, death = llaith. 
 
 Levament-iim, & rising = levain, leaven. 
 
 Levis, smooth = llyvn. 
 
 Lex, a law = llech, a stone. The Law given to Moses was written 
 on tables of stone. 
 
 Liber, a book = llyvr. 
 
 Liber (aditzis), a free passage = llwybr, a path. 
 
 Lignum, timber = llwyn, a grove. 
 
 Lilium, a lily = lili. 
 
 Lima, a saw = lliv; also, limaius, sharpened = llymm, sharp. 
 
 Limpidns, clear = /limp. 
 
 Linea, a line = llinell. 
 
 Linum, flax = llin. 
 
 Liqnesco, to melt = llesgdu, to be relaxed. 
 
 Lis, lit-is, contention = Hid, anger. 
 
 Littera, a letter = llythyr. 
 
 Lividus, ashy pale = llwyd. 
 
 Lixivium, lye-ashes = lleisw. * 
 
 Locellus and loculus, a safe-box = llogell. 
 
 Loco, to hire = Hog, wages. 
 
 Locus, a place = lie. 
 
 Locus ta, a locust = lieges t. 
 
 Locutio, a speech = llochwydd, a prayer. 
 
 Longa, a long boat or ship = Hong. 
 
 Lorica, a coat of mail = llurig. 
 
 Lubricus, slippery = llwvr, faint-hearted. 
 
 Luceo, to lighten = llewychu. 
 
 Lucerna, a lantern = llugorn and llusem. 
 
 Lucidus, bright = lluched, lightning. Lucet, it shines.
 
 Appendix. No. II 181 
 
 Lu-crum, gain = elw. 
 
 Luctor, luctaris, to withstand = lluddias. 
 
 Lumbricus, an earth-worm = llyngyren, a worm. 
 
 Lumbus, the loin = y llwyn; also, llwmm, bare. 
 
 Lumen, light = llewyn. 
 
 Luna, the moon = llitn, in Df Llun, Monday. 
 
 Lurco, a glutton = llyngcu, to swallow. 
 
 Luridus, sombre = lliir. 
 
 Luscus, a man that is dim-sighted, as affected by glaring heat = 
 
 llosc, burning; in Armoric, heat. 
 Luscinia, a nightingale, a bird that is heard in warm weather = 
 
 perhaps from luscus and llosc. 
 Lutum, mud = llaid; lludxv, ashes. 
 Lux, light = lliich, Hug, and llewych. 
 
 Maceria, a rough wall = magwyr, a partition. 
 
 Machina, a machine = megin, a pair of bellows. 
 
 Macto, to slay = maeddu, to injure. 
 
 Mactus, nourished = maeth. 
 
 Macida, a spot = magi. 
 
 Madeo, to be drunk = mwydaw, to moisten. 
 
 Madidus, moist = maidd, whey. 
 
 Maenia, walls or fortifications = macn, a stone, pi. menu. 
 
 Magi's, more = mwy.' 
 
 Mdgister, a master = mcistr. 
 
 Magnitudo, size = maint. 
 
 Magnus, great = myg, majestic. 
 
 Major, greater = mawr, great. 
 
 Maledictio, a curse = melldtth. 
 
 Malitia, malice = malais. 
 
 Ma/us, evil = mall; y Vail, the Evil One. 
 
 Mamma, the mother's breast = mam, mother. 
 
 Mando, to eat = mant, mouth. 
 
 , to order mynnu. 
 
 Maneo, to abide = man, a place, abode.
 
 1 82 Appendix. No. II. 
 
 Manganellum, a war engine = mangnel. 
 
 Manica, a glove = maneg. 
 
 Mantile, a mantle = mantell. 
 
 Mantisa, a profit = mantais. 
 
 Manubrium, a handle = mcnybr. 
 
 Manus, a hand = mini. 
 
 Mare, the sea = mor; Sanskrit, mirah; German, meer. 
 
 Margarita, a pearl = mererid. 
 
 Margo, a brink = bargod, eaves. 
 
 Marinus, a seaman = morinwr. 
 
 Marra, a ram = maharen. 
 
 Martellus, a hammer = morthwyl. 
 
 Martyr, a martyr = merthyr. 
 
 Masticatus (cibus), chewed meat = mestig. 
 
 Materia, matter = madredd. 
 
 Maturatus, ripe = addved. 
 
 Medicina, medicine = meddyginiaeth. 
 
 Medicus, a physician = meddyg. 
 
 Medulla, the marrow = meddal, soft ; in a derived sense, meddwl, 
 
 mind, thought. 
 Mel, honey = mel. 
 Melius, better = gwell. 
 Melleus, honeyed = melus, sweet. 
 Membrana, parchment = memrwn. 
 Membranula, a shred = mymryn. 
 Memor, mindful = myvyr, studious. 
 Mens, ment-is, mind =ymmennydd, the brain. 
 
 = mynmi (inentem habeo), to will. 
 Mensura, a measure = mesur. 
 Meo, meantes, to go = myned. 
 Mercatus, traffic, a market = marchnad. 
 Merula, a blackbird = mwyalch. 
 Metallum, metal = mettl. 
 Meto, to reap = medi; meddu, to measure. 
 Metrum, a measure or metre = medr, to skill.
 
 Appendix. No. II. 183 
 
 Mcttio, to fear = methu, to fail. 
 
 Metis , mine, my = man. 
 
 Micans, glittering = mychedyn, the sun. 
 
 Migratio, a wandering = crwydrad. 
 
 Mini, to me = i mi. 
 
 Miles, a soldier = milwr. 
 
 Mille, a thousand = mil. 
 
 Milliarium, a milestone = milltir, a mile. 
 
 Milvtis, a cormorant = mulvran. 
 
 Minister, a servant = menestyr. 
 
 Minutum (tempus), a minute = mnnud. 
 
 Miuutus, fine, thin = manwaidd; main. 
 
 Miracuhim, a miracle = mirach. 
 
 Miranda, admirable = mirain. 
 
 Miror, to gaze on = mir, comely. 
 
 Mitia, dainties = moethan. 
 
 Mitis, mild mivyth, mwydig, mocthns; esmwyth, smooth. 
 
 Mitto, to let go peidio; also, to remit = madden. 
 
 Modes ins, modest = moddns. 
 
 Modins, a measure = mwys. 
 
 Modulus, a hay-cock = mwdwl. 
 
 Mo/a, molendina, a mill = melin. 
 
 Molaris, a cheek-tooth = malurio, to grind. 
 
 Moles, a mass = mwl. 
 
 Molcstia, trouble = molest. 
 
 Molior, molitus, to attempt =ymavlyd, to lay hold of. 
 
 Mollis, soft, relaxed = mwyll; also, miwail, smooth. 
 
 Mollities, softness = malldod. 
 
 Molo, to grind = main. 
 
 Monac litis, a monk = mynach. 
 
 Moneta, money = mwnai. 
 
 Monile, a necklace = mwnivgyl, the throat. 
 
 Mons, montis, a mountain = mynydd and intent. 
 
 M'jiiumentum, a monument = mynwent, a cemetery. 
 
 Morior, to die = marw.
 
 184 Appendix. No. II. 
 
 Morosa, a nice, dainty lady = mursen (in a bad sense). 
 
 Mortahs, mortal = marwol. 
 
 Morum, a blackberry = mwyar. 
 
 Morus, a mulberry tree = morwydd. 
 
 Mos, a manner or habit = moes; also, maws, moral. 
 
 Motus, motion = mwth, speedy. 
 
 Afoveo, to stir = ckwyvio, to wave. 
 
 Mox, soon, presently = moc/i, quick. 
 
 Mucro, a sword = mygr, bright. 
 
 Mucus, the filth of the nose = mygn, mire. 
 
 Mu/tum, much = maith. 
 
 Mu/us, a mule = mul. 
 
 Muneratio, a bestowal = munerawd. 
 
 Munificus, liberal = mwynvawr. 
 
 Munus, a gift = mwynhdu, to enjoy; also, kym-mwynas, an obligation. 
 
 Mums, a wall = mur. 
 
 Musa, the Muse, wit = tnwys. 
 
 Miiscus, moss = mwswg. 
 
 Mussito, to murmur = mwstr, a muster. 
 
 Muto, to remove = mudo. 
 
 Mutus, dumb = mud. 
 
 Naevus, a blemish = niweid, an injury. 
 
 Napus, a turnip = maip, turnips. 
 
 Natalis, natalic-iiis {Christi), 'the Birthday' or Christmas day = Na- 
 talie or Nadolig Crist. 
 
 Natrix, a water-snake = neidr, pi. nadroedd. 
 
 Natura, nature = natur. 
 
 Nauci, a nut = cnau, nuts. 
 
 Navo, navare, to work strenuously = gwnav, I will do it, from 
 gwneuthur ', to do. 
 
 Ne, not = ni. 
 
 Nee, nor = nac. 
 
 Neco, to kill = nychu.
 
 Appendix. No. II. 185 
 
 Negatio, a denial = naccad. 
 
 Nego, to deny = naccdu. 
 
 Negotium, business = negcs, through the French negoce. 
 
 Nemo, not one = neb un. 
 
 Nepotes, nephews = neiod. 
 
 Neptis, a niece = nith. 
 
 Nervi, nerves, strength = north. 
 
 Neuter, neither = ncodr. 
 
 Neutralis, neutral = nidrol. 
 
 Nidus, a nest = nyth. 
 
 Nimis, too much, excessive = nxvyvus, wanton. 
 
 Nives, snows = nyv. 
 
 No, to swim; navigo, to sail = novio, to swim. 
 
 Noceo, nocitum, to hurt = niwaid. 
 
 Noctc hes tenia, last night = ncithiwr. 
 
 Nomen, a name = enw. 
 
 Nona, the ninth hour or noon = nawn. 
 
 Nonna, a nun, a term borrowed from Egypt, where it signified 
 
 ' an aged woman ' = nain, a grandmother. 
 Nos, we = ni : nos autem, but we = ninnau. 
 Nota, a mark = nod; and nawd, a character. 
 Noto, to mark = nodi. 
 
 Notus, known = hynod; also, gnawd, customary. 
 Novem, nine = naw. 
 Novitas, novelty = nevoid, a change. 
 Novitius, new = newydd. 
 Nox, night = nos; in Sanskrit, nisa. 
 Nubcs, clouds = nyv, nev; Sanskrit, nab hah, the sky. 
 Nucleus, a kernel = cnyivyll, cnywyllen. 
 Nudus, naked = noeth. 
 Xumcn, the Divinity = Ndv. 
 Numerus, a number = niver. 
 Nupera hora, recently = neithiwr, yesterday. 
 Nuptiac, nuptiarum, a wedding = neithiawr. 
 Nutrimcntum, nurture; nutrio, to nourish = mcithrin .
 
 1 86 Appendix. No. II. 
 
 Nutus, assent = nawdd, protection. 
 Nux, a nut = cncuen. 
 
 Obedio, to obey = uvuddhdu. 
 
 Obitus, decease = obediw, a heriot due to the feudal lord on the 
 tenant's demise. 
 
 Obstinatus, stubborn =ystyvnig. 
 
 Occasio, an occasion = achlysur. 
 
 Occidens, the setting sun, the west = ozhideint. (Nennius.) 
 
 Occino, to sing as ill-omened birds do = ochain, a sigh. 
 
 Occludo, to shut up = achludd, to hide; whence mac Mud haul, sun- 
 set. 
 
 Occo, to harrow = ogi. 
 
 Occulo, to hide = gochel, to avoid. 
 
 Occupo, to take up = achub. 
 
 Octava nox, the eighth night = wythnos, a week. 
 
 Octo, eight = wyth. 
 
 Octihts, an eye = gotwg, sight; but the plural golygon, eyes. 
 
 Offerenda (in French, Offrande), the Mass or Eucharistic Oblation 
 = Offer en. 
 
 Offerens, a priest or he that offers sacrifice = offeiriad. 
 
 Oleum, oil = olew. 
 
 Olwa, an olive tree = olew-wydden. 
 
 Olor, a swan = alarch. 
 
 Omitto, to pass by = gommedd, to refuse. 
 
 Omni die, every day = beunydd. 
 
 Opera, a work = gwobr, work's pay. 
 
 Opus, oper-is, a work = gober. 
 
 Ora, a border = goror. 
 
 Oratio, a speech = araeth. 
 
 Orbis, the world, an orbit or circumscription = bro, a district. 
 
 Ordo, an order, the sacred ministry = urdd. 
 
 Oriens, the sunrise, the east = dwyrain. 
 
 Origo, a source = argre. 
 
 Orior, to rise = dwyre, arwyre, and orwyrain.
 
 Appendix. No. II 187 
 
 Omits, an ash-tree = onnen. 
 
 Ovis, a sheep = davad. 
 
 Ovum, an egg = ivy; ova, eggs = wyau. 
 
 Pagtts, a village =//, a dwelling; hence lywys or Powis-\zx\& in 
 
 Wales. 
 .Prt/tf, a spade =pdl. 
 
 Palatt'um, a palace = palas, through the French palais. 
 Palatus, the palate = bids, the taste. 
 Palleo, to turn pale = pallu, to faint. 
 Pallium, a mantle =pall. 
 Palma, a hand = palv; also, pawen, a paw. 
 
 , a palm-tree = balalwyv. 
 
 Palpo, to grope = palvalu. 
 
 Pains, a pool =pwll; also, pawl, a pole. 
 
 Pando, to open =pant, a hollow. 
 
 Paneterium (Low Latin), a bread-store = pantri. 
 
 Pant's, bread = pain, fine flour. 
 
 Pannus, cloth =pann. Pannwr, a fuller; pandy, a fulling-mill. 
 
 Papa, the Pope = 7^3. 
 
 Papains, the Papacy = Pabaeth. 
 
 Papaver, a poppy =pabi. 
 
 Papilio, a tent = pa bell. 
 
 Papyrus, a rush = pabwyr; also, papur, paper. 
 
 /frr, a match =par. 
 
 Parabola, a j arable =-parabl. 
 
 Paradisus, a Paradise = Paradwys. 
 
 Paralysis, palsy =parlys. 
 
 Paratus, ready =.parawd. 
 
 Paries, pariet-is, a partition-wall = pared. 
 
 Parma, a shield = parvais. 
 
 Pars, part-is, a part =parth. 
 
 Paro, to order =peri. 
 
 Par -oc hits, a parish priest = periglor '. 
 
 Pasclta, Easter = /fr^.
 
 1 88 Appendix. No. II 
 
 Pasco, to feed = pesg*. 
 
 Pascor, to graze =pori. 
 
 Patella, a pan = padell. 
 
 Patco, patens, bare ground, the open =paith, desert, unoccupied 
 
 space. 
 Paternoster, the Lord's prayer, ' Our Father," &c. =y Pader, the 
 
 Pater, &c; Paderau, beads, or the recital of several Paternosters. 
 Paucitas, smallness = bychodedd. 
 Paucus, little = bach. 
 Pavimentnm, a pavement =palmant. 
 Pavio, to beat against =paffio, pwyo. 
 Pavo, pavon-is, a peacock =paun. 
 Pavor, fear = braw. 
 Peccatum, sin pechawd. 
 Pecco, to sin -=pechu. 
 
 Pec ten, a comb =peithyn, a weaver's stay. 
 Pcdalis, a foot's measure =-pedawl, a horse's shoe. 
 Pedes tris, a foot passenger = peddcstyr. 
 Pedites, infantry = peddyd. 
 Pello, to drive afar =pell, far. 
 
 Penates, household gods = pennacthiaid, presidents. 
 Penitus, utterly -=pen iddo, an end to it. 
 Penna, a pen = pin. 
 Penso, to weigh -=pivyso. 
 Peractus, perfect =^peraidd, ripe. 
 Percntio, to strike = ergydio. 
 Perdix, a partridge =petris. 
 Peregrinus, a pilgrim = pererin. 
 Perfectns, perfect = pcrffaith. 
 Periculum, peril =perygl. 
 
 Per-media, through =pen>edd, the entrails, the interior. 
 Persona, a person, the parson of a parish = person. 
 Pcrtinentes, belongings = perthynasan, relations. 
 Pertineo, to belong to =perthyn. 
 Pes, ped-is, a foot =pedd.
 
 Appendix. No. II 189 
 
 Phiala, a vial = ph'io': paeo!, a holy water stoup. 
 
 Pica, a magpye = //, p'iogcn. 
 
 /'it en, the pitch-tree =pyg, pitch. 
 
 Pi/a, a ball =pel. 
 
 I*ilus, hair = blew; in French, poil. 
 
 Pinus, a pine-tree = pin-ivy dd. 
 
 Pper, pepper = tupur. 
 
 Piscatio, fishing =pyscotta, to fish. 
 
 Piscator, a fisherman = pysgodwr . 
 
 Piscis, a fish =pysg. 
 
 Pisum, pease =pys. 
 
 Pix, pitch =pyg. 
 
 Placitum, a law-suit = plaid; in French, plaids. Also, plcgyd. 
 
 Plaga, a pestilence -pla. 
 
 Planta, a plant = plannigyn. 
 
 Plantae, plants, young trees = plant, children. 
 
 Manto, to plant = plannn. 
 
 Planum, a level or clearing = llan. 
 
 Piatanus, a plane-tree = llydau, spreading. ({ Piatanus patidis diffusa 
 rami's ' Virgil.) 
 
 Plaudo, to applaud = bloeddio, to shout. 
 
 Plaustrum, a waggon = llestr, a vessel. 
 
 Plausus, applause = bloddest. 
 
 Plcbs, the people or commons -plwyv, a parish. 
 
 Plecto, to plait =plethu. 
 
 Menus \ full = llaivn; llamv, a tide; llenwi, to fill. 
 
 Plcrumque, for the most part = llwyr. 
 
 Plico, to fold =plygu. 
 
 Plumae, feathers =p/uv, phi. 
 
 Plumbum, lead = phvm. 
 
 Plures, more = llawer, many. 
 
 I'luvia, rain =gialaw. 
 
 Poena, a penalty =poeti, pain. 
 
 Pn'iiitcntia, penance =penyd. 
 
 fhem'teo, to do penance --pcnydiu.
 
 190 Appendix. No. II. 
 
 Pollen, fine flour = peilliad. 
 
 Pondo, a pound weight = pwnn, punt. 
 
 , ponder-is (genitive case) =pynnyr, a pack. 
 
 Pondus, a weight =pwys, through the French pois. 
 
 Pons, pont-is, a bridge = pont. 
 
 Popina, a cook shop =pobi, to bake. 
 
 Populus, the people =pobl; pawb oil, all entirely. 
 
 , a poplar tree =poplys. 
 
 Porcellus, a. pig = porcl/ell. 
 
 Porta, a gate -=porth. 
 
 Porto, to convey =-porthi, to feed. 
 
 Partus, a haven porthladd. 
 
 Post's, a lintel = post. Perhaps from positus {lapis), a stone or other 
 
 thing set up to indicate distance. 
 Pot-est, potis est, he can, he possess :s =piau. 
 Practicus, practical =praith. 
 Praeda, a flock of sheep, plunder = praidd. 
 Pracdator, a robber = preiddwr. 
 Praedicatio, a preachment = pregcth. 
 Praedico, to preach = pregcthu. 
 Praescns, present = presennol. 
 Praesepe, a manger =preseb. 
 
 Praesidium, a defence = pryseddva and preswylva, a camp. 
 Praesto, speedily =prest. 
 Prandium, a luncheon =prain. 
 Pravus, wicked = brau, brittle, worthless. 
 P-rec-atia, an imprecation = rheg. 
 Prehenda, to take = prynnu, to buy. 
 Premo, to press, to squeeze = briwa, to hurt. 
 Pressura, a pressure =prysur, hasty. 
 Prctium, a price =prid-zverth; that is, pret-ii vert-us, worth the 
 
 price. When pretium came to be pronounced and written 
 
 precium, the Welsh got the word pris through the French 
 
 prix. 
 Prima liora, the hour of Prime = awr briv.
 
 Appendix. No. II. 191 
 
 Primatus, superiority = bri, dignity, precedence. 
 
 Primula (veris), the primrose = briallu. 
 
 Primus, chief = priv. 
 
 Privatus, private or peculiar = priawd. 
 
 Probatio, a proof =proviad. 
 
 ProbOj to prove =provi. 
 
 Procclla, a storm = brochcll. 
 
 Procu/, afar = pell. 
 
 Prodo, to betray = bradu. 
 
 Prqfessio, profession -=-proffcs. 
 
 Profundum, the deep = pryffwnt, the centre. 
 
 Prohibitum (in the Oscan, Pru/iipid), a forbidden thing = r/iybudd, 
 
 a warning. 
 Prologus, a prologue = prol. 
 Prophcta, a prophet = prophwyd. 
 Prof>rius, proper =propr, neat. 
 Provincia, a province =prew. 
 Prudcns, sage =prudd. 
 
 Prudentia, prudence =pryd, reflection, thought. 
 Psalferium, a psalter = sallwyr. 
 Puber, lusty, young =pybyr. 
 Pulcher, beautiful =pevyr. 
 Pulchritudo, beauty =pryd. 
 Pulli cantus, the cock-crowing = Pylgain or Plygain, the early Mass 
 
 on Christmas day. 
 Pullus equinus, a mare's foal = ebol. 
 Pulmentarium, gruel = llymru. 
 Pulver, dust = pylor. 
 
 Pulvinar, a feather cushion; from the Welsh pluv, feathers. 
 Punctum, a point =pwyta, a stitch. 
 Putigo, impingo, to pierce or peck =pigo. 
 Putiiceus, purple, bright deep Ted=pfiion cochav. 
 Punio, to punish = pocni, to hurt. 
 Pit/go, to cleanse =puro. 
 Purus, pure =piir.
 
 192 Appendix. No. II 
 
 Puteus, a well =pydew. 
 Putreo, to rot =pydru. 
 Putris, naughty = budr % unclean. Putres ocirfi {Horace), golygon 
 
 budr. 
 Pyrus, a pear-tree = per en; from per, sweet. 
 
 Qua, which way = /to. 
 
 Qua cunque, which way soever =pa bynnag. 
 
 Quadragesima, Lent = Garawys. 
 
 Quadrangulus, four cornered =pedrogl. 
 
 Quadratus, square =ysgwdr. 
 
 Quadrilateralis, four square = betrual. 
 
 Quacso, to seek, to get = ceisio. 
 
 Quaestor, a receiver of tribute = keisiad. 
 
 Quaestus, cost = cost : ve gyst, it will cost. 
 
 Qua/is, such as = mdl; pa valf 
 
 Qualitas, a sort = gwehelyth, a stock. 
 
 Qualus, a hamper = catvell. 
 
 Quam, how? = pa ham, why? 
 
 Quamdudum, how long?=^ hyd f 
 
 Quando, when =pan. 
 
 Quantitas, bigness = maint. 
 
 Quantus, how many? = pa vaint? 
 
 Quasi, in a manner =pa sut. 
 
 Quatuor (in Aeolic Greek, petores; in the Oscan, petora), four = 
 
 pedwar. 
 Quern ad-modum, how ? =pa vodd? 
 Querela, a complaint, a quarrel == cweryl. 
 Quernus, oaken =pren, a tree. 
 Quertdus, complaining = goriawl. 
 Qui, who = pwy ? 
 
 Quicunque, whosoever =pwy bynnag. 
 Quid, what ? = beth ? 
 
 Quidquid, whatever; in the Oscan, pitpit (Festus.)=pa beth? 
 Quies, quiet-is, rest = hedd; echwydd, the calm of evening.
 
 Appendix. No. II. 193 
 
 Quicsco, to sleep = kyscu. 
 
 Quinquc, five =pumf>. 
 
 Quisquiliae, sweepings = gwehilio7i, gweddill. 
 
 Quo, by how much =po. 
 
 Quondam, formerly = kynt. 
 
 Quot, how many? = pet {Talicsin). 
 
 Rabies, madness = rhaib. 
 
 Radius, a ray = rhaidd, a spear. 
 
 Radix, a root = gwraidd. 
 
 Rado, to scrape = rhathu. 
 
 Rapax, greedy = rheibus. 
 
 Rapio, to snatch = crap {olwg), a moment's glance. 
 
 Raptim, in a hurry = rhawth. 
 
 Rastellum, a rake = rhadell. 
 
 Rastrum, a rake = rhaw, a. spade. 
 
 Ratio, ration-is, a reason = rheswm. 
 
 Ratus, resolved, determined = rhaid. 
 
 Raucus, hoarse = cryg. 
 
 Rebellio, rebellion = rhyvel, war. 
 
 Rector, a ruler = rheiddwar. 
 
 Rectum, right = rhaith. 
 
 Redditus, set free = rhydd, free. 
 
 Reddo, to render = rhoddi, to bestow. 
 
 Redimo, to redeem = rhivymo, to bind. 
 
 Reditus, a return, rent = rhent. 
 
 Regalis, royal = rhial. 
 
 Regina, a queen = rh'iain, rhwyvanes. 
 
 Registrum, a register = rhcstr. 
 
 Regula, a rule = thiol. 
 
 Regulator, a manager = rhaglaxc. 
 
 Reliquium, the remainder = rhelyxv. 
 
 Remcdium, a remedy = rhwymcdi. 
 
 Remigo, to row = rhwyvo.
 
 194 Appendix. No. II 
 
 Remus, an oar = rhwyv. 
 
 Ren, the reins = arenau. 
 
 Rete, a net = rhwyd. 
 
 Revereor, reverit-us, to regard with awe = rhyverthwy, a portentous 
 
 outbreak. 
 Revideo, to look back at or regard a thing = rhyveddu, to admire. 
 Rex, a king = rhwyv. 
 Rheda, a chariot = rhedeg, to run. 
 Rigeo, to stiffen = rhewi, to freeze. 
 Ringo, to grin = rhingcian. 
 Ritus, a method = rhith. 
 Rivus, a bank = rhiw, an acclivity. 
 Rixa, strife = ymryson. 
 Rixator, a striver = rhyswr, a warrior. 
 Rosa, a rose = rhosyn. 
 
 Rostrum, a snout = taro (by transposition). 
 Rota, a wheel = rhod. 
 
 Rotari, to take a turn = rhodiaw, to walk about. 
 Rotulus, a roll = r^o/. 
 Rotundus, round = crwnn. 
 Rubellio, a roach = rhuvell. 
 Rubidus, red = rhudd. 
 
 Rudera, ruins = rhwd, rust. Rudis, uncultivated. 
 Ruga, a wrinkle = crych. 
 Rugio, to roar = rhuo; also, rhoch, a grunt. 
 Rm'na, ruin = rhewin. 
 
 Ruitur-us, about to rush = rhuthro, to rush. 
 Rumor, a. stream (in an old poet cited by Cicero and in Virgil) = 
 
 rhyverthwy, an inundation. 
 Rumpo, to break off = rhympio, to break an engagement ; rhwmp, 
 
 an auger. 
 Runa, verse = rhin, a charm. 
 Rus, cultivated land = rhws. 
 Ruta, the herb ' rue ' = rhut. 
 Ruti/us, red dyed = rhuddell, ruddle.
 
 Appendix. No. II 1 95 
 
 Sacapcrium, a scrip = ysgrcppan. 
 
 Saccus, a sack = sacli. 
 
 Sacramentum, a sacrament = sacraven. 
 
 Sacrifkiiun, a sacrifice = Segyrffig, the Sacrifice of the Mass. 
 
 Sagax, shrewd =ysag, studious. 
 
 Sagitta^ an arrow = saeth. 
 
 Saliva, spittle = haliw. 
 
 Salix, a willow-tree = helyg. 
 
 Salsamentum, sauce = selsig. 
 
 Sambucus, an elder-tree =ysgaw. 
 
 Sajictus, holy = sanct. 
 
 Sauna, banter = senn. 
 
 Sauo, to cure = swyno. 
 
 Sapiens (in the Oscan, sipus), a wise man = syw. 
 
 Sapo, sapon-is, soap = sebon. 
 
 Sapor, taste = sawyr. 
 
 Saturn, that which is sown, a crop = had, seed. 
 
 Saturitas, fulness, dung = siwtrws, a mass, debris. 
 
 Scaber, scabratus, rough =ysgyrryd. 
 
 Scala, a ladder = ysgol. 
 
 Scamillum, a bench =ysgemmydd. 
 
 Scamnum, a stool to mount up by = ysgavn. easy. 
 
 Scapha, a boat =ysgrapf. 
 
 Scapular e, a scapular ^ysgablar. 
 
 Scarifico, to lance a sore =ysg- iffinio. 
 
 Scatco, to abound =ysgadati, h-jrrings, the most abundant fish in 
 
 the British seas. 
 Sccleratus, criminal =ysgeler. 
 Schola, a school = ysgol. 
 
 Scliolastici, scholars, or in Church phrase, ' clerks ' = ysgol licigion. 
 Scintilla, a spark = ysglcnt, rebounding. 
 Scobs, saw-dust =ysgoew, light. 
 Scopae, a besom =ysgub. 
 Scorbutics, foul matter = ysgerbwd, a carcase. 
 Scoria, refuse metal = ysgar, to separate.
 
 196 Appendix. No. II 
 
 Scortum, an harlot =ysgarth, refuse matter. 
 
 Scribo, to write =ysgrivenu. 
 
 Scrinium, a screen or shrine =ysgrm. 
 
 Scriptura, a writing, the Holy Scripture = Yr Ysgrythur. 
 
 Scruta, trumpery =ysgrwd, a carcase. 
 
 Scutella, a dish =ysgutell. 
 
 Scutum, a shoulder, a shield = ysgwydd. 
 
 Seco, to cut = sigo, to bruise. 
 
 Securitas, idleness = seguryd. 
 
 Securus, idle = segur: steer, safe. 
 
 Sedatus, settled = syth, straight. 
 
 Sedes, a seat = eisteddva; hedd, peace. 
 
 Sedile, a seat =ystol, a stool. 
 
 Seges, a crop = hesg, sedge. 
 
 Semita, a bye-path = kemz'ad, a border. 
 
 Senator, an elder = henadur. 
 
 Senatus, a senate = senedd. 
 
 Senex, old = hen. 
 
 Sensus, sensorzttm, sense = synwyr. 
 
 Sejitio, to perceive = synm'aw, synniad, feeling. 
 
 Sefiaro, to set apart, to spare = arbed. 
 
 Septem, seven = saith. 
 
 Sequor, to follow = in Irish, seichim; Welsh, haig byscod, a shoal 
 
 of fish. 
 Serenus, fair = seirian. 
 Sericum, silk = sirig. 
 
 Serpens, a serpent = sarph; Sanskrit, sarpa. 
 Serra, a saw = serr, a sickle. 
 Serum, the evening = hwyr. 
 Severus, stern = sarrng, sour. 
 Sevutn, tallow = saim. 
 Sibilo, to hiss = s'io. 
 Siccus, dry = sych. 
 Sidera, stars = sir. 
 Sidus, a constellation = sewyd (Talicsin).
 
 Appendix. No. II. 197 
 
 Sigillum, a seal = sil. 
 Signa, constellations = sygnau. 
 
 Signo, to cross one's self in token of surprise = synnu, to mar- 
 vel. 
 Simia, an ape = simach. 
 Similis, like = haval and hevelydd. 
 Simplex, simple = syml. 
 
 Simulo, to counterfeit = siommi, to disappoint. 
 Sindon, fine linen = syndal. 
 
 Singulus, single = sengl (in the sense of ' celibate '). 
 Siren, a mermaid = sywen. 
 Situs, a position = sutt, swydd. 
 Soboles, offspring = eppil. Sovl, stubble. 
 Sol, the sun = Sid, used only in Dydd Sid, Sunday. 
 Solidus, a shilling = swllt. 
 
 Solum, ground as sail, foundation ; and sylvaen. . 
 Sonus, a sound = sain, son, and swyn. 
 Sordes, filth = sorod, dregs. 
 Soror, a sister = chwaer. 
 Sors, sort-is, a lot = syrthio, to fall out. 
 Spatium, space =yspaid. 
 Speculor, to spy =yspio. 
 Spiculum, a dart =yspikell. 
 Spinus, a sloe-tree =ysbyddadcn. 
 Spiritus, a spirit = yspryd. 
 Splendidus, splendid = ysplennydd. 
 Spolio, to plunder = yspeilio. 
 Spolium, plunder = yspail. 
 Spongia, a sponge =ysbtvng. 
 Spuma, foam = ysgwyv. 
 Stabulum, a stall =ystavell, a chamber. 
 Stadium, a distance =ystod. 
 Stamen, the warp =ystov. 
 Stannum, tin =ystaen. 
 Status, a condition or estate =ystdd.
 
 198 Appendix. No. II. 
 
 Stella, a star =ystivyll, e.g. Dydd Ystwyll, Festum Stellae, the Epi- 
 phany. Perhaps through the French estoille. 
 
 Stemuto, to snore =ystrewi. 
 
 Stimulo, to urge = teimlo, to feel. 
 
 Stimulus, a prick = swmwl. 
 
 Stola, a priest's stole =ystol. 
 
 Stomachus, a stomach = ystumog. 
 
 Strages, destruction =ystryw; connected with which is the Latin 
 struo, to design evil. 
 
 Strata viarum, a paved causeway = ystrad. 
 
 Strenuus, valiant = ystrin, a battle. 
 
 Suavis, accusative suavem, sweet = syvi and mevus, both words sig- 
 nifying ' strawberries,' the sweetest fruit the Kymry knew of. 
 
 Subdo, to put down = soddi, to sink. 
 
 Subitaneus, sudden = sydyn. 
 
 Submovco, submotus, to remove = symmud. 
 
 Subnoto, to take note of = sy 111111, to wonder. 
 
 Succus, juice = siig. 
 
 Sudor, sudos, sweat = chivy s. 
 
 Sudus, fair, clear = syw. 
 
 Sugo, to suck = sugno. 
 
 Sulcus, 2l furrow = sylch. 
 
 Sum, I am = wyv; mi y sy. 
 
 Summa, a sum = swmm. 
 
 Super bus, proud = syberw. 
 
 Sur-culus, a spray = osgyl, by transposition. 
 
 Surdus, deaf = swrth, slow. 
 
 Susurrus, a whisper = sibrwd and sisial. 
 
 Syllaba, a syllable = sillav. 
 
 Sylva, matter = sylwedd, substance. 
 
 Tabella, a tablet = tavell, a slice. 
 Taceo, ticui, to be silent = taw, tewi. 
 Talio, a requital = talu, to pay. 
 Talpa, a mole = talp, broken earth.
 
 Appendix. No. II 199 
 
 Tapes, tapestry = tapin. 
 
 Tata, father /^. 
 
 Taverna, a tavern = tavarn. 
 
 Taurus, a bull = tarw. 
 
 Tecta, roofs or houses = tat. 
 
 Tectum, a house = ty. 
 
 Tego, to roof or cover = tot. 
 
 Tela, weapons = tac/au, arrows. 
 
 Tempera, to temper = tymmheru. 
 
 Tempestas, a storm = tymmhestl. 
 
 Templum, a temple = tcml. 
 
 Tcmpus, tempor-is, time = tymp and tymhor. 
 
 Temu-lentus, warm with drink = twym. 
 
 Tendo, to stretch = tynnu. 
 
 Tener, tender = tyner. 
 
 Tentus, strained = tynn, tight. 
 
 Tenuis, thin = teneu. 
 
 Tcpidus, lukewarm = tes, heat. 
 
 Ter-ebell-um, a wimble = ebill. 
 
 Teres, smooth = ter, fine. 
 
 Terminus, a boundary = tervyn. 
 
 Tero, to bore through = treiddio. 
 
 Terra, earth = tir, land; daear, earth; in Sanskrit, dhara. 
 
 Terribilis, terrible = teryll. 
 
 Tertiana, the ague =y dyrton. 
 
 Tertius, third = trydydd. 
 
 Testis, a witness = tyst. 
 
 Tetricus, harsh = tcrrig. 
 
 Textus, a text = tes tun. 
 
 Thesaurus, a treasure = trysor. 
 
 Thyrsus, a sprig = tusw; e.g. thyrsus lactucae, ' a sprout of lettuce,' 
 
 in Suetonius; tusw vriallu, 'a posy of primroses,' in Drych y 
 
 Priv Oesoedd. 
 Tiunio, to tinkle = tingcian. 
 Toga, a gown = twyg.
 
 200 Atpendix. No. II. 
 
 Tollo, to take away = toliaw, to spare. 
 
 Tonus, a tune = ton. 
 
 Torqueo, to twist = torch'. 
 
 Torques, a wreathen chain = torch. 
 
 Torreo, to parch = torn', to crack. 
 
 Torta, twisted bread = torth, a loaf. 
 
 Tractatus, a treatise = traethawd. 
 
 Tracto, to treat of = traethu. 
 
 Tractus, drawn out, expanded = traeth, a flat sea-beach. 
 
 Trado, to hand down = traddodi. 
 
 Traho, to draw = trot, to plough ; treio, to ebb. 
 
 Trames, a path = tramwy, to traverse. 
 
 Tranquillus, still = trangc, death. 
 
 Trans, across = traws. 
 
 Transeo, to pass by = trosi. 
 
 Transgredior, to transgress = trosedd, transgression. 
 
 Trans mare, beyond sea = tramor. 
 
 Transmeo, to traverse = tramwy. 
 
 Transtrum, a cross-beam = trawst. 
 
 Tribus, a tribe = trev, a town. 
 
 Tributum, a tax = treth. 
 
 Tricae, impediments = dyryswch, perplexity. 
 
 Triduum, three days = tridiau. 
 
 Trinitas, the Holy Trinity =y Drindawd. 
 
 Tripos, a trivet or tripod = trybedd. 
 
 Tristis, sad = trist. 
 
 Trudo, to thrust = trwyddo, through. 
 
 Trulla, a vaulted room = trial, a throne : trulliad, a butler in at- 
 tendance in the hall. 
 
 Trusus, thrust away = dyrys, perplexed. 
 
 Trux, savage = drwg, evil; e.g. viri truces, gwyr drwg. 
 
 Tu, thou = ti. 
 
 Tumeo, to swell = tyvu, to grow. 
 
 Tumidus, swollen = tywydd, weather, generally applied to bad weather ; 
 bydd tywydd, it will be a storm.
 
 Appendix. No. II. 201 
 
 Tumulus, a mound, a tomb = tommcn. 
 
 Tundo, tunder-e, to thump = divndivr, noise. 
 
 Turba, a crowd = tyrva. 
 
 Turbcn, a storm = twrv, commotion. 
 
 Turgeo, to swell with anger = twrch, a boar. 
 
 Turma, a troop = twrv. 
 
 Turn's, a tower = tu>r. 
 
 Tursio, a sturgeon = tivrch. 
 
 Tussio, to cough = tusian. 
 
 Tussis, a cough -=pcswch. 
 
 Tuns, thine = tan. 
 
 Typicus, similar = tebyg. 
 
 Typus, a fashion = tyb, an opinion. 
 
 Udum, moist = uwd, pap for infants. 
 Uligo, moisture = gwlych. 
 Ulmus, an elm-tree = llwyn. 
 Ultimus, the last = olav. 
 
 Ultra, beyond, in excess oi=uthr, wonderful. 
 Um-bilic-us, the navel = bogcl. 
 Unda, a wave = tonn. 
 Unguentum, ointment = ennaint. 
 Unguis, the nail of a toe or finger = cwin. 
 Unicus, only one = unig. 
 Uniformis, uniform = unffurv. 
 Unio, to unite = uno. 
 Uuitas, unitat-is, unity = undod. 
 Unus, one = un. 
 
 Urgeo, to press, to drive =gyrru. 
 Urna, an urn = givrn. 
 
 Uva, a grape = connected with the Welsh root-word II v, signifying 
 'flowing liquor;' gnyv, that which runs out. 
 
 Vacca, a cow = buwch, y vuwch. 
 
 Vacillo, to move up and down = gic<irll, a knitting-needk . 
 z
 
 202 Appendix. No. II. 
 
 Vacuitas, emptiness = gwagedd. 
 
 Vacuo, to empty = gwdghau. 
 
 Vacuus, empty = gwdg. 
 
 Vado, to go = gwadn, the sole of the foot. 
 
 Vadum, a ford or shallow = gwaddod, sediment. 
 
 Vae, alas ! = gwae. 
 
 Vagina, a scabbard = givaen. 
 
 Vagitus, an infant's wail = gwaedd, a cry. 
 
 Vagor, to rove = gwasgaru, to scatter. 
 
 Valde, exceedingly =gwala, over-much. 
 
 Valeo, to be able = gallu. 
 
 Vallis, a valley = gwaelod. 
 
 Vallum, a wall or entrenchment = gwdl. 
 
 Vanit-as, weakness, vanity = gwendid. 
 
 Vanus, weak, vain = givan. 
 
 Vapulo, to be beaten = gwabio, to strike. 
 
 Varius, spotted = mywyr, 'meniver,' a rich fur. 
 
 Vassus, a lad in waiting = gwds. 
 
 Vastatus ager, a clearing in a forest = gwastad, a flat, level ground. 
 
 Vectura or veha, a sledge or plough-cart = gwcdd, a yoke. 
 
 Vel, even as = vel. 
 
 Vellico, to pluck = gweyll, tweezers. 
 
 Vellus, a fleece = blew, hair. 
 
 Velox, swift = hwylus, easy. 
 
 Velum, a sail = hwyl. 
 
 Vena, a vein = gwythen. 
 
 Venenum, poison = gwenwyn. 
 
 Venio, venttcm, to come = myned, to go. 
 
 Ventil-abrum, a winnowing fan = givyntyll. 
 
 Ventus, the wind = gwynt. 
 
 Venus-tas, beauty = gwen, a smile. 
 
 Ver, the spring = gwerydd. 
 
 Verbum, a word = gair : berv, a verb. 
 
 Ver go, to bend aside = gwyro. 
 
 Vermis, a worm =pryv.
 
 Appendix. No. IT. 203 
 
 Veronica, 'the Vernacle* or legendary picture of Christ impressed 
 
 on a handkerchief =y Vcmagl. 
 Versus, a verse = givers. 
 Vertex, a summit = gwarthas. 
 
 Vertigo, vcrtigin-is, in the sense of emotion = chwerthin, a laugh. 
 Vcrtns, power = gwerth, price: gxvyrth, a miracle. 
 Vern, a spit = bcr. 
 Vents, true = gwir. 
 Vesica, a bladder = chxvesigcn. 
 Vesper, evening = gosper. 
 Veterasco, to wax old; Italian, vecchio, old = gweccry, weak, old, 
 
 worn. 
 Vexo, to vex = gwasgu, to oppress. 
 Vids, viatis; viaticus, a journey gwaith, a battle. 
 Vibro, to quiver = givibio; also, ewybr, quick. 
 Vicia, vetches = gwyg. 
 Victito, to fare = bwyta, to eat. 
 Victns, food = bwyd. 
 Vic us, a village = gwig. 
 Video, to see = gwydd, sight. 
 Viduus, single, a widower = gweddw. 
 Vieo, to hoop = .^wtf k, to knit. 
 Victns, withered = gwyw. 
 Vigeo, vigens, to flourish; also, vegetns and vigesco, lively = gwy< h. 
 
 fine. 
 Vi^il. a watcher = bugai/, a shepherd. 
 Vigilia, a watch, an holyday = givyl. 
 Vigiliae, vigils of holydays mywyliau. 
 Vigilo, to watch = gwylicd. 
 Viginti, twenty = ugeint, again. 
 
 Vigor, strength = gwryg; also, gwychr, bold, vigorous. 
 Vi/is, cheap = givacl. 
 Villanns, a husbandman = bilain. 
 I'illnSy hair = blew. 
 Vin-cnlnm, a chain = cwlwm, a knot.
 
 204 Appendix. No. IT. 
 
 Vinum, wine = gwin. 
 
 Viola, a violet = mill. 
 
 Viper a, a viper = gwiber. 
 
 Vir, a man or husband = gwr. 
 
 Virago, a woman = gwraig. 
 
 Virga, a twig = brig. 
 
 Virgo, a maiden = merch. 
 
 Virgulta, twigs = gwrych, a thicket. 
 
 Viridis, green = gwyrdd; gwrid, bloom. 
 
 Virilis, manly = gwrol. 
 
 Vires, strength = bryw, lively. 
 
 Viscera, bowels ymysgaroedd. 
 
 Vita, life = bywyd; also, chwyth, breath, the primitive analogue of 
 
 vita. 
 Vitigin-eus, belonging to a vine =gwydn, clammy, tough. 
 Vitis, a vine = gwydd, trees. 
 Vitium, vice = gwyd. \ 
 
 Vitricus, a. step-father = ewythr, an uncle. 
 Vitrnm, glass = gwydr. 
 Vitulits, vitu-lo, a calf = Ho. 
 Vivax, lively = bywiog. 
 Viverra, a ferret = gwiwer, a squirrel. 
 Vivus, alive = byw. 
 Vocalis, a vowel = bogel. 
 
 Vocatio, a call = gwaedd: gwahawdd, an invitation. 
 Volnn-tas, will = balon, willing. 
 Vomitus, a vomit = chivy d. 
 Vomo, vomer e, to vomit = bwrw, to pour out. 
 Voro, to swallow = bwrw, to pour out. 
 Votum, wish, pleasure = bodd, satisfaction. 
 Vulnus, a wound = gweli. 
 Vulva, the womb = bol.
 
 Appendix. No. II. 205 
 
 Messrs. Betham and Edwards say, the one, that few Latin 
 words exist in the actual Kymric; the other, that none existed in 
 the ancient form thereof. I leave the above lengthy vocabulary to 
 tell its own tale. Only I would warn the reader, that whereas 
 terms expressing Christian belief and practice come from the Greek 
 through the Latin, and others expressing complex ideas and foreign 
 loan-words may safely be referred to the Roman domination, many 
 seemingly borrowed words belong to the common heritage of Aryan 
 speech. The latest Teuton and the earliest Kelt have retained 
 fragments of primaeval language.
 
 APPENDIX. No. III. 
 
 ANCIENT GALLIC VOCABLES, PRESERVED BY THE 
 CLASSIC WRITERS. 
 
 Abranas, an ape (Hesychius) = Erse, abran, mischievous. 
 Agassaios, a good hound (Oppian) = Welsh, gust, a bitch. 
 Alauda, a lark (Suetonius) = W. alou-adar, the musical bird. 
 Ambactus, a serf or slave (Pestus) = W. amaethwr ', a husbandman. 
 
 (Z)<? Belloguet.) 
 Arinca, rye (Pliny) = W. r^>g\ 
 
 ^4, applied by the Taurini (of Turin) to barley = W. liaidd. 
 Bacaudae, applied to an insurrection in Gaul under Dioclesian = 
 
 W. bagad, a disorderly troop. 
 Bardus, a singer of heroic lays = W. bardd. 
 Barrtis, a Sabine term for an elephant = W. barr, top, high. 
 Bascauda, a basket, a term borrowed by the Romans (Martial) = 
 
 W. basged. 
 Benna, a Gallic panier on wheels (Cato) = W. y venn. 
 Bctula, a birch-tree (Piiny) = W. bedw; Sanskrit, pittala, pale 
 
 yellow. 
 Brake, fermented grain (Pliny) = W. brag. 
 Bulga, a leathern sack = W. bwlgan, a sack. 
 Capauna, in the modern Italian as well as in the old Gallic, a hut 
 
 = W. caban. 
 Cateia, a Gallic barbed spear (Virgil) = W. cad, battle. 
 Caterva, a troop of soldiers (Vegetius) = W. cad-tyrva. 
 Caurus, a strong west wind = W. cawr, a giant.
 
 Appendix. No. III. 207 
 
 Kerns Caesar, an ambiguous cry of a Gaul, preserved by Servius; 
 
 meaning either gadewch Caisar, let Caesar go ! or, very possibly* 
 
 cachgi Caisar, Caesar is a coward ! A coward knight is called 
 
 ' y Marchawg cachiad 1 in the Saint Greal. 
 Kervisia, ale {Pliny) = W. cwrwv. 
 
 Kcra, the Alpine cow giving excellent milk = W. caws, cheese. 
 Kirkius, the violent north-west wind = W. kyrch, assault. 
 Coccus, with the Galatians a shrub producing a deep red dye = (.V. 
 
 Jerome.) = W. <:6cn, red. 
 Covinus, a waggon = W. cowain, to carry land produce. 
 Didoron, a sort of tiles two palms long among the Gauls (Pliny.) = 
 
 W. deuddwrn. 
 Endromis, a thick winter garment used by the Gallic Sequani 
 
 (Juvenal) = W. yn drom, heavy. 
 Esox, a large fish caught in the Gallic rivers = W. cog, a salmon; 
 
 Basque, izoquia. 
 Essedum, a Gallic war-chariot = W. eisteddva, a seat. 
 Gaesum, a Gallic javelin = W. ymgais, an aim. 
 Gigonia, a name given to a rocking-stone near the western ocean 
 
 (Ptolemy.) = W. gwingo, to vibrate. 
 Glastum, woad = glas, blue. 
 Gliscomarga, white marl = W. glwys-marl. 
 Gurdus, a Keltiberian term for 'a fool' (Quintilian.) = W. hurt, 
 
 awkward. 
 Guvia, a lever (S. Isidore.) = W. gwiv. 
 Liduna, the sea-tide (Marccllus of Bordeaux, Dc Bclloguet.) = W. 
 
 llydan, the broad. 
 Litana, a name given by the Boii of Italy to a vast forest in their 
 
 country = W. llydan, wide. 
 Marca, among the Kelts a horse (Pausauias.) = W. tnarch. 
 Matarcs, a Gallic javelin (Caesar.) = W. mad-tar aw, good thrust. 
 Meddixtuticus, the title of a chief magistrate among the Samnites 
 
 (Livy) = W. meddu-tiid, ruler of the people. 
 Mirmillo, a gladiator who wore the image of a fish on his helmet 
 
 (Festus, De Bclloguet) = W. morvil, a big fish or monster.
 
 208 Appendix. No. Ill 
 
 Murcus, a fellow who maimed himself to escape military service 
 
 {Ammianns Marcellinns) = W. musgrell, idle, wretched. 
 Nero, Suetonius tells us this name signified 'strength' in the Sabine 
 
 language = W. nerth, strength. 
 Pcmpedula, the cinque-foil {Apidcius) = W. pump-dail. 
 Petorritum, a Gallic four-wheeled car {Horace) = W. pedwar-rhod. 
 Planarete, a plough with two wheels in the Veronese {Pliny.) = W. 
 
 plann[u] arad[i'\ the planting plough. 
 Ploxenum, a Cis-Alpine Gallic term for a 'a carriage-box {Qm'ntil- 
 
 ian, De Belloguet) W. blwck, a box. 
 Palis, fern = W. rhedyn. 
 Scovies, an elder-tree = W. ysgaw. 
 Soldurius, a Gallic term {Caesar) meaning a retainer, a man in 
 
 pay = W. sawdiwr, a soldier. 
 Taxea, lard {S. Isidore.) = W. tewychu, to grow fat. 
 Thyreos, a shield {Pansanias .) = W. tarian. 
 
 Tomentum, a stuffed bed (a Gallic invention) = W. twymn, warm. 
 Tripetia, a three-footed stool {Sulpicins Severns) = W. trybedd. 
 Tncceda, a pork sausage, (whence the Roman name Tncca) = from 
 
 the W. tewychu, to fatten. 
 Vargae, thieves {Sidonius ApoIIinaris.) = Armoric, goarag, bowmen ; 
 
 W. gwarrog, bow; Erse, bearg, a robber. 
 Veltris, a harrier {Monachus S. Gallensis, De Belloguet.) = W. 
 
 gwyllt-red, the wild runner. 
 Vergobretus, the title of a Gallic magistrate at Autun, who had 
 
 power of life and death {Caesar.) = Erse, Fear-go-breath; W. 
 
 gwr-gobrwyydd, the man that awards penalties. 
 Virgae, the colour 'purple' {Servius, De Belloguet) = W. gwridawg, 
 
 blushing. 
 Volema, a kind of large pear {Senmis on Vergil.) = Erse, folaml/, 
 
 growth. 
 Zephyrus, the west wind = Erse, seaf-iar.
 
 APPENDIX. No. IV. 
 
 KYiMRIC AFFINITIES WITH THE BASQUE OR EUSKARA. 
 
 Thk Basque language presents strong presumptions of antiquity 
 far exceeding those of the Keltic, Latin, or Teutonic. Its resem- 
 blance to the monosyllabic Turanian stock, especially the Polynesian 
 and American branches, might tempt us to believe the Euscaldunac 
 to have preceded the rest in their arrival in the West, and to have 
 reached the further West beyond the Atlantic in pre-historic times. 
 Their legends betray the existence of some connexion with Ireland 
 at a remote period; and Tacitus was not altogether wrong in assigning 
 an Iberian, that is, Euscaric origin to the dark-complexioned Silures 
 of Glamorgan. The comparison of the following vocables mav prove 
 interesting to the reader. 
 
 Agor, to open = Basque, cguairea, the dawn. 
 
 Agoriatf, a key = B. a germ. 
 
 Air//, a scream = B. aicca, the wind. 
 
 Aran, a mountain = B. arranoa, an eagle, the bird that haunts in- 
 accessible cliffs. Arima was the Phrygian term for ' mountain.' 
 
 Asgwrn, a bone = B. assurra 
 
 Attr } gold = B. urrea. 
 
 Avon, a river = B. ibaya. 
 
 Bar, high place = B. b/irua, a summit. 
 
 Bcrtlmxvg, wealthy = B. abcrea, a flock, the ancient source of wealth; 
 and aberatsa, riches. 
 
 Bu, an ox or cow = B. beta, a cow. 
 
 AA
 
 2IO Appendix. No. IV. 
 
 Bys, a finger = B. bcsoa, an arm. 
 
 Carreg, a stone = B. arria. 
 
 Carrog, a brook = B. errequia. 
 
 Dwrdto, to scold = B. deadarra, a cry. 
 
 Dyn, a man or servant = B. duenean. 
 
 Eidion, an ox = B. idia. 
 
 Eira, snow = B. Hurra. In the Aymara of Peru yurac is ' white.' 
 
 Eirin, plums = B. arana, a plum. 
 
 Garw, rough = B. garra. 
 
 Gauav, winter = B. gaua, night. 
 
 Glaswellt, green grass = B. lastoa. 
 
 Gwaed, blood = B. odda. 
 
 Gwallt, hair = B. ullea. 
 
 Gwas, a youth, an attendant = B. gaztia. 
 
 Gwasgod, a covert = B. bason, a wood ; connected with the Doric 
 Greek, bassai\ thickets, and the English bush. 
 
 Gweilgi, the sea = B. gueldz, the calm sea. 
 
 Gweryd, moss = B. uguerra. 
 
 Gwres, heat = B. goria. 
 
 Gwrid, blush = B. gorria. 
 
 Gwrryw, male = B. arra. 
 
 Gwydd, a goose = B. antzarra; in German, Ganz. 
 
 Huan, the ' sun ' ; the same words, h and s being interchange- 
 able. Perhaps the Peruvian huayna, handsome youth, is con- 
 nected with it = B. su } fire; Sanskrit, suncfyu, the same. 
 
 Hwrdd, a ram = B. ardia, a sheep. 
 
 Uwyad, a duck = B. ahatea. 
 
 Ion, lord = B. Jaincoa. 
 
 Isel, low, still = B. isil, I am silent ; Latin, sileo. 
 
 Llan, a clearing, a village = B. landa, an open place. 
 
 Llawr, the ground = B. lurra, the earth. 
 
 L/et'rwg, light = B. illargia. 
 
 Mam, mother = B. ama. Amma was the Egyptian term for an 
 abbess or mother in religion. 
 
 Mwydro, to become infatuated or distracted = B. modurria, fatuity.
 
 Appendix. No. IV. 21 1 
 
 Mvnvdd, mountain = B. tncndia. 
 
 Oer, cold =s B. urn, water. 
 
 Pashvn, a staff = B. bastoca; French, baton. 
 
 Pen, a head ; Gaelic, kean; B. gaina. 
 
 Rhno, to roar = B. orrqya, a roaring. 
 
 SeV, stars = B. izarra, a. star ; Sanskrit, tdra. 
 
 Sz'wgr, sugar = B. sagarra, an apple. 
 
 Tad, father = B. aita; Sanskrit, tdta; Homeric Greek, atta. 
 
 U/w, ashes = B. ube/a, pale; Sanskrit, /, to burn. 
 
 Yn dda, well (adverb) = B. undo. 
 
 Yscnbor, a threshing floor or barn = B. escnbarca, a threshing fan.
 
 APPENDIX. No. V. 
 
 KYMRIC AFFINITIES WITH THE SANSKRIT. 
 
 Whatever resemblance these venerable languages may present must 
 be due to a common inheritance of thought in their primitive 
 Iranian home, not to a communication between them in their final 
 settlements. If Deffrobani, the home of the Kymry in the mythic 
 ' land of summer,' be not Taprobane (Ceylon), they at least have 
 left material monuments strangely resembling the Indian cairns of 
 Malabar ; and Taliesin dreams of long-robed sages, who might be 
 Brahmins, if geographical difficulties could be overcome. But the 
 existence of Cyclopean remains in India, Greece, and Britain, may 
 be due to the very early dispersion of nations owning a common 
 heritage of ideas ; nor is it yet established that the Sanskrit, with 
 all its wealth of diction and metaphysical lore, is more ancient than 
 the Hellenic or Keltic. Its development may have been aided by 
 the gorgeous colouring of oriental skies ; as the Greek may have 
 borrowed its incomparable lucidity from the happy perfection of its 
 seas and atmosphere, or as the Keltic may have assumed a sombre 
 hue from the swamps and forests of the West. 
 
 Amser, time = Sanskrit, amasa. 
 
 Aran, the name of a mountain in North Wales and of a valley in 
 
 the Pyrenees = S. aranya, a wild forest. 
 Bara, bread = S. bharana, food. 
 
 Brig, a mountain summit ; the same in Illyrian = S. bhrgu. 
 Byddar, deaf=S. bad'ira.
 
 Appendix. No. V. 213 
 
 Cairn: , a branch = S. qanku, a stem. 
 
 Caterwcn, a spreading oak = S. Kataru, 'What a true! 1 
 
 Carreg, a stone = S. karkara, lime, hard. 
 
 CraU) clotted blood = S. kravya, raw flesh. 
 
 Cuckiaw, to frown = S. knk, to bend. 
 
 Aj^ a stem = S. qapha, a root. 
 
 Chwarcl, a missive engine = S. svaru, an arrow. 
 
 ZW/, leaves = S. da/a, a leaf. 
 
 Dam, a piece = S. darana, a division. 
 
 Dawn, a gift = S. ddna. 
 
 Derw, oak. = S. fl^r?/, a tree. 
 
 Dodi, to give = S. W. 
 
 Do/, a valley = S. da/a, a cleft. 
 
 Z?or, a gate = S. dvdr. 
 
 Dwr, water ; Erse, dobhar = S. dab'ra, the ocean. 
 
 Eirin, plums = S. arani. 
 
 Emyd, evydd, brass = S. nmd, light. 
 
 Entyrch [jicv], heaven = S. antariks'a, the deep sky. 
 
 Gauav, winter = S. hima, snow. 
 
 Graean, a pebble = S. grdvan, a stone. 
 
 Gwahannwyn or gwanivyn, the spring = S. vasanta. 
 
 Gwanc, desire = S. vdncd. 
 
 (hvdncg, a wave = S. vana, a strong wave. 
 
 Gtveddi, prayer = S. vet, to ask : hence the Vedas. 
 
 Gwerncn, an alder-tree = S. varana, a tree. 
 
 Given, to spin = S. ve. 
 
 Gwrysg, shrubs = S. rtiksha, a tree. 
 
 Gteysti, a wage = S. vis'ti. 
 
 Haidd, barley ; Erse, saidh, wealth = S. sdd/iu, excellent. 
 
 Hdv, summer = sura, the sun. 
 
 Hep/an, to snore = S. sv<"ip, to sleep. 
 
 Hevin (Cornish, gwaintoin) = Zend, Mmtna, summery. 
 
 Hir, long = S. cira. 
 
 Lbl, a lullaby = S. lal, to rock. 
 
 LlanCy a scion, a. youth = lanko, a branch.
 
 214 Appendix. No. V. 
 
 Lleuad, the moon = S. klaidd. 
 
 Lloer, the moon = S. glaur, light. 
 
 Llywen, the west, derived perhaps from the earliest period, when 
 
 the salt lake or Sea of Aral was to the west of the primitive 
 
 Aryas = S. lavana, salt ; lavanoda, the sea, the brine. 
 Mes, acorns = S. mash, to mash up, to smash. 
 Moron, carrots = S. mida, a root. 
 Nad, a. cry = S. nada, a river. 
 Nadu, to cry = S. nad, to utter a sound. 
 Naid, a leap = S. nat, to dance. 
 Nochd (Erse), night = S. nakta. 
 Parvati, in the Hindu mythology the consort of Siva and goddess 
 
 of the earth = W. pridd, earth, soil. 
 Peth, a thing = S. pet-va, a particle. 
 Pone, a hillock = S. punga, a heap. 
 
 Porus, an Indian king subdued by Alexander the Great ~pdr, lord. 
 Pridd, earth = S. prt'vi. 
 Rhwmn, rhwnin, a pear = Persian, romand, a pomegranate; Sanskrit, 
 
 ru, to flow, from the abundant juice. 
 Teg, fair = S. tegd, splendour. 
 Y wybr, the sky = S. ab'ra.
 
 APPENDIX. No. VI. 
 
 GREEK PROPER NAMES RETAINED IN OR EXPOUNDED 
 BY THE KYMRIC OR GADHELIC (ERSE). 
 
 It will be seen that the Kymry adopted some of the following 
 names from the Aeneid of Vergil, the sole classic read in the Welsh 
 monasteries, I suspect. It was S. Cadoc's favourite study. The 
 clear meanings suggested by other names, <a>vavTa a-vviroiaL, would 
 savour of a remote antiquity. 
 
 Achilles, the hero of the Iliad = W. Echell and Achelarwy. 
 
 Adonis, of Phoenician origin = W. adon, lord. 
 
 Adraste, the goddess of fate = Erse, adhras, worship, awe. 
 
 Aegeus, king of Athens = Erse, aighe, valiant. 
 
 Aeneas, accusative Aencan, the hero of the Aeneid = W. Einiawn. 
 
 Aias or Ajax, an Homeric hero = Erse, agh, a bull. 
 
 Alecto, one of the Furies = Erse, allaidh, savage; W. alaeth, wailing. 
 
 Almon, a warrior in the Aeneid = the Cornish Elmon (e.g. Trev- 
 Elmond). 
 
 Amalthea, the nurse of Jupiter = W. amallid, genial warmth. 
 
 Amphitritc, the goddess of the sea = W. am-drwyth, pervading. 
 
 Anius ('rex Anius idemque sacerdos ' Vergil) = Erse, anitis, a 
 soothsayer. 
 
 Aonides, the Muses = Erse, aoinoa, a swan ; W. awen, poetic in- 
 spiration. 
 
 Ares, the god of war = Erse, air, slaughter; W. aeru, to slaughter. 
 
 Ariadne, the spouse of Bacchus = W. eirian, beautiful.
 
 216 Appendix. No. VI. 
 
 Arsaccs, a favourite name of the Parthian kings = Erse, arsaigh^ 
 
 ancient. 
 Assaracus, a king of Troy = the Brut y Brenhinedd gives 'Asser ' 
 
 as the Kymric equivalent. I suspect Asser of Menevia, bishop 
 
 of Sherborne, king Alfred's tutor, adopted his name from the 
 
 Biblical Asher; the K-elts being partial to the Hebrews, as 
 
 were the Puritans. In France we meet with Jesse bishop 
 
 of Orleans, and even with Aholibah ! (Ooliba) a bishop of 
 
 Angouleme. 
 Ate, the goddess of vengeance = Erse, aithe, revenge. 
 Caranus, a prince of Macedonia {Justing = W. caran, chief. 
 Caunus, in Greek fable = W. Caw. 
 
 Kinyras, a king of Cyprus = W. Gynyr; Irish, Connor. 
 Clio, one of the Muses = W. Llio. 
 
 Clotho, one of the Fates = W. clwydd, one that causes to come to pass. 
 Creusa, the Trojan wife of Aeneas = W. croessen, maiden. 
 Crocus, the flower so called ; also, a Greek name of a man = Erse, 
 
 crock, red, blooming. W. crock, vehement. 
 Danaus, a most ancient leader of the Greeks = Erse, dann, bold. 
 Deucalion, the Greek Noah = W. dylan, the sea. 
 Diomedes, the Grecian hero = the Welsh equivalent of his name 
 
 would be Duw-medd, possessed of God; or, Dwyv-zaSdd, divine 
 
 aspect. 
 Dione, the Homeric mother of Beauty = W. droynwen, the alluring 
 
 smile. 
 Doris, a sea-goddess = W. dur, water. 
 Erechtheus, a king of Athens = Erse, arrachda, mighty. 
 Eros, the god of love = W. eiros, scarlet, deep blushing. 
 Galatea, a nymph = W. galacth, the milky way. 
 Ganymedes, a prince of Troy = W. cain-wedd, fair aspect. 
 Gargittius, the dog of Geryon = W. gwrgi, a huge dog. 
 Geryon, the monster of Tartessus, slain by Hercules = gerwin, 
 
 harsh. 
 Gorgones, fabled objects of terror with the Greeks = Erse, gorg, 
 
 terrible.
 
 Appendix. No. VI. 21 J 
 
 Haba, the Doric form of Hebe the goddess of ripe youth = W. Mv, 
 
 summer, the prime of the year. 
 Helena, the fairest woman of Greece = Erse, mine, beauty. W. 
 
 elain, a fawn. 
 Hermes, the messenger of the gods = Erse, armes, presage. 
 Irene, peace = W. Enircin, quiet. 
 
 Iris, the goddess of the rainbow = W. >r, green, blooming. 
 Nemesis y the goddess of retribution = Erse, ncamh-ais, cruel. 
 Oidipous, Oidipod-os, king of Thebes = the Kymric equivalent would 
 
 be chwydd-vawd, swollen-foot. 
 Orcos, the god of hell = W. erch, terrible. 
 Papaios, a name very properly (in Herodotus's judgment) applied 
 
 by the Thraeians to the Father of the gods, as it meant 
 
 ' fatherly ' = Bugarth Papan, the Father's fold, was ' heaven ' 
 
 with the Cornish, as William Baxter asserts. 
 Paris, prince of Troy = W. Peris. 
 
 Patroclus, the friend of Achilles = W. Padrogl. {Triads.) 
 Priamns, king of Troy = W. Periv, e.g. ab Kedivor. {Triads.) 
 Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles = W. Fyrr. 
 Rhadamanthns, a judge in Hades = W. rhawdd-mant, open mouth 
 
 or sentence. 
 Rhoctus, one of the Titans = W. Rhitta Gatvr. {Triads.) 
 Seilenus, the chief of the wood-gods = W. Elain, 'a fawn'? 
 Telamon, the father of Aias = Erse, taihnh, sling. 
 Triton, the sea god = W. tri-tonn, 'the third' or powerful 'wave;' 
 
 Erse, triath, a wave. 
 
 BB
 
 APPENDIX. No. VII. 
 
 GALLIC AND BRITISH PROPER NAMES EXPOUNDED 
 THROUGH THE KYMRIC. 
 
 In offering the subjoined list, I do not pretend that the Kymric 
 with its modern orthography .exactly represents the original names 
 even as disguised by Roman taste or affectation ; but, taken as guesses, 
 the forms suggested may lead to the discovery of the genuine and 
 primitive. An honest guess may be more fruitful than a blank 
 and supercilious ignorance. 
 
 Ambigatus, a Gallic king (Livy) = amygaid, protector. 
 Androgens, a traitor British prince = an-drwg-was, the evil man. 
 Balanus, a Gallic prince (Livy) = balaen, steel ; or, Armoric, balan, 
 
 broom. 
 Boadicea, queen of the Iceni = Aregwedd Voeddawg, the victorious. 
 Caburus, a chief of the Helvii (Caesar.) = cawr, the giant. 
 Caractacus, the British hero = Caradawc; Erse, Carthach. 
 Carvilius, a British chief (Caesar.) = Cdr-Be/i, dear to Belinus. 
 Casticus, a Gallic prince (Caesar .) = castiawc , accomplished. 
 Catamentel-es, a Gallic prince (Caesar.) = cat-wynty '11, 'the fan' or 
 
 impeller ' of battle.' 
 Cativtdcns, a chief of Liege ( Caesar?) = cdt-walch, the hawk of 
 
 battle. 
 Catnmandus, a Gallic chief at war with Marseilles, B.C. 388, (Justin 
 
 xltii. 5.) = cat-van, battle-field. 
 Cavarinus , a Gallic chief (Caesar.) = Gavran.
 
 Appendix. No. VII 219 
 
 Cogidumnus, the British chief who betrayed his country to Ostorius 
 
 Scapula ss Cbch-Dwvn, the chief of Devon. (Baxter.) 
 Combutis, a general under Brennus in Greece (Pausanias.) = Erse, 
 
 combaithe, succour. 
 Commius, a prince of Arras (Caesar.) = commiaw, discourse, i.e. the 
 
 orator. 
 Conctodunus, a Gaul opposed to the Romans (Caesar.) = kyndynn, 
 
 stubborn. 
 Convictolita nis, a chief of Autun (Caesar.) = kynwyd-llydan, wide 
 
 devastation. 
 Coitus, a king of the Graian Alps = coth, the elder. The name 
 
 seems to be allied to Cotys (king of Thrace). 
 Divico, a Helvetian chief B.C. 107 = diviawc, ferocious. 
 Divitiacus, another Helvetian (Caesar.) = dcvcidiawc, abounding in 
 
 sheep, rich; or else, divindiawc, valiant. 
 Donnas, king of some Alpine tribes = dwun, swarthy. 
 Dumnacus, a chief of Anjou (Caesar) = Dyvnog, which name in 
 
 S. Modomnoc's case answers to the Latin Dominicus. 
 Duratius, a Gaul friendly to the Romans = driid, valiant. 
 Drusus, a Roman name, but probably borrowed from the Cis- 
 
 Alpine Gauls = traws, the adversary. 
 Empone, a Gallic heroine (Tacitus.) = unbennes, lady. 
 E-pasnactus, a Gallic ally of Rome (Caesar.) = e-pasg-gnawd, the 
 
 stout. 
 Eporedorix, a chief of Autun (Caesar )= e-pbr-twrch, the princely 
 b >ar ? Selden, in his notes on Drayton's Poly-Olbion, makes 
 this name Teutonic and the same as Fried-rich. 
 Ga/ba, a king of Soissons (Caesar.) = Calvan; Erse, galbha, force. 
 
 Suetonius makes the name mean ' very fat.' 
 Ga/gacus, the Caledonian hero = Gwallaw c ; according to Theo- 
 
 philus Evans, Aneurin Gilgoch. 
 Gaston, a favourite name in the Keltic Aquitaine = Erse, gasta, 
 
 brave. 
 Gobanitio, a chief of the Arverni (Caesar.) = gov-anuydd, smith. 
 Immanuentius. a British king (Caesar.) = Maenwyn.
 
 220 Appendix. No. VII. 
 
 Indutiomarus, a Gallic chief {Caesar) = ynad maivr, the great judge. 
 Liscus, a Gallic vergobret (Caesar.) = llwysawc, hallowed. 
 Litavicus, a chief of Autun (C) = Clydawc; the same name as 
 
 Chlodwig, Ludovicus, or Clovis. 
 Litem, a prince of the Arverni (Posidonius ) = llewyrn, the meteor. 
 Lugotorix, a Gallic prince (C) = llwyd rhi, the gray lord. 
 Luterius, a chief of Quercy (C.) = Elidyr or Elidurus, the same 
 
 name as Hlothair and Luther. 
 Mandubratius, a British traitor = Avarddwy Vrds. 
 Maponos, the Keltic Apollo = Mabon ab Modron. 
 Maricus, a Gaul thrown to the lions, who refused to devour him 
 
 (Tacitus.) = Meurig. 
 Ollovico, a Gallic prince friendly to Rome (C) = golo-vig, protector. 
 Orgetorix, a Gallic chief (C.) = erch-twrch, terrible boar. 
 Oscar, son of Ossian = Erse, 'champion.' 
 Prasutagus, husband of Boadicea = Brasydawg. 
 Procillus, a Gallic chief (C.) = brochwel, blustering. 
 Segonax, a Gallic chief (C) = Erse, seanach, elder. 
 Ser/o, a Gallic name in the early middle age = ser-loyw, star-glow. 
 Tancred, the noblest of crusaders = tanc-rhi, prince of peace. 
 Tarchon, an Etrurian chief (Vergil); also, Tarcondimotus, a prince 
 
 of Cilicia (Cicero), perhaps allied to twrch, a boar, and applied 
 
 to princes, e.g. y Twrch-trwyth. 
 Tasgetius, a Gallic chief (C) = tasgydd, task-setter. 
 Teutomatus, a Gallic chief = Duw-tadmaeth, nursling of God. 
 Thessalorus, a Gaul who attacked Delphi under Brennus (Justin) 
 
 = twyssawl-wr, the leader. 
 Vercingetorix, a Gallic chief (C) = Erse, fear-cean-go-turus, the man 
 
 who is at the head of the State. 
 Vergasillaunus (C) = Erse, fear-go-saelan, standard-bearer. 
 Verodoctius, a Helvetian (C) = gwr doeth, wise man. 
 Virdumarus, a Gallic chief (C.) = gwr du mawr, the great dark man. 
 Urganda, the enchantress = eurgain, the brilliant.
 
 APPENDIX. No. VIII. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL TRACKS OF THE WESTWARD MIGRATIONS 
 OF THE KYMRY FROM THEIR ASIATIC CRADLE. 
 
 In attempting this investigation we are reduced to probable con- 
 jectures grounded on the slippery base of etymology. I am c >n- 
 vinced that the wealth of the induction here supplied, in most cases 
 by my own industry, deserves attention, though I may often have 
 been led astray. The testimonies supplied by the names of Rivers 
 are especially remarkable. Nor have I scrupled to insert what may 
 prove only instances of the felicity of the Keltic tongues in sug- 
 gesting meanings, where classical Antiquity fabricated absurd myths 
 to account for what it could not solve. For example, my resolution 
 of Arcadia into the Kymric Ar-goed, ' the wooded highland,' ought 
 to gain assent, where a fabled Areas, son of Zeus and Callisto, ex- 
 plains nothing. In grouping together rivers which bear a common 
 name, I classify the presumed later forms under that which I find 
 nearest the parent home of the Kelts. Nor do I think it necessary 
 to separate ancient from modern geography. It does not follow 
 that names, which have not come down to us in a Latin garb, are 
 really of recent or later invention. 
 
 India. 
 The river Annas in Gwalior = W. avon, river. The Anas or 
 
 Gnadiana in Spain ; the Avo in Galicia ; the Anza in Italy. 
 Caberis or Cavcry in India = W. Iu'w-yr, apt to overflow. The 
 
 Chaboras in Mesopotamia ; the CkabrtUi in Macedonia.
 
 222 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 The river Dhona, in India = tan, spreading. The Donaw or Danube 
 in southern Europe ; the Tanqis or Don in Scythia ; the Tonus 
 in Argolis ; the Daven in Cheshire ; the Don in Yorkshire ; 
 the Doon and the Devon in Scotland. Perhaps the two first 
 and two last may come from W. dovn, deep. 
 
 - Indus = Sanskrit, sindhn, the sea. The Strides in Ariana ; the 
 Sind or Shannon in Ireland. 
 
 Kainas in India == W. cam, white ; Latin, candidus amnis. The 
 
 Kennet; W. cannaid, bright, in Berks. ; the Ken in Westmore- 
 land ; the. Ken in Kirkcudbrightshire, N.B. ; the Cain in Mont- 
 gomeryshire ; the Pistyll Cain in Merionethshire. 
 
 Logur in India = W. llachar, glittering. The Lugar in Ayr- 
 
 shire, N.B. ; the LJychwr or Loughor in S. Wales. 
 
 Loony in India = W. llaiven, joyous. The Lianne in France ; 
 
 the Lune by Lancaster ; the Lyne near Dunfermline (Llawen, 
 Llywarch Hen) ; the Leven in Scotland. 
 
 Ravee by Lahore = W. rhev, strong. The Rlia in Scythia ; the 
 
 Rhebas in Bithynia ; the Roja in Venetia ; the Roya in Li- 
 guria ; the Areva in Keltiberia ; the Onvell in Suffolk. 
 
 Sabee near Delhi in India = W. saw, obstructive. The Zabis 
 
 or Zab in Assyria ; the Savus in Numidia {Mela.) ; the Stf/to 
 or Savio falling into the Adriatic {Pliny) ; the Savo in Cam- 
 pania ; the Save in Gascony ; the Sabis or Sainbre in France ; 
 the Soiv in Staffordshire. 
 
 Sewan in India ; the Seyon and Sionnc in Switzerland ; the &?- 
 
 quana or W>/? in France = Erse, seach-an, winding river ; the 
 Seiont or Segont by Caernarvon ; perhaps akin to Saguntum in 
 Spain ? 
 
 Sookree in India = W. sugyr, sweet ? the Sucro or Xncar in 
 
 Spain. 
 
 7oo>tf in India = W. /yw, pouring ; the Tua in Portugal ; the 
 
 Tlwuc in Poitou ; the Tow by Towcester ; the Towy in South 
 Wales ; the Tweed in Scotland. 
 Mount Maleus in India Sanskrit, Mala, a bare mountain ; Malea 
 in the Peloponnese ; Malo/a, an Alpine pass in the Engadine ;
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 22$ 
 
 the Afo/r, a bare ridge near Geneva = W. moe/, bare ; Mod 
 Siabbd in Snowdonia, and others in Wales. 
 
 Turkestan, Persia, &c, Armenia. 
 The river Ochus in Bactriana = W. og, rapid; the Ock in Berkshire; 
 the Okement in Devon; the Ogvanw {Gwalchmai.); the Ogwen 
 in Caernarvonshire. 
 
 Akcs in Chorasmia = W. ac/i, water ; the Akis in Sicily. 
 
 Albanus, in Armenia = W. ahven, pure white ; the Almus in 
 
 Moesia ; the Albtnca in Etruria ; the Fons Albunca of Horace ; 
 the Fons Hchrina in Campania ; the A/wen of Merioneth : per- 
 haps, also, the Elmund in Kashgaria, and the Almond in Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Araxes in Armenia = W. crch, violent ; the Orcos in Thessaly ; 
 
 the Morgns or Oreo in Piedmont ; the Morge in Switzerland 
 as W. morcath, the roaring of the sea; the Ourcq in Champagne; 
 the Irk in Lancashire. 
 
 Arms in Persia = the Aeron in South Wales ; the Arun in Sussex. 
 
 Attmck in Turkestan = W. cthryg, impetuous ; the Atrax in 
 
 Aetolia ; the Ettrick in Scotland. 
 
 Candriakes in Gedrosia = W. candeiriawc, wild. 
 
 Kyros in Armenia = W. carrog, a torrent, or carawg, a wild 
 
 boar ; the Caravaca in Murcia, Spain ; the Carawg in North 
 Wales. 
 
 Daradax in Armenia = W. tardd-wysc, bursting water ; the Tar- 
 
 taro in Italy; the Tartessus in Spain. 
 
 Elymandcr in Persia = W. E-llimyn-dwr \ the sharp water ? 
 
 Erindcs in Persia = W. rhint, a groove ? 
 
 Manais, in Persia = W. manaw, that extends ; the Menoba in 
 
 Spain ; the Menai in North Wales. 
 
 Mardus, a tributary of the Caspian Sea = W. Marth, flat. 
 
 Mygdonius in Mesopotamia = mtic/i-don, the dark wave ? 
 
 Orontes in Syria = W. r/wnt, playful. 
 
 Stratiga in Mesopotamia (S. Epiphanins) = W. ystranr, trick, 
 
 the wayward river.
 
 224 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 The river Tonderos, in Persia [Pliny .) = W . dwndwr, a loud noise; 
 English, thunder; the Tyndarus in Laconia. 
 Mount Cambalidus in Persia {Pliny), a branch of Caucasus = 
 W. cwm-bal, high combe ; connected with Combat, Combalaz, 
 &c, in Switzerland. 
 
 Carrhae, a city in Mesopotamia = W. caer, the city. 
 
 The Caurarani, a people in Arabia, whose name meant 'rich in 
 herds ' (Pliny.) = Erse, caor, a sheep. 
 
 The Chomari, a people east of the Caspian Sea, possibly a remain- 
 der of the Kymry. 
 
 The Gumbritae, a people on the borders of India (Pliny.), possibly 
 of the primaeval stock of the Kymry. 
 
 The Turkae or Turks of Tourkistan = Qu. from W. twrch, ' a wild 
 boar,' the symbol of warlike ardour ? 
 
 The Uxii, a people in Persia = Qu. from W. wysc, water.. Cf. the 
 isle of Uxi off the coast of Peru. 
 
 Lychindus, a fen in Armenia = W. llychwin, dusky. 
 
 Oroandes, a mountain in Armenia = W. gorvan, a high place. 
 
 SCYTHIA, OR SARMATIA. 
 
 The river Buges (Pliny.) = W. bwg, a scare, or bibch, a buck ; the 
 Buech in Provence. 
 
 Carambtikes (connected with Keltica), (Pliny.) = W. caran-bwch, 
 
 the goat's head. 
 
 Kyrnaba = W. chwyrn-wy, the impetuous water. The Quirna 
 
 on the Simplon ; the Dorovemia or the Dwr-chwym, an old 
 name of the Stour in Kent ; the Churn by Cirencester ; the 
 Cerne in Dorset. 
 
 Gerrhus = W. garw, pi. geirw, rough. The Cervo in Piedmont; 
 
 the Arve by Geneva ; the Garumna or Garonne in France. 
 
 Hypanis or Bog = W. wbain, howling. 
 
 Silys, as the Scythians call the Jaxartes flowing into the Cas- 
 
 pian (Pliny.) = W. silyn, the source or outlet of water, or else 
 sil, fish-spawn. The Sela in Messenia ; the Silis in Venetia ;
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 225 
 
 the Si/ in Portugal ; the Sihl near Zurich ; the Sieu/e in Au- 
 
 vergne ; the Scille by Lons-le-saulnier. 
 The river Turuntus or Velica in Russia = Sanskrit, taranta, a torrent; 
 
 dravanti, river ; Basque, turunta, a trumpet ; W. twrwnt, loud, 
 
 resonant. The Tiaranthus in Moldavia ; the TruenUim or 
 
 Tronto in the Abruzzo ; the Tordino running into the south 
 
 Adriatic ; the Tordine by Tarare (Lyonnais) ; the Druentia or 
 
 Durance in Dauphine. 
 The Abii, a Scythian people near the Maeotis = perhaps ' gwlad 
 
 Gavis ' in the Triads may refer to them. 
 The Budaei or Btidifii = Erse, buidhe, 'yellow' haired. 
 The Geloni (Russia) = W. a/on or ge/ynion, enemies ? 
 The Oor-pata, ' man-beaters,' as the words meant in the Scythian 
 
 tongue {Herodotus.) ; a name given to the warlike females, the 
 
 Amazons = W. gwr-baeddu, man-beaters ? 
 The Roxolani, the Russians = W. rhwch-ivlan, rough wool. It is 
 
 notorious that rude sheepskins still form the garb of the 
 
 Russian peasants. 
 The Thyrsage/ae, a people on the Palus Maeotis = W. tyrsacth, 
 
 ' draw the shaft,' that is, archers. 
 Rlriphaei monies, the Ural mountains in Russia = W. rhiff, that 
 
 separates. 
 Rubeas, a cape on the Northern Ocean {Philemon) = W. rhibyn, 
 
 a projection. 
 
 The Danubian Provinces and Southern Germany. 
 
 The river Licus or Lech in Bavaria = W. l/ug-wy, bright river. 
 
 The Luxia in Baetica (Spain) ; the Arricge or (as Froissart writes 
 it) Liege in southern France ; the Loxa or Lossie in Suther- 
 land (Scotland) ; the Lugg in Herefordshire ; the L/ugwy in 
 North Wales. Cf. Latin /ux, luc-is, light. 
 
 Temes in Transylvania = Sanskrit, tdmasa, water. The Tabbia 
 
 in Liguria (Italy ; the Tabuda or Scheldt in Belgium, allied to 
 
 the Tamuda in Mauritania {Me/a.) ; the Tava in Moravia ; the 
 
 Thames = W. tav-wysc, spreading water ; the Tame in Oxford- 
 CC
 
 226 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 shire ; the Teme = W. Tevidiog in Salop ; the Tavy in Devon ; 
 
 the TCiv by Cardiff; the Taw by Barnstaple ; the Tawy by 
 
 Swansea ; the Tay in Scotland. 
 The river Vindo or Wartach in Bavaria = W. gwyn-don, the white 
 
 wave or eddy. 
 Abnoba, the Schwarzwald or Black Forest in Swabia, the birthplace 
 
 of the Danube = W. abwy-ntm, vehement flow, or avon-bv, the 
 
 raw or infant river ? 
 Aquincum, Old Buda in Hungary = W. ach-yn-cwm, water in the 
 
 combe. 
 Artobriga, a town in Noricum (Austria) = W. artk-brig, the bear's 
 
 hill? 
 Burnum, a castle in Liburnia {Pliny) = W. bwm, an intrenchment. 
 
 Born in Auvergne was the castle of the famous troubadour 
 
 Bertrand De Born. 
 Campodumim, Kempten a town in Bavaria = W. dinas y camp an, 
 
 the city of the games. 
 Camicae Alpes, the Alps of Carniola = W. alp-gamau, the high- 
 lands of cairns. 
 Carnuntum, Altenburg a town in Hungary = W. caer-neint, the 
 
 fort of torrents. 
 Kelemantia, a place in Moravia = W. kelvaint, stock. 
 Clunia, Feldkirche in the Tirol = W. llwyn, the grove. 
 Eburodunum, Brunn in Moravia = W. Dinevwr, Dinevor. 
 Gabromagus, Krems a town in Austria = W. gavr-maes or gavr- 
 
 magh, the goat's field. 
 Hercynia sylva, the Black Forest = W. erc/z-van, terrible place ? 
 Idunnm, Windischmatrey in Bavaria = W. y dun, the hill fort. 
 Mount Marmolatta, one of the Tirolese Alps in the splintered 
 
 Dolomite district = W. marmor-ldth, the chalky wand ? 
 Martiana sy/va, the Black Forest = W. coed-marth, the heavy wood. 
 Meh'odunum, Milensko in Bohemia = W. din-mael, the iron fort. 
 Meran in the Tirol = W. marian, gravelly soil. 
 Naunia {Pliny), the Val di Non in the Tirol = W. nonau, the 
 
 streams ; nannan, the ravines.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 227 
 
 Pons Oeni, Innsbruck = W. pont-avon, river bridge. 
 Tcriolis a castle in the Tirol = W. tir-iol, a pleasant spot. 
 Vendenis a city in Servia = W. givcn-dinas, the white fort. 
 
 Northern Europe. 
 The river Albis or Elbe = W. alb-ivysc, white water. The Elwy 
 in North Wales. 
 
 Nava or Natv in Rhenish Prussia = W. navawl, that which 
 
 forms or deposits soil. The Nabalia in Guelderland ; the Na- 
 bius in Keltiberia (northern Spain). 
 
 Obrincus or Moselle = W. ob-rhwngc, loud motion. 
 
 Rhenus or Rhine = W. rhe, to flow. 
 
 Rotte by Rotterdam in Holland = W. rhwth, wide, open. 
 
 The Arrottx in Burgundy ; the Rother in Sussex and in Yorkshire ; 
 the Rotha in Cumberland. 
 
 Ruhr near Ruremund in Guelderland = W. rhawr, roaring. 
 
 Scaldis or Scheldt in Holland = W. isga/-dwys, thick foam. 
 
 Viadrus or Oder in Prussia = Erse, beathra, water. 
 
 Vistida in Poland = W. gwys-twyl, deep fear ? 
 
 Visurgis or Weser = W. gwy-sorig, sullen stream. 
 
 The Aesthonii, a people on the Baltic, whose language approached 
 
 the British (Tacitus, Germania.) = W. aes-don-wyr, men of the 
 
 ample buckler ? 
 The Borussi or Prussians = W. brwys, big well-grown men. 
 The Bructeri, the ancient people of Guelderland = W. brwch-twrv, 
 
 the excitable ? men of strong impulse. 
 The Germani=W. garni, the war-cry. 
 The Gugerni or Sicambri, a tribe on the lower Rhine = W. gwg- 
 
 gem, the frowning sirs. 
 The Lygii, men of Silesia = W. //ug-wyr, the pestilential ? 
 The Osi=W. aws, defiant? 
 
 The Quadi, men of Moravia = W. cdd-wyr, warriors. 
 The Rugii, men of Rugen in the Baltic = W. r/nvawg, thick 
 
 bearded. 
 The Ubii, a tribe of Gauls on the Rhine = W. wb-wyr, the exiles.
 
 228 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Argentoratum, Strassburg = W. caer-arianrod, the city of the silver 
 
 wheel. 
 Bannomanna, a Kelto-Scythic name anciently applied to some ele- 
 vated region in the Northern Ocean, probably Norway {Pliny.) 
 
 = W. ban-van, the highland. 
 Borbetomagns, Worms on the Rhine = W. maes-pryved, the field 
 
 of worms, that is, serpents, as e.g. the Worm's Head, the 
 
 Orme's Head in Wales. 
 Cronium Mare, the Frozen Sea of the north = W. mor-crawn, the 
 
 congealed sea. 
 Dort in Holland, called by Froissart Dourdrech = W. dwr-drech, 
 
 the impetuous water. 
 Maguntiacum, Mainz on the Rhine = from the Erse, magh, field. 
 Manarmanis, Harlingen in Friesland = man-aerven, the place of 
 
 battle. 
 Rigomagus, Remagen in Rhenish Prussia = W. rhyg-maes, rye-field. 
 Vosania, Oberwesel on the Rhine = W. gwys-an, deep river. 
 
 Asia Minor. 
 The river Aesacus in the Troad. The Eisack in the Tirol. 
 
 Arycandus in Lycia = W. argannaid, very bright. 
 
 Karesos in the Troad {Homer?) = W. cor-wys, eddying water. 
 
 The Correze in Aquitaine ; the Corys in Merioneth ; the Keir- 
 iog or Chirk in Denbighshire ; the Cere by Aurillac, and the 
 Cher by Tours in France. 
 
 Evenus in the Troad = W. e-wenn-wy, white water. The 
 
 Ewenny in Glamorgan. 
 
 Hy litis in Lydia = W. tell, sudden. 
 
 Lamns in Cilicia = W. Ham, a leap. The Lemme in the Jura, 
 
 which forms a fine cascade, ' la chute de la Lemme.' The 
 Learn by Warwick. 
 
 Sarus in Cappadocia = W. sdr, wrath, i.e. the angry river. 
 The Sars by Santiago in Spain {Mela.) ; the Sarine in Switzerland ; 
 
 the Sanr in Luxemburg. 
 
 Siberis in Galatia = W. hyverw, boiling over, inundating.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 229 
 
 The Syverns in Attica {Pliny xxxvii. g) ; the Sybaris in south Italy; 
 the Iberns or Ebro in Spain ; the Hyver in South Wales. 
 
 Simois in the Troad = Erse, saimh, quiet. The Simmeti in 
 
 Switzerland ; the Semoy in Belgium ; the Samara or Somme in 
 Picardy. 
 
 Tame, the fountain of the Pactolus in Lydia ; the Atarnes in 
 
 Thrace ; the Tarn in Languedoc ; the Tern in Salop ; the Tren 
 or Trent in England ; the Trininm in the Abruzzo. 
 
 Tembrogins in Phrygia {Pliny) = W. tcm-brog, the swelling ex- 
 
 panse. 
 The lake Tatta Pains in Lycaonia = W. tawd, extended. 
 The Treroi in Mysia =. Erse, treoirac/i, vigorous. 
 The Teukroi=W. dewr, stout. These two Kimmerian tribes were 
 
 driven from Mysia by the Thracian Maesi, long before the 
 
 Trojan war. {Herodotus) 
 Mount Berekynthos in Phrygia = W. berwyn, white peak. 
 
 Bcrmius in Macedonia ; Berwyn in Merioneth. 
 
 Dindymns in Galatia = W. din-dwym, the sultry fort ? 
 
 Ida in Asia and Crete = W. gwydd, woodland. 
 
 Taurus in Cilicia = W. torr, 'the hill' pre-eminently, from torri, 
 
 to break ; abrupt. The Torr by Glastonbury. 
 
 Amorinm, a strong town in Phrygia = W. all-mor, a secluded spot. 
 
 Aspetidus, a city in Pamphylia = W. aspant, a hollow depression. 
 
 Carambis, a promontory of the Euxine = W. caran-bn, the ox's 
 head. It was opposite Kriou-metopon in Taurica. 
 
 Gordium in Phrygia = W. gor-ddn, the black summit. 
 
 Pessitins, a town in Galatia, with a richly endowed temple of 
 Cybele = W. pcncs-wyn, the blessed district. 
 
 Tavinm, the town of the Gallic Trocmi in Galatia {Pliny.) = per- 
 haps from Tav, as in Llandav. A bishop of Tavium, the 
 Galatian Llandav, attended the Council of Nicaea. 
 
 Termessns, a city in Pisidia = W. tcr-maes, fair field. 
 
 I'i/idia, a place in Galatia = W. gwent, an open plain.
 
 230 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Thrace. 
 
 The river Akesines (Thucydides) = W. acli-iesin, bright water. 
 
 Araros, an affluent of the Danube {Herodotus iv. 48.) = W. 
 
 arav, slow. The Ararius or Aar in Switzerland ; the Arar 
 or Saone in France ; the Are in Yorkshire. 
 
 Ardiscos (Pliny.) = W. hardd-wysc, fine water. The Ardeche in 
 
 France. 
 
 Brongos (Herodotus?) = W. bronawg, full bosomed. 
 
 Kontadesdos = allied to W. kyndawd? 
 
 Tearos, a salubrious river in Thrace (Herodotus.) = W. ter, pure. 
 
 The Terias in Sicily (Thucydides?). The Ter in the north of 
 Spain. 
 
 Trauos = Sanskrit, dravanti, a river ; or W. traws, sharp. 
 The Tresa in Lombardy ; the Dranse in Dauphine. 
 
 Mount Edon = W. e-dun or y-ddmas, the fort. 
 
 The Moesi = W. maes-wyr, men of the plains; the Bryges = W. brig- 
 7vyr, hill-men ; and the Thyni = W. tywyn-wyr, coast-men, be- 
 tween the Danube and the Bosphorus, became the ancestors of 
 the Mysians, Phrygians, and Bithynians of Asia Minor. (Plinii 
 Nat. Hist. v. c. 32.) 
 
 The Thrakes, presumably Keltic in origin = W. treck-wyr, the more 
 powerful. 
 
 Macedonia. 
 
 The river Echedorus = W. ech-dwr, parent of water. 
 
 Eordaeos = W. hwrdd, the ram. 
 
 Erigonos = W. e-rhig-on, the water groove. 
 
 Genusus (Lucan.) = W. gwen-wysc, fair water. 
 
 Lydius = W. //wyd, the gray river. 
 
 Lynkestos = W. llyngc-kest, the swallowing paunch. 
 
 Rhocdias (Pliny.) = W. r/iwydd, free. 
 
 Strymon = W. ystrym-on, the main stream. 
 
 Suemis = W. swyv, foam. 
 
 Mount Pimpla = W. pwmpyl, a knoll or projection.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 231 
 
 Greece. 
 
 The river Achclons in Aetolia = W. ac hcl-wysc , water in the 
 covert. 
 
 Acheron in Aetolia = Erse, achar-on, sharp river. 
 
 Alphaeus in Arcadia = W. alp-wysc, water of the highland. 
 
 Amphrysos in Thessaly = W. amvrwys, luxuriant around. 
 
 Balyras in the Peloponnesus (Pausanias) = W. ballasarn, blue. 
 
 The torrent Balira in the valley of Andorra in Spain. 
 The lake Boibeis in Thessaly, that of old inundated the country 
 = W. baw, slime, mud. 
 
 Bolbd limne in Macedonia (Thucydides.) = W. llyn-bol, expansive 
 
 lake. 
 The river Charadros in Phocis = W. rhaiadr, waterfall. 
 
 Kelydnos in Epirus = W. kelyddon, the brakes or coverts. 
 
 Kephissos in Attica = W. kyff-ivysc, the main water. 
 
 Kladaos in Arcadia (Xenophon.) = W. cleddeu, sword ; or, pos- 
 
 sibly, clwyd, warm. The Cledden in Pembrokeshire ; the Clwyd 
 in Denbighshire ; the Clyde in Scotland ; the Glyde in Ireland. 
 
 Kokytos in Epirus = W. crdck, violent ; or, c6ch-chwydd, red 
 
 swelling. 
 
 Crathis in Achaia = Erse, crathaidh, tremulous. 
 Dirkc, a fountain near Thebes = Erse, dearc, an eye. 
 The river Eurotas in Laconia = W. rhwth, the wide river. 
 
 Iardanos in Crete (Hesiod.) = W. ir-ddon, the fresh wave. The 
 
 Eridanos or Po, ' nullo amnium claritate inferior ' (Pliny Hi. 
 16); the Irthing in Cumberland. 
 
 Ilissos in Attica = W. il-wysc, the bubbling water. 
 
 Ladon in Arcadia = W. llydan, the broad. The Loddon in 
 
 Hants. 
 
 Lethe, the fabled river of oblivion = W. llaith, death. 
 Libethra, a fountain in Magnesia = W. llethyr, steep. 
 
 The river Minykos in Thessaly (Homer) = W. mynych, rapid. The 
 Mincins in north Italy. 
 
 Neda in Arcadia = W. nedd, whirling. The Neaethus in Cala-
 
 232 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 bria ; the Nide in Lorraine ; the Nethe in Belgium ; the Nedd 
 or Neath in Glamorgan ; the Nidd in Yorkshire ; the Nith and 
 the Nethan in Scotland. 
 The river Olbios in Arcadia = W. elwy, the joyous. The Elwy by 
 S. Asaph. 
 
 Olyras near Thermopylae = W. llyr, water. The Liris in south 
 
 Italy ; the Laeros in Spain {Mela.) ; the Lair a by Plymouth ; 
 the Liger or Loire in France ; the Leir by Leicester (Caer-lyr), 
 now corrupted into Soar. 
 
 Peneios in Thessaly = W. pen-wysc, head water. 
 
 Selimnos in Achaia = W. selwyn, keen. The Selune in Nor- 
 
 mandy. 
 
 Thyamis in Epirus. The Tamega in Portugal ; the Teivi in 
 
 South Wales ; the Teviot in Scotland. 
 The Achaez] the ancient stock of Greeks = W. ach, water ; the sea- 
 men. 
 Acarnania, a wild part of Greece = W. allt-garn, craggy steep. 
 Aetoh'a, a district whose inhabitants were reckoned the most wicked 
 
 in Greece = W. aethawl, prickly, offensive. 
 Ambrakia, a city of Epirus at the end of a gulf = W. amffrach, 
 
 at the bend ; Latin, amfractus. 
 Arakynthos, a mountain in Greece = W. aran-gwyn, the white 
 
 mountain. 
 Arcadia in the Peloponnese = W. ar-goed, the wooded upland. 
 Lyktonia, a submerged land under the Aegean sea = W. llug-ton, 
 
 the luminous strand. 
 Marathon in Greece = W. marth, flat, the plain. 
 Skyros, an isle in the Aegean = W. esgair, the spur. Cf. the 
 
 Skironia saxa in Attica, and the Skerries off Mona. 
 Tenedos, an isle in the Aegean = allied with Ynys Daned or Thanet 
 
 in Kent. 
 Trikaranon, a Greek fortress [Xenophon^) = W. tri-carafi, the three 
 
 headed. 
 Cambunii montes in Thessaly = W. cam-bryniau, the bent or beetling 
 
 hills.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 233 
 
 Mount Erymanthos in Arcadia = W. eiry-mynydd, snowy mountain. 
 
 Hyntettos in Attica, famed for honey = W. y medd, mead ? 
 
 Maenalos in Arcadia = W. maenawl, stony. 
 
 Olympos in Thessaly = W. Iwtnp, a mass. 
 
 Ordymnos in Lesbos = W. gor-ddiovn, precipitous. 
 
 Othrys in Thessaly = W. uthyr, terrible. 
 
 Parnassos in Boeotia = W. par-natvs, spear of nature. 
 
 Pelinaion in Chios {Strabo.) = W. pellen, a round mass. 
 
 Pindos in Thessaly = W. pen-dwys, massive head. 
 
 Saoke in Samothrace = W. sawch, an heap. 
 
 Skardos in Dalmatia = W. esgair-du, the black spur. 
 
 Tilphyssos in Boeotia = W. Diphwys, precipitous, in Merioneth. 
 Ascra, a mountain village in Boeotia = Erse, aisgcir, mountain ; 
 
 W. esgair. 
 
 Bcmbinadia, another name of the Nemean wood in Arcadia {Pliny, 
 iv. 6) = Erse, Beinn-feadha , the woody heights. 
 
 Blenina, a town in Arcadia {Pansanias.) = W. blacnau, the ex- 
 tremities of a vale. 
 
 Boeotia, a province rich in pastures as W. buod, oxen. 
 
 Brilessos, a mountain in Attica = W. breilw, a rose. 
 
 Calydon, a forest in Aetolia = W. kelyddon, the coverts. 
 
 Candavia, a mountain district of Epirus {Cicero?) = W. can-ddv, 
 white spread. 
 
 Cnidos, a town in Caria = W. cnibd, ' a crop,' fruitful. 
 
 Daulis, a city of Phocis = W. dul, a dale. 
 
 Dodona, a city of Epirus = W. dazvd-on, water-deposit. 
 
 Doris, a district on the Kephissos = W. dibr, water. 
 
 lalysos, a city in Rhodes = W. ial-wys, fair water. 
 
 Ithake, the home of Odysseus, termed by Homer hylicssa, ' the 
 wooded ' = W. gwyddawg, of the same meaning. 
 
 The Lokroi Opountioi, near Boeotia = W. Lloegrwys Epynt, the 
 Ligurians of the upland slopes. 
 
 Mount Tomaros in Thesprotia = W. to-mawr, great roof. 
 
 DD
 
 234 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Sicily. 
 
 The river Alabus = W. alaw, a water-lily. 
 
 Damyrias {Plutarch) = Sanskrit, tamasa, water. The Tamara in 
 
 Spain ; the Tamar in Devonshire. 
 
 DcJas = W. du-las, dark blue. The Dulas in North and South 
 
 Wales ; the Douglas in Lancashire and in Scotland. 
 
 Gela (Thucydides.) = W. geleu, that which flows imperceptibly. 
 
 The Geleu in Denbighshire. 
 
 Her minium = W. ir-avon, fresh river. The Irvon in Radnor- 
 
 shire ; the Irvine in Scotland. 
 
 Motychanes = W. mwth-uc henaid, rapid murmuring. 
 Mount Acragas = W. y graig, the rock. 
 
 Aetna = W. aeth-nev, piercing the sky. 
 
 Argennum = W. ar-gwyn, the white upland. 
 
 Eryx = W. erch, terrible. 
 
 Hybla, famed for its honey W. hyvelydd, the sun. 
 
 Lilybaeum, a cape = W. Hob, bulging out. Cf. Lopper, an ex- 
 
 tension of Mount Pilatus into the Lake of Lucerne. 
 
 Malimnus, full of apple-trees = W. aval-llwyn, apple-grove. 
 Mtrgantium, a city = W. mor-gamt, great plain. 
 
 Rhodunia , the crater of Aetna (Livy.) = W. yr odyn, the lime kiln. 
 Tauromenium, a city = W. tawr-meinz] the formidable walls. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 The river Acalandrus in South Italy = W. ack-lawnder, abundance 
 
 of water. 
 The lake Acherusia in Campania = W. ac/irwys, plenty. 
 The river Akiris in South Italy = W. agwyr, winding. 
 
 Addua in Lombardy = W. add-wy, redundant water ? from its 
 
 destructive floods. 
 
 Aesar = W. aeserw, bright. 
 
 Albula, the primitive name of the Tiber = W. alp-ul, the high- 
 
 land stream.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 235 
 
 The Aponi Fontes, Abano in Venetia = W. Ffynnon Aban y the 
 
 tumultuous spring. 
 The river Aprusa in South Italy = W. ehr-wys, quick water. 
 Artafa'a, a fountain among the Lmc s try gone s, a Keltic people in 
 
 Campania, signifying 'the bear's fountain' [Apollom'us R/iodius.) 
 
 =s W. Arthog, a name known near Barmouth in Wales. 
 The river Clanis in Etruria = W. g/dn, fair. The Glanc by Ro- 
 
 mont in Switzerland ; the Clain in Poitou. 
 
 Bedesis, near Ravenna = W. bedw-wys, the birch river ; also 
 
 called the Ronco = W. r/iongca, hollow. The Ranee in Bri- 
 tanny. 
 
 Bormida in Piedmont = Erse, borram, to swell. 
 
 Bradanns in Calabria = Erse, bradau, a salmon. 
 
 Clitumnns in Campania = W. lliv-dwvn, deep stream. 
 
 Clusone in Piedmont = W. glwys-on, pure water. 
 
 Crevola on the Simplon = W. crev, a cry. 
 
 Dobbia in Piedmont = W. dyvi, deep ; Erse, dnbh; W. <///, 
 
 black. The I dub a in Arragon ; the Dubis or Daubs in Bur- 
 gundy ; the Douve in Normandy ; the Z?o# in Staffordshire ; 
 the Duvey in North Wales. * 
 
 Galcsus in Calabria = W. gdl-wys, fair water. 
 
 Grana in Piedmont = W. gran, lustre. 
 
 Hylas in Calabria = W. u/-/as, blue water. 
 
 /r/V? or Scrivia in Lombardy = W. zr, fresh ; ysgriv, jagged. 
 
 Labinius in North Italy = W. llavyn, a blade or sword. 
 
 Lambrus, an affluent of the Po = W. llamre, swift. 
 
 Libarna or Lavagna in the Apennines = W. lliveiriain, flowing 
 
 in a torrent. 
 
 Lima and Lemuris in the Apennines = W. ///'^, torrent. The 
 
 Lamia in Portugal. 
 
 Mcdama in Calabria = W. medd-avun, soft stream. 
 
 Merula in Liguria = \V. mer-ul, rich water. 
 
 Metniirus in Calabria = W. myd-taur, flowing surface. 
 Neminia, a fountain in Samnium, allied to Nevyn in North Wales 
 
 and to Nemausus or Nismes in its meaning, 'sacred.'
 
 236 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 The river Olane, a tributary of the Po, {Pliny Hi. 16.) now the 
 Olona by Milan = W. alon, harmony. The Alagnon in Au- 
 vergne ; the Aulne in Britanny ; the Alaunus, Allen, or Avon in 
 Dorset ; the Alne by Henley-in-Arden ; the Alne in Northum- 
 berland ; the Alun in Flintshire ; the Allan in Scotland. 
 
 Ollius or Oglio in Lombardy, a turbid stream = W. gwyllt, wild. 
 
 The Ulla by Sant, Iago in Spain ; the Olle in Dauphine ; the 
 Oltis or Lot (a wild stream) in the Cevennes. 
 
 Pactins in Apulia = W. paith, a straight course. 
 
 Pisaurus = W. pisawr, spouting, gushing. 
 
 Rubicon = W. rhuv-ig, red and impetuous. 
 
 Rutuba, Rotta near Ventimiglia = W. rhiidd-wv, the red stream. 
 
 Sabatus, an affluent of the Vulturnus = W. savaddou, calm. 
 
 Samnia in Venetia = W. sarnau, the stepping-stones. 
 
 Scultenna, an affluent of the Po = W. ysglcnt, rebounding. 
 
 Sermenta in Val Sesia = W. servan, dizzy. 
 
 Sertta in Piedmont = W. serin, precipitate. 
 
 Sessites, Sesia in Piedmont = W. swysiad, impulse. The Suze 
 
 in West Switzerland. 
 
 Tanager in Calabria = W. tdn-agwyr, spreading awry, winding. 
 
 Tanarus or Tar anus = W. taran, thunder. The Tarannon, an 
 
 affluent of the Severn in North Wales. 
 
 Taro in the Apennines = W. tar, shock. 
 
 Tilaventum in Friuli = W. tail-avon, river deposit. 
 
 Timavus in Venetia (with hot springs) = W. twym-avon, warm 
 
 river. 
 
 Tinea, near Nice = W. tywynnu, flashing. The Tyne in Scot- 
 
 land. 
 
 Tosa or Toccia in Piedmont = W. tocc, quick. The Toss by S. 
 
 Gall in Switzerland ; the Touques in Normandy. 
 
 Umbro or Ombrone in Italy as W. Hymyr, the Humber. 
 
 Vesciris, by mount Vesuvius = W. gwescrydd, agitated. 
 
 Vesubia, near Nice = W. gwts-wv, water in motion. 
 
 Vulturnus in Campania = W. gwyllt-dwrn, wild eddy. 
 Larius lacus, the Lake of Como = W. llary, gentle.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 237 
 
 Mandurium in Apulia = W. mann-dwr, place of water. 
 
 Pantanus lacus -- W. pant-an, river in a hollow. 
 
 Papyrius or lake of Bracciano = W. llwch-pabwyr, reedy lake. 
 
 Sabatinus = W. llwch-savaddon, the calm lake. 
 
 Sebinus lacus, the lake of Iseo in Lombardy = W. llwch-scbin, the 
 
 confined lake. 
 Si'acha, a Kimmerian name of lake Avernus near Cumae, preserved 
 
 by John Tzetzes = W. sych, dry, of volcanic origin. 
 Trasi menus, a lake famous for the defeat of the Romans = W. 
 
 traivs-vann, the ill-omened place. 
 Marc Tyrrhenian, the Tuscan Sea = W. Mor Tcryn. 
 Mountains : Col d } Albergian in Val Pellice in Piedmont = W. al- 
 
 brtg-gain, the high white summit. 
 
 Alburnus in Lucania = W. al-bwm, a mighty heap. 
 
 Alpes = W. Mynneu, from the Latin montes, the mountains. 
 
 Apenninus = W. penn-wyn, white head. 
 
 Balmadant in the Vaudois valleys = W. bal-mawdd-ddant, the 
 
 peak of the expanding tooth. Serre le Cruel, ' the cruel saw,' 
 is another Vaudois locality. 
 
 Balsille = W. bdl-sil, the peak of the outlet. 
 
 Bolca, near Verona = W. bwlch, jagged, basaltic. 
 
 Braulio, a portion of the Stelvio = W. brawl, swelling out. 
 
 Brans, and Mont Brouis above Nice, (covered with lavender) = 
 
 W. brwys, luxuriant. 
 
 Brenner, an Alpine pass = W. bre-cn, the summit. 
 
 Broglia, by Courmayeur = W. brawl, swelling. 
 
 Cent's = W. kean or penn-wysc, head of the water. 
 
 Kiminius in Etruria = W. kevn, the back or high ridge. 
 
 Coelius, one of the hills of Rome = Erse, coill, a wood. 
 
 Col d^Artercva, near Courmayeur in Piedmont = W. bwlch- 
 
 arthrev, the pass of the huge bear. 
 
 Cunarus, now Mount Corno, the highest peak of the Apennines = 
 
 W. ciin-aran, the chief mountain. 
 
 Garganus = W. y gaer-gann, the white fort. 
 
 Gaurus, near Naples = W. gawr, azure ?
 
 238 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Mountains : Genevre = W. gwen-vre, the white summit. 
 
 Gingunum in Umbria = W. pen-gwvn, white crest. 
 
 Graiae Alpes = W. creigiau, the rocks. 
 
 Grivola in Piedmont = W. criviaw/, indented. 
 
 Hirpinus in Samnium = W. Mr-pen, the long head. 
 
 Lucretilis {Horace?) = W. Uiig-crethyU, bright. 
 
 Muanda and Moud, two passes in Val Sesia in Piedmont = W. 
 
 bwlch-y-mant, ' the pass of the mouth ' or opening. 
 
 Oropa in Piedmont = W. yr hvb-al/t, the swelling height. Y 
 
 Robe//, a mountain in Merioneth. 
 
 Penninae Alpes = W. alpau penwyn, white topt high crags. 
 
 Stelvio = W. yste/v, rude. 
 
 Tabnrmis in South Italy = W. ta-bwrn, spreading mass. 
 
 Tersiva, a snowy summit of the Graian Alps = W. ter-swyv, 
 
 clear ice. 
 
 Tnrlo, an Alpine pass in Piedmont = W. twrlla, a marmot. 
 
 Vesula or Vt'so = W. syll-va or gwydd-va, place of vision. The 
 
 latter denotes in Wales the summit of Snowdon. Cf. Mount 
 Voidhia by Patras in the Morea. 
 Tribes or nations : The Brnttii on the strait of Messina = W. 
 brwyd, ' rent,' with allusion to the country. 
 
 Falisci in Etruria W. ffal-wysc, whirling water. 
 
 Genauni, the Keltic tribe of the Val d'Agno in North Italy = 
 
 W. gwynion, the fair race. 
 
 Hcrm'ci, a people of Latium, so called from Herma, in the 
 
 Sabine tongue, signifying ' stones ' = Erse, cairneach, stony ; W. 
 arennigion, mountaineers ? 
 
 Iktymuli in the Val Anzasca = W. ith-mwl, a mass of wild corn. 
 
 Laestrygoncs, a Kimmerian people who were ' sons of Neptune,' 
 
 i.e. pirates in South Italy before Homer's time = W. llesteir- 
 iawg, obstructive. 
 
 Lebui, between Brescia and Verona = W. llcb, pale yellow. 
 
 lepontii in the Val d'Ossola = W. llc-pant-wys, they of the glens. 
 
 Ligurjs of West Italy, probably the same as the Iberi of Spain 
 
 and the Lloegrwys of Britain = W. //yr, ' the sea,' seamen.
 
 Appendix. No. M II. 239 
 
 Tribes or nations: Ombriri or Umbrs] a people of Illyricum and of 
 Italy = W. Kymry. 
 
 Salasst in the Val d'Aosta = W. salw-wfis, sickly men. Per- 
 
 haps cretinism early prevailed there. 
 
 Tanrini, near Turin = W. torr, a steep hill. 
 
 Uencti, the men of Venice and of Vannes in Britanny = W. 
 
 Gwynedd and Guenct, the fair country ; North Wales. 
 
 Vestini in Samnium = Erse, luchd-faistine, wizards. 
 
 Abe/fa, a town in Campania = Erse, abhal, apple. 
 
 Anxur, " in the language of the Volsci " {Pliny Hi. 5.) the name of 
 Tarracina = W. acserw, bright. 
 
 Apulia, a province of South Italy, = W. Gwlad y Pwyl. {Brut y 
 Tyuysogion, A.D. 1260.) 
 
 Ardca, a city in Latium = Erse, airde, height. 
 
 Ariminum in Gallic Italy = W. ar-vin-wy, on the water's edge. 
 
 Arpinum, a town in Samnium = W. ar-pen, the high summit. 
 
 Bagnasco, a place in the Apennines = W. bann-wysc, height of the 
 water. 
 
 Balmuccia in the Val Sesia = W. bal-miich, the dark peak. 
 
 Banlia in Campania = W. bant (in Gwentian dialect), upland. 
 
 Barderate, Bra a town in Piedmont = W. barr-derwaidd, the oak 
 summit. This may have been its Liguro-Keltic name ; but Sir 
 Francis Palgrave derives Bra from brauda, broad, a Teutonic 
 word which could scarcely date earlier than the Lombard occu- 
 pation in the sixth century. 
 
 Bencvcntum in South Italy = W. pen-gwent, head of the champain. 
 
 Bcrgomtim in North Italy = W. brig-cwm, end of the combe. 
 
 Brcgaglia, a valley in North Italy = W. breg-ae/, brow of the fissure. 
 
 Brembana, a valley in the Bergamasque = W. brecu-ban, the con- 
 spicuous summit. 
 
 Brianza, a hilly tract near Como = W. brigant, the summit. 
 
 Brixia, Brescia in Lombardy = W. brwysg, inebriate. 
 
 Bur gum Ausugii in Venetia = \V. bwrc/i-awsog, defiant rampart.
 
 240 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Kaecubum in Campania, famed for its wine = W. cae-cwv, the 
 
 sloping enclosure. 
 Kaere in Etruria, and Carrea or Chieri in Piedmont = W. caer, 
 
 a walled city. 
 Caesena in Umbria = W. cae-sena, the fort of the Ra-sena. 
 Calabria in South Italy = W. ca/a-vro, the point of the land. 
 Camere in Calabria {Ovid. Fasti) = W '. ca-mer, the marrow or rich 
 
 field. 
 Carriers in Etruria = W. ca-Mawrth, ' Mars ' field. 
 Camonica, a valley in North Italy = W. dul-cammawn, the valley 
 
 of battle. 
 Canter turn, a headland in Umbria = Erse, hean-tir; W. pen-tir, 
 
 headland. Cf. Cantire in Scotland. 
 Caniisium, a town of Apulia on the Aufidus, a violent stream = 
 
 W. cann-wysc, white water. 
 Cara/is, a seaport in Sardinia = W. cacr-heli, city of the salt sea. 
 Carbantia, an old town in Lombardy = W. caer-pant, city in the 
 
 hollow. 
 Caristum in Lombardy = W. caer-wys, city on the water. 
 Carmagnola in Piedmont = W. caer-maenawl, fort in rich soil. 
 Carseoli, a city of Tuscany = Erse, caisea/, the bulwark. 
 Casilinnm in Latium. Cf. Caer-sihn, Silchester, to the venerable 
 
 ruins whereof Pliny's words still apply, as to the Italian city 
 
 of yore 'Sunt et morientis Casilini relliquiae,' iii. 5. 
 Casmona in Liguria = W. cds-mdn, the isolated fort. 
 Cas-uent-illan-um in Umbria = W. cas-gwent-y-llan, the fort of the 
 
 meadow-land. 
 Cherasco in Piedmont = W. c/aer-wysc, clear water. 
 Clastidium, Casteggio in Liguria = W. c/ds-tiid, the people's hold. 
 Clatema in Cis-alpine Gaul {Cicero) = W. llad-wern, the rich 
 
 meadow. 
 Cotnum or Como = W. cwm, a combe. 
 Corfiniwn in Umbria = W. cur-ffin, the border fort. 
 Corioli in Latium = W. cor-iol (iawt), the choir of worship. 
 Covto, an impregnable Venetian fort = Erse, com/i/a, a horn.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 241 
 
 Cnmae, a Kimmerian city in Italy = W. cymmau, the glens. 
 Cumero, a headland in Picenum = W. penrhyn Kymry. 
 Dervio on the lake of C01110 = Armoric, dcrv; W. derw, an oak. 
 Dnggia, Va/, in Piedmont = W. dol-ddnaivg, the dark valley. 
 Eporedia, Ivrea, in a district anciently inhabited by Kelts (Galli 
 
 Insubres) = W. cbol-rhydd, the free colt. Pliny says, " The 
 
 Gauls call good horsebreakers Eporedicae," iii. 17. 
 Eza, a fort above Monaco = Erse, ais, hill-fort. 
 Felsina, the Umbrian name of Bologna, "cum princeps Hetruriae 
 
 esset " {Pliny iii. 5.) = W. gwely-Sina, the settlement of the 
 
 Ra-sena ' or Etruscans. (Archd. John Williams, Essays) 
 Fesnlae, Fiesole by Florence = W. gwes-id, the place of water. 
 Ilva, the isle of Elba = W. il-va, the place of ferment. Ou. 
 
 whether of old volcanic ? 
 Laberii campi in Campania = W. llavyr, spreading out. 
 Lannvinm, a town = W. llan-wv, moist spot. 
 Laveno on lake Maggiore = W. llawen, joyous. 
 Liternnm, a town in Campania = W. llwyd-wern, gray swamp. 
 Lncania, a province of Italy = W. ling-gain, fair light. 
 Lima, a Ligurian city near Spezzia = W. llwyn, a grove. 
 Maggia, Val, in Piedmont = W. dol-mai, the open valley. 
 Mantna, city surrounded by water = W. mant-wy, mouth of the water. 
 Masncntnm in south Italy = W. maes-gwent, the open field. 
 Mediolannm, Milan = Erse, magh-lan ; W. macs-Ian, fair meadow; 
 
 or W. midlan, field of battle. 
 Mendrisio at the foot of craggy Monte Generoso = W. mcini-dyrys, 
 
 intricate stones. 
 Mevania in Umbria = W. mei-van, the open spot. 
 Morbininm in Val Tellina = W. morben, the headland. 
 Okelum, Exilles in Piedmont = W. nchcl. high. Cf. Okelum pro- 
 
 montorium, Spurnhead. 
 Olloccia, Val, an offshoot of Val Anzasca = W. DyfFryn-Golych 
 
 (Glamorgan), the vale of worship. 
 
 Ravenna, the great harbour of the Romans, a town of the Sabines, 
 
 originally Umbri or Kymry = W. yr havyn, the haven, 
 EE
 
 242 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Raudii campi, near Milan = W. campau rhawdd, open plain. 
 
 Rhcgium on the strait of Messina = rhwyg, a rent. 
 
 R/gomagus, Trino in Lombardy = W. rhyg-vaes, the rye field. 
 
 Roncalia, a famous plain by Milan W. rhonca-cail, hollow field. 
 
 Sabatia, Savona in Liguria = W. sav addon, the calm water. 
 
 Seguszo, Susa = W. seg-wysc, the inaccessible stream. 
 
 Seriana, Val, in the Bergamasque = W. dol-seirian, bright valley. 
 
 Sylva Sz/a, a forest in the Apennines = W. coed-selw, the remark- 
 able wood ; as in Selwood Forest. 
 
 Tarpeium saxum, a rock at Rome = W. Erse, tarp, a clod. 
 
 Tifcrnum in Umbria = W. ty-gwem, house in the meadow. 
 
 Tigulia, a Ligurian town on the bend of the Gulf of Genoa = Erse, 
 tz'gh-uz'leann, the house at the elbow or bend. 
 
 Treba, a town of the Aequi = W. treva, town. 
 
 Trebzda, a town in Samnium = W. tre-ba/a, the town where 
 streams meet. 
 
 Ulvemum = W. ul-gwem, the moist meadow. 
 
 Venusia in Apulia = W. gwen-wysc, white water. 
 
 Verkellae in Piedmont = W. gwer-kyll, camp of the hazels. 
 
 Verona in Lombardy = W. gwer-on, camp by the river. 
 
 Savoy and Switzerland. 
 
 The lake Acrom'us, or of Constance = W. achrwm, curved. 
 The river Birse in Val Moutier = Erse, btr, water. 
 
 Brz'da in Savoy = W. brid, eruption, i.e. of mineral waters. 
 
 The Brid by Bridport in Dorset. 
 
 Broye by Morat = W. brwch, foam or ferment. The Brigus 
 
 or Barrow by Waterford in Ireland. (Ptolemy.) 
 
 Kander near Thun = W. cann-dwr, white water. 
 
 Divona or Divonne, near Nyon = W. dwyv-on, divine water. 
 
 The Deba in Spain ; the Deva, Dyvr-dzvy, or Dee in Scotland 
 and Wales. 
 The Doron in Savoy = W. dwr, water. The Deveron by Banff in 
 Scotland.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 243 
 
 The Li magus or Linmiat by Zurich = W. lliv-vagh, meadow-flood. 
 
 Muotta in Schwyz as W. mwyth-wy, rapid water. The Meduacus 
 
 or Medway in Kent. The Mowddwy in Merioneth. 
 
 Reuss by Lucerne = W. rhwys, vigorous. The Reus in Spain* 
 
 the Reissousc by Bourg-en-Bresse. 
 
 Venoge in canton Vaud = W. gwenog, white stream. 
 Mountains : Arolla, a glacier in Val d'Anniviers = W. aroll, a rift 
 
 or split. 
 
 Piz de Bemina in the Grisons = W. pig-bcrwyn, the peak of 
 
 the white rift. 
 
 Bre, near Lugano = W. bre, summit. Moel-vre in Merioneth. 
 
 Brenets in the Jura = W. bre, summit. Dent de Brenleir ; Col 
 
 de Breona in Val d'Herins. 
 
 Piz de Cambrena in the Grisons = W. pig-cambre, the peak of 
 
 the crooked summit. 
 
 Kervin, the steepest of the Alps = W. gerwin, harsh. 
 
 Dent de Nivolet in Savoy = W. dant-nivwl, tooth of the cloud. 
 
 Dent d 1 Oclie in Chablais = W. dant-och, tooth of pain, from 
 
 its escarped sides. 
 
 Foroglio in Val Bavona = W. ffor-wyllt, wild pass. 
 
 Gctnmi in Valais. Its Kymric equivalent would be Yr Eivl in 
 
 North Wales ; Latin, gemelli, the twins. 
 
 Jazi, Cima di, on Monte Rosa = W. ids, chill, unless the name 
 
 is of Saracenic or Arabic origin. 
 
 Jura, a long chain green to the summit = W. ir, green. 
 
 Marchciruz, Col de, in Vaud = W. march-eirxv, the great cas- 
 
 cade. 
 
 Moleson in West Switzerland = W. mocl-cs-on, the bare hill of 
 
 the water-shed. 
 
 Mom Jovis, Mont-joie, the Great S. Bernard = W. mwut-Jou, 
 
 Jove's mount. 
 
 Vanoise, Col de la, in Savoy = W. gwanas, the bulwark. 
 
 Voketius, the Botzberg between Basle and Zurich = W. gwo- 
 
 gwydd, an incline. 
 The Allobroges in Savoy = W. all-bro-gwys, the foreigners.
 
 244 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 The Ambrones, a Gallo- Teuton tribe that fought C. Marius, B.C. 
 101= Erse, ambra, noble. Nennius makes them the same as 
 the Aid-Saxons. Were they not akin to the Italian Umbri and 
 our Kymry ? 
 
 Rauraci, a Gallic tribe by Basle = W. rhawr-ach-wyr, the men 
 
 of the roaring water, with allusion to the Rhine. 
 
 Rhucantii, a tribe in the Prattigau = W. rhug-gaint, the broken 
 
 ground. Its rocks are singularly escarped. Rugantyn is yet a 
 place in Radnorshire. 
 
 Tugeni of Zug = W. tnd-gain, the fair folk. 
 Aesc/i, many places so called = Erse, ease, water. 
 Agaunum, S. Maurice in Valais = W. agen, a rift. 
 Avcnticum, Avenche = W. cwm-avonydd, the combe of rivers. 
 Auxatna, Aime in the Tarentaise = W. ach-wv, water-in-motion. 
 Berigentrum, Bourg S. Maurice in Savoy = W. Ber-Cyndrwyn, the 
 
 pike of the Kentrones. 
 Bourget under Mont du Chat = W. bwrch-geth, the terrible wall ? 
 Brannovicum, Bramante, a forest and fort in Savoy = W. bran-wig, 
 
 1 the dark clearing ' in the forest. 
 Bregentium, Bregenz, and Briga = W. brig, summit. 
 Darentasia in Savoy = W. taran-wysc, thundering water. 
 Eburodunum, Yverdun in Vaud, and Embrun in Dauphine = W. 
 
 identical with Dinevor in South Wales. 
 Epaona, Evionnaz in Valais = W. eppynt, the slope. 
 Evian in Savoy. Cf. Etvionydd in Carnarvonshire. 
 Gunodurum on the Rhine = W. gwyii-dwr, white water. 
 Haute- Combe in Savoy = W. allt-y-cwm, the steep of the combe. 
 Lenincnm, Chambery in Savoy = W. llyn-yn-cwm, the lake in the 
 
 combe, from Lake Bourget. 
 Octodurum, Martigny in Valais = W. gwyth-dwr, angry water, from 
 
 the devastations of the Dranse. 
 So/odurum, Soleure = W. swl-dwr, soiled water. 
 Talloire on the lake of Annecy = tal-llyr, end of the water. 
 Tavannes or Dur-van in west Switzerland = W. dwr-vann, place of 
 
 water.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 245 
 
 Thonon in Chablais = W. twyn, an eminence. Cf. Tunnun in 
 Numidia. Thonon rises steeply above Lake Leman. 
 
 Turicum, Zurich = W. dwr-y-cwm, the water of the combe. 
 
 Uginc in Savoy, famous for its cattle-fair = W. yc/tain, oxen. 
 
 Findonissa, " on a narrow hill between the Aar and the Reuss " = 
 W. gtvyn-dyno-wysc, the fair plot by the water. 
 
 Fitodurum, Winterthur = W. gwyth-dwr, impetuous water. 
 
 Yvonand, near Neufchatel = W. y-ffynnawn^ the fountain. 
 
 Spain and Portugal. 
 
 The river Aturia in Keltiberia = W. dur, water. 
 
 Fluvia, an affluent of the Ebro = W. ffloyw, bright. The Floye 
 
 near Dinant in Belgium ; the Flayosc in Provence = W. ffloyw- 
 wysc, bright water. 
 
 Ivia among the Artabri of Spain, " etiamnum Kelticae gentis " 
 
 {Mela.) = \V. gwy, water. The Wye in South Wales ; the Wye 
 in Derbyshire ; the Wey in Dorset. 
 
 Ketobrica^ St. Ubes in Portugal = kcth-brig, frowning hill. 
 
 Llobregat in Spain = W. llwv-brcgawd, the leap in the fissure. 
 
 Menlascus or Orio in Biscay = W. macn-llasawg, blue stones. 
 
 Mimics or Minho in Galicia = W. myn-wyf The Monnow by 
 
 Monmouth ; the Mnnda or Mondego in Portugal = W. mwyn- 
 wy, the gentle water. 
 
 Ozecarus in Portugal = W. wysc-arw, rough water. The Os- 
 
 carus or Ouche in Burgundy. 
 
 Sicanus, an affluent of the Ebro (T/iucydides.) = W. syc/i-an, 
 
 dry river. 
 
 Tagtis in Portugal = W. tawc/i, the sea-like or broad river. 
 
 Tordera, an affluent of the Ebro = hvrdd, noise. 
 
 Tulcts by Tarragona = W. twrch, wild boar. . tvon Twrck in 
 
 Merioneth. 
 
 Urinm in Baetica = W. wyrc, spreading. The Wyre in Lan- 
 
 cashire ; the Wyre in Cardiganshire. 
 
 Vernodubrum in the Pyrenees W. gwem-dwvr, watery meadow.
 
 246 Appendix. No. VIIT. 
 
 Dirkenna, a cold fountain in Keltiberia {Martial) = W. dwr-cain, 
 
 -white water. 
 Mountains: Mariani monies, the Sierra Morena = W. mynydd Meir- 
 
 ion, the neat-herd's mountain. 
 
 Vindins in the Asturias = W. mhi-ddii, the black edge. 
 
 The Concani, a people in Biscay = W. kean-cann, white headed. 
 
 Nertobriges, a Keltiberian tribe = W. nerth-br'ig, strong summit. 
 
 Turditani in south Portugal = W. twrdd, tumultuous. 
 Abobrica, a town in Portugal = W. avon-brig, river's summit. 
 A/aba, a city of Keltiberia = W. alav, wealth ? 
 
 Atialdwium in Baetica = Erse, aith-aoil-ditn, fort of the limekiln. 
 
 Brigantium, Corunna = W. brig-gaint, extremity of the plain. 
 
 Caladunum in Galicia = W. din-gal, fort of the peak. 
 
 Calagurris in Keltiberia = W. clegyr, a rock. 
 
 Clnnia, " Keltiberiae finis " {Pliny Hi. 3.) = W. llwyn, grove. 
 
 Conimbrica, Coimbra in Portugal = W. conyn-brig, the verge of 
 
 the hill. 
 Contrebia in Keltiberia = W. kyn-trev, chief town. 
 Fontarabia in Biscay = W. ffynnon rheibus, rapid source. 
 Lastigi in Keltica (south Portugal) = W. llastig, hemmed in. 
 Lucentum or Alicant in Spain = W. llug-gaint, bright plain. 
 Menosca in Biscay = W. mann-wysc, the place of water. Also, 
 
 Manosque in Provence. 
 Pompelo, Pampeluna in Navarre = W. pwmpyl, a knoll. 
 Sagutitum, "in Keltica" {Pliny, Hi. I.) = W. Caer-Seiont. Cf. Caer- 
 
 Seiont or Caernarvon. 
 Talabrica in Lusitania = W. tdl-e-brig, the verge of the summit. 
 Talamina in Galicia = W. tal-avon, the head of the river. 
 Vergentum, a town in Baetica = W. gwer-gwent, the men of the 
 
 plain. 
 Vertobrigc, a Keltic town in Baetica = W. gwerdd-brig, the green 
 
 hill. 
 Uctdtuniacum in Baetica = W. uchel-twynawc, high-banked.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 247 
 
 France. 
 
 Hie river Angrogne in the Vosges mountains = W. nn-grawn y the 
 dammed-up river. 
 
 Aran in Touraine. The Arun in Sussex ; the Aeron in South 
 
 Wales ; the Ayr in Scotland ; the Erne in Donegal, Ireland. 
 
 Artnby, a torrent in Provence = W. arth-wv, rude motion. 
 
 Atax, Aude in Languedoc = Erse, athac/i, waves. 
 
 Anttira, Eure = W. aweddwr, running water. 
 
 Aveyron in Gascony. The Havar, Samarus, or Somme in 
 
 Picardy ; the Havren, Sabrina, or Severn in Wales = W. havren, 
 smooth How. 
 
 Bethnnc, near Dieppe = W. bedwin, the river of birch-trees. 
 
 Blavet in Britanny = W. b/awdd, fleet. 
 
 RIcdona or Blc'onne, an affluent of the Durance = W. bleiddan, 
 
 the wolf-river. 
 
 Brcsc in Provence = W. braisg, full. 
 
 Bresle in Normandy = W. brawf, swelling. 
 
 Colme in Picardy ; the Colne in Essex, the Culme in Devon- 
 
 shire, the Columvy or Clunn in Salop, the Kelnins or Spey in 
 Scotland. 
 
 Domenon by Uriage in Dauphine = W. dwvti-on, deep river. 
 
 Dourdonn, the ancient name of the Elorn in Britanny = W. 
 
 dwr-dwvn, deep water. 
 
 Drngcon, an affluent of the Saone = W. drwg-on, evil water. 
 
 Dmna or DrCme = Sanskrit, d } ravanli, river. 
 
 Elaver, Allier in Auvergne = W. e-//avar, the resounding. 
 
 Erdre near Nantes; the Artro in Merioneth; the Cur/ry, in 
 
 Wicklow, Ireland. 
 
 Erom-vcnr = W. ffrwd-vawr, great stream, the sea-channel be- 
 
 tween Ouessant and other islets in Britanny. The Phrudis or 
 Somme in Picardy = W. ffrwd; the Frome, anciently Ffraw 
 in Somerset (Asscr Mcnevcnsis.) ; the Ffrtiu\ in Anglesea ; the 
 Forth, in Scotland. 
 Gardon, near Nimes = W. garth-on, the river of the hill-flank.
 
 248 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 The river Gers in Gascony = W. kyrch, violent. 
 
 Glv in the Pyrenees, formidable by reason of its inundations = 
 
 W. l/w, flood. 
 
 Gniers by the Grande Chartreuse = W. gyrwy, speedy. The 
 
 Guer in Britanny ; the Garvogue in Sligo, Ireland ; the Yar- 
 row in Scotland. 
 
 Guil in Dauphine = W. gwilw, turning. The Vilaine in Brit- 
 
 anny. The Gwilw, now Willeybourne, in Wiltshire ; the Gwily 
 in South Wales ; the Welland in Lincolnshire. 
 
 Guisanne in Dauphine = W. gwys-an, deep river. 
 
 Huveaune, near Marseilles = W. whwyvon, swelling river. 
 
 Isc're or Isara in Dauphine = W. haearn; Gallic, isarn, iron, 
 
 the iron river, from its dark waters. 
 
 Iton, near Evreux ; the Ithon in Radnorshire ; the Eden in 
 
 Cumberland ; the Ythan in Scotland, (the Ituna of Ptolemy). 
 
 lay, near Lucon = W. llai, ' brown ' or dun-coloured. The Lee 
 
 in Hertfordshire ; the Lay in Glamorganshire ; the Lee near 
 Cork ; probably, the water of Leith in Scotland. Llywarch 
 Hen mentions Aber-llai in that country. 
 
 Ledus, Lez } near Montpelier = W. //aid, mud. 
 
 Matrona or Marne = W. myrn-ivy, warm water. The Myrmvy 
 
 in Montgomeryshire. 
 
 Meduana or Mayne = W. meddv-an, soft river ? 
 
 Menrthe, by Nancy = W. mivrth, precipitate. 
 
 Mosa, Meuse in Belgic Gaul = W. mock, quick. 
 
 Obris or Lorbe, near Narbonne = W. ob-rhwys, lively motion. 
 
 Orne, by Caen in Normandy = W. orn, threatening. 
 
 Oronaye, a torrent in Dauphine ; Goronwy in Anglesea, brim- 
 
 ming water. 
 
 Ourthe in Belgium = W. gwrdd, strong. 
 
 Ouve'ze in the Ardeche = W. wv-wysc, the moving water. 
 
 Raurarts, Herault in Languedoc = W. rhawr, brawling. 
 
 Relec near Morlaix in Britanny = W. rhyllawc, the cleaver. 
 
 Rhodanns or Rhone = W. rh6d, a wheel, whirling. The Roding 
 
 in Essex ; the Rhondda in Glamorganshire.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 249 
 
 The river Ribeirotte in Provence, an affluent of the Argens = rhi- 
 ffrwd, the royal stream. The Ribroit or Ribble in Lancashire. 
 (Nennius) 
 
 Risle in Normandy = W. rhill, the furrow. 
 
 Romanche in Dauphine = W. rhwmnai, the main channel. The 
 
 Rhymny in Monmouthshire. 
 
 Sarthe in Maine = W. sarth, serpent. 
 
 Sauconna or Saone = Erse, sogh-an, the slow river. Avon Soch 
 
 in Lleyn, Carnarvonshire. 
 
 Sou/e, by Coutance in Normandy = W. swl, soiled, muddy. 
 
 Tech in the Pyrenees = W. teg, fair. 
 
 Tet in the Pyrenees = W. tcth, the cow's udder. 
 
 Tongues in Normandy = W. twc, cutting. 
 
 Ubaye in Provence = W. wv, flowing. 
 
 Varus, Var in Provence = W. garw, rough. 
 
 Vencon, an affluent of the Romanche = W. gwen-on, white 
 
 river. Maen-gwenonwy in Lleyn, Carnarvonshire. 
 The Ognon, an affluent of the- Saone ; the Gwynion by Dolgelly. 
 
 Verdon, an affluent of the Durance = W. gwerdd-on, green river. 
 
 Viennc, by S. Claude in the Jura = W. buan, quick. The 
 
 Boyne in Ulster. 
 
 Vire in Normandy = W. gwyr, green or fresh. 
 
 Mountains : Ban de la Roche in the Vosges = W. bdn-rhoc, the 
 
 splintered highland. 
 Cantal, an elevated district in Auvergne = W. caun-ta/, the white 
 
 summit. 
 
 Chabertan, a part of M. Genevre = W. camberth, slanting brake. 
 
 Gebenna, the Cevennes in Languedoc = W. keven, back or 
 
 ridge. 
 
 Ventoux in Dauphine = W. gwyntog, windy. 
 
 Pelat in Provence = W. pel, the ball. 
 
 Pclvoux in Dauphine = W. pel-vwch, the buck's ball. 
 
 Pity de Pariou in Auvergne = W. pig-y-p&ri, the peak of flocks. 
 
 Vogcsus, the Vosges, of a swelling rounded form = W. bog-wys, 
 
 the protuberant district. 
 
 FF
 
 250 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 The Abrincatut, the men of Avranche in Normandy = W. avrwym- 
 
 gddwyr, the irrepressible warriors. 
 The Aedm\ they of Burgundy = W. aedd-wyr, the war-cry men. 
 The Ambarri, a tribe above Lyons = W. am-barr, hill-men. 
 The Ambi'aiii, they of Amiens in Picardy = W. ambwy-on } the 
 
 close-mailed warriors, i.e., Cataphractarii Ambianenses. 
 The Ambth'ates, they of Lamballe in Britanny = W. Am-bezh'-awd, 
 
 dwellers around the tumulus. 
 The Artzzorz'cz, the Britons of France = Erse, Armhoirich; W. ar- 
 
 Tor-wyr, the sea-coast men. 
 The Arvz'z, they of Maine = W. aer-wyr, warriors. 
 The Atrebatcs, they of Artois = W. athrev-awd, the dwellers. 
 The Azilcrcae, they of Evreux = W. mvl-erch, terrible light ? 
 The Aztskz'z, they of Auch in Gascony = W. awsog, the defiant. 
 The Bajocasses, they of Calvados = Erse, buidhe-gwas, yellow-haired 
 
 lads? 
 The Belgae in northern France = W. beilchion, the proud. 
 The Belksvaki, a very warlike tribe of Beauvais = W. be'Igwawc/i, 
 
 war-cry. 
 The Biducasses, they of Bayeux = W. bci'dawgwys, vigorous men. 
 
 [Beidawg Rudd was the son of Emyr Llydaw. (Englym'on 
 
 Beddau Mt'/wyr.)] 
 The Bihiriges, they of Berri = W. byd-rhi\ world-kings. 
 The Britanni or Britons = W. brith or braith, alluding to the 
 
 plaids of bright hues the Gallo-Britons delighted in. 
 The Cadtirki, they of Cahors = W. cdd-wyr, men of battle. 
 The Cambohctri in Dauphine = W. ctvm-//etbr, the steep combe. 
 The Carnutes, they of Chartres = W. canvwyd, stud, horsemen. 
 The Caturiges in Dauphine = W. cdd-rzg, war-kings. 
 The Kcnomanni in Maine = W. cain-vann, the fair place. 
 The Ebtirwikes, they of Evreux = W. evwrazg, from evwr, a shelter. 
 
 [Evreux lies in a bowl, shut in by hills.] 
 The Gallitae in the Maritime Alps = W. gal-wydd, the woodmen. 
 
 Galloway in Scotland is also Gal-wydd. 
 The Ideonni in Dauphine = W. eidion, oxen ; herdsmen.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 251 
 
 Tlu- Lemovtkes, they of Limoges a W. Ilrm-yuig. the stem fort- 
 ress. 
 The Lcxuvii, they <>t Lisieux = W. Ilu's-wy\ slimy water? 
 The lingoncs, they of Langres = W. l/y/i-gai/i, the bright lake: the 
 
 same name as Lyngein or Linger] in Herefordshire. 
 The J/andul>it\ they of Auxonne in Burgundy = W. mann-Dyx -/. 
 
 the locality of the Dubis or Doubs. 
 The Morini on the English Channel = W. morinwvr, maritime 
 
 people. Tractus Morinorum = W. Traeth Moryan. 
 The Nannctcs and Nantuatcs, they of Nantes and of Nantua, from 
 the root- word nant, a torrent and a hollow scooped by it, fre- 
 quent in Wales. Cf. Nantpanton Hill in Leicestershire. 
 The Nerusii in the Maritime Alps = W. ner-iuys, the mighty. 
 The Oromansah] near Guines = W. gor-van-saivch, high tumulus. 
 The Osismii in Britanny = W. os-is, the progeny of Is, Caer-Is. 
 The -Parisii, tribes at Paris and on the Humber = W. p<iu<r-wys, 
 
 graziers. (W. Baxter) 
 The Pctrocorii, they of Perigord = W. pedrawg-gwyr, square or 
 
 strong-built men. 
 The Rcdones, they of Rennes in Britanny and of Reading in Berks 
 
 = Armoric, Roman; W. rhedynog, a place full of fern. 
 The Suessiones, they of Soissons = W. swys-on, impulsive. 
 The Tarbelli, they of Tarbes in Aquitaine = W. tarv-yll, terrible. 
 The Tencteri, a Gallo-German tribe on the Rhine = W. tcng-ter- 
 
 wyr, the tough, sullen men. 
 The Trckac, they of Troyes in Champagne = W. trick, superior. 
 The Treviri, they of Treves in Germany W. trev-wyr, towns- 
 men. 
 The Vasconcs or Gascons of Aquitaine. the same as the Basques 
 
 from the Euscaric basoa, wood, i.e. the woodmen. 
 The Velocasscs, they of Rouen = W. be/-gwds, warlike. 
 The Vergnnni, an Alpine Gallic tribe (Pliny.) = W. gwyr-gwynn, the 
 
 white or fair men. 
 The Volcae Arecomtkt\ in Languedoc = W. Belgwys-ar-e-cwm, the 
 Belgae over the combe.
 
 252 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Aballo, Avallon in Burgundy = W. avalloji, apples. 
 
 Alesia = W. ar-lech, on a rock. {Bullet.) 
 
 Ampreck, Cape, by Boulogne = W. amfrach; Latin, amfr actus. 
 
 Andcritum, Mende in the Gevaudan = W. rhyd-andrcd, the ford 
 
 of the weald. 
 Antissiodurum, Auxerre = W. annwys-dwr, redundant water. 
 Aran, Val d\ in the Pyrenees = W. aran, an alp or elevated place. 
 
 The Isle of Arran in Scotland ; Aran Benllyn in Merioneth. 
 Arausio, Orange = W. ar-wysc, on the water, i.e. the Rhone. 
 Arduenna, the forest of Ardennes in Belgium, and that of Arden 
 
 in Warwickshire = W. ar-dwyn, in the bush. 
 Arelatc, Aries = W. ar-laith, on moist soil. 
 Argelez in the Pyrenees = W. ar-gel, the covert or retired spot. 
 
 Argillae the Gauls called it. {Strabo.) 
 Arvemia, Auvergne = W. arvaran, the highland ; or ar-wern, the 
 
 upland meadows. 
 Angus todunum, Autun in Burgundy = W. din-Azvst, Fort Augustus. 
 Augustoritum, Limoges in Poitou = W. rhyd-Awst, Augustus' ford. 
 Avarz'cum, Bourges = W. cwm-aweddwr, the combe of the Eure. 
 Avenio, Avignon = W. avonydd, the rivers. 
 Balaruc, a lake near Cette = W. bala-rhwyg, the burst outlet. 
 Bangor in Belle-isle, in North Wales, and in Ireland = W. ban-gor, 
 
 the high choir. Banchory-Teman in Scotland. 
 Belcar or Beaucaire in Languedoc = W. caer-Beli, the city of 
 
 Belenus. 
 Blaye on the Garonne, the burial-place of Roland = W. blaz'dd, a 
 
 . wolf. A place named Trompe-/o^ is in the neighbourhood. 
 Blc'/ieau, near Orleans = W. blacn-avon, before the river. 
 Bleouna in the Maritime Alps = W. blaenau, the heights. 
 Blitcrrac, Beziers in Languedoc = W. blith-dir, the milk or rich land. 
 Borvonis Aquae or Bourbon- Lancy, near Autun = Erse, borbhan, 
 
 murmur ; W. bwrw or berw-van, the place of boiling springs. 
 Bourboule in Auvergne = W. bwr-bwll, the boiling pool. 
 Bourbourg in French Flanders = W. bwr-bwrcn, the stoccade of the 
 
 fort.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 253 
 
 Bourg d'Oysans in Dauphine = W. bwrch-wysan, the fort of the 
 
 rushing river. 
 La Brr'o/e, a ruined place in Provence = W. hreuawl, mouldering. 
 La Brie, a district of dusty soil = W. hnui, brittle. 
 Brivas, Brioude in Auvergne = W. brnvawd, broken ground. 
 Brivatis Partus, Brest = W. porth-brhvawd. 
 Broceliandc, the Forest of, or Brc-kilian in Britanny = W. bro-ke/yn, 
 
 the land of holly. 
 Burdigala, Bourdeaux = W. bwrdd-y-Gal, the Board of the Gauls, 
 
 from its opulence. In Brut y Tywysogion, Bwrdyws. 
 Caballio, Cavaillon in Provence = W. kcffylau, horses. 
 Cabiomagus, Cavaignac in Languedoc = W. cdb-vaes, the field of 
 
 tents. 
 Heraclea Caccabaria, the Gallo-Greek name of S. Tropez, so called 
 (I imagine) from its turbulent road-stead. Its Keltic name may 
 have been Porth-Ercwlv Cach-aber. 
 Cadomum, Caen in Normandy = W. edd-dv, warlike. 
 Cagnosc, a ruined Gallic oppidum in Provence = W. cain-wysc, 
 
 white water. 
 Camargue, a plain near Marseilles, abounding with wild horses = 
 
 W. cae-march, the horse-field. 
 Cane ale in Normandy = W. cann-calav, the white prickle of its 
 
 rocks. 
 Cantgwic (iVeum'us.), the town on the plain, Etaples in Picardy. 
 Carhaix in Britanny = W. caer-wys, the water fort ? 
 Carnac in Britanny = W. cameddawg, the place of cairns. 
 Carnoules in Provence = W. carn-wyll, the dark cairn. An ancient 
 locality between the Tawy and the Towy was called Carn- 
 wyllon. (Nennius.) 
 Carpentoracte, Carpentras = \V. caer-pentyrrawc, the summit fort. 
 Catalaunum, Chalons-sur-Marne, the scene of many battles = W. 
 
 edd-alazcn or cdd-givahnvn. the field of the foe. 
 Kcmenclium. Cimies, near Nice = W. keven-elod, the hill of the 
 fairies. The ruined amphitheatre is still called // tiHO delle 
 fade, the fairies' bath = W. tynor elod?
 
 254 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Chambertin in Burgundy, famed for its wine = W. camp-bcrthvn, 
 
 the beautiful field. 
 C/itnberris, Auch in Gascony = W. llimpyr, polished. 
 Clisson, a castle near Nantes = W. glwys-on, fair water. 
 Coligny in Burgundy = W. clynnog, the brake. 
 Combrjinont, a village in Dauphine = W. cwm-bre-mivnt, the combe 
 
 of the mountain summit. 
 Commercy-sur-Meuse = W. cwm-kymmcr, the combe of the junction 
 
 of rivers. Quimper or Kemper in Britanny = W. kymmer. 
 Condate, Rennes in Britanny = W. kyndawd, a cohort. 
 Condatis Partus, Libourne in Guienne = W. porth-kyndaivd. 
 Condivineum, Nantes in Britanny = W. cwm-kyndwv, the combe of 
 
 the early crop. 
 Convinae, Comminges in the Pyrenees = W. kyffiniau, the confines. 
 La Crau, a stony plain near Marseilles = W. creigiau, rocks. 
 Cuciacnm, Coney, a grand feudal castle = W. enchiawg, frowning. 
 Dariobrignm, the old name of Vannes in Britanny = W. ddr-brig, 
 
 the summit of the oaks. 
 Dinant in Britanny and in Belgium ; also, the ancient name of 
 
 Ludlow, Salop =- W. din-nant, the town in the hollow. 
 Dinia, Digne in Dauphine = W. dinas, the fort. 
 Divio, Dijon in Burgundy = W. dwyv-on, the sacred river. 
 Divodurnm, Metz in Lorraine = W. dwyv-dwr, the divine water. 
 Divona, Cahors in France = W. duw-ffynnon, the sacred well. 
 Dombes, an old French principality in a muddy soil = W. dom, mud. 
 Doullcns or Dourlans in Picardy = W. dwr-llan, water town. 
 Draguignan in Provence = W. draig-y-nant, the dragon, drac or 
 
 devastating torrent ' in the hollow ' ? Or else, a corruption of 
 
 Pons-argentens, Pont-arian, the bridge over the silver river. 
 Drenx, near Chartres, the chief seat of the Druids in Gaul = W. 
 
 7'rer Drytv, the Druid's home. 
 Duj'ocortori/m, Rheims = W. dwr-gwrt, water court. 
 Estrades, a place in Gascony, whose lord, a vassal of the Plan- 
 tagenet kings, bore ;he Arabic title of Souldich de 1' Estrade 
 (Froissart.) = W. ystrad, the strand or vale.
 
 Appendix. No, VII J. 255 
 
 Fons-bliaudi, Fontainebleau, near Paris = W. tfvnwai-v-hlaidd, the 
 
 wolf's fountain. 
 Frontimacum s Frontignan in Languedoc = W. brou-tuviiunn , the 
 
 hill slope. 
 Gallia, Gaul, ancient France = W. getti or giclad-y-gal, the country 
 
 of fair open plains. 
 Gtinlannc, a place in Provence = W. gar than, the encampment. 
 Gergovia, a city in Auvergne = W. caer-govau, the fort of smiths. 
 Gessoriacum, Boulogne-sur-mer. Baxter reads Gressoriacum, which 
 
 in Belgic would be Gresouriawc, the place of broad water. 
 
 The Bretons call a great sea mor-braz, and the Basque for 
 
 water is ura. 
 Glandate, Glandeve in Provence = W. glan-daivd, the bank of the 
 
 moraine or deposit. 
 Glanum Livii, S. Remi in Provence = W. glan-Llywx. 
 Gvatianopolis, Grenoble in Dauphine = W. cacr-Gradlawn. 
 Guingamp in Britanny = W. gwyn-gamp, the white field. 
 Guise in Picardy = W. gwys, a low bottom. 
 Henncbon in Britanny = W. lien-bout, old bridge. 
 Hue I goat in Britanny = W. uchel-goed, high wood. 
 Hyeres in Provence = W. /r, green. " We landed in Hyeres' Bay, 
 
 and found everything so warm and green that I could quite 
 
 enter into John of Salisbury's feelings.'' (/?. Hurrell Froudc, 
 
 Remains, i. p. J II.) 
 la/ines, a town in Berri = W. ia/ain, fair. 
 Icu/isma, Angouleme = W. cnkil-va, place of refuge. 
 Isarnodorum, an old Gallic town, said to mean ' the iron door.' 
 
 {Life of S. Eugcndus in the Acta Sanctorum.) = W. haearn-dor. 
 Golfc Jouan in Provence = W. Ziuan, i.e. the sunny gulf. 
 Latin-iron, the ancient name of Loc-Maria-ker in Britanny W. 
 
 IJati-cryri, the eagles' place. 
 Lantosquc, St. Martin de, a bath in Provence = W. IJan-iyrddin 
 
 Law7itwysc, the water slope. 
 Lectourc in Guienne, on a rock by the Gers = W. llcch-dwr, the 
 
 rock by the water.
 
 256 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Sylva Ledia, S. Germain-en-Laye = W. coed-llazd, the damp wood. 
 
 Lerins, an isle off Frejus = W. llyr-ynys, isle of the sea. 
 
 Lesneven in Britanny = W. llys-nevyn, the court in the hollow. So, 
 Nevyn in Carnarvonshire is in a hollow. 
 
 Letavia, Britanny = W. Ilydaw; Latin, littus, the sea-coast. 
 
 Limonum, Poitiers = W. llzvon, the floods ? 
 
 Limon, Col de, near Tenda = W. bwlch-llumon, a term related to 
 Pumlumon or Plinlimmon in Wales. 
 
 Lixona, Luchon in the Pyrenees = W. lluch-on, the sparkling river. 
 
 Ljigdunum, Lyons = W. lliig-din, the city of light. 
 
 Lima, Cluny in Burgundy = W. clyn, a brake ; or llwyn, a grove. 
 
 Lutetia, or, as the emperor Julian writes it, Leuketia, the Gallic 
 name of Paris = W. llaith-hyttiau, the damp huts, which ex- 
 pressed the dwellings of squatters in an islet on the Seine. 
 
 Luteva, Lodeve in southern France = W. lludw, clay. 
 
 Lnxovia, Luxeuil in the Vosges = lliig-wy, bright water. 
 
 Magalona, Maguelonne in Provence = W. magh or maes-alawn. 
 
 Magdunum, Mehun on the Loire = W. magh-dun, the field fort. 
 
 Mane Meur, near Quiberon in Britanny = W. meini-mawr, the 
 great stones. Mena-vawr, the finest rock in the Scillies. 
 
 Marly, near Paris ; Marlioz in Savoy = W. marl, alluvial soil. 
 
 Martigues, in Provence = W. martfo'g, heavy. 
 
 Massz'h'a, Marseilles = W. maes-zl, the field of progress. 
 
 Mastramella, Martigues = W. maes-travael, the field of labour. 
 
 Matisco, Macon = W. mdd-wysc, good water. 
 
 Medttlt, Medoc in Guienne = W. meddw, ' drunken,' from its rich 
 vintage. 
 
 Melodunum, Melun = W. din-mael, the fort of steel. 
 
 Merwlacum, Murol, a place on the ' stagnum ingens ' of Lac 
 Chambon in Auvergne (Szdom'us Apollinaris) = W. mer-llwch 
 or merllyn l standing water. 
 
 Mimate, Mende in Languedoc, on a mountain = W. meivod, a sum- 
 mer dwelling. 
 
 Montmorency, near Paris = W. mwnt-mvr-cngc, the mount by the 
 angular mere.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 257 
 
 Montrognon, a castle in Auvergne = W. mwnt-rhyn, terrible mount. 
 
 Morbihan in Britanny = W. m6r-bychan, the little sea. 
 
 Morlaix in Britanny = W. mor-Iatth, ' sea-at-ebb ' ? 
 
 Mor/ati, localities in Beam and Britanny = W. ilan-vor, great town. 
 
 Mortain in Normandy, near fine cascades = W. mwrth-an. falling 
 
 water. 
 Morvan, a forest in Burgundy = W. morva, the marsh ; or mor- 
 
 vatm, the large place. 
 Narbo, Narbonne = W. ner-batm, lordly site. 
 Nemausus, Nimes in Languedoc = allied to the Erse naomh y 
 
 sacred. Cf. W. Nav, Lord, applied to God. 
 Nemctodtirum, Nanterre by Paris = W. nant-y-dwr, water glen. 
 O/h'ou/es, a famous ravine in Provence = W. ole-wyll, dark ravine. 
 Paol, Kastel, S. Pol de Leon in Britanny = W. Castell Pawl. 
 Pen-ar-Bed = W '. pen-ar-byd, the world's end = The Pointe S. 
 
 Mahe, S. Matthew's Point, the most westerly spot in France, 
 
 called S. Matthaeus de Finibus Terrarum, A.D. 1253. 
 Pen-hoen = W. pen-ychain. the oxen's head = Paimboeuf on the 
 
 Loire. 
 Piskenae, Pezenas in Languedoc = W. pisgen, the linden. 
 P/oerme/, near Vannes in Britanny = W. plwyv-Arthmael. 
 Poh'gnac, a castle near Le Puy in Auvergne, formerly a temple of 
 
 Apollo =- W. Belinawc, belonging to Belenus. 
 Pompadour , an old castle in Limousin = W. pwmpa-dwr, the round 
 
 mass by the water. 
 Pont-du-Gard, near Nimes = W. pont-y-garth, the bridge of the hill 
 
 encampment. 
 
 Pontivy in Britanny = W. pont-Dcwi, S. David's bridge. 
 
 Provins in Champagne = W. bro-gwyn, pleasant land. 
 
 Queiras, a fort in Dauphine = W. caer. 
 
 Quey/awie, a hamlet in Dauphine = W. keulan, a hollow. 
 
 Quimper-le in Britanny = W. kemmacs, the field of sports. 
 
 Rethel in Champagne = W. rhyd-tal, the head of the river. 
 
 Phiys, a peninsula near Vannes = W. rhws, cultivated land. 
 
 Ricomagus, Riom in Auvergne = W. rhyg-maes, rye-field. 
 GG
 
 258 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Roncevalle in the Pyrenees = W. rhongca, hollow. 
 
 Rothomagus, Rouen in Normandy = Erse, ruadh-vagh; W. rhudd- 
 vaes, the red field. 
 
 Ruesium, Rieux in Languedoc = W. rhwys, luxuriance. 
 
 Ruskino, Roussillon, near Spain = W. rliwysg, luxuriant. 
 
 Rutena, Rodez in France = W. rhudd-ddin, the red fort. Also, 
 Rutunium or Row ton in Salop : Ruthin in Denbighshire. 
 
 Sarnia, Guernsey = W. sarn, the causeway. 
 
 Scae'r in Britanny = W. esgair, a long ridge of hills. 
 
 Sena, Isle de Sein off Ushant, the sacred isle of the Gallic Druids 
 = W. hSn, the venerable. 
 
 Suindunum, Le Mans in Maine = W. swyn-din, the charmed fort. 
 
 Talart, a castle in Provence = W. tdl-garth, the front of the guard. 
 
 Talmont, an ancient domain in Poitou, of which Philippe de Corn- 
 mines was prince = W. tdl-mwnt, the mountain's brow. 
 
 Tarare, a difficult pass near Lyons = W. tarv, a scare. 
 
 Tarvanna, Terouenne in Artois = W. tarw-van, the place of bulls. 
 
 Tasgodunum, Mirepoix in Languedoc = W. tasg-ddin, tribute fort. 
 
 Teh Martins, Toulon = W. telyn-Maivrth, the harp of Mars. La 
 Ciotat, not far off, was called Kitharistes, the harper. 
 
 Tornodorum, Tonnerre in Burgundy = W. twrn-dwr, the whirling 
 water. 
 
 Trevultium, Trevoux in Dombes = W. trev-a/tt, town on the steep. 
 
 Tumiac, Butte de, in Britanny = W. tumiawc, on the incline. 
 
 Uxantis insula, the isle of Ouessant off Britanny Armoric, enes- 
 cuz, the isle of terror. 
 
 Uxelhdunum, Capdenac in France = W. uchel-ddin, high town. 
 
 Vapincum, Gap in Dauphine = W. chwap-yn-cwm, the gap in the 
 combe, from its steep precipices. 
 
 Vellaunodunum, Beaune in Burgundy = W. din- Gwallawn. 
 
 Velovicum, Volvic in Auvergne = W. cwm-gwclw, the pale or sad- 
 coloured combe, from its volcanic rocks. 
 
 Ve'nasque, a port in Roussillon, and Venose in Dauphine = W. 
 gwen-wysc, white water. 
 
 Ventavon in Provence = W. gwynt-avon, windy-river.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 259 
 
 Vernon in Normandy = W. gwem-on, marsh-river. 
 Verodutium, Verdun = W. gwyr- or giver-ddin, soldiers' fort. 
 Versaliae, Versailles = W. bers-y-ltai, the stoccade in the clay. 
 Vesontio, Besancon = W. gwes-liwnt, ' onward motion,' from its being 
 
 nearly surrounded by the river Doubs. 
 Vienna, below Lyons = W. gwy-an, ' the river ' Rhone. 
 Virgantia castellum, Briancon in Dauphine = W. cacr-vrigantcd. 
 
 the fort of brigands : briganted in Armoric signifying robbers. 
 Vizeliacus, Vezelai in Morvan = W. gwyddeliawc , woodmen's home. 
 Vor ganinm, Carhaix in Britanny = W. y vdr-gaint, the great reach 
 
 of land. 
 
 Great Britain : England and Wales. 
 
 The river Abontrns or Humber {Ptolemy, W. Baxter) = W. avon- 
 trwst, the loud river. 
 
 Anton, Southampton Water = W. an-tonn, the surging water. 
 
 Bolder in Hants = W. byldwr, the brimming water. 
 
 Brne in Somerset = W. bryw, brisk. 
 
 Camel, by Camelford in Cornwall = W. cam/an, winding, a river 
 
 in North Wales ; the Cam by Cambridge ; the Camlin in Ire- 
 land. 
 
 Caundle in Dorset = W. cawn-dwll, reed-covered. 
 
 Char in Dorset = W. cor-nant, the small brook. 
 
 Clar-ach, clear water, near Aberystwyth ; the Clare in Gal way, 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Conway in North Wales = Kynwy, i.e. iean-wysc, head water; 
 
 a presumption of the presence of the Gael on its banks. 
 
 Derivenydd, ' river of oaks ' ? the Derwent. 
 
 Duddon in Westmoreland = W. dH-dddn, the dark wave. 
 
 Eamont in Cumberland = W. gwy-mant, the mouth of the water. 
 
 Idumaris, Blackwater in Essex = W. y du >/i,'-r, the black sea. 
 
 Lcnda, the Welland = W. llaxvn-w)\ the full river. 
 
 Lodorc in Cumberland W. gloyw-dwr, clear water. The Lledr 
 
 in Carnarvonshire; the Lcider or Lauder in Scotland. 
 
 Loman in Devon = W. llovan, shooting forth.
 
 260 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 The river Nadder in Salisbury Plain = W. nei'dr, the adder, from 
 its winding stream. 
 
 Nenn in Northamptonshire = W. nant, a small stream. 
 
 Ogmore in Glamorgan = W. eog-mor, the salmon water. 
 
 Parret in Somerset = W. Pedryddan. 
 
 Ravenglas in Cumberland = W. yr avon glas, the blue river. 
 
 Roden or Trydonwy in Salop. 
 
 Rydal in Cumberland ; the Rheidiol, by Aberystwyth. 
 
 Stroud in Gloucestershire = W. ystrad, the river basin. 
 
 Ware in Dorset = W. gwdr, placid. 
 
 Wear in Durham = Latin, vidrus; W. givydr, glass. 
 
 Wharf in Yorkshire = W. chwerw, bitter. 
 
 Garienis, now Yare in Norfolk = W. gweni, the marsh river. 
 Mountains : Blencathra in Cumberland = blaen-cadair, prominent 
 
 chair. 
 Blorenge in Monmouthshire = W. blawrwyn, hoary. 
 Eryri, Snowdon = W. yr eira, the snow. Snow is sira in the 
 
 Samoyede ; yuru, cold, in the Quichua of Peru. In the Erse 
 
 Snowdon is Druym-sneachd, the snow-ridge. 
 Glaramara in Cumberland = W. c/awr-mawr, the great cover. 
 Helvellyn in Cumberland = W. hela-Velin, Belin's chase. 
 Mendip hills in Somerset = W. mwyn-dibyn, mine-precipice. 
 Mynydd Kadair, the chair = The Hatteril hills in Herefordshire. 
 
 The Cheddar hill in Somerset also means kadair, the chair. 
 Skiddaw in Cumberland = W. ysgwyddan, the shoulders. 
 
 The A?icatites, the Britons of Buckinghamshire = W. an-kelyddon, 
 the men of the covert of beech- woods. 
 
 Attacotti, a wild tribe near Glasgow = W. argoedwys, woodmen. 
 
 Brigantes in Yorkshire = W. Armoric, brzganted, brigands. 
 
 Cassii in Middlesex = W. gwassawd, vassals. 
 
 Catieuchlani, those above the Thames = W. cdd-iiwch-lan, the 
 
 warriors of the upper bank. 
 
 Comavii, men of military renown east of the Severn = W. 
 
 coruawr-wyr, the leading tribe.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 2 (>i 
 
 The Dobnni, men of the Cotswold valleys = W. dwvn-wyr, men in 
 the hollows. 
 
 Dumnonii, they of Devon = W. dubn or dwvn-wyr, deep glade 
 
 men. 
 
 Durotriges, they of Dorset = W. dwr-trig-wyr, dwellers by the 
 
 water. 
 
 Gangani, they of Lleyn in Arvon = W. y gaing, the peninsula. 
 
 Ordovikes, they of North Wales = W. gorddwy, the vanguard 
 
 of the Brython against the retreating Gaels. 
 
 Trinobantes, they of Middlesex = W. trin-obant-wys, cultivators 
 
 of the dingles. 
 Aballaba, Appleby in Westmoreland = W. aval, apple. 
 Abcrnavis, Barnstaple in Devon = W. abcr-na-wysc, the confluence 
 
 of the water. 
 Adyn Tor, a hill in Derbyshire, whence formerly the Kelts flung 
 
 down their adyn, wretch or criminal ; a punishment designed at 
 
 Nazareth for our Blessed Lord. (S. Luke.) 
 Alauna civitas, Alnwick in Northumberland and Alcester in War- 
 wickshire = W. caer-alawn. 
 Albion, W. y wen ynys, the white island. 
 Amboglanna, Burdoswald in Cumberland = W. glann-avon, the 
 
 river's side. 
 Ambrosii Mom, Ambresbury in Wiltshire = W. mynydd Ambyr, 
 
 Ambrose's mount. {Brut y Brcnhinoedd) 
 Applcdore, near Romney in Kent = W. avall-dre, apple-town. 
 Arundel in Sussex = W. dol-aeron, Arun-dale. 
 Avalonia, Glastonbury in Somerset = W. Ynys Avallon, the isle of 
 
 appletrees. 
 Axelodunmn, Hexham = W. uchcl-ddin, high town. 
 Bennavenna, the see of S. Cadoc, Weedon in Northamptonshire = 
 
 W. ben-avon, the head of the Aufona, Avon, or river Nen. 
 Bcrnicia, the Wolds of Yorkshire = W. Bryua'cli, the hill-country. 
 Blatum Bulgium, Bulness in Cumberland = W. bwlch-llydan, the 
 
 wide gap in the wall of Severus. 
 Bodmin in Cornwall = W. Bodwcni. [Mattk. Wcstmonaster.)
 
 262 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Bolerium promontorium, The Land's End = W. bol-y-rhyn, the 
 bulging out of the headland. 
 
 Boscawcn in Cornwall = W. bod-ysgawen, the elder-tree abode. 
 
 Brannodunum, Brancaster in Norfolk = W. Dinas Bran (by Llan- 
 gollen in North Wales), the royal fort. Brana in north Italy. 
 {P'.iny, Hi. 4.) 
 
 Bremenium, Riechester on the Wall of Hadrian = W. bre-meini, 
 the hill of stones. 
 
 Brocavum, Brougham in Westmoreland = W. bribg, the brake. 
 
 Castrum, the common designation of fortified encampments of the 
 Romans in Britain, rendered as Caer by the Kymry, thus 
 
 Caer-Andred or Anderida, Newenden in Kent. 
 
 C. Baddon, the city of the baths, Bath. Also called Aquae So/is, 
 waters of the sun ; and Caer-Paladur, Pallas' water, Pala-dwr. 
 
 C. Bladdon, Malmesbury in Wiltshire. 
 
 C. Calemion or Camelion {Nennius), Camalot, king Arthur's seat 
 in Somerset. Also, Caer-gamlas. {Theophilns Evans) 
 
 C. Kei, Chichester in Sussex. 
 
 C. Colun, Colchester in Essex. 
 
 C. Collwyn, Harlech castle in Merioneth. 
 
 C. Conan, Conisborough in Yorkshire. 
 
 Caer-kysteint, Carnarvon castle ; also, Caer-Segont or Seiont, or Se- 
 gontium, the residence of the emperor Constantius, and in A.D. 
 750 of Rhodri Vawr, the last king of Wales : " an edifice of 
 stupendous magnitude and strength," says Dr. Johnson. Kaer- 
 Kystennin is the Kymric rendering of Constantinople. 
 
 C. Dawn {Nennius), Doncaster in Yorkshire. 
 
 C. Dawri or Dor, Dorchester in Dorset. 
 
 C. Droithan (Ussher.), Draiton in Salop. 
 
 C. Dydd, corruptly for C. Dyv, Cardiff in Glamorgan. 
 
 C. Evrawg= Eboracum, York. 
 
 C. ffaivydd, the city of beech-trees, Hereford. 
 
 C. Gainl, Canterbury in Kent. 
 
 C. y- Garrai = Saxon, tho.ig-ceaster, Caistor in Lincolnshire. 
 
 C. Gloyw, the fair city {Camden.), Glevum, Gloucester.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 263 
 
 Caer-Grawnt, Cambridge. 
 
 C. Gwafr, the see of S. Dubricius; also C. Wythelin, Warwick. 
 
 C. Gwent, Chepstow in Monmouthshire. 
 
 C. Gwerdd-Ilatiy the city of the green lawn, or Cacr-bcrllan (a 
 
 name yet known in Wales) ; the Saxon Wcrlam-ccastcr, the 
 
 Roman Verulamiam, S. Alban's. Also, it was C. Municip, the 
 
 Municipium of Nennius. 
 C. Gwynt or Vetita Belgarum, Winchester. 
 C. Givyrangon, Worcester. 
 C. Gybi, the city of S. Kebius, Holyhead. 
 C. Gy?ity?i, Venta Ikenorum, an ancient city near Norwich. 
 C. Gyrnwy, the city of the Churn, Cirencester. 
 C. Leuav, Wallingford in Berkshire. 
 
 C. Liwelydd, Carlisle ; also, Kerdhiel in Britanny. The name re- 
 calls Llywel in Radnorshire and Clovelly in Devonshire. 
 C. Ltwdaz'n, the moon-shaped city ; also Cacr-ludd, the city of 
 
 king Lud ; and Lwndrys, from Norman Londres London. 
 C. Lleon-ar- Wysc in Monmouthshire, the seat of king Arthur. 
 C. L/eon-vawr, the city of the legion, Chester. 
 C. Ltiit-coit or Lfwyd-goed, the city in the hoary wood, Lincoln. 
 C. Llyr or C. Lerion, Leicester. 
 C. Maenguid, the city of the quarry (Ne?mius.), Manchester in 
 
 Warwickshire. 
 C. Maengwyn or Mancunium, Manchester. There is an Ynys Maen- 
 
 gwyn, near Towyn, Merioneth. 
 C. JHedwag, the city of the Medway, Maidstone in Kent. 
 C. Odor [y dwr?~\ yn Nant-Baddon, the city of the water in the 
 
 valley of the baths, Bristol. 
 C. Pcnhwylcoed {Brut y Brenhinocdd), Exeter ; also, Caer-wysc and 
 
 Pen-caer. Usk in Monmouthshire is Caer-wysc as well. 
 C. Pengwerti, the brow of alders, Shrewsbury ; also called Amwythig, 
 
 the pleasant place. 
 C. Pensave/coyt, the fort at the head of the wood of the Ivcl 
 
 {Nennitis.), Ilchester in Somerset. 
 C. Rhun, Castrum Romani or Conovium on the Conway.
 
 264 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Caer-Riw {Brut y Tywysogion), Carew castle in Pembrokeshire. 
 
 C. Segent, the see of S. Maucannus, Silchester in Hants. 
 
 C. Septwii, Shaftesbury. 
 
 C. Vcmbyr, and Caerwosso or Caerwysc, the city of water, Oxford. 
 
 C. Vorran, a Kymric town on the Wall of Severus in Northumberland. 
 
 C. Vruach or Uriconium {Dinlle-Vrecon Llywarch Hen calls it), 
 
 Wroxeter, Salop. Its name remains in that of the Wrekin, 
 
 the brig or summit. 
 C. Vyrddin, Merlin's or Martin's* city, Carmarthen. Kermartin, 
 
 near Treguier in Britanny, was the home of S. Yves. 
 C. Werydd, the green [or Irish] city, Lancaster or Wearmouth. 
 
 (Cunedda Wledig ruled from Caerliwelydd to Caerweir.) 
 Calaterium nemus = Calettir, hard land = the Forest of Galtres in 
 
 Yorkshire. Caledonia is also Calatyr. 
 Calchvynydd, the chalk hill, a district in mid-England, probably the 
 
 Cotswold range, of which S. Cadvrawd was bishop without a 
 
 see before the Saxons reached the Severn. 
 Caled-vryn yn Rhos, the craggy hill in Rhos = Denbigh in North 
 
 Wales. 
 Calleva, Kelleu groves (as in Dtl-gelleii) = Silchester. 
 Camelford in Cornwall = Cam/an, the scene of Arthur's last battle. 
 
 (Leland.) 
 Cangcanon-acron {Ptolemy) = W. caingc, the branch or peninsula 
 
 of Lleyn in Arvon. The name Lleyn is that of Leinster in 
 
 Ireland, of Lyonness (now submerged) in Cornwall, and of Leon 
 
 in Britanny. 
 Cantium = W. caz'nt, an undulating plain, Kent. 
 Carbantorigum = W. caer-pant-rhyg, the fort of the rye hollow ; 
 
 Melrose, as Baxter thinks, Glencar as Camden. 
 Camoban, a district in Bernicia, where the Triads notice that the 
 
 Kymry or Loegrians "did not become Saxons," that is, retained 
 
 their speech and nationality ; perhaps Craven in Yorkshire. 
 Carreg Hydwydd, Hodnet in Salop. [Llwyd.) 
 Carreg llwyd yn coed, ' the hoary rock in the wood ' = S. Michael's 
 
 Mount in Cornwall.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 265 
 
 Carvilinm, Wilton in Wiltshire = W. caer-gwilw, the fort of the 
 
 willows. 
 Caste// C6ch yn Gwemvor, the red castle in the great meadow = 
 
 the ancient name of Ruthin in Denbighshire. {Pennant.) 
 Cataracte vicus {Beda), Catterick on the Swale = W. Cattraeth, the 
 
 scene of battle in Aneurin's Gododin. 
 Cathbregion {Ncnnitis), Cadbury in Somerset. 
 Kenionis ostium {Pto/emy), Falmouth haven = W. Abcr-geneu, the 
 
 mouth of the haven. 
 KU-gwri, the Wirral in Cheshire. {Camden.) 
 Kindovig/a, Chester-on-the-street in Durham {Baxter.) = W. Pen-y- 
 
 weilgi, the head of the sea. 
 C/anoventa, Cockermouth in Cumberland = W. glan-went, the fair 
 
 shore. 
 C/anscntnm, Southampton = W. c/awdd Antwn, Antonius' dyke. 
 Coit-Andred, Andred's weald (Latin, Anderida), an ancient forest 
 
 of vast extent in Sussex. According to Mr. Barnes, ' the path- 
 less wood.' 
 Coet-maes, wood field {Camden.), the Vale of Catmose in Rutland. 
 Coit-mawr, the great wood {Asser.), Selwood Forest in Somerset. 
 Concangii, Kendal in Westmoreland = W. cwm-keingion. {Baxter.) 
 
 The name Kendal is Kymric : Dot-gain, the dale of the Ken. 
 Congavata, Rose-castle, near Carlisle = W. cwm-kyvawd. 
 Cor-gawr, the giant choir {Le/and.), Stonehenge. 
 Cornnbia = W. Kemhv, the horn . or projecting land, Cornwall. 
 
 Also, Kerne, Cornouailles in Britanny. 
 Connennos {Pto/emy.), the Isle of Dogs in the Thames = W. Ynys 
 
 y Cun. 
 Craig, rock : hence Craven in Yorkshire. Krac is the Arabic 
 
 name of Petra in Arabia, the mount Seir in the Bible. 
 Cnnctio, Marlborough in Wiltshire = W. kynnud. Rhyd-kynnyd is 
 
 found in Llywarch Hen. 
 Cwm, a deep narrow valley, preserved in Ilfracombe, Wy-combe, &c. 
 Kynance Cove in Cornwall = W. kennant, a brook in a hollow. 
 Deira, Durham = W. Dcivr. 
 
 HH
 
 266 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Dcmetia, Pembrokeshire = Dyved. Its Kymric chief bore the singu- 
 lar title of Pendaran, 'the thunder chief:' which would have 
 gratified Nelson, the duke of Bronte. 
 
 Dena, Fforest y, the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire. (Mabinog- 
 
 1071.) 
 
 Derwent- Water in Cumberland = W. dwr-givyn, fair water. 
 Deyrnllwg (Nenm'us.) = Vale Royal in Cheshire, anciently extending 
 
 to the forests of Cumberland. 
 Digoll = The Long Mynd {mynydd) in Shropshire. 
 Dingwarth Bryncich {Nennius), ' the disgrace of Bernicia,' the 
 
 stronghold of the Angles, Bamborough in Northumberland. 
 Din-obant or Din-y-pant, the fort in the hollow, Nottingham. 
 Do/, the same word as the English ' dale.' It expresses Deal in 
 
 Kent and Dawlish (dol-isa) in Devonshire. (Polwhele) 
 Dumnonia = W. Dyv-neint, deep glens, Devonshire ; also, the north 
 
 coast of Britanny. 
 Dunmow in Essex = W. din-magh or -maes, the field-fort. {Camden.) 
 Durobrabis = W. dwr-brav, fine water ; Rochester. 
 Duro-co-briva, the bridge over the dwr-coch (red water) ; Redbourne 
 
 in Hertfordshire. 
 Edros, the name given by Ptolemy to the Isle of Bardsey, in his 
 
 time desert W. ynys adar, isle of birds. 
 Ehnet or Elved, a Kymric petty state near Leeds, whose last king 
 
 Kertic was driven out by Eadwin of Northumbria. (Beda.) 
 Ereinwg, the land of Geraint = Herefordshire. 
 
 Gabrosentum, Gateshead, Durham = W. pen-gavr, the goat's head. 
 Garthmarthein, the old name of Brychciniog (Brecknock), the land 
 
 of Brychan, king of Ireland. 
 Glannobanta, Bainbridge in Yorkshire or Routchester {Baxter) = 
 
 W. glan-y-pant, the glen of the hollow. 
 The Torr of Glastonbury = W. glesynvre, the green summit. 
 Gobannium, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire = W. gob-ban, high tu- 
 mulus. 
 Grongar Hill on the Towy, sung of by the poet Dyer = W. gronn- 
 gaer, the round fort.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 267 
 
 Gweuestr, a wild flood said by the poet-prince Gwyddno (in Ar- 
 moric, Gueznou) to have drowned his territory, Cantrev-y- 
 gwaelod, the Holland of Wales. It may mean 'the fair estuary' 
 (given estr) of the Mawddach, or the main ocean. Gwyddno 
 mentions Caer-Manddwy as " hiding his head among the clouds." 
 I take it to mean Aran Mawddwy, a mountain higher than 
 Cadair Idris, seen from the beach at Barmouth at low ebb. 
 Gwcly Wyrion Kynan, ' the settlement of Conan's descendants,' the 
 ancient name of Eivionydd in Arvon. Such designations are 
 landmarks of history. Thus we have Morganwg, ' the land of 
 Morgan Mwynvawr,' Glamorgan; Meirionydd, 'the land of Meir- 
 ion,' Merioneth (preserved in Britanny by Merionez, near Vali- 
 nes) ; and Keredigiawn, ' the land of Keredig, Cardiganshire. 
 Gwcnt, ' the fair open country,' Monmouthshire. I take Gwent to 
 be the term ' Venta ' applied to several British cities, though 
 De Belloguet derives it from W. gwenith, wheat. 
 Gwlad yr Hav, the ' land of summer,' Somersetshire : though also 
 implying some southern or eastern land whence the Kymry came. 
 Gwyr, the peninsula of Gower in Glamorgan : Gowrie in Perthshire. 
 Heledd-Ddu, the black salt-pit, Northwich in Cheshire. 
 Hclcdd- Wen, the white salt-pit, Nantwich. 
 Henllan, Henley-in-Arden in Warwickshire. 
 Henllys, old court, Helston in Cornwall. 
 Jiipupania, a place near Cardiff (Ptolemy.) = W. Trcv-Iwbwb, the 
 
 alarm-post. (Owen Pughe.) 
 Lemanis Partus, Lyme in Kent = W. Pivyth-meinlas, the narrow 
 
 green point. 
 Limnns, the isle of Ramsey in Pembrokeshire = W. Ynys Enlliv. 
 Llan, 'a clearing in a forest,' then 'a village." then again 'a parish 
 church.' Llangollen may serve as the type of a large class. 
 With its companion viaduct of Pont-kyssyllt\\ it appears in 
 Britanny as Langolen together with Tre-quesseltec not far from 
 Ouimper. Somerset offers us Llan-Garannog, Carhampton ; 
 Llan-gcneu, Keynsham ; Llan- Gynngar, Congresbury ; and Uan- 
 Degwman; the churches of SS. Carantoc, Keyna, Congar, and
 
 268 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Decuman. Launceston in Cornwall was Llan-Stephan, S. 
 
 Stephen's ; and Leominster in Herefordshire. Llan-llieni, ' S. 
 
 Linus.' 
 Llctty-dwr, 'the inn upon the water' {Camden?), Bedford. 
 Llyn-wys {Nenmus) = Lindesey in Lincolnshire. 
 Llys-tywysog, 'the Prince's court,' (Prince Arthur Tudor and Mary, 
 
 afterwards Queen, held court there) : it is the scene of Milton's 
 
 Comus = Ludlow in Salop. 
 Lynn in Norfolk = W. llyn, the lake or expansion of the Ouse. 
 Macacorion, Deerhurst in Gloucestershire = W. Magh- or Maes-y- 
 
 keirw, the deer field. {Baxter) 
 Magiovinium, Dunstable in Bedfordshire = W. Maghiou- or Maesydd- 
 
 gwynion, ' the white ' or chalky ' fields.' 
 Malata, the isle of Sheppey in Kent = W. ynys mollt, isle of 
 
 wethers. 
 Manaw, the Isle of Man = W. man-aw, place in the water. 
 Manduessednm, Manceter = W. man-dwy-eisteddva, place of two 
 
 seats ? 
 Marazion in Cornwall = W. marchnad Ion, Jove's market. 
 Meddgawd {Nennins) = the isle of Lindisfarne. 
 Mcnevia or Mynyw, otherwise Ty Ddewi, the see of S. David. 
 Menna or Meneg, the peninsula of the Lizard = W. tnaneg, the 
 
 glove. 
 Mercia or the English March = W. Blaeneu Hoegyr. {Brut y 
 
 Saeson.) 
 Metaris, the Wash in Lincolnshire {Ptolemy) = W. mall-traeth, the 
 
 evil estuary ; also, a run of the sea in Anglesea. 
 Minchead in Devonshire = W. Bryn-huel, the tin-mine hill. 
 Afona, the Isle of Anglesea = W. Ynys Mon. 
 Moricambc, Morecambe Bay in Lancashire = W. mur-gam, the 
 
 crooked sea. 
 Mortdunum, Seaton in Devonshire = W. mor-ddin, fort on the sea. 
 Ocrinum promontorium, the Lizard Point in Cornwall = W. Pen- 
 
 rhyn Ochrin, the jagged headland. Cf. Ochrina, a mountain 
 
 behind Trieste.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 269 
 
 Pen-ball-cra/g (Camden.), Tynemouth in Northumberland. 
 Pcn-ddr, the oaken summit = Margam in Glamorgan. 
 Rmdle, a mountain in Lancashire = W. pen-lie, head of the place. 
 Pen-hardd-lech, the summit of the fine rock, Hawarden Castle. 
 
 (Brut y Tywysog/on, Annates Wigorn.) 
 Pennocrnkinm, Penkridge in Staffordshire = \V. pen-kruc, head of 
 
 the barrow. 
 Pen-rhndd, the red head = Penrith in Cumberland, the seat of the 
 
 kings of Cumbria ; also called Penrhyn Rhionydd, the princes' 
 
 headland. 
 Pen-sant, the saint's head (S. John Baptist's in the arms of the 
 
 town) = Penzance in Cornwall. 
 Pen-nchel-coit, the high top of the wood = Lostwithiel. 
 Penrhyn Penwaed or Pemvyth, the Land's End in Cornwall; also 
 
 called in Cornish Pen-von-las. 
 Pons Ael//, W. Pont Una// = Ponteland in Northumberland. 
 I\>nt-/vcl-coct, the Ivel bridge in the wood = Ilchester in Somerset. 
 Porth-Gwygyr in Mona (Triads.) = Beaumaris ? 
 Portk-Peris (i.e. Portns Paridos) = Portsmouth ; also called ' Llong- 
 
 borth ' by Llywarch Hen. 
 Portns Adnmi, Ederington, near Shoreham = \V. Porth-y-dwr. 
 The Prawle, a headland in Devon = W. brawl, shooting out. 
 Rh/godnnnin, W. din-rhyg, the barley town = Ripon in Yorkshire. 
 Rntnpinns Portns, Richborough in Kent = W. Porth Rwytin. 
 Rutland, W. R/mddlan, red land. Also, Rhuddlan in North 
 
 Wales. 
 Segednnnm, W. sycli-ddin, the dry fort = Strigil in Northumberland. 
 S/lnr/a, W. Esylhvg, abounding in prospects = South Wales. 
 S/hmagus, W. yd-vaes, wheat field = Stowmarket in Suffolk. 
 Strata Ikcnornm, W. Ystrad- Ychat'n = Ikenild Street, the Roman 
 
 road from London to Norfolk. 
 Strata V/tal/am\ W. Ystrad or Sam Gwythelin = Watling Street, 
 
 the Roman road from London to the north-west. 
 Teg-cingl, fair corner ? = Flintshire. 
 Thulc Scottonim, the end of the earth, 'ultima Thule ' according to
 
 270 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Seneca, Ireland = W. Tyleu Isgoed. Perhaps implied by the 
 mysterious Tnlan of the Nahoa tribes of central America, 
 though Tula occurs on the Holy Sea in Siberia. Baxter ap- 
 plies the Welsh name Ynys Tywyll, 'the dark isle,' to the Irish 
 Thule. I leave Anglesea to claim a now inapplicable title. 
 
 Tintagcl castle, the birthplace of Arthur in Cornwall = W. tin-dagol, 
 the fort of the dewlap, from its situation. {MS. Harl. 433. 
 Seint Great.) 
 
 Tintern Abbey in Gwent = W. Din-deym, the prince's fort. 
 
 Totncss in Devon = W. twtnai, dark, the colour of the Dart. 
 
 Tkev = 'homestead,' 'town,' the Saxon time, very frequent in Corn- 
 wall, less so in Wales. Yet- we have the Cornish Trelawny 
 preserved in Tre-Lownydd, the old name of Newmarket in 
 Flintshire (Pennant.) ; and Trevdraeth expresses Rudruth in 
 Cornwall and Newport in Pembrokeshire. (Polwhele.) 
 
 Tripontiutn, W. tri-phont, three bridges = Towcester, north Hants. 
 
 Tunnokelum, Boulness in Cumberland = W. din-uchel, high fort. 
 
 Tyno-coch, the red lowland = an old name of Cardiganshire. 
 
 Ty-ogovawg, W. the town of caves (Asser.) = Northampton. 
 
 Uxella, Lostwithiel in Cornwall = W. llys-uchel, high court. 
 
 Vagniacum, Maidstone in Kent = W. cwm-gwaun, the combe in the 
 down. 
 
 Vainona, Waynfiete in Lincolnshire = W. y wann, marshy ground. 
 
 Van's or Varae in the Itinerary of Antoninus, supposed by Baxter 
 to be Bala in Merioneth, who refers to its position and to 
 Castell Corndochon ; I would add Caer-gai (Castrum Caii) and 
 the Tumulus (Tommen y Bala) = W. war-wysc, above the 
 water. 
 
 Vecta Insula, the Isle of Wight = W. Ynys Gwyth, the channel 
 island. Portus Itius, Whitsand in Picardy = W. Porth-wyth. 
 
 Vendelis, Portland Island = W. gwyn-del, the white hard surface. 
 
 Vencdotia, North Wales = W. Gwynedd, fair country. 
 
 Vergivium Mare, the Irish Sea = in Erse, Feairrghe, the sea ; W. 
 
 Mor-wcrvdJ, a modified form of the Erse. 
 Vindenus, Silchester in Hampshire = W. gwyn-ddin, the white city.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. z'ji 
 
 I'indogladia, Wimborne in Dorset = W. gwyn-dcu-glcddcu, the 
 
 white two swords or branches of a river. 
 Vinovium, Binchester in Durham = W. mhi-</v y the frail brink ? 
 Voreda, Old Penrith in Cumberland = W. y vdr-hyd, the sea-wash. 
 
 Cf. Y For A yd, by Rhyl. 
 Ynys Devanog = Ramsey Isle in Pembrokeshire. (L/uyd.) 
 Ynys Glanawg, 'Insula Glannavo ' in the Epistles of Pope Innocent 
 
 III., Nov. 24, 1199; also, Ynys Seirioel (MS. Harl. 6q6j) = 
 
 Puffin island, off Anglesea. It occurs in the Ystorya Sritit 
 
 Grea/, as doth Bannot or Manod by Festiniog. 
 Ynys Pyrr, ' Pyrrhus ' isle = Caldey island in Bristol Channel. 
 Ynys Rhiothim, probably from Rutupium hard by, famed for its 
 
 oysters (Asser) = the isle of Thanet. 
 Sylinae Insulae (Su/pict'us Sever us. ), the Scilly Isles = W. Ynys Svlin; 
 
 perhaps std-Uch, rocks of the sun. 
 Wynander-mcre in Westmoreland W. Llyn-Gwynnant, the lake of 
 
 the fair valley. 
 
 Great Britain : Scotland. 
 
 The river Abravannus or Rian in Galloway = W. Aber-avon. 
 
 Bannock = W. banawg, notable ? 
 
 Brothock = W. brxvth, commotion. 
 
 Kelvin in Clydesdale = W. Kil-gwyn, the fair covert. 
 
 Rntlwcn = W. rhndd-avon, the red river. 
 
 Lakes : Lelannonius lacus, Loch Fine = W. l/illcn-on, the goat's 
 
 lake. 
 Loch-abcr = W. llwch-aber, the confluence of the lake. 
 Lock-awe = W. llwch-avon, the lake of the river. 
 Loch-lomond = W. Uwch-lummon (Ncnnins.), the beacon lake. 
 Mountains: Bcn-clcugh = W . Pen-glog, the skull. 
 Ben-lomond = W . Pen-Uumon (Plinlimmon), the beacon head. 
 Ben-more = W. Pen-mawr, the great head. 
 Ben-ncvis in Inverness = W. Pen-nyv, 'Apenninus nubium, 1 cloudy 
 
 head.
 
 272 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Cairngorm in Banffshire = W. carnedd-gwrm, the dusky cairn. 
 Gratnpins mons, the Grampian = W. Pen-Grian, the summit sacred 
 to the sun. {Baxter) 
 
 The Horestii, the Keltic dwellers in Angus =fforcstwyr, foresters. 
 
 Maiatae, the Scottish Lowlanders = W. mai-awd, men of the 
 
 plains. 
 
 Novantes, the men of Galloway = W. novantwys, turbulent. 
 
 Otadini, on the Borders = W. Gododin, the scene of Aneurin's 
 
 song, corrupted into Lothian. 
 
 Selgovae, a tribe in Galloway = Erse, selg; W. hela, hunters. 
 Aber, the confluence of waters. Scotland, as well as Wales, abounds 
 
 with this place-name. We have e.g. Abcrbrothock or Arbroath, 
 Abercom or Abercwnrig, Abernethy : Brecon, Cardigan, Mon- 
 mouth, and Swansea have displaced the names of Aber-Honddu, 
 Aber-Teivy, Aber-Mynwy, and Aber-Tawy. Aber survives in 
 France as ' Le Havre.' 
 
 Rhodwydd Arderydd, the Knows of Arthuret, a military pass on 
 the Esk, defended by Dry won ab Nudd. {Triads, Skene.) 
 
 Argyle = W. Ar-Gwyddyl, the land next the Gael or Irish. 
 
 Arthur's Seat, near Edinburgh = Castell Mynydd Agnedd. {Camden) 
 
 Balmoral, the Queen's castle in Scotland = W. Bdl-mwrl, the 
 crumbling peak? 
 
 Blantyre in Lanarkshire = W. Blaen-tir, the headland. 
 
 Bute in the isle of Arran = W. Bettws, S. Brandan's cell. 
 
 Caer-Alclwyd, Dunbarton on the Clyde. 
 
 C. Colud {Beda.) = Coldingham. 
 
 C. Eden = Carriden in west Lothian. {Camden.) 
 
 C. Gwerthevin, the home of Merddin ap Morvryn = possibly the 
 fort of the Verturiones. 
 
 C. Gwyth {Beda.) = Inch-Keith in the Frith of Forth. 
 
 C. laverock in Dumfriesshire = W. Caer-llavrawg, the round fort ? 
 also called Uxelum = W. uchel, the high fort. 
 
 C. Pentallorh = Kirkintilloch, on the Roman Wall. 
 
 C. Verwig {lolo Goch.) = Berwick-on-Tweed.
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 273 
 
 Cantirc, the headland of Galloway = W. Pen-tlr, the headland. 
 
 Cateneys, Cauda insula*, the island's end = Caithness. 
 
 Kilkerran lough in Cantire. Cf. Kilgerran castle in Cardiganshire. 
 
 Kinnolsa, the isle of Colonsay = W. canol-nysg, midst of water. 
 
 Kinross in Fifeshire = W. Pen-rhos, head of the marsh. 
 
 Clauinnis, the isle of Lewis = W. llaw-ynys, isle like a hand. 
 
 Coclin, the home of Coel-Godebog = Kyle in Ayrshire. 
 
 Cregidona, W. craig-dicnncn, the rocky hill = Creighton. 
 
 Drumabon, in Pictish ' the back of the river ' = Drummond in 
 Strathearne, W. Ystrad-Aeron. 
 
 Dumfries or Dun-frcys in Nithisdale = W. Din-y-ffridd, the hill fort. 
 
 Dundee, on the river Tay = W. Dhi-Tawy. 
 
 Dunkeld in Perthshire = W. Dhi-kelyddon, the fort of the coverts. 
 
 Duns in the March of Scotland = W. Dinas, the fort or city. 
 
 Din Eiddin, Edinburgh. 
 
 Galysten, a place mentioned by Taliesin = on the Gala in Selkirk- 
 shire ? 
 
 Glasgow, W. Glds-cwm, the green combe. 
 
 Glenluce in Wigtonshire = W. glyn-llwg, the bright glen. 
 
 Gwenystrad in Strathclyde {Taliesin.) = Strathaven in Lanarkshire. 
 Habitancum, Risingham in Otadinis {Baxter.) = W. havod-yn-cwm, 
 
 the shieling or hut in the combe. 
 Hebrides, the Western Isles = W. Heledd. 
 Inverary in Argyllshire = W. Aber-eira, the confluence of the eira 
 
 or snow river. {Camden) 
 Inver- Gordon in Ross-shire = W. Abcr-gorddwvn, the confluence 
 
 with the deep. 
 Lanark in Clydesdale = W. llanncrch, a glade. 
 Lennox = W. llyvfi-wysc , smooth water. 
 Lindores in Fifeshire = W. llyn-dwr, the lake of water. 
 Litanomagus, W. llvdan-maes, broad field = Flodden Field. 
 Melrose abbey (in old chronicles written Mailros) = W. mael-rhds, 
 the profitable moorland. 
 
 Ochiltrc or Uchiltrc castle in Kyle, the ancient seat of the Stuarts 
 
 = W. ucl/el-dre, the high town. 
 11
 
 274 Appendix. No. VIII. 
 
 Orcades, the Orkney isles = W. erch; Armoric, erc*h, snow. 
 Penicuik in Midlothian = W. Pcn-Cuawc, from the river Cuawc. 
 
 (Llywarch) 
 Penn-Guaul, W. = Gaelic {Ncnnius), Kinneil; the [Roman] Wall's 
 
 End = Kinnoul. 
 Pcnrhyn Blathaon = Caithness Point. 
 
 Rhctigonium civitas, W. Rheged = Strathnaver in Galloway. 
 Roslyn = W. rhos-lyn, the marsh of the lake. 
 Rosse = W. rhos, the moor. 
 
 Scetis {Ptolemy.), W. ysgad ynys, the isle of herrings = Shetland. 
 Tarvedrum, W. tarv-drwyn, the scaring headland = Duncansby 
 
 Head in Caithness. 
 Ystrad, the Kymric equivalent to 'strath,' the bank of large rivers; 
 
 as e.g. Ystrad C/wyd, Ystrad Ithon, Ystrad Mawr, Ystrad 
 
 Towy (in Wales) = the straths of the Clyde, the Eden, the great 
 
 strath, that of the Towy. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 We have now traced the roving Kelts from the confines of 
 India to their final settlement in the green isle of Erin : Gwerddon the 
 Kymry call it to this day. It is needless to enlarge on this ground. 
 The modern Gwyddyl or Gael present the features of the old 
 race, as depicted by the classic Graeco-Latin writers, even more 
 completely for good or for evil than do the Kymry themselves. 
 
 The attachment to tribal chieftains, more strikingly exhibited 
 by the Scottish Gael, has been replaced by an unswerving devotion 
 to the Italian Patriarch of the West, which has survived the feeble 
 efforts of the English settlers and the brutal violence of the Puritans. 
 The levity and reckless gaiety of the old Gauls they still inherit 
 with their French brethren. The Kymry of Wales betray tokens 
 of the influence of long subjection to the English domination. 
 The harp of Cambria has been silenced by the frown of a sombre 
 Puritanism ; and the jargon of political squabbles has a greater at- 
 traction for the moderns than the simple melodies of their fore- 
 fathers. The wide divergence in religion of the two kindred races
 
 Appendix. No. VIII. 275 
 
 is attributable to the same origin, a deep-rooted hatred of foreign 
 influences hostile to their nationality. In Ireland they clung to the 
 Pope, because the new learning had disowned him in London. 
 They love ' the sturdy little conventicles ' in Wales, because they 
 care not to have their dear native land ticketed by the Saxon as 
 'four dioceses in the province of Canterbury.' It may stand in law; 
 but it wounds sentiment, and recalls unhappy memories. [See 
 chapter viii., section 2, of this Work.] The Welsh translation of 
 the Bible shares the eulogies lavished on the English Version, 
 which it perhaps too closely copies ; but the current of events defies 
 our poor prognostics. Gael and Kymry, transplanted to America, 
 learn the manners and share the aspirations of the land of their 
 adoption. Yet it is difficult to believe that a language expressing 
 the cherished feelings and thoughts of a thousand generations will 
 be suffered to perish save with Time ; whilst the extinction of the 
 noblest languages of the sons of Japhet the Sanskrit, Hellenic, and 
 Latin, save in derived forms rebukes the temerity of our specula- 
 tions. 
 
 Of the four provinces of Erin, the Kymry knew three Ulster, 
 Connaught, and Leinster, as Ultw, Conacli, and Llcyn. Of its rivers, 
 the Libnius {Ptolemy.) or Liffey appears in North Wales as Llyvni; 
 while the Latinized name of the Lagan, Ouinderios, is Kymric, 
 meaning ' white water ' {givyn-dwr). The K'ds or retreats of Wales 
 figure in Kildare, Kilmore, Kilkenny : Bala, the outlet of a lake, 
 in Bally-shannon. The sees of Armagh and Dublin are Dearmagh 
 (W. Ddr-vaes, the oak plain), and Dinas Dtilyn (Black-pool fort) ; 
 Cloyne, dear for Berkeley's sake, is Cluain-cdncach: W. Glyn-etddcw , 
 the ivy glen. Dunmorc headland in Kerry and Pentir- Ganion in 
 Antrim, the Fair Head, near Dungannon, are Kymric rather than 
 Gaelic.
 
 APPENDIX. No. IX. 
 
 LATIN NAMES OF PERSONS RETAINED BY THE KYMRY, INCLUDING 
 THOSE OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE, AND GREEK NAMES 
 THEREIN OCCURRING. 
 
 Adrianus = Adran. 
 
 Aelius = Huail. 
 
 Aemilianus = Emlyn. 
 
 Aeternus = Edern, e.g. Edeyrn 
 
 Davod aur. 
 Aethcrius = Eithyr, e.g. Eithyr 
 
 ab Llywarch. 
 Aetius = Aedd, e.g. Aedd Mawr, 
 
 the Patrician Aetius. 
 Agnes, Agnetis = Annes and 
 
 Nest. 
 Agricola = Grigyll. 
 Albanus = Elvan, e.g. Elvan 
 
 Powys. {Llywarch?) 
 Alexius Elyw ? 
 Allectus = Elaeth. 
 Alpinus or Albinus = Elphin, e.g. 
 
 Elphin ab Gwyddno and Ken- 
 
 ydd ab Elphin, i.e. Kenneth 
 
 mac Alpin, king of Scots. 
 Alumnus = Alun. {Taliesin.) 
 Amandus = A van. 
 
 Atnbrosius = Emrys. 
 
 Ammonius = Amwn, e.g. Amwn 
 
 Dhu o Lydaw. 
 Andragathius = Anarawd, e.g. 
 
 Anarawd Vinddu. 
 Antoninus = Anntwn. 
 Arcadius = Argad. 
 Arc turns = Arthur. 
 Aristobulus = Arwystli. 
 Artemius = Arthen. (Triads.) 
 Arvandus = Gavran. 
 Augustinus = Awstin. 
 Augustus = Awst. 
 Aurelia = Ervil ? Eurddyl ? 
 Avitus = Awy. 
 
 Beda = Bedo, e.g. B. Aerddren. 
 Benno = Beuno, e.g. B. Gasul- 
 
 sych. 
 Bruno = Brwyno, e.g. B. Hen. 
 Caecilius = Seisyll, Anglicanized 
 
 as Cecil. 
 Caepio = Kybi.
 
 Appendix. No. IX. 
 
 277 
 
 Catanus = Caian. 
 
 ( 'at'us = Cai. 
 
 Camillus, an Etruscan name ; in 
 Erse, Cait-milcad, warrior ; W. 
 Cdd-milwr. 
 
 Camocnae, the Muses = W. can- 
 vwyn, pleasant song. 
 
 Caudidiautis, in the Saxon Chron- 
 icle ' Condidan ' = W. Kyn- 
 ddylan (prince of Powis). 
 
 Carausius Carawn. 
 
 Cams = Car. 
 
 Catellus = Cadell. 
 
 Cato = Cado, e.g. Cado Hen, 
 brenin Prydyn. 
 
 Ccitulus = Kedawl. (Gwyddno.) 
 
 Kcntronius = Kyndrwyn, father 
 of Kynddylan. {Llywarch.) 
 
 Kerbonianus = Gorwynion. 
 
 Kctfiegtis, Caedicius = Kedig. 
 
 Kikcro, the greatest of Roman 
 orators. His name is connected 
 with the Welsh kcirch, oats, 
 though kikcr meant ' vetches ' 
 to the Romans. 
 
 Clara = Llear. 
 
 Claudia = Gwladys. 
 
 Claudius = Gloy w. 
 
 Cluvius = Glywys ? 
 
 Cnet'us = Keneu. 
 
 Coc litis = Coel. 
 
 Cotton = Kynon, Kynan, and in 
 its Gascon form ' Kenon.' 
 {Liwyd.) 
 
 Constantinus = Kystennin. 
 
 Cons fan fins = Kysteint. 
 
 A'vriactis = Curig. 
 
 Cyrillus = Seirioel Wyn. 
 
 Kyrus = Gyrys, e.g. G. o Ial. 
 
 Damianus = Dwyvan. 
 
 Diana = in Erse Bian, nimble. 
 
 Domttintis = Dyvnan. 
 
 Dotiatiaiius = Dunodyn. 
 
 Donatus = Dunawd. 
 
 Ecdicius = Eiddig. 
 
 Egeria = Eigyr, ' maiden.' 
 
 Eleutherius = Elidyr. 
 
 Eligius = Helig. 
 
 Eloqiiius = Illoc ? 
 
 Emidius = Hemeid, Hyveidd. 
 
 Eucratius = Eugrad. 
 
 Eudocius = Wddog ? 
 
 Eugeuius, Eugeudus = Ywein, e.g. 
 
 Owain ab Urien. Gawain, e.g. 
 
 Gawain Douglas. 
 Euladius = Euladd. 
 Euphrasia = Effros. 
 Flavianus = Fflewin. 
 Elora = Fflur. 
 G alius = Gall. 
 Gavidius = Kewydd. 
 Gavins = Gawy. 
 Germanianus = Garmonyawn. 
 
 [Achau Gxcyr y Goglcdd.) 
 Gcrmanus = Garmon. 
 Gerontius = Geraint. 
 Glyccrius = Gleisiar. {Triads.) 
 Gordius = Gordd, ' earnest.' 
 Gorgonius = Gwrgant. 
 Gradirtts = Gredyv. (Aneurin.)
 
 278 
 
 Appendix. No. IX. 
 
 Gratialis = Greidiol. 
 
 Gratianus = Armoric, " Gradlon ;" 
 W. "Grallon." 
 
 Grains = Gradd. (Taliesin) 
 
 Gregorins = Grygor. 
 
 Helvidianus = Elwyddan. 
 
 Helvidins = Hyhvydd, ' prosper- 
 ous.' 
 
 Helvius = Ehvy. 
 
 Hercules, Hercnlcm = Ercwlv. 
 
 Hcrsilia = Esyllt, rendered in, ro- 
 mance Estrildis, Isolda, Yseult. 
 
 Hesperins = Ysperi. (Aneurin) 
 
 Hilarius = Eleri, liar, Elian. 
 
 Hitnerins = Emyr (Llydaw). 
 
 Honorins = Ynyr. 
 
 Iannarins = Ionawr. 
 
 Idacins = Iddawg (Corn Prydain). 
 
 Idonens = Iddon and Idno (ab 
 Meirchion). 
 
 Tovins = Ieuav. 
 
 Italicus, {e.g. Priscus Italicus, A.D. 
 133) = Eiddilic. (Triads.) 
 
 I talus = Eidal. (Taliesin) 
 
 lulus = Iolo. 
 Julianus = Sulien. 
 Jnlitta[m] = Elidan. 
 Julius = Iwl, e.g. Iwl Caisar, 
 Julius Caesar. 
 
 Jupiter, Jovis = Iau or Iou. 
 Justinianus = Stinian. 
 
 Justinus = Iestin. 
 
 Laberius, the first Roman who 
 trod British soil (Caesar.) = 
 Llavyr (a son of Llywarch). 
 
 Latinus = Lledin. (Taliesin.) 
 Laudatus = Llawddad. 
 Laurentius = Lloren (a son of 
 
 Llywarch). 
 Leo = Llew. 
 
 Liberius = Lliver. (Llywarch.) 
 Libius = Llibio. 
 Linus = Llieni (bab.) (Addit. 
 
 MSS. 14, 882; Mus. Britannic) 
 Livius = Llywy. (Taliesin) 
 Lucanus = Llugan. 
 Lucia = Lleucu. 
 Lucianus = Lleision. 
 Lucius = Lies. 
 Macaritus = Machreth. 
 Magnentius Maenwyn. (Llyw- 
 arch) 
 Magnus or Maenius = Maen (a 
 
 son of Llywarch). 
 Major, Maurus = Mor. 
 Majorianus, Maurianus = Morien 
 
 (Varvaug, a foreign prince. 
 
 Triads). 
 Manlius, Mallius = Mael. 
 Marcellus = Marchell. 
 Marcianus = Meirchion. 
 Marcus = March. 
 Marianus = Meirion. 
 Marinus = Merini. 
 Marius = Mair. 
 Mars, Martis = Mawrth. 
 Martinus Merddin, Myrddin, in 
 
 romance Merlin. 
 Matius = Math (ab Mathon- 
 
 wy).
 
 Appendix. No. IX. 
 
 279 
 
 Maurclius = Moryal (a brother of 
 Kynddylan. 
 
 Mauritius = Meuric. 
 
 Maximus = Macsen. 
 
 Melior = Meilyr, Meileri. 
 
 Mercurius = Merchur. 
 
 Metcllus = Medel (a son of Lly w- 
 arch.) 
 
 Metrodorus = Medrawd, in ro- 
 mance ' Sir Mordred.' 
 
 Nennius = Nynniaw. 
 
 Octavius = Euddav. 
 
 Olybrius = Elivri, in romance 
 rendered Oliver. 
 
 Ovidius = Ovydd. 
 
 Papias = Pabo. 
 
 Pascennius = Pasgen. 
 
 Pater nus = Padarn. 
 
 Patricius = Padrig. 
 
 Paulinus = Peulyn. 
 
 Petronius = Pedrwn. 
 
 Phoebus = Peibiaw. 
 
 Pollio = Pyll (a son of Llywarch.) 
 
 Publicius = Peblig. 
 
 Quinidius = Kenydd. 
 
 Quirinus = Gwrin. 
 
 Regina = Rhiain. 
 
 Romanus = Rhuvon, Rhun. 
 
 Romulus = in Erse Crodamuil, 
 ' valiant.' 
 
 Ruffinus = Gruffudd. 
 
 Saturuinus = Sadwrnin. 
 
 Saturnus = Sadwrn. 
 
 Scaurus = Ysgaron. (Aneurin.) 
 
 Scholasticus = Yskolan. 
 
 Siptiminnus = Seithenyn. 
 
 Septimius = Seithyn. 
 
 Sergius Serigi (e.g. S. Wyddel). 
 
 Servandus = Servan. 
 
 Sibylla = Sibli Ddoeth. 
 
 Soliuus = Heylin. 
 
 Suetonius Paulinus = Sywidw 
 Pawlin. (Thcophilus Evans.) 
 
 Tarquinius = Terwyn, ' strong ;' 
 e.g. T. Superbus, Terwyn Sy- 
 berw. 
 
 Telesinus, a Samnite general 
 (Plutarch.) = Taliesin. 
 
 Thecla, the virgin martyr, dis- 
 ciple of S. Paul = Tegla. 
 
 Theodorus = Tudur, Tudor. 
 
 Theodosius = Tewdws. 
 
 Titan, Tithonus = Tydain. 
 
 Tityrus, the Vergilian shepherd 
 = Tityr, 'spinning' or 'whirl- 
 ing.' 
 
 Tumus, king of the Rutuli = 
 W. teyrn, ' the prince.' 
 
 Ura 1 litis = Urien. 
 
 Urbinus = Erbin (ab Kystennin 
 Gorneu). 
 
 Valentinianus = Balawn. 
 
 Varius = Gwair. 
 
 Vcnilia, a sea-goddess = W. gwen- 
 nol, 'the sea gull.' 
 
 Venus, Veneris = Gwener. 
 
 Vergilius = Pheryll. 
 
 Victor = Uthyr, Withur. 
 
 Victorinus = Gwytherin. 
 
 Vigilius = Bugail.
 
 28o 
 
 Appendix. No. IX. 
 
 Virginins = Gwrgeneu. 
 Viriathns = Gwriad. 
 Virnnnius = Gwron. 
 
 Vitalianus = Gwythelyn. 
 Vivianus = Gwiawn. 
 Voconius = Gwgawn. 
 
 A few names appear to have been borrowed by the Teutons 
 from the Kymry, or used in common. Such I submit are 
 
 Aethehtan = Elystan (Glodrydd). 
 Aethered = Edryd. 
 Brand = W. Braint (Hir). 
 Ceadmon = Cadvan. 
 Ceadwalla = Cadwal. 
 Cerdic = Keredig. 
 Culloch = Kwllwch. 
 Donald '= Dyvnwal. 
 Edwin = Ednewein. 
 
 Edwold = Idwal. 
 
 Hlodivig, Ltidwig = Clydawg. 
 
 Hngo = Hywgi. 
 
 Kenneth = Kynedda, Kenydd. 
 
 Kenrick = Kyneuric. 
 
 Reginald ' = Rheinallt. 
 
 Rudcric = Rhydderch, Rhodri. 
 
 Withred = Uchdryd. 
 
 A few Bible names too are found naturalized in Kymric speech. 
 Such are Addav, Adam ; Ynwch, Enoch ; Jo, Job ; Arawn, Aaron ; 
 Sawyl, Saul ; Davydd, David ; Selyn), Solomon ; EM, Elias ; Elisse, 
 Elisaeus ; Dciniocl, Daniel ; Iago, James ; Ietian, John ; Tathai, 
 Thaddaeus.
 
 APPENDIX. No. X. 
 
 In the Prologue to his Welsh grammar, printed at Milan, Griffith 
 Roberts opens with a dialogue between himself and Morns (M. 
 Clynnog, I take it, bishop-nominate of Bangor, and rector of the 
 English College at Rome). The spelling of the original is pre- 
 served. 
 
 " Er bod yn deg y fangre le'r ydym, ag yn hyfryd gweled y 
 dail gwyrddleision yn gyscod rhag y tes, ag yn digrif clowed yr 
 auel hon o'r gogleuwynt yn chwythu tan frig y gwinwydd i'n 
 lawenychu yn y gwres anrhysymol hwn syd drwm wrth bawb a 
 gafod i geni a'i meithrin mewn gwlad cyn oered ag yn tir Cymru 
 . . etto ni chynhessa calon cymro wrthynt, megis y gnai wrth 
 Ian Dyfrdwy, ne lawr Dyphryn Clwyd, ne wrth ami o leoedd a 
 fedrwn i henwi o Faenol Dewi i Gaergybi ym Mon. . . . Mae 
 arnaf hiraeth am lawer o bethau a gaid ynghymru, i fwrw'r amser 
 heibio yn ddifyr ag yn llawen wrth ochel y tes hirddydd haf. Os 
 myfyrio a damunych ne darlain ar ych pen ych hun, chui a gaech 
 deuis lie cymwys i hynny, er maint fyddai boethni'r tes ; naill ai 
 mewn tai gleision hafaidd, ne ger lawr dwfr rhedegog mewn glyn 
 ag irgoed, ne mewn dyffryn llysseuawg, ne mewn cadlas o fedw ne 
 o ynn plannedig, ne ar fynydd amlwg awelog, ne mewn rhyw 
 arall, lie ni byddai na blinder na lludded wrth wres yr hinon. Ond 
 ynghylch y dref hon [Milan], nid oes dim tebyg." 
 
 It seems incredible how in the face of this explicit passage the 
 j j
 
 282 
 
 Appendix. No. X. 
 
 late learned librarian of the British Museum, Mr. Panizzi, could have 
 maintained against Prince Louis-Lucien Bonaparte that Roberts 
 printed his book at Meivod in North Wales, where there could 
 not have been a printing-press in the reign of Elizabeth, nor vines 
 to temper an excessive heat. The Italian scholar could not have 
 known Roberts's relation to S. Carlo Borromeo, nor have consulted 
 Anthony a Wood's 'Athenae Oxonienses.'
 
 APPENDIX. No. XI. 
 
 FRENCH-KYMRIC VO C AB I. E S . 
 
 The list here supplied is confessedly imperfect, yet sufficient to es- 
 tablish the existence of a Kymric element in the modern Gallo- 
 Roman speech. Zeuss as well as Prichard hold that the old Gallic 
 was nearer the Welsh than the Gaelic, save that it retained the 
 case-endings of the latter. The sounds of the letters j and u in 
 French, as well as the // moutlles in French and Spanish, come 
 from the Kymric. (De Bellognct.) The Cis-Alpine priest at Mass 
 still pronounces the u in Dens, as a Welshman would if taught 
 Latin according to Kymric pronunciation. 
 
 Abrtcot, apricot = bricyll. 
 
 Accablcr, to overwhelm with abuse = cabin, to abuse. 
 
 Agraffe, a clasp - crcvyn. 
 
 Aine, the eldest = hynav. 
 
 Alter, to go = elcd, let him go. 
 
 Allouer, to allow = Iwvio. 
 
 S'Arrcter, to stay = aros. 
 
 Arroye, array, preparation = arlwy. 
 
 Avaler, to swallow = aba//, to perish. 
 
 Avec, with = ac ev, and it. 
 
 Bac/cr, to fasten = bag/u. 
 
 Bagatelle, a toy =s bagadau, strings of beads. 
 
 Balafre, gashed = bala-ffrau, the efflux of an outlet.
 
 284 Appendix. No. XI. 
 
 Balayer, to sweep = baldu, to drive out. 
 
 Banc, a bench = mainc. 
 
 Bannicre, a banner = batter. 
 
 Baragouin, mendicants' cant or an appeal for = bara gwyn, white 
 
 bread ? 
 Baratter, to cheat = brad, treachery. 
 Barguigner, to bargain = bargen. 
 Bataile, battle = bate/. 
 Bateau, a boat = bad. 
 Baton, a staff =pastwn. 
 Battre, to beat = baeddu. 
 Bedeau, a verger = bedw, a birch rod, doubtless the original virga 
 
 of a beadle. 
 Belette, a weasel = bele, a martin. 
 Bequille, a crutch == bagl. 
 Bijou, a jewel = bagadau, strings of beads. 
 Blanc, white = gwlan, wool. 
 
 Bid, corn ; Provencal, blad, flour = blawd, fine flour. 
 Blonde, fine lace = bliant, fine linen. 
 Blur a (Provencal), blue = blazvr, iron-gray. 
 Bluter, to sift = blawd, flour. 
 Bouc, a goat = bwc/i. 
 Boucle, a buckle = bogel, a knot. 
 Boudin, a black pudding =poten, intestines. 
 Boue, dirt = baw. 
 
 Bottle, a bowl = bol, a belly, a protuberance. 
 Bottrasque, a violent wind = bur, violence. 
 Bourdon, the bass in music = byrr-don. 
 Bouteille, a bottle = bothen. 
 Boutique, a shop = bwth, a booth. 
 Brave, brave =praff, stout. 
 Brebis, a sheep = brcvtt, to bleat. 
 Brigand, a robber = briganted (Breton), hill men. 
 Brin, a stick, something worthless = prin, scanty; brwyn, a bulrush. 
 Bris, fragments = briwsion.
 
 Appendix. No. XI. 285 
 
 Brodcrie, embroidery = brodio. 
 
 Broue'e, Provencal Br etna, white frost = barrug, fog. 
 
 Brouct, a mess = brywes. 
 
 Broutcr, to browse = briicsion, fragments. 
 
 Broyer, to bruise = brhvo. 
 
 Bruit, a noise = brwth : brwydr, battle. 
 
 Brun, brown = brwyn. 
 
 Brusque, hasty = brysg, quick. 
 
 Cacher, to hide = can, to shut in ; cauad, a cover. 
 
 Caillou, a flint-stone = callestr. 
 
 Cambrer, to bend = cammu. 
 
 Canif, a knife = cnaiv, clipping or shearing. 
 
 Caprice = kiprys, hap-hazard. 
 
 Carder, to card wool = gardio. 
 
 Carillon, a peal of bells = carol, a merry song. 
 
 Chariot, a chariot = carr-rhod, a car on wheels. 
 
 Charogne, carrion, a carcase = kelain. 
 
 Chaussc, hose = coes, a leg. 
 
 Chemin, Italian cammino, a road = cammu, to step. 
 
 C here her, to fetch = cyrchu. 
 
 Cheval, a horse = keffyl. 
 
 Chien, a dog = ki, pi. cwn. 
 
 Chimcre, a simarre (a Mediaeval vesture) = simmwr. 
 
 C homer, to keep holiday = siom, vacant. 
 
 Chitte, a fall = codwm. 
 
 Clabaud, a noisy talker = debar, idle talk. 
 
 Clapitha (Provencal), a stony place = clap, a round mass, from the 
 
 Latin lap-is. 
 Claque, clogs = clogsiau. 
 Cloche, a bell = clock. 
 Coin, a corner = cwyn. 
 
 Comblcr, to heap up = civblhau, to complete. 
 Cotret, a small fagot = coed, wood. 
 Coucher, to lie down = kysgu, to sleep.
 
 286 Appendix. No. XI. 
 
 Courroie, a saddle = kyvrwy. 
 
 Cracher, to spit = crach-boeri. 
 
 Craindre, to fear = crynu, to quake. 
 
 Cramoisi, crimson = crau, gore, dark clotted blood. 
 
 Crevasse, a crevice = gravais. 
 
 Cuisse, a thigh = coes, a leg. 
 
 Dague, a dagger = tagu, to choke. 
 
 Darder, to dart = tarddu, to spring as a well. 
 
 Debris, fragments = brhvsion. 
 
 Derechef, again = drachevn. 
 
 Deuil, mourning = dywyl. 
 
 Devise, a device = dyvais. 
 
 Dorenavant, henceforth = o hyn allan. 
 
 Douce, sweet = dws : both from the Latin dulcis. 
 
 Dresser, to repair = trwsiaw. 
 
 Drogue, a drug = drwg, bad. 
 
 Dune, a high bank = tyno. 
 
 Eau, water = wy or gwy. 
 
 Ecarter, to separate ysgarthu, to purge. 
 
 Echine, the chine - kevn, back. 
 
 Eclair, lightning = cglur, clear. 
 
 Ecloppc, lame =s= cloff. 
 
 Ecoufle, a kite = vsglyvu, to prey ; whence also the English word 
 
 4 scuffle.' 
 Ecrotder, to crumble = ysgwrllwg^ crackling. 
 Ecueil, a reef =ysgyl. 
 
 Ecume, scum =ysgwyv, from the Latin spuma. 
 Effroi, fright =ffreuo, to spirt out blood. 
 Egratigner, to scratch = craffiniaw. 
 Eincutc, an insurrection ysmud. 
 Ennui, weariness = anwyd, indisposition. 
 Envoyer, to send = anvon.
 
 Appendix. No. XI. 287 
 
 Fsrarbot, a beetle (bred of corruption) in Latin, wcarabaeui = ys- 
 
 gerbwd, a carcase. 
 Escarmouche, a skirmish =ysgarmes. 
 Escorner (Walloon), to scorn = ysgorn. 
 Escort, a guard of soldiers = gosgordd. 
 Espcron, a spur = y spar dun. 
 Etanqon, a perch = ystangc / Italian, stanga. 
 S'c'tou/wr, to be astonished = svnnu. 
 Etourdi, rash =ys-drud, daring ; ystwrdio, to storm. 
 
 Fagot, a fagot =Jfagawd. 
 
 Faix, a burthen = batch. 
 
 Fancr, to faint = gwanhdu. 
 
 Flatter, to flatter = ffladr, foolish talk. 
 
 Fol, an old Gallic term for ' dotard '= ffol. 
 
 Fourrage, fodder = Irish, fcur; W. gioair, grass. 
 
 F"raichc, Italian fresco, fresh =Jfresg. 
 
 Fretta (Italian), haste =ffrwt, abruptly. 
 
 Frillcux, chilly =JfrwyI, a drizzling rain. 
 
 Gabelle, a tax = gavael, a hold, a legal claim. 
 
 Garde, a keep = garth, a hill. 
 
 Gars, a lad = givas. 
 
 Geole, a gaol = gc'ol. 
 
 Glaner, to glean = Uanastr, dispersion. 
 
 G/as, a knell = llais, a voice. 
 
 Gobelin, tapestry, carpet = gobennydd, a cushion. 
 
 Gocland, a sea-gull = gwylan. 
 
 Gourmand, a glutton = gormod, too much. 
 
 Gratter, to scrape = cravu. 
 
 Gres, steps = grisiau. 
 
 Grido (Italian), a cry = grydian; griddvan, a groan. 
 
 Grille, a gridiron = gridyll. 
 
 Grogncr, to grumble = grwug, grunt. 
 
 Gualdo (Italian), a defect = gwall.
 
 288 Appendix. No. XI. 
 
 Gueret, fallow ground = gweryd, a sward. 
 Guc'rir, to heal = gwared; kyweiriaw, to repair. 
 Guerre, war = herw, foraging. 
 Gueux, a beggar = gwyw, faded. 
 Guichet, a wicket = gwicced. 
 
 'Habler, to tell lies = cabin, to detract. 
 
 'Hate, a thicket = cae, an enclosure. 
 
 ' Halbran, a young wild duck = holbren, a reproachful term applied 
 
 to a woman. 
 ' Hamais, armour, harness = harnais. 
 'Havir, to scorch = hav, summer. 
 'Havre, a haven = aber. 
 'Heurt, a hit = hurt, awkward. 
 'Heurter, to assault = rhuthro ar. 
 'Hoquet, the hiccough = ig, effort. 
 'Hone, a spade = rhaw. 
 'Houppe, an effort = hwpp. 
 
 'Hourdage, rough masonry, rubble = hwrdd, a push. 
 'Housseaux, coarse leggings = hosanau, stockings. 
 'Hurter, to push = hyrddu. 
 'Hutin, an obstinate fellow = hurtyn, a blockhead. 
 
 Ivraie, tares = evrai. 
 Jarret, the ham of a leg = garr. 
 
 Laid, ugly = llaid ) mud. 
 
 Lande, a heath = lawnt. 
 
 Lieu, a place = lie. 
 
 Linotte, a linnet = llinos. 
 
 Lueur, a faint light = lleuvcr, light. 
 
 Maint, a quantity = maint. 
 
 Marcher, to march = march, a horse. 
 
 Menu, very small = man; meinw, delicate ; main, thin.
 
 Appendix. No. XI. 289 
 
 Miettcs, small crumbs = mwydion; mocthau, dainties. 
 
 Mistral^ a violent wind in the south of France = meistrawl, mas- 
 terly, overcoming. 
 
 Modorra (Spanish) = modrondod, lethargy. 
 
 Monccan, a heap = boncyn, a bank or knoll. 
 
 Morfd, unwrought ivory = morvil, a nar-whale, whose tusks supplied 
 the Norsemen with supposed ivory. 
 
 Mome, sad = mwm, hot, sultry. 
 
 Mou, molle, soft, sluggish = mwll, heavy warm. 
 
 Mouche, a fly = mwch, mdeh, quick. 
 
 Moiiton, old form moulton, a sheep = mollt, a wether. 
 
 Museau, a snout = miswrn, a mask. 
 
 Navrer, to wound = manawyd, to penetrate with an instrument ; 
 in Merionethshire, to hurt. 
 
 Octroi, an impost = occr, usury. 
 
 Ord, filthy = gwrthun, repulsive. 
 
 0m\ yea = i'e. 
 
 Ouir, to hear = oiaw. 
 
 Oultrage, from tdtraguim, an outrage, excess = wttrcs, prodigality, 
 
 waste. 
 Outre, outrageous = uthr. 
 
 Pays, a country -=pywys. 
 
 Pelisse, originally ' an upper vesture of fur ' pi/ys. 
 
 Pcqueno (Spanish), little = bychan. 
 
 Pe'ser, to weigh =pwysaw. 
 
 Petit, little = pittw (a word used in South Wales). 
 
 Piquer, to sting =pigo. 
 
 Pissoir, a pitcher =piser. 
 
 Pois, a weight = pwys. 
 
 Pouffer de rire, to burst with laughing =pwf, a puff. 
 
 Preste, nimble = prest. 
 
 Prenx, 2l brave man = brav. 
 
 KK
 
 290 Appendix. No. XI. 
 
 Rotage, broth = potes. 
 
 Rrud } homme, honest man = gwr prudd. 
 
 Quai, the quay on a river or sea = cae, enclosure. 
 Quitter, to quit hold of = gadael. 
 
 Racier, to scrape = rhaclo, to make a noise. 
 
 Rade, a roadstead = rhawdd. 
 
 Ramper, to fawn = rhcmp, excess. 
 
 Rang, a rang = rheng. 
 
 Remorquer, to tow a ship = rlrwymo wrth, to attach to an object. 
 
 Reqtn'n, a shark = rhygn, 'jagged' teeth. 
 
 Re'seau, net-work = rhes, a string. 
 
 Retz {patois), cold = rhew, frost. 
 
 Ricaner, to mock = rhingcian, to snarl. 
 
 Rien, nothing =yr un; i.e. [not] a single thing. 
 
 Rigole, a small trench = rhigol. 
 
 Roche, a rock = rhwch, jagged. 
 
 Rochette, a bishop's dress = rlmchen, a cloke. 
 
 Roder, to rove = rhodiaw. 
 
 Rognon, the kidneys = rhynion, groats. 
 
 Roi, a king = rhi, rhwy. 
 
 Roiaulte, royalty, kingly estate = rhialltwch, display. 
 
 Rompre, to break = rhympio, to break an engagement. 
 
 Rond, round = crwnn. 
 
 Rbtir, to roast = rhostio. 
 
 Roussin (Italian, ronzino), a pack-horse = rhwnsi. 
 
 Route, a way = rhyd, a ford. 
 
 Roil tiers, irregular soldiers = rhawd, a mob. 
 
 Ruse, cunning = kyv-rwys. 
 
 Sale, dirty = salw, vile. 
 
 Soc, a ploughshare = stick. 
 
 Saeur, a sister = chwaer; Persian, khauher. 
 
 Soie (Italian, seta), silk = sidati.
 
 Appendix. No. XI. 291 
 
 S(jin, care = sivyu, a charm, a remedy. 
 
 Sotlisc, silliness = sot/iach, rubbish. 
 
 Suitpc, potage = swp, a smash. 
 
 Squilla (Italian), a cry = did, a peal of bells. 
 
 Taille, an impost = toll. 
 
 Tailler, to cut = tyllu, to perforate. 
 
 Tambour, a drum = tabourdd. 
 
 Tas, a heap = tds, a hay-stack. 
 
 Teie (Lorrain patois), a house = tai, houses. 
 
 Terne, tarnished = tarnu, to dry. 
 
 Tomber, to fall =J>e?i-dwm/>iati, to nod drowsily. 
 
 Tombereau, a dung-cart = trwmbel. 
 
 Tonncau, a ton = tunnell. 
 
 Toux, a cough = tuchan, to groan. 
 
 Tracas, over-haste = trachwyddo, to stumble. 
 
 Trahison, treachery = trais. 
 
 Travail, labour = travacl. 
 
 Trcille, the trellis of a vineyard traill, a trail. 
 
 Tresor, a treasure = trysor. 
 
 Trogne, a snout = trwyn, nose. 
 
 Trombe, a water-spout = /row, heavy. 
 
 Trotter, to trot = trawd, troed, a foot. 
 
 Trousscr, to truss up = trwsio, to repair. 
 
 Trou, a hole = trivch, an incision. 
 
 Truaud, a beggar = truan, wretched. 
 
 Truie, a sow = twrc/i, a hog. 
 
 Vilain, brutish = milain. 
 Voila, behold ! = wcle.
 
 APPENDIX. No. XII. 
 
 ENGLISH-KYMRIC VOCABLES. 
 
 The English words following appear to be either borrowed from, or 
 identical with, corresponding Kymric forms. Where they denote 
 objects presented in social life, they are probably Kymric ; where 
 expressive of notions common to all nations, they must belong 
 equally to Teutonic and Keltic stock. 
 
 Aber = a harbour. 
 
 Agwyr, crooked = awry. 
 
 Alch, an iron grating ; alc/ies, a 
 
 window = an alcove ? 
 Baban (Italian, bambino) = a baby. 
 Bachgen = a boy ; in Persian, 
 
 pachah. 
 Badd=a. bath; e.g. Nantbaddon. 
 Bagad = a pack of people. 
 Bdl, a bare peak = bald. 
 Bale = a balk of land. 
 Bale It, proud = bold ; in the old 
 
 Gothic, baltha. 
 Baldordd = balderdash. 
 Ban, high ground = van : so the 
 
 Caermarthen shire Vans. 
 Barr, a summit = bare, branch. 
 Bicre = to bicker or contend. 
 Btlwg = a billhook. 
 Blodau, flowers=to blow, to bloom 
 Bloedd, a shout = to blow^ 
 
 Blj's, desire = bliss. 
 
 Bod = an abode. 
 
 Boren, morning = morrow. 
 
 Botas = a boot. 
 
 Bragad = a breed. 
 
 Bragu = to brew. 
 
 Br aw, fear = to bree, a Yorkshire 
 
 term for ' to fright.' 
 Brawd = brother ; Sanskrit, bhra- 
 
 tarah. 
 Brawdle, a court of justice = to 
 
 brawl. 
 Brcg = a breach ; to break. 
 Brevu = to bray. 
 Brock = a brock or badger. 
 Brolt'g = luxuriant, frolic. 
 Brwg = a brake. 
 Brwys = brushwood. 
 Brysg = brisk. 
 
 Bnarth = a byre or cowhouse. 
 Bngez'lgt'=a. beagle.
 
 Appendix. No. XII. 
 
 293 
 
 Bxva = a bow. 
 Bivch = a buck. 
 Bwlnvmman = to boom ? 
 Bwlch = to bulge out. 
 Bwn-gler, the tail of the clerks 
 
 ss bungler. 
 Bwrch = a borough or fort. 
 Bwrw = to pour. 
 Bwyd= to bait; meat. 
 Byrr-don = the burden of a song. 
 
 Cammawn = a battle, backgam- 
 mon ; bachgammawHy a little 
 battle. 
 
 Cappan = a cope. 
 
 Care = car king care. 
 
 Ceccru = to check or rate. 
 
 Ced = advantage, to get. 
 
 Ceintach = the Quinta (a game). 
 
 Celyn (in Saxon holcyn) = holly. 
 
 Cevtiy a back = a chine. 
 
 CVc, a fort ; cicwyry infantry = to 
 kick. 
 
 Clai = clay. 
 
 Clccc = a click. 
 
 C/o = a lock. 
 
 Clock = a clock. 
 
 Clwch = a clough or cliff. 
 
 C/rc\y = gloss. 
 
 Coed = wood; Sanskrit, hnta, a 
 tree; English, 'to cut down." 
 
 CoeSy a leg = hose. 
 
 CoggiOy to dissemble = to cog dice. 
 
 ComiaWy ymgomio, to gossip = 
 chum. 
 
 Coppu = a coping-stone. 
 
 Croppa = a bird's crop. 
 
 Ciid= a kite. 
 
 Cwt^ = a coc^-boat. 
 
 Civhwvan = to quaver. 
 
 C7C7/, dogs = hounds. 
 Owning = a coney. 
 
 Civt, a hut. 
 
 CwynaWy to complain = to whine. 
 
 Chwant = want (desire). 
 
 Chwaw = a sough, or loud sigh of 
 
 the wind. 
 Chived = quoth he. 
 Chwcdly a talf = to wheedle. 
 Chwcgy sweet =^ whey. 
 Chwyly a turning^ wheel. 
 Chwirli-givgan = a whirligig. 
 Chwistrell =z squirt or syringe. 
 Chivy 11 = whin, weeds. 
 ChwyVy a swell = a wave ; to heave. 
 Chuyrnii = to snore. 
 Dadletiy to discourse = to tatlle. 
 Dal (Saxon, haldan) = to hold. 
 Dantcithus, toothsome = dainty. 
 Dcvnyiiy a drop of water = dew. 
 Diwyll=\.o till. 
 Dewr = dour (Scottish). 
 Dos, a drop = a dose. 
 Dogtiy a piece = a token. 
 D6l = a. dale. 
 Dreva, twenty-four = a thrave of 
 
 corn, i.e. 24 sheaves. 
 Drylliaw = to drill. 
 Duazvg, blackish = dusk. 
 Divl= dull. 
 Dwim = dun-coloured. 
 Du'fidtcr, a loud noise = thunder. 
 Esgidj a shoe = a skate. 
 Esmwyth = smooth. 
 Exvyllys = will. 
 
 Eginoy to spring as grass = to begin. 
 Efald = a fold of sheep. 
 Ejlaw = a splinter : #/. 
 Ffeutur = pewter.
 
 294 
 
 Appendix. No. XII 
 
 Gahv = to call ; Greek, kalco. 
 
 Gardd = a yard, a garden. 
 
 Gcm\ to be born = to yean. 
 
 Gcvynnau = gyves (fetters). 
 
 Gtd=a kid; giddy. 
 
 Gildiaw = to yield. 
 
 Gldn = clean. 
 
 Glanhdn = to glean. 
 
 Glavyr = to glaver or flatter. 
 
 Glaiv = a glaive or sword. 
 
 Go/eu, light ; in Sanskrit, iwdla 
 
 = to glow. 
 Gloyw = glowing. 
 Glynnu = to lean ; to cling. 
 Glynn = a glen. 
 Gobeithio, to hope = hopeth. 
 Go/ud, wealth = gold. 
 Gordal '=an ordeal. 
 Golwg = a look. 
 Gosymmerth = the gossamer. 
 Govail, a smithy = hovel. 
 Gran = the grain of wood. 
 Grwndwal = a ground-wall. 
 Gr>r = a heron. 
 Gwae = woe. 
 Gwaint, smart = quaint. 
 Gwallt, hair = felt. 
 Gwan = weak ; wan. 
 Gwanhau to wane. 
 Gwdr = fair. 
 Gwarched = to guard. 
 Grvart/t, a strand = a sandy warth. 
 
 {Leland) 
 Gwysio = to usher or summon. 
 Gwasgti = to squeeze. 
 
 (Saxon, wascan) = to wash. 
 
 Gwdu = to weave. 
 Gwawn = the gowan. 
 Gwedd, a yoke = to wed. 
 
 Gweddi\ a prayer = the F<?rtfo . 
 Gwez7gz\ the sea = a billow ; in 
 
 German, Az'/z\ 
 Gwet7ii\ to serve = meiny, a retinue. 
 Gwehu, pale = fallow ; sallow. 
 Gwe/l, better = w/7. 
 Gwerth = worth ; in Saxon, werth. 
 Gweyd, saith = quoth. 
 Gwiddan = a witch ; ' weazen.' 
 Gwtsgi) nimble = to whisk. 
 Givldn = wool. 
 Gwlanen = flannel. 
 Gwtv, a channel = a gulf. 
 Gwlyb = glib, slippery. 
 Gwlydd= mild. 
 Gwydd = wood. 
 
 Gwydd,fe wydd=he knows; to wit. 
 Gwyll '= gloom. 
 Gwyllt = wild. 
 Gwymp = to vamp up. 
 Gwyrth, virtue = worth. 
 Gwyth = wode ; angry. 
 Gyrru (Saxon, yrran) = to run. 
 Gyrthiaw = to gird (to attack). 
 
 Hagr = haggard. 
 
 Haearn (Sanskrit, saranci) = iron. 
 
 Hau = to sow. 
 
 Haws, easier = ease. 
 
 Hebog = a hawk ; Saxon, hafoc. 
 
 Herw = to harry. 
 
 Hesg (in Irish, seisg) = sedge. 
 
 Hobelu = to hop. 
 
 Hoeden = a hoyden. 
 
 //o7j (in German, schon) = fine. 
 
 Ho!l= whole, full. 
 
 Hosan hosen. 
 
 Hovio = to hover. 
 
 Hnan = the sun ; Sanskrit, /;/. 
 
 Hwyl = a sail.
 
 Appendix. No. XII 
 
 295 
 
 Hud = to hood-wink. 
 
 Hustings a whisper or murmur 
 
 = hustings. 
 Hwch,a. sow (Persian, X7/X')= a hog. 
 Hynt, a way = a hint. 
 Hyrddu = to gird (as a ram). 
 Inrll an earl ; Scandinavian, jarl. 
 Ieuangc = young ; offshoot. 
 Iwbwb (a cry of alarm) =to whoop. 
 Lawnt = a lawn. 
 Llab = a slab. 
 Llacc = slack. 
 Lladmer = a Latimer or Latiner, 
 
 i.e. interpreter. 
 Lladd = to slay. 
 
 Llangc, a lad, adolcscens = lank. 
 Marian, clear = a clarion. 
 Llaxvdr = clad, clothes. 
 Uawr = a floor. 
 Z/Vy/, length = a slade, a long 
 
 low-lying meadow. 
 Lleipyr = slippery. 
 Llewys = sleeves. 
 Lit thro = to slidder, to slide. 
 Z/m' (in Saxon, hieivc) = hue. 
 Llwm, bare = gloom. 
 Llwyd, gray = a cloud. 
 Llymru = flummery. 
 Maeddu = to smite : ys-macddu. 
 Maen, a stone = a mine. 
 Maenoi = a manor. 
 Maer = a mayor. 
 JA// = black-/// <7/7. 
 March, a horse = a marc. 
 Mellt, lightning = to melt. 
 Meddyglyn = metheglin, mead. 
 Main = a wain. 
 Mer = marrow. 
 J/ ( \y = mast, acorns. 
 
 A furndwrn, a secret blow=murdcr. 
 
 Mvnipwv = the mumps. 
 
 Myned (Saxon, wendati) = to wend. 
 
 Mynnu, to will, to have a mind 
 to = mind. 
 
 Mynwyr = meniver (a rich fur). 
 
 Nwth = a knot. 
 
 Oddiyno = then. 
 
 Osgo = askew, aslant. 
 
 Pawcn = a paw. 
 
 Pevr = brave ; fine : e.g. dogyn <> 
 aur pevr, a token of brave 
 gold. 
 
 Pert = pretty. 
 
 Pluog, feathery = a pillow. 
 
 Plygu = to bulge, to bend. 
 
 Pres = brass ; Sanskrit, varishta, 
 copper (in the sense of ' ex- 
 cellent '). 
 
 Prestl = prattle. 
 
 Pryd, beauty = pride. 
 
 Prysgoed = brushwood. 
 
 Pwcca = Puck (a goblin). 
 
 Rhawr = a roar. 
 
 R/iemp, mischievous = ramping. 
 
 Rhev = rife. 
 
 Rh6ch, grunting = rough. 
 
 Rhodio, to walk = a road. 
 
 Rhudd = ruddy. 
 
 Rhuyg=a. wrack, a wreck. 
 
 Rhydd= rid, to be rid of. 
 
 Rhyg (in Saxon, ryge) = rye. 
 
 Siommi = to sham. 
 
 Siwtrws = in shatters. 
 
 Sorod = dross, trash. 
 
 Swil = shy. 
 
 Swch, a ploughshare=a soc of land. 
 
 Tabwrdd = a tabret . 
 
 Tegan = a toy.
 
 296 
 
 Appendix. No. XII. 
 
 Tewychu = to thicken ; tough ; 
 
 dough. 
 Tippyn, a particle = a tip : Sanskrit, 
 
 tip, to drop. 
 Tramwyo, to traverse = tram. 
 Treillio = to trawl or fish with nets. 
 Troed, a foot = to tread. 
 Trwc /i=through ; a trough ; a truck 
 Trwssio = to dress, to truss up. 
 Trwy = through. 
 Trybedd = a trivet or tripod. 
 Ttichan, to groan = to tug. 
 Twrv, ysdwrv, a noise = to stir. 
 Tyno=dL down or elevated plateau. 
 Tysmwy = dismay. 
 Tyxvyll, dark = dull. 
 Uwch (German, hoch) = high. 
 Ust, silence ! = whist. 
 Ych = an ox : Sanskrit, ukshan. 
 
 Ysdwrdiaw, to check = sturdy. 
 
 Ysgavael = to scamble, to be ra- 
 pacious. 
 
 Ysgarm = a scream. 
 
 Ysgawd (Saxon, scadu)=a shadow. 
 
 Ysglent = slant. 
 
 Ysgrech = a shriek; Ger. schreck. 
 
 Ysgreppan = a scrip. 
 
 Ysgrubliaid, beasts = Ou. from 
 ysgrnb, scrubs or shrubs ; that 
 is, wild in the bush. 
 
 Ysgnvd, a carcase = a shroud. 
 
 Ysgrwmp (German, sclirumpe) = a. 
 wrinkle. 
 
 Ysgwyd=to scud; Italian, sqtiittire. 
 
 Ysmala, arch, witty = a smile. 
 
 Yspagan, the talons of birds = 
 the spokes of a wheel. 
 
 Yspred, refuse-matter = spread. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 CAKMAKTHI-X : \V. SITRRELL AND SON.